ML071440459

Responses 55e - 55f, 57, 58 and 55g, to Environmental Report - References of NRC Request for Additional Information Re License Renewal Application

ML071440459
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Site:	Wolf Creek
Issue date:	05/09/2007
From:	Garrett T Wolf Creek
To:	Document Control Desk, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
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ET 07-0015
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{{#Wiki_filter:55e Nalco Environmental Sciences,1978. Final Report of Preconstruction Environmental Monitoring Program WCGS, March 1977 -February 1978. 1 9 I I I I I I I I I I I I 4 .t NALrO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 4010fNORTH\AWEST 39TH ST., BLDG. 1374 0 LINCOLN, NEB. 68524 o AREA 402-470-2411 NALCO CHEMICA1 COMPANY REPORT TO KANSAS GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY WICHITA, KANSAS FINAL REPORT OF CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM WOLF CREEK GENERATING STATION MARCH 1977 -FEBRUARY 1978 PROJECT NO. 5501-08796 PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES David J. Byrnes, Project Leader Report approved by: / / , .f 30 May 1978 I 9 I I I I I I I 9 I I I I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Appendices A B C D E F C PREFACE ............................................... LIST OF FIGURES ....................................... LIST OF TABLES ........................................ INTRODUCTION David J. Byrnes ..................................... WATER QUALITY STUDY David J. Byrnes ..................................... PHYTOPLANKTON STUDIES James R. Farrell .................................... PERIPHYTON STUDY James R. Farrell .................................... ZOOPLANKTON STUDY Andrew J. Repsys .................................... MACROINVERTEBRATE STUDY Kenneth R. Bazata ................................... FISHERIES STUDY Quentin P. Bliss .................................... VEGETATION MONITORING AND LAND USE DISTURBANCES Edward W. Uhlemann, Joseph L. Suchecki, and A. Kent Evans ....................................... WILDLIFE MONITORING Judith M. Haynes and Joseph L. Suchecki ............. WATER QUALITY DATA .................................... PHYTOPLANKTON DATA .................................... PERIPHYTON DATA ....................................... MACROINVERTEBRATE DATA ................................ FISHERIES DATA ........................................ VEGETATION DATA ....................................... WILDLIFE DATA ......................................... Page ii iii v 1 4 50 71 87 113 139 168 217 A-1 A-40 A-124 A-150 A-191 A-213 A-219 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PREFACE This construction environmental monitoring program near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) was conducted from February 1977 to February 1978.The studies were designed to assess the effects resulting from construction of WCGS and were a continuation of the studies implemented in March 1976.Studies were conducted in compliance with the requirements set forth in section 6.1 of the Final Environmental Statement related to WCGS.The staff of NALCO Environmental Sciences conducted the studies and prepared this report. David J. Byrnes, Associate Scientist, and Howard S.Lewis, Manager, Lincoln, Nebraska Laboratory, served as project director and senior advisor, respectively, and were responsible for the critical review of 3 this manuscript. I I I I ii NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES No. Caption Page 2.1 Surface water quality and groundwater quality sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ...... 20 2.2 Daily precipitation at John Redmond Reservoir near Wolf Creek Generating Station, January-December 1977 (U. S. Dep. Commerce 1977) .. ............................................................. 21 2.3 Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1977 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1977) .. ................................................... 22 2.4 Mean oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen and water temperature in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 ................................... 23 2.5 Mean filtrable residue and specific conductance values in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 .. ............................................ 24 2.6 Mean sodium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 .............................................. 25 2.7 Mean sulfate, chloride and potassium concentrations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 .. ............................................ 26 2.8 Mean turbidity and nonfiltrable residue levels in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 .. ............................................ 27 2.9 Mean total manganese, soluble iron, and total iron in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 .. ............................................ 28 2.10 Mean total organic nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia levels in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 ..................................... 29 2.11 Mean total phosphorus and soluble orthophosphate concen-trations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 .......................... 30 2.12 Mean biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon concentrations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 ........................................................ 31 iii I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES-LIST OF FIGURES (continued) No. Caption Page 1 3.1 Phytoplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 59 1 4.1 Periphyton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 79 3 5.1 Zooplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 97 6.1 Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ...................... 123 6.2 Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1977 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1977) .......................................... 124 7.1 Fisheries sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 153 7.2 Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1977 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1977) ................................................. 154 8.1 Vegetation sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 190 8.2 Schematic representation of nested quadrat layout for sampling vegetation in a floodplain woods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 191 I 8.3 Plot-to-plot shrub stratum data comparisons expressed as percent similarity and dissimilarity .............................. 192 3 8.4 Behavior of five important floodplain species across the flooding gradient .................................................. 193 8.5 Areas of construction-related land-use disturbances near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, as of September 1977. Numbered areas correspond to numbered values 3 in Table 8.22 ...................................................... 194 9.1 Wildlife sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating M Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 236 iv NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ULIST OF TABLES i No. Caption Page 2.1 Physical measurements and instrumentation used in this study ........ 32 I 2.2 Water quality parameters measured in surface water samples .......... 33 2.3 Water quality parameters measured in groundwater samples ............ 34 3 2.4 Water quality methods ................................................ 35 2.5 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of general water quality parameters in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 .......................... 38 2.6 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 ...................................... 40 3 2.7 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of parameters indicative of industrial or municipal contamination in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 ......................................................... 41 2.8 Maximum, minimum, and mean trace metal levels in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977 ............................................... 42 2.9 Seasonal water quality data from the Neosho River upstream and downstream of its confluence with Wolf Creek, 1973-77 ............... 43 2.10 Water quality criteria for Kansas surface waters (applicable I to Neosho River) ..................................................... 47 2.11 Groundwater data near Wolf Creek Generating Station, 3 February-December 1977 ............................................... 48 3.1 Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ............................................. 60 3.2 Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-76 ..................... 61 3.3 Algal taxa contributing 10% or more of the density or biovolume of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ............................................. 63.3.4 Diversity of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-77 ................................. 64 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES U LIST OF TABLES (continued) i No. Caption Page 3.5 Mean density (units/ml) of phytoplankton in samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77 .... 65 1 3.6 Mean chlorophyll a concentration (mg chl a/m 3) from phyto-plankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, 3 Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77 ........................................ 66 3.7 Mean carbon fixation rate (mg C/m 3 per hr) from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77 ..................................................... 67 3.8 Productivity index (mg C fixed/mg Chl a per m 3) from phyto-plankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77 ......................................... 68 3.9 Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-76 .................... 6:9 4.1 Number of periphytic algal taxa collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-76 .... 80 4.2 Distribution by division of periphytic algal density and biovolume (expressed as a percentage of the total population) collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................... 81 4.3 Periphytic algal taxa comprising 10% or more of the density of biovolume of periphytic algae collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ........82 4.4 Densi (no./cm 2), biovolume (p1/dm 2), biomass standing crop (mg/dm ) and chlorophyll a standing crop (pg/dm 2) of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................... 83 3 4.5 Mean differences between locations for biomass and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ....... 84 4.6 Yearly mean density and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates in the vicinity of Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-76 ..................... 85 4.7 Number of taxa, diversity, evenness, and autrophic index of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ........................ 86 vi I ENýIRO NMENTAL SCIENCES CORPORATIONNORTHWEST 39TH STREET, BLOG. 1374 LINCOLN. NE 68524 M.... .May 11, 1979 PHONE (402) 470-2411 Mr. Ray Lewis Kansas Gas and Electric Company 201 North Market Post Office Box 208 Wichita, Kansas 67201 Re: Revisions for the 1977 Annual Report WCGS Construction Environmental Monitoring Program Project No. 5501-08796

Dear Ray:

Attached are three copies of revised pages from the vegetation monitoring chapter (Chapter 8) of the 1977 annual report. While pre-paring the 1978 report our staff discovered a key punch error which resulted in some minor revisions in the 1977 data.I have attached a copy of the pages from the original report (marked ORIGINAL) and have indicated in red the revisions. Key punch errors affected the importance values of trees (Page 175, Table 8.9) and structure, productivity, and biomass data (Page 176, Table 8.13).If you have any questions regarding these revisions, please contact me.S i ncerel y, Ronald G. K Project Man ing ager RGK: GDA Enclosures NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ,r -'differences between 1977 and 1976 and between 1977 and 1975 generally involved the addition or deletion of species which occurred at low frequencies in any year. The large difference between the 1977 and 1974 data, as reflected by the low degree of floristic resemblance, was due in part to drought conditions in 1974 and in part to transect location. Little bluestem, big bluestem, and Indian grass, all important species in 1977, did not mature in 1974 and, therefore, were not recorded. In 1974, species atypical of native prairie, such as weedy annuals, were recorded because transects were located near railroad ballast where disturbed conditions existed.b. Structure The ground layer cover and average canopy height recorded for Community 2 in 1977 were within the ranges established in previous surveys.c. Productivity The standing crop was approximately 23% less than that re-corded in 1976 and was intermediate between the low productivity recorded in 1974 and the high productivity in 1975.C. South Floodplain Woods (Community 8)I. Present Status The south floodplain woods is located about 6 km downstream from the main cooling lake dam site on Wolf Creek. The topography in the area is ir-regular with frequent depressions, and the community slopes slightly southward toward the creek. Portions of the community are inundated periodically and the vegeta-tion sampling plots are located on both well-drained and poorly-drained micro-sites.a. Composition The overstory composed of 14 species of which American elm was dominant (importance value o 2Table 8.9). American elm was the only tree that occurred in all sampling p ots. Associated subdominants were ilver maple (Acer saccharinum), hackberry, green ash, and pin oak (Quer alustris). Silver m--a~ple and green ash were more common to the freque nundated sites, whereas hackberry and pin oak occurred nn e hietter-drained sites. Shell-bark hickory (Carya laciniosa), hmard's oaksycamore (Plantanus occidet as, ba k h c o y (C ry kai io a 'dEsycamore (Plantanus occidental is) , and bur oak were of intermediate importance. Red mulberry, black walnut, honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Kentucky coffee-tree, and redbud were minor con-stituents. Of the five dominant species in the overstory, only hackberry and American elm were well represented in the sapling size classes. Green ash and shellbark hickory were secondary constituents, and red mulberry, redbud, hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), Kentucky coffee-tree, and silver maple were of minor importance (Table 8.10).175 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ORIGINAL Four shrub species and 10 tree species were recorded in the shrub stratum. Although tree species comprised the majority of the components, the stratum was codominated by the two shrub species, poison ivy and coralberry (importance values of 67.0 and 64.1, respectively; Table 8.11). Reproduction of the tree species American elm, hackberry, and green ash was well represented in the shrub stratum.The ground layer was composed of 21 identifiable species in April, 18 in June, and 14 in September (Table 8.12); nine species were common to all sampling periods. The occurrence of spreading chervil, cleavers, common blue violet, smooth yellow violet, phlox, onion (Allium sp.), and small-flowered butter-cup (Ranunculus abortivus) in April only, demonstrated seasonal variation. In June and September, Virginia wild rye, poison ivy, Virginia creeper, and wood nettle codominated the ground layer.b. Structure 1 area of the trees and saplings.f ing the canopy in Community 8 was and densities of 325 trees andQ aplings per hectare were recorded (Table- .13).In the shrub stratum, 17300 stems/ha, mostly poison ivy and coralberry, provided 38.6% cover (Table 8.11). Ground layer cover ranged from a high of 29% in June to a low of 24% in September (8.12).c. Productivity and Biomass productivity nd binma in the south floodplain woods were estimated at( 6ký per yr and Q respectively, in 1977 ('ahI 1 e 8.12). The biomass estimate was similar to that of the north floodplain woods.2. Comparison with Previous Studies The south floodplain woods has been sampled for two years of construction-phase monitoring, a period insufficient for definitive determination of community trends.a. Composition The composition of Community 8 changed little from 1976 to 1977. Species composition and importance in the canopy strata and shrub stra-tum were similar between 1976 and 1977. The degree of floristic resemblance was 86% in the shrub stratum (Table 8.6). In the ground layer, a slight decline in species richness occurred from 1976 to 1977; however, the 1977/1976 degree of floristic resemblance was a relatively high 75% (Table 8.6).b. Structure Structural data from the south floodplain woods varied moder-ately from 1976 to 1977. Tree and sapling densities and basal area of the over-story and understory dropped. Species that experienced the greatest decline in 176 Table 8.9. Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Relative Trees/ Relative Basal Area Relative prtanc Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m2/hectare) Dominance Q,_Vglue Ulmus americana 100.0 18.2 75.0 23.1 2.2 8.9 Acer saccharinum 33.3 6.1 41.7 12.8 4.9 19.4 38.3 Celtis occidentalis 83.3 15.2 41.7 12.8 1.4 5.5 33.5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 66.7 12.1 37.5 11.5 2.3 9.0 32.8 Quercus palustris 33.3 6.1 29.2 8.9 3.9 15.4 30.5 Carya laciniosa 66.7 12.1 29.2 8.9 0.9 3.6 24.7 Q Quercus shumardii 33.3 6.1 29.2 8.9 1.8 7.2 22.2 Platanus occidentalis 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 4.0 16.1 20.4 Quercus macrocarpa 33.3 6.1 16.7 5.1 1.4 5.7 16.9 Morus rubra 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.7 2.7 7.0 Juglans nigra 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.6 2.3 6.6 Gleditsia triacanthos 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.5 2.0 6.2 Gymnocladus dioica 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.5 1.8 6.1 Cercis canadensis 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.0 0.1 4.5 z r a 0)F-'U 2 a 2 U 2 F U 0 nU M M CD Totals 325.0 25.1 Table 8.13. Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Diameter Classes dbh (cm)Sapling Class Tree Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub- 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6- 40.1- 47.6- > Sub Species 6.2 10.0 Total 17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 47.5 55.0 55.1 Total Totals Density (stems/ha) Celtis occidentalis 83.3 54.2 137.5 25.0 8.3 4.2 4.2 41.7 179.2 Ulmus americana 45.8 54.2 100.0 50.0 12.5 4.2 8.3 75.0 175.0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 20.8 12.5 33.3 4.2 20.8 4.2 4.2 4.2 37.5 70.8 Carya laciniosa 8.3 8.3 16.7 16.7 8.2 4.2 29.2 45.8 Acer saccharinum 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 12.5 16.7 4.2 41.7 45.8 Quercus shumardii 0.0 16.7 4.2 8.3 29.2 29.2 Quercus palustris 0.0 12.5 8.3 4.2 4.2 29.2 29.2 Morus rubra 8.3 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 16.7 Quercus macrocarpa 0.0 8.3 4.2 4.2 16.7 16.7 Cercis canadensis 8.3 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 Gymnocladus dioica 8.3 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 Crataegus sp. 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 Platanus occidentalis 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Gleditsia triacanthos 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Juglans nigra 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Totals 187.5 137.5 325.0 104.2 66.7 41.7 62.5 29.2 12.5 8.3 3 650.0 Biomass (kg/ha) 521 2355 3698 10048 15437 55600 34655 21352 27075 Productivity (kg/ha/yr) 269 1268 1285 746 1273 6941 2024 1065 1145 IQ--I 2 F n 0 m 2 2 3[--r M n M I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES differences between 1977 and 1976 and between 1977 and 1975 generally involved the addition or deletion of species which occurred at low frequencies in any year. The large difference between the 1977 and 1974 data, as reflected by the low degree of floristic resemblance, was due in part to drought conditions in 1974 and in part to transect location. Little bluestem, big bluestem, and Indian grass, all important species in 1977, did not mature in 1.974 and, therefore, were not recorded. In 1974, species atypical of native prairie, such as weedy annuals, were recorded because transects were located near railroad ballast where disturbed conditions existed.b. Structure The ground layer cover and average canopy height recorded for Community 2 in 1977 were witin the ranges established in previous surveys.c. Productivity The standing crop was approximately 23% less than that re-corded in 1976 and was intermediate between the low productivity recorded in 1974 and the high productivity in 1975.C. South Floodplain Woods (Community 8)1. Present Status The south floodplain woods is located about 6 km downstream from the main cooling lake dam site on Wolf Creek. The topography in the area is irregular with frequent depressions, and the community slopes slightly southward toward the creek. Portions of the community are inundated periodically and the vegetation sampling plots are located on both well-drained and poorly-drained microsites.

a. Composition The overstory was composed of 14 species of which American elm was dominant (importance vlaue of 47.4; Table 8.9). American elm was the only tree that occurred in all sampling plots. Associated subdominants were Shumard's oak, silver maple (Acer saccharinum), hackberry, green ash, and pin oak (Quercus palustris).

Silver maple and green ash were more common to the frequently inundated sites, whereas hackberry and pin oak occurred on the higher, better-drained sites. Shellbark hickory (Carva laciniosa), sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis), and bur oak were of intermediate importance. Red mulberry, black walnut, honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Kentucky coffee-tree, and redbud were minor constituents. Of the five dominant species in the overstory, only hackberry and American elm were well represented in the sapling size classes. Green ash and shellbark hickory were secondary constituents, and red mulberry, redbud, hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), Kentucky coffee-tree, and silver maple were of minor importance (Table 8.10).175 Ai NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Four shrub species and 10 tree species were recorded in the shrub stratum. Although tree species comprised the majority of the components, the stratum was codominated by the two shrub species, poison ivy and coralberry (importance values of 67.0 and 64.1, respectively; Table 8.11). Reproduction of the tree species American elm, hackberry, and green ash was well represented in the shrub stratum.The ground layer was composed of 21 identifiable species in April, 18 in June, and 14 in September (Table 8.12); nine species were common to all sampling periods. The occurrence of spreading chervil, cleavers, common blue violet, smooth yellow violet, phlox, onion (Allium sp.), and small-flowered butter-cup (Ranunculus abortivus) in April only, demonstrated seasonal variation. In June and September, Virginia wild rye, poison ivy, Virginia creeper, and wood nettle codominated the ground layer.b. Structure Basal area of the trees and saplings forming the canopy in Community 8 was 27.7 m 2/ha, and densities of 325 trees and 345.8 saplings per hectare were recorded (Table 8.13).In the shrub stratum, 17300 stems/ha, mostly poison ivy and coralberry, provided 38.6% cover (Table 8.11). Ground layer cover ranged from a high of 29% in June to a low of 24% in September (8.12).c. Productivity and Biomass Primary productivity and biomass in the south floodplain woods were estimated at 17204 kg/ha per yr and 190,845 kg/ha, respectively, in 1977 (Table 8.11). The biomass estimate was similar to that of the north floodplain woods.2. Comparison with Previous Studies The south floodplain woods has been sampled for two years of construction-phase monitoring, a period insufficient for definitive determination of community trends.a. Composition The composition of Community 8 changed little from 1976 to 1977. Species composition and importance in the canopy strata and shrub stra-tum were similar between 1976 and 1977. The degree of floristic resemblance was 86% in the shrub stratum (Table 8.6). In the ground layer, a slight decline in species richness occurred from 1976 to 1977; however, the 1977/1976 degree of floristic resemblance was a relatively high 75% (Table 8.6).b. Structure Structural data from the south floodplain woods varied moder-ately from 1976 to 1977. Tree and sapling densities and basal area of the over-story and understory dropped. Species that experienced the greatest decline in Table 8.9.Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Relative Species Frequency Frequency Ulmus americana 100.0 17.6 Quercus shumardil 50.0 8.8 Acer saccharinum 33.3 5.9 Celtis occidentalis 83.3 14.7 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 66.7 11.8 Quercus palustris 33.3 5.9 Carya laciniosa 66.7 11.8 Platanus occidentalis 16.7 2.9 Quercus macrocarpa 33.3 5.9 Morus rubra 16.7 2.9 Juglans nigra 16.7 2.9 Gleditsia triacanthos 16.7 2.9 Gymnocladus dioica 16.7 2.9 Cercis canadensis 16.7 2.9 Totals Trees! Relative Basal Area Trees/Hectare 75.0 50.0 41.7 41.7 37.5 29.2 29.2 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 345.8 Relative Density 21.7 14.5 12.0 12.0 10.8 8.4 8.4 1.2 4.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Basal Area (m2/hectare) 2.2 4.5 4.9 1.4 2.3 3.9 0.9 4.0 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.0 27.7 Relative Importance Dominance Value 8.1 47.4 16.0 39.3 17.6 35.8 5.0 31.8 8.2 30.8 14.0 28.3 3.3 23.5 14.5 18.7 5.2 15.9 2.4 6.5 2.1 6.2 1.8 5.9 1.6 5.8 0.1 4.3 0 Table 8.13.Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Sapling Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub-Species 6.2 10.0 Total Density (stems/ha) Diameter Classes dbh 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6-17.5 25.0 32.5 4M.0 (cm)Tree Class 40.1- 47.6-47.5 55.0> Sub-55.1 Total Totals 47.5 5.0 5.1 otal Totals Celtis occidentalis 83.3 Ulmus americana 45.8 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 20.8 quercus shumardii Carva laciniosa 8.3 Acer saccharinum 4.2 Quercus palustris Morus rubra 8.3 Quercus macrocarpa Cercis canadensis 8.3 Gynocladus dioica 8.3 Crataeegu__s sp, Platanus occidentalis Gleditsia triacanthos Juglans nigra Totals 187.5 Biomass (kg/ha) 521 Productivity (kg/ha/yr) 269 54.2 137.5 54.2 100.0 12.5 33.3 0.0 8.3 16.7 4.2 0.0 4.2. 12.5 0.0 8.3 8.3 25.0 50.0 4.2 16.7 4.2 8.3 12.5 20.8 16.7 8.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 12.5 8.3 4.2 8.3 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 41.7 75.0 37.5 50.0 29.2 41.7 4.2 29.2 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 345.8 179.2 175.0 70.8 50.0 45.8 45.8 29.2 16.7 16.7 12.5 12.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 670.8 190845 17204 2 F a 0 2 z a 2 i U 2-4 r 4.2 4.2 137.5 2355 1268 4.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 325.0 4.2 4.2 104.2 66.7 3698 10048 1285 746 50.0 18524 1528 62.5 55600 6941 4.2 37.5 44557 2602 16.7 28469 27075 1420 1145 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Li*differences between 1977 and 1976 and between 1977 and 1975 generally involved the addition or deletion of species which occurred at low frequencies in any year. The large difference between the 1977 and 1974 data, as reflected by the low degree of floristic resemblance, was due in part to drought conditions in 1974 and in part to transect location. Little bluestem, big bluestem, and Indian grass, all important species in 1977, did not mature in 1974 and, therefore, were not recorded. In 1974, species atypical of native prairie, such as weedy annuals, were recorded because transects were located near railroad ballast where disturbed conditions existed.b. Structure The ground layer cover and average canopy height recorded for Community 2 in 1977 were witin the ranges established in previous surveys.c. Productivity The standing crop was approximately 23% less than that re-corded in 1976 and was intermediate between the low productivity recorded in 1974 and the high productivity in 1975.C. South Floodplain Woods (Community 8)1. Present Status The south floodplain woods is located about 6 km downstream from the main cooling lake dam site on Wolf Creek. The topography in the area is irregular with frequent depressions, and the community slopes slightly southward toward the creek. Portions of the community are inundated periodically and the vegetation sampling plots are located on both well-drained and poorly-drained microsites.

a. Composition The overstory was composed of 14 species of which American elm was dominant (importance vlaue of 47.4; Table 8.9). American elm was the only tree that occurred in all sampling plots. Associated subdominants were Shumard's oak, silver maple (Acer saccharinum), hackberry, green ash, and pin oak (Quercus palustris).

Silver maple and green ash were more common to the frequently inundated sites, whereas hackberry and pin oak occurred on the higher, better-drained sites. Shellbark hickory (Cary laciniosa), sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis), and bur oak were of intermediate importance. Red mulberry, black walnut, honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Kentucky coffee-tree, and redbud were minor constituents. Of the five dominant species in the overstory, only hackberry and American elm were well represented in the sapling size classes. Green ash and shellbark hickory were secondary constituents, and red mulberry, redbud, hawthorn (Crataeaus sp.), Kentucky coffee-tree, and silver maple were of minor importance (Table 8.10).175 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Four shrub species and 10 tree species were recorded in the shrub stratum. Although tree species comprised the majority of the components, the stratum was codominated by the two shrub species, poison ivy and coralberry (importance values of 67.0 and 64.1, respectively; Table 8.11). Reproduction of the tree species American elm, hackberry, and green ash was well represented in the shrub stratum.The ground layer was composed of 21 identifiable species in April, 18 in June, and 14 in September (Table 8.12); nine species were common to all sampling periods. The occurrence of spreading chervil, cleavers, common blue violet, smooth yellow violet, phlox, onion (Allium sp.), and small-flowered butter-cup (Ranunculus abortivus) in April only, demonstrated seasonal variation. In June and September, Virginia wild rye, poison ivy, Virginia creeper, and wood nettle codominated the ground layer.b. Structure Basal area of the trees and saplings forming the canopy in Community 8 was 27.7 m 2/ha, and densities of 325 trees and 345.8 saplings per hectare were recorded (Table 8.13).In the shrub stratum, 17300 stems/ha, mostly poison ivy and coralberry, provided 38.6% cover (Table 8.11). Ground layer cover ranged from a high of 29% in June to a low of 24% in September (8.12).c. Productivity and Biomass Primary productivity and biomass in the south floodplain woods were estimated at 17204 kg/ha per yr and 190,845 kg/ha, respectively, in 1977 (Table 8.1.). The biomass estimate was similar to that of the north floodplain woods.2. Comparison with Previous Studies The south floodplain woods has been sampled for two years of construction-phase monitoring, a period insufficient for definitive determination of community trends.a. Composition The composition of Community 8 changed little from 1976 to 1977. Species composition and importance in the canopy strata and shrub stra-tum were similar between 1976 and 1977. The degree of floristic resemblance was 86% in the shrub stratum (Table 8.6). In the ground layer, a slight decline in species richness occurred from 1976 to 1977; however, the 1977/1976 degree of floristic resemblance was a relatively high 75% (Table 8.6).b. Structure Structural data from the south floodplain woods varied moder-ately from 1976 to 1977. Tree and sapling densities and basal area of the over-story and understory dropped. Species that experienced the greatest decline in 176 Table 8.9.Phytosociological data sumnmary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Relative Ttees/ Relative Basal Area Relative Importance Species Ulmus americana Quercus shumardii Acer saccharinum Celtis occidentalis Fraxinus pennsylvanica S Quercus palustris Carya laciniosa Platanus occidentalis Quercus macrocarpa Morus rubra Juglans nigra Gleditsia triacanthos Gymnocladus dioica Cercis canadensis Totals Frequency 100.0 50.0 33.3 83.3 66.7 33.3 66.7 16.7 33.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 Re lat iv e Frequency 17.6 8.8 5.9 14.7 11.8 5.9 11.8 2.9 5.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 Trees/Hectare 75.0 50.0 41.7 41.7 37.5 29.2 29.2 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 345.8 Relative Density 21.7 14.5 12.0 12.0 10.8 8.4 8.4 1.2 4.8 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Basal Area (m 2/hectare)2.2 4.5 4.9 1.4 2.3 3.9 0.9 4.0 1.4 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.0 27.7 Relative Dominance 8.1 16.0 17.6 5.0 8.2 14.0 3.3 14.5 5.2 2.4 2.1 1.8 1.6 0.1 Importance Value 47.4 39.3 35.8 31.8 30.8 28.3 23.5 18.7 15.9 6.5 6.2 5.9 5.8 4.3 2 rP F, M U'2 a 2 z A 2i r4 F z n M 2 Table 8.13.Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Sapling Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub-.S§pecies 6.2 10.0 Total Density (stems/ha) Celtis occidentalis 83.3 54.2 137.5 Ulmus americana 45.8 54.2 100.0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 20.8 12.5 33.3 quercus shumardii 0.0 Carva laciniosa 8.3 8.3 16.7.- Acer saccharinum 4.2 4.2 Quer cuLs palustris 0.0 Morus rubra 8.3 4.2 12.5_Quercus macrocarpa 0.0 Cercis canadensis 8.3 8.3 Gymnocladus dioica 8.3 8.3 Crataegus sp. 4.2 4.2 Platanus occidentalis 0.0 Gleditsia triacanthos 0.0 Juglans nigra 0.0 Totals 187.5 137.5 325.0 Biomass (kg/ha) 521 2355 Productivity (kg/ha/yr) 269 1268 Diameter Classes dbh 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6-17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 (cm)Tree Class 40.1- 47.6-47.5 55.0> Sub-55.1 Total Totals 25.0 50.0 4.2 16.7 4.2 8.3 12.5 20.8 16.7 8.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 12.5 8.3 4.2 8.3 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 41.7 75.0 37.5 50.0 29.2 41.7 4.2 29.2 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 345.8 179.2 175.0 70.8 50.0 45.8 45.8 29.2 16.7 16.7 12.5 12.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 670.8 190845 17204 2 F n 0 M 2 z r 2 0 4.2 4.2 4.2 104.2 3698 1285 66.7 10048 746 50.0 62.5 18524 55600 1528 6941 4.2 37.5 44557 2602 16.7 28469 27075 1420 1145 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 5.1 Zooplankton taxa collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................ 98 5.2 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 22 February 1977 ............................. 100 I 5.3 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 4 April 1977 ................................. 101 3 5.4 Zooplankton collected in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 2 May 1977 ...................................

102 S 5.5 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 9 June 1977 .................................. 103 1 5.6 Zooplankton collected in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 11 July 1977 .................................

105 5.7 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 9 August 1977 ................................ 106 5.8 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 4 October 1977 ............................... 108 1 5.9 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 12 December 1977 ............................. 110 3 5.10 Yearly mean densities (no./m 3) of selected major micro-crustacean taxa from John Redmond Reservoir (Location 1)1973 to 1977 .. ..................................................... i1 1 5.11 Downstream persistence of microcrustacean zooplankton as a function of river flow and season, Neosho River near 3 Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78 ....... 112 6.1 Summary of macroinvertebrate occurrence in benthic samples 3 near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ..... 125 6.2 Summary of macroinvertebrate drift data collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 .. .....................................................

128 6.3 Summary of macroinvertebrate data from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 .. ......................................... 129 vii I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES*LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 6.4 Summary of water temperature data near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 ...-.............. 130 6.5 Summary of significant differences (P +/- 0.05) in diversity and density of major benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the Neosho River (Locations 4 and 10) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................. 131 6.6 Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ...... 132 6.7 Summary of macroinvertebrate densities (no./m 2) from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-77 ....................................... 135 6.8 Summary of macroinvertebrate data from Ponar samples collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3 and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ...................... 136 6.9 Summary of significant differences (P n 0.05) of abundant macroinvertebrates collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 3 and 7) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................................................ 138 7.1 Water temperature ('C) measured at sampling locations near 3 Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ........... 155 7.2 Checklist of fish species collected by all sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77 ... 156 7.3 Number of fish collected by all sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-3 December 1977 ...................................................... 158 7.4 Number of fish collected by hoop netting in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, during 1976 and 1977 ....................................... 159 7.5 Number of fish collected by electroshocking in the Neosho IRiver near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 ..................................... 160 7.6 Species collected and catch per unit effort (CPE) by electro-shocking at sampling locations in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 ............................................................... 161 viii I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 7 LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page I 7.7 Species collected and catch per unit effort (CPE) by electro-shocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 ........................ 162 7.8 Number of fish collected by seining in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 ............................................ 163 7.9 Number of fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station,.Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 ............................................. 164 7.10 Age and growth of selected game species collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 .................................... 165 3 7.11 Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected fish collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977 ............................................. 166 7.12 Number, density, and taxa of fish larvae collected at Location 1 in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ........................................... 167 8.1 Phytosociological data summary of trees in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 ...................................... 195 8.2 Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the north flood-plain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 ...................................... 196 3 8.3 Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 ...... 197 8.4 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1977 ........................................... 198 8.5 Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 ................. 199 8.6 Year-to-year data comparisons expressed as percent similarity for three plant communities ........................................ 200 ix NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 1 8.7 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1977 .................................. 201 8.8 Percent cover of species in the ground layer, community ground layer cover, and mean canopy height in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1977 ..... 202 8.9 Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, 3 Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 .................................... 203 8.10 Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the south flood-plain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 .................................... 204 8.11 Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the south floodplain woods, Communtiy 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 ................ 205 8.12 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, 1 June, and September 1977 ......................................... 206 8.13 Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating 3 Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 ........................... 207 8.14 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a wet mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, September 1977 .. ........................................... 208 8.15 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a dry mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, September 1977 .. ........................................... 209 8.16 Ordination, based on flood susceptibility continuum index, of plots in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ............... 210 3 8.17 Distribution of shrub-stratum species along the flood suscep-tibility continuum in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ..... 211 x 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 1 8.18 Ordination, based on flood susceptibility continuum index, of plots in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf I Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ............... 212 8.19 Distribution of shrub stratum species along the flood suscep-tibility continuum in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 213 8.20 Distribution of shrub stratum species within the plot ordin-ation developed from shrub stratum data from the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ............................................ 214 3 8.21 Distribution of shrub stratum species within the 12-plot ordination developed from shrub stratum data from the north and south floodplain woods, Communities 1 and 8, respectively, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ........... 215 8.22 Estimated acreage of construction-related land-use disturbances at the Wolf Creek Generating Station, September 1977 ............. 216 9.1 Seasonal capture data from two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ..................... 237 9.2 Summary of small mammal densities (no./ha) in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-77 238 I 9.3 Incidental mammal observations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-78 ............................. 239 1 9.4 Species list, residency status, and community and monthly occurrence of avifauna near Wolf Creek Generating Station, 3 May 1977-January 1978 ............................................... 240 9.5 Bird species observed near John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-78 ..................................................... 245 9.6 The number of birds observed per hour in the north floodplain woods community near Wolf Creek.Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1977-January 1978 ...................................... 247 9.7 The number of birds observed per hour in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1977-January 1978 ........................ 248 9.8 Number of species, birds per hour, and species diversity of avifauna recorded in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1974-January 1978 .... 249$11 xi I 3 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 9LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 9.9 Number of avian species and individuals observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1973-January 1978 ......................... 250 9.10 Quail call counts and dove observations along a 20-mile census route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977 ......................................................... 251 9.11 Composite species list of herpetofauna observed near Wolf Creek 3 Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ...................... 252 9.12 Seasonal and community distribution of reptiles and amphibians recorded near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 .............................................................. 253 I I'!I xii I 9 I I I I I I I'!I U I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION By David J. Byrnes NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Kansas Gas and Electric Company's Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS)is located in Coffey County approximately 5.6 km northeast of Burlington, Kansas. The site encompasses nearly 10500 acres of range, cropland and woodland typical of southeastern Kansas. The station itself will occupy 135 acres.I Upon completion in 1981, the station will employ a pressurized water reactor to produce 1150 megawatts (net output) of electrical power. A once-through cooling system, utilizing water from the WCGS cooling lake, will be used during station operation. The cooling lake will inundate approximately 5960 acres and will be formed by impounding Wolf Creek approximately 8.8 km upstream from its confluence with the Neosho River. A surface elevation of 1087 ft above sea level will be maintained in the cooling lake by precipitation and runoff in the Wolf Creek watershed and makeup water from the Neosho River.A makeup water pumphouse which will provide water to the cooling lake via an underground pipeline will be constructed on the Neosho River immediately below the John Redmond Reservoir Dam.NALCO Environmental Sciences (formerly Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc.) has conducted environmental monitoring programs near the WCGS site since 1973. The initial studies (1973-74) were conducted to collect baseline water quality, aquatic biology and terrestrial ecology data to partially fulfill the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) (formerly Atomic Energy Commission) requirements for preparing an Environmental Report prior to issuance of a construction permit for WCGS. Subsequent monitoring programs (1974-77) were modified as necessary to obtain as complete a data base as practical on the ecosystem characteristics near WCGS. Major changes in the terrestrial ecology (wildlife and vegetation), water quality (surface and groundwater), and aquatic biology (fisheries, phytoplankton, zooplankton, periphyton, and benthic macro-invertebrates) monitoring programs were made after issuance of the Final Environmental Statement for WCGS by the NRC in 1975. The changes recommended by the NRC were implemented in the 1976 construction phase environmental monitoring program (NALCO Environmental Sciences 1977). The study discussed herein is a continuation of the program initiated in 1976. Modifications of the study plan that were made in 1977 included the addition of electrofishing gear to collect fish in the Neosho River (Chapter 7), and a specific discussion regarding land use alterations on the immediate site area (Chapter 8). The primary purposes of the 1977 study were to monitor the existing aquatic and terrestrial environments and to assess the extent of any impact on these environments caused by the construction of WCGS.I U 2 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES II. References Cited NALCO Environmental Sciences. 1977. Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977.(Project No. 5501-07688). Report for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans. 258 pp. + 7 appendices. I I I I I'I I I I I I I 9 I I I I I I I 9 I I I I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 2 WATER QUALITY STUDY By David J. Byrnes NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Water quality monitoring of surface and groundwater supplies near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) has been conducted since 1973 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Bowling and Ellis 1975; Byrnes 1976, 1977) in order to establish baseline concentrations of certain water quality constituents (1973 through 1975), and to assess any impact upon water quality resulting from construction activities (1976 to 1978). The 1977 study was a continuation of the 1976 study and was designed to provide additional water quality data, and to* assess the extent of any impact on water quality from construction activities. II. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Sampling Frequency, Locations, and Parameters

1. Surface Water I Water samples for chemical and bacteriological analyses were collected bimonthly during 1977 (February, April, June, August, October, and December) in association with aquatic biology sampling.

Samples were collected from the following six locations which are identified in Figure 2.1: a. Location 3, in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam;b. Location 10, in the Neosho River, 0.7 km upstream from its confluence with Wolf Creek;c. Location 4, in the Neosho River, 1.3 km downstream from its confluence with Wolf Creek;d. Location 3, in Wolf Creek, approximately 1.7 km downstream from the cooling lake dam site;e. Location 5, in Wolf Creek, 1.6 km upstream from its confluence with the Neosho River; and f. Location 7, in Wolf Creek, upstream from the area to be inundated by the cooling lake.Water samples for limited analyses also were collected at Location I1 in May and July in association with phytoplankton sampling.Meteorological and hydrological measurements made at each location are presented in Table 2.1 and the water quality parameters measured are listed in Table 2.2.2. Groundwater Groundwater samples were collected in April, June, and October from seven wells near the site. These wells were designated B-12, C-6, C-20, C-50, I)-28, D-42, and D-65 (Figure 2.1) ; their locations are shown in Figure 2.1. The water quality parameters measured are listed in Table 2.3.5 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES B. Sampling Procedures

1. Surface Water I Duplicate surface water samples were collected using a nonmetallic water sampler. After collection, samples were placed in appropriate bottles, preserved as required, packed in ice in insulated containers, and shipped to the laboratory for analysis.

The meteorological and hydrological measurements listed in Table 2.1 were recorded at each sampling location. Instrumentation, methodology, and precision of measurement for the meteorological parameters and* current velocity also are presented in Table 2.1.2. Groundwater I Single groundwater samples were obtained from the tap source serving each well. Water was permitted to run from the faucet or pump at each well for 5 to 10 min before the sample was taken, in order to obtain a sample representative of the aquifer.Groundwater samples were taken in appropriate bottles, preserved at the time of collection, packed in ice in insulated coolers, and shipped to the laboratory for analysis.C. Analytical Procedures Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured in situ and pH, alkalinity, and turbidity were determined in a field laboratory. All the remaining constituents for surface (Table 2.2) and groundwater samples (Table 2.3) were analyzed in the Northbrook, Illinois Regional Laboratory. Water analyses generally were performed according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (A.P.H.A. et al. 1976) or Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes (U. S. Environ. Prot. Agency 1974). Analytical testing was conducted in a manner consistent with the guidelines established by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1974). References, preservation techniques, and analytical detection limits for the various water quality parameters are presented in Table 2.4. Quality assurance procedures followed by NALCO Environmental Sciences water chemistry personnel were patterned after recommendations of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1972).III. Results and Discussion Water quality data will be discussed with respect to hydrology, Kansas State Board of Health Water Quality Standards, effects of site construction, and previously reported data from the WCGS site (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Bowling and Ellis 1975; Byrnes 1976, 1977).Results of water analyses and physical and meteorological measurements recorded for each sampling date in 1977 are tabulated in Appendix A. Monthly minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations for each constituent measured in this study are listed in Tables 2.5 through 2.8. A comparison of data for selected constituents measured seasonally in the Neosho River, upstream (Location 10)6 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and downstream (Location

4) from its confluence with Wolf Creek, is presented in Table 2.9.A. Surface Water Hydrology Precipitation greatly influences the water quality and hydrology of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek. Average precipitation in the study area I is 85.1. cm annually; however, in 1977 only 67.4 cm was recorded (U. S. Dep.Commerce 1977). During 1977, precipitation was below normal in January, February, March, April, October, and December; above normal in May and August;I and normal during the remaining months (Figure 2.2). Although precipitation in 1977 was approximately 15 cm below average, it was nearly twice the amount recorded in 1976 (34.4 cm). Compared to 1976, the increase in precipitation had a marked influence on the hydrological characteristics of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek.Flow in the Neosho River below John Redmond Reservoir is controlled Iby the discharge from the John Redmond Reservoir Dam. In 1976, with the exception of peaks in May, June, and July, flow in the river was usually minimal. This was due to low rainfall in the watershed above John Redmond Reservoir which resulted in below normal water storage levels in the reservoir (Byrnes 1976). From January through mid-May 1977 flow also was minimal in the Neosho River (<50 cfs), due to below normal precipitation (Figure 2.2) and typical winter (January-February) operation of the dam. However, from mid-May I through December the flow was highly variable and generally above 50 cfs (Figure 2.3). Higher flows during this latter period resulted from higher discharge rates due to an increase in reservoir storage volume. The higher p reservoir storage volume was caused by substantial rainfall in the watershed above John Redmond Reservoir.

Large peaks in river flow occurred in early and late June and early to mid-July. The highest river discharge was approxi-mately 13000 cfs on 4 July 1977.With the exception of the June sampling period, water quality sampling dates on the Neosho River coincided with periods of minimal (February and April)I or low flows (August, October, and December). Sampling on 9 June immediately followed a temporary peak in river flow. The increased flow in June had a diluting effect upon the concentration of all ionic constituents, filtrable I. residue, total alkalinity, and specific conductance. In 1976, no flow was recorded in Wolf Creek, which depends upon rainfall and snowmelt runoff for its water. This was due to the very low amount of precipitation that occurred in the site area in 1976. These hydrological condi-tions continued through April 1977. In February and April, Locations 3 and 7 were small isolated pools and Location 5 was dry. Prior to the June sampling 1 period, substantial. amounts of rainfall occurred in the study area and flow was reestablished throughout the creek. Flow also was observed in Wolf Creek during all of the sampling periods after 9 June.During February and April, the water quality at Locations 3 and 7 was severely degraded as evidenced by the low dissolved oxygen levels in each pool (Figure 2.4). This was similar to the degraded water quality recorded at these locations in previous studies whenever flow in Wolf Creek was inter-, mittent (Byrnes 1976, 1977). 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES B. Surface Water Quality Characteristics Water quality criteria applicable to surface waters in Kansas (Kansas State Board of Health 1973) are presented in Table 2.10. These criteria are applicable only to the Neosho River; Wolf Creek is classified as intermittent and the state water quality standards are not applicable. The water quality of the Neosho River was in compliance with the Kansas surface water quality standards at all locations on each sampling date.1. General Water Quality As documented in previous studies, the water quality charac-teristics at Locations 10 and 4 on the Neosho River usually were similar.However, as occurred in 1976, the concentrations measured for dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, turbidity, and total iron at Location 1 on the Neosho River were higher than at Locations 10 and 4. In 1976, filtrable residue and specific conductance levels at Location 1 also were higher than at Locations 10 and 4.This was not observed during 1977, as the levels of these constituents were similar at all three locations. Location 1 is situated in the tailwaters of the John Redmond Reservoir Dam, and the increases in the above constituents were partially due to the turbulent mixing of the water discharged from the reservoir. With the exception of higher nonfiltrable residue and specific conductance values and lower color values in April, and lower concentrations of total alkalinity, filtrable residue, specific conductance, and ionic constituents in June, the seasonal concentrations of general water quality constituents were within ranges previously reported (Table 2.9). The sampling date in June immediately followed a temporary peak in river flow that was induced by a rainfall related increase in the John Redmond Reservoir storage volume. The increased flow had a diluting effect upon the ionic constituents in the river.The water quality of Wolf Creek in February and April 1977 was poor. Location 5 was dry and Locations 3 and 7 were small isolated pools that were characterized by low dissolved oxygen, low buffering capacity, high iron, and high color. The concentrations of most parameters were highly variable between locations and sampling dates. The variable and poor water quality conditions in these months were similar to those observed in 1975 and 1976 when flow in the creek was intermittent (Byrnes 1976, 1977). After flow was reestablished in June, water quality at all locations improved.IWith the exception of nonfiltrable residue in August, Wolf Creek apparently had no substantial effect upon water quality in the Neosho River.In August, nonfiltrable residue concentration at the downstream location (4) in the Neosho River was significantly higher than the upstream concentration (Location 10). The downstream increase of nonfiltrable residue was partially due to input from Wolf Creek.A comparison of data collected in 1977 versus those recorded in previous studies provides little information due to the varying hydrological nature of Wolf Creek.8 3 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES a. Neosho River Water temperature and dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.7 to 29.OC (33.3-84.2F) and 6.2 to 14.4 mg/l, respectively (Table 2.5). Oxygen concentrations reflected seasonal temperature dependent solubility trends and were lowest in summer and highest in winter (Figure 2.4). Oxygen saturation values ranged from 79 to 105%, and the water at Location 1 was supersaturated with oxygen in February, June, and December.The pH and total alkalinity ranged from 7.2 to 8.3 and 94 to 215 mg/l-CaCO3, respectively. The alkalintiy measured in June was very low, as compared to the other sampling dates or to comparable sampling periods in previous studies. Substantial amounts of rainfall occurred in the Neosho River watershed prior to the June sampling period. Much of the rainfall returned to the Neosho River via surface runoff. The runoff water apparently contained lower concentrations of ionic constituents, including bicarbonate, and thus had a lower buffering capacity compared to ambient river water. The runoff of this water into the river had a diluting effect upon the ionic and bicarbonate components of the ambient river water. The diluting effect of runoff water on rivers and lakes has been noted by other investigators (Hynes 1966, 1972;5 Harms et al. 1974; Delfino and Byrnes 1975).The ranges of specific conductance (297 to 792 pmhos/cm) and filtrable residue (218 to 504 mg/i) were wider in 1977 than those previously reported. Both constituents were highest in February and lowest in June (Figure 2.5). The values in June were much lower than those previously reported and were attributed to dilution by runoff water entering the Neosho River.With the exception of potassium, the seasonal pattern of ionic constituents concentrations was similar to that of specific conductance and filtrable residue (Figures2.6 and 2.7). Potassium levels were higher in June and lower in February although mean concentrations varied little throughout the year (Figure 2.7). The following ranges of concentrations were measured for the ionic constituents (in milligrams per liter): calcium, 32 to 83;magnesium, 8.0 to 25.4; potassium, 4.0 to 5.7; sodium, 8.2 to 40; sulfate, 31 to 130; and chloride, 10 to 60.Nonfiltrable residue and turbidity ranged from 5 to 164 mg/l and 5.0 to 99 NTU, respectively. Both parameters were lowest in February, whereas mean levels of nonfiltrable residue were highest in August and mean turbidity was highest in June (Figure 2.8). Turbidity was always higher at Location 1 below John Redmond Reservoir Dam than at Locations 10 and 4. Non-filtrable residue increases in the Neosho River downstream from its confluence with Wolf Creek were noted in August. At this time, mean nonfiltrable residue levels increased from 32 mg/l at Location 10, upstream from the confluence, to 147 mg/l at Location 4. The higher downstream levels were partially due to nonfiltrable residue additions from Wolf Creek. However, it is impossible to determine if these additions were caused by construction site runoff or natural surface runoff in the Wolf Creek watershed. Total iron and soluble iron concentrations ranged from 0.10 to 4.8 mg/l and 0.006 to 0.35 mg/l, respectively. Mean levels of both parameters were lowest in February and highest in June (Table 2.5). Both constituents 9 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES were higher from June through October than during the rest of the study (Figure 2.9), probably as a result of surface runoff transporting iron containing particulate material into the river system (Williams et al. 1973). Total manganese ranged from 0.032 to 0.17 mg/i (Table 2.5) and was lowest in December and highest in February (Figure 2.7).True color values varied widely between sampling periods and ranged from 7 to 60 color units. Color values were relatively low in February, April, and August (7-14 units), moderately high in October and December (18-33 units), and high in June (50-60 units). The high color values in June were I related to increased organic material in the river.b. Wolf Creek I The wide ranges in concentration of most constituents measured in Wolf Creek reflect the varying hydrological conditions of this system. In general, water quality was poor in February and April and fair to good from June through December.Water temperature and dissolved oxygen ranged from 0.7 to 24.4C (3.3-75.9F) and 0.7 to 12.9 mg/l, respectively. Near anoxic conditions were present at Locations 3 (1.4 mg/i) and 7 (0.7 mg/i) in February. These low oxygen levels were below those reported as necessary to support diverse aquatic biota (McKee and Wolf 1963). Absence of flow, the oxygen demand from bacteriological decomposition, oxidation of organic material, and the low photosynthetic activity in the pools (Chapter 3) all contributed to the depressed oxygen levels. Near anoxic conditions have been reported in other intermittent streams (Larrimore et al. 1959; Slack and Feltz 1968), and have previously occurred in Wolf Creek during September and December 1975 and throughout 1976. With the exception of December, dissolved oxygen levels were always below 5.0 mg/i at Location 7, even when flow occurred throughout the creek. The water at Location 7 always was characterized by the presence of very minute particulate matter, high oxygen demand, and very high color values.The particulate material apparently was of organic origin and the subsequent oxygen demand it created helped to depress the oxygen levels at this location.The pH and total alkalinity ranged from 6.6 to 7.9 and 51 to 276 mg/l-CaCO3, respectively. Both parameters were lowest in February when the mean pH was 6.7 and mean alkalinity was 68 mg/l-CaCO 3.Alkalinity steadily increased after flow was reestablished in June (Table 2.5).ISpecific conductance and filtrable residue varied both temporally and spatially (Figure 2.5), and ranged from 247 to 694 Pmhos/cm (at 25C) and 170 to 457 mg/l, respectively. The major ionic constituents contri-buting to filtrable residue and thereby affecting specific conductance also varied widely among locations and sampling dates (Figures 2.6 and 2.7). The following rangcs were measured in Wolf Creek (in milligrams per liter): calcium, 26 to 98; magnesium, 3.8 to 18; potassium, 2.6 to 11; sodium, 3.2 to 40; sulfate, 31 to 190; and chloride, 4.1 to 30.Nonfiltrable residue and turbidity were highly variable and ranged from 2 to 318 mg/l and 5 to 64 NTU, respectively. Both constituents were usually highest at Location 3 (Figure 2.8). Road construction activities 10 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES altered the physical characteristics of Location 3 in 1976 (Byrnes 1976). A considerable sediment load from the erosion of the road embankments is transported into Wolf Creek at Location 3 during periods of surface runoff.When the creek was flowing, nonfiltrable residue was usually higher at this location (Figure 2.8).Soluble iron, total iron, and total manganese ranged from 0.009 to 2.2 mg/l; 0.30 to 3.4 mg/l; and 0.082 to 0.75 mg/l, respectively. With the exception of soluble iron in February, the ranges of concentration measured for all three metals were considerably lower than in 1976. Higher concentrations in 1976 had been attributed to the accumulation of leaf litter and the subsequent lack of flow (Byrnes 1976). The concentrations of all these metals were highest in February when flow was absent (Figure 2.9).True color values were always high in Wolf Creek, with Location 7 consistently having the highest color values. True color ranged from 12 to 93 color units and the high values were due to the leaching of color-producing organic matter.3 2. Aquatic Nutrients a. Neosho River Aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River ranged as follows: ammonia, <0.01 to 0.10 mg/i-N; nitrate, <0.01 to 0.89 mg/i-N; nitrite, 0.0012 to 0.033 mg/i-N; total organic nitrogen, 0.53 to 1.0 mg/l; soluble orthophosphate, 0.001 to 0.12 mg/l-P; total phosphorus, 0.080 to 0.25 mg/l-P;and soluble silica, 0.31 to 12 mg/l-SiO 2 (Table 2.6). Mean concentrations at each location for the various nitrogen forms except nitrite are presented 3 in Figure 2.10 and for the phosphorus forms in Figure 2.11.With the exception of nitrate and soluble orthophosphate, the ranges of concentrations measured for the aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River during 1977 were within seasonal ranges previously reported (Table 2.9).Nitrate concentrations in the fall and soluble orthophosphate levels during the summer, fall, and winter were higher than previously documented (Table 2.9). Little spatial variability was observed in the concentrations of the inorganic nitrogen forms and soluble silica on any given sampling date.However, some spatial differences were noted in total organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and soluble orthophosphate. With the exception of total organic nitrogen and total phosphorus, aquatic nutrient levels generally were lower in late winter and early spring, and higher in fall. and early winter. Total organic nitrogen was highest in late winter and spring, whereas total phos-phorus levels were highest in summer. In previous years the concentrations of all aquatic nutrients generally were highest during the summer. The ranges of concentrations measured for nutrients were considered adequate to support 3 the aquatic life indigenous to this section of the Neosho River.b. Wolf Creek Aquatic nutrients in Wolf Creek ranged as follows: ammonia,<0.01 to 0.32 mg/i-N; nitrate, <0.01 to 1.7 mg/i-N; nitrite, 0.0006 to 0.13 mg/i-N; total organic nitrogen, 0.34 to 1.6 mg/l; soluble orthophosphate, 11 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 0.004 to 0.28 mg/l-P; total phosphorus, 0.017 to 0.53 mg/l-P; and soluble silica, 1.7 to 19 mg/l-Si0 2 (Table 2.7). The nutrient concentrations varied widely among locations and sampling dates (Figures 2.10 and 2.11). These differences can be attributed to the variable hydrological condition of the creek, localized surface runoff in the summer and fall, and the relative stages of bacterial decomposition of organic matter at each location (Larrimore et al. 1959;3 Byrnes 1976, 1977).As in previous studies, total organic nitrogen and total phosphorus levels generally were higher than the inorganic nitrogen and phos-phorus forms, particularly when flow was absent. This has been attributed in part to the accumulation of organic material, including leaf litter in the creek and its subsequent decomposition (Byrnes 1976, 1977).3. Indicators of Municipal and Industrial Contamination 3 a. Neosho River The concentrations of all parameters indicative of municipal or industrial contamination that were measured in 1977 were within seasonal ranges reported in earlier studies (Table 2.9). Fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria densities varied widely among sampling locations and dates, and ranged from 0 to 350 organisms per 100 ml and 1 to 160 organisms per 100 ml, respectively. Mean densities of both types of enteric bacteria were highest in December, and fecal coliforms were lowest in June, whereas fecal streptococci were lowest in April (Table 2.7). During February and April fecal coliform counts were considerably higher at Location 10 than at the other two locations. These higher counts may have been due to improperly treated wastewater releases from Burlington, Kansas.SBiochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) generally were low throughout the study and exhibited little temporal or spatial variability (Figure 2.12). Concentrations of the three indicators of oxygen demand ranged as follows (in milligrams per liter): BOD, 0.6 to 3.5; COD, 14 to 26; and TOC, 5.8 to 12. These ranges were similar to those previously reported.3 Hexane soluble materials ranged from <3.0 to 6.4 mg/l (Table 2.7), and concentrations measured at Location 1 in October and Location 4 in December were higher than previously reported (Appendix A, Table A.2).b. Wolf Creek Fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria counts ranged from 0 to 1300 organisms per 100 ml and 1 to 740 organisms per 100 ml, respec-tively (Table 2.7). Densities were considerably higher from June to December, due to contamination from animal wastes carried into the creek by surface runoff.Counts of both bacteria types exhibited wide temporal and spatial variability, although the yearly ranges for 1977 were considerably lower than in 1976 (Byrnes 1977).Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), COD and TOC concentrations were highly variable among locations and sampling dates, and ranged from 0.8 to 12 I 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES>13 mg/l; 15 to 150 mg/l; and 4.6 to 58 mg/l, respectively. The mean concen-trations of all three indicators of oxygen demand were substantially higher in February than on any other sampling date (Figure 2.12). High oxygen demand and lower oxygen levels at Locations 7 and 3 during February (Figure 2.4)resulted in poor water quality.All three indicators of oxygen demand were consistently higher at Location 7. The higher oxygen demand at this location was reflected in depressed oxygen levels, relative to the other creek sampling locations (Figure 2.4). This condition was due in Dart to the suspended particulate matter that characterized the water at Location 7 and apparently was responsible for creating a higher oxygen demand.Hexane soluble materials were always low and ranged from <3.0 to 3.9 mg/l. Mean hexane soluble concentrations equalled 3.0 mg/l only in August 1977.3 4. Trace Metals a. Neosho River Trace metals concentrations ranged as follows (in micrograms per liter): copper, 1.3 to 6.2; lead, <1 to 4; mercury, <0.05 to 8.3; selenium,<I to 6; and zinc, 3.2 to 50 (Table 2.8). Copper, lead, and zinc concentrations were highest in June and were associated with increases of nonfiltrable residue and river discharge. Selenium concentrations were highest in December, and mercury was highest in April. With the exception of mercury and zinc, mean concentrations for the trace metals exhibited little temporal variability. However, wide spatial variability, particularly in mercury and zinc levels, was evident. With the exception of mercury, trace metals usually were higher at Location 1 than at the downstream locations. This may have been due to the resuspension of particulate material caused by the turbulent mixing of the tailwaters. I b. Wolf Creek Trace metals in Wolf Creek ranged as follows (in micrograms per liter): copper, 0.7 to 4.1; lead, 3 to 150; mercury, <0.05 to 1.8; selenium,<1 to 5; and zinc, 1.5 to 14 (Table 2.8). With the exception of lead, the ranges of concentrations measured for trace metals in 1977 were considerably less than those reported during 1976 (Byrnes 1977). Concentrations of most trace metals generally were highly variable among locations and sampling dates.* C. Groundwater

1. Hydrology The seven wells sampled are in the South Central Paleozoic groundwater province (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974). Aquifers in this area are alluvial, soil and weathered bedrock, and consolidated bedrock. The alluvial aquifer is composed of silts, sands, and gravels. The soil and weathered bedrock aquifer is composed of shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone, 13 I 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and the soils derived from them. The overlying alluvial aquifer is hydraulically connected to the lower weathered bedrock aquifer. Recharge to both is in part from precipitation percolating through the soil. Thus, the water table elevation is responsive to local precipitation and drought conditions.

However, the primary recharge to the alluvial aquifer in this region is from streams and rivers. In 1976, the small amount of precipitation, low flows in the Neosho River, and the absence of flow in many smaller streams resulted in a lowering of the water table (Byrnes 1977). However, in 1977 sufficient precipitation and flow in the rivers and streams occurred to raise the groundwater levels in this region (J. Hendersen, Kansas Water Resources Board, Topeka, Kansas, personal communication 1978).IGroundwater samples were collected only in October from well C-20 since the pump was inoperable in April and June. Well D-55 was inaccessible during all three sampling periods; thus, no samples were collected from this well.2. Groundwater Characteristics Groundwater data from the three sampling dates in 1977 are presented in Table 2.11.In previous studies wide spatial variability and some limited temporal variability was observed in most of the wells (Bowling and Ellis 1975;Byrnes 1976, 1977). Spatial variability in the concentrations of most consti-tuents also was documented in 1977. However, unlike earlier studies, large temporal variations in the concentrations of filtrable residue, specific con-ductance, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfate, and nitrate were recorded during October 1977 in wells B712, C-50 and D-28. The concen-trations of the above constituents in October 1977 were substantially higher than in April or June 1977 or during comparable sampling periods in earlier S studies. The magnitude of these increases was often two times or more than the concentrations documented for these constituents in April and June 1977 or in earlier studies (Table 2.11). It is difficult to determine the causes of these increased concentrations or to ascertain whether or not they are tem-porary. Additional data will be collected during 1979, and when this information has been evaluated, the causes and/or the duration of these increases may be known.The large increases of filtrable residue, specific conductance, calcium, chloride, magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfate, and nitrate, measured in wells B-12, C-50 and D-28 during October, resulted in much broader ranges being established for these constituents in each respective well.The pH and total alkalinity of the wells ranged from 6.8 to 8.0 and 113 to 386 mg/l-CaCO 3 , respectively. Both pH and total alkalinity generally were lower in well D-65 (immediately south of the cooling lake dam), and pH was highest in April at well D-28 (southeast of the WCGS site) while alkalinity was highest at well D-42 (south of well D-28) in June and at well B-12 (northeast of the WCGS site) in October. As in prior studies, the alkalinities at wells D-42 and B-12 were consistently higher than at the other wells.Filtrable residue and specific conductance values were consistently L high in all wells and ranged from 500 to 3860 mg/l and 587 to 5140 wmhos/cm (at 14 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 25C), respectively. Filtrable residue and specific conductance were always highest in well D-65 (Table 2.11).The major ionic constituents that were measured in groundwater samples ranged as follows (in milligrams per liter): calcium, 54 to 530;chloride, 19 to 590; magnesium, 15.2 to 122; potassium, 0.6 to 6.8; sodium, 32 to 320; and sulfate, 0 to 420 (Table 2.11). As expected, the highest concen-trations of the major ionic constituents,with the exception of potassium and sulfate, consistently were recorded in well D-65. Potassium was usually highest in well C-6 (west of the WCGS site), and sulfate generally was highest in well D-42 and lowest in well D-65.Soluble iron and total iron ranged from 0.008 to 0.58 mg/l and 0.10 to 17.4 mg/l, respectively. Soluble iron generally was highest in well B-12 and lowest in D-42, while total iron was highest in well D-65 and also lowest in well D-42. The soluble iron content of the aquifer may have been greater than the concentrations reported. Iron in most aquifers generally is in the soluble form because of the reducing environment. When samples are collected and sub-sequently aerated, some of the soluble iron becomes oxidized and precipitates as insoluble ferric hydroxide (Hem 1970). This was noticeable in samples collected from wells B-12 and D-65. Total manganese ranged from 0.0021 to 1.4 mg/l and also was highest in wells B-12 and D-65 and lowest in well D-42.The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's (1975) maximum standard for nitrate concentrations in groundwater is 10 mg/l-N. Nitrate levels in excess of 10 mg/l-N are known to cause cyanosis in infants (U. S. Public Health Service 1962). Nitrate was always less than 10 mg/l-N in wells C-6 and D-42, and with the exception of the October samples, nitrate was less than 10 mg/l-N in wells B-12 and D-28. Nitrate exceeded 10 mg/l-N on all sampling dates in well D-65, in June and October in well C-50, and in October in wells B-12, C-20, C-50 and D-28.Nitrate levels in well D-65 were extremely high ranging from 365 to 510 mg/l-N.Total phosphorus levels were always low and ranged from 0.008 to 0.30 mg/l-P.Soluble silica concentrations were considerably higher in groundwater than in the surface water and ranged from 7.3 to 28 mg/l-Si02. Selenium concentrations were usually below the analytical detection limit (1.0 jig/1) and ranged from <1 to 4 Lig/l, with the highest concentration occurring at well D-28 in October. Concentrations were always below the Environ-mental Protection Agency's maximum limit of 10 jig/l in drinking water.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. There were no adverse impacts upon tbe surface and groundwater supplies near WCGS that could be directly attributed to construction activities associated with WCGS. However, sediment in surface runoff from an upgraded road near Location 3 on Wolf Creek contributed to higher nonfiltrable residue levels at this* location.2. Flow was reestablished in Wolf Creek prior to the June 1977 sampling date. It was the first time flow had been observed in the creek since 1975.3. Reestablishment of flow in the creek improved the poor water quality conditions that existed in the isolated pools of the creek.15 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 4. Water quality of the Neosho River was acceptable based on the criteria established by the Kansas State Board of Health. These criteria do not apply to Wolf Creek.5. The water quality of the Neosho River has not changed greatly on an annual basis, although some seasonal variations in specific conductance, filtrable residue, ionic constituents, and true color were noted in 1977.6. A major increase in ionic constituents, specific conductance, and nitrate concentration occurred in wells B-12, C-50 and D-28 in October 1977.These increases resulted in much broader ranges with considerably higher maximum values being documented for these constituents at these three wells.7. As in previous studies, there was both wide spatial and temporal variability in the water quality constituents measured in the wells.I I I p I I I I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF). 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

14 ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D. C. 1193 pp.I Bowling, T. J., and D. B. Ellis. 1975. Water quality study. Pages 67-111 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Byrnes, D. J. 1976. Water quality study. Pages 74-123 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1977. Water quality study. Pages 4-46 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by.NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Delfino, J. J., and D. J. Byrnes. 1975. The influence of hydrological conditions on dissolved and suspended constituents in the Missouri River. Water Air Soil Pollut. 5:157-168. Fishman, M. J., and M. R. Midgett. 1968. Extraction techniques for the determination of cobalt, nickel and lead in freshwater by atomic absorbtion. Pages 230-236 in R. F. Gould, ed. Trace inorganics in water. Am. Chem.Soc., Washington, D. C.Harms, L. L., J. N. Dornbush, and J. R. Andersen. 1974. Physical and chemical quality of agricultural runoff. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 46:2460-2470. Hem, J. D. 1970. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 2nd ed. U. S. Dep. Interior, Geol. Surv. Water Supply Pap.1973. 363 pp.Howe, L. H. IIl, and C. W. Holley. 1969. Comparisons of mercury (III) chloride and sulfuric acid as preservatives for nitrogen forms in water samples.Environ. Sci. Technol. 3:478-481. Hynes, H. B. N. 1966. The biology of polluted waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 202 pp._1.972. The ecology of running waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 555 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station I environmental report. Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.17 3NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Kansas State Board of Health. 1973. Water quality criteria for interstate and intrastate waters of Kansas. Topeka, Kans. 9 pp.Larrimore, R. W., W. F. Childers, and C. Heckrotte. 1959. Destruction and re-establishment of stream fish and invertebrates affected by drought.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 88:261-285. McKee, J. E., and H. W. Wolf, eds. 1953. Water quality criteria. 2nd ed.California State Water Resources Control Board, Sacramento, Calif. 548 pp.Oceanography International Corporation. 1974. Preliminary operating pro-cedures manual for the direct injection module OIC Model 05-24B-HR. College Station, Tex. 36 pp.Perkin-Elmer Corporation. 1968. Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Norwalk, Conn. n.p._ _ _ 1972. Perkin-Elmer analytical methods for flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy with the heated graphite atomizer HGA-72.Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, Uberlingen, Federal Republic of Germany. 13 pp.Ryden, J. C., J. K. Syers, and R. F. Harris. 1972. Sorption of organic phosphate by laboratory ware. Implications in environmental phosphorus techniques. Analyst 97:903-908. Slack, K. V., and H. R. Feltz. 1968. Tree leaf control on low flow water quality in a small Virginia stream. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2:126-131. Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 167. 310 pp.Technicon Industrial Systems. 1974. Technicon auto-analyzer II continuous-flow analytical instrument manual. Tech. Publ. No. VA4-0170C00. n.p.Thomas, R. F., and R. L. Booth. 1973. Sensitive electrode measurement of ammonia in water and wastes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7:523-526. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. 1977. Monthly reservoir regulation charts-John Redmond Reservoir. Tulsa, Okla. (Unpublished data) n.p.U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 1977. Climatological data Kansas. Vol. 92. Nat. Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin. Environmental Data Service, Asherville, N. C. n.p.U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public Health Service. 1962.Drinking water standards. U. S. Public Health Serv., Washington, D. C.61 pp.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1972. Handbook for analytical quality control in water and wastewater laboratories. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. 98 pp.18 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES S U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Office Technol. Transfer, Washington, D. C. 298 pp.I. 1975. National interim primary drinking water regulations. 40 FR 248:59565-59573. Williams, L. G., J. C. Joyce, and J. T. Monk, Jr. 1973. Stream velocity effects on the heavy-metal concentrations. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 65: 275-279.I I I I 19 iD*ALL.Lj -V LI"- 't-IV~ I" IVA Ie hAk bhLki~NLL~t I I I I I I I I I I U I I Figure 2.1.Surface water quality and groundwater quality sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas. 1977.20 I --m m -m4-2 8 L I-r 7 6 5 C) -Sampling dates cm 41 3 2 0 0i I i al II 0 iI ,I 0.I,L I III, I I 0i 0 0 0 0 z 2 31 2 n In M I iI I I _ I I I I I~I 015 Z025 5 1;152025 JAN FEB S A1'5 2025 5 1 202,5 51015 2025 510152025 5P10 1Y 2025 10U5 20 25 MAR I APR I MAY I JUN I JUL AUG 5101520251 51012025 5 1015 05 5 1 5 25 SEP OCT NOV I DEC I Figure 2.2. Daily precipitation at John Redmond Reservoir near Wolf Creek Generating Station, January-December 1977 (U. S. Dep. Commerce 1977). 13 X Sampling dates 12 z r 0 : 9 m o z co 7n 0 U- z iil 5 z-1 L.L P 4 r W'n R z (1 m U'x x Figure 2.3. Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1977 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1977). NALCO ENVIRONMIENTAL SCIENCES inLoc. I H Loc.I 10 0Loc-4 0 Loc.7 1ILoc.3 ~Loc.5~NEOSHO RI VER WOLF CREEK I I I I I I OXYGEN SATURATION 80 100 60 90 40 80 20 70 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC FEB DISSOLVED OXYGEN APR JUN AUG OCT DEC mg/I 15 I0 5 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC mg/I 15 5 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC i I I I I I WATER TEMPERATURE oc 30 20 I0 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC oC 30 20 I0 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC Figure 2.4. Mean oxygen saturation, dissolved oxygen and water temperature in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1-977.23 I NALCO ENVIRON-ENTAL SCIENCES I I 10Loc. I Loc.I 10 hILoc. 4 ILoC-7 Loc.3 ~Loc. 5 I I I i I I I I I I N EOSHO RIVER WOLF CREEK FILTRABLE RESIDUE 500_ 400 E 300 200 500 400 , 300 E 200 100 I'D AU__k=I FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC SPECI FI 800 700 U Ifn (\J E 600 U o 500 E 400 300 FEB APR JUN AUG NOV DEC C CONDUCTANCE 700 600 U)E 500 o 400 E 300 200 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC Figure 2.5. Mean filtrable residue and specific conductance values in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.24 I NALCO ENVIRONmIeNTAL SCIENCES inLoc.1 Loc., 10 lJLoc.4 a Loc7 1Loc.3 Loc.5 I I I I I I NEOSHO RIVER WOLF CREEK SODIUM E 40 30 20 I0 0 E 40 30 20 10: U FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC CALCIUM E 80 70 60 50 40 30 100 80 c, 60 E 40 I!U 20FEB AP U AU OCT FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC MAGNESIUM 30 F 20 F E I0 0 F H H 11 H E 15 10 I I..A.A S, W FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC U FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC Figure 2.6.Mean sodium, calcium and magnesium concentrations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.25 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Lo I jLoc.I10 jjLoc. 4 0 Loc 7 1ILoc.3 qLc.NEOSHO RIVER WOLF CREEK I I!I I I SULFATE 100-80 E 60 40 E 20 " 'FEB APR JUN AUG OCT CHLORIDE 60 50 20 15 I 1 I I I I 40 E 30 20 I0 E0' I0 10 E C POTASSIUM JUN AUG OCT DE FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC-10 E- 5 0'FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC I0 0 " L ' '" " FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC Figure 2.7. Mean sulfate, chloride and potassium concentrations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.26 NALCO ENVIRONMESNTAL SCIENCES I I I I I in Loc. 1 O Loc.I 10 a Loc. 4 a Loc. 7 ILoc.3 ~Loc. 5 NEOSHO RIVER WOL F CREEK " TURBIDITY 100 z 75 50 25 0 Z I I i NONFI LTRABLE RESIDUE 200 150 100 I00 75 E 50 -Hi i 50 E 25 0 L l[[I % 10 FEB APR JUN AUG NOV DEC Figure 2.8.Mean turbidity and nonfiltrable residue levels in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.27 I 9 I I I I I I I I I 1 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SLoc 1 Loc., 10 Loc.4 Loc.7 Loc3 @NEOSHO RIVER WOLF CREEK TOTAL MANGANESE 0.20 0.15 0.10 E 0.05 0 0.4 0.3 E 0.2 0.1 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC SOLUBLE IRON E E 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 N.0'E 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0 TOTAL IRON 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 O'5 E I.o 0.5 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC Figure 2.9. Mean total manganese, soluble iron, and total iron in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977. 28 NALCO ENVIRONIMINTAL SCIENCES NEOSHO RIVER WOLF CREEK TOTAL ORGANIC NITROGEN!I I i I I 0.9 0.8 N.0'E 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 E 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 a0.3 C NITRATE 0.9 F 0.8 -0.7 -I I I I I i z CP E 0.6 0.5 J 0.1 0-h A9 z N.[[I FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC 0.15 AMMONIA 0.1 z z 0.1 0.0 E'o~z 0.10 0' 0.05 E 15 0 5 0 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC Figure 2.10. Mean total organic nitrogen, nitrate and ammonia levels in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.29 I NALCO ENVIRONIVISNTAL BCIENCEB 10 Loc. 1 0jLoc.I 10JJJLoc.4 a Loc. 7 I Loc.3 ~o NEOSHO RIVER WOL F CREEK I I I ,i I I i TOTAL PHOSPHORUS 0.19 0.12 0.3 K 0,2-. 0.10 E 0.09 0.08_ 1 a-I 0.10 E O.06 0.04 0.02 I FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC SOLUBLE ORTHOPHOSPHATE I I!I I I 0.12 0.087 0.07 0.06 0.05 0._Z 0.04 E I 0.03 E.N.0.02 I II 0.01fjU 0 j. j -I I .0 L ". " ....U FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC Figure 2.11. Mean total phosphorus and soluble orthophosphate concentrations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.30 I NALCO ENVIRONMiFNTAL SCIENCES Loc. I jjLoc.I 10 jjLoc.4 ~Loc. 7 ILoc. 3 ~ o.NEOSHO RIVER WOL F CREEK BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND U I I I I I>13 8.0 6.0 6.0 V 4.0 E E 4.0 2.0 0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC 2.0 0 CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND 30 I-140 40 E30 E 20 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC E 20 I I I I I dThnkN~h~mD IU0 FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON 15 1l0 E 5 0 I II 15 a,10 E <5 FEB JUN AUG OCT DEC V--FEB APR JUN AUG OCT DEC figure 2.12. Mean biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand and total organic carbon concentrations in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.31 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2. 1.Physical measurements and instrumentation used in this study.I I I I I I I I!I I Measurement Air temperature wet and dry bulb Cloud cover Relative humidity Wind velocity Current velocity Instrument Bendix Psychrometer Model 566 or Taylor Sling Psychrometer Field Observer Calculated Field Observer Dwyer Wind Meter General Oceanics Digital Flowmeter Model 2031-2035 Precision of Measurement +- 0.5C t 5%1%+ 3 mph+ 0.1 m/sec 32 NALCd ENVIRONMWNTAL SCIENCES I Table 2.2.Water quality parameters measured in surface water samples.I I i I I I General Water Quality Parameters

• 1. -Alkalinity, total 2. Calcium 3. Chloride 4. Color, true 5. Conductance, specific 6. Iron, soluble 7. Iron, total 8. Magnesium 9. Manganese, total* 10. Oxygen, dissolved* 11. Oxygen, saturation
• 12. pH 13. Potassium 14. Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)15. Residue, nonfiltrable (total suspended solids)16. Sodium 17. Sulfate* 18. Temperature
• 19. Turbidity Trace Metals 33. Copper, total 34. Lead, total 35. Mercury, total 36. Selenium, total 37. Zinc, total I I I I I I Aquatic Nutrients*******20.21.22.23.24.25.26.Ammonia Nitrate Nitrite Organic nitrogen, total Orthophosphate, soluble Phosphorus, total.Silica, soluble Indicators of Industrial and Municipal Contamination

27. Bacteria, fecal coliform 28. Bacteria, fecal. streptococci

29. Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day)30. Chemical oxygen demarnd 31. HJexane soluble materials 32. Organic carbon, total.* Indicates parameters measured at Location 1 during May and July with phytoplankton sampling.33 I NALCO ENVIFIdNMV.~NTAL SCIENCES N Table 2.3. Water quality parameters measured in groundwater samples.I General Water Quality Parameters

1. Alkalinity, total 2. Calcium 3. Chloride 4. Conductance, specific 5. Iron, soluble 6. Iron, total 7. Magnesium 8. Manganese, total 9. Potassium 10. Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)Ill .Sodium 12. Sulfate Aquatic Nutrients 13. Nitrate 14. Phosphorus, total 15. Silica, soluble Trace Metals 16. Selenium, total I I I I I I 34 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4. Water quality methods.I I I i I U Preservation Detection Parameter Method Technique Reference Limit** Alkalinity, total Method 102* Ammonia Gas diffusion electrode* Bacteria, fecal coliform* Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day)Method 132C Autoanalyzer colorimetric phenate method Method 408B Method 219 Atomic absorption direct aspiration Refrigeration HgCI 2 , refrigeration HgC1 2 , refrigeration HgCI 2 , refrigeration Na 2 S203, sterile bottle, refrigeration Refrigeration HNO 3 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Thomas and Booth 1973; Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Howe and Holley 1969 U.S.E.P.A.

1974 Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 U.S.E.P.A. 1974 1 mg/l-CaCO 3 0.01 mg/1-N 0.01 mg/1-N 0.01 mg/1-N 0 organisms/ 100 ml 0.5 mg/1 2 vg/i I *** Calcium I **Chloride Method 112B Autoanalyzer None required None required* Chemical oxygen demand* Color, true** Conductance, specific Low level mehhod Refrigeration U.S.E.P.A. 1974 Method 118 Method 154 None required None required* Copper* Hexane soluble Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Soxhlet extraction Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Atomic absorption direct aspiration RNO 3 HNO 3 HN0 3 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a 0.5 mg/i 0.1 mg/I 0. 1 mg/l 1 unit 1 vmho/cm 0.01 mg/l 0.1 ug/l 0.2 ug/l 0.1 mg/1 0.03 mg/1 1 t g/1 0.5 ug/I 0.1 pi m/I H 2 SO 4 refrigeration U.S.E.P.A. 1974 I ** ron P* Lead HNO 3 HNO 3 HNO 3 lMO 3 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 35 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCEB O Table 2.4.(continued) I I I I Preservation Detection Parameter Method Technique Reference Limit Magnesium** Manganeseb

• Mercury Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption direct aspiration Flameless atomic absorption Method 213C Autoanalyzer cadmium reduction Method 11.6.HN0 3 HiN0 3 HNO 3 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 1 mg/l 1 ug/l 1 ug/l I ** Nitrate I I
• Nitrite I HN0 3 HNO 3 HgCi 2 , refrigeration HgC1 2 , refrigeration HgC1 2 , refrigeration HC1, refrigeration HCI, refrigeration HgC1 2 , refrigeration Filtration, refrigeration Measured in the field Organic carbon, total Method 138A I I I* Organic nitrogen, total* Orthophosphate, soluble* Oxygen, dissolved I
• Oxygen, saturation
• pH I ** Phosphorus, total I *** Potassium I** Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)Residue, nonfiltrable (total suspended solids)Ocean. Int. Analyzer wet oxidation Methods 135 then 132C Method II.1.Method 218B Calculated method 218B Method 144A Method 223C then method 11.1.Atomic absorption direct aspiration Method 148B Method 148C Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 U.S.E.P.A.

1974 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Howe and Holley 1969 U.S.E.P.A. 1974;Howe and Holley 1969 Strickland and Parsons 1972; Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Ocean. Int.Corp. (1974)a,b Ocean. Inter.Corp. (1974)b.A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Howe and Holley 1969 Strickland and Parsons 1972;Ryden et al. 1972 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Strickland and Parsons 1972 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 AP.H.A. et al.1976 0.01 mg/l 0.05 iig/l 0.01 mg/i-N 0.01 mg/i-N 0.1 ug/1-N 1 mg/i 0.2 mg/1 0.01 mg/i 1 ug/l-P 0.1 mg/i Expressed as percent 0.1 pH I pg/1-P 5 wg/l 2 mg/l 1 mg/i Measured in the field None required HNO 3 None required None required I 36 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4. (continued) I I I I!!Preservation Detection Parameter Method Technique Reference Limit** Silica, soluble Method 151C Sodium** Sulfate Autoanalyzer method 105-71W Atomic absorption direct aspiration Method 156C Autoanalyzer method 118-71 W Filtration Filtration HNO 3 None required None required Measured in situ A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Technicon Industrial Systems 1974 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Technicon Industrial System 1974 A.P.H.A. ct al.1976 0.01 mg/1-Si0 2 0.01 mg/l-Si0 2 2 ug/l 5 mg/l I mg/l 0.1 CTemperature Whitney Thermometer, method 162* Turbidity* Zinc Hach Turbidimeter, method 163A Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic abosrption graphite atomizer None required HNO3 HNO 3 HNO 3 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a 0.1 N.T.U.0.01 mg/l I Ug/l 0.1 wg/l 37 Table 2.5. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of general water quality parameters in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.',eneral Water Neosho River Wolf Creek 2ua~ltv .rmncrerq of re Oua~e __a__er Rng F,. Apr .Jun Au Oct Dee Year Feb__ Jun Aug Oct Dec Year:.arter temperature n 3 3 3 3 3 3 18 2 2 3 3 3 3 16 (OC) min (. 7 10.0 22.0 26.9 16.9 0.7 0.7 6.7 4.4 20.0 24.2 11.8 0.7 0.7 Max 7.0 10.0 24.0 29.0 17.3 1.1 29.0 7.9 5.6 21.5 24.4 14.5 1.8 24.4 mean ('.9 10.0 22.7 28.3 17.0 0.8 14.3 7.3 5.0 21.0 24.3 13.4 111 12.8 Oxygen, dissolved n 6 6 6 6 6 5 35 4 4 6 6 6 4 30 (MRg/I) mrin 1.7 9.4 7.5 6.2 8.5 13.3 6.2 0.7 4.6 2.5 3.4 3.1 11.7 0.7 max 12.9 11.0 8.5 7.0 9.1 14.4 14.4 1.5 7.6 6.4 5.0 7.5 12,9 12.9 mean 12.3 10.1 7.7 6.6 8.8 13.6 9.8 1.1 6.1 4.5 4.3 5.9 12.2 5.5 O Yvgen, saturation n 6 6 6 6 6 5 35 4 4 6 6 6 4 30 (%) min 96 83 87 79 88 93 79 6 35 28 41 30 87 6 max 105 98 102 89 95 101 105 12 60 73 60 71 90 90 mean 101 90 91 86 91 95 92 9 48 52 52 56 86 51 pH n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min 8.2 8.0 7.2 8.0 7.9 7.8 7.2 6.6 6.9 6.9 7.6 7.4 7.6 6.6 max 8.3 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.3 6.7 7.6 7.9 7.8 7.7 7,8 7.9 mean 8.2 8.1 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.1 8.0 6.7 7.3 7.4 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.4 MO Alkallnity, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 (mg/l-CaCO

3) min 195 183 94 178 155 200 94 51 111 108 85 148 248 51 max 215 194 103 184 164 206 215 78 134 133 195 210 276 276 mean 209 186 99 181 159 203 173 68 122 122 136 186 265 156 Conductance, n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 specific min 745 758 297 495 411 526 297 247 420 316 260 370 634 247 (Gmhos/cm at 25C) max 792 776 304 518 432 535 792 253 651 380 496 461 694 694 mean 776 766 306 508 423 532 552 249 536 350 395 427 656 442 Residue, filtrable n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 31 (total dissolved min 460 474 218 310 275 339 218 170 124 250 214 262 398 170 solids) (mg/I) max 504 496 251 352 302 347 504 213 314 265 342 309 457 457 mean 495 489 234 336 293 342 363 198 248 258 294 292 424 297 2 r n 0 2 2 r In 2 In Residue, n nonfiltrable (total min suspended solids) max (mg/I) mean 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 5 7 79 32 38 17 5 20 2 9 26 6 <1 2 7 164 89 152 89 23 164 40 318 40 84 25 3 318 6 63 85 98 56 20 55 30 137 20 53 17 2 38 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 5.0 10 74 35 52 18 5.0 5.0 10 10 36 17 5 5 9.4 90 99 72 73 21 99 46 39 64 60 30 10 64 6.9 40 86 48 60 20 43 25 24 34 45 25 7 27 Turbidity (NT U )n min max mean Calcium n 6 6 6 5 6 6 35 4 4 (mg/1) min 77 80 32 17 53 66 32 26 54 max 78 83 32 68 54 71 83 28 71 mean 78 81 32 42 53 68 63 27 63 6 6 6 6 32 30 40 45 90 26 40 68 65 98 98 36 56 57 93 57

" MO-M M --M-M'M"-- 4 -" Table 2.5. (continued) Parameter Neosho River Wolf Creek Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Chloride (mg/l)n 6 6 6 min 52 51 10 max 57 140 12 mean 55 68 11 6 6 30-13 15 10-19 41 140-15 22 34 4 4 6 4.1 4.2 5.1 -4.3 12 6.9 -4.2 7.6 5.3 -6 6 26 6.4 7.0 4.1 14 30 30 9.4 20.3 9.9 Iron, soluble n 6 6 6 6 6 6 34 4 4 6 6 6 6 28 (mg/I) min 6 34 100 23 26 17 6 240 100 100 45 67 9 9 max 210 150 320 350 240 49 350 2200 120 240 360 320 81 2200 mean 69 79 140 121 100 31 88 1370 115 155 222 146 29 314 Iron, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 (mg/l) min 100 310 4100 1200 2400 710 100 2500 230 820 1400 830 300 230 max 220 3500 4800 3000 3700 1000 4800 3400 940 2900 2000 1200 480 3400 mean 162 1420 4367 2300 2850 883 1997 2925 590 1823 1700 1082 373 1373 Manganese, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 35 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 (mg/i) min 160 130 120 72 100 26 1.9 240 120 180 120 100 82 82 max 170 180 150 180 130 42 180 750 560 400 580 180 340 750 mean 168 155 138 122 107 36 121 493 340 273 317 140 247 287 L. Color, true'. (units)Magnesium (mg/I)Potassium (mg/I)Sodium (mg/1)n 6 min 8 max 11 mean 10 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 7 50 12 31 18 7 36 12 42 13 47 8 8 9 60 14 33 19 60 59 41 93 28 89 15 93 8 54 13 32 19 22 47 26 60 21 62 11 38 2 0 m 2 M a 2 3 Ii 2 r M 2 a m M3 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min 21.4 24.6 8.0 16.1 11.8 15 8.0 3.8 11.1 8.0 8.0 9.6 9.4 3.8 max 22.4 25.4 8.3 16.7 12.1 16 25.4 6.4 14.8 8.7 11.8 10.8 18.0 18.0 mean 22.0 24.9 8.2 16.3 11.9 16 16.4 5.1 13.0 8.2 10.4 10.2 15.2 10.5 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 34 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min 4.0 4.1 5.6 4.7 5.2 4.6 4.0 3.8 3.8 4.8 3.7 4.2 2.6 2.6 max 4.4 5.5 5.7 5.6 5.7 4.7 5.7 11 9.0 5.2 5.0 5.5 4.1 11 mean 4.3 4.6 5.7 5.3 5.5 4.6 4.9 7.4 7.7 5.0 4.6 4.7 3.2 5.1 n 6 6 min 36 39 max 38 40 mean 37 39 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 8.2 14 12 15 8.2 3.2 6.4 12 7.8 12 18 3.2 8.5 14 12 15 40 11 40 12 15 13 25 40 8.4 14 12 15 21 7.1 23.2 12 12.1 13 21 14.5 Sulfate (mg/l)n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 min 100 110 31 54 42 44 31 42 73 39 31 max 120 130 36 87 44 51 130 56 190 43 160 mean 110 120 33 64 43 47 70 50 130 41 73 6 6 32 37 48 31 40 60 190 38 54 61 a Nlot determined. --M ----= -- ---M 4 Table 2.6. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Ammonia (mg/I-N)n 6 6 6 6 min <0.01 0.02 0.03 '0.01 max 0.01 0.09 0.10 0.04 mean 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.01 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 0.02 0.07 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.01 0.07 0.32 0.06 0.02 0.09 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.16 0.03 6 6 32 0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.04 0.03 .32 0.03 0.03 0.05 Nitrate (mg/1-N)Nitrite (mg/1-N)Nitrogen, total organic (mg/1)0 Orthophosphate, soluble (mg/I-P)Phosphorus, total (MgiL-P)Silica, soluble (mg/1-StlO) n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min <0.01 <0.01 0.59 0.46 0.75 0.73 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.04 <0.01 max 0.01 0.09 0.64 0.54 0.84 1.0 .84 0.22 0.06 0.21 1.7 0.28 0.10 1.7 mean 0.01 0.05 0.62 0.49 0.80 0.89 0.47 0.10 0.04 0.18 0.60 0.16 0.07 0.20 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min 0.0013 0.0029 0.020 0.0083 0.0012 0.027 0.0012 0.0009 0.0010 0.033 0.0030 0.0020 0.0006 0.0006 max 0.0051 0.0054 0.029 0.021 0.034 0.035 0.035 0.046 0.0081 0.076 0.13 0.0044 0.0015 0.13 mean 0.0028 0.0038 0.023 0.013 0.015 0.033 0.015 0.023 0.0045 0.053 0.046 0.0034 0.0009 0.023 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 rain 0.87 0.84 0.71 0.78 0.57 0.53 0.53 0.91 0.73 1.0 max 0.96 1.0 0.92 0.97 0.72 0.60 1.0 1.6 0.91 1.2 mean 0.92 0.91 0.81 0.88 0.66 0.56 0.79 1.2 0.81 1.1 6 6 6 32 0.80 0.51 0.34 0.34 1.2 0.95 0.68 1.6 0.93 0.70 0.50 0.87 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min 0.001 0.003 0.066 0.064 0.063 0.12 0.001 0.022 0.004 0.036 0.005 0.028 0.007 0.004 max 0.046 0.059 0.088 0.074 0.078 0.12 0.12 0.28 0.031 0.076 0.028 0.053 0.016 0.28 mean 0.026 0.026 0.082 0.070 0.072 0.12 0.066 0.25 0.016 0.057 0.014 0.039 0.011 0.043 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min 0.090 0.080 0.21 0.18 0.14 0.15 0.080 0.18 0.051 0.12 0.076 0.072 0.017 0.017 max 0.15 0.16 0.24 0.25 0.19 0.17 0.25 0.53 0.068 0.20 0.19 0.13 0.041 0.53 mean 0.12 0.11 0.23 0.23 0.17 0.16 0.17 0.35 0.060 0.17 0.14 0.098 0.027 0.133 2 r 0 z 3 2 z r z C)m M mrin max mean 6 0.5 1.0 0.7 6 6 0.31 9.6 2.8 11 0.86 9.9 6 6 6 8.8 9.5 12 10 10 12 9.0 9.8 12 36 4 4 0.31 1.7 3.8 12 4.0 18 6.9 2.8 11 6 17 19 18 6 4.6 8.5 6.0 6 15 16 16 6 32 9.5 1.7 11 19 11 11 Table 2.7. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of parameters indicative of industrial or municipal contamination in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.Parameter Neosho River Wolf Creek Range Feb Ar Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr hill Aug Oct Dec Year Bacteria, fecal n 6 6 4 6 6 6 34 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 coliform miin 0 10 33 2 21 56 0 0 2 44 93 33 2 0 (organisms/100ml) max 350 160 43 70 160 290 350 2 10 1300 670 220 38 1300 mean 150 83 40 43 78 170 1o0 1 6 300 350 120 22 149 Bacteria, fecal n 6 6 3 6 6 6 33 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 streptococci min 1 5 15 50 26 64 1 1 1 41 100 51 9 1 (organisms/100mi) max 53 48 90 67 69 160 160 10 9 740 570 440 89 740 mean 34 28 41 60 47 100 53 5 6 350 390 2b5 52 199 Biochemical oxygen n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 demand (5-day) mrin 2.7 2.4 1.8 1.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 7.5 0.9 2.2 1.6 1.2 1.1 0.8 (mg/l) max 3.4 3.5 2.2 2.7 1.6 1.3 3.5 13.0 4.1 5.4 3.2 3.1 1.5 <13.0 mean 3.1 2.8 2.0 2.1 1.3 1.1 2.0 10.3 2.7 3.9 2.2 2.1 1.2 3.4 Chemical oxygen ni 6 demand (mg/I) min is max 21 mean 17 6 6 6 6 6 18 22 17 16 14 26 23 22 18 16 21 23 20 17 15 36 4 4 6 6 14 20 22 32 21 26 150 45 43 31 19 81 33 37 24 6 6 32 20 15 15 31 28 150 24 20 35 Hexane soluble materials (mg/i)Organic carbon, total (mg/l)n mi n mlni max mean 5 5 4 6-3 <3 <3 13-3 <3 <3 <3<3 '3 <3 <3 5 6 31 4 4 4 5 6 6 29<3 <3 ,3 .3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 <3 6 6 6 3 " 3 <3 .<3 <3 4 4 3 3 <3 <3 <3 3 <3 <3 t3 z r n 0 m 0 2 m r w n 2 n m 110 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 min 6.8 8.3 9.5 6.5 6.2 5.8 5.8 14 10 13 6.6 8.2 4.6 4.6 max 8.1 12 11 9.2 7.9 7.6 12 58 17 17 11 13 8.1 58 mean 7.8 9.8 10 7.7 7.2 6.5 8.2 36 14 15 9.2 10 5.9 14 -- -m --- -- -m -M O -Table 2.8. Maximum, minimum, and mean trace metal levels in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near" Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1977.Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Copper, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 (g/I) min 1.4 1.3 5.3 2.9 3.7 2.0 1.3 2.4 0.7 2.0 2.6 2.0 0.7 0.7 max 2.0 11 6.2 5.5 5.0 3.0 11 3.8 1.9 3.2 4.1 2.5 1.5 4.1 mean 1.7 4.8 5.8 4.3 4.3 2.6 3.9 2.9 1.4 2.5 3.4 2.2 1.0 2.2 Lead, total (Ug/1)n 6 min <1 max < 1 mean <I 6<1 3 1 6 4 4 4 6 6<1 1 46 3 9.3 2 30 4 4<1 3 <1-46 150 <I 3.7 39 01 6 6 6 1 1 <1 2 110 <1 1 28 <1 26-<1 150 13 Mercury, total n 6 6 6 6 6 5 35 4 4 6 6 6 6 32 (ug/i) min <0.05 0.19 0.36 0.61 0.85 0.18 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.18 0.45 1.0 0.11 <0.05 max 0.14 8.3 0.74 3.0 1.9 1.4 8.3 0.09 0.90 0.56 1.5 2.5 3.4 3.4 mean 0.06 2.3 0.48 1.9 1.3 0.73 1.1 <0.05 0.33 0.32 0.97 1.8 1.0 0.81 Selenium (ug/l)n 6 6 6 6 6 min 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 max 4 2 3 2 2 mean 2 <1 2 <1 <1 6 36 4 4 6 6 6 3 <I <1 <i <I <I <I 6 6 3 3 2 4 2 4 2 2 1 2 <1 <1 6 3 5 4 32<1 5 2 Zinc n 6 6 (ug/I) min -3.2 27 max -30 50 mean -13.8 36 6 6 4.4 19 12 26 7.4 23 6 30 4.4 3.2 -8.7 50 -7.0 17.5 -4 6 6 6 6 28 1.5 6.1 4.3 6.8 1.9 1.5 9.9 14 8.9 33 3.8 14 5.4 10 6.6 15 2.7 8.2 2 r a 0 Ml 2 0 2 m 2'i 2 n In M'a Not determined. NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I Table 2.9. Seasonal water quality data from the Neosho River upstream and downstream of its confluence with Wolf Creek, 1 9 7 3-7 7 a,b Location 10 (upstream)c Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter General Water Quality Water temperature I (10 I I I Oxygen, dissolved (zng/l)Oxygen, saturation (2)pH I Alkalinity, total (rng/l-CaCO3) 1973 1974 5.0 1975 11.0 1976 16.0 1977 10.0 1973 1974 13.5 1975 10.4 1976 9.1 1977 10.8 1973 1974 90 1975 93 1976 93 1977 85 1973 1974 7.9 1975 8.1 1976 8.4 1977 8.0 1973 1974 190 1975 155 1976 193 1977 188 1973 1.974 315 1975 281 1976 473 1977 489 1973 1974 525 1975 430 1976 756 1977 764 1973 1974 29 1975 93 1976 19 1977 6 1973 1974 21 1975 58 1976 8.0 1977 11 19.7 19.6 0.9 21.2 24.1 2.8 24.0 17.4 1.5 22.0 16.9 0.7 8.8 8.7 13.5 5.7 7.5 13.3 7.0 7.8 12.9 7.6 8.7 13.5 91 94 99 60 80 98 82 81 90 88 89 94 8.0 7.7 8.2 7.2 7.8 7.5 7.9 8.1 8.3 8.0 8.0 8.1 9.2-_d 11.0 16.0 10.0 12.1 13.5 10.5 9.8 9.9 102 95 99 88 24.6 20.0 21.2 24.0 22.0 7. 7 8.8 5.9 6.6 7.6 92 97 62 77 88 8.2 8.2 7.1 7.9 7.9 173 164 97 158 101 8.2 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1 I Filtrable residue i (mg/1)I I I 154 139 157 100 297 283 304 235 459 380 453 306 89 140 85 8 141 175 171 191 148 194 160 203 218 228 313 338 307 412 301 341 367 462 512 600 492 677 412 535 39 115 30 4 42 31 38 23 114 200 153 190 183 213 325 348 485 481 293 538 431 758 759 Conductance, specific (emhos/cm at 25C)Nonfiltrable residue (mg/1)23.0 2.5 19.5 0.9 23.6 2.8 17.4 1.5 16.9 0.7 7.4 14.1 8.7 13.5 7.1 12.6 8.0 12.9 8.6 13.4 85 120 94 100 75 93 82 90 88 93 7.9 7.6 7.6 8.0 7.9 7.7 8.2 8.3 8.0 8.2 194 135 140 178 175 195 146 195 159 202 223 238 214 263 315 385 320 409 301 345 510 375 368 475 514 606 495 672 429 533 41 43 40 93 37 3 47 24 40 22 23 51 7 46 33 8 20 7.0 51 21 307 284 223 296 222 462 458 274 443 308 48 194 192 95 21 98 42 86 14 7 Turbiditye (NTIJ)50 6 44 120 72 84 27 10 22 6.0 55 19 70 50 28 80 73 185 6.0 70 21 82 43 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. (continued) U I I I I I Parameter Location 10 (upstream) Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Location 4 (downstream) Spring Summer Fall Winter General Water Quality (continued) Color true (units)Aquatic Nurtrients Ammonia (mg/l-N)Nitrate (mg/l-N)Nitrite (mg/i-N)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 197!, 1975 1976 ,1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 19 73 1974 1975 1976 1977 1 16 21 8 9 17 24 18 52 18 11 11 31 15 8 9 18 27 16 17 8 7 1.4 18 52 17 52 0.19 0.15<0.01 0.06-d 1.1 0.01 0.05 0.025 0.020 0.011 0.0047 0.04 0.03 0.22 0.07 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.05 0.03 0.10 2.0 0.49 0.93 1.2 0.55 0.53 0.57 0.15 0.06 0.61 0.80 0.94 0.040 0.018 0.056 0.021 0.026 0.032 0.004 0.0012 12 20 12 11 48 0.011 0.045 0.0029 0.034 I I I I I I 24 15 9 9 19 Organic nitrogen (mg/l)Orthophosphate, soluble (mg/i-P)Phosphorus, total (mg/i-P)0.50 0.66 0.93 1.0 0.74 0.71 0.85 0.86 0.62 0.66 0.57 0.42 0.80 0.58 0.61 0.58 0.055 0.09 0.034 0.03 0.038 0.06 0.075 0.12 0.12 0.17 0.18<0.01 0.05 0.77 1.4 1.3 0.02<0.01 0.015 0.023 0.022 0.0009 0.0031 0.62 0.56 0.96 0.73 0.90 0.11 0.066 0.018 0.044 0.014 0.23 0.12 0.18 0.094 0.083 10.3 8.9 5.2 0.66 0.39 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.04 1.2 2.2 0.67 0.57 0.60 0.12 0.044 0.014 0.061 0.021 0.57 0.83 1.4 0.83 0.75 0.16 0.079 0.061 0.070 0.087 0.15 0.21 0.35 0.24 0.23 0.01 0.02<0.01 0.02 0.02 0. 70 0.28 0.60 0.01 0.84 0.0018 0.032 0.028 0.002 0.011 0.067 0.015 0.035 0.059 0.11 0.21 0.097 0.095 0.18 0.21 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.79 0.89 0.52 0.03 0.90 0.012 0.011 0.0045 0.0037 0.030 0.73 0.63 0.51 0.57 0.56 0.073 0.091 0.026 0.044 0.12 0.21 0.16 0.034 0.049 0.15 0.075 0.080 0.069 0.086 3 0.86 0.60 0.60 0. 80 0.68 0.066 0.057 0.037 0.026 0.075 0.12 0.11 0.088 0.38 0.16 0.16 0.089 0.24 0.088 0.18 0.37 0.22 0.17 0.16 0.041 0.071 0.17 Silica, soluble (mg/1-S102) 8.8 11.5 4.9 10.4 5.1 8.4 3.7 0.31 0.54 6.3 6.5 0.26 0.63 10 10 12 7.3 8.4 8.5 6.3 9.7 5.5 5.9 3.8 4.1 9.9 8.9 10.7 0.34 0.29 12 Industrial and Municipal Contaminants Bacteria, fecal coliform 1973 (no./100 ml) 1974 81 1975 215 1976 10 1977 160 41 170 190 33-d 97 320 75 170 38 550 220 67 81 170 9 83 43 52 230 480 37 46 370 135 1 70 130 680 190 45 110 290 44 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES Table 2.9. (continued) j I I I I I I Location 10 (upstream) Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Industrial and Municipal Contaminants (continued) Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day) (mg/i)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 4.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 1.7 2.3 0.6 2.0 0.8 1.1 0.5 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.1 1.2 Chemical oxygen demand (mg/i)Organic carbon, total (mg/l)1lexane soluble materials (mg/1)I I I I I I Trace Metals Copper, total (lig/1)Iron, total (mg/1)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 15 32 17 19 17 23 21 22 15 14 16 17 16 17 15 16 2.6 5.1 3.3 3.0 2.9 22 16 28 17 18 8 21 30 8.4 8.8<0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.5 18 9 10 14 28 21 11 9.1 8.1 8.3 7.5 6.7 8.6 10 6.6 7.3 1.1 1.7 0.7 2.2<0.1 0.3<0.1 0.4<0.1 0.2 1.4 1.7 0.8 0.6 0.6 1.7 1.5 3.8 0.8 1.3 4.9 5.7 5.7 6.5 2.3 1.6 2.7 1.7 1.4 5.4 3.8 2.1 2.4 2.1 2.3 0.7 2.0 0.85 2.1 2.1 2.1 3.0 6.1 0.92 0.22 0.41 1.8 0.69 0.088 0.33 4.1 2.4 1.0 1.5 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.5 3.0 1.6 5.3 1.2 2.9 3.8 0.88 3.9 0.32 0.44 0.57 0.068 0.13 0.25 0.14 0.14 0.05 8.7 0.47 4.6 20 21 37 22 23 6 9 24 8.1 9.6 0.2 1.2 1.5 0.1 4.1 8.5 9.9 3.2 5.7 2.9 3.7 11.0 1.9 4.2 0.1.8 0.13 0.22 0.11 0.13 0.07 0.05 1.7 0.61 0.59 8 26 46 2.2 31 16 17 15 16 16 20 9 13 7.0 7.7 1.7<0.1 1.7 0.6 0.4 1.8 5.0 1.6 1.7 4.1 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.58 2.6 0.090 0.072 0.075 0.074 0.12 0.06<0.05 0.92 0.83 1.8 1 47 6.4 14 23 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.3 21 17 21 17 15 13 14 7.6 6.6 6.0 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.9 5.2 Manganese, total (mg/l)0.066 0.10 0.25 0.15 0.068 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.071 0.056 0.065 0.1 Mercury, total (Gg/1)0.08 0.07 <0.05 6.5 1.0 0.76 0. 76 1.3 0.95 0.26 0.37 1.1 0. 0711 0.030 0.036 0.040 0.61 0.54 0.28 1.0 12 1.8 13 6.9 2.2 5.3 2.6 1.5 3.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.089 0.93 0.11 0.082 0.032 0.032 0.040 0.11 0.32 1.2 0.61 0.64 1 11 3.3 4.4 7.6 Zinc, total (jig/1)15 17 15 37 60 39 28 5.8 3.5 8.2 30 25<1 18 13 14 9.6 45 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. (continued) a a Means of duplicate samples b Spring water quality data collected in March 1973-74 and April 1975-77.c Location 10 not included in 1973 study.d Not determined. e Turbidity prior to April 1975 reported in JTUo.I I I I I I U 46 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I i I I I Table 2.10.Wnter quality criteria for Kansas (Applicable to Neosho River.)Surface waters.a Locations and Months in which Parameter Criterion the Standards were violated Temperature, water Oxygen, dissolved pH Ammonia Bacteria, fecal coliform Oil and grease Turbidity and total suspended solids Color Taste and odor producing substances Toxic substances 32.2C (90F)Not less than 5 mg/i 6.5 to 8.5 0.15 mg/l-N maximum Not to exceed 2000 per 100 ml sample No evidence of visible oil or grease No increases from other than natural origin No man-made point source discharges of color producing substances No increases from man-made point discharges Man-made point discharges limited to concentra-tions in receiving water that will not harm human or aquatic life None None None None None None None None None I I I I I None I a Kansas State Board of Health (1973).47 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEB Table 2.11.Groundwater data near Wolf December 1977.Creek Generating Station, February-I I I I Well Number Parameter Date B-12 C-6 C-20 C-50 D-28 D-42 D-65 General Water Quality Parameters pH 4 April 8 June 3 October 7.5 7.1 7.4 7.7 7.5-7.5-7.3 7.1 7.2 8.0 7.1 7.3 7.0 7.1 7.1 6.9 7.1 6.8 Alkalinity, total (mg/l-CaCO 3)4 8 3 I I Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)(mg/l)Conductance, specific (pmhos/cm at 25C)4 8 3 4 8 3 4 8 3 Calcium (mg/i)Chloride (mg/i)Magnesium (mg/l)Potassium (mg/i)4 8 3 4 8 3 April June October April June October April June October April June October April.une October April June October April June October April June October April.line October April ,]une October 381 328 386 287 282 262 282 262 347 187 113 299 500 740 550 742 1228 -859 1250 856 1230 1750 --632-638 1090 956 550 784 379 834 1600 920 3784 3860 3860-977 863 1160 5000-962 587 1230 5140 1370 1320 2150 1230 5140 375 386 342 87 75 160 19 21 140 119 110 195 200-123-106 200 150 96 54 150 66 35 140 119 110 120 26 33 34 518 450 530 443 460 590 164 154 167 170 29 22 51 30 27 36 I I I I I I 16.8 17.4 -17.4 17.4 -34.0 -21 25.2 49 15.2 52 64 51 Sodium (mg/i)Sulfate (mg/1)4 8 3 4 8 3 4 8 3 4 8 3 2.2 6.4 2.3 6.8 3.2 --1.0-1.0 1.8 1.4-39-36 36 87 80 78 190 85 95 320 0.031 0.58 0.18 104 98 48 37 4.1 4.1 4.3 43 32 240 153 91 420 0.029 0.041 0.10 1.0 0.6 0.8 66 67 77 226 260 310 118 122 120 3.2 3.0 3.4 301 280 320 24 37 0 45 179 160 250 Iron, soluble (mg/i)Iron, total (mg/i)Manganese, total (mg/i)0.019 -0.043 0.029 -0.012-0.12 0.12-0.024 0.008 0.020 0.054 0.038 4 April 8 .June 3 October 3.3 0.59 -1.5 0.72 -0.70 -1.8 0.69 0.17 -17.4 0.19 0.34 0.10 9.2 0.48 0.16 0.12 6.1 4 8 3 April JTune October 0.055 0.72 1.4 0. 046 0.054-0.023-0.004 0.18 0.069 0.0021 0.008 0.013 0.0039 0.034 0.14 0.84 0.78 0.9'48 I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.11. (continued) I I I I I I Well Number Parameter Date B-12 C-6 C-20 C-50 D-28 D-42 D-65 Aquatic Nutrients Nitrate 4 April 1.1 0.59 -4.5 1.1 2.7 365 (mg/i-N) 8 June 0.26 0.06 -12 6.5 0.38 460 3 October 30 -61 19 73 0.60 510 Phosphorus, total 4 April 0.10 0.19 -0.012 0.036 0.012 0.11 (mg/i) 8 June 0.21 0.30 -0.009 0.062 0.008 0.13 3 October 0.044 -0.009 0.008 0.090 0.031 0.020 Silica, soluble 4 April 11 27 -8.3 7.8 15 12 (mg/1-Si0 2) 8 June 12 28 -9.5 7.3 15 12 3 October 13 -11 12 14 16 14 Trace Metals Selenium 4 April <1 <1 -<1 <1 <1 <I (mg/1) 8 June <1 <1 -<1 <1 <1 <3 October <1 -<1 <1 4 2 2 I I I I I 49 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES N N I I I I Chapter 3 IPHYTOPLANKTON STUDIES By James R. Farrell I i I$1 50 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Baseline monitoring of the phytoplankton communities in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) was conducted quarterly from 1973 through 1975 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1975; Wilde et al. 1975; Wilde and Reetz 1976). In 1976, a construction phase monitoring program was initiated and phytoplankton data were collected bimonthly (Kline and Reetz 1977). These studies indicated that the phytoplankton in the Neosho River were either planktonic organisms that developed in John Redmond Reservoir, or periphytic forms that were scoured from substrates in the river. The phytoplankton in Wolf Creek, an intermittent stream, usually wcre of benthic or periphytic origin. However, during periods of minimal or zero flow when pools were present in the creek, euplanktonic algae dominated. I The 1977 phytoplankton monitoring study was a continuation of the 1976 program and was specifically designed: 3 1. To document seasonal and year-to-year variations in composition, abundance, biovolume and chlorophyll a standing crop, and primary productivity (carbon fixation rate) of phytoplankton communities in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River; and 2. To assess the environmental impact of construction of WCGS on phyto-3plankton populations. II. Field and Analytical Procedures Duplicate composite water samples for phytoplankton analyses were collected bimonthly at six locations (Figure 3.1). Additional samples were collected at Location 1 in the Neosho River on 2 May and 11 July. All samples were collected within one meter of the surface with a nonmetallic water sampler. Subsamples were immediately placed in appropriately labeled 1.9 liter polyethylene bottles containing 60 ml of "M 3-preservative (Meyer 1971.) for later algal identification, enumeration, and biovolume determinations. Carbon fixation rate and chlorophyll a concentration were assessed from the remaining portion of the duplicate samples.Two separate procedures were used to analyze the preserved samples. A subsample volume of 10 to 100 ml was used for diatom analyses. Diatoms were cleaned with a concentrated nitric acid/potassium dichromate solution and collected on a 0.45 pm pore size membrane filter. The filter was air-dried and a portion was placed on a glass slide, cleared with immersion oil, and covered with a coverslip. The slide was then examined at 1250X magnification with a microscope equipped with phase contrast. A modification of Lackey's (1938) micro-transect method was used to analyze the non-diatom phytoplankton. An 875 ml subsample volume from each sample was placed in a 1000 ml beaker. Liquid detergent was added to break the surface tension (Mackenthul. 1969), and the organisms were allowed to settle overnight. The supernatant was removed with a suction pump, and the organisms were further concentrated in successively smaller containers until a density suitable for counting was attained. A 0.1 ml aliquot of the concentrate was placed in a slide and examined at 50OX magnifi-cation with a microscope equipped with phase contrast.51 N NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES An area of the coverslip large enough to permit an accurate estimation of the density and diversity of phytoplankton populations was examined for each preparation. All undamaged organisms were identified to the lowest positive taxonomic level using appropriate keys. Densities were reported as the number of units per milliliter of water (units/ml). A reporting unit consisted of a single frustule for diatoms. For algae other than diatoms, a reporting unit consisted of a single cell for unicellular forms, a 100 Um length for filamentous forms and four cells for all colonial forms other than species of Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, and Microcystis for which 50 cells comprised a reporting unit. Phytoplankton species diversity was calculated to the base e (Shannon 1948).Biovolume (cell volume) determinations were made using methods described by Cowell (1960) and Hohn (1969). Biovolume was computed for each taxon using the formula for the geometric configuration that most resembled the shape of the organism. The average biovolume of at least 10 randomly selected individuals was used for abundant forms, and the average biovolume of all individuals examined was used for those observed less than 10 times. All biovolumes were expressed as microliters per liter (p1/1).The non-preserved portion of the composite samples was analyzed for carbon fixation rate and chlorophyll a concentration. Carbon fixation rate was estimated by the light-dark bottle 1 4 C method (Wetzel 1964; Parkos et al.1969; Strickland and Parsons 1972). Three 50 ml subsamples were taken from each composite, inoculated with 5-6 microcuries of aqueous 1 4 C bicarbonate solution, and incubated for 3 hr in a constant light (=1000 ft-c) and tem-perature (adjusted to near ambient) chamber. The subsamples were then filtered through 0.45 lim porosity filters. The filters were returned to the laboratory, dried, fumed with concentrated HCI for 10 min (Wetzel 1965), and placed in low potassium scintillation vials. Seventeen milliliters of scintillation fluid (12 g/l Butyl PBD, 0.4 g/l PBBO, and 180 ml/l Scintisol-GB in spectrophotometric grade toluene) were added to each vial and the activity was measured with a refrigerated liquid scintillation counter. Carbon fixation rate was expressed as milligrams of carbon fixed per cubic meter per hour (mg C/m 3 per hr).Chlorophyll a concentration was determined by the fluorometric techniques of Lorenzen (1966) and Strickland and Parsons (1972). Three 50 ml subsamples from each composite sample were filtered through glassfiber filter papers on a thin layer of MgCO 3.The filters were eluted with 90% acetone for at least 24 hr, ultrasonically disrupted, and centrifuged. The fluorescence was measured before and after the addition of 1 N HCl. Chlorophyll a concentration was expressed as milligrams per cubic meter of water (mg Chl a/m3).III. Results and Discussion A total of 252 taxa was identified in phytoplankton samples collected from the Neosho River and Wolf Creek during 1977. Most of these were diatoms (Bacillariophyta) and green algae (Chlorophyta) while the remainder were chrysophytes (Chrysophyta), blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), euglenoids (Euglenophyta), dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta), chloromonads (Chloromonadophyta), or cryptomonads (Cryptophyta). Detailed results of phytoplankton analyses are presented in Appendix B.52 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES W A. Neosho River The phytoplankton collected in the Neosho River during 1977 were primarily euplanktonic algae that were discharged from John Redmond Reservoir. Centric diatoms were the dominant algal group (comprising 10% or more of the total density) on each sampling date and comprised from 46 to 84% of the total phytoplankton density. Cryptomonads and/or green algae were of secondary importance in winter and spring, whereas pennate diatoms, usually of benthic origin, were of secondary importance in the summer and fall. Blue green algae were of minor importance only in the fall (Table 3.1.). In previous years, centric diatoms also were the predominant algal group in the phytoplankton of the Neosho River (Table 3.2)although cryptomonads were dominant at one or more river locations in September 1974, June 1975, and December 1976, and pennate diatoms were dominant in June 1975 and October 1976.Little variation in dominant taxa among river locations was noted in 1977 (Table 3.3); however, the relative abundance of pennate benthic taxa such as Nitzschia palea and N. paleacea was higher at the downstream locations. This resulted from additions of benthic algae caused by the river scouring of substrates and settling of euplanktonic taxa such as Stephanodiscus. The dominant phytoplankton taxa in the Neosho River during 1977 exhibited the following seasonal pattern. Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Cyclotella atomus, and Cryptomonas sp. were dominant in February. Cyclotella atomus maintained relatively high densities in the spring (April-May) but S. hantzschii was succeeded by S. astraea. From June through December S. astraea, C. atomus and S. minutus and C. meneghiniana were dominant at one or more river locations. Merismopedia tenuissima and Cryptomonas ovata were among the dominant taxa in October and December, respectively. The dominant phytoplankton taxa in 1977 exhibited a seasonal cycle similar to that in 1976 with the following modifications. Cyclotella atomus was less abundant in 1976 and was dominant only in early winter. Stephanodiscus hantzschii was dominant in both winter and spring of 1976 and S. astraea was dominant throughout the year. Stephanodiscus minutus and C. meneghiniana were important taxa from late summer through early winter in 1976. The results of earlier studies (1973-75) indicated that the seasonally dominant phytoplankton taxa were similar to those reported in 1976 and 1977.The range of phytoplankton diversity in the Neosho River was similar to that reported in earlier years, although mean diversity was slightly higher in- 1977 (Table 3.4). As in previous studies, most diversity values were between 2 and 3; however, no spatial or temporal pattern was evident.Phytoplankton density and chlorophyll a standing crops recorded in the Neosho River during 1977 were within the ranges reported in previous years and followed a bimodal pattern with peaks in the spring and summer. This pattern also was evident from 1974-76 but not in 1973 (Tables 3.5 and 3.6). On sampling dates in the summer and fall of 1977, phytoplankton density decreased with increasing distance from John Redmond Reservoir Dam; however, the chlorophyll a standing crop did not follow this pattern. During previous years, chlorophyll a 53 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES standing crop did demonstrate a downstream decrease. Chandler (1937) noted that plankton densities declined in streams as the distance from their source increased. This decrease was greatest in heavily vegetated parts of the streams.The lack of vegetation may explain why downstream decreases in plankton density were not recorded in the Neosho River during these periods (Table 3.5).Mean annual density of phytoplankton rose steadily from 1973 to 1976 (Table 3.5), and during this period annual precipitation in the study area declined. A strong inverse relationship exists between the mean annual phyto-plankton standing crop (density and chlorophyll a) and the annual precipitation data from the John Redmond Reservoir watershed (Table 3.5 and Chapter 4, Table 4.6). The relationship is linear for mean annual density and total precipitation between 30 and 80 cm and becomes asymtotic to zero when the total exceeds 80 cm.Precipitation probably affects the phytoplankton of the Neosho River by altering the water retention times in John Redmond Reservoir, a flood control reservoir, or by diluting the existing phytoplankton populations. Annual precipitation in the watershed also was directly related to periphyton standing crop in Wolf Creek, whereas the discharge of the Neosho River was inversely related to periphyton standing crop (Chapter 4).Phytoplankton productivity was similar among locations on each sampling date in 1977 (Table 3.7). Seasonally, a bimodal pattern similar to that for density and chlorophyll a was observed. Data collected in 1977 from the Neosho River were within the ranges established in previous years and mean annual pro-ductivity was intermediate to that for the periods 1973-74 and 1975-76 (Table 3.7). The productivity indices (ratio of carbon fixation rate to chlorophyll a) exhibited no spatial or temporal pattern in 1977 (Table 3.8). With the exception of 1974 when very high and low values were recorded in June, the mean annual index at all locations between 1973 and 1977 varied from 2.3 to 3.9. The carbon fixation rate in June 1974 was similar between Locations 1 and 4 but it was unusually low at Location 10 (Table 3.8). Yet, chlorophyll a values were similar among locations on this date (Table 3.7). Wilde et al. (1975) proposed that storm water runoff may have introduced a biocide into the Neosho River which inhibited phytoplankton productivity at Location 10. However, considering the relative homogeneity of all other data over the five-year period, the similarity in carbon fixation ratios between Locations 1 and 4 in June 1974, and the similarity of chlorophyll a values among locations in the Neosho River in June 1974, sampling or analytical error may have been responsible for the low productivity value at Location 10 in June 1974. Since the productivity index is used as an indicator of algal physiological condition, the similarity of productivity indices among the Neosho River sampling locations from 1973 to 1977 suggests that stable annual phytoplankton associations are present in the river.B. Wolf Creek Flow in Wolf Creek during 1977 was intermittent, with flow absent in February and April and intermediate to low flows on the remaining sampling dates.Whereas centric diatoms were the predominant algal group in the Neosho River, pennate diatoms and cryptomonads were most prevalent in the creek in 1977 as well as in previous years (Tables 3.1 and 3.9). Other groups that were abundant in 1977 included dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, euglenoids, and centric diatoms.54 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Spatial or seasonal patterns generally were not apparent in the distribution of algal groups in Wolf Creek, except that centric diatoms as a group were dominant only from midsummer through early winter of each sampling year (Tables 3.1 and 3.9).Dominant taxa identified in Wolf Creek during 1977 are listed in Table 3.3. Species of Cryptomonas were dominant at one or more locations on every sampling date in 1977. Centric diatoms were more frequently dominant at Locations 3 and 5 than at Location 7 and more than one dominant alga was common to both Locations 3 and 5 in August and December. Dominant pennate taxa in Wolf Creek were usually of benthic origin. Phytoplankton diversity in Wolf Creek was usually higher at Location 5 than at Locations 7 and 3 (Table 3.4). Diversity at all locations was higher in late summer and fall than in the spring.In previous years considerable inter-location variability was noted in phytoplankton samples collected from Wolf Creek. Kline and Reetz (1977)attributed this variability to sampling isolated shallow pools each with its own distinct physiochemical characteristics. Phytoplankton densities in Wolf Creek were low in 1977 (=300 to 13000 units/ml) as compared to previous years (Table 3.5). However, chlorophyll a standing crop was higher than the values reported in 1973-75 and similar to the 1976 levels (Table 3.6). Density, but not chlorophyll a, tended to be higher at the downstream locations as indicated by the annual mean density for each location in Table 3.5.Seasonal trends were not apparent in the density and chlorophyll a data for Wolf Creek in 1977. In previous years, mean chlorophyll a standing crop at all Wolf Creek locations was usually higher in the spring and late summer than in midsummer and winter (Table 3.6). Mean annual chlorophyll a standing crop in the creek has increased each year since 1973 (Table 3.6);however, the significance of this trend is not clear since the number of locations and sampling frequency have changed during this period.The annual mean carbon fixation rate at each location (Table 3.7)in 1977 was similar to that in 1976 and was higher than in 1973-75. A common seasonal pattern for all creek locations was not observed in 1977. Previously reported productivity values were usually higher in spring and late summer than in midsummer and winter (Table 3.7). The carbon fixation rates, adjusted for chlorophyll a standing crop (productivity index), were lower in 1977 than in most previous years (Table 3.8). The annual mean index was higher at Location 3 than at Locations 7 and 5 in 1977, and in 1973-76 the annual mean productivity index was higher at Location 2 and 3 than at Locations 7 and 5.The cause of this pattern is unknown.Phytoplankton standing crop and productivity in Wolf Creek were low compared to the Neosho River. Kline and Reetz (1977) cited lack of streamflow, shading, color, and concentration of minerals in Wolf Creek as possible causes.Williams (1964) reported that after a prolonged period of little or no flow, toxic materials may accumulate and limit plankton density.55 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Centric diatoms and cryptomonads dominated the phytoplankton of the Neosho River, while pennate diatoms, cryptomonads, and centric diatoms were prevalent in Wolf Creek. A successional pattern in the Neosho River was described for 1977 which was similar to that reported in earlier studies.Phytoplankton assemblages in Wolf Creek continued to be spatially and temporally variable.2. Mean annual phytoplankton density, but not chlorophyll a standing crop, in the Neosho River declined with increasing distance from John Redmond Reservoir Dam during the summer and fall possibly reflecting a straining effect by growth of other aquatic vegetation along the river. Mean annual chlorophyll a standing crop for 1973 through 1977 was inversely related to the annual rainfall on the John Redmond Reservoir watershed.

3. Phytoplankton density, chlorophyll a, and productivity in the Neosho River were within the ranges established during previous studies. Each of these generally followed a bimodal pattern with peaks in the spring and late summer.Phytoplankton standing crop and productivity were usually lower in Wolf Creek than in the Neosho River, possibly reflecting the influence of variable flow, shading, color, and concentration of minerals in the creek. Seasonal patterns were not apparent in 1977 although past studies had indicated higher values in the spring and late summer than in midsummer and winter.56 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Chandler, D. C. 1957. Fate of typical lake plankton in streams. Ecol.Monogr. 7(4):447-479.

Cowell, B. C. 1960. A quantitative study of the winter plankton of Urschel's Quarry. Ohio J. Sci. 60:183-191. Hohn, M. H. 1969. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of plankton diatoms.Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. 3:1-211.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Kline, P., and S. Reetz. 1977. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 47-70 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977 (Project No. 5501-08796). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Lackey, J. B. 1938. The manipulation and counting of river plankton and changes in some organisms due to formalin preservation. U. S. Public Health Rep. 53:2080-2093. Lorenzen, C. J. 1966. A method for the continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration. Deep-Sea Res. 13:223-227. Mackenthun, K. M. 1969. The practice of water pollution biology. U. S.Dep. Inter., F. W. P. C. A., Washington, D. C. 281 pp.Meyer, R. 1971. A study of phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Fayetteville as a means of assessing water quality. Ark. Water Res. Reclamation Center, Publ. No. 10. 59 pp.Parkos, W. G., T. A. Olson, and T. 0. Odlaug. 1969. Water quality studies on the Great Lakes based on carbon fourteen measurements on primary pro-ductivity. Water Resources Center, Univ. of Minn. Grad. School. Bull. 17.121 pp.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of sea water analysis. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 167:311 pp.Wetzel, R. G. 1964. A comparative study of the primary productivity of higher aquatic plants, periphyton, and phytoolankton in large shallow lakes.Intern. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 49:1-lb.1,965. Necessity of decontamination of filters in C14 measured rates of photosynthesis in fresh water. Ecology 46(4):540-542. 57 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Wilde, E. W., and S. D. Reetz. 1976. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 124-149 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976 (Project No.5501-06814). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.II , and P. A. Jones. 1975. Phytoplankton studies.Pages 111-132 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Annual report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc.for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Williams, L. G. 1964. Possible relationships between plankton-diatom species numbers and water-quality estimates. Ecology 45(4):809-823. I I I I I I I 58 I , i,*.% L_ 4" e-.,, A v I ti 6 , miett-l'-i i ý%.- LI 6.1 L(V " 9- .3 I I I I I U I I I I I I Figure 3.1.Phytoplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.59 I N --m m m ----- -- -Table 3. 1.Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.NeosIo River L 10 Da re 4 Wolf Creek 7 3 22 February Centric diatoms (66)Cryl0omunads (1.7)Green algae (it)Centric diatoms (62)Green algae (14)Pennate diatoms (13)Cryptomonads (il)Centric diatoms (58)Green algae (22)5 April 2 May 9 June 11 July Centric diatoms (77)Green algae (15)Centric diatoms (84)Green algae (1i)Centric diatoms (78)Pennate diatoms (14)Centric diatoms (62)Pennate diatoms (13)Centric diatoms (77)Pennate diatoms (15)Centric diatoms (68)Pennate diatoms (14)Blue-green algae(13)Centric diatoms (53)Green algae (20)Pennate diatoms (11)Cryptomonads (LL)Centric diatoms (53)Green algae (23)Pennate diatoms (13)Centric diatoms (73)Dinofiagellates (56)Chrysophytes (40)Cryptomonads (46) Pennate diatoms (38)Chrvsophytes (35) Chrysophytes (35)Pennate diatoms (16) Crvptomonads (12)O7 0 Cthry!ophytes (92)-.9 August 4 October Centric diatoms (49)Pennate diatoms (30)Green algae (11)Centric diatoms (81)Pennate diatoms (13)Centric diatoms (60)Pennate diatoms (18)Blue-green algae(15)Centric diatoms (66)Pennate diatoms (13)Chloromonads (11)Centric diatoms (72)Pennate diatoms (20)Centric diatoms (67)Pennate diatoms (15)Blue-green algae(14)Centric diatoms (58)Green algae (16)Chloromnnads (14)Pennate diatoms (11)Pennate diatoms (45) Centric diatoms (51)Euglenoids (26) Cryptomonads (25)Centric diatoms (17) Pennate diatoms (18)Centric diatoms (81)Pennate diatoms (16)Pennate diatoms (58) Pennate diatoms (49) Cryptomonads (60)Cryptomonads (34) Cryptomonads (35) Chrysophytes (18)Pennate diatoms (11)2 r a 2 m I-), r m M Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Euglenuids Chrysophytes Centric diatoms (28)(26)(22)(21)(18)Cryptomonads (47) Centric diatoms (36)Centric diatoms (26) Pennate diatoms (34)Pennate diatoms (23) Cryptomonads (23)13 December Centric diatoms (46)Cryptomonads (23)Green algae (15)Cryptomonads (38) Pennate diatoms (55) Pennate diatoms (65)Green algae (32) Cryptomonads (21) Centric diatoms (17)Pennate diatoms (26) Centric diatoms (20)a Samples not collected. a Samples not collected. I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I I I Table 3.2.Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-76.Neosho River 10 Da te ia 4 1973 27 March 12 April 12 June Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (65) _b (25)(18)(70)(13)(10)Centric diatoms (51)Green algae (26)Pennate diatoms (12)Centric diatoms (63)Pennate diatoms (14)Green algae (11)Centric diatoms (88)Centric diatoms (85)Centric diatoms (79)Blue-green algae (11)11 September 12 December Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Blue-green algae Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (59)(16)(16)(58)(18)(17)Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (45)(22)(21)1974 27 March 11 June I I I I I I Centric diatoms (91)Centric diatoms (65)Green algae (21)Cryptomonads (37)Centric diatoms (33)Blue-green algae (14)Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae Cryptomonads Centric diatoms (89)(59)(14)(12)(46)(33)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae (53)(20)(20)Centric diatoms (89)10 September 10 December 1975 16 April 10 June Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae (76)(92)(41)(34)(23)(18)(60)(16)(13)(49)(28)(18)Centric diatoms (81)Centric diatoms (92)Cryptomonads (52)Centric diatoms (27)Blue-green algae (12)Centric diatoms (81)Centric diatoms (91)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae (30)(27)(21)(18)Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms (75)(17)9 September 3 December 1976 25 February Centric diatoms (41)Cryptomonads (31)Blue-green algae (15)Centric diatoms (40)Cryptomonads (35)Blue-green algae (14)Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae (34)(33)(24)Cryptomonads Centric diatoms Green algae (37)(30)(22)Centric diatoms (94)Centric diatoms (71)Green algae (18)Centric diatoms (81)Centric diatoms (66)Pennate diatoms (20)Centric diatoms (83)6 April Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms (60)(18)(13)61 I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.2. (continued) I I I I I I Neosho River Date 10 4 1976 (continued) 3 May Centric diatoms (88) -15 June Centric diatoms (87) Centric diatoms (88) Centric diatoms (85)12 July Centric diatoms (71)Pennate diatoms (18)10 August Centric diatoms (73) Centric diatoms (70) Centric diatoms (63)Pennate diatoms (22) Green algae (16) Pennate diatoms (18)Green algae (17)5 October Pennate diatoms (55) Pennate diatoms (47) Euglenoids (35)Centric diatoms (42) Centric diatoms (30) Green algae (27)Green algae (19) Centric diatoms (22)Pennate diatoms (15)1. December Centric diatoms (62) Centric diatoms (51) Centric diatoms (50)Green algae (11) Pennate diatoms (14) Green algae (18)Cryptomonads (10) Cryptomonads (17)Pennate diatoms (14)!I I I I!Location 1 was in John Redmond Reservoir b Samples not collected. prior to 1976.62 I M- -MO =- M -- M ---M Table 3.3.Algal taxa contributing 10% or more of the density or biovolume of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Neosho River Wolf Creek Date I0 4 7 3 5 22 February Cyclotella atomus Cyclotella atomus Caclocella atomus Synura uvella Synura uvella -a Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus CGvrnnodinium sp. Crvptosaun_9_n sp.hentzschii hantzschii hantzsch i i Biddu[phia [aevis Ochromonas sp. Dictvosphaerium Ochromonas sp. Cryptomonas sp. pulchellum Crvptomonas sp. Ochromunas sp.Cryptoroonas sp.5 April Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus astraea LakLobreon nmusicola Nitzschia palea Cycotella atomus CyclotelLa atvius Chroomonas sp. Chromulina sp.Cryptomonas sp. Crývpomonas sp. CrypLurcnas sp.2 May Cyclorella atomus Stephanuodiscus astraea 9 June Cyclotella atomus Stephanodiscus minutus Stephanodtscus astraea Nitzschia sp. Nitzschia palea Synura uvella Stephanodiscus minutus Cyclotella atomus Stephanodiscus minurus Achnanthes lanceolata Cryptomonas sp. Cryptomonas sp.Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus astraea Cyclotella meneghiniana Cryptomonas sp.Cryptomonas sp. Nitzschia palea Cryptomonas sp.Cryptomonas sp.Ii July Cyclotella atomus Stephanodiscus invisitatus Stephanodiscus astraea Cryptomonas sp.9 August Cyclotella meneghiniana Cyclotella meneghiniana Cvclotella meneghiniana Diplonel pseudovalis Melosira distans Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus astraea Cyclotella atomus Cyclotella aous ule rostrifera Stephanodiscus invisitatus Navicula tripunctata Gonyostum

s. Gonyostomum sp. invisitatus Stephanodlscus Cryptomonas ovata minutus Melosira distans CXclotella meneghiniana Cryptomonas ovata 4 October Cvclotella meneghiniana Cycloteila meneghiniana Cyclotella 2enegh niana Ochrosonas up. Cryptomonas ovata Melosira distans Stephanodiscus minutus Cyclotella atomus Stephanudiscus minutus Trachelomonas hispida Gvrosigma Cyclotella atomus Stephanodlscus astraea Stephanodiscus astraea Trachelomonas orebea scalproides Stephanodiscus astraea Nitzschia paleacea Nitzschia paleaces Cryptomonas ovata Cryptomonas ovata Merismopedia tenuissima Merismopedia tenuissima Merismopedia tenuissima 13 December Stephanodiscus minutus Stephanodiscus minutus Stephanodiscus minutus Chlamydomonas sp. Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus astraca Cryptomonas ovata invisitatus invisiLatus Rhodomcnas minuta var. invisitatus Cryptomonas ovata Nitzschia Nitzschia d assipat nannonianctica Cyclotella mene ghiniar.a dissipara Nitzschia palea Cryptomonas ovata Stephanodiscus astraea Surirella angusta Surireila angusta Cryptomonas ovata Nitzschia palea Cryptomonas ovata Cryptumonas ovata a Samples not collected.

2 r (1 a m 2 0 2 rI I-2 C)m I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.4. Diversitya of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-77.Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 10 4 X 7 2 3 5 x I I I I I I 27 11 10 10 16 10 9 3 March June September December x April June September December x 1974 2.01 2.63 2.47 2.05 2.29 1975 1.78 2.56 2.67 2.32 2.33 25 February 6 April 1976 3 15 12 10 5 14 22 5 2 9 11 9 4 13 May June July August October December x February April May June July August October December x 1.39 2.27 1.91 2.32 2.1.7 2.33 2.02 2.39 2.10 2.42 2.02 1.34 2.19 2.67 2.48 2.65 3.00 2.35 0.91 2.31 2.20 2.04 1.87 1.52 3.07 2.39 2.51 2.37 2.03 2.47 2.19 1.89 2.92 3.07 2.43 2.37 2.65 2.56 2.32 2.61 2.77 2.55 1.94 2.37 1.94 2.11 2.09 1.65 3.06 2.42 2.57 2.43 2.00 2.56 2.45 1.94 2.09 2.98 2.34 2.55 2.88 1.95 2.53 2.57 2.91 2.57 1.62 2.44 2.20 2.07 2.08 1.65 2.90 2.49 2.47 2.38 1.81 2.43 1.91 2.32 2.17 2.05 2.34 2.81 2.27 2.45 2.52 1.34 2.23 2.67 2.44 2.61 2.89 2.48 2.78 3.24 2.63 1.79 2.61 1.83 2.56 2.67 2.63 2.69 2.48 0.88 1.28 1.47 3.33 3.06 1.69 1.95 C 2.47-2.13-1.36-0.81 1.69 2.78 3.37 2.68 2.33 2.79 2.47 2.01 3.20 2.17 2.61 2.49 2.31 1.98 2.16 0.55 1.75 1.88 3.24 2.56 2.00 2.42 2.43 1.39 2.66 2.72 2.30 2.20 1.85 2.38 1.96 2.10 2.19 2.96 3.19 2.36 2.68 2.22 2.86 3.13 2.37 2.65 2.33 1.99 1.97 1.11 1.85 2.41 3.20 2.78 2.12 2.63 2.24 2.21 2.92 2.47 2.65 2.48 0.65 1.60 1.62 3.07 2.84 2.30 2.06 1977 I-0.41-1.92-1.85-2.55-2.37-2.45-1.93 1.55 2.32 3.09 2.77 2.43 I aShannon (1948).bLocation 1 was in John Redmond Reservoir prior to 1976.CSamples not collected. 64 -- --mMm4-- mom -- -m- -- MO Table 3.5. Mean density (units/ml) of phytoplankton in samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77.Lu Neosho River Wolf Creek Date la 10 4 X 7 2 3 5 X 27 March 1973 309 _b 364 337 -272 230 -251 12 June 3,893 -3,279 3,586 -753 998 -876 11 September 1,761 -3,611 2,686 -5,397 1,083 -3,240 12 December 1,434 -1,133 1,284 -51 46 -49 X 1,849 -2,097 1,973 -1,618 589 -1,104 27 March 1974 4,401 4,694 3,674 4,256 -615 928 736 760 11 June 1,183 431 362 659 -526 1,193 722 814 10 September 1,555 2,498 1,937 1,997 -5,229 1,883 1,438 2,850 10 December 9,879 7,490 8,521 8,630 -1,074 3,661 498 1,744 X 4,255 3,778 3,624 3,886 -1,861 1,916 849 1,542 16 April 1975 16,627 14,126 17,791 16,181 2,193 2,113 4,537 3,819 3,166 10 June 1,946 1,270 1,506 1,574 1,203 2,164 2,196 3,056 2,155 9 September 12,604 9,486 10,571 10,887 2,871 3,908 12,405 11,465 7,662 3 December 7,827 4,638 4,994 5,820 3,669 509 3,345 510 2,008 x 9,751 7,380 8,716 8,616 2,484 2,174 5,621 4,713 3,748 25 February 1976 31,437 42,501 43,799 39,246 173,954 6,484 962 2,021 45,855 6 April 5,655 7,636 7,641 6,977 5,136 3,905 5,182 1,686 3,977 3 May 8,137 --8,137 ----15 June 8,721 7,440 7,572 7,911 1,364 2,968 5,012 8,299 4,411 12 July 6,537 --6,537 ----10 August 3,549 10,138 22,695 12,127 2,778 10,234 7,289 4,594 6,224 5 October 8,360 3,398 5,420 5,726 2,941 9,994 --6,468 14 December 3,076 1,588 701 1,788 -----x 9,434 12,117 14,638 12,063 37,235 6,717 4,611 4,150 14,156 22 February 1977 8,534 9,426 9,536 9,165 2,613 -1,219 -1,916 5 April 8,325 11,240 8,927 9,497 698 -5,380 -3,039 2 May 14,474 --14,474 -----9 June 2,455 873 1,105 1,478 307 -6,280 4,389 3,659 Ii July 962 --962 -----9 August 14,189 11,053 7,118 10,787 2,367 -1,737 13,352 5,819 4 October 2,514 2,395 1,692 2,200 1,570 -1,508 439 1,172 13 December 1,885 1,595 1,532 1,671 349 -1,403 921 891 X 6,667 6,097 4,985 5,991 1,317 -2,921 4,775 2,783 a Location 1 was in John Redmond Reservoir prior to 1976.b Samples not collected. 2 0 r m n z z 2 M z r mD M a M n M 3 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.6. Mean chlorophyll a concentration (mg chl a/m 3) from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77.I I I N 1 I I I I I I I I 9 I Neosho River Wolf Creek Date la 10 4 X 7 2 3 5 X 12 April 1973 1.58 _b 1.93 1.78 -4.63 2.49 -3.56 12 June 8.13 -2.23 5.18 -1.01 1.44 -1.23 11 September 13.41 -19.75 16.58 -5.75 4.67 -5.21 12 December 3.57 -3.13 3.35 -0.28 0.39 -0.34 x 6.67 -6.76 6.72 -2.92 2.25 -2.59 27 March 1974 8.77 6.57 7.54 7.63 -5.40 9.00 9.04 7.81 11 June 0.70 0.77 0.80 0.76 -0.74 2.14 1.74 1.54 10 September 4.1.4 1.83 0.80 2.26 -10.63 3.54 3.30 5.82 10 December 10.50 9.17 9.00 9.56 -2.07 3.17 2.68 2.64 X 6.03 4.59 4.54 5.05 -4.71 4.46 4.19 4.45 16 April 1975 34.97 33.33 34.00 34.10 2.59 6.30 14.20 12.43 8.88 10 June 3.67 1.84 2.27 2.59 2.00 2.07 2.43 2.54 2.26 9 September 10.97 10.34 6.70 9.34 3.57 6.17 10.07 30.00 12.45 3 December 21.67 6.57 7.87 12.04 9.27 1.75 10.50 3.29 6.20 X 17.82 13.02 12.71 14.52 4.36 4.07 9.30 12.07 7.45 25 February 1976 38.67 11.67 17.33 22.56 51.67 4.63 1.46 1.63 14.85 6 April 18.33 15.37 16.63 16.78 7.57 3.30 5.80 3.93 5.15 3 May 6.67 --6.67 -----15 June 16.00 14.23 12.77 14.33 2.37 7.93 10.90 27.00 12.05 12 July 11.43 --11.43 -----10 August 7.27 16.00 16.00 13.09 13.57 12.10 14.67 6.67 11.75 5 October 7.17 9.73 19.73 12.21 7.90 5.37 --6.64 14 December 6.33 2.99 2.53 3.95 -----X 22.74 11.67 14.17 16.85 16.62 6.67 6.57 9.81 10.11 22 February 1977 12.27 12.43 11.60 12.10 16.37 -5.30 -10.84 5 April 21.33 14.53 14.33 16.73 13.67 -17.00 -15.34 2 May 13.37 --13.37 -----9 June 1.53 1.47 1.53 1.51 0.68 -12.83 17.93 10.48 11 July 1.77 --1.77 -----9 August 35.90 28.54 43.25 35.90 28.11 -12.30 35.03 19.45 4 October 8.54 6.32 5.26 6.71 12.65 -7.73 3.82 8.07 13 December 8.20 7.61 7.96 7.92 4.79 -6.49 3.13 4.80 X 12.86 11.82 13.99 12.89 12.72 -9.89 14.98 12.22 a Location 1 was in John Redmond Reservoir prior to 1976.b Samples not collected. 66 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.7.Mean carbon fixation rate (mg C/m 3 per hr) from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77.I I I I I U U Neosho River Wolf Creek Sampling Date 1a 10 4 X 7 2 3 5 X 12 12 11 12 27 11 10 10 16 10 9 3 P25 6 3* 12 10 5 3 14 22 5 2* 11 9 4* 13 April June September December X March June September December X April June September December X February April May June July August October December X February April May June July August October December X 1973 3.51 29.61 28.00 5.45 16.64 1974 18.29 15.57 7.30 24.83 16.50 1975 90.90 14.24 44.26 32.18 45.40 1976 21.66 58.82 21.11 45. 79 71.12 26.23 41.58 21.39 38.46 1977 67.42 55.25 68.18 5.30 4.09 34.28 15.09 15.42 33.13 17.45 0.15 5.62 22.92 11.54 125.98 6.87 36.82 10.39 45.02 20.35 62.25 45.97 80.69 46.35 5.27 43.48 69.00 45.02 5.75 33.34 13.30 14.47 30.15 3.96 22.34 35.06 5.21 16.64 18.90 11.40 5.94 22.92 14.79 130.65 2.54 24.66 10.38 42.06 20.82 64.23 41.07 95.59 79.01 4.84 50.93 77.00 45.32 7.04 45.35 13.22 13.99 33.65 3.74 25.98 31.53 5.33 16.64 18.21 9.04 6.29 23.56 14.28 115.84 7.88 35.25 17.65 44.16 20.94 61.77 21.11 44.28 71.12 67.50 55.65 10.50 43.71 71.14 48.53 68.i8 6.03 4.09 37.66 13.87 14.63 32.39 11.03 5.15 9.23 25.49 12.73 36.36 13.90 3.59 43.86 20.83 23.71 54.69 3.12 2.06 50.05 18.06 6.87 22.48 6.57 8.33 45.39 0.39 15.17 7.31 2.32 47.89 4.05 15.39 12.33 3.33 14.69 0.36 7.68 11.08 15.10 26.34 61.47 8.74 24.55 2.99 22.11 51.71 0.25 19.27 11.60 1.40 14.51 5.72 8.31 33.82 2.36 7.09 14.42 5.78 43.58 32.82 53.81 34.00 25.71 47.85 42.04 16.98 11.46 9.91 25.66 14.85 2.10 10.16 2.55 7.42 27.72 1.61 93.34 2.50 31.29 1.79 11.50 36.98 26.89 19.29 49.55 42.60 3.95 3.16 24.82 4.78 15.22 48.55 0.32 17.22 11.25 1.94 24.19 4.11 10.37 21.23 3.11 39.09 8.86 16.67 13.75 21.02 24.93 46.51 14.79 25.25 40.20 25.49 31.22 36.54 11.16 6.65 24.26 I a Location 1 was in Joln b Samples not collected. Redmond Reservoir prior to 1976.67 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.8. Productivity index (mg C fixed/mg Chl a per m 3) from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77.Neosho River Wolf Creek Date la 10 4 X 7 2 3 5 X I I I 12 12 1i 12 27 11 10 10 16 10 9 3 April June September December X March June September December X April June September December X 25 February 6 April 1973 2.22 3.64 2.09 1.53 2.37 1974 2.09 22.24 1.76 2.36 7.1.1 1975 2.60 3.88 4.03 1.49 3.00 1976 0.56 3.21 3.16 2.86 6.22 3.61 5.80 3.38 3.60 1977 5.49 2.59 5.10 3.46 2.31 0.95 1.77 1.88 2.94_b 2.66 0.19 3.07 2.50 2.11 3.78 3.73 3.56 1.58 3.16 1.74 4.05 3.23 5.04 4.76 1.76 3.43 5.55 3.10 3.91 1.17 2.10 1.90 2.96 2.05 10.01 1.78 1.66 3.88 2.51 14.25 7.42 2.55 6.68 3.84 1.12 3.68 1.32 2.49 1.20 3.86 3.22 5.97 4.00 1.91 3.36 I I I I I I 3 15 12 10 5 14 22 5 2 9 11 9 4 13 2.14 6.83 1.94 1.60 3.13 May June July August October December X February April May June July August October December X 2.42 12.23 4.08 2.47 5.30 3.41 2.91 3.76 1.46 2.88 1.17 3.71 3.16 3.10 6.22 4.87 4.85 2.35 3.48 5.89 2.95 5.10 3.99 2.31 1.06 2.13 1.85 3.05 4.26 2.58 2.59 2.75 3.05 0.70 1.84 1.51 3.23 2.64 1.98 3.34 0.23 3.03 1.78 1.43 1.43 1.87 1.42 8.25 7.89 1.39 4.74 1.35 3.14 4.51 1.96 2.74 1.96 1.61 2.38 0.21 1.54 2.39 4.58 3.32 5.08 1.63 3.40 1.20 15.35 11.07 0.64 7.07 1.23 0.65 4.10 1.80 1.95 2.38 0.97 0.68 1.34 3.96 7.51 3.01 3.67 4.54 4.08 2.81 3.28 1.38 1.48 1.53 2.43 1.64 1.21 3.08 0.95 1.72 2.23 0.63 3.11 0.76 1.68 1.10 2.93 1.37 4.03 2.36 2.76 1.22 1.03 1.01 1.51 1.31 11.80 9.48 1.02 5.91 1.41 1.67 3.90 1.57 2.14 2.71 1.45 2.69 1.10 1.94 2.04 4.22 2.30 4.00 2.14 3.03 3.71 1.52 3.02 1.46 1.31 1.32 1.99 6.64 3.16 4.60 1.05 2.51 1.76 3.29 a Location 1 b was in John Redmond Reservoir prior to 1976.oampJIes notL coiecteu.68 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I I I I I Table 3.9. Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-76.Wolf Creek Date 7 2 3 5 1973 27 March 12 April 12 June Pennate diatoms (83) Pennate diatoms 11 September 12 December Green algae Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms (49) Pennate diatoms (40)(78) Pennate diatoms (16) Centric diatoms (49) Pennate diatoms (46) Cryptomonads (55) Pennate diatoms (18) Centric diatoms (18) Green algae (83) Pennate diatoms (83) Pennate diatoms Green algae (87) Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms (87) Cryptomonads (90)(79)(69)(21)(73)(12)(44)(12)(11)_a 1974 27 March 11 June (78) Pennate diatoms (85)(11)(64)(15)(13)Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms I I I I I I 10 September 10 December Cryptomonads Cryptomonads 1975 16 April Cryptomonads Green algae Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae (27)(20)(19)(15)(15)(50)(27)(15)Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms (45)(24)(15)Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms (91) Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms (69) Cryptomonads (18) Pennate diatoms Green algae (85) Pennate diatoms (34) Cryptomonads (26) Pennate diatoms (21) Centric diatoms (15) Green algae Euglenoids (77)(95)(61)(16)(52)(30)(57)(21)(12)(86)(37)(23)(15)(11)(58)(19).(11)10 June 9 September Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads 3 December Green algae Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms (61) Cryptomonads (25) Pennate diatoms Chrysophytes Green algae (46) Pennate diatoms (28) Centric diatoms (14) Green algae (75) Pennate diatoms (49) Cryptomonads (24) Green algae (12) Chrysophytes (12) Pennate diatoms (75) Cryptomonads (12) Green algae (12) Pennate diatoms Euglenoids (38)(37)(12)(12)Euglenoids Green algae Pennate diatoms 1976 25 February Cryptomonads Green algae Chrysophytes (51) Pennate diatoms (31) Chrysophytes (11) Green algae (41) Cryptomonads (29)(41) Blue-green algae (19)(14) Pennate diatoms (18)Green algae (17)Pennate diatoms Green algae Chrysophytes (50)(24)(13)69 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES Table 3.9. (continued) I I I I I I Wolf Creek Date 7 2 3 5 1976 (continued) 6 April Pennate diatoms (68) Chrysophytes (51) Chrysophytes (80) Pennate diatoms (51)Centric diatoms (26) Pennate diatoms (31) Pennate diatoms (12) Cryptomonads (26)Cryptomonads (16) Blue-green algae (12)3 May 15 June Green algae (85) Pennate diatoms (71) Pennate diatoms (97) Pennate diatoms (58)Pennate diatoms (12) Centric diatoms (11) Centric diatoms (38)12 July 10 August Centric diatoms (34) Pennate diatoms (74) Pennate diatoms (46) Centric diatoms (59)Cryptomonads (29) Centric diatoms (25) Centric diatoms (40) Pennate diatoms (39)Pennate diatoms (23)5 October Pennate diatoms (77) Pennate diatoms (96)Centric diatoms (13)14 December a Samples not collected. I I I I I I 70 I I I I I I I 9 I I I I I I I p I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 4 PERIPHYTON STUDY By James R. Farrell 71 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Periphytic algae in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) have been monitored quarterly since 1973 to establish baseline data and to assess the impact resulting from construction of WCGS (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Farrell 1975, 1976, 1977). During previous studies dominant taxa in the Neosho River usually were different from those in Wolf Creek although diatoms were the most representative algal division in each water system. Decreased flow resulting from drought conditions adversely affected the periphyton in Wolf Creek, while water releases from John Redmond Reservoir maintained a minimum flow that supported the periphyton community in the Neosho River.The objectives of the 1977 periphyton study were: 1. To gather additional information on the abundance, structure, and seasonal variability of the periphyton in the Neosho River and Wolf Greek; and 2. To assess any effects from construction of WCGS on the periphyton community in each water system.II. Field and Analytical Procedures Sampling locations for periphyton are shown in Figure 4.1. Samples were collected on 22 February, 5 April, 9 June, 9 August, 3 October, and 13 December 1977. Eighteen samples delineated by a 0.1 dm 2 template were scraped from suitable natural substrates at Location 1 in the Neosho River below John Redmond Reservoir Dam, at Locations 10 and 4 downstream in the river, and at Locations 7, 3, and 5 in Wolf Creek. Samples were not collected from one or more locations in Wolf Creek in February, April, June, October, and December because of low water level or substrate conditions. Location 1 was designated as Location IP in previous studies and Location 5 was designated as Location 4P prior to 1975. Six samples from each location were placed in "m 3" preservative (Meyer 1971) for later identification and enumeration of diatom (3 samples)and non-diatom (3 samples) algal forms. Six more samples were kept on ice in the dark for chlorophyll analysis and the remaining six samples were placed in crucibles for later determinations of biomass.Diatom samples were cleaned using a boiling concentrated nitric acid/potassium dichromate treatment (Hohn and Hellerman 1963). The samples were allowed to settle and the supernatant decanted and replaced at 24 hr intervals until a pH > 6 was reached. After the concentration of the sample was adjusted to a suitable volume, a subsample was mounted in Hyrax mounting medium. All volumes were kept consistent within each sampling period. A predetermined area (16.2 mm 2/sample) of each slide was examined under phase contrast at 1250X magnification. Each diatom frustule was counted as one unit.Samples for non-diatom analysis were blended to insure uniformity and wet mounts were prepared with 0.1 ml subsamples. An area equal to that used for diatom analysis was examined under light field illumination at 50OX magni-fication. Filamentous algae were reported in units of 10 pim length and each cell of nonfilamentous algae was counted as one unit. All identifications were made using appropriate keys. 72 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Algal abundance was expressed as number of units per square centimeter (no./cm 2). Biovolume of each algal taxon enumerated was determined using methods of Cowell (1960) and Hohn (1969) and reported as microliters per square decimeter (pl/dm 2). Shannon's (1948) diversity index with log base 2 and evenness (Zar 1968) were calculated based on abundance data for each sampling period.p Periphyton biomass and chlorophyll a samples were processed according to accepted methods (A.P.H.A. et al. 1976). Biomass standing crop was reported as milligrams of ash-free dry weight per square decimeter (mg/dm 2) and chlorophyll a standing crop was expressed as micrograms per square decimeter (pg/dm 2). A one-way analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie 1960) was performed on data from each sampling period to identify statistically significant differences (P < 0.05)in biomass or chlorophyll a standing crops among locations. III. Results and Discussion I A. Effects of Flow on Periphyton Flow is an important factor influencing the development of periphytic communities, because of its effect upon nutrient input, waste removal, turbidity and light penetration, and shear forces and scour (Hynes 1972). The variability of flow in the Neosho River and the intermittent flow of Wolf Creek have been the major factors affecting periphytic algal growth and sample collection during the monitoring studies conducted near WCGS since 1973. A detailed discussion of the hydrological characteristics of each water system during 1977 is presented in Chapter 2. Earlier studies (Bowling and Ellis 1975; Byrnes 1976, 1977) also have included descriptions of the hydrology of Wolf Creek and the Neosho River. Because of intermittent flow in Wolf Creek and the variability in discharge flows from John Redmond Reservoir, nearly one-third of the periphyton samples were devoid of algae or could not be collected between 1973 and 1978. Flow in the creek has ranged from zero flow (dry or isolated pools)to brief periods of high flows which often resulted in flooding. When flow was absent, substrates at the isolated pools were often devoid of periphytic algae, whereas during high flows, collection of submerged periphytic algae was not possible.I The water level in the Neosho River is often subject to rapid changes in elevation because of variability in the volume of water released from John Redmond Reservoir Dam. These releases are determined by downstream irrigation requirements and the storage volume of water in John Redmond Reservoir. Increases in water level often limit the accessibility of the periphytic algae to field personnel, rather than preventing periphytic algal growth, whereas decreases 3 in water level often expose existing periphyton to dessication. Most of the periphyton samples that have not been collected since 1973 were a result of extreme hydrological conditions in Wolf Creek rather than in the Neosho River. Because of the reduced sample collections from each water system, the scope of the discussion on the periphytic algae near WCGS often has*been limited.73 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES B. Species Composition and Community Structure i 1. Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)A composite list of all periphytic algae identified from locations in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek and bimonthly data on species composition, density and biovolume are presented in Appendix C, Tables C.1 through C.7.Sixty-seven periphytic algal taxa were identified from locations in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek in 1977, 57 (85%) of which were diatoms (Table 4.1). As in 1976, diatoms were more numerous in the Neosho River than in Wolf Creek, although diatoms were more important in Wolf Creek when expressed as a percentage of the total density. Diatoms averaged from =66 to 80% of the density (=44 to 67% of the biovolume) at the river locations and from =78 to 100% of the density at the creek locations (79 to 100% of the biovolume)(Table 4.2).I Dominant diatom taxa (comprising 10% or more of the total density or biovolume at each location listed in Table 4.3) generally were similar to those reported in previous studies. However, within each water system, the distribution of these taxa on a sampling date was not as uniform as in past studies, particularly in Wolf Creek. Diatoms that were dominant only in the Neosho River included Fragilaria vaucheriae, Gomphonema olivaceum, Cocconeis pediculus, Cymbella prostrata, Navicula minima, Nitzschia acicularis, Nitzschia longissima, Stephanodiscus sp., and Melosira varians. The diatoms Caloneis sp., Gomphonema sp., Synedra ulna, Navicula pupula, N. syminetrica, Amphora veneta, Diploneis sp., Rhopalodia gibba, Achnanthes sp., Surirella angustata and Frustulia vulgaris were dominant only in Wolf Creek. Diatoms that were dominant in both streams included Nitzschia sp., Gomphonema parvulum, Navicula sp., N. cryptocephala, N. tripunctata var. schizonemoides, and Gyrosigma sp.The pattern of dominance for the above taxa was similar to that in 1976 except Gyrosigma was a dominant only in the Neosho River in 1976. Stephanodiscus sp. had been reported as a dominant in the Neosho River in previous studies.This diatom apparently develops in John Redmond Reservoir and after being discharged into the Neosho River is entrapped by periphytic algae or becomes epilithic or epipelic.I Diatom densities were highest in October at Location 1 in the Neosho River, the only river location where all samples were retrieved. The* highest diatom densities in Wolf Creek occurred at all locations in December.2. Chlorophyta (Green Algae)Six taxa of green algae were identified in 1977, of which three were periphytic (Cladophora sp., Stigeoclonium sp., Ulothrix sp.) and three were planktonic (Scenedesmus sp., S. longispina, and an unidentified taxon). As reported in 1.976, green algae were not observed at Locations 7, 3 and 5 in Wolf Creek during 1.977; however, this division contributed up to 49% of the density and 97% of the biovolume of periphyton collected in the river (Table 4.2). Prior to 1.976 this division had been collected at the creek locations. 74 II NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The density and biovolume of green algae at Locations 1 and 4 was highest in April, whereas peak abundance of this division occurred in August at Location 10. Dominant taxa in April were Cladophora and Stigeoclonium, whereas Stigeoclonium was the only dominant in August. Ulothrix was dominant at Locations 1 and 4 in February (Table 4.3).3 3. Cyanophyta (Blue-green Algae)Four taxa of blue-green algae were identified in 1977 (Table 4.3).With the exception of Location 5 in Wolf Creek, this group was present at all locations in 1977. Blue-green algae averaged =6% of the density (=2-3% of biovolume) at Locations 1 and 4 in the Neosho River but =22% of the density (16% of the biovolume) of periphyton collected from Location 10 (Table 4.3).Densities of blue-green algae in the Neosho River were highest in February or April. In Wolf Creek these algae averaged between 21 and 22% of the density and biovolume at Location 7 but less than 11% of the density (<2% of the biovolume) of periphyton collected at Location 3. Highest densities were recorded in August at Location 3 and in October at Location 7. Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, and Phormidium were dominant in the creek, whereas Phormidium and Hydrocoleum were dominant in the river (Table 4.3). No pattern was evident in the distribution and abundance of blue-green algae.C. Standing Crop Density, biovolume, biomass, and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from the Neosho River and Wolf Creek are presented in Table 4.4.Periphyton standing crop generally was higher in the Neosho River than in Wolf Creek, repeating the pattern that occurred in 1976. As reported in previous studies, most significant differences in biomass and chlorophyll a standing crop occurred between the Neosho River and Wolf Creek, while relatively few significant differences occurred between locations within each water Ssystem (Table 4.5).The occurrence of peak standing crop was not consistent for all locations or parameters. Maximum density and chlorophyll a standing crop occurred in October at Location 1 and in February and April at Locations 10 and 4, respectively. Maximum biovolume and biomass standing crop occurred in April at all locations in the Neosho River. However, data were not collected at Locations 10 and 4 in October or December 1977.Peak standing crop (density, biovolume, biomass and chlorophyll a)occurred in December at Locations 3 and 5 and in October or December at Location 7. All standing crop values were within the ranges reported in previous years.I The relationship of mean flow and annual precipitation to periphyton density and chlorophyll a standing crop in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek was presented in an earlier report (Farrell 1977). Data from earlier studies indicate that an inverse relationship exists between annual mean flow and periphyton standing crop in the Neosho River, and that a direct relationship 75 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES exists between annual precipitation and periphyton standing crop in Wolf Creek.In general, the data obtained in 1977 support the above relationships. Mean annual flow in the Neosho River during 1977 was intermediate to that in 1975 and 1976. Mean periphyton density and chlorophyll a standing crop in 1977 also were between the 1975 and 1976 values.Precipitation in the site area during 1977 was intermediate to the precipitation recorded in 1974 and 1975. Similarly, the annual mean density and chlorophyll a standing crop at Locations 3 and 5 in Wolf Creek during 1977 were between the values reported in 1974 and 1975. Mean density and chlorophyll a values at Location 7 in 1977 were lower than at Locations 3 and 5, but were intermediate to values reported in 1975 and 1976. The position of this sampling location on upper Wolf Creek and the relative amount of flow at Location 7 as compared to Locations 3 and 5 may contribute to the lower mean standing crop. No effects of construction on periphyton standing crop in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek were noted.Autotrophic index values (Weber 1973), or ratio of biomass to chlorophyll a, is presented in Table 4.7. No consistent pattern was reflected by these data in 1977. The autotrophic index was generally higher in Wolf Creek than in the Neosho River during previous years.* D. Diversity Diversity was usually higher in the Neosho River than in Wolf Creek;however, the opposite was true of evenness, indicating a more even distribution of density among fewer taxa in the creek (Table 4.6). A seasonal pattern in diversity or evenness was not apparent. The number of taxa observed on each sampling date was similar to that in previous studies.I IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Diatoms were the dominant algal division in the periphyton collected from the Neosho River and Wolf Creek. Diatoms were relatively more important in Wolf Creek than in the Neosho River.2. Green algae were not observed in Wolf Creek; however, this division was dominant on occasion in the Neosho River. Blue-green algae were observed in both water systems.1 3. As in previous years, periphyton standing crop was generally higher in the Neosho River than in Wolf Creek. Annual mean standing crop in the Neosho River was inversely related to river discharge during 1974-78, whereas in Wolf Creek annual mean standing crop was directly related to annual precipitat:i on.4. No effects of construction on the periphytic algae of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek were noted.76 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF). 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

14th ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D. C. 1193 pp.Bowling, T. J., and D. B. Ellis. 1975. Water quality study. Pages 67-111 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Byrnes, D. J. 1976. Water quality study. Pages 74-123 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.I __ 1977. Water quality study. Pages 4-46 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Cowell, B. C. 1960. A quantitative study of winter plankton of Urschel's Quarry. Ohio J. Sci. 60:183-191. Farrell, J. R. 1975. Periphyton study. Pages 133-147 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric 3 Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1976. Periphyton study. Pages 150-166 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._______ 1977. Periphyton study. Pages 71-88 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Hohn, M. H. 1969. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of plankton diatoms.3 Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. 3:1-211., and J. Hellerman. 1963. The taxonomy and structure of diatom populations from three eastern North American rivers using three sampling methods. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 82(3):250-329. 77 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Hynes, H. B. N. 1972.. The ecology of running waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 555 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Vol. II. Wichita, Kans.Meyer, R. L. 1971. A study of phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Fayetteville as a means of assessing water quality. Arkansas Water Resour. Res. Center, Univ. Arkansas, Fayetteville. Publ. 10. 58 pp.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 481 pp.Zar, J. H. 1968. Computer calculation of information theoretic measures of diversity. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci. 61:217-219. I I'!I I I I* 78 I NALCO ENVIRC(IIMENTAL SCIENCES I I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 4.1.Periphyton sampling locations near Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Wolf Creek Generating Station,'79 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEB Table 4. 1.Number of periphytic algal taxa collected from natural sub-strates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-76.I I I I I I 1 I I I I Bacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cyanophyta Chrysophyta Total Year No. % No. % No. % No. %1973 93 82 7 6 13 12 0 0 113 1974 88 95 1 1 4 4 0 0 93 1975 75 89 5 6 4 5 0 0 84 1976 92 80 15 13 8 7 1 1 115 1977 57 85 6 9 4 6 0 0 67 80 -EO MMM =mom M - --- -Table 4.2.Distribution by division of periphytic algal density and biovolume (expressed as a percentage of the total population) collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.'-'aci --ar-i---yt-- ChlorUphyta Cvano h ta Neosho River Wolf Creek Neosho River Wolf Crcek Neosho River Wolf Creek Date I l 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Densitv 22 February 59.7 55.7 56.5 -a --36.1 11.9 35.5 ---4.2 32.3 8.1 ---5 April 38.8 62.1 43.6 ---49.2 4.7 47.0 ---12.0 33.2 9.5 --9 June 98.5 --100.0 100.0 100.0 0,0 --0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 --0.0 0.0 0.0 9 August 87.5 56.8 100.0 100.0 67.3 -0.0 43.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 -12.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 32.7 -3 October 95.8 --35.1 90.5 100.0 0.0 --0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 --64.9 9.5 0.0 13 December 100.0 --77.8 100.0 100.0 0.0 --0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 --22.2 0.0 0.0 80.1 58.2 66.7 78.2 89.5 100.0 14.2 19.9 27.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.7 21.8 5.9 21.8 10.6 0.0 Biovo lume 22 February 15.6 42.9 25.1 --81.0 15.3 68.9 ---3.4 41.8 5.9 --5 April 2.5 46.1 7.7 ---97.0 47.1 91.8 ---0.4 6.8 0.5 --9 June 99.8 --100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 --0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 --0.0 0.0 0.0 9 August 89.8 41.9 100.0 100.0 96.5 -0.0 58.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 -10.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.5 -3 October 95.7 --37.5 96.9 100.0 0.0 --0.0 0.0 0.0 4.3 --62.5 3.1 0.0 13 December 100.0 --78.3 100.0 100.0 0.0 --0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 --21.7 0.0 0.0 X 67.2 43.6 44.3 79.0 98.4 100.0 29.7 40.2 53.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 16.2 2.1 21.L 1.7 0.0 0: 2 P r M 0 in 2 n R 2 n M a Samples not collected. -M 4----- M. ---Rm M Table 4.3.Periphytic algal taxa comprising 10% or more of the density or biovolume of periphytic algae collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Location Sampling Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 1 10 4 7 3 5 22 February Fragilarla vaucheriae Gomphomena olivaceum Navicula cryptocephaLa -a Nitzschia sp. Stigeoclonlum Sp. Nitzschia sp.Gomphonema olivaceum Phorý'dium sp. Stephanodiscus sp.Ulothrix sp. Ulothrix sp.5 April Stephanodiscus sp. Cocconeis pediculuu Cocconeis pediculus Nitzschia sp. Sphanoiucus sp. Clad.2oplhora sp.Cymbella prostrata Gyroulgma sp. Stigeoclonium sp.Cladophora sp. Cladophora sp.Hydrocoleum sp.9 June Go2mhonema parvulum Nitzschia sp. Nitzschia sp. Nitzschia sp.Navicula tripunctata Caloneis sp. Gomphonema parvulum Gomphonema sp.var. schlzonemoides Comphonema sp. Gomphonema sp. Navicula pupula Navicula ninima Gomphonema parvulum Synedra ulna 9 August Navicula tripunctata Navicula tripunctata Nitzschia sp. Amphora v -eneoam Nitzschia su.var. schizo n emoides var. schizouiemoidus Stephanodiscus sp. Navicula Sp. Navicula svmmetrica Nitzschia Sp. Stigeoclonium sp. Nitzschia acicularis Cyrosigma Sp. Navicula cryptocephala Nitchia ongisima Diploneis sp. Rhopalodia gibba Gyrosigma up.Lyngbva sp.3 October Nitzschia palea Nitzschia sp. Navicula tripunctata Nitzschia sp.Navicula tripunctata Phormidiun sp. var. uchizonemoldes Navicula tri-var. schizonemoides Navicula sp. punctata var.Navicula sp. Nitzschia Sp. schizonemoldes Stephanodiscus sp. Cyrosigma sp. Navicula sp.Suvedra ulna 13 December Nitzschia sp. Nitzschia sp. Nitzschia sp. Nttzschia sp.Navicula sp. Achnanthes sp. Navicula tripunctata Surirelila syrouigma up. Gomphonema sp. var. schizonemoides angustata Melosira varians G yrosiga sp. Gyrosigma sp. Frusmulia Oscillatoria sp. vulgaris Gyrosigma up.a Samples not collected. 2 r n 2 2I z a z r M n NI M- o--- -- -M ------ M M M M -- 0 M Table 4.4.Density (no./cm 2), biovolume (il/dm 2), biomass standing crop (mg/dm 2) and chlorophyll a standing crop (pg/dm 2) of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Location Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Density (no./cm 2)22 February 8,311,102 8,735,790 612,342 -a _5 April 5,096,285 3,767,891 1,619,745 ---9 June 1,774,070 --66,666 174,073 11,111 9 August 2,560,487 6,382,703 88,887 24,691 120,934 -3 October 10,548,130 --1,555,5!8 155,553 41,974 13 December 199,998 -755,549 5,649,368 3,078,999 x 4,748,835 6,295,461 773,658 600,614 1,524,982 1,044,028 Biovolume (wl/dm2)22 February 492.0 340.3 41.8 ---5 April 3159.2 523.0 864.9 ---9 June 51.4 --1.2 7.5 0.4 9 August 64.8 238.4 1.5 0.8 3.5 -3 October 278.6 --45.8 6.1 2.8 13 December 9.9 --15.1 39.2 25.4 K 676.0 367.2 302.7 15.7 14.1 9.5 Biomass standing crop (mg/dm 2)22 February 957.4 431.3 285.5 --5 April 1445.3 932.1 854.0 --9 June 139.8 --84.6 139.8 138.5 9 August 127.2 345.7 319.5 33.5 47.8 -3 October 349.4 --243.2 197.3 112.4 13 December 77.8 --379.7 344.5 186.5 516.2 569.7 486.0 185.3 182.4 145.8 Chlorophyll a standing crop (ug/dm 2)22 February 531.0 2305.5 316.8 ---5 April 526.6 2159.8 2388.1 ---9 June 627.5 --108.7 287.6 65.0 9 August 1168.6 1359.0 139.4 6.4 63.5 -3 October 1578.0 --115.4 323.4 74.8 13 December 117.6 --552.4 3064.2 1172.6 R 758.2 1941.4 948.1 195.7 934.7 437.5 a Samples not collected. I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 4.5.Mean differences between locations for biomass and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.I I I I I I Biomass (mg/dmz)13 4 5 7 10 22 February Chlorophyll a (wg/dm 2)5 April Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2) -9 June Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2) -1 3 4 5 7 10 1 3 4 5 7 10 1 3 4 5 7 10-a 671.9* --526.0*214.3 -145.8 1774.4" 1988.7*1861.5 1633.2 591.3 513.2 28-78.1 288.3----20 .2 -i 339.9*562 4* 2999 6*8.9 1.3 35.0 55.3 518. 8*178. 9*4: 53.9 3.7 _I I I 9 August Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2) -3 October Chlorophyll a (pg/dm )13 December Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2) -I 3 4 5 7 10 1 3 4 5 7 10 1 3 4 5 7 10 79.4 192.4 -93.6 218.5 1105.2"" 271.8 -14.2 297.9 1029. 2* 76.0 -~ -286.0 26.2 1162.2* 57.1 133.0 --- 312.2 190.3 1295.5* 1219.5* -1352.5*152.1* -237.1* 106.2 1254.5 -85.0 45.9 -1503.1* 248.6 -130.8* I 1462.6* 208.7 -40.5--z 266.7 -108.8 301.9 -2946.5* 157.9 35.2 -1054.9* 1891.6* -193.2 -434.8 2511.3* -620.1 aSamples not collected.

• Asterisk indicates significant difference at P < 0.05 level.84

---

-= = M- -O o Table 4.6.Yearly mean density and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates in the vicinity of Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-76.0O Neosho River (Location 1)Mean Flowa Yearly Mean Flow Year (cfs) (cfs) Density (no./cm 2 x 106) Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2)1974 2438 1790 0.7 84.5 1975 1644 1637 1.5 430.0 1976 435 594 10.1 1975.7 1977 1318 1619 4.7 758.2 Wolf Creek Density (no./cm 2 x 106) Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2)Annual Location Location Year Precipitation (cm) 7 2 3 5 7 2 3 5 1974 78.6 _c 2.2 4.4 3.2 -957.6 883.4 1270.3 1975 55.2 1.0 0.4 0.9 0.6 462.6 162.8 595.9 456.6 1976 34.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 67.4 54.9 74.0 31.8 1977 67.4 0.6 _d 1.5 1.0 195.7 -934.7 437.5 a Mean flow at Burlington, Kansas for 14 day period before each sampling date.b Annual precipitation for Neosho River Basin draining into John Redmond Reservoir.

c Location 7 not sampled until 1975.d Location 2 dropped from study plan. NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Tab le 4.7.Number of taxa, diversitya, evennessb, and autotrophic indexc of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.!I I i I I Location Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Number of taxa 22 February 5 April 9 June 9 August 3 October 13 December X Diversity 22 February 5 April 9 June 9 August 3 October 13 December R Evenness 22 February 5 April 9 June 9 August 3 October 13 December Autotrophic index 22 February 5 April 9 June 9 August 3 October 1.3 December 12 18 13 13 22 10 15 I I I I i I 2.29 2.47 2.19 2.11 2.13 2.48 2.28 0.64 0.59 0.59 0.57 0.48 0.75 0.60 1803 2745 223 109 221 662 961 16 19 17 17 2.38 2.89 2.07 2.45 0.60 0.68 0.51 0.60 187 432 254 291 11 19 5 12 2.77 3.09 1.61 2.49 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.74 901 358 2292 1184 d 4 4 24 18 13 1.69 1.57 1.95 2.64 1.96 0.84 0.79 0.43 0.63 0.67 778 5234 2107 687 2202 10 13 9 21 13 2.54 3.01 2.52 0.70 2.19 0.77 0.81 0.80 0.16 0.64 486 501 610 112 427 3 6 21 10 1.59 2.18 1.08 1.62 1.00 0.84 0.25 0.70 2131 1503 159 1264 a b c d Shannon (1948).Zar (1968).Weber (1973).Samples not collected. 86 I I I I I I I I I p I I I I I I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 5 ZOOPLANKTON STUDY By Andrew J. Repsys 87 I If NALCO ENVIRONMN-NTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Environmental monitoring of zooplankton populations indigenous to the water systems near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) began in 1973 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974) and has continued each succeeding year (Repsys 1975, 1976, 1977). Relative abundance, species composition, and spatial and temporal variability of zooplankton Populations were determined and related to natural environmental factors and to construction activities associated with WCGS.Specific objectives of the present study were: 1. To gather additional baseline data to determine natural, seasonal and year-to-year variability in the zooplankton populations of Wolf Creek and the Neosho River.* 2. To provide a basis for the assessment of potential effects of construction and operation of WCGS on indigenous zooplankton communities.

• II. Field and Analytical Procedures Sampling locations for zooplankton are indicated on Figure 5.1. Duplicate horizontal drift samples were collected at Locations 1, 10, and 4 in the Neosho River and at Locations 7, 3, and 5 in Wolf Creek using a metered no. 25 (64 pm)mesh plankton net with a 428 cm2 aperture.

When flow was minimal or absent, the net was towed at a constant speed through a measured horizontal distance of 6 to 10 m to determine the volume of water sampled. All samples were pre-served at the time of collection in 5% formalin and stored in labeled containers. In the laboratory, samples were concentrated or diluted to a workable density of organisms and then thoroughly mixed to obtain a representative sub-sample which was withdrawn and placed in a Bogorov counting chamber. Stratified counts of zooplankton in the subsample were made using a binocular dissection microscope at 50X magnification. Subsampling was continued until a sufficient number of organisms was enumerated to estimate population densities, usually after counting at least 5% of the total sample. Microcrustacea were identified to species with the exception of taxonomically indistinct immature copepods and cladocerans which were identified to the lowest positive taxon. Rotifers i were identified to genus, except certain littoral-benthic genera in the order Bdelloidea. Identifications were made with taxonomic keys by Pennak (1953), Brooks (1957, 1959), Edmondson (1959), Wilson and Yeatman (1959), Goulden (1968), Roberts (1970), Ruttner-Kolisko (1974), and Smirnov (1974).I III. Results and Discussion

• A. Current Study 1. Neosho River Forty-one zooplankton taxa including 11 Copepoda, 13 Cladocera, and 17 Rotifera were collected in the tailwaters of the John Redmond Reservoir Dam (Location

1) during the present study (Table 5.1). Limnetic zooplankton species were predominant in all samples and comprised more than 96% of the annual zoo-plankton standing crop and 73% of the total number of taxa collected at Location 1.88 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES The scarcity of littoral zooplankton species in reservoir discharges is typical, particularly in water releases from impoundments which lack suitable littoral habitats (Cowell 1967, 1970).The number of taxa encountered at Location 1 during each sampling period varied from 12 in December to 29 in July and October 1977. The zoo-plankton was dominated by copepod nauplii, cyclopoid copepodites and the rotifers Keratella, Polyarthra, and Synchaeta.

Seasonally abundant taxa in-cluded the cladocerans Bosmina longirostris (February and April), Daphnia parvula (June), and Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum (August); the copepods Cyclýos bicuspidatus thomasi (February and April) and Diaptomus siciloides (August and October); and the rotifers Hexarthra (June) and Brachionus (August).The highest zooplankton population density during the current study was 528,959 organisms/mi in February of which the rotifers Keratella, Polyarthra, and Synchaeta comprised 65% (Table 5.2). The population density at Location 1 declined from 299,470 organisms/m 3 in April to 55441 organisms/m3 in July due to decreases in rotifer densities during spring and early summer (Tables 5.3-5.6). A second population peak occurred in August 1977 (467,066 organisms/m

3) and was comprised primarily of copepod nauplii (45%) and rotifers (33%) (Table 5.7). Subsequent declines in abundance of these two taxa resulted in decreases of total zooplankton densities to 116,208 and 119,460 organisms/m 3 in October and December, respectively (Tables 5.8 and 5.9). The minimum annual zooplankton densities observed in July 1977 may have been due to large water releases from John Redmond Reservoir (max = 13000 cfs). Consid-erable inflow of runoff water containing few zooplankton combined with high water discharges in July may have temporarily reduced reservoir zooplankton populations.

Other fluctuations in zooplankton abundance at Location 1 were largely attributed to natural seasonal variability involving the life cycles of individual zooplankton species.Fifty-eight zooplankton taxa were collected at Locations 10 and 4 in the Neosho River during 1977. Dominant limnetic zooplankton species at these locations were identical to those present at Location 1 approximately 9 miles upstream. While there was little difference between the number of limnetic taxa collected at Location 1 (30) and Locations 10 and 4 combined (31), the number of littoral taxa at Locations 10 and 4 (27) greatly exceeded that collected at Location 1 (11) (Table 5.1). These data support the view that many of the littoral species present at Locations 10 and 4 are indigenous to the Neosho River below John Redmond Reservoir, whereas the dominant limnetic forms are derived primarily from John Redmond Reservoir (Repsys 1976, 1977).The density of littoral taxa was relatively low during periods of low river flow (<100 cfs) mainly in February and April (Tables 5.2 and 5.3). At higher river flows (300-7000 cfs) evidence of riverine production was obscured by high densities of transient reservoir zooplankton. Mean zooplankton densities at Locations 10 and 4 were charac-terized by peaks in February and June (526,122 and 235,418 organisms/m 3), intermediate densities in April and December (112,932 and 72466 organisms/m 3), and low densities in August and October (9840 and 644 organisms/m 3). Zooplankton composition (location and annual means) consisted of 59% rotifers, 38% copepods, 89 INALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and 3% cladocerans. Principal taxa at Locations 10 and 4 included immature copepods, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia parvula, Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum, Diaptomus siciloides, and the rotifer genera Keratella, Polyarthra, and Synchaeta. Total zooplankton densities at Locations 10 and 4 were similar in February and April 1977 but varied substantially during the remainder of the sampling period (Tables 5.2-5.9). With the exception of December 1977, zooplankton densities were consistently lower at downstream Location 4. Comparisons of zooplankton densities and species composition at Locations 10 and 4 in the Neosho River with those at Location 5 in Wolf Creek did not indicate any impact of Wolf Creek on zooplankton populations at Location 4.2. Wolf Creek Flow was severely reduced or absent at locations in Wolf Creek on most sampling dates during the 1977 study. Zooplankton samples at all locations were often collected from a series of pools of varying size and depth. Samples were collected from isolated pools during the 1976 study. The pools contained a greater volume of water in February and April of 1976 than during the same months in 1977. Pools were present at all creek locations during October and December of 1117, whereas in October 1976 no water remained at the downstream locations and by December all creek locations were dry or contained an insufficient volume of water for sampling.Total zooplankton standing crops during February consisted of 13082 organisms/m 3 at Location 7 and 317 organisms/m 3 at Location 3. Principal taxa at both locations included immature copepods, Rotaria sp. and other Bdelloid rotifers (Table 5.2). Cladocerans were absent at Location 7 and trace densities (26/m 3) of Bosmina longirostris were present at Location 3. Location 5 was dry in February.Zooplankton densities increased in April 1977 to 171,604 and 563,993 organisms/m 3 at Locations 7 and 3, respectively. Immature copepods, primarily copepod nauplii and cyclopoid copepodites, remained the dominant taxa at both locations. Cladocerans were absent at Location 3, whereas Location 7 contained a large population of Daphnia pulex (18392/m 3) which comprised 11% of the total zooplankton. Rotifer densities remained low (2636/m 3) at Location 7 during April and consisted entirely of Bdelloid rotifers. Rotifer populations at Location 3 increased sharply from 166/m 3 in February to 199,377/m 3 in April.Principal taxa included Keratella, Polyarthra, and Synchaeta. Location 5 remained dry in April 1977.Zooplankton densities at Location 7 increased to 665,117 organisms/ m 3 in June. Higher densities of copepod nauplii (384,813/m

3) and rotifers were primarily responsible for this increase.

Zooplankton populations at Location 3 declined sharply from 563,993 organisms/m 3 in April to 14090 organisms/m 3 in June primarily due to declines in copepod nauplii and rotifer densities. Zoo-plankton density at Location 5 was 103,077 organisms/m 3 in June 1977. Major zooplankton taxa in Wolf Creek in June consisted of immature copepods, Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, Keratella, and Polyarthra. Zooplankton density at Locations 7 and 3 increased in August 1977 L to 947,776 and 203,818 organisms/m 3 , respectively. The increase in zooplankton 90 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES WF at Location 7 over June levels was due entirely to a major pulse of the rotifer Keratella which occurred at a density of 890,771/m 3 and comprised 94% of total zooplankton. Other taxa at Location 7 declined ýharDlv in abundance from 560,444 organisms/m 3 in June to 57005 organisms/mr in August. Higher densities of zooplankton at Location 3 were attributable to increases of copepod nauplii and rotifer populations. Despite an increase in the density of rotifers, zooplankton densities at Location 5 declined from 103,077 organisms/m 3 in June to 51561 organisms/m 3 in August 1977 due to decreases in copepod nauplii and cyclopoid copepodite populations, although rotifers had increased from 21772/m3 in June to 35337/m 3 in August. Copepod nauplii, cyclopoid copepodites, Diaptomus pallidus, Keratella, Brachionus, and Polyarthra represented the major taxa collected at all Wolf Creek locations in August.Reduced zooplankton populations were present at all Wolf Creek locations during October. Zooplankton densities ranged from 65876 organisms/m3 at Location 7 to 3826 organisms/m 3 at Location 3 (Table 5.8). Immature copepods and rotifers remained the most common forms collected and comprised nearly 99%of total zooplankton at all locations. Principal taxa included copepod nauplii, cyclopoid copepodites, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus, Keratella, and Polyarthra. Zooplankton populations in Wolf Creek declined further in December to minimum annual densities. Zooplankton densities ranged from 4313 organisms/m 3 at Location 7 to 211 organisms/m 3 at Location 3. Common taxa collected in December were copepod nauplii, Chydorus sphaericus, and Tropo-cyclops prasinus mexicanus. B. Comparison with Previous Studies Zooplankton studies conducted by Prather and Prophet (1969) in John Redmond Reservoir four years after impoundment disclosed relatively low reservoir zooplankton populations during spring and summer of 1968. Mean micro-crustacean densities (excluding nauplii) were estimated at 14560 organisms/m3 from June through September. Subsequent investigations in 1973 and 1974 indicated that annual microcrustacean densities in the reservoir had more than doubled in the 5-year interval (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974, Repsys 1975). In following years, microcrustacean densities increased from 31102 organisms/m 3 in 1974 to 53619 organisms/m 3 in 1975 and remained at high levels through 1977 (Table 5.10). The increases in annual zooplankton populations possibly are related to the gradual nutrient enrichment of John Redmond Reservoir by runoff from commercial feedlots and agricultural land, which are the principal sources of input for organic matter and nutrients within the watershed (Prather and Prophet 1969).Comparisons of principal microcrustacean Laxa collected at Location 1 (John Redmond Reservoir and its tailwaters) from 1973 to 1977 indicated a number of major changes in composition of reservoir zooplankton (Table 5.10). Annual densities of cyclopoid copepodites, mainly immature forms of Cyclops vernalis and C. bicuspidatus thomasi, increased progressively from 2546/m 3 in 1973 to 16978/mn in 1977. Increases in densities of adult Cyclops vernalis generally parallel copepodite increases. 91 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCE5 Bosmina longirostris densities increased from 4247/m 3 in 1974 to 20980 and 14923/m 3 in 1.976 and 1977, respectively. During the same interval, annual populations of Ceriodaphnia spp. (mainly C. lacustris) declined sharply from 2483/m 3 to less than 30/mr (Table 5.10). This inverse population relation-ship suggests that increases of Bosmina may have exerted a negative competitive effect on Ceriodaphnia populations (Willhite et al. 1976). These two cladoceran species are of similar size and may be competing for the same food sources in John Redmond Reservoir. Reservoir populations of Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum and Moina spp. also increased in abundance while annual densities of Daphnia spp.showed a moderate decline from 1974 to 1977. Populations of immature and adult S Diaptomus spp. exhibited no recognizable long-term trends but displayed consi-derable fluctuation in annual abundance between years (Table 5.10).Zooplankton abundance and composition at Location 1 (John Redmond Reservoir and tailwaters) largely determined the nature of zooplankton popu-lations at Locations 10 and 4. Major changes in zooplankton composition at Locations 1 between years generally were reflected at downstream locations in the Neosho River.Zooplankton abundance in Wolf Creek between 1974 and 1977 was3 primarily influenced by flow. Relatively low annual densities (15600 organisms/m ) were correlated with years (1974) when normal flow was present in the creek during all sampling dates (Repsys 1975). When flow was severely reduced, as in 1975 and 1977, annual zooplankton densities increased to i43,040 and 177,139 organisms/m 3 , respectively. Highest annual densities (829,746 organisms/m 3)occurred in Wolf Creek during 1976 when flow was absent during all sampling dates. When flow is greatly reduced or absent, the residency time of zooplankton at each location is increased permitting the development of sizable zooplankton populations (Repsys 1977).C. Relationship of Zooplankton to the Environment Data collected from 1973 to 1977 in John Redmond Reservoir and its tailwaters (Location

1) and the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) indicate that zooplankton discharged from the reservoir frequently undergo a substantial quantitative decrease between the dam and Locations 10 and 4. Rief (1939) and Ward (1975) demonstrated that volume of river flow was related to the degree of decrease observed in zooplankton populations discharged from lakes and reservoirs.

High water discharges favored downstream persistence of zooplankton in the receiving rivers, whereas low water releases often resulted in rapid decreases in zooplankton densities frequently over very short distances. Similar results were obtained in the Neosho River from March to October 1973-77 (Table 5.11). Approximately 57% of the microcrustacean zoopl.ankton population discharged at Location 1 persisted at Locations 10 and 4 when river flows (reservoir discharges) were in excess of 1000 cfs, but during low flows (<400 cfs) an average of only 1% remained at -the downstream locations. Chandler (1937) noted that zooplankton may adhere to the surface of various kinds of submerged debris, aquatic plants, and periphytic algae along the course of shallow rivers. Chandler also demonstrated that beds of macrophytes and periphytic filamentous algae were highly effective in straining out zooplankton from flowing water, particularly during low water levels (flows)92 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3when the ratio of the combined surface area of vegetation to water volume was high. Aquatic macrophytes were scarce in the Neosho River but dense growths of the filamentous alga Cladophora sp. and other periphytic algae developed on bottom substrates during the growing season from spring through autumn (Chapter 4). The scarcity of these attached algae during the winter months may account for the high persistence of reservoir zooplankton observed in the Neosho River during December and February (1975-78) during periods of minimal river flow (Table 5.11).Zooplankton in intermittent streams, such as Wolf Creek, are subjected to great extremes in hydrological conditions during the course of each year.Stream flow may range trom torrential proportions during spring runoff to zero in summer and fall when intermittent streams are often reduced to a series of isolated pools. These pools may differ with respect to time of formation, duration, water volume, and chemical characteristics. Zooplankton density and composition differed widely between isolated pools during all studies due to this variability in pool characteristics. Highest zooplankton densities during 1977 usually occurred in the pool at Location 7 probably as a result of more stable environmental conditions. A greater volume of water and longer duration of the pool at Location 7 may have been more conducive to the development of sizable zooplankton populations. During periods of low flow or pooling, Wolf Creek supports a greater diversity of zooplankton species than John Redmond Reservoir or the Neosho River. Littoral forms were frequently more common in Wolf Creek than in the latter two habitats (Table 5.1). When drought conditions exist in Wolf Creek, indigenous zooplankton may survive by forming resting eggs or encysted (dormant)stages which remain in the bottom sediments of the creek bed until conditions are more suitable for growth and reproduction. The formation of resting stages is a common phenomenon in both permanent and temporary waters and has received frequent documentation in limnological literature (Hutchinson 1967; Williams and Hynes 1976).IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Total zooplankton densities at Location 1 (John Redmond Reservoir tailwaters) were highest in February 1977 (528,959 organisms/m

3) and lowest in July (55441 organisms/m 3). Minimum annual zooplankton densities were attributed to high inflow of runoff water into the reservoir combined with large reservoir water discharges during July 1977.2. Zooplankton densities in the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) were related to reservoir zooplankton densities, volume of reservoir water releases, and seasonal factors. Maximum annual densities occurred in February (mean 526,112 organisms/m 3), whereas minimum zooplankton populations were present in October 1977 (mean 644 organisms/m 3).3. Major taxa in the Neosho River during 1977 included immature copepods, Bosmina longirostris, Daphnia parvula, Diaptomus siciloides, Keratella, Polyarthra, Synchaeta, and Hexarthra.

4. Total zooplankton densities in Wolf Creek ranged from 401,052 organisms/m 3 in August to 1762 organisms/m 3 in December 1977. Zooplankton 93 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES densities and species composition in Wolf Creek were primarily governed by flow characteristics and seasonal factors.5. Dominant zooplankton taxa collected in Wolf Creek included copepod nauplii, cyclopoid copepodites, Bosmina longirostris, Ceriodaphnia quadrangula, Daphnia pulex, Diaptomus spp., Keratella, Polyarthra, and Brachionus.

6. Data collected from the present and previous studies indicate that the construction of Wolf Creek Generating Station has had no appreciable effect on the abundance and species composition of zooplankton in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River.94 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Brooks, J. L. 1959. Cladocera.

Pages 587-656 in W. T. Edmondson, ed.Freshwater biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.I. 1970. Eutrophication and changes in the composition of the zooplankton. Pages 236-253 in the Proceedings of the International Symposium on Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, Correctives. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.Chandler, D. C. 1937. Fate of typical lake plankton in streams. Ecol. Monogr.7:447-479. I Cowell, B. C. 1967. The Copepoda and Cladocera of a Missouri River reservoir; a comparison of sampling in the reservoir and the discharge. Limnol.I Oceanogr. 12(1):125-136. 1970. The influence of plankton discharges from an upstream reservoir on standing crops in a Missouri River reservoir. Limnol.3 Oceanogr. 15:427-441. Edmondson, W. T. 1959. Rotifera. Pages 420-494 in W. T. Edmondson, ed.3Fresh-water biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.Goulden, C. E. 1968. The systematics and evolution of the Moinidae.Trans. Am. Philos. Soc. 58(6):1-101. Hutchinson, G. E. 1967. A treatise on limnology. Vol. II. An introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. John Wiley and Sons, New York.I 1115 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Vol. II. Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Pennak, R. W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. The Ronald Press Co., New York. 769 pp.Prather, J., and C. W. Prophet. 1969. Zooplankton species diversity in John Redmond, Marion, and Council Grove Reservoirs, Kansas, Summer, 1968.Emporia State Res. Stud. 18:5-16.Repsys, A. J. 1975. Zooplankton study. Pages 133-147 in Final report of pre-construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.1976. Pages 167-191 in Final report of preconstruction environ-, mental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.95 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES , Repsys, A. J. 1977. Zooplankton study. Pages 89-115 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, iMarch 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Rief, C. B. 1939. The effect of stream conditions on lake plankton. Trans.1 Am. Microsc. Soc. 68(4):398-403. Roberts, L. S. 1970. Ergasilus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida): Revision and key 3 to species in North America. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 89(l):134-161. Ruttner-Kolisko, A. 1974. Plankton rotifers-biology and taxonomy. Die 3 Binnengewasser 26(l):1-146. Smirnov, N. N. 19714. Chydoridae (Chydoridae fauny mira) in Fauna of the U.S.S.R.: Crustacea. (Transl. from Russian). Keter Publishing House 3 Jerusalem Ltd. 644 pp.Ward, J. V. 1975. Downstream fate of zooplankton from a hypolimnial release mountain reservoir. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19:1798-1804. Willhite, G. P., F. B. Cross, W. J. O'Brien, and Y. S. Yu. 1976. A study of the physical and biological effects of thermal discharge on LaCygne Lake. Report to the Office of Water Research and Technology, Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. 346 pp.Williams, D. D., and H. B. N. Hynes. 1976. The ecology of temporary streams.Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 61:761-787. Wilson, M. S., and Ii. C. Yeatman. 1959. Free-living Copepoda. Pages 735-861 iin W. T. Edmondson, ed. Fresh-water biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons.Inc., New York.I I 96 NALCO ENVIRUNMVENIJA11 SCIENCES.. " -SCALE IN M.ILES JOH.- 75 7 0 1 2 3 4 REDMOND 3 RESERVOIR I New 3 Strown B-12 PLANT SITE U c-6 Do -28 I'C-20 D-42 0 PROPOSED C-50 COLIM6LAKE !p D-55 Burlington D -65 LEGEND-Sampling Locations Phytplankton 1,3,4,5,7,"0 -5 Zooplankton 1,3,4,5,7,10 Periphyton 1,3,4,5, 7,10/0 -' Benthic organisms 1,3,4,5,7,10 F*sh 1,3,4,5,7,10 75 Surface water quality 1,3,4,5,7,10 Ground water quality B -12,C-6,C-20 4 C-50,D-28, D-42,D-55,D-65, Figure. 5.1. Zooplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating StationýBurlington, Kansas, 1977.97 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.1. Zooplankton taxa collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxa Loc. 1 Loc. 10 & 4 Loc. 7, 3 & 5 COPEPODA Cyclops bicuspidatus thoinasi pa p S. A. Forbes Cyclops vernalis Fischer p p p Diaptomus clavipes Schaeht P P P Diaptomus pallidus Herrick p p p Diaptomus siciloides Lilljeborg P P P Ergasilus chautauquaensis Fellows p p Ergasilus megaceros Wilson P P p Ergasilus versicolor Wilsonc Eucyclops agilis (Koch) Lb L L Eucyclops agilis montanus (Brady)c Eucyclops speratus (Lilljeborg) L Macrocyclops albidus (Turine) L Mesocyclops edax (S. A. Forbes) p p p Orthocyclops modestus (Herrick)c Paracyclops fimbriatus poppei (Rehberg) L Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus Kiefer P p p Harpacticoida L L L CLADOCERA Alona circumfimbriata (Meegard) L L Alona pulchella Kingc Alona spp. (Baird) L L L Bosmina longirostris (0. F. Muller) P p p Ceriodaphnia lacustris Birge p p p Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (0. F. Muller) P Chydorus sphaericus (0. F. Muller) L L L Daphnia ambigua Scourfield P p p Daphnia parvula Fordyce p p p Daphnia pulex Leydig P P P Disparalona rostrata (Koch) L Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Fischer P p p Ilyocryptus sordidus (Lieven) L L Kurzia latissima (Kurtz) L Leptodora kindtii (Focke) P Leydigia acanthocercoides (Fischer)c Leydigia leydigi (Schoedler) L L L Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine) L1 L Moina affinis Birge P P p Moina micrura Kurz p P P Pleuroxus denticulatus Birge L L Pleuroxus hamulatus Birge L L Pseudochydorus globosus (Baird) L Scapholeberis kingi Sars L Sida crystallina (0. F. Muller) L 98 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.1. (continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxa Loc. 1 Loc. 10 & 4 Loc. 7, 3 & 5 CLADOCERA (continued) Simocephalus expinosus (Koch) L Simocephalus serrulatus (Koch) L L ROTIFERA Anuracopsis sp. Lauterborn P P Asplanchna sp. Gosse P P P Bdelloid rotifers L L L Brachionus spp. Pallas P,L P,L P,L Cephalodella spp. Bory St. Vincent L L L Collotheca sp. Harring P P Colurella sp. Bory St. Vincent L Conochiloides sp. Hlava p P P Conochilus sp. Hlava P Euchlanis spp. Ehrenberg L L Filinia spp. Bory St. Vincent P P P Hexarthra spp. Schmarda P P P Kellicottia sp. Ahlstrom P Keratella spp. Bory St. Vincent P P P Lecane spp. Nitzsch L L Lepadella spp. Bory St. Vincent L L Lophocharis sp. Ehrenberg L L Monostyla sp. Ehrenberg L L Notholca spp. Gosse P P Notomatid rotifers L L Lsp. Harring L L L Ploesoma sp. Herrick L Polyarthra spp. Ehrenberg P P P Pompholyx sp. Gosse P P P Rotaria sp. Scopoli L L Synchaeta spp. Ehrenberg P P P Testudinella sp. Bory St. Vincent L L Trichocerca spp. Lamarck P P P Trichotria sp. Bory St. Vincent L L Wolga sp. Skorikov L a p = pelagic (limnetic). b L = littoral.c Collected in 1976 but not in 1977.99 -oom m m m = m m n=m= m m --4-o Table 5.2.Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 22 February 1977.S.w,. p i n : L, ,a C I0, N5.113hO Rivur______________ ______ 13..,. ~ _________10 No. im 3 %kh. I t Cre.k 7 3 5 NT. la r 7 No. 73 No.____________ NC,,I 9,i0 9 20. 5-2 C I .id .2 2.1 a .w .': , t ,,, 4J41 0.82 I l,,1>. '. 3,11 793 0. 15 U .,V .u p.,_ t i J,3 2 '6 0.0'3 I ,, ..517 0. i FOrA" l.lI .E P , ", -1i. 2 lu 3.3 ,'., ,L..: t ;; , .-bt u 0 (oT:,I C1P3(3':llA 135g034 23. [U 90"62 128 1455?1)0 508 62 162 0 176 10623J CD 0 CL.%U5IC IRA Ahra circumpi".mbr ica,1 Nphniu )aruta Vis.Ara lona rostrac:i Macro)Chr3x ] atL c.,3,nis CI 4U[I):1ua Iht.,U LI I1Al TII'AL CL4*Iar. nIP ROT [ .R.\ABrl 1chnajr spp.bd,[lliud R.tifora lpp.Bra hionu Spp.I.,, 3131.31,h1 l.1d.3 ].1pp.jHI)cl ý- S p p rl-ina Lo=L~i- spp.Nothioca Lpl'Putirairta sip.UnidlnJi.ii Rucierra app.TOTL -tO r 'OAL ZOOPLAIII(TON 0 45262 0 143 0 0 0 45405 499 0 649 50 209 350 108524 0 0 0 L79650 0 55396 0 150 345470 528959 68 8.56 105" 5 28 0.03 34 21 54 21 8.59) 0771 18. 7")0.0 3 3.311 0.173 0.10 0.01 0.03 U. UO 21.96 0.01 2. 18 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.00 2.23 0.06 3.20 0.09 O.03 0.15 7.57 0.03 0.12 52. 7,'11.69 0.09 75.81 122371 126 18401 56 264 28 15-.14 56 20 0 141463 28 14729 56 28 0 28 28 14870 0 0 19860 292 876 1168 5052!0 292 584 2549b5 0 82068]168 292 412091 568453 24.8q 0.332 3. 24 0.01 0.00 0. 0 3 0.00 0.'J i 0.100 2.59 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2. 62 3.49 0.05 0. 15 0.20 8.89 0.03 0.10 44.85 14.44 0.20 0.05 72.49 0 0 8037 61.4, 1720 13. 1 0 0 U J7 01. : L31 LOI. i7 1121, 65.172 0 a 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 0 0 0 0 0 26 8.20 8.20 52 16.40 0 13.25 21 b.o2 0 5 1.5i , 5 t 5 0 125 39.- I -2 r n 0 m 2 m m r In.m n i'to 0.09 0.12 0.01 0.04 0.07 20.05 33. g6 10.47 0.03 65.31 0 289 15493 421 140 720 36o42 t44 0 570 2 55ý354, 3 1 56559 434 0 36t766 483770 0 93 0.71 0 0 0 0 0 0 93 0.71 0 0 1662 I2.53, 0 0 1.838 1.4.2n, 0 135 42.59 0 0 0 0 10 3.15 0 0 0 0 21 6.62 0 0 0 166 52.36 13082 317 a Mean of two replicates. b Location dry. -m, -- --m- ---m m m 4-w Table 5.3. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 4 April 1977..LL Loc., I.,, N'-I, '- ii vr r -CT -I to 4 3 5 No. 1 i ' /m I Z ;j N, ., '., .N../,L .No .a 7 N ". Pi 3 COP EPC %DA Nj ti!, 1 i I (JU I a 0 .d LI L-C','C cI ,(- iL P IJI L 1iF C I!UP. L ii' ,l 'I --LlI .J L'A.,'-. r. IL !'I I ru'r,\ .cui,.:i,, ,,\(:LAii0ELR.\ Atun,,FI " rsiinrl ! Cer ioud hni I :,iittjjri4u1 ChLvd.ru_., n ph ort,, Fihna 'jrv,i.I , L -PL-;i -' -1

s. crd1 3-Mjcrnthrix l .i,, I Pmourox,.

03n1 1 7u S im~ci Lhal u in .1h 1.31 u ll.TOTAL. COLAL E 1.A ROT[FERAý'_-- '; P.P BLr'.3,c h Li,,, Dpp .Cohira clonti., ..'p.Conoch 11odis:.p CLhalLLmIoS1.1'1. FII 11 17 'pp K,.r, t! ,i '(p .Nonosi r V pp.ztholc. rpp.polvdarLLr fIpp.Roatari ,a spp.Synciiaeta spp.Tctclhatrt,. spp.TOTAL ROTTIERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 114 177. 141 19242 0 65G29 0 32 1964 16 0 0 0 0 0 0 563 0 4501 0 2000L 3 30 0 0 604 2633 0 630 0 55378 299470 4'1). '6, U. 01 0. 3 0. o3 0.6,, 7V. if 21.71 0. 00 22.39 t3 551-2 10 10 12 0 2.40)-+ilil 786 0 0 0 32 0 23 24 20 0 12 10 1362 15. 90 0.01)4.82 0.01 0. 01 0.U2 0.47 16 0.22 0.69 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.07 1.19 154 7 , L3 376-2 34 15 0-'37 2136 -)484 20.4 0 1038 0 0 0 73 48 4;'18 0 15 1924 796 1079 88 0 2246 0 12413 196 0 176 1 2200 0 6854 1794 98303 111597 13.86 0.02 3.37 0. 3 Lo.0 19. 1 3 0.43 0.18 0.93 U.06 0.04 0. 74 0.01 0.01 1.71 0.18 0.197 36. 3i 0.08 2.01 20.09 0.18 0.16 10.93 6.14 1.61 79.14 92569 U 56776 0 0 0 0 19, 183592 0 0 0 0 6916 0 0 0 0 0 13451 0 0.263 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2636.1 04 0. -t.1., L4 1Z.T 0.02 0.01 10.72 10.74 3481 Lt 14798 369, 0 LI L6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 06 0 61.73 2. 2 13 .57 6"..r I-n 33 Z m i r n m (11 0.386 135 570 1.110 3 348 2 346 224, 6.68 245 5 0.1IL 0 6. 31 2 BI 36 466 60 0 2.11L 11277 60)10352 934 18. 49 88149/L14268 0.L2 0.50 29. 3)0.30 0.20 2.15 24.62 0. 41 0.,75 9.87 0.05 9.06 0.82 77.45 260 1.54 0 1038 0 0 0 8048 9 121 0 0 0 27778 0 71132 0 1.54 199377 563993 0.05 0. Id 1.43 16.16 4.92 12.61 3S.35 a Mean of two replicates. b Location dry. 3NALCO ENVIRONMrENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.4. Zooplankton collected in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, 3 Burlington, Kansas, 2 May 1977.I Location 1 Taxa No./m 3 %COPEPODA Nauplii 17220a 14.57 Calanoid copepodites 1180 1.00 Cyclopoid copepodites 31794 26.90 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 499 0.42 Cyclops vernalis 640 0.54 Diaptomus pallidus 43 0.04 Diaptomus siciloides 74 0.06 Ergasilus megaceros 6 0.00 Mesocyclops edax 10 0.01 Harpacticoids 11 0.01 TOTAL COPEPODA 51477 43.56 CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris 4618 3.91 Daphnia ambigua 4 0.00 Daphnia parvula 6575 5.56 TOTAL CLADOCERA 11197 9.47 ROTIFERA Asplanchna spp. 462 0.39 Brachionus spp. 7298 6.18 Hexarthra spp. 31 0.03 Keratella spp. 29942 25.34 Polyarthra spp. 572 0.48 Synchaeta spp. 17202 14.56 TOTAL ROTIFERA 55507 46.97 TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 118181.3 a Mean of two replicates.

102 m -m m = m -m 4- m m e -- m Table 5.5. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 9 June 1977.Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./m 3 %COPEPODA Nauplii 17480 13.54 30124 8.92 14167 10.66 384813 57.86 7997 56.76 50517 49.01 Calanoid copepodltes 1327 1.03 2121 0.63 1297 0.98 5864 0.88 152 1.08 216 0.21 Cyclopoid copepodites 13519 10.47 15550 4.60 9446 7.10 8244 1.24 752 5.34 28134 27.29 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 0 0 0 106 0.02 0 0 Cyclops vernalis 1084 0.84 860 0.25 669 0.50 1091 0.16 0 22 0.02 Diaptomus clavipes 0 0 16 0.01 0 42 0.30 22 0.02 Diaptomus pallidus 82 0.06 160 0.05 339 0.25 327 0.05 28 0.20 81 0.08 Diaptomus siciloides 248 0.19 558 0.16 401 0.30 3677 0.55 114 0.81 22 0.02 Ergasilus sp. (1mm.) 0 0 0 66 0.01 0 0 Ergasilus chautauquaensis 0 34 0.01 10 0.01 0 0 0 Eucyclops speratus 0 0 0 40 0.01 0 0 Macrocyclops albidus 0 0 10 0.01 0 0 22 0.02 Mesocycloys edax 83 0.06 124 0.04 16 0.01 0 14 0.10 46 0.04 Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus 12 0.01 0 16 0.01 200 0.03 14 0.10 0 0 TOTAL COPEPODA 33835 26.21 49531 14.66 26371 19.84 404428 60.80 9099 64.58 79082 76.72 CLADOCERA Alona spp. 24 0.02 0 34 0.02 0 28 0.20 0 Bosmina longirostris 3628 2.81 19042 5.64 16168 12.16 54352 8.17 181 1.28 675 0.65 Ceriodaphnia lacustris 330 0.10 90 0.02 21 0.02 223 0.03 28 0.20 208 0.20 Ceriodaphnia quadrangula 0 0 0 29572 4.45 28 0.20 410 0.40 C hydorus sphaericus 35 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 Daphnia ambigua 12 0.01 0 10 0.01 0 0 65 0.06 Daphnia parvula 8422 6.52 6785 2.01 5366 4.04 0 28 0.20 324 0.31 Daphnia pulex 12 0.01 0 0 5554 0.84 96 0.68 62 0.06 Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 2170 1.68 3021 0.85 1638 1.23 1678 0.25 56 0.40 il 0.11 Kurzia latissima 0 0 0 133 0.02 0 100 0.10 Leydigia leydigi 34 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 Moina affinis 200 0.15 90 0.02 10 0.01 194 0.03 0 0 Moana micrura 0 137 0.02 42 0.03 144 0.02 0 22 0.02 Pleuroxus denticulatus 0 0 10 0.01 0 0 19 0.02 Pleuroxus hamulatus 0 0 10 0.01 0 0 0 Scapholeberis kingi 0 0 0 40 0.01 0 205 0.20 Simocephalus expinosus 0 0 0 106 0.02 0 22 0.02 TOTAL CLADOCERA 14667 11.36 29165 8.63 23309 17.53 91996 13.83 445 3.16 2223 2.16

---

= -- m -m --e- =Table 5.5.(continued)

Samopling LoCat tons~Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 Tjxa No./r : 10 No./ Ie %4 No. /m 7 No. /,i 3 3 No./m 3%5 No. /m3 ROTIVERA AI/urjenpýis spp.AsplauchnLý spp.8d[tLc id Rotirora Spp.RrachionIiS sDp.Ceonol odella npp.CoLlothec7 spp, Cojich ijoldes spp.Euch LatOiS spp.Fiiniai spp.flexfirt hra spp.Keratetla spp.Lecanu spp.Leoadella spp.Lophocharis spp.Monost'lla spp.Notonmatid Rotifera spp.Platvija spp.Polvarthra spp.pomeholvx spp.Svnchaeta spp.Testudinella spp.Trichocerca spp.Unidentificd Rotifera spp.TOTAL ROTIFERA TOTAL ZOOPI.ANKTON 0 70 0.05 0 1910 1.43 0 142 0.11 3043 2.36 0 6154 4.77 41961 32.50 14930 11.56 0 0 0 0 212 0.16 0 6864 5.32 1346 1.04 3822 2.96 0 0 0 80596 62.43 129098 268 0.08 0 322 0.10 4924 1.46 188 0.06 0 13142 3.89 0 13891 4. 10 63888 18.19 77203 22.85 0 134 0.04 0 0 415 0.12 0 52673 15.59 5206 1.54 26202 7.75 134 0.04 0 0 259193 76.71 337889 67 0.05 85 O.)6 322 0.24 2536 1.91 0 608 0..46 4872 3.66 0 6168 4.64 25688 19.32 21108 15.88 0 42 0.03 0 0 280 0.21 0 12384 9.32 2038 1.53 6740 5.07 0 194 0.14 0 83266 62.63 132946 0 1168 0.18 117 0.02 2009' 3.02 0 0 234 0.04 0 467 0.07 1869 0.28 104673 15.74 5842 0.88 0 0 0 0 234 0.04 31308 4.71 117 0.02 0 0 2570 0.39 0 168693 25.36 172 1.22 0 57 0.40 760 5.39 252 1.79 0 138 0.98 138 0.98 57 0.40 0 1674 11.88 0 57 0.40 0 0 0 0 942 6.68 0 0 81 0.57 0 0 4546 32.26 237 0.23 0 406 0.39 3115 3.02 474 0.46 0 2284 2%22 0 4143 4.02 540 0.52 5043 4.89 0 270 0.26 238 0.23 254 0.24 0 135 0.13 3094 3.00 135 0.13 388 0.38 643 0.62 135 0.13 238 0.23 21772 21.12 103077 0 X__665117 14090 a Mean of two replicates. NALCO ENVIRONIMI--NTAL SCIENCES Table 5.6. Zooplankton collected in the tail-waters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 11 July 1977.Location 1 Taxa No./m 3 COPEPODA Nauplii 11868a 21.41 Calanoid copepodites 3710 6.69 Cyclopoid copepodites 9653 17.41 Cyclops vernalis 472 0.85 Diaptomus clavipes 13 0.02 Diaptomus pallidus 151 0.27 Diaptomus siciloides 473 0.85 Ergasil us chautauquaensis 6 0.01 ELu'cy Cloy agil-is 7 0.01 prasinus mnexicanus 20 0.04 i TOTAL COPEPODA 26373 47.57 CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris 312 0.56 Ceriodaphnia lacustris 50 0.09 Daphnia parvula 1306 2.36 Daphnia p 1 Ilex 6 0.01 Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 2566 4.63 Leptodora kindtii 7 0.01 Moina affinis 1038 1.87 Moina micrura 2180 3.93 I Sida crystallina 19 0.03 TOTAL CLADOCERA 7484 13.50 ROTIFERA Asplanchna spp. 212 0.38 Bdelloid Rotifera spp. 488 0.88 Brachionus spp. 2388 4.31 Collotheca spp. 56 0.10 Conochiloides spp. 325 0.59 Filinia spp. 906 1.63 lexarthra spp. 2730 4.92 Keratella spp. 6382 11.51 Platiyas spp. 50 0.09 I Polyarthra spp. 7354 13.26 I Pom[pholyx spp. 169 0.30 Synchacta spp. 418 0.75 Trichocerca spp. 106 0.19 TOTAL ROTIFERA 21584 38.93 L TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 55441 a Mean of two replicates.

105 l -- -- -n- -----t Table 5.7. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 9 August 1977.______________--i SuinJ.a-Lc~aUcnn I No. /m 3 z Neosho River 10 NO./m %Wolf Creek 7 3 5 No./3 %T N../m3 % No./mJ'raxa No./m- %COPEPODA Naip II i Calanotd copepodites Cyclopoill copepodites Cyclo)ps vernaltLs I~iaLDt(ýmus p Latlldus Dlaptomus sieiloides Erp~ns ilu chiautauqiaensis Eucvclops agilis Eu c y.Io_211 speratus Me:,Ic ic.ops edax Tro2cvcIos qrisinus mexicanus Ilarpacticolda TOTAL COPEPODA CLADO(', EPA\Alona circumfimbriata D BosmLnria lon1irostrisCeriodaphnia lacustris Daplhjn ia parvula iha tanosora leuchtenbergianum Kurzia latissinia Lerdigia leydjij_Macrothrix laticornis Moina affinis Moina micrira Simocephalus sp.TOUTAL CLADOCEIA ROTIFERA Anuraeopsis spp.Asplanchna spp.Rdelloid Rotifera spp.Brachlonus spp.Cepjth odella spp.Collotheca spp.Conochiloides spp.Euchlanis spp.Filinia spp.Ilexarthra spp.Keratelia spp.Lecane spp.Lepadella spp.Lophiocharis spp.Mol2oosty-la Spp.2 1 1655a 17409 25655 3282 307 1.145 12447 1411 0 0 573 344 0 274228 0 153 0 2749 30924 0 0 0 307 4316 0 38449 0 1145 1374 55892 458 2062 3207 0 687 18783 16951 0 0 0 0 45.32 3.73 5.49 0. 70 0.06 0.24 2.66 0.30 0.12 0.07 58.71 0.03 0.59 6.62 0.06 0.92 8.23 0.24 0.29 11.97 0.10 0.44 0.69 0.15 4.02 3.63 4172 654 1609 159 47 26 564 99 0 0 13 13 0 7356 0 13 0 0 272 0 0 0 0 6 0 291 0 146 0 1898 0 438 146 0 0 292 584 0 0 0 0 30.93 4.85 11.93 1.18 0.35 0.19 4.18 0.73 0.10 0.10 54.54 0.10 2.02 0.04 2.1.6 1.08 14.07 3.25 1.08 2.16 4.33 2128 193 657 93 0 6 219 93 0 0 13 26 6 3434 0 0 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 13 0 73 0 20 0 710 20 105 0 0 20 146 187 0 0 0 0 34.37 3.12 10.61 1.50 0.10 3.54 1.50 0.21 0.42 0.10 55.46 0.97 0.21 1.18 0.32 11.47 0.32 1.70 0.32 2.36 3.02 24241 651 1513 0 0 3963 0 0 0 93 64 371 0 30896 12 0 0 0 26 26 41 0 0 0 12 117 0 0 0 1168 0 0 0 0 11098 0 890771 0 0 0 0 2.56 0.07 0.16 0.42 0.01 0.01 0.04 3.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 I.t7 93.98 87471 42.92 374 0.18 2450 1.20 0 0 423 0.21 0 0 12 0.00 0 0 824 0.40 0 91554 44.92 0 12 12 0 929 0 0 79 0 105 0 1137 0 0 292 46583 0 0 0 146 9492 146 27891 146 0 0 292 0.00 0.00 0.46 0.04 0.05 0.56 0.14 22.86 0.07 4.66 0.07 13.68 0.07 0.14 14311 93 1279 9 0 120 0 0 0 29 0 155 0 15996 0 0 0 0 228 0 0 0 0 0 0 228 438 0 0 11244 0 0 0 0 2482 1022 8178 0 438 146 438 27.76 ().18 2.48 0.02 0.23 0.06 0.30 31.02 0.44 0.44 0.85 21.81 z r 0 m z 0 2 z 0 m 4.81 1.98 15.86 0.85 0.28 0.85 Table 5.7. (continued) Sampuling_ Locations_______ Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 No.I,, 3.No. r 3% No./.n % o. I7 1 T No. lin3 %No. ImT[asxa ROTIFERA (continued) Pýl tyhic 8 spp.Rotar ia spp.Synchaetýa spp.Testudinetla spp.NTrihoc.!rca; spl).'Ero__ioeerca pp.Wo" sPP*GnidFeltified ?ntifera aSpp.TO)TAI, RO'FIFERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 0 0 52456 11.23 2336 17.32 0 0 0 916 0.20 0 458 0. 10 0 0 154389 33.06 467066 0 0 0 0 0 0 5840 43.30 20 0.32 0 0 1230 19.86 6863 0.72 24387 11.96 0 6133 0.65 1460 0.72 0 438 0.05 146 0.07 61 0.98 0 0 0 0 0 166 2.68 0 146 0.07 0 292 0.03 0 0 0 0 2685 43.36 916763 96.73 111127 54.52 0 6717 13.03 292 0.57 1168 2.26 146 0.28 292 0.57 584 1.13 730 1.42 1022 1.98 35337 68.53 13487 6192 947776 203818 51561 a Mean of two replicates. I-.-4 2 r m 0 m z rn 2 m m-ME*==- 4 -- --- --m --Table 5.8. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 4 October 1977.C 00o Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa_ No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./m No./m 1 % No./m 3  % No./m 3 COPEPODA Nanp il 42543a 36.61 435 41.19 78 33.77 20444 31.03 1441. 37.66 1207 26.32 Calanold -opepodites 14116 12.15 76 7.20 24 10.39 82 0.12 8 0.21 16 0.35 Cyclopold (:opepodites 3894 3.35 86 8.14 26 11.26 8061 12.24 167 4.36 101 2.20 Cvr-kjso ILcusiLdatus tdhomn-Fgio 84 0.07 2 0.19 0 0 0 0 yc lops vernalis 1404 1.21 63 5.96 1 0.43 0 0 0 Oiaptomus clavi es 14 0.01 12 1.14 8 3.46 0 0 0 DiiptOMLS patlidus 265 0.23 3 0.28 2 0.86 0 0 0 DiaptojmIn Leitloides 5744 4.94 116 10.98 31 13.42 35 0.05 0 4 0.09 ErgIs-lus chautauwqwenris 319 0.27 3 0.28 2 0.86 0 0 0 Ergasilus meqaceros 153 0.13 2 0.19 0 0 0 0 Ergastlus spp. ([mmature) 265 0.23 0 0 0 0 0 Euc-Yc (IpIs agil4s 14 0.01 0 0 12 0.02 0 0 MesocycSlus edax 14 0.01 0 1 0.43 0 0 0 Tropcvcýops prasinus mexicanus 55 0.05 4 0.38 1 0.43 900 1.37 113 2.95 51 1.11 liarpactLicoida 0 3 0.28 1 0.43 12 0.02 0 0 TOTAL COPEPI'ODA 63884 59.28 805 76.23 190 82.25 29546 44.85 1729 45.19 1379 30.07 CLADOCERA Alona circumftmbriata 0 0 1 0.43 70 0.11 12 0.31 16 0.35 3osmina longirostris 208 0.18 0 0 666 1.01 12 0.31 43 0.94 Cer[odaL 1 hnqia iacustris 42 0.04 0 0 105 0.16 4 0.10 0 Chydorus sphaericus 14 0.01 0 0 0 0 8 0.17 Daphnia parVUla 5403 4.65 6 0.57 1 0.43 58 0.09 0 4 0.09 DUaphanosuma! u ]uchtenbelrk[arnjm 3359 2.89 3 0.28 1 0.43 0 0 0 l tyocrvptus sordidus 0 0 0 12 0.02 0 0 Leptodora kindtil 41 0.04 0 0 0 0 0 Macrothri. Laticornis 0 0 1 0.43 70 0.11 0 0 Molna affinis 542 0.47 0 0 0 0 0 Moina micrura 236 0.20 0 0 0 0 0 Pleuroxus haimiatus 0 0 0 12 0.02 8 0.21 4 0.09 TOTAL CLADnC)ERA 9845 8.47 9 0.85 4 1.73 993 1.51 36 0.94 75 1.64 ROTIFERA Anuraekp.sis b pp. 0 0 0 117 0.18 19 0.50 0 Bdelloid Rotilcra spp. 292 0.25 3 0.28 10 4.33 467 0.71 331 8.65 1324 28.87 Brachlonus sp". 681 0.59 1 0.09 3 1.30 934 1.42 78 2.04 58 1.26 Cephalodella spp. 0 0 1 0.43 0 39 1.02 19 0.41 Co11otheca spP.) 2531 2.18 1. 0.09 0 0 0 0 Conochiloides spp. 876 0.75 0 0 0 0 0 Conochilis spp. 0 0 0 0 78 2.04 19 0.41 Euchlanis spp. 0 1 0.09 0 818 1.24 253 6.61 409 8.92 Filinla spp. 389 0.33 1 0.09 0 818 1.24 0 0 Hexarthra

pp. 6815 5.86 22 2.08 3 1.30 1110 1.68 0 0 Keratella spp. 9248 7.96 44 4.17 7 3.03 22488 34.14 448 11.71 545 11.88 2 r 0 0 m In z 2 a m 2 r 2 (1 In

=1)m m -= -momm m --Table 5.8. (continued) Locations Neosho River 1 10 No./m3 No.Zi4 %Wolf Creek 4 7 3 5 No.%/m- No./3 I No./m 3% No. /m 3%ROTIFERA (continued) Lecan!e spp.Le adej ia spp.Lol)hocluaris s;pp.Monostvla spp.Notommatid Rotifera spp.Platvias app.Ploesona spp.PoIPmhoIDx spp.Rotaria spp.Synchaeta spp.Testudlnella spp.Trichocerca spp.Trichotria

pp.Unidentified Rotifera spp.C TOTAL ROTIFERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7983 6.87 584 0.50 0 8080 6.95 0 0 0 0 37479 32.25 116208 0 0 2 0.19 2 0.19 1 0.09 0 0 60 5.68 3 0.28 0 100 9.47 0 1 0.09 0 1 0.09 242 22.92 1 0.43 1 0.43 3 1.30 3 1.30 1 0.43 0 0 4 1.73 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 37 16.02 117 0.18 467 0. 1 467 0.71 350 0.53 175 0.26 0 0 4264 6.47 0 58 0.09 1636 2.48 0 818 1.24 58 0.09 175 0.26 35337 53.64 58 1.52 58 1.52 39 1.02 58 1.52 0 39 1.02 19 0.50 370 9.67 19 0.50 0 117 3.06 19 0.50 0 19 0.50 0 2061 53.87 19 0.41 117 2.55 97 2.12 58 1.26 117 2.55 0 39 0.85 156 3.40 0 0 39 0.85 19 0.41 39 0.85 0 0 3132 68.29 F a 0 m 2 0 2 9 m r 0 NI m 1056 231 65876 3826 4586 a Mean of two replicates.(ELI

---

M -M M -M -M M Table 5.9. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 12 December 1977.I-Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No/rn 3  % No./m 3  % No./m 3 3 No./rn No./m 3 No./r 3 %Copepoda Nauplii 2 4 0 7 8 a 20.16 11984 22.24 23486 25.79 2414 55.97 70 33.18 290 38.06 Calanoid copepodites 1147 0.96 432 0.80 762 0.84 0 2 0.95 18 2.36 Cyclopoid copepodites 8826 7.39 2616 4.86 4286 4.71 125 2.90 21 9.95 62 8.14 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 52 0.04 66 0.12 176 0.19 0 0 2 0.26 Cyclops vernalis 182 0.15 58 0.11 156 0.17 10 0.23 0 0 Diaptomus clavipes 0 7 0.01 0 0 0 0 Diaptarus pallidus 0 2 0.00 10 0.01 0 2 0.95 0 Diaptomus siciloides 449 0.38 242 0.45 532 0.58 0 2 0.95 13 1.71 Eucvclops agilis 0 0 0 52 1.20 10 4.74 8 1.05 Eucvclops speratus 0 0 0 26 0.60 2 0.95 0 Mesocvclops albidus 0 0 0 5 0.12 0 0 Paracyclops fimbriatus poppei 0 0 0 10 0.23 2 0.95 2 0.26 Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus 0 0 0 291 6.75 2 0.95 2 0.26 Harpacticoida 0 0 12 0.01 21 0.49 0 0 Total Copepoda 34734 29.08 15407 28.60 29420 32.31 2954 68.49 113 53.55 397 52.10 Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata N0 0 0 176 4.08 5 2.37 2 0.26 Bosmina longirostris 171 0.14 82 0.15 138 0.15 5 0.12 0 2 0.26 Chydorus sphaericus 18 0.02 4 0.01 22 0.02 654 15.16 31 14.69 91 11.94 Daphnia parvula 100 0.08 18 0.03 24 0.03 5 0.12 0 2 0.26 Levdigia leydigi 0 0 0 10 0.23 0 0 Pleuroxus denticulatus 0 0 0 67 1.55 0 5 0.66 Pleuroxus hamulatus 0 0 0 31 0.72 2 0.95 5 0.66 Simocephalus serrulatus 0 0 0 21 0.49 0 0 Total Cladocera 289 0.24 104 0.19 184 0.20 969 22.47 38 18.01 107 14.04 Rotifera Bdelloid Rotifera spp. 0 0 0 0 8 3.79 10 1.31 Brachionus spp. 130 0.11 106 0.20 237 0.26 26 0.60 0 0 Conochiloides spp. 130 0.11 24 0.04 118 0.13 0 0 0 Euchlanis spp. 0 0 0 0 2 0.95 5 0.66 Filinia app. 0 29 0.05 0 0 0 0 Kellicottia spp. 0 0 118 0.13 0 0 0 Keratella spp. 9021 7.55 6232 11.57 14494 15.92 52 1.20 16 7.58 109 14.30 Lepadella spp. 0 0 0 26 0.60 0 16 2.10 Monostyla spp. 0 0 0 26 0.60 0 0 Notholca spp. 65 0.05 0 0 0 0 0 PolTgarthra spp. 38811 37.49 17433 32.36 18392 20.20 182 4.22 21 9.95 78 10.24 Svnchaeta spp. 36280 30.37 14481 26.88 28094 30.85 52 1.20 13 6.16 36 4.72 Testudinella spp. 0 29 0.05 0 0 0 2 0.26 Unidentified Rotifera 0 29 0.05 0 26 0.60 0 2 0.26 Total Rotifera 84437 70.68 38363 71.21 61453 67.49 390 9.04 60 28.44 258 33.86 Total Zooplankton 119460 53874 91057 4313 211 762 a Mean of two replicates.

z P 0 0 Mi 2 2 m 2 (n C)z nl m M, I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.10.Yearly mean densities (no./m 3) of selected major microcrustacean taxa from John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) 1973 to 1977.I I i I I I Year Taxa 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 COPEPODA Calanoid (Diaptomus) copepodites 2634 6948 8963 1698 4903 Cyclopoid copepodites 2546 6558 9006 13182 16978 CCylops vernalis 284 597 443 976 1106 Diaptomus pallidus 1 7 a 1006 48 316 266 Diaptomus siciloides

]4 1 8 a 1171 3458 1014 2502 All adult Diaptomus spp. 2591 2177 3508 1330 2810 Ergasilus chautauguaensis 133 39 756 282 217 Total Copepoda 8188 16319 22676 17468 26014 CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris 4509 4247 10580 20980 14923 Ceriodaphnia spp.b 1022 2483 103 11 28 Daphnia parvula 1271 2095 2870 3547 3333 All Daphnia spp.c 14413 5089 3994 3579 3343 (juveniles and adults)Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 3032 2759 8418 3344 4877 Moina spp.d 163 205 7484 259 1102 Total Cladocera 23139 14783 30943 28173 24273 Total microcrustaceans 31327 31102 53619 45641 50287 I I I I I I a b C d Males only. Females Mainly C. lacustris Mainly juveniles and Mainly M. micrura not identified to species in 1973.adults of D. parvula ill I = NN-M -mm --MM 4 mm MOM-Table 5.11.Downstream persistence of microcrustacean zooplankton as a function of river flow and season, Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.I-.Water Water Percent Sampling Date Turbidity (NTU)a Temperature (OC)a Flow (cfs) Zooplankton Remaininga,b Winter 10 December 1973 50.5 2.5 3920 37 10 December 1974 45.0 8.8 1250 >100 3 December 1975 3.0 2.8 75 60 13 December 1976 6.5 1.5 50 72 12 December 1977 19.6 0.7 300 64 24 February 1976 5.0 9.1 50 14 22 February 1977 5.9 7.0 50 74 21 February 1978 7.0 4.0 50 >100 Early Spring 27 March 1973 70.0 9.2 6950 76 26 March 1974 24.3 5.0 5450 >100 17 April 1975 65.5 11.5 3820 42 5 April 1976 6.8 16.0 50 <1 4 April 1977 16.0 10.0 50 1 Late Spring 12 June 1973 49.5 24.6 3580 28 10 June 1974 65.0 19.8 1940 54 10 June 1975 152.5 21.2 1010 17 14 June 1976 70.8 24.0 520 59 9 June 1977 165.5 22.0 2500 >100 Summer 10 September 1973 22.5 23.0 61 <1 9 September 1974 6.3 19.6 4420 38 9 September 1975 29.5 23.9 395 1 10 August 1976 21.3 26.6 50 1 9 August 1977 36.3 29.0 500 2 Fall 4 October 1976 21.0 17.4 50 1 4 October 1977 54.0 16.9 200 1 a Mean of Location 10 and 4.b With Location 1 as 100%.z r-0 0 In 2 0 2 In 2 m 2 C, NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES!I I I I I Chapter 6 MACROINVERTEBRATE STUDY By Kenneth R. Bazata I I I I 113 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Macroinvertebrates occupy all trophic levels in an aquatic ecosystem and are important members of the food chain. Macroinvertebrates also are important because of their nuisance potential, the function they perform in digesting organic material and recycling nutrients, and their value as indicators of 3 environmental disturbances or degradation (Hynes 1970).Macroinvertebrate communities have been monitored near the Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) site since 1973. Early studies (1973-75) were designed to obtain baseline information on the macroinvertebrate communities of the Neosho River, Wolf Creek and John Redmond Reservoir (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1975; Nulty 1975; Andersen 1976). More recent studies (1976-77) were designed to add to the data base and to assess any impact on Wolf Creek and the Neosho River resulting from construction activities associated with WCGS (Andersen 1977)The 1977 macroinvertebrate monitoring program near WCGS was a continuation of the* more recent studies.II. Field and Analytical Procedures Duplicate samples of drifting benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location 1; Figure 1) on 22 February, 4 April, 7 June, 9 August, 4 October, and 13 December 1977.Collections were made using a 0.75 m diameter plankton net of no. 0 mesh Nitex (0.571 mm), equipped with an internally mounted flowmeter (General Oceanics, Inc. Model 2030). Duplicate Ponar dredge samples and single qualitative samples were collected on 22 February, 4-5 April, 8 June, 8-9 August, 3-4 October, and 12-13 December 1977 from Locations 10 and 4 in the Neosho River and Locations 7, 3, and 5 in Wolf Creek (Figure 6.1). Approximately 30 man minutes of effort utilizing seining and handpicking methods were expended in collecting each qualitative sample. Due to the lack of water, no samples were collected at Location 5 in February or April. Ice cover prevented qualitative sampling at all locations in December.All samples were sieved in the field using U. S. Standard no. 30 mesh (0.595 mm) screen. The retained material was transferred to appropriately labeled containers and fixed with a rose bengal staining solution of 10% formalin (Mason and Yevich 1967). After exposure to the staining solution for a minimum of 24 hr, samples were rewashed in the laboratory in a no. 60 mesh (0.250 mm)sieve and preserved in 70% ethanol. Macroinvertebrates were manually separated from the debris with the aid of a stereozoom microscope and identified to the lowest positive taxon using appropriate taxonomic references and microscopic techniques. Aerial and terrestrial specimens collected in drift samples were 3 not analyzed.Diversity indices for all quantitative samples were calculated using the log base 2 in Shannon's (1948) uquation. A one-way analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie 1.960) was used to test for significant differences (P < 0.05) in densities and diversity values among locations during each sampling period.P114 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III. Results and Discussion A. Habitat Characterization UThe Neosho River is a relatively slow meandering stream that rarely exceeds a gradient of 1 m/km (Prophet 1966). River flow in the study area is dependent upon discharge from John Redmond Reservoir which is regulated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Discharge rates encountered during the macro-invertebrate drift samplings varied from 35 cfs in February to 7345 cfs in June (Figure 6.2).The substrate of the Neosho River at Location 1 in the tailwaters of the John Redmond Reservoir Dam was layered bedrock of limestone, shale, and sandstone. Flow at Location I was variable and entirely dependent upon releases from John Redmond Reservoir. Pools and riffles characterized Location 10 which was 0.7 km upstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek. The riffles had substrates of rock, rubble, and gravel, whereas the pools were characterized by bedrock overlaid by silt (15-30 cm). Location 4, 1.3 km downstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek, consisted of deep pools and a shallow gravel bar.The river bottom in the pools was silt and sand, whereas the bar consisted of gravel and sand.Wolf Creek, a small intermittent tributary of the Neosho River, is subject to brief periods of high flow following snowmelt or stormwater runoff and long periods of low or zero flow, during which the creek often consists of a series of isolated pools. During 1977, flow was absent in February and April and present on all sampling dates thereafter. In February and April, Location 5 was dry and small isolated pools were present at Locations 7 and 3. The hydrological characteristics of Wolf Creek and the Neosho River are presented in Chapter 2. The substrates at Locations 7 and 5 in Wolf Creek were clay mixed with gravel overlaid by leaf litter, whereas the substrate at Location 3 was primarily muck and gravel.B. Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Communities Taxa identified in the drift and Ponar samples are listed in Appendix D, Tables D.1 through D.3.1. Neosho River* a. Drift Samples A total of 55 macroinvertebrate taxa was collected in drift samples taken at Location 1 below John Redmond Reservoir (Table 6.1). Mean drift densities ranged from 74 organisms/100 m 3 in December to 1869 organisms/ 100 m 3 in April (Table 6.2). Species diversity indices varied between 1.83 and 3.74. Taxa were similar to those reported in previous monitoring studies, with Chaoboridae and Chironomidae generally the dominant groups.Hydridae, primarily Hydra, represented a substantial portion of the drift assemblage on all sampling dates except April. The percent abun-dance of Hydridae was highest in the samples collected in October (48%) and 115 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES December (47%). In 1976, Hydra also were abundant in the drift on all sampling dates except June and August. Lomnicki and Slobodkin (1966) and Armitage and Capper (1976) suggested that large populations of Hydra in tailwater areas were a response to an abundant food supply being discharged from reservoirs. Naididae, primarily Nais, were numerically important only in April when they comprised approximately 75% of the drift assemblage, whereas in 1976, naidid densities were high during February (Andersen 1977). The high density of these organisms in the drift only during these months was due to their increased productivity and movement as water temperatures rose in the spring, thereby causing a greater susceptibility to drifting.Hydropsychidae densities were highest in the drift in April and lowest in June, although they made up the highest percent abundance (53%)of the total drift assemblage in December. In 1976, hydropsychid drift densities were high in February and low on the other sampling dates (Andersen 1977).Higher densities were related to their susceptibility to drifting in the spring, due to increased movement, whereas adult emergence caused the low density in June. Early instar hydropsychids were the numerically dominant taxa, with Potamyia and Cheumatopsyche the most abundant identifiable taxa.Chaoboridae (exclusively Chaoborus punctipennis) were a principal component of the drift in June, August, and October, but was absent or present in low densities in February, April, and December. The seasonal activity of Chaoborus is directly related to water temperature (Stahl 1966;LaRow 1968, 1969). When water temperature is low, Chaoborus remain in the sediments and do not migrate into the water column; however, when the water temperature exceeds 5C, Chaoborus exhibit a diel vertical feeding migration. Simuliidae were abundant in the drift only during February.No apparent reason for the lack of simulids during the other sampling periods was evident. In 1976, Simuliidae were abundant in the drift during all seasons (Andersen 1977).During 1977, the Chironomidae were most abundant in the drift during February and June (=27% of total drift), contributed approximately 10%of the drift in April and August, and were low (1.5%) or absent in October and December. In 1976 Chironomidae were abundant in the drift during June and August (!40%) and comprised approximately 10% of the drift on the remaining sampling dates (Andersen 1977). Variability in the relative abundance of Chironomidae in the drift between 1976 and 1977 was a result of a number of factors that interact to control benthic drift populations. These factors include yearly and seasonal differences in the volume of water discharged from John Redmond Reservoir and the associated scouring of benthic communities induced by the flow velocity; preemergence pupae activity and increased sus-ceptibility to drifting; and the annual differences between water temperature and exact sampling dates. Pupae activity is primarily controlled by photoperiod and water temperature (Waters 1968).Chironomidae, the most diverse group in the drift, were represented by 25 taxa (Table 6.2). Cricotopus, Procladius, and Tanypus were the dominant chironomid taxa in 1977 as well as in 1976. Cricotopus was 116 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES abundant at Location 1 partially as a result of its association with the periphytic alga Cladophora which also was abundant. Cricotopus frequently is found in association with high densities of periphytic algae (Mundie 1956).Procladius and Tanypus are common benthic organisms in John Redmond Reservoir (Funk 1973; Nulty 1975; Andersen 1976) and their presence in the drift indicated that they probably were drawn through the discharge at the dam as they migrated off the bottom.b. Benthic Samples 1) Neosho River Ponar grab samples collected at Locations 10 and 4 yielded*a total of 95 taxa during 1977 (Table 6.1). Total benthic densities were lowest at both locations in June (265 and 605 organisms/m 2 at Locations 10 and 4, respectively) and highest at Location 10 in February (35504/m 2) and at Location 4 in October (14723/m 2). The range of densities recorded at each location was similar to that previously reported (Table 6.3).The relative abundance of major macroinvertebrate families varied seasonally throughout 1977 (Table 6.3). In February, the Chironomidae comprised approximately 85% of the macroinvertebrate community at each location, with the Trichoptera contributing nearly 9% at Location 10. In April, the chironomids comprised approximately 65% and members of the Naididae nearly 20%of the benthic density. The benthos community at both locations in June was dominated by Tubificidae (=35%) and Chironomidae (25%), with Ephemeroptera con-Ptributing nearly 16% of the total density at Location 4. Tubificidae (50%), Ephemeroptera (23%), and Chironomidae (20%) were dominant at Location 10 in August, whereas at Location 4 the Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera contributed approximately 66 and 18%, respectively, to the total benthos. The benthic community at each location in October was dominated by Trichoptera (88%), with members of the Ephemeroptera (5%) and Chironomidae (5%) next abundant. In December, Trichoptera (60%) dominated at Locations 10 and 4 and the chironomids increased to nearly 15% of the mean total macroinvertebrate abundance. Seasonal variation in benthic communities was related to a variety of factors (water temperature, nutrients, river flow, substrate composition), of which water temperature was most important. In general, the Chironomidae dominated the benthos when temperatures ranged from 0.7 to 7C, whereas Trichoptera and Ephemeroptera, in addition to the Chironomidae, dominated the benthos when temperatures exceeded lOC (Table 6.4). This is similar to the seasonal-water temperature-related successional patterns of benthic macroinvertebratesfound by other investigators in stream and river systems (Nelson and Scott 1962;Slobodchikoff and Parrott 1977) and in earlier studies on the Neosho River (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1975; Nulty 1975; Andersen 1976, 1977).Potamyia and Cheumatopsycýe (Trichoptera) were the most abundant identifiable Hydropsychidae, whereas early instar hydropsychids I were numerically dominant. The relatively low trichopteran density from April through August probably was related to adult emergences. In a study of the hydropsychid caddisflies of the Mississippi River, Fremling (1960) reported that peak emergences of several adult hydropsychids such as Potamyia occurred in early and late summer.117 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chironomidae were the most diverse group of macro-invertebrates in the Neosho River, accounting for 39 taxa. In 1977, chironomids represented from approximately 5 to 90% of the mean total macroinvertebrate Polypedilum, Cryptochironomus, Dicrotendipes were most abundance. PoyeiuCytcioouand Dirtnie eethe ms abundant taxa in 1977, whereas Cricotopus, Chironomus, and Pseudochironomus were abundant in 1976 (Andersen 1977). Chironomid densities ranged from 57/m 2 at Location 10 in June to 29286/m 2 at Location 10 in February. Species composition and abundance differed between locations and sampling dates. Typically, the abundance of larval chironomids is low in spring and early summer following periods of adult emergence, increases in late summer and autumn when eggs hatch, and declines during the winter when little or no recruitment occurs (Hynes 1970).Differences in total benthic density, diversity indices, and abundances of selected common taxa at Locations 10 and 4 were statistically tested on each sampling date. Thirteen significant differences (P < 0.05) were identified, seven in February and six in April (Table 6.5). These differences reflected fluctuations in abundance of individual taxa and were not attributed to any influence from Wolf Creek since flow was absent in the creek during these months. The lack of significant differences on the remaining sampling dates indicates that the benthic fauna was similar at the two locations. Qualitative samples collected at Locations 10 and 4 in the Neosho River yielded 50 taxa (Table 6.6), 15 of which were not collected in the Ponar and drift samples. The majority of the additional taxa represented groups that commonly inhabit flowing water, but because of their size, habitat preference, or mobility, they are rarely collected in Ponar samples.2) Wolf Creek IPonar samples collected at Locations 7, 3, and 5 collectively yielded 73 taxa (Table 6.1). Total benthic densities ranged from 57 organisms/m2 at Location 7 in April to 6587 organisms/m2 at Location 7 in December and were within the ranges recorded during previous studies (Table 6.7). Species diversity varied from 1.0 to 3.42 (Table 6.8).On 22 February and 5 April, Locations 7 and 3 consisted of small shallow isolated pools and Location 5 was dry. Overwinter stress and anoxic conditions at these locations limited the presence of many taxa and the lack of flow during early spring restricted recolonization. Flow in the creek after April 1977 allowed macroinvertebrate recolonization to occur.The Tubificidae and Chironomidae generally were the most abundant taxa recorded in Wolf Creek; however, other macroinvertebrate taxa infrequently contributed a substantial part of the benthic fauna (Table 6.8).The benthic community in February was dominated by Sphaeriidae (62%) at Location 3 and Chironomidae (48%) and Tubificidae (47%) at Location 7. In April, Chironomidae (33%), Tubificidae (33%) and Naididae (33%) at Location 7 and Tubificidae at Location 3 (96%) comprised the benthic community. The dominant taxa collected in February and April were able to adapt to the isolated pool environments and could tolerate the low dissolved oxygen levels in the pools.The benthos at Locations 7, 3 and 5 in June was dominated by Tubificidae (35, 33 and 47%, respectively) and Chironomidae (35, 50 and 19%, respectively). 118 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Tubificidae continued to dominate the benthos at Location 5 in August (83%), were codominant with Chaoboridae at Location 3 (45% each), and were replaced as a dominant by Naididae (61%) at Location 7. Tubificids (46%) and chironomids (80%) were the dominant taxa at Locations 7 and 3, respectively, in October, whereas tubificids (38%) and Nematoda (23%) were the dominant taxa at Location 5.Fluctuations in the composition of dominant taxa in June, August, and October represent part of a normal benthic seasonal cycle. This cycle is a result of water temperature changes that occur throughout the summer and autumn, nutrients available to the taxa, habitat availability, and recruitment of individual taxa.In December, the benthos at Location 7 was dominated by Naididae (41%) and Chironomidae (32%); at Location 5 by Tubificidae (43%) and Chironomidae (34%);and at Location 3 Simuliidae (62%) replaced the tubificids and chironomids. The tubificid population in Wolf Creek consisted of both immature and mature taxa. Immature tubificids with and without capilliform chaetae were major components of the benthos at Location 7 throughout the study and are indicative of a reproducing population. Branchiura sowerbyi was abundant at Location 3 in February, April, and June and at Location 5 in August, October, and December. A substantial population of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri (32%) also was noted at Location 3 in April, whereas L. udekeminaus was abundant at Location 3 (12%) in October and at Location 7 (20%) in February.The presence of Limnodrilus and Branchiura was indicative of an organically enriched habitat.Chironomidae were the most diverse group of macroinverte-brates in Wolf Creek during 1977, accounting for 31 taxa. Most of the midge taxa collected have short life cycles and were tolerant of the variable hydro-logical conditions that affect Wolf Creek. Procladius was the most abundant midge at Location 7 throughout the study, and Cryptochironomus was dominant at Location 3 in October. Other chironomids collected in Wolf Creek, such as the Tanypodinae, Chironomus, and DicroLendipes generally are found in streams that have relatively low flows (Roback 1971; Hatiber and Morrissey 1945; Hauber 1947).No adverse effects of construction activities on the benthic community in Wolf Creek were identified in 1977. Only three statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the density of organisms were found between locations in Wolf Creek during 1.977 (Table 6.9). These differences occurred in April between Locations 7 and 3 and reflected the larger tubificid populations at Location 3. These differences were attributed to the lack of flow and the low oxygen level.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Quantitative and qualitative benthic samples collected from the Neosho River and Wolf Creek in 1977 contained 95 and 73 taxa, respectively.

The taxa identified in 1977 were similar to those reported in previous studies, although the dominant midges in the Neosho River were different than in 1976.2. The drifting macroinvertebrate assemblage in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir varied seasonally. The major taxa included Hydra, Chaoborus, and Cricotopus. 119 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEB 3. Chironomidae and Trichoptera were the most abundant benthic macro-invertebrate groups collected from the Neosho River at Locations 10 and 4.Other taxonomic groups fluctuated in abundance among sampling dates and locations. The range of benthic densities recorded was similar to that previously reported.4. The seasonal species composition and abundance of benthic macro-invertebrates were dependent upon a number of factors, of which water tem-perature in the Neosho River and water temperature and flow in Wolf Creek were I most important.

5. Tubificidae and Chironomidae were the dominant groups of macro-invertebrates in Wolf Creek, although seasonal variation in other taxonomic 3 groups occurred.6. No detrimental effects from construction activities were identified in the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities near WCGS.1 I 9 I I I I~120 1 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Andersen, D. L. 1976. Benthos study. Pages 192-229 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814).

Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1977. Benthos study. Pages 117-144 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Armitage, P. D., and M. H.. Capper. 1976. The numbers, biomass and transport downstream of micro-crustaceans and Hydra from Cow Green Reservoir (Upper Teesdale). Freshwater Biol. 6:425-432. Fremling, C. R. 1960. Biology and possible control of nuisance caddisflies of the upper Mississippi River. Iowa State Univ., Agric. Home Econ. Exp.Stn. Res. Bull. 483:856-879. Funk, F. L. 1973. Species diversity and relative abundance of benthic fauna and related physicochemical features in John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas, 1971-1972. M. S. Thesis. Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Kans.35 pp.Hauber, U. A. 1947. The Tendipedidae of Iowa (Diptera). Am. Midl. Nat.38(2):456-465. S, and T. Morrissey. 1945. Limnochironomids in Iowa including their life histories. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sci. 52:287-291. Hynes, H. B. N. 1970. The ecology of running waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 555 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Vol. II. Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.LaRow, E. J. 1968. A persistent diurnal rhythm in Chaborus larvae. The nature of the rhythmicity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13:250-256. I. 1969. A persistent diurnal rhythm in Chaoborus larvae. II.Ecological significance. Limnol. Oceanogr. 14:213-218. Lominicki, A., and L. B. Slobodkin. 1966. Floating in Hydra littoralis. Ecology 47(6):881-889. Mundie, J. H. 1956. The biology of flies associated with water supply.I J. Inst. Public Health Engr. 55:178-193. 121 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Nelson, D. J., and D. C. Scott. 1962. Role of detritus in the production of a rock-outcrop community in a Piedmont stream. Limnol. Oceanogr.7:396-413. Nulty, M. L. 1975. Benthos study. Pages 159-168 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Prophet, C. W. 1966. Limnology of John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas. Emporia State Res. Stud. 15(2):5-27. Reisen, W. K., and R. Prins. 1972. Some ecological relationships of the invertebrate drift in Praters Creek, Pickens County, South Carolina.Ecology 53:876-884. Roback, S. S. 1971. The subfamily Tanypodinae in North America. Monogr.Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. No. 17. 410 pp.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Systems Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Slobodchikoff, C. N., and J. E. Parrott. 1977. Seasonal diversity in aquatic insect communities in an all-year stream system. Hydrobiologia 52:143-151. Stahl, J. B. 1966. The ecology of Chaoborus in Myers Lake, Indiana.Limnol. Oceanogr. 11(2):177-183. U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers. 1977. Monthly reservoir regulation charts -John Redmond Reservoir. Tulsa, Okla. (Unpublished data) n.p.Waters, T. F. 1968. Diurnal periodicity in the drift of a day active stream invertebrate. Ecology 49:152-153. 122 SCALE IN MILES JOHN '75 7 0 REDMOND RESERVOIR New Strow n I B-12 PLANT SITE.0-D-28 I°C-20 D-42 PROPOSED C COOLING LAKE SD-55 Burl, nglon D-65,.i LEGEND I Sampling Locations Phytoplankton 1,3,4,5,7,10 -5 Zooplankton 1,3,4,5,7,10 Periphylon 1,3,4,5, 7,10/0 1 Benthic organisms 1,3,4,5,7,10 F-sh 1,3,4,5,7,10 Surface water quality 1,3,4,5,7,10 / Ground water quality B-12,C-6,C-2 4 C-50, D-28, D- 42,D-55,0 Figure 6.1. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.123 I M ~ ---M -M -M M M- -o MMMW X = Sampling dates I I I0 9 0 0 6 7 06 LL 4 2 2 a 2 2 r M, C, R 2 C, M M, 3 2 x x 0 Figure 6.2. Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1977 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1977). I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I Table 6.1. Summary of macroinvertebrate occurrence in benthic samples near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 Coelenterata Bydrozoa Hydroidea Clavidae Cordylophora lacustris Allman +Hydridae Hydra sp. Linnaeus + + +Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Tricladida Planariidae Dgsasp. Girard ++Rhabdocoela Unidentified Rhabdocoela +Nematoda Unidentified Nematoda + + +Entoprocta Urnatellidae Urnatella gracills Leidy +Annel ida Oligochaeta Plesiopora Enchytraeidae Unidentified Enchytraeidae + + + 4 Aeotosunma tidae Aeolosoma sp. + 4-Naiididae Chaetogaster limnaci Von Baer +Dero igitata (Muller) + + + +Nals sp. (Muller) + +N. behnifng Michaelsen + + +N. bretschert Michaelsen + + +N. eommunis Piquet + +N. elinguis Muller + + + +Paranais frici Hrahe -+Pristina leidyi Michaelsen +P. osborni (Walton) +Tubificidae Branchiura sowerbvi Beddard + + + +Ilyodrilus templetoni (Southern) + + +Limnodrilus cervix Brinkhurst + + +L. claparedianus Ratzel 4 + +L. hoffmeisteri Claparede + + + +L. udekemianus Clnpared, + + +Immature ./o cap. chaetae + 4 + + +Immature w/cap. chaetae + + + + +Prosopora Branchiobdellidae Cambarincola macrodouta fEllis +Hirudinea Rhvnchobdellida Clossiphoniidae Actinobdella inequiannulata Moore + +Piscicolldae Unidentified Piscicolidae +Pharyngobdellida Erpobdellidae Dina (Mooreobdella) microstomn Moore +Arthropoda Crustacea Ainphipoda Talitridae ivalella aztec (Saussure) ++Deeapoda Astacidae Unidentified Astacidae + +Arachnida Acarina Unidentified Hydracarina +l 125 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.1. (continued) i I I I I neosno River Won Creek Nesh Rive 7 1Taxon I I I I I I Thysanura Japyidae Unidentified Japyidae Insects Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae Ephoron album (Say)Hexagenia sp. Walsh H. limbata (Serville) Potamanthus sp. Pictet Caenidae Caenis sp. Stephens Trtcorvthodes sp. Ulmer Hc~ptageniidae Unidentified Heptageniidae Heptagenia sp. Walsh Stenonema sp. Traver S. integrum (McDunnnugh) S. pulchellum group (Walsh)S. tripunctatum (Banks)Baetidac Haetis sp. Leach Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus sp. Leach Coenagrionidae Argia sp. Rambus Plecoptera Perlidae N operla clynene (Newman)Hemiptera Corixidae Unidentified Corixidae TrIchoptera Psychomyiidae Cyrnellus sp. Banks Hydropsychidae Unidentified Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp. Wallengen vydropsyche sp. Pictet H. frisoni Ross H. orris Ross P otamyla flava (Hagen)Hydroptilidae Agravlea sp. Curtis Leptoceridae Ceraclea sp. Stephens Oecetis sp. McLachlan Coleoptera Dytiscidae Unidentified Dytiscidae Elmidae Stenelmis sp. Dufour Lepidoptera Pyralidae Paragvraetis sp. Lange Diptera Chaoboridae Chaoborus punctlpennis (Say)Simuliidae Unidentified Simuliidav Chironomidae Ablabesmyia sp.A. mallochi (Walley)A. parajanta Roback Chironomus sp (Meigen)Cladotanvtarsus sp. Kieffer Clinotanvpus sp. Kieffer Coelotanypus scapalaris Kieffer Corynoneura sp. Winner Cricotopus sp. (Wulp)C. bicinctus (Meigen)C. sylvestris (Fabricius) C. tremulus (Linnaeus) +++++++++++++ ++ ++ +++ ++ +4+4 4 4+++4++4+4+4+4-4 4++4 4.++. + ++4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4.4 4 4 + +4, -+4 4 4+4 4+++,+4.4 4+++ +4 4. 4+. ++*+126 I I 9 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.1. (continued) I I I I I I Neosho River 1 10 4 Wolf Creek 7 3 S Taxon C. triannulatus Macquart C. vierriensis Goetghebuer C. (isocladius) sp.C. (I.) reversus Cryptochronomus sp. (Kieffer)Dicrotendipes sp. Kieffer Eukiefferiella sp. Thienemann Glyptotendipes (1) sp. Kieffer 0. (Phytotendipes) sp. Goetghebuer Harnishia sp. (Kieffer)Hydrobaenus sp. Brundin H. johannseni Larsia sp. Fittkau Microchironomus sp. Kieffer Micropsectra sp. Kieffer Nanocladius sp. Kieffer N. anderseni (Saether)N. distinctus (Malloch)Orthocladius (ss) sp. (Wuip)Parachironomus pectinatella (Dendy & Sublet)Parakiefferiella sp. (Thienemann) Paralauterborniella sp. 1.eez.Paratanytarsus sp. Kieffer Paratendipes near albimanus (Morgan)Phaenopsectra (Tribelos) sp. Townes Polypedilum (ss) sp.P. (ss) "convictm'" type (Walker)P. (ss) illinoiense P. (ss) "scalaenum" type (Schrank)P. (ss) "simulans" gr. Townes Procladius (Psilotanyp.s) sp. (Kieffer)Pseudochironomus sp. Malloch P. fulviventris Psuedosmittia Goetgh.Rheotanytarsus sp. Bause Stictochironomus sp. Kieffer Tanypu (as) stellatus Coquillett Tanytarsus sp. Wulp Thienemanniella sp. Kieffer Thienemannityia group Pittkau Ceratopogonidae Unidentified Ceratopogonidae Empididae Hemerodromia sp. Melgen Ephydridae Unidentified Ephydridae Tipulidae Unidentified Tipulidae Hexatoma sp. Latreille Sarcophogidae Unidentified Sarcophogidne Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Physidae Physa sp. I)raparnaud Planorbidae H. trivolvis (Say)Ancylidae Ferrissia rivularis (Say)Pelecyp"da Heterodonta Spaeriidae Spaerirnssp. Scopoli S. transversum (Say)Kinlarnellibranchia Unionidae Unidentified Unionidae+++++++++++++4++++++4+++++4++4+4+++++++4++4+4 4 4+4+ +4++ +4 ++ +4 4 4+I I I I I I 4 4 4 + 4 4 4 4 4 4+4 +4++4 4 4+ 4+ 4 4 4 4 4 4 Total Grand Total 55 76 76 95 60 34 39 73 127 = ----m = = -M -=-- 4-e ===M e Table 6.2.Summary of macroinvertebrate drift data collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Sampling Dates 22 February 4 April 7 June 9 August 4 October 13 December Collection time 1800 1100 2000 1100 2030 1700 Water temperature (C) 6.7 10.0 24.0 26.9 17.3 1.1 Discharge volumea (cfs) 35 50 7345 500 250 300 Current velocityb (m/s) 0.38 0.74 0.71 0.87 0.70 0.44 Drift densityb (no./100m 3) 765 1869 404 614 549 74 Total taxac 24 40 21 20 17 3 Shannon's diversityb 3.18 3.17 1.77 1.72 1.76 1.15 Percent abundance

(%)Hydridae 6.7 0.2 9.5 17.4 48.7 47.3 Naidldae 7.6 75.3 0.2 0 0 0 Hydropsychidae 5.0 5.2 0.7 4.4 10.2 52.7 Chaoboridae 2.7 1.2 61.1 66.3 37.8 0 Simuliidae 33.1 0.2 0 0 0 0 Chironomidae 27.2 11.6 26.6 10.4 1.5 0 Other taxa 17.7 6.3 1.9 1.5 0 8 0 2 F n a Ii 2 2 2-I I-n, M Ii n 0 m_-Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District.a b c Cubic feet per second, U. S.Mean of two replicates. Total of two replicates. -m0 ---= = M 4 ---- -Table 6.3. Summary of macroinvertebrate data from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Discharge Total Density Diversity Mean Density (nO./m 2)a Volume (no./m 2)a Total Taxa Indexa Naldidae Tubificidae Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera Chironomidae Sampling Date cfs 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 25 February 1976 45 4366 3657 46 29 3.78 3.30 378 19 19 198 57 132 38 1172 283 38 3147 1285 22 February 1977 35 35504 8902 48 33 2.27 2.85 66 0 501 94 973 274 0 38 3034 9 29286 8108 27 March 1973 6950 -------------26 March 1974 5450 c --------------17 April 1975 3820 340 388 10 14 1.90 2.23 0 10 218 28 0 19 0 0 0 114 86 104 6 April 1976 57 13098 8496 54 43 4.32 3.76 2873 2618 19 57 142 160 775 671 1105 19 6709 4593 4 April 1977 50 15498 5746 51 37 3.74 3.54 3194 1134 180 208 396 37 9 9 56 0 11000 3884 Ii June 1973 3740 ------------------i! June 1974 3260 38 142 4 6 ,d , 0 0 9 0 0 38 0 0 0 0 9 38 10 June 1975 1010 2646 2174 29 22 2.05 2.67 28 0 0 10 264 567 19 0 1200 1163 1012 369 15 June 1976 416 350 1890 14 18 2.31 2.10 0 0 28 0 151 1200 0 66 66 321 57 255 8 June 1977 7345 265 605 12 23 1.89 3.33 9 28 104 132 9 95 0 0 9 28 57 113 10 September 1973 61 -1598

• 0 -906 38 -416 9 September 1974 4420 265 463 10 7 *
• 0 0 0 350 113 85 0 0 57 0 38 28 9 September 1975 395 974 1257 11 18 1.01 2.41 0 0 19 28 19 76 56 454 832 520 10 57 9 August 1976 48 23795 7560 45 29 3.38 2.92 19 9 28 246 1624 3676 737 85 18919 19 2240 3307 9 August 1977 500 510 1701 17 19 2.49 2.66 0 0 255 47 122 1125 9 47 0 311 104 151 5 October 1976 60 16282 4328 42 21 4.05 2.62 85 9 0 397 2930 312 255 38 3496 0 8533 3393 4 October 1977 250 14317 14723 25 26 1.83 2.09 9 9 47 132 302 841 246 208 12786 12748 652 756 10 December 1973 3920 -143
• 76 0 19 10 December 1974 1240 189 1370 13 25 *
• 0 9 19 728 19 19 0 0 19 19 94 576 3 December 1975 73 567 2438 19 36 3.36 2.70 19 57 19 180 57 227 10 10 19 57 246 1664 14 December 1976 42 16084 9941 53 42 4.27 3.58 94 104 293 718 3827 672 1011 9 4403 75 4876 7475 13 December 1977 300 2485 1852 19 19 2.69 2.31 19 0 66 38 9 37 9 76 1427 1228 539 217 z m r M Z Z M r n M In M a Mean of two replicates.

b This location not sampled in 1973.c Not sampled due to rising water conditions. d Insufficient sample size. -~~ MO ----4 m m M- m m mo Table 6.4. Summary of water temperature data near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977.IEmPERATURE (C)S A M P L I N G L 0 C A T I U 14S i, E O S H 0 H I V F. R L F C H E FtY,----- ------------ z SA.;,10rCt kFP1I, 10 4 * >DAl FE, F-f. 22,11i77 A 6.7 7.0 7.0 7.9 6.7 a M4,1977 A 10.0 10.0 10.0 4.4 5. t.:.A 2,1,917 A 17.0 0 b 2 0 JU N 9,1977 A 24.0 22.0 22.0 20.0 21.5 21.5 M 2 JUL 12,1977 A 26.2 r AN; 9,1-,7 A 26.9 29.0 29.0 24.4 24.4 24.2 jin 2 OCT 4,1.77 A 17.3 lb.9 16.9 13.8 14.5 11.8 m L)'C 13,1977 A 1.1 0.7 0.7 1.8 0.9 0.7 1% M mFp M m. M M M -e M- O Table 6.5.Summary of significant differences (P < 0.05) in diversity and density of major benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the Neosho River (Locations 4 and 10)near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Sampling Dates Macroinvertebrates 22 February 4 April 7 June 9 August 4 October 13 December Nais elinguis 10>4 Total Naididae 10>4 Total Oligochaeta 10>4 Cricotopus tremulus 10>4 Eukiefferiella sp. 10>4 Glyptotendipes (Phytotendipes) 4>10 Pseudochironomus fulvientris 4>10 Tanytarsus 10>4 Total Chironomidae 10>4 10>4 Total benthos 10>4 10>4 Diversity 4>10z n a ni 2 4 a 2 r w, n In NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I Table 6.6.Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Sampling Date/Location 22 February 5 April 8 June Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5' 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Cnidaria Hydrozoa Hydroidea Clavidae Cordvlophora lacustris Hydidae Hydra sp.Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Tricladida Planaridaeqp.Ann..l 14a I Naididae* Chaetogaster sp.Nais sp.N. bretscheri N. elinguis Prosopora Branchiobdellidae Cambarincola macrodonCa Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Astacidae Unidentified Astacidae*Orconectes nais Insecta Collembola

• Unidentified Collembola Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae
• Potamanthus sp.Caenidae I Tricorvthodes sp.Heptageniidae Stenonema tripunctatum Baetidae Baetis sp.*lsconychia sp.Odonata*Unidentified Zygoptera Coenagrionidae Argia sp.Plecoptera Perlidae Neoperla clymene Hemiptera Corixidae Unidentified Corixidae Gerridae*Gerris sp.*Rheumatobates sp.Veliidae*Rhagovelia sp.Megdloptera Corydalidae

+ft 0 C R C 0 R R Rt R C R 0 0 R R 0 0 0 A R Rt Rt R 0 R Rt 0 R R R 0 R 0 R R R 0 0 0 R R 0 132 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.6. (continued) Sampling Date/Location 22 February 5 April 8 June Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5*Corydalus cornutus Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp.Hydropsyche orris*H. simulans Potamyia flava Hydroptilidae Agraylea sp.Coleoptera Gyrinidae*Unidentified Gyrinidae Diptera Simullidae Unidentified Simuliidae Chironomidae Ablabesmyia mallochi Chironomus sp.Cricotopus bicinctus C. sylvestris C. tremulus group Cryptochlronomus sp.Dicrotendipes sp.*Endochironomus sp.Eukiefferiella sp.Glyptotendipes (Phytotendipes) sp.Nanocladius (ss)distinctus Orthocladius (ss)sp.Parakiefferiella sp.Polypedilum (ss)convictum type P. illinoiense Pseudochironomus fulviventris Rheotanvtarsus sp.Tanytarsus sp.Thienemannimyia Group Ceratopogonidae Unidentified Ceratopo-gonidae Tipulidae Hexatoma sp.Ephydridae Unidentified Ephydridae Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Physidae* Phvsa sp.Planorbidae Helisoma trivolvis Pelecypoda Heeterodonta Sphaeriidae Sphaerium transversum R R R R 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R C R C R C R R C R 0 R R R R R R 0 C 0 0 R 0 R R R R R R R R R R 0 R R R R 133 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I Table 6.6.(continued) I I i I I Sampling Date/Location 8-9 August 3-4 October 13 Decembet b Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Annelida Oligochata Prosopora Branchiobdellidae Cambarincola sp. R Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Astacidae Unidentified Astacidae R R R R R 0 R 0 0*Orconectes nais R R R R Insecta Hemiptera Gerridae ,Gerris sp. R R 0 0*Metrobates sp. R 0*Rheumatobates sp. R 0 R Veliidae* Rhagovelia sp. R Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp. R Coleoptera Gyrinidae* Dineutus sp.Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Physidae*Physa sp. R R Planorbidae Helisoma trivolvis R I I I I I!+/-R 0 C= Present in colonies.= Rare (1-4).= Occasional (5-25).= Common (26-99).= Taxa not present in quantitative collections. a Location dry.b Collection not made due to ice conditions. 134 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.7.I I I I!!Summary of macroinvertebrate densities (no./m 2) from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-77.Sampling Locations Sampling Dates 7 3 5 25 February 1976 1 6 6 3 a 4413 1125 22 February 1977 567 302 dry 26 March 1974 _b 526 359 17 April 1975 445 5680 265 6 April 1976 964 2807 1266 5 April 1977 57 463 dry 11 June 1974 -898 161 10 June 1975 2098 435 19 15 June 1976 7437 1635 1805 8 June 1977 406 170 548 10 August 1976 435 898 397 8-9 August 1977 737 104 605 9 September 1974 -7 9 9 September 1975 123 1399 218 5 October 1976 20667 dry dry 3-4 October 1977 387 576 123 10 December 1974 -4763 5481 3 December 1975 463 1323 303 14 December 1976 4319 dry dry 12-13 December 1977 6587 643 1238 I a Mean of two replicates. b Not sampled in 1974.135 = m~* = M M m Mn = m* = 4 *Table 6.8.Suiimmiary of macroinvertebrate data from Ponar samples collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3 and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Sampling Dates/Locations 22 February 5 April 8 June 7 3 5 a 7 3 5"7 3 5 Benthic densityb (no./m 2)567 302 57 463 Total taxac 14 7 4 7 406 170 548 9 9 15 1.76 1.57 2.75 Shannon's diversityd Percent abundance (%)Nematoda Naididae Tubificidae Chaoboridae Chironomidae Ceratopogomidae Sphaeriidae Simulliidae Other taxa 2.39 1.7 0 46.7 0 48.3 1.7 0 C 1.6 1.55 1.50 1.63 0 0 9.4 0 18.7 0 62.5 0 9.4 0 33.3 33.3 0 33.3 0 0 0 0 2.0 0 95.9 0 0 0 0 0 2.1 7.0 16.3 34.9 0 34.9 0 0 0 6.9 0 1.7 0 1.7 33.3 46.6 0 3.4 50.0 19.0 0 0 5.6 0 5.5 0 5.6 27.6 2 r 2 0 2 01 z-4 a b c d Location dry.Mean of two replicates. Total of two replicates. Mean of two replicates, calculated using log base 2. -em m m m -om mm- -m Table 6.8.(continued) Sampling Dates/Locations 8-9 August 3-4 October 12-13 December 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 Benthic densitya(no./m ) 737 104 605 387 576 123 6587 643 1238 Total taxab 8 4 10 17 17 8 50 13 23 Shannon's diversityc 1.02 1.00 1.24 3.17 2.42 1.79 3.42 2.07 3.02 Percent abundancea (%)Nematoda 0 0 0 0 0 23.1 0 0 0.8 Naididae 61.5 0 1.6 0 6.6 0 41.5 8.8 0 Tubificidae 26.9 45.5 82.8 46.3 13.1 38.5 9.9 0 43.5 Chaoboridae 2.6 45.5 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chironomidae 9.0 0 14.1 19.5 80.3 7.7 31.7 8.8 34.4 Certatopogonidae 0 0 0 2.4 0 7.7 1.6 0 0 Sphaeriidae 0 0 0 2.4 0 0 0 1.5 0 Simulliidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0M7 61.8 0.8 Other taxa 0 9.0 0 29.4 0 23.0 14.6 19.1 20.5 2 n r m 0 a 3 m 2 n m m I-.a b Mean of two replicates. Total of two replicates. c Mean of two replicates, log base 2. = MMm M- mom M M M MMMa*Table 6.9.Summary of significant differences (P < 0.05) of abundant macroinvertebrates collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 3 and 7) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Sampling Dates Macroinvertebrates 22 February 5 April 8 June 9 August 3-4 October 13 December Total Oligochaeta 3>7 Total Tubificidae 3>7 Total Benthos 3>7 c0 r M 0 zT 2 9 z A P F.4 n: r M3 I I I I I U I P I I I I I I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 7 FISHERIES STUDY By Quentin P. Bliss 139 M NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction A study of adult, juvenile, and larval fish was conducted from February through December 1977 in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS). Similar studies were conducted for the baseline assessment in 1973 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974) and in three sub-sequent yearly construction monitoring studies (Szmania and Johnson 1975;Szmania 1976; Bliss 1977).* Specific objectives of this study were: 1. To determine the species composition, relative abundance, and seasonal distribution of fish in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near WCGS;2. To establish the food habits and age distribution of selected game species; and 3. To determine the species composition and abundance of the larval fish drift in the Neosho River immediately downstream of John Redmond Reservoir Dam near the proposed WCGS make-up water intake structure. II. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Sampling Locations Four locations in the Neosho River and three in Wolf Creek were sampled to characterize the resident fishery community of each water system (Figure 7.1). A description of the physical characteristics associated with each location is presented below.1. Neosho River Location 1 was in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam near the proposed WCGS make-up water intake structure. The bottom substrate was bed rock, with rock rip-rap along the banks. Flow was entirely dependent* on releases from John Redmond Reservoir. Pools and riffles characterize Location 10 which was 0.7 km upstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek. The riffles had substrates of rock, rubble, and gravel, whereas the pools were characterized by bed rock overlaid with a layer (15-30 cm) of silt.A riffle located approximately 0.5 km below the confluence with Wolf Creek constituted Location 11. The riffle consisted of small rubble, gravel, and sand swept by swift current. During periods of low flow, the water depth ranged from 5 to 25 cm.Location 4, 1.3 km downstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek,.was comprised of deep pools and a shallow gravel bar. The bottom of the pools was silt and sand, whereas the gravel bar consisted of sand and gravel.140 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Wolf Creek Location 7 was upstream of the area to be inundated by the pro-posed cooling lake. The substrate at this location consisted of sand, gravel, and clay and usually was covered by leaf litter.Location 3 was a clay and silt bottomed pool located approximately 1.7 km downstream of the proposed cooling lake dam site. Construction activities during 1976 altered the physical features of a portion of this location (Bliss* 1976).Location 5 was approximately 1.6 km upstream from the mouth of Wolf Creek and consisted of shallow pools with hardpan clay bottoms. During* the February and April sampling periods this location was dry.B. Sampling Methods Fish were collected in February, monthly April through August, October, and December 1977.* 1. Hoop Netting Hoop nets, 2.4 m long, 0.8 m in diameter, with 1.9 cm bar mesh were used to collect fish in the Neosho River at Locations 1, 10, and 4. Three hoop nets were fished overnight (118 hr) at each Neosho River location during alternate months from February through December. In addition, during May and July three hoop nets were fished overnight at Location 1 only.2. Electroshocking A three-phase 230 volt AC boat-mounted boom shocker was used to collect fish in the Neosho River at Locations 1, 10, and 4. Sampling at each location was conducted for approximately 30 min and normally encompassed 800 m of shoreline. Electroshocking was conducted at each location on alternate wonths from February through December 1977, and at Location 1 in May and July.3. Seining A seine, 4.6 m long, 1.8 m deep, with 0.3 cm Ace mesh was used to collect forage-size fish from the shallow areas at all locations. When physical conditions permitted, two to four seine hauls were taken per location during each sampling period. Seining was conducted at each location on alternate months from February through December 1977. In addition, Locations 1 and 11 were seined in May.4. Larval Fish Sampling Larval fish were collected at Location 1 twice monthly from April through July 1977. Fish larvae samples were collected by the stationary placement of a 0.75 m diameter no. 0 mesh Nitex plankton net in the water current for 2-3 min. The net was equipped with a General Oceanics flowmeter (Model 2030) to quantify the volume of water sampled. Duplicate diurnal and nocturnal samples were taken on all sampling dates and each sample was preserved separately in 10% formalin. 141 NALCO ENVIRONIViENTAL BCIENCES C. Data Analysis Fish collected by hoop netting and electroshocking were identified, measured (total length in mm), and weighed (g) in the field. Forage-sized fish collected by seining were identified and measured either in the field or laboratory depending on the number of individuals collected. Fish to be identified and measured in the laboratory were preserved in 10% formalin.Taxonomic keys used to identify fish included Eddy (1953), Cross (1967), and Pfleiger (1971).* Larval fish were separated from the detritus in the laboratory and preserved in 4% formalin for later identification. Fish larvae were identified to the lowest positive taxonomic level using keys by Fish (1932), Mansueti and Hardy (1967)Y' May and Gasaway (1967)' Nelson (1968), and Taber (1969).Larval fish densities were expressed as the number of larvae per 100 cubic meters (no./100 m 3).I Stomach samples were taken from selected game fish and preserved in 95% ethanol in the field. The contents of individual stomachs were analyzed in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope and food items were identified, enumerated, and volumetrically measured to the nearest 0.1 ml by water displacement. Taxonomic keys used to identify food organisms included Burks (1953), Pennak (1953), Needham and Needham (1962), Hilsenhoff (1970), and Usinger (1971).Scale samples were obtained from a representative number of individuals of selected game fish species. Scale impressions were made on cellulose acetate slides, and the number of annuli was determined with the aid of microprojector. Age was determined for individual fish and mean lengths were calculated for each* age group represented. Surface water temperatures were measured during each fish collection with a calibrated thermometer. III. Results and Discussion

• A. Physical Conditions The flow rate and associated water level of the Neosho River were dependent upon the volume of water released from John Redmond Reservoir (Figure 7.2). Minimal or low flow conditions existed in the Neosho River during the February, April, May, September, and December sampling periods, whereas flow was moderate in August and high in June and July. In general, flow in the Neosho River during 1977 was similar to that observed in previous monitoring studies. Wolf Creek consisted of a series of isolated pools in February and April, 1.977. Prior to the June sampling period, rainfall in the Wolf Creek watershed caused flow throughout the creek. Wolf Creek was flowing during all subsequent sampling periods in 1977 (Chapter 2). Surface water temperatures were similar among locations during each sampling period in 1977 and ranged from 0.5C on 13 December to 29.5C on 9 August (Table 7.1).142 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES* B. Species Composition and Relative Abundance 1. General U Scientific and common names of fish collected during the five monitoring studies (1973-77) are listed according to Bailey (1970) in Table 7.2.Since 1973, a total of 12 families, 26 genera, and 45 species has been collected in the study area near WCGS. In 1977, the black buffalo (Ictiobus niger) and the bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellas), which had not been collected during previous monitoring studies, were collected in the Neosho River. Blue suckers (Cycleptus elongatus) and Neosho madtoms (Noturus placidus) were collected again during 1977 and both are classified as threatened species in Kansas (Platt et al. 1974; Cross and Collins 1975).The number and size distribution of fish collected by hoop netting, electroshocking, and seining at each location by sampling period are presented in Appendix E, Tables E.1 and E.2. The 1977 total catch was 3996 individuals, representing 38 species (Table 7.3). Numerically, the predominant species were red shiners (Notropis lutrensis)

(34.8%) and gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) i (14. 7%).2. Neosho River a. Hoop Nets The hoop net catch of 119 fish in 1977 was considerably less than the 180 fish collected by hoop nets in 1976 (Table 7.4). Even though the catch rate was lower in 1977, the number of species collected was higher than in 1976 (14 vs 12 species). The hoop net catch represented 3.0% of the 1977 total catch in comparison to 2.7% in 1976. All species collected by hoop netting had been reported in previous monitoring studies. Predominant species collected were white crappie (Pomoxis annularis) (45.4%) and freshwater drum (Aplodinotus grunniens) (21.8%) (Table 7.4). White crappie also was the predominant species in 1976 (53.9%), whereas freshwater drum comprised only 5.6% of the total hoop net catch in 1976.The hoop net catch in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam (Location

1) was appreciably higher than at the other locations in both 1976 and 1977. The higher catch rate at Location 1 in 1976 and 1977 indicates that the fish population in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam was greater than at the other locations in the Neosho River.b. Electroshocking I Prior to 1977, electroshocking was not utilized to collect fish in the Neosho River. The electroshocker was used in 1977 at Locations 1, 10, and 4 and proved to be an effective sampling tool as 1469 fish, repre-senting 26 species, were collected (Table 7.5). Predominant species collected in decreasing order of abundance were gizzard shad, river carpsucker (Carpiodes.

carpio), and freshwater drum. In addition, the relative abundance of four 3other species, carp (Cyprinus carpio), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), smallmouth buffalo (Ictiobus bubalus), and bigmouth buffalo, was greater than 5%. Sufficient fish were collected by electroshocking to allow for spatial and temporal comparisons. To provide a basis for these comparisons, 143 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEB I I I I I I the electroshocking data were converted to the number of fish collected per 30 min of electroshocking (CPE).The CPE at Location 1 was appreciably higher than at the other locations (Table 7.6). Higher catch rates of gizzard shad, river carp-sucker, bigmouth buffalo, channel catfish, white bass (Morone chrysops), green sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus), and white crappie contributed to the higher catch at Location 1. The CPE of other species was similar among locations, with the exception of carp which were collected more frequently at Location 10 (Table 7.6). The electroshocking and hoop netting data indicated that the fish community in the tailwaters of the John Redmond Reservoir Dam (Location

1) was greater than at the other locations in the Neosho River. Factors that probably contribute to the greater abundance of fish at Location 1 include: downstream immigration of fish from John Redmond Reservoir, desirable habitat, and food availability.

The WCGS makeup water pumphouse will be located immediately downstream of the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam, and the proposed canal leading to the pumphouse will provide desirable fish habitat. This habitat will attract fish into this area and increase their potential of being impinged when the pumphouse is operating. I I I I I!The catch rate (CPE) was highest in May (457.8) and lowest in December (28.0) (Table 7.7). The especially high catch rate of gizzard shad (338.9) together with a high CPE for river carpsucker (24.4) and channel catfish (30.0) were responsible for the high CPE in May. The gizzard shad collected were adult fish and the increased CPE was attributed to spawning activities. In contrast, most of the river carpsuckers and channel catfish were juvenile fish. Their CPE was attributed to desirable habitat and greater food availability. The low ambient water temperature (0.5-0.7C) during the December sampling period contributed to the low CPE in December. No fish were collected at Location 1 during December because the swift water current at this location did not provide desirable fish habitat during periods of low ambient water temperature (0.5C). Due to their low metabolic rate in cold water, fish cannot maintain themselves in swift current for an extended period of time.Also, electricity does not immobilize fish to the same extent in cold water as in warm water (Whitney and Pierre 1957).During the July sampling period the CPE of white bass and white crappie was high at Location 1. Large quantities of water were being discharged from John Redmond Reservoir and individuals of both species were probably being carried into the study area from the reservoir. The CPE of both species at Location 1 was low in subsequent sampling periods and indicated that the fish did not remain at Location 1.Bigmouth and black buffalo, which had not been collected in prior monitoring studies, were collected in 1977. Black buffalo occur mainly in the larger rivers o1 eastern Kansas and seem to prefer strong current (Cross 1967; Cross and Collins 1975). In Kansas, black buffalo are found together with smallmouth or bigmouth buffalo (Cross and Collins 1975), both of which were collected in the Neosho River during this study.'I'I 144 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 5 Blue suckers, a rare species in Kansas (Platt et al. 1974), were collected by electroshocking during February, April, May, and October, and were recorded at all electroshocking locations on one or more sampling dates. Location 1 is located downstream of John Redmond Reservoir Dam and upstream of the Burlington City Power Dam. Since blue suckers were collected at Location 1 in February, May and October, and the two dams restrict upstream fish migration, a resident blue sucker population likely exists between the two dams. The blue suckers collected in 1976 and 1977 were large adult fish and although apparent spawning activities were noted in 1976 (Bliss 1977), no* juvenile blue suckers have been collected.

c. Seining A total of 1626 fish, representing 26 species, was collected by seining in the Neosho River during 1977 (Table 7.8), compared to 5944 fish (27 species) in 1976. Predominant species collected were red shiners (60.3%) and ghost shiners (Notropis buchanani)

(25 3%). The red shiner was also the most abundant species collected in 1976, but gizzard shad was next in abundance. The red shiner and ghost shiner are prolific spawners (Cross and Collins 1975) and their populations usually are predominated by YOY and yearling fish. Even though the number of fish collected by seining decreased, the number of species collected in each year was similar.The relative abundance of gizzard shad in the Neosho River seine collections declined from 28.1% in 1976 to 2.5% in 1977. The majority of the gizzard shad in 1976 was collected at Location I during one sampling period (July) and was attributed to gizzard shad being carried into the study area from John Redmond Reservoir during a period of large discharge from the reservoir. Location 1 could not be sampled in July 1977 due to the high discharge from John Redmond Reservoir (Figure 7.2).Neosho madtoms were collected at Locations 10 (1 individual) and 11 (18 individuals) in 1977. The Neosho madtom is noteworthy because its range is smaller than that of any other species in Kansas (Cross 1967). Habitat requirements for the Neosho madtom are shallow gravel riffles swept by swift current; this type of habitat is characteristic of Location 11. The Neosho madtom was collected at Location 11 during each sampling period when water depth permitted adequate seining. The Neosho madtom has a slow recovery rate after adverse environmental conditions (Deacon 1961). Because of its limited distribution, Platt et al. (1974) considered the Neosho madtom the most endangered species in Kansas and stated that it was being considered for placement on the Federal Register of endangered species.Four slenderhead darters (Percina phoxocephala) were collected by seining in 1977 at Locations 1, 10, and 1L. Low numbers of slenderhead darters also were collected in 1975 and 1976 (2 and 12 individuals, respectively). Although not classified as rare or endangered, Platt et al. (1974) stated that special attention is required to assure the continued survival of the slenderhead darter in Kansas.Few YOY game fish were present in the 1.977 seine collections. These results are similar to those reported in prior studies (1973-76) with the 145 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES] exception of July 1976 when YOY white bass were plentiful in the seine collections at Location 1. in July 1976 large quantities of water were being discharged from John Redmond Reservoir and the YOY white bass were probably being carried into the study area from the reservoir (Bliss 1977). Location 1 could not be seined in July 1977 due to the high discharge volume.* 3. Wolf Creek a. Seining 3 The number of fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek during 1977 (623 individuals) was similar to the number collected during 1976 (633 individuals), but the number of species collected declined from 25 in 1976 to 19 in 1977 (Table 7.9). The suspension of sampling during 1977 at one location in upper Wolf Creek partially contributed to the reduction in the number of species collected because in previous monitoring studies several species were collected only at that location. During the February and April sampling periods Location 5 was dry and in December Location 7 was frozen and could not be sampled. In addition, no fish were collected at Locations 7 and 3 during February and April which indicated that the locations had not been repopulated after the major fish kill that occurred in late 1976 (Bliss 1977).Fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek included forage species and YOY game and commercial species. Predominant species collected were red shiners(35.5%) and orangespotted sunfish (Lepomis humilis) (29.9%).Species composition and relative abundance were similar to those reported in previous monitoring studies (1973-76). During 1976 the flow in Wolf Creek was intermittent and YOY individuals of most game and commercial species were not collected. Conversely, from June through December 1977, when Wolf Creek was flowing, YOY of the following species were collected: gizzard shad, river carpsucker, smallmouth buffalo, carp, channel catfish, largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) and spotted bass (Micropterus punctulatus). These data indicate that when Wolf Creek is flowing, it is used as a spawning and nursery area by game and commercial species present in the Neosho River.I C. Age and Growth Analysis Since more adult fish were collected with the addition of electro-shocking, more individuals (246) were available for age and growth determinations in 1977 (Table 7.10). Sufficient numbers of white bass, white crappie, and freshwater drum were aged to provide information on year class strength and growth. In addition, largemouth bass, spotted bass, bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), and longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis) were aged, but the low number collected prevented age and growth comparisons. I The white bass population consisted of five age classes (Age Classes I, II, III, V, and VI) with one and two-year-old fish dominating. Approximately 10% of the population was comprised of fish five years and older.No fish aged were in Age Class IV indicating that the 1973 year class in the Neosho River was weak or absent. The growth rate of the white bass collected 146 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES U was slower than in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota (Walburg 1976) and below average when compared to the growth rate of white bass in Oklahoma (Chadwick 3 et al. 1966).A total of 78 white crappie was aged during 1977 and Age Classes I through IV were represented. The size distribution of white crappie within an age class indicated that there was considerable overlap between age classes.Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission personnel attributed the overlap in size to the mixing of fish from upstream reservoirs (J. Ray, Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission, Chanute, Kansas, personal communication). The growth rate of white crappie in the Neosho River was above average when compared to other south central waters of the United States (Carlander 1977).The freshwater drum population in the Neosho River consisted of 11 age classes (Age Classes I through X and XVIII). The data indicated that the 1975 year class (Age Class II) was strong and that individuals in year 3 classes 1972-74 were present in moderate abundance. Freshwater drum inhabiting the study area were long lived as 20% of the drum aged were 5 years or older and one individual was 18 years old. The size distribution of the freshwater drum within age classes indicated that there was considerable overlap between I. age classes, which like the white crappie can be attributed to the mixing of fish from upstream reservoirs. The growth rate of the freshwater drum collected, when compared to those in Tuttle Creek Reservoir (Klaassen and Cook 1974) and Lewis and Clark Lake (Swedberg 1965), was similar during their first three years of life and slower in succeeding years.D. Food Habits The number of stomachs analyzed in 1977 was greater than in previous monitoring studies. A total of 177 fish stomachs was analyzed in 1977 of which 157 (88.7%) contained food items (Table 7.11). Fish was the main item in the diets of channel catfish, flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris), white bass, and white crappie. Aquatic insects were the primary food item consumed by longear sunfish and freshwater drum, whereas crayfish was the major food con-sumed by spotted bass. The diet of species other than channel catfish did not change appreciably between sampling periods.I Channel catfish were omnivorous in their feeding habits. Predominant food items included: algae (April and May), Bryozoa (April), zooplankton (June), terrestrial insects and crayfish (October), and fish (February, July, and December) (Appendix E, Table E.4). Harlan and Speaker (1951) stated that channel catfish are not selective feeders and will utilize food items that i are available. E. Fish Larvae Diurnal and nocturnal sampling of fish larvae on eight dates in 1977 resulted in the collection of 1182 larval fish representing nine taxa (Table 7.12). No fish larvae were collected in the drift on 4 April and 2 May and only one larval fish was collected on 18 April.147 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Maximum larval fish densities of 1608.6/100 m 3 (nocturnal samples)were recorded on 16 May. Fish larvae densities were moderate during June (53.6-80.6 larvae/l00 m 3) and low during July (0.0-22.2 larvae/100 m 3). Peak larval densities occurred earlier in 1977 than in 1976 when the peak occurred on 14 June. Water temperature on 16 May 1977 was 7C higher than on 17 May 1976 (22 vs 15C) and similar to the temperature recorded on 14 June 1976. The warmer water temperature in May 1977 probably induced spawning activities which caused earlier peak larval fish densities as compared to 1976. Larval fish were considerably more abundant in the drift during nocturnal periods (84% of total fish larvae) (Table 7.12).Gizzard shad larvae were predominant in the April, May and June collections and comprised 87.2% (1031 individuals) of the total fish larvae collected in 1977. Game fish larvae comprised 6.7% of the total larval fish collected and included 1 Lepomis sp., 3 Pomoxis sp., 2 white bass, 15 channel catfish, and 58 freshwater drum. Channel catfish larvae, which had not been collected in previous studies, were taken in the -1 July nocturnal sample.Since all channel catfish larvae were collected in one of the 11 July nocturnal samples, they were probably produced in the tailwaters. Fish larvae of commercial species were collected during May, June, and July, but their densities were low during all sampling periods.*F. Impact The fish communities of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek showed no apparent deleterious effects from construction activities associated with WCGS.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. A total of 3996 fish, representing 39 species, was collected in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek during 1977. The black buffalo, which had not been collected in previous monitoring studies, was collected in 1977.2. Blue suckers and Neosho madtoms, species listed as rare or endangered in Kansas, were collected in the Neosho River during 1977.3. White crappie and freshwater drum were the predominant species collected by hoop netting, whereas gizzard shad and river carpsucker were predominant in the electroshocking catch.4. Red shiners and ghost shiners were the most abundant species collected by seining in the Neosho River, and red shiners and orangespotted sunfish were the most abundant species collected by seining in Wolf Creek.5. The abundance of fish at Location 1 was higher than at Locations 10 or 4.6. An apparent spawning population of gizzard shad was sampled at Location 1 during the May sampling period.7. Increased numbers of white bass and white crappie were collected during July in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam (Location 1); this increase was attributed to fish being carried into the study area from the reservoir.

148 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES W 8. Location 5 in Wolf Creek was dry during February and April and Location 7 was frozen in December which prevented sampling during these periods.During the other sampling months flow was present and the creek was utilized as a spawning and nursery area by game and commercial species from the Neosho River.9. A total of 246 individuals, representing 7 species, was aged during 1977.10. Age composition of the white bass population mainly consisted of Age II and III fish and the white bass growth rate was slow.11. There was considerable overlap in size between the different age classes of white crappie and freshwater drum which was attributed to the mixing of fish from upstream reservoirs. White crappie had above average growth, whereas freshwater drum had average growth during their first three years of life and slow growth in succeeding years.12, Freshwater drum sampled were long lived as one fish collected was 18 years old.13. Fish was the major food item in the diet of channel catfish, flathead catfish, white bass, and white crappie. Longear sunfish and freshwater drum primarily consumed aquatic insects, whereas crayfish was the principal*food of spotted bass.14. Channel catfish were omnivorous feeders while other species were more selective in the food they consumed.15. A total of 1182 larval fish, representing 9 taxa, was collected at Location 1 in the Neosho River. The predominant larval fish collected was gizzard shad (87.2%), while game fish larvae comprised 6.7% of the total fish larvae collected.

16. Larval fish were present in the drift below John Redmond Reservoir Dam from 18 April through 23 July with a peak density of 1608.6 larvae/100 m 3 recorded on 16 May. Larval fish were more abundant in nocturnal samples than in* diurnal samples.17. Construction activities associated with Wolf Creek Generating Station during 1977 did not have any detectable effects on the fish communities of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek.1 149 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Bailey, R. M., chairman.

1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pubi.No. 6. 150 pp.Bliss, Q. P. 1977. Fisheries study. Pages 145-166 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Ill.Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull 26:216 pp.Carlander, K. D. 1977. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 2.Iowa State University Press, Ames, Ia. 431 pp.Chadwick, H. K., C. E. von Geldern, Jr., and M. L. Johnson. 1966. White bass. Pages 412-422 in A. Calhoun, ed. Inland fisheries management. Calif. Dep. Fish Game.Cross, F. B. 1967. Handbook of fishes of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.Hist. Misc. Publ. No. 45. 357 pp., and J. T. Collins. 1975. Fishes in Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus..Nat. Hist. Publ. Ed. Ser. No. 3. 189 pp.Deacon, J. E. 1961. Fish populations, following a drought in the Neosho and Marais des Cygnes rivers of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.13(9):359-427. Eddy, S. 1957. The freshwater fishes. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Ia. 286 pp.)f\Fish, M. P. 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-two species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. Bull. U. S.Bur. Fish. 47(l0):293-398. Harlan, J. R., and E. B. Speaker. 1951. Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Comm., Ames, Ia. 377 pp.Hilsenhoff, W. L. 1970. Key to the genera of Wisconsin Plecoptera (stonefly) nymphs, Ephemeroptera (mayfly) nymphs and Triclioptera (caddisfly) larvae.Wis. Dep. Nat. Resour. Res. Rep. 67. 68 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station 3 environmental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Klaassen, A. E., and F. W. Cook, Jr. 1973. Age and growth of the freshwater drum in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 76(3):244-I 247.150 NALCO ENVIRONMIENTAL SCIENCES S Iansueti, A. J., and J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1967. Development of fishes of the Chesapeake Bay region, an atlas of egg, larval, and juvenile stages.Part 1. Univ. Maryland, Nat. Resour. Inst. 202 pp.May, E. B., and C. R. Gasaway. 1967. A preliminary key to the identification of larval fishes of Oklahoma, with particular reference to Canton Reservoir, including a selected bibliography. Okla. Dep. Wildl. Conserv. Bull. 5. 42 pp.Needham, J. G. , and P. R. Needham. 1962. A guide to the study of freshwater biology. Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco. 108 pp.Nelson, W. R. 1968. Embryo and larval characteristics of sauger, walleye, and their reciprocal hybrids. Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 97(2):167-174. Platt, D. R. et al. 1974. Rare, endangered and extirpated species in Kansas.I. Fishes. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 76(2):97-106. Pennak, P. W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. Ronald Press Co., New York. 769 pp.Pfleiger, W. L. 1971. A distributional study of Missouri fishes. Univ.Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 20(3):225-570. Swedburg, D. V. 1968. Food and growth of the freshwater drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota. Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 97(4):442-447. Szmania, D. C. 1976. Fisheries study. Pages 231-250 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 550106814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans., and D. L. Johnson. 1975. Fisheries study. Pages 169-188 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Taber, C. 1969. The distribution and identification of larval fishes in the Buncombe Creek arm of Lake Texoma, with observations on spawning habits and relative abundance. Ph. D. Thesis. Univ. Oklahoma, Norman. 119 pp.U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers. 1977. Monthly reservoir regulation charts -John Redmond Reservoir. Tulsa, Okla. (Unpublished data) n.p.Usinger, R. L. 1971. Aquatic insects of California (with keys to North America genera and California species). University of California Press, Los Angeles. 508 pp.Walburg, C. H. 1976. Changes in the fish population in Lewis and Clark Lake, 1956-74, and their relation to water management and the environment. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Res. Rep. 79. 34 pp.151 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES* Whitney, L. V., and R. L. Pierce. 1957. Factors controlling the input of electrical energy into a fish (Cyprinus carpio L.) in an electrical field.Limnol. Oceanogr. 2(2):55-61. 1 I i I I I U I I I I I 9152 I NMALL;U FENVIRL' I~JFIVftIT*kL. kS;1fM~-I I I I I I I I I I I I Figure 7.1.Fisheries sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.153 I

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m mu* --- m m ---13 X: Samplinq dates 9* 0 0 7 0-j Li.r M 0 2 0 r In 2-4 M 4 3 2 x x 0 Figure 7.2.1.Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1977 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1977).

I 9 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.1.Water temperature (0 C) measured at sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Date 21-22 February 4-5 April 2 May 7-8 June 12 July 8-9 August 3-4 October 12-13 December 1 6.7 9.0 17.2 23.0 26.2 26.0 18.4 0.5 Neosho River 10 11 7.5 7.0 8.6 8.3 ,b 20.8 Sampling 4 7.0 8.3 Locations Locations 7 7.5 11.0 Wolf Creek 3 7.5 9.9 5-a****22.0 29.0 19.8 0.7_c 22.0-*16.0 18.3 17.0***28.0 20.4 0.7 29.5 19.4 0.7 24.5 15. 1 1.0 24.4 16.3 1.0 24.0 15.7 1.1 a Not measured; no water at sampling locations in Wolf Creek.b Sampling not scheduled. c Sampling not conducted due to high water in the Neosho River.I I I I I 155 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.2.Checklist of fish species collected by all sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77.I I I I I I Year Collected Family and Scientific Name Common Name 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 I I I I I Lepisosteidae (gars)Lepisosteus platostomus Lepisosteus osseus Clupeidae (herrings) Dorosoma cepedianum Cyprinidae (carps and minnows)Campostoma anomalum Cyprinus carpio Notemigonus crysoleucas Notroyis buch arinani Notropis lutrensis Notropis rubellus Notropis stramineus Notropis umbratilis Phenacobius mirabilis Pimephales notatus Pimephales promelas Pimephales tenellus Pimephales vigilax Catostomidae (suckers)Carpiodes sp.Carpiodes carpio Ictiobus sp.Ictiobus bubalus Ictiobus cyprinellas Ictiobus niger Moxostoma erythrurum Moxostoma macrolepidoturn Cycleptus elongatus Ictaluridae (freshwater catfishes) Ictalurus melas Ictalurus natalis Ictalurus punctatus Pylodictis olivaris Noturus flavus Noturus placidus Cyprinodontidae (topminnows) Fundulus notatus Poeciliidae (livebearers) Gambusia affinis Atherinidae (silversides) Labidesthes sicculus Percichthyidae (temperate basses)Morone chrysops Centrarchidae (sunfishes) Lepomis cyanellus Lepomis humilis Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis megalotis Micropterus punctulatus Micropterus salmoides Pomoxis annularis Shortnose gar Longnose gar Gizzard shad Stoneroller Carp Golden shiner Ghost shiner Red shiner Rosyface shiner Sand shiner Redfin shiner Suckermouth minnow Bluntnose minnow Fathead minnow Slim minnow Bullhead minnow YOYa carpsucker Rivcr carpsucker YOY buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Bigmouth buffalo Black buffalo Golden redhorse Shorthead redhorse Blue sucker Black bullhead Yellow bullhead Channel catfish Flathead catfish Stonecat Neosho madtom Blackstripe topminnow Mosquitofish Brook silversides White bass Green sunfish Orangespotted sunfish Bluegill Longear sunfish Spotted bass Largemouth bass White crappie IC IC C IC IC I X X X X X X X X X X IC IC x X X X X X X X X X x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X x X X I IX I IX X X X X X x X X X x IC x X X X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x IC IC I IC I X X X X X X X X IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC IC X x X X x X X X X x X X X X X X X x X x X X X X I 156 I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.2. (continued) I I U I I I Year Collected Family and Scientific Name Common Name 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 Percidae (perches) b Etheostoma chlorosomum Bluntnose darter X x Etheostoma spectabile Orangethroat darter X x Percina caprodes Logperch X X X X X Percina phoxocephala Slenderhead darter X X X Stizostedion vitreum Walleye X Sciaenidae (drums)Aplodinotus grunniens Freshwater drum X X X X X Total no. of species 30 31 31 38 39 Accumulated total no. of species 10 39 40 44 45 a Young-of-the-year. b Bluntnose darter (Etheostoma chlorosomum) formerly identified as johnny darter (G. nigrum) by Kansas Gas and Electric Company (1974).I I I 157 M ,,0 M M M -M M 4M -M -Table 7.3.Number of fish collected by all Kansas, February-December 1977.sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Sampling Dates 21-22 4-5 2 7-8 12&23 8-9 3-4 12-13 Relative Species February April May June July August October December Total Abundance Longnose gar Shortnose gar Gizzard shad Carp Red shiner Ghost shiner Golden shiner Sand shiner Fathead minnow Bluntnose minnow Bullhead minnow Slim minnow Suckermouth minnow Stoneroller Blue sucker River carpsucker Bigmouth buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Black buffalo Golden redhorse-' Shorthead redhorse l Channel catfish Flathead catfish Black bullhead Neosho madtom Stonecat Brook silversides Mosquitofish White bass Largemouth bass Spotted bass Bluegill Green sunfish Orangespotted sunfish Longear sunfish White crappie Slenderhead darter Log perch Freshwater drum 3 18 47 175 1 3 1 1 9 31 21 19 2 68 45 612 8 5 1 3 7 2 1 1 10 29 5 6 307 4 82 6 10 2 i 15 12 120 5 ii 1 1 2 130 12 82 1 129 L 12 3 1 1 16 5 3 22 8 9 19 7 16 9 2 7 1 2 2 1 2 26 3 27 2 7 13 2 2 i 3 4 1 1 61 13 18 I 25 3 25 32 6 2 1 3 8 0.2 2 <0. 1 50 13 588 14.7 11 24 126 3.2 323 125 1391 34.8 77 1 402 10.1 3 30 0.8 1 <0.1 21 2 40 1.0 4 1 31 0.8 2 14 0.4 5 7 0.2 1 <0.1 1 2 0.1 12 35 0.9 36 4 211 5.3 23 79 2.0 10 5 90 2.3 1 1 <0. 1 3 0.1 2 0.1 15 11 1i0 2.8 1 15 0.4 1 1 27 0.7 3 4 19 0.5 2 0.1 15 0.4 17 49 1.2 14 1 53 1. 3 1 6 0.2 7 11 0.3 4 0.1 5 34 0.9 33 196 4.9 1 43 1.1 20 1 123 3.1 5 0.1 1 1 <0.1 28 35 219 5.5 2 r M 2 ci 0 2 m M r M Z m M a 5 2 I 4 2 1 11 2 2 3 23 6 2 1 12 3 3 35 1 33 21 1 2 9 155 1 14 30 25 3 7 15 26 62 13 No. species Total no. fish 19 28 21 26 14 27 379 922 535 335 88 780 30 14 39 729 228 3996 =F40 M M M Muni M M-O *Table 7.4. Number of fish collected by hoop netting in the Neosho River near Wolf Station, Burlington, Kansas, during 1976 and 1977.Creek Generating Sampling Location Relative ,a lob 4 b Total Abundance Species 1976 1977 1976 1977 1976 1977 1976 1977 1976 1977 Longnose gar -1 3 --1 3 2 1.7 1.7 Shortnose gar --2 6 -3.3 -Gizzard shad 6 6 ---6 6 3.3 5.0 Blue Sucker 13 1 2 1 3 -18 2 10.0 1.7 River carpsucker 7 5 2 13 5 7.2 4.2 Bigmouth buffalo ----6 -5.0 Smallmouth buffalo 6 5 -1 4 1 10 7 5.6 5.9 Shorthead redhorse ---1 -0.8 Carp ---1 1 -1 1 0.6 0.8 Channel catfish 9 2 -1 4 -13 3 7.2 2.5 Flathead catfish -----I 0.8 White bass --4 -3.4 Largemouth bass 1 ----I -0.6 -Green sunfish ---1 -0.8 Longear sunfish --I 2 -1.1 -White crappie 81 44 6 8 10 2 97 54 53.9 45.4 Freshwater drum 3 .8 2 11 5 7 10 26 5.6 21.8 Total no. fish 126 84 18 23 36 12 180 119 Total no. species 8 12 7 6 9 5 12 14 Percent of total 70.0 70.6 10.0 19.3 20.0 10.1 U, Z r M 2 2 3 2 in 2 MI a Sampled during eight sample periods.b Sampled during six sample periods. I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES Table 7.5.Number of fish collected by electroshocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1q77.I I I I I I Sampling Location Percent Species 1 a 10b 4b Total of Total Longnose gar 1 -5 6 0.4 Shortnose gar 1 -1 2 0.1 Gizzard shad 431 7 19 457 31.1 Blue sucker 10 11 12 33 2.2 River carpsucker 143 46 10 199 13.5 Bigmouth buffalo 72 -1 73 5.0 Smallmouth buffalo 43 26 10 79 5.4 Black buffalo 1 0.1 Golden redhorse 2 1 -3 0.2 Shorthead redhorse 1 0.1 Carp 14 74 28 116 7.9 Red shiner 3 -1 4 0.3 Sand shiner 1 --1 0.1 Ghost shiner 1 --1 0.1 Brook silversides 14 -1 15 1.0 Channel catfish 65 24 4 93 6.3 Flathead catfish 11 1 2 14 1.0 White bass 45 1 2 48 3.3 Largemouth bass 1 0.1 Spotted bass 1 3 4 8 0.5 Bluegill 2 --2 0.1 Green sunfish 25 --25 1.7 Longear sunfish 8 1 2 11 0.7 Orangespotted sunfish 2 --2 0.1 Hybrid sunfish 1 0.1 White crappie 80 2 1 83 5.7 Freshwater drum 55 84 51 190 12.9 Total 1030 285 154 1469 Percent of total 70.1 19.4 10.5 I I I I I a Fish were b Fish were collected during collected during eight sampling periods.six sampling periods.160 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.6.Species collected and catch per unit effort (CPE)a by electro-shocking at sampling locations in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977.I I I I I I Sampling Location Species 1 10 4 Longnose gar 0.1 0 0.8 Shortnose gar 0.1 -0.2 Gizzard shad 54.6 1.1 3.2 Blue sucker 1.3 1.8 2.0 River carpsucker 18.1 7.7 1.7 Bigmouth buffalo 9.1 -0.2 Smallmouth buffalo 5.4 4.3 1.7 Black buffalo -0.2 -Golden redhorse 0.3 0.2 Shorthead redhorse -0.2 -Carp 1.8 12.3 4.7 Red shiner 0.4 -0.2 Sand shiner 0.1 --Ghost shiner 0.1 --Brook silversides 1.8 -0.2 Channel catfish 8.2 4.0 0.7 Flathead catfish 1.4 0.2 0.3 White bass 5.7 0.2 0.3 Largemouth bass -0.2 -Spotted bass 0.1 0.5 0.7 Bluegill 0.3 --Green sunfish 3.2 --Longear sunfish 1.0 0.1 0.3 Orangespotted sunfish 0.3 --Hybrid sunfish -0.1 -White crappie 10.1 0.3 0.3 Freshwater drum 7.1 14.0 8.5 130.4 Total CPE 130.4 47.5 25.7 Total no. fish 1030 285 154 Percent of total 70.1 19.4 10.5 I I a Number of fish collected per 30 min of electroshocking. 161

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-4m Mug== -M -m- -Table 7.7.Species collected and catch per unit effort (CPE)a by electroshocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station., Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977.Species February April Sampling Periods Mayb June Julyh Total Average August October December Number CPE I-.Longnose gar Shortnose gar Gizzard shad Blue sucker River carpqucker Bigmouth buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Black buffalo Golden redhorse Shorthead redhorse Carp Red shiner Sand shiner Ghost shiner Brook silversides Channel catfish Flathead catfish White bass Largemouth bass Spotted bass Bluegill Green sunfish Longear sunfish Orangespotted sunfish Hybrid sunfish White crappie Freshwater drum Total no. fish Total no. species Total CPE 1.0 3.0 10. 3 7.0 6.3 0.3 6.0 0.3 4.3 0.3 0.3 8.7 144 12 48.0 15.0 0.3 0.3 7.3 1.0 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 20. 7 262 17 87.3 0.7 22.7 3.0 9.7 1.7 2.0 338.9 3. 3 24.4 8.9 10.0 2.2 4.4 30.0 2.2 5.6 2.2 11.1 14.4 412 13 457.8 0.3 0.3 3.3 5.7 1.7 5.0 1.0 2.0 7.0 6.0 3.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 1. 3 1.0 0.3 0.3 3.7 0.7 0. 7 3.7 7.7 122 19 40.7 1.0 2.0 2.0 20.0 2.0 1.0 30.0 7.0 81 12 81.0 6.0 0.7 2.0 0.3 2.7 2.0 3.7 1.7 153 16 51.0 4.0 0.3 4.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 5.3 8.7 211 17 70.3 0.3 0.7 4.7 14.0-4.0 18.0 12.0 3.7 7.7 3.3 3.0-0.3 0.3 -1.3 3.7 0.3 -4.3 1.0 1.7 8.0 3.3 0. 3 9.3 84 7 28.0 6 2 457 33 199 73 79 1 3 1 116 4 1 1 15 93 14 48 1 8 2 25 11 2 1 83 190 1469 27 0.3 0.1 23.0 1.7 10.0 4.2 4.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 5.8 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.8 4.7 0.7 2.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 1.3 0.6 0.1 0.1 4.2 9.5 73.8 2 2 Z 3 r M CI E Z n m In a Number of fish collected b Only Location I was sampl per 30 min of electroshocking.

NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEB Table 7.8.Number of fish collected by seining in the Neosho River U I I I I near Wolf Creek Generating February-December 1977.Station, Burlington, Kansas, Sampling Location Percent Species ia 1 0 b iib 4 b Total of Total Gizzard shad 37 4 --41 2.5 River carpsucker ---1 1 0.1 Carp ---1 1 0.1 Ghost shiner 195 71 3 143 412 25.3 Red shiner 130 276 21 554 981 60.3 Golden shiner 14 1 --15 0.9 Fathead minnow 4 --2 6 0.4 Bluntnose minnow 6 12 -13 31 1.9 Bullhead minnow -2 2 8 12 0.7 Slim minnow 4 6 0.4 Suckermouth minnow -I --1 0.1 Stoneroller -1 0.1 Channel catfish -5 8 -13 0.8 Stonecat -1 0.1 Neosho madtom -1 18 -19 1.2 Mosquitofish 37 49 3.0 White bass ---1 1 0.1 Largemouth bass 2 4 0.2 Spotted bass -1 0.1 Bluegill 2 ---2 0.1 Green sunfish I 1 --2 0.1 Longear sunfish ---1 1 0.1 Orangespotted sunfish 4 1 -3 8 0.5 White crappie 9 ---9 0.6 Slenderheaded darter 1 4 1 -6 0.4 Freshwater drum 2 ---2 0.1 Total no. fish 405 398 53 770 1626 Total no. species 12 18 6 13 26 Percent of total 24.9 24.5 3.3 47.4 I I I I I I a Location seined on b Location seined on eight sampling dates.six sampling dates.163 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.9.I I I!I I Number of fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977.Sampling Location Relative Species 7 3 5 Total Abundance Gizzard shad --88 88 14.1 River carpsucker --5 5 0.8 Smallmouth buffalo --4 4 0.6 Carp --8 8 1.3 Ghost shiner -5 8 13 2.1 Red shiner 65 135 21 221 35.5 Golden shiner 15 --15 2.4 Fathead minnow 28 6 -34 5.5 Bullhead minnow 2 0.3 Bluntnose minnow 1 0.2 Stoneroller 1 --1 0.2 Channel catfish --1 1 0.2 Black bullhead -26 1 27 4.3 Largemouth bass 1 0.2 Green sunfish 3 2 1 6 1.0 Longear sunfish 8 1.3 Orangespotted sunfish 104 15 67 186 29.9 Log perch -I -1 0.2 Total no. fish 216 202 205 623 Total no. species 6 11 11 19 Percent of total 34.7 32.4 32.9!I I I I I 164 -. m- -"m "" --- ---- -m --M~e [Md. Vi Table 7.10.Age and growth of selected game Generating Station, Burlington, species co+/-+/-ectea in the Neos[uo Kansas, February-December 1977.River near 0 Lý'Age Year Sampling Period Total No.Species Class Class February April May June July August October December of Fish White bass 1 1976 125 (1)a 148(2) 169(4) 230(4) 11 II 1975 165(3) 175(2) 212(4) 270(1) 278(1) 11 III 1974 242(2) 235(2) 4 V 1972 350(2) 2 VI 1971 423(1) 1 Largemouth bass VI 1971 380(1) 1 Spotted bass I 1976 175(1) 1 II 1975 190(2) 215(1) 234(1) 4 III 1974 223(2) 2 V 1972 365(1) 1 Bluegill III 1974 150(1) 1 Longear sunfish III 1974 120(1) 108(2) 3 IV 1973 116(1) 1 White crappie I 1976 100(1) 96(2) 141(5) 158(2) 157(10) 223(9) 29 II 1975 170(4) 156(16) 179(7) 190(2) 182(3) 32 III 1974 186(4) 177(l) 259(1) 202(2) 202(1) 9 IV 1973 325(2) 212(2) 230(2) 275(1) 145(1) 8 Freshwater drum I 1976 110(4) 132(3) 130(1) 202(3) 173(1) 12 II 1975 165(2) 141(6) 165(2) 197(10) 166(4) 196(2) 228(6) 249(3) 35 III 1974 222(4) 175(1) 209(4) 230(1) 226(1) 257(3) 232(2) 17 IV 1973 245(3) 185(3) 219(7) 220(1) 263(1) 280(4) 19 V 1972 233(5) 322(2) 289(4) 395(1) 250(1) 318(4) 17 VI 1971 290(4) 328(1) 270(l) 335(1) 7 VII 1970 300(3) 323(3) 274(1) 361(1) 8 Vill 1969 358(2) 397(1) 3 IX 1968 340(1) 410(1) 438(2) 402(1) 5 x 1967 460(l) 1 XVIll 1959 750(1) 1 a Number preceding parentheses is average total length in millimeters; number in parentheses is number of individuals aged.2 r 0 a In 2 0 2 m M-I 31 z 0 m U, M- M w= M- -M M- mo-Table 7.11. Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected fish collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1977.I-.Number of Stomachs Volume Species With Frequency of Percent of (Size Range-mm) Food Empty Major Food Items Occurrence ml Total Channel catfish 36 4 Algae 33.3 13.6 33.3 (121-425) Bryozoa 2.7 0.5 1.2 Zooplankton 19.4 0.1 0.2 Aquatic insects 50.0 0.6 1.5 Terrestrial insects 19.4 0.6 1.5 Crayfish 5.6 2.5 6.1 Fish 25.0 22.9 56.1 Flathead catfish 3 1 Crayfish 33.3 1.4 33.3 (260-340) Fish 100.0 2.8 66.7 White bass 17 2 Zooplankton 29.4 0.4 0.4 (135-423) Aquatic insects 17.6 0.4 0.4 Fish 64.7 99.4 99.2 Spotted bass 5 1 Crayfish 60.0 5.9 93.7 (175-234) Fish 60.0 0.4 6.3 Longear sunfish 2 2 Aquatic insects 100.0 <0.1 100.0 (116-120)White crappie 54 2 Zooplankton 40.7 3.6 13.6 (128-340) Aquatic insects 53.7 3.7 14.0 Fish 37.0 19.2 72.5 Freshwater drum 40 8 Aquatic insects 95.0 8.5 97.7 (170-420) Fish 5.0 0.2 2.3 z In z 0 z-4 r z n NI 2 m 4 = ---- 4M m -= --=me Table 7.12. Number,density,and taxa of fish larvae collected at Location 1 in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.DiUrnal Samrple Nocturnal Sample Volu e of Water Numbe r Denity Dtre Sý,p`ed (r3) of larvae (no../.10 .3)." Percent Taxa Collected of Total Volume of Water Sampled (n, 3)Number Density of Larvae (no./100 m3)Percent of Total Taxa Collected 4 April 18 April 2 M1ay lb May 117.7 60. 2 95.3 44.6 0 0 0 4.1 104.8 43.8 86.2 117.3 56.0 0 0 804 1.1 1608.6 Gizzard shad Freshwater drtm 95.1 4.9 Gizzard shad Gizzard shad White bass Lepomis tp.Pomonis qp.Freshwater drum 8 June 113.3 1.8 June 111.5 85 55 74.9 Gizzard shad 55.3 Cyprinidae (minnow) 1.2 Carp 2.4 Catostomldae 36.4 Freshwater drum 4.7 104.9 142.1 84 86 80.6 Gizzard shad Cyprinldae (minnow)Carp Catostomidae Freshwater drum Unidentified 61.2 Gizzard shad Cyprinldae (minnow)Catostomidae Freshwater drum 100.0 96.9 0.1 0.1 0.4 2.5 57.1 1.2 1.2 21.4 15.5 3.6 83.7 4.7 1.2 10.5 53.6 Gizzard shad Cyprinidae (minnow)Catostomldae White bass Freshwater drum Unldentified 76.4 7.3 3.6 1.8 9.1 1.8 2 In 2 4 0 M-4 r 2 In U,-.4 11 July 70.9 23 July 126.0 0 68.8 126.6 15 22.2 Channel catfish 100.0 6.4 Gizzard shad 28.6 Cyprinidae (minnow) 42.9 Freshwater drum 28.6 4 3.2 Gizzard shad Freshwater drum 25.0 75.0 a Mean of two replicates. b Not applicable. NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES3/4I I I I I I'I I I I I Chapter 8 VEGETATION MONITORING AND LAND USE DISTURBANCES By Edward W. Uhlemann, Joseph L. Suchecki, and A. Kent Evans 168 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES U S I. Introduction Construction phase vegetation monitoring in 1977 near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS), Burlington, Kansas, was conducted in five representative plant community types: 1. North floodplain woods (upper Wolf Creek), Community 1;2. Abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2;3. South floodplain woods, Community 8;4. Wet mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Community 9; and 5. Dry mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Community 10.Communities I and 2 have been monitored since 1974 and community 8 was added for permanent monitoring in 1976. Monitoring of these three communities provided comparative data from which changes in community vegetation can be detected.The two mudflat communities on John Redmond Reservoir were sampled in 1976 and 1977. Data obtained from these two communities can be utilized for predicting the vegetation types that are likely to inhabit the perimeter of the WCGS cooling lake.Field sampling for the 1977 vegetation monitoring program was conducted in April, June and September. The purpose of the monitoring program was to establish a reference framework for assessing environmental effects on vegetation attributable to site preparation, power plant construction, and subsequent station operation. Specific objectives of the program were to: 1. Evaluate vegetational changes since the 1973 baseline study;2. Provide additional bases of comparison for subsequent monitoring studies;3. Determine the relationships between intra-community phytosociological variances and intra-community environmental gradients;

4. Evaluate any relationships between phytosociological changes and con-struction activities; and 5. Predict possible phytosociological changes which may result from con-struction activity and station operation.

II. Field and Analytical Procedures Community composition, structure, productivity, and biomass were quantified in two floodplain woods and an abandoned railroad right-of-way. Detailed analyses were made of the phytosociology of the floodplain woods communities to determine the relationship between intra-community phytosociological variance and intra-community environmental variance. The composition of two mudflat areas on John Redmond Reservoir was also determined. Locations of the five communities sampled in 1977 are shown in Figure 8.1.The hypothesis that operation of the cooling lake will affect composition

• and production of adjacent plant communities prompted continued collection of 169 NALCO ENVIRONM1IENTAL SCIENCES supplemental baseline data. Dendrometer bands were installed on trees in the floodplain woods in 1976 to provide yearly increment data for monitoring aboreal productivity of the floodplain woods. The analyses of mudflat species composition will aid in predicting the composition of mudflats which may develop around the WCGS cooling lake. The ordinational gradient analyses of the two floodplain woods will delineate and examine the existing vegetational con-tinuum for future use in identifying shifts along the vegetation continuum caused by altered water regimes.* A. Field Procedures All vegetational strata within the five plant communities were 2 sampled by the quadrat method (Oosting 1956; Wiegert 1962). Six permanent 400-m circular plots were systematically distributed in each stand of floodplain woods to sample trees (stems greater than210 cm dbh) and saplings (stems 2.5-10.0 cm dbh). Fiye circular plots, each 10 m , were nested within the circumference of each 4 00-m-plot to sample the shrub stratum (Figure 8.2). Herbaceous vegetation and woody seed ings less than 30 cm tall were sampled with 1-mr plots centered within each 10-m- plot.The ground layer in the abandoned railroad 5ight-of-way, the wet mud-flat, and the dry mudflat were sampled using 25 0.1-mr circular plots distributed at 10-m intervals along one transect.

The abandoned railroad right-of-way was also sampled using the point-quadrat method; 200 point-quadrats were used to determine cover by species (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974).Permanent dendrometer bands (Bormann and Kozlowski 1962), installed on trees in March 1976 to monitor production, were marked in September 1976 and read in September 1977 to determine circumferential increase. These bands are read each September to provide an annual index of bole-wood and subsequent community production. On trees where dendrometer bands had been damaged or lost, increment cores were extracted and measured. Productivity in the abandoned railroad right-of-way was determined by the harvest method (Ovington et al. 1963).I B. Analytical Procedures Community composition and structure were quantified by community for each of the five sampling locations and individually for each of the six plots in the two floodplain woods. Productivity was calculated for the two floodplain woods and the abandoned railroad right-of-way. Absolute and relative values of frequency, density, and dominance were computed for species in the overstory, understory, and shrub strata. Importance values were determined as the sum of the relative values (Curtis and McIntosh 1951). Absolute and relative frequency and community ground layer coverage were calculated for ground layer vegetation in each community sampled. In addition, percent cover by species was calculated for the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974).Densities of trees and saplings were calculated for nine stem size classes. All data summaries were performed on a Data General NOVA computer using standard equations (Curtis and Cottam 1962). Tables were constructed from computer print-outs. Numerals in the bodies of tables are rounded values whereas the totals are U sums of unrounded values.170 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Community biomass and primary productivity were calculated using equa-tions of Whittaker et al. (1974), Kelly et al. (1974), and Whittaker and Marks (1975). The increment, diameter, and height of representative saplings and trees were used to estimate their above-ground biomass and annual productivity using allometric regressions derived from empirical data gathered in a mesic woods by Whittaker et al. (1974). The biomass and productivity values for each sapling and tree were multiplied by the density of their respective size classes and summed to obtain biomass and productivity estimates, in kilograms per hectare, for the stand.Plant voucher specimens were collected, dried, processed for permanent preservation, and deposited in the NALCO ES herbarium for future reference. Botanical nomenclature followed Gleason and Cronquist (1963). A phylogenetic list of species sampled during 1977 was compiled (Appendix F, Table F-1).The coefficient of community, Kulczynski's "degree of floristic resem-blance" (Kulczynski 1928), was used to quantify similarity between 1976 and 1977, and 1975 and 1977 community data. Because community change occurs most rapidly in the lower strata, only data from the ground layer and shrub stratum were used in computing coefficients. Values of absolute frequencies were used for ground layer comparisons, and importance values were used for shrub stratum data compari-sons.Through analysis of combined tree and sapling compositional and struc-tural data, a flood susceptibility continuum index, representative of the flooding gradient, was established for each of the six plots in the wooded communities. Flood susceptibility numbers for floodplain tree species, as established by Lindsey et al. (1961), were assigned to each tree species and the mean-sum of rela-tive density and dominance was mutiplied by each species' flood susceptibility number. These values were summed to yield the plot's flood susceptibility con-tinuum index. Flood susceptibility numbers range from I (flood-tolerant) to 10 (flood-intolerant) thus potentially yielding stand continuum indices from 100 (flood-tolerant stand) to 1000 (flood-intolerant stand). Vegetation data from each shrub stratum sampling plot were individually compared using importance values of all species in the stratum to determine Kulczynski's "degree of floris-tic resemblance" (Kulczynski 1928). Matrices of these values were prepared to simplify the identification of vegetation patterns within the community. A uni-dimensional community ordination, based upon the "degree of floristic resem-blance", was calcuated using a method of ordination adapted from Bray and Curtis (1957).III. Results and Discussion A. North Floodplain Woods (Community 1)1. Present Status The north floodplain woods is located on a terrace above Wolf Creek upstream from the WGGS cooling lake. The community is subject to periodic-flooding and, due to community topography, some portions of the woods are inun-dated more frequently than others. The elevational gradient of the woods is not 171 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES W visually discernible, although the community slopes gently to the south before dropping off steeply into the creek bed. In June and September., ground layer scouring and alluvial deposits indicated that the community had been inundated several times during the 1977 growing season.a. Composition Overstory composition of Community I was dominated by bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) (importance values of 74.2 and 71.9, respectively; Table 8.1. The occurrence of a few large bur oak (relative dominance of 42.6) and numerous small hackberry (relative density of 39.1%) accounted for their importance; both species occurred at 100% frequency. Bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis) and black walnut (Juglans nigra) also were relatively important in the overstory. Species of intermediate importance were Shumard's oak (Quercus shumardii) and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica); redbud (Cercis canadensis), Kentucky coffee-tree (Gymnocladus dioicaT, merican elm (Ulmus americana), red mulberry (Morus rubra), and osage orange (Maclura pomifera)were of lesser importance. With the exception of bur oak, black walnut, and Shumard's oak, reproduction of most major overstory species was indicated in the understory (Table 8.2). Hackberry was by far the most important (importance value of 164.3)of the nine species recorded and redbud was secondary (importance value of 42.5).Other species recorded in the understory, in order of decreasing importance, were green ash, bitternut hickory, American elm, red mulberry, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), osage orange, and gray dogwood (Cornus racemosa) (Table 8.2).The shrub stratum consisted of seven shrub species and seven tree species, of which coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) was dominant (impor-tance value of 164.1; Table 8.3). Missouri gooseberry (Ribes missouriense) was the only other shrub species that was a relatively important component of the shrub stratum. Hackberry was the dominant tree species (importance value of 63.7; Table 8.3). Other components included green ash, redbud, American elm, bur oak, and greenbrier (Smilax hispida).The ground layer was composed of 19 identifiable species in April, 21 in June, and 14 in September (Table 8.4). Seven species were present during all sampling periods. Dominant species in April were spreading chervil (Chaerophyllum procumbens), Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus), cleavers (Galium aparine), black snakeroot (Sanicula gregari~a, and wood nettle (Laportea canadensis). Spring ephemerals recorded only in April included spreading chervil, cleavers, phlox (Phlox sp.), common blue violet (Viola papilionacea), spring beauty (Claytonia virginica), and sweet cicely (Osmorhiza sp.). Ground layer dominants in June, in order of decreasing importance, were wood nettle, black snakeroot, Virginia wild rye, sedge (Carex laxiflora), and wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), and in September were wood nettle, black snakeroot, sedge TCarex S sp.)TVirginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), and Virginia wild rye.b. Structure STotal 2basal area of the tr es and saplings forming the canopy at Community 1 was 29.5 m /ha, of which 11.7 m /ha was produced by a relatively 172 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEG.small number of bur oak. Total density of the canopy was 1058.3 stems/ha, the bulk (74.8%) of which was concentrated in sapling size classes (Table 8.5). In both the understory and overstory, hackberry represented the majority of total densities. Ground cover by the shrub stratum in Community I was 27.5%and total density of stems per hectare was 12633 (Table 8.3). Coralberry was the.most important species in terms of community shrub density and cover; the average canopy height of this species was 6.0 dm.Ground layer cover in April, June, and September was 38, 42, and 34%, respectively (Table 8.4).c. Productivity and Biomass Primary productivity for the north floodplain woods was E estimated at 13825 kg/ha per yr and community biomass was 208,336 kg/ha (Table 8.5).2. Comparisons with Previous Studies The north floodplain woods has been sampled for three years. Such a short period is generally insufficient for definitive delineation of succes-sional trends in wooded communities, although some information can be obtained* by comparison of strata.a. Composition Composition of the north floodplain woods has changed little since the 1975 Vegetation survey. Canopy data from 1977 were similar to those reported in earlier studies. High similarity values were obtained when shrub stratum data comparisons between 1977/1976 and 1977/1975 were calculated (87 and 82%, respectively; Table 8.6). Cox (1972) found that the coefficient of community for replicate samples in a plant community seldom exceeds 85%. Ground layer data in 1977 were also similar to data reported in 1975 and 1976, with similarity values of 81 and 70% calculated for data comparisons between 1977/1976 and 1977/1975, respectively. The lower coefficient calculated for the 1977/1975 data comparison was largely due to the absence of spring ephemerals such as spreading chervil, cleavers and yellow violet (Viola eriocarpa) in 1975, that were common in April 1977.* b. Structure Structural data of the north floodplain woods were similar to those reported in previous years. No major changes in basal area and densities per size class of trees and saplings were evident. In the shrub stratum, ground cover and density of stems increased from the previous year. These increases prob-ably resulted from variation of interpretation of distinctness of individual shrubs within colonies or clones of a given species, and therefore represent samp-ling error rather than significant structural changes. Ground layer cover was within the range established in previous surveys.173 NALCO ENVIRONMIENTAL SCIENCES c. Productivity and Biomass Stand primary productivity was approximately 30% greater in 1977 than in 1976, which may have resulted from a more favorable growing season.A slight reduction of biomass in 1977 resulted from the loss, due to windthrow, of several trees from the upper size classes.B. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way (Community 2)1. Present Status The abandoned railroad right-of-way is representative of the bluestem-prairie vegetation of the Osage Plains region in Kansas. Weaver (1968)and Kuchler (1974) described prairies with species compositions similar to that of this community. The community is protected from grazing, a feature that is unusual for bluestem prairies in this region.a. Composition A total of 32 taxa was recorded in the abandoned railroad right-of-way in 1977 (Table 8.7). In April, immature grasses (Gramineae) were dominant and purple wood-sorrel (Oxalis violacea) was an important associate. Nothoscordum (Nothoscordum bivalve) was the only species recorded exclusively in April. Immature grasses also dominated in June. By September, the grasses were mature and identifiable to species. Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) was the predominant species and occurred in all but one sampling plot (96%frequency; Table 8.7). Other grasses identified at Community 2 were (in order of decending importance): Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans), big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), Scribner panicum (P.scribnerianum), Virginia wild rye, tall dropseed Sprobolus asper), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and prairie junegrass (Koeleria cristata).

b. Structure Community ground layer cover by litter and living plant mate-rial was nearly 100% in all seasons. In April, June, and September ground layer cover by living plant material was 20, 70, and 97%, respectively (Table 8.8).Mean canopy height in April, June, and September was 2.2, 5.0, and 6.2 dm, respec-tively (Table 8.8).c. Productivity Productivity of the abandoned railroad right-of-way, as deter-mined by peak standing crop, was 5409 kg/ha per yr. This is very close to the value reported by Koelling and Kucera (1965) for tall-grass prairies in south-western Missouri.2. Comparison with Previous Studies a. Composition The 1977/1976, 1977/1975, and 1977/1974 data comparisons yield-ed similarity indices of 71, 52, and 29%, respectively (Table 8.6). Compositional 174 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES' differences between 1977 and 1976 and between 1977 and 1975 generally involved the addition or deletion of species which occurred at low frequencies in any year. The large difference between the 1977 and 1974 data, as reflected by the low degree of floristic resemblance, was due in part to drought conditions in 1974 and in part to transect location.

Little bluestem, big bluestem, and Indian grass, all important species in 1977, did not mature in 1974 and, therefore, were not recorded. In 1974, species atypical of native prairie, such as weedy annuals, were recorded because transects were located near railroad ballast where disturbed conditions existed.I b. Structure The ground layer cover and average canopy height recorded for Community 2 in 1977 were within the ranges established in previous surveys.c. Productivity IThe standing crop was approximately 23% less than that re-corded in 1976 and was intermediate between the low productivity recorded in 1974 H and the high productivity in 1975.C. South Floodplain Woods (Community 8)* i. Present Status The south floodplain woods is located about 6 km downstream from the main cooling lake dam site on Wolf Creek. The topography in the area is ir-regular with frequent depressions, and the community slopes slightly southward toward the creek. Portions of the community are inundated periodically and the vegeta-tion sampling plots are located on both well-drained and poorly-drained micro-sites.* a. Composition The overstory was composed of 14 species of which American elm was dominant (importance value of 50.2; Table 8.9). American elm was the only tree that occurred in all sampling plots. Associated subdominants were silver maple (Acer saccharinum), hackberry, green ash, and pin oak (Quercus palustris). Silver maple and green ash were more common to the frequently inundated sites, whereas hackberry and pin oak occurred on the higher, better-drained sites. Shell-bark hickory (Carya laciniosa), Shumard's oak, sycamore (Plantanus occidentalis), and bur oak were of intermediate importance. Red mulberry, black walnut, honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), Kentucky coffee-tree, and redbud were minor con-stituents. Of the five dominant species in the overstory, only hackberry and American elm were well represented in the sapling size classes. Green ash and shellbark hickory were secondary constituents, and red mulberry, redbud, hawthorn (Crataegus sp.), Kentucky coffee-tree, and silver maple were of minor importance (Table 8.10).175 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES* Four shrub species and 10 tree species were recorded in the shrub stratum. Although tree species comprised the majority of the components, the stratum was codominated by the two shrub species, poison ivy and coralberry (importance values of 67.0 and 64.1, respectively; Table 8.11). Reproduction of the tree species American elm, hackberry, and green ash was well represented in the shrub stratum.The ground layer was composed of 21 identifiable species in April, 18 in June, and 14 in September (Table 8.12); nine species were common to all sampling periods. The occurrence of spreading chervil, cleavers, common blue violet, smooth yellow violet, phlox, onion (Allium sp.), and small-flowered butter-cup (Ranunculus abortivus) in April only, demonstrated seasonal variation. In June and September, Virginia wild rye, poison ivy, Virginia creeper, and wood nettle codominated the ground layer.b. Structure 9 asal area of the trees and saplings forming the canopy in Community 8 was 26 m /ha, and densities of 325 trees and 325 saplings per hectare were recorded (Table 8.13).In the shrub stratum, 17300 stems/ha, mostly poison ivy and coralberry, provided 38.6% cover (Table 8.11). Ground layer cover ranged from a high of 29% in June to a low of 24% in September (8.12).c. Productivity and Biomass Primary productivity and biomass in the south floodplain woods were estimated at 16016 kg/ha per yr and 170742 kg/ha, respectively, in 1977 (Table 8.12). The biomass estimate was similar to that of the north floodplainwoods.

2. Comparison with Previous Studies The south floodplain woods has been sampled for two years of construction-phase monitoring, a period insufficient for definitive determination of community trends.a. Composition

1. cThe composition of Community 8 changed little from 1976 to 1977. Species composition and importance in the canopy strata and shrub stra-tum were similar between 1.976 and 1977. The degree of floristic resemblance was 86% in the shrub stratum (Table 8.6). In the ground layer, a slight decline in species richness occurred from 1976 to 1977; however, the 1977/1976 degree of floristic resemblance was a relatively high 75% (Table 8.6).b. Structure Structural data from the south floodplain woods varied moder-ately from 1976 to 1977. Tree and sapling densities and basal area of the over-L story and understory dropped. Species that experienced the greatest decline in 176 NALCO ENVIRONMlENTAL SCIENCES densities were hackberry in the lower size classes, and American elm in the lower-to-intermediate size classes. The thinning of hackberry in the smaller size classes was previously noted in the north floodplain woods by Uhlemann and Talaber (1977). Mortality of elms in the lower-to-intermediate size classes probably resulted from Dutch elm disease.Increased shrub density and cover values may have been due to the shrub stratum response to the lower canopy coverage and/or sampling error resulting from varied personal interpretation of individual.

shrub distinctness within shrub clones or colonies. Ground layer cover was similar in both years I of monitoring.

c. Productivity and Biomass In 1977, arboreal productivity and biomass were reduced from 1976. These reductions were directly related to the decline in tree and sapling S denasities.

D. Mudflats on John Redmond Reservoir 1. Wet Mudflat (Community 9)Community 9 was inundated during the April and June sampling trips and, therefore, was not sampled until September 1977.a. Composition Composition of the wet mudflat community was similar to that of annually inundated, inland, freshwater flats and basins described by Shaw and I Fredine (1956). McGregor and Voile (1950) reported similar flora on the exposed lake bed of Lake Fagen, Woodson County, Kansas. Spurges (Euphorbia sp. and E.humistrata), flower of an hour (Hibiscus trionum), fall panic grass (Panicum-- dichotomiflorum), and cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium) were the most frequent com-ponents of Community 9 (Table 8.14)2.Other common components were smartweed (Polygonum lapthifolium), leptochloa (Leptochloa fasicularis), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), and rough sumpweed (Iva ciliata).b. Structure The canopy of the wet mudflat was very irregular, due to the clumping of individual species and the sporadic ground cover. Maximum canopy height was approximately 7.5 dm and estimated ground layer cover was 40%.2. Dry Mudflat (Community 10)Community 10 was inundated during the April and June sampling trips I and, therefore, was not sampled until September 1977.a. Composition The composition of Community 10 was similar to that of Community

9. Frequent species were spurges, fescue (Festuca paradoxa), cocklebur 177 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and fall panic grass. Rough sumpweed, leptochloa, barnyard grass, amaranth (Amaranthus arenicola), and galingale (Cyperus sp.) were also common (Table 8.15).I b. Structure The structure of Community 10 was similar to that of Community 9; average maximum canopy height was 7 dm and average ground layer cover was 56%(Table 8.15).I E. Gradient Analysis of Floodplain Woods Phytosociological patterns along an environmental gradient tend to repeat themselves with great fidelity under similar conditions of stand age, topography, and soil (Rochow 1972); i.e., vegetation variation is a manifestation of environmental variation.

Impoundments induce changes in established patterns of flooding, sedimentation and groundwater fluctuations (Bell and Johnson 1975).Because these changes affect the phytosociology of riparian vegetation (Bell 1974a,b), the correlation of a vegetation gradient to the abiotic gradient of flood frequency and intensity is ntecessary for detecting or predicting riparian vegetation alterations induced by the construction of an impoundment (Bell 1975a).Gradient analysis was applied to phytosociological data from the north floodplain woods and the south floodplain woods to describe the range of hydric levels and the variance of the vegetation's flood susceptibility prior to the construction of the WCGS cooling lake. The optimal utility of the application of gradient analysis techniques requires that a broad range of the environmental spectrum be represented within the community, and generally, the environmental moisture gradient within a vegetation community be determined objectively by the relative elevations of the sampling plots within that community (Rochow 1972).However, the relative elevations of the plots in the south floodplain woods, and especially in the north floodplain woods, varied so little, and the degree of drainage varied so much from plot to plot, that the use of elevation as the sole criterion for delimiting the flooding gradient was not feasible. Therefore, rather than establish an ordination of vegetation plots along a predetermined flooding gradient, the relative intensity of flooding was determined from known species behavior in response to flooding (Lindsey et al. 1961) and from phytosoci-ological ordination. Vegetation analysis of the two wooded communities showed an easily discernible gradient of wide amplitude in the south floodplain woods and a more subtle gradient of narrower amplitude in the north floodplain woods.I i. South Floodplain Woods Readily discernible physical characteristics of the vegetation sampling plots in the south floodplain woods were as follows: Plot IS) Well-drained, slightly sloping upland; plot center-* point elevation = 306.80 m.178 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Plot 2S) On slope of creek, 1/3 of plot in creek basin; plot center-point elevation = 305.33 m.Plot 3S) Entire plot in creek basin; plot center-point elevation = 304.21 m.Plot 4S) Level upland, sloping at plot edge; plot center-point elevation = 307.36 m.Plot 5S) 1/3 of plot on level floodplain, 2/3 on slope to upland;plot center-point elevation = 305.84 m.Plot 6S) On level floodplain, natural level at creek edge; plot center-point elevation = 305.53 m.Vegetation sampling plots in the south floodplain woods varied in elevation from 304.21 to 307.36 m. Analysis of combined tree and sapling data, weighted by flooding susceptibility numbers, yielded flooding susceptibility indices ranging from 490 to 715 (Table 8.16). The ranking of these values, rated from rather low to comparatively high (Lindsey et al. 1961), closely followed the plot order of increasing elevation, with minor inversions. Tree species patterns representing the flooding gradient were as follows: green ash, silver maple, and sycamore dominated and/or reached their greatest importance near the wet end between continuum indices 490 and 550; pin oak and American elm dominated mid-gradient positions between indices 643 and 667; and, hackberry, black walnut, shellbark hickory, and Shumard's oak reached prominence at the dry end between indices 698 and 715 (Table 8.16).Kulczynski's degree of floristic resemblance was calculated to compare shrub-stratum data from plot-to-plot (Figure 8.3). The mean average value was 36% similarity, and 80% of plot-to-plot comparisons yielded indices below 50% similarity (Figure 8.3). This indicated high phytosociological heterogeneity within the shrub stratum of the south floodplain woods. Unidimensional plot ordination, based on degree of floristic resemblance, resulted in a plot sequence nearly identical to that established independently from the flooding suscepti-bility continuum indices derived from canopy data. Shrub-stratum plot ordina-tion was 3, 2, 6, 4, 1, 5. Inversions in plot sequence from canopy to the shrub-stratum plot ordinations occurred only between plots of higher-than-average similarity. The phytosociological heterogeneity of the shrub stratum and the close correlation between the plot ordination based on the tree and sapling data and the ordination based on the shrub stratum data, demonstrate the sensitivity and adaptation of the shrub stratum to an environmental gradient.In the shrub stratum, poison ivy and green ash reached greatest im-portance and/or dominance at or near the wet end of the gradient between continuum indices 490 and 643. Coralberry was highly dominant at the dry end of the gra-dient at continuum indices 667 and 715. Other community shrub stratum dominants, including American elm and hackberry, were more homogeneously distributed through-out the community (Table 8.17).179 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES F Plot-to-plot comparisons of ground layer data yielded floristic degree of resemblance values higher than 50% similarity, indicating a higher degree of community stratum homogeneity in the ground layer than in the shrub stratum. The relatively high plot-to-plot similarities in the ground layer were due to the micro-topography of the floodplain; both well-drained and poorly-drained ground layer plots occurred within most 400-m sampling plots. As a re-sult Qf combining data from individual l-m 2 plots within each 400-m 2 plot, prior to data analysis, data representing distinct species associations, representative of the differing moisture conditions, were not maintained as distinct units when utilized in the comparative analyses. The plot ordination developed from ground-layer plot phytosociology did not bear as close a resem-blance to the ordination established from the flooding susceptibility continuum indices, as the plot ordination developed from shrub-stratum phytosociology. Due to the relatively high similarity of the data units utilized in the ordination procedure, the ground layer ordination was not considered to be an accurate index of the flooding gradient.2, North Floodplain Woods Vegetation sampling plots in the north floodplain woods ranged in elevation from 332.06 to 333.70 m; these elevations were approximately 30 m higher and represented approximately half the elevational gradient recorded in the Iouth floodplain woods. Readily discernible physical characteristics of the 4 00-m sampling plots in the north floodplain woods were as follows: Plot IN) Upland, nearly level; plot center-point elevation =333.70 m.Plot 2N) Upland with several poorly-drained depressions; plot center-point elevation = 333.06 m.Plot 3N) Upland with several poorly-drained depressions; plot center-point elevation = 333.27 m.Plot 4N) Lowland, gently slopping terrain, plot center-point elevation = 332.72 m.Plot 5N) Drained second bottom; plot center-point elevation =333.00 m.Plot 6N) Creek edge, well drained; plot center-point elevation = 332.66 m.Flooding susceptibility continuum indices ranged from 656 to 756, a small range that was commensurate with the narrow elevational gradient. Dis-tribution of most tree species of community importance was more random along the elevational gradient in the north floodplain woods than in the south flood-plain woods; however, the importance of green ash was limited to the plots of lower continuum indices and the importance of bitternut hickory and black walnut was limited to the plots of higher continuum indices (Table 8.18).180 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Plot-to-plot comparisons of the shrub stratum vegetation showed a high degree of homogeneity; mean average degree of floristic resemblance was 60.2% (Figure 8.3). Shrub stratum plot ordination did not correspond well with the ordination developed from the flooding continuum indices (overstory) and dis-tribution of important shrub stratum species was random within the ordination developed from the flooding continuum indices (Table 8.19). However, important shrub stratum species showed definite trends when ordinated according to plot shrub stratum data (Table 8.20).The same community characteristics which prohibited the utiliza-tion of ground layer from Community 8 to create a reliable plot ordination were also present in Community i; therefore, plot ordination also was not conducted using ground layer data from Community 1.3. Combined Ordination of the North and South Floodplain Woods To provide a broader data base, and therefore a more accurate insight into species behavior across a flooding gradient, shrub stratum plot data from the two wooded communities were combined for a 12-plot ordination. The or-dination developed from these data is provided in Table 8.21.Important species (those with mean plot importance values greater than 20) showed definite distributional trends across the gradient delimited by the plot ordination. Specifically, poison ivy and green ash were important at the lower end of the continuum, coralberry was important at the upper end of the continuum, and American elm and hackberry were important at intermediate points of the continuum (Table 8.21). Figure 8.4 is a graphic depiction of the behavior of these species across the flooding gradient.4. Conclusions Construction of the WCGS lake will modify flooding intensity and periodicity. This environmental change will produce changes in community.vegeta-tion.Gradient analysis of 1976 and 1977 tree and sapling data showed a distinct gradient of moderate ecological amplitude in the south floodplain woods and a more subtle gradient of lower amplitude in the north floodplain woods. The degree of correlation between the ordination established by the flooding suscepti-bility indices and the phytosociological ordination of shrub stratum plots of the floodplain woods was directly related to the amplitude of the ecological gradient represented by the sampling plots. Shrub-plot ordination of the south floodplain woods correlated closely with a well-established gradient, whereas the ordination of the north floodplain woods correlated less closely and showed greater stratum-to-stratum variation. This direct relationship between the degree of ordination correlation to an environmental gradient and the amplitude of the environmental gradient has been documented by Rochow (1972). Because the shrub stratum plot ordination follows the flood susceptibility continuum ordination, it may be assumed that the gradient depicted by the this ordination represents the flooding gradient. Analysis of the ground layers of both woods showed a degree of com-munity homogeneity too high for reliable ground layer plot ordination. 181 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES WIt is expected that when the WCGS cooling lake is filled, flooding intensity will decrease in the south floodplain woods and increase in the north floodplain woods. Should this occur, vegetation of the south floodplain woods will shift up the gradient and become more similar to the current vegetation of the north floodplain woods. The vegetation of the north floodplain woods will shift down the gradient and become more similar to the current vegetation 3 of the south floodplain woods.F. Anticipated Construction Impact on Plant Communities 3 The sensitivity of major vegetation communities to the environmental changes resulting from construction of Wolf Creek Generating Station was assessed and possible vegetation changes postulated.

1. North Floodplain Woods (Community 1)The north floodplain woods, because of its close association with Wolf Creek and its proximity to the WCGS cooling lake, will be affected by construction and operation to a greater degree than the other terrestrial communities sampled. Most woods in the vicinity are located within Wolf Creek's floodplain and are subjected to periodic flooding; however, the elevation of the north floodplain woods above the normal creek levels provides fairly well-drained conditions between inundations.

The phytosociology of the floodplain woods represents the temporal response of vegetation to hydrologic fluctuations. Gradient analyses of this woods have shown the vegetation to be less flood tolerant than that of the south floodplain woods.LP The monitoring plots in the north floodplain woods are located immediately above the northern perimeter of the WCGS cooling lake. Conversion of Wolf Creek to a cooling lake probably will increase the incidence, duration, and magnitude of flooding, and increase the local soil-moisture levels.. Higher soil moisture levels (raising the water table) can interfere with reproductive strategies or edaphic requirements of present plant species (Johnson and Bell 1975b), and make the site more favorable for colonization by other species. Due to the relatively low flood tolerance of the vegetation, it is expected that some changes in community composition, as well as physiological changes in remaining species, may occur. Ultimately, vegetation of the north floodplain woods will more closely resemble the existing vegetation of the south floodplain woods. In the canopy, low-tolerance species such as black walnut, bitternut hickory, Shumard's oak, and red bud will be gradually replaced by flood-tolerant species such as green ash, silver maple, and sycamore; in the shrub stratum, species such as coralberry and Missouri gooseberry will be replaced by poison ivy; and ground layer species such as woodnettle, giant ragweed (Ambrosia 3 trifida), and violet will increase.2. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way (Community 2)3 A moisture gradient will be created along the abandoned railroad right-of-way ranging from inundated conditions to current conditions beyond the.influence of the WCGS lake level. In segments of the abandoned railroad right-of-way near the lake edge, marsh vegetation may develop. Intermediate moisture levels may promote the increase of slough grass (Spartina pectinata) or perhaps 182 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES the encroachment by woody species. Areas that are periodically inundated may develop vegetation similar to the wet or dry mudflat communities of John Redmond Reservoir. I The abandoned railroad right-of-way sampling plots are elevated about 8 m above the proposed level of the cooling lake. Root systems of prairie species seldom exceed 8 m (Weaver 1968); however, capillary action could make additional soil moisture available. Mesophytic prairie species such as Indian grass, switch grass, and big bluestem could be locally favored by increased sub-surface soil moisture.3. South Floodplain Woods The south floodplain woods, which has evolved under the influence of periodic flooding, will be affected by the operation of the WCGS cooling lake.Vegetation analysis conducted in Community 8 revealed that the community vegeta-tion is relatively flood tolerant. It is expected that construction of the WCGS cooling lake will alter the hydric regime by reducing flooding frequency, intensity, and magnitude. This environmental change will (1) allow the invasion or increase in importance of less flood-tolerant species such as black walnut, bitternut hick-ory, and coralberry, and (2) cause a reduction in importance of flood-tolerant species such as green ash, silver maple, sycamore, and poison ivy. These changes ultimately will result in a plant community more closely resembling the current 3vegetation of the north floodplain woods.G. Land Use Disturbance A reconnaissance of the site was conducted in September 1977 to quali-tatively estimate the areal extent of land-use disturbance resulting from con-struction of Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS). Disturbance that has occurred since construction began was noted and mapped. Those areas of disturbance that were identified and their associated acreages are listed in Table 8.22. Figure 8.5 is number keyed to provide the location and approximate extent of those areas I disturbed.The largest areas of disturbance occurred at the station site and near the cooling lake dam (460 and 225 acres, respectively). Disturbed areas at the j station site included the immediate area of the power block, equipment and supply storage areas, buildings, roads, spoil areas, staging areas, and ancillary facilities. These areas were cleared of vegetation and considerable quantities of soil and substrate were moved. Large areas of spoil were present that were idle and essentially devoid of vegetation. Natural habitats disturbed near the station site included rangeland, cropland, and idle land. Little or no woodland 3 or riparian habitats were disturbed at the station site.Disturbed areas near the cooling lake dam were deforested and bulldozed. At the time the survey was completed, no construction had begun but crews were felling trees, clearing the land, and bulldozing the surface. Unlike the station site, some of the habitat disturbed near the dam was riparian woodland; the remaining areas were cropland and rangeland. Disturbance to the two areas 3resulted in a total loss of 685 acres of habitat (381 acres of range or pasture, 183 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 253 acres of cropland, and 51 acres of forest). In addition, another 107 acres of rangeland and cropland have been disturbed by gravel extraction, bridge con-struction, and road work.Six sand and gravel extraction sites ranging in size from 10 to 25 acres are scattered near the WCGS. Although some of these existed prior to* station construction, all were enlarged to provide fill for the station and associated transportation facilities. Two roads (4.5 and 5.0 miles in length)were upgraded near the Station, with considerable associated disturbance. Grading and disturbance associated with alignment of the railroad spur have been completed. Although road and railroad transportation corridors transect numerous habitat types in the station vicinity, no major habitat losses occurred because of the narrow nature of the corridors. The 792 acres disturbed through September 1977 represents 7.5% of the 10500 acres that the site encompasses, and 14.9% of the 5290 acres that will be disturbed by construction and lake filling.The majority of habitat disturbed through September 1977 was cropland and rangeland. Little destruction of important wooded habitat has taken place.Consequently, native plant communities have not been severely altered. Habitat alterations have also been limited to direct habitat manipulation and disturbance and no wide-ranging impacts were noted. More subtle and widespread effects will 3occur when the lake is created and filled.As mentioned in Chapter 9, no direct changes in wildlife species com-position or population levels were detected during the monitoring program that can be attributed to construction of WCGS. Data collected during community surveys or along the wildlife survey route showed no substantial changes* compared to previous years. Some population fluctuations or reductions were noted but these can be attributed to annual changes and natural population fluctuations. However, wildlife populations were undoubtedly affected by construction activities during 1977. Direct disturbance has destroyed or displaced those wild-life species inhabiting areas directly affected by construction and land clearing.Small mammals and herpetofauna were probably destroyed because of their limited mobility. Large animals and birds were displaced from these areas, but probably suffered little direct mortality. These larger species can easily avoid con-struction equipment and travel to undisturbed areas. Although little or no direct mortality occurred to these larger species, their habitats were destroyed thereby decreasing the carrying capacity of the local area. Eventually, wildlife populations in the area will decrease in proportion to the amount of habitat 3 disturbed. The majority of area disturbed near WCGS was range and cropland that does not provide good wildlife habitat. Data from baseline and monitoring studies indicated that both species diversity and population density in these habitats were fairly low. Greater wildlife loss is expected in woodland habitats that provide a variety of ecological niches important to wildlife such as feeding and nesting areas, cover, and protection from weather. To date only 51 acres of woodland habitat has been destroyed, yet this amount may be significant in relation to the limited wooded acreage available in the area.184 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Although populations affected cannot be determined exactly, population density estimates of some species were provided in the baseline report and can be used to estimate the number of displaced animals. From 10 to 30 deer were estimated to inhabit the site in 1974, and since 7.5% of the site has been disturbed it may be assumed that the area supports from 1 to 3 deer less than before construction activities. Similar calculations indicate that habitat for 61 rabbits, 10 squirrels, and 56 bobwhite has been destroyed. Since construction disturbance has involved habitat that does not support high densities of wildlife and has been of limited extent, no substantial population reductions have yet occurred. The greatest impact and wildlife reductions will occur when the cooling lake is filled and a large area of more-favorable habitat is inundated. Disturbance associated with construction of WCGS will cause both permanent and temporary losses of habitats. Habitats formerly occurring in these areas will remain in an unnatural state for the life of the station. Habitats that will be inundated by the cooling lake will be transformed from terrestrial to aquatic habitats and will provide additional habitats for water-associated species. Habitats temporarily disturbed included some of the gravel pits, borrow areas, graded roadsides, and spoil areas near the station site. These areas will eventually revegetate and become natural habitats available to wildlife species.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. The vegetation monitoring program detected no adverse effects on the representative plant communities monitored that were directly attributable to construction activities.

2. The north floodplain woods (Community

1) was dominated by bur oak, hackberry, and black walnut. Hackberry and other lowland species were reproducing

• well; oaks and black walnut were lacking in the smaller size classes.3. Composition and structural data in the north floodplain woods were similar between 1975 and 1976. Production estimates were approximately 30%higher in 1977 than in 1976. This may have been due to a more favorable growing season in 1977.3 4. Vegetation of the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community

2) was composed of native prairie grasses and forbs; tall grass species dominated in September.

The mean height of the canopy, in September, was 6.2 dm, and site production was similar to that of tall-grass prairies in adjacent Missouri.5. Composition and structure of vegetation in the abandoned railroad right-of-way in 1977 were similar to those of 1976 and 1975. Greater differences between 1977 and 1974 data were primarily due to differences in transect placement.

6. The south floodplain woods (Community

8) was dominated by American elm, silver maple, hackberry, and green ash. Hackberry and green ash were reproducing well in the lower strata. The composition of Community 8 varied little from that of 1976. A slight reduction in arboreal productivity and biomass was noted which probably resulted from minor reductions in tree and sapling density.185l NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3 7. The wet mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir (Community

9) was pre-dominantly vegetated by annual species common to frequently inundated areas.Smartweeds, panic grass, and prostrate spurge were dominant.

Ground cover was sparse.8. Species composition and structure of vegetation of the dry mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir (Community 10), were similar to those of Community 9.9. Gradient analysis delimited a well-defined vegetational continuum in the south floodplain woods and a very subtle continuum in the north floodplain woods. These continuums were related to the flooding gradient.10. Filling of the cooling lake is expected to promote the invasion and increased importance of flood-tolerant species in the north floodplain woods as a result of raising the water table; to result in a shift to more flood-intolerant species in the south floodplain woods due to reduced flooding below the dam; and in the abandoned railroad right-of-way is expected to cause a shift to marsh and wet-prairie species, and possibly floodplain woody species.I I'!I I I 186 I 3 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Bell, D. T. 1974a. Tree stratum composition and distribution in the streamside I forest. Am. Midl. Natur. 92:35-46._ 1974b. Studies on the ecology of the streamside forest: Compo-sition and distribution of vegetation beneath the canopy. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 101:14-20. _ 1975a. The streamside vegetation of the upper Sangamon River valley. Pages 151-164 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds. The upper Sangamon River basin: Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dep. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn. Univ. Illinois, 3 Urbana.1975b. Understory vegetation in the streamside forest. Pages 165-172 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds. The upper Sangamon River basin: Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program.Dep. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. Illinois, Urbana.___ .and F. L. Johnson. 1975. Groundwater level in the floodplain and uplands of the streamside forest ecosystem. Pages 81-88 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds. The upper Sangamon River basin; Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dept. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn. Univ. Illinois, Urbana.Borman, F. H., and T. T. Kozlowski. 1962. Measurements of tree growth with dial gauge dendrometers and vernier tree ring bands. Ecology 43:289-294. Bray, J. R., and J. T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communi-ties of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 32:137-166. Buchanan, W. J., Jr. 1976. Vegetation monitoring. Pages 4-33 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-068J4). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas & Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Cox, C. W. 1972. Laboratory manual of general ecology. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 195 pp.I Curtis, J. T., and G. Cottam. 1962. Plant ecology workbook. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis. 193 pp._ _ , and R. P. Mclntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32:476-493. Johnson, F. L., and D. T. Bell. 1975. Tree growth and natural mortality in the streamside forest. Pages 221-228 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds.The upper Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dep. Forestry and Ill.Agric. Exp.. Stn., Univ. Illinois, Urbana.187 NALCO ENVIRONMIENTAL SCIENCES Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of north-eastern United States and adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 810 pp.Kelly, J. M., G. M1. Van Dyke, and W. F. Harris. 1974. Comparison of three methods of assessing grassland productivity and biomass dynamics. Am.Midl. Nat. 92:357-369. Koelling, M. R., and C. L. Kucera. 1965. Productivity and turnover relation-ships in native tallgrass prairie. Iowa State J. Sci. 39:387-392. Kuchler, A. W. 1974. A new vegetation map of Kansas. Ecology 55:586-604. Kulczynski, S. 1928. Die pflanzen assoziationen der pienien. Bull. Int.Acad. Pol. Sci. Lett., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat., Ser. B. 1927 (Supp. 2):57-203. Lindsey, A. A., R. 0. Petty, D. K. Sterling, and W. Van Asdall. 1961. Vege-tation and environment along the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. Ecol.Monogr. 31:105-156. McGregor, R. L., and L. D. Volle. 1950. First year invasion of plants on the exposed bed of Lake Fegan, Woodson County, Kansas. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci.53:372-377. Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 547 pp.Oosting, 11. J. 1956. The study of plant communities. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 440 pp.Ovington, J. D., D. Heitkamp, and D. B. Lawrence. 1963. Plant biomass and productivity of prairie, savanna, oakwood and maize field ecosystems in central Minnesota. Ecology 44:52-63.Rochow, J. J. 1972. A vegetational description of a mid-Missouri forest using gradient analysis techniques. Am. Midl. Nat. 87:377-396. Shaw, S. P., and C. G. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States: their extent and their value to waterfowl and other wildlife. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circ. 39. 67 pp.Uhlemann, E. W., and C. J. Talaber. 1977. Vegetation monitoring. Pages 167-213 in Final reporL of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977 (5501-07688), Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas & Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Whittaker, R. H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol. Rev. 42:207-264., F. H. Bormann, G. E. Likens, and T. G. Siccama. 1974. The Hubbard Brook ecosystem study: forest biomass and production. Ecol. Monogr.44:233-252. II 188 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Whittaker, and P. L. Marks. 1975. Methods of assessing terrestrial produc-tivity. Pages 55-118 in Lieth and R. H. Whittaker, eds. Primary pro-ductivity of the biosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York.Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie plants and their environment. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebr. 276 pp.Wiegert, R. G. 1962. The selection of an optimum quadrat size for sampling the standing crop of grasses and forbs. Ecology 43:125-129. i I i I I p I I I P189 I " " 1.:"Cooling Lake SCALE IN MILES 0 102:" KANSAS-----------r_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _".:~LOH REDON " 7*DA ... RESERVOIR171_ ° '- c EE .:i ,A',D M~Figure 8. 1.Vegetation sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977. I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I I I I I I I I I I P, E T S Figure 8.2.Schematic representation of nested quadrat layout for sampling vegetation in a floodplain woods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.191 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES% SIMILARITY Plot No. IN 2N 3N 4N 5N 6N IS 25 35 4S 5S 6S IN 72 64 59 69 31 48 15 3 50 15 8 IN 2N 85 78 56 53 61 25 9 56 28 15 2N 3N 69 57 76 56 18 9 50 20 29 3N IS Is 4N 45 61 58 22 12 57 28 15 4N 2S 552S 5N 2840 711 46 612 5N i 75 17 3S 6N 47 19 9 32 21 18 6N 4S 20 49 61 4S IS 30 10 65 48 19 IS 55 37 51 70 62 5S .68 36 34 41 66 44 26 55 45 6S 6S 5 ~24 5 9 3S IN 37 70 82 35 70 77 IN 4S 23 30 AIS ZN 24 60 76 29 57 70 13 2N. 5S 40 S 3N 29 67 76 35 65 56 21 0 3N 65 65 4N 27 63 73 28 57 70 26 7 16 4N 5N 45 78 74 39 79 7316 2928 40 5N 6N 3 8 66 76 53 64 67 54 32 9 24 57 6N Plot No IS 2S 35 4S 5S 65 IN 2N 3N 4N 5N SN DI SSIMILARITYa aDissimilarity = 85%-% similarity I Figure 8.3. Plot-to-plot shrub stratum data comparisons expressed as percent similarity and dissimilarity. 192 -.4 ... -,4 ---- --*.-0263.6 A---. A Rhus rodicans) '- -o SymphoricorpoS orbiculatus o -------- C Ulmus americana x..... X Ceffis occidentalis

• • -* Fraxinus pennsylvonica

/0 N/A 18O A \, 0//0 X w Uj M 0 M-/a a I20 2 0 a'U 2 0 r M 2.4 z n 0 M./N.K H/90 N N 0 x a x 60 N%x A 0 5N 3N IN 3S 2S 6S 2N 4S 6N Is PLOT NUMBER important floodplain species across the flooding gradient.Figure 8.4.Behavior of five NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES II II I II iigure 8.5.Areas of construction-related land-use disturbances near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, as of September 1977. Numbered areas correspond to numbered values in Table 8.22.104 -- 0 -------M-- --- -- --M-M Table 8. 1.Phytosociological data summary Wolf Creek Generating Station, Species Quercus macrocarpa Celtis occidentalis Carya cordiformis Juglans nigra Quercus shumardii Fraxinus pennsylvanica Cercis canadensis Gymnocladus dioica Ulmus americana Morus rubra Maclura pomifera Frequency 100.0 100.0 66.7 66.7 16.7 33.3 33.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 Relative Frequency 20.7 20.7 13.8 13.8 3.4 6.9 6.9 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 of trees in Burlington, Trees /Hectare 29.2 104.2 37.5 33.3 8.3 20.8 12.5 8.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Kansas, June 1977.Relative Basal Area Relative Importance Density (m 2/hectare) Dominance Value 10.9 11.7 42.6 74.2 39.1 3.3 12.1 71.9 14.1 2.4 8.7 36.6 12.5 2.5 9.1 35.4 3.1 4.8 17.5 24.1 7.8 1.5 5.5 20.2 4.7 0.3 1.1 12.6 3.1 0.5 1.9 8.5 1.6 0.3 0.9 6.0 1.6 0.1 0.2 5.2 1.6 0.0 0.2 5.2 2 F M a 2 7 a 2 m 2 nI M M Totals 266.7 27.4 M- -- m --M M -M -- -M -M -M M Table 8.2.Species Celtis occidentali Cercis candensis Fraxinus pennsylva Carya cordiformis Ulmus americana Morus rubra Ulmus rubra Maclura pomifera Cornus racemosa Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the north floodplain near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Relative Saplings/ Relative Basal Area Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m 2/hectare)1s 00.0 20.7 537.5 67.9 1.6 83.3 17.2 112.5 14.2 0.2 nica 66.7 13.8 54.2 6.8 0.1 50.0 10.3 20.8 2.6 0.0 50.0 10.3 29.2 3.7 0.1 50.0 10.3 12.5 1.6 0.0 33.3 6.9 12.5 1.6 0.0 33.3 6.9 8.3 1.1 0.0 16.7 3.4 4.2 0.5 0.0 Importance Relative Dominance 75.7 11.1 3.0 3.7 2.4 1.3 2.4 0.2 0.1 Importance Value 164.3 42.5 23.6 16.7 16.5 13.2 10.9 8.2 4.1 z 2 3 2 r 2 n in M woods, Community 1, Totals 791.7 2.1 M -Ký M M M M --MO -M 4 M*Table 8.3. Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Relative Stems/ Relative % Ground Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density Cover Dominance Value-- --- -' rlA I Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Celtis occidentalis Ribes missouriense Fraxinus pennsylvanica Cercis canadensis Ulmus americana S Quercus macrocarpa Smilax hispida Maclura pomifera Cornus racemosa Ulmus rubra Sambucus canadensis Vitis sp.Rhus radicans Total 76. 35.4 983.J 77. -I4.U .JU..50.0 23. 3 20.0 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 23.1 10.8 9.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 967 767 333 67 167 133 100 33 33 100 33 33 33 7.6 6.1 2.6 0.5 1.3 1.1 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 9.0 0.8 0.8 1.6 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 27.5 33.0 2.9 3.1 5.7 1.3 0.0 0.2 1.4 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 63.7 19.8 15.0 9.3 5.7 4.2 4.1 3.2 2.6 2.6 1.9 1.9 1.8 2 r In NI n 0 m 2 2 N'NI 12633 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.4. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1977.I I I I I I I I U I I I I I April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Chaerophyllum procumbens 73.3 13.2 Elymus virginicus 63.3 11.4 53.3 12.6 33.3 10.2 Calium aparine 63.3 11.4 Sanicula gregaria 60.0 10.8 56.7 13.4 43.3 .13.3 Laportea canadensis 56.7 10.2 63.3 15.0 66.7 20.4 Compositae 33.3 6.0 Carex sp. 30.0 5.4 43.3 13.3 Viola eriocarpa 23.3 4.2 20.0 4.7 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 23.3 4.2 3.3 0.7 Par thenocissus quinquefolia 20.0 3.6 30.0 7.0 36.7 11.2 Phlox sp. 20.0 3.6 Polygonum virginianum 20.0 3.6 10.0 2.4 13.3 4.1 Viola papilionacea 13.3 2.4 Chenopodium album 6.6 1.2 Ribes missouriense 6.6 1.2 3.3 0.7 3.3 1.0 Menispermum canadense 6.6 1.2 6.6 1.6 Geum canadense 6.6 1.2 3.3 1.0 Celtis occidentalis 6.6 1.2 6.6 1.6 Claytonia virginica 3.3 0.6 Allium sp. 3.3 0.6 3.3 0.7 Rhus radicans 3.3 0.6 13.3 3.1 6.6 2.0 Osmorhiza sp. 3.3 0.6 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.3 0.6 Ulmus sp. 3.3 0'.6 Urtica dioica 3.3 0.6 6.6 1.6 Carex laxiflora 43.3 10.2 Verbesina alternifolia 36.7 8.6 30.0 9.1 Viola sp. 26.7 6.3 Festuca obtusa 10.0 2.4 Quercus sp. 6.6 1.6 Cryptotaenia canadensis 3.3 0.7 Pilea pumila 3.3 0.7 10.0 3.1 Ruellia strepens 3.3 0.7 3.3 1.0 Parietaria pennsylvanica 3.3 0.7 Chenopodium hybridum 3.3 0.7 Polygonum sp. 3.3 0.7 Eupatorium rugosum 3.3 0.7 Gramineae 13.3 4.1 Quereus shumardii 6.6 2.0 Carya sp. 3.3 1.0 Smilax hispida 3.3 1.0 Ulmus rubra 3.3 1.0 Acer saccharinum 3.3 1.0 Average Community Ground Layer Cover 38% 42% 34%198 --- ----- -"- ---M -4 Table 8.5.Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Diameter Classes dbh (cm)Sapling Class Tree Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub- 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6- 40.1- 47.6- > Sub Species 6.2 10.0 Total 17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 47.5 55.0 55.1 Total Totals Density (stems/ha) Celtis occidentalis 304.2 233.3 537.5 83.3 8.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 104.2 641.7 Cercis canadensis 83.3 29.2 112.5 8.3 4.2 12.5 125.0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 45.8 8.3 54.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 20.8 75.0 Carya cordiformis 8.3 12.5 20.8 12.5 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 37.5 58.3 Ulmus americana 29.2 29.2 4.2 4.2 33.3 Juglans nigra 0.0 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 8.3 33.3 33.3 Quercus macrocarpa 0.0 4.2 4.2 20.8 29.2 29.2 Morus rubra 8.3 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 16.7 Maclura pomifera 8.3 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 Ulmus rubra 4.2 8.3 12.5 0.0 12.5 Gymnocladus dioica 0.0 4.2 4.2 8.3 8.3 Quercus shumardil 0.0 8.3 8.3 8.3 Cornus racemosa 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 Totals 495.8 295.8 791.7 133.3 33.3 29.2 20.8 8.3 8.3 33.3 266.7 1058.3 Biomass (kg/ha) 2098 5074 6973 6390 12393 17026 10001 14445 133935 208336 Productivity (kg/ha/yr) 725 1113 1884 583 1191 1098 538 652 6041 13825 2 r 2 0 2 m M-I r-M2 C, z n C, m I 9 I I I I I I I I I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Year-to-year data comparisons expressed as percent three plant communities. Table 8.6.similarity for Community/Stratum North floodplain woods Shrub stratum: Ground layer: Years Compared Similarity (%)Abandoned railroad right-of-way Ground layer: South floodplain woods Shrub stratum: Ground layer: 1977/1976 1977/1975 1977/1976 1977/1975 1977/1976 1977/1975 1977/1974 1977/1976 1977/1976 87 81 81 70 71 52 29 86 75 200 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I I I I Table 8.7.Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1977.April- June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Gramineae Oxalis violacea Carex sp.Nothoscordum bivalve Poa pratensis Compositae Galium aparine Achillea millefolium Fragaria virginiana Prunus serotina Viola pedatifida Panicum scribnerianum Oxalis sp.Tradescantia ohiensis Euphorbia corollata Bromus inermis Koeleria cristata Solidago graminifolia Prunus sp.Apocynum sp.Acalypha gracilens Scutellaria parvula Andropogon scoparius Sorghastrum nutans Andropogon gerardi Panicum virgatum Aster ericoides Solidago canadensis Sporobolus asper Asclepias syriaca Solanum carolinense 96.0 52.0 16.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 45.3 24.5 7.5 5.7 3.8 3.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 96.0 20.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 72.0 36.0 24.0 12.0 12.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 25.8 5.4 5.4 4.3 4.3 1.1 9.6 6.4 1.1 1.1 19.4 9.6 6.4 3.2 3.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.0 4.0 4.0 36.0 12.0 8.0 4.0 8.0 4.0 8.0 96.0 60.0 44.0 40.0 8.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 10.0 3.3 2.2 1.1 2.2 1.1 2.2 26.7 16.7 12.2 11.2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 I I I I I I Average Community Ground Layer Cover 21%93%96%201.I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I I I I Table 8.8.Percent cover of species in the ground layer, community ground layer cover, and mean canopy height in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1977.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species % Cover Dominance % Cover Dominance % Cover Dominance Gramineae 18.0 90.0 58.5 83.6 Oxalis violacea 1.5 7.5 Compositae 0.5 2.5 3.0 4.3 Poa pratensis 3.5 5.0 Carex sp. 2.0 2.9 Elymus virginicus 1.0 1.4 1.5 1.5 Euphorbia corollata 0.5 0.7 Circium sp. 0.5 0.7 Achillae millefolium 0.5 0.7 Andropogon scoparius 58.5 60.3 Andropogon gerardi 12.0 12.4 Panicum virgatum 9.5 9.8 Sorghastrum nutans 8.5 8.8 Panicum scribnerianum 4.5 4.6 Sporobolus asper 0.5 0.5 Solidago graminifolia 0.5 0.5 Oxalis sp. 0.5 0.5 Solanum carolinense 0.5 0.5 Asclepias syriaca 0.5 0.5 Community Ground Layer Cover 20% 70% 97%Mean Canopy Height 2.2 dm 5.0 dm 6.2 dm I I I I I I 202 I M --"-- M -M- " M- M Table 8.9. Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Relative Trees/ Relative Basal Area Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m 2/hectare) Dominance Value Ulmus americana 100.0 18.2 75.0 23.1 2.2 8.9 50.2 Acer saccharinum 33.3 6.1 41.7 12.8 4.9 19.4 38.3 Celtis occidentalis 83.3 15.2 41.7 12.8 1.4 5.5 33.5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 66.7 12.1 37.5 11.5 2.3 9.0 32.8 Quercu palustris 33.3 6.1 29.2 8.9 3.9 15.4 30.5 Carya laciniosa 66.7 12.1 29.2 8.9 0.9 3.6 24.7 Quercus shumardii 33.3 6.1 29.2 8.9 1.8 7.2 22.2 Platanus occidentalis 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 4.0 16.1 20.4 Quercus macrocarpa 33.3 6.1 16.7 5.1 1.4 5.7 16.9 Morus rubra 1.6.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.7 2.7 7.0 Juglans nigra 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.6 2.3 6.6 Gleditsia triacanthos 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.5 2.0 6.2 Gymnocladus dioica 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.5 1.8 6.1 Cercis canadensis 16.7 3.0 4.2 1.3 0.0 0.1 4.5 Totals 325.0 25.1 r n 0 m 2 2 2 rI M In 03 M-- ------M -- MN- -M --Table 8.10.Species Celtis occidentali Ulmus americana Fraxinus pennsylva Carya laciniosa Morus rubra o Cercis canadensis Crataegus sp.Gymnocladus dioic Acer saccharinum Totals Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the south floodplain near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Relative Saplings/ Relative Basal Area Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m 2/hectare)1s 00.0 26.1 137.5 42.3 0.3 100.0 26.1 100.0 30.8 0.3 nica 33.3 8.7 33.3 10.3 0.0 33.3 8.7 16.7 5.1 0.1 33.3 8.7 12.5 3.8 0.0 33.3 8.7 8.3 2.6 0.0 16.7 4.3 4.2 1.3 0.0 a 16.7 4.3 8.3 2.6 0.0 16.7 4.3 4.2 1.3 0.0 woods, Community 8, Relative Dominance 39.0 37 .3 7.3 6.4 4.2 2.2 2.5 0.7 0.3 Importance Value 107.4 94.1 26.3 20.2 16.7 13.5 8.1 7.6 6.0 2 r n a m 2 0 z E M m F ii 2 n m M 325.0 0.9 --O- M M ---M -MM- ---M ---Me Table 8.11.Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.0o (J Relative Stems/ Relative % Ground Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density Cover Dominance Value Rhus radicans 50.0 16.0 5033 29.1 8.4 22.0 67.0 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 23.3 7.4 7567 43.7 5.0 12.9 64.1 Ulmus americana 30.0 9.5 700 4.0 8.1 21.0 34.6 Celtis occidentalis 43.3 13.8 800 4.6 5.7 14.8 33.2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 33.3 10.6 933 5.4 3.5 9.0 25.0 Euonymus atropurpureus 33.3 10.6 967 5.6 2.5 6.5 22.8 Smilax hispida 33.3 10.6 367 2.1 0.5 1.2 14.0 Carya laciniosa 20.0 6.3 233 1.3 1.2 3.1 10.8 Morus rubra 13.3 4.3 133 0.7 1.4 3.6 8.5 Gymnocladus dioica 6.6 2.1 167 0.9 1.6 4.2 7.3 Quercus macrocarpa 10.0 3.2 100 0.6 0.1 0.4 4.1 Quercus shumardii 6.6 2.1 133 0.7 0.4 1.2 4.0 Ulmus rubra 3.3 1.1 67 0.4 0.0 0.1 1.6 Lonicera sp. 3.3 1.1 67 0.4 0.0 0.0 1.5 Gleditsia triacanthos 3.3 1.1 33 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.3 Total 17300 38.6 z 0 m 0 z m z-I I-a, NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.12. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1977.I I I I N April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Galium aparine 90.0 19.9 Chaerophyllum procumbens 60.0 13.2 Elmus virinicus 40.0 8.8 30.0 8.8 16.7 7.0 Rhus radicans 33.3 7.3 26.7 7.8 23.3 9.8 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 26.7 5.9 50.0 14.7 33.1 14.1 Laportea canadensis 26.7 5.9 36.7 10.8 26.7 11.3 Carex sp. 20.0 4.4 26.7 11.3 Geum canadense 20.0 4.4 23.3 6.8 30.0 12.7 Ellisia nyctelea 1.6.7 3.7 3.3 0.9 Allium sp. 13.3 2.9 Smilax hispida 13.3 2.9 13.3 3.9 3.3 1.4 Viola papilionacea 13.3 2.9 Menispermum canadense 10.0 2.2 6.6 2.0 3.3 1.4 Sanicula gregaria 10.0 2.2 13.3 3.9 6.6 2.8 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 10.0 2.2 13.3 3.9 Celtis occidentalis 6.6 1.5 6.6 2.0 6.6 2.8 Phlox sp. 6.6 1.5 Ranunculus abortivus 6.6 1.5 Viola eriocarpa 6.6 1.5 Polygonum virginianum 6.6 1.5 Cruciferac 3.3 0.7 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.3 0.7 Urtica dioica 3.3 0.7 Eupatorium rugosum 3.3 0.7 Ambrosia trifida 3.3 0.7 3.3 0.9 Carex laxiflora 23.3 6.8 Viola sp. 23.3 6.8 10.0 4.2 Festuca obtusa 13.3 3.9 Acer saccharinum 10.0 2.9 Gramineae 10.0 2.9 3.3 1.4 Compositae 10.0 2.9 6.6 2.8 Polygonum punctatum 10.0 2.9 Parietaria pennsylvanica 6.6 2.0 Ruellia strepen!s 3.3 0.9 16.7 7.0 Quercus sp. 3.3 0.9 3.3 1.4 Si cvos antil nrta 1.0.0 4.2 Euphorbia heterophylla 6.6 2.8 Ulmus americana 3.3 1.4 Average Community Ground Layer Cover 28% 29% 24%206 m " "e " " " -. -----" -.u " Table 8.13. Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Diameter Classes dbh (cm)Sapling Class Tree Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub- 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6- 40.1- 47.6- > Sub Species 6.2 10.0 Total 17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 47.5 55.0 55.1 Total Totals Density (stems/ha) Celtis occidentalis Ulmus americana Fraxinus pennsylvanica Carya laciniosa Acer saccharinum Q Quercus shumardii C Quercus palustris Morus rubra Quercus macrocarpa Cercis canadensis Gymnocladus dioica Crataesgus sp.Platanus occidentalis Gleditsia triacanthos.Juglans nigra Totals Biomass (kg/ha)Productivity (kg/ha/yr) 83.3 45.8 20.8 8.3 4.2 54.2 54.2 12.5 8.3 137.5 100.0 33.3 16.7 4.2 0.0 0.0 25.0 50.0 4.2 16.7 4.2 8.3 12.5 20.8 8.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 8.3 8.3 4.2 16.7 4.2 12.5 16.7 8.3 4.2 12.5 0.0 8.3 8,3 8.3 8.3 4.2 4.2 0.0 0.0 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 41.7 179.2 75.0 175.0 4.2 37.5 70.8 29.2 45.8 4.2 41.7 45.8 29.2 29.2 4.2 4.2 29.2 29.2 4.2 16.7 16.7 16.7 4.2 12.5 4.2 12.5 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 12.5 8.3 325.0 650.0 52 27075 170742 65 1145 16016 2 r M a 2 3 2 r 2-I r M 4.2 4.2 4.2 0.0 325.0 187.5 521 269 137.5 2355 1268 104.2 66.7 41.7 3698 10048 15437 1285 746 1273 62.5 55600 6941 4.2 29.2 34655 2024 213 10 I I I I I I 1 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.14. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a wet mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, September 1977.Relative Species Frequency Frequency Euphorbia sp. 48.0 16.9 Euphorbia humistrata 40.0 14.1 Hibiscus trionum 28.0 9.8 Panicum dichotomiflorum 28.0 9.8 Xanthium strumarium 24.0 8.4 Polygonum lapathifolium 16.0 5.6 Lepthochloa fasicularis 12.0 4.2 Echinochloa crusgalli 12.0 4.2 Iva ciliata 12.0 4.2 Polygonum persicaria 12.0 4.2 Gramineae 8.0 2.8 Leptochloa filiformis 8.0 2.8 Mollugo verticillata 8.0 2.8 Festuca paradoxa 8.0 2.8 Amaranthus arenicola 4.0 1.4 Cyperus esculentus 4.0 1.4 Portulaca oleracea 4.0 1.4 Convolvulus sepium 4.0 1.4 Sida spinosa 4.0 1.4 Average Community Ground Layer Cover 40%I I I I I I 208 I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.15.Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a dry mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, September 1977.i I I U I!Relative Species Frequency Frequency Euphorbia sp. 56.0 15.7 Festuca paradoxa 44.0 12.4 Euphorbia humistrata 40.0 11.2 Xanthium strumarium 32.0 8.9 Panicum dichotomiflorum 32.0 8.9 Iva ciliata 28.0 7.8 Leptochloa filiformis 24.0 6.7 Echinochloa crusgalli 20.0 5.6 Amaranthus arenicola 16.0 4.5 Cyperus sp. 16.0 4.5 Convolvulus sepium 16.0 4.5 Solanum carolinense 8.0 2.2 Polygonum persicaria 8.0 2.2 Euphorbia glyptosperma 4.0 1.1 Mollugo verticillata 4.0 1.1 Polygonum lapathifolium 4.0 1.1 Hibiscus trionum 4.0 1.1 Average Community Ground Layer Cover 56%I I I I I N 209 I M no= M M M M --M -- -- -- 0 M Table 8.16.Ordination, based on flood susceptibility continuum index, of plots in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Plot Number 3 6 2 4 5 1 Plot Elevation (m) 304.21 305.53 305.33 307.36 305.84 306.80 Flood Suscepibility Continuum Index (Calculated from Tree and Sapling Data) 490 550 643 667 698 715 Flood Susceptibility Species Number (Relative Dominance & Relative Density)Fraxinus pennsylvanica 4 86.6 21.7 16.5 5.9 5.2 Acer saccharinumi 5 49.4 89.6 Plantanus occidentalis 5 17.4 Quercus palustris 6 60.8 34.2 Gleditsia triacanthos 6 12.5 Ulmus americana 6 59.5 20.3 42.0 71.1 68.0 17.2 Quercus macrocarpa 7 7.8 29.5 Celtis occidentalis 7 4.1 43.0 24.9 51.4 27.1 55.8 Morus rubra 7 5.9 37.5 5.3 Gymnocladus dioica 7 40.2 Carya laciniosa 8 13.4 18.4 25.4 18.3 Cercis canadensis 8 6.8 8.1 3.0 Juglans nigra 8 33.3 Quercus shumardii 9 14.2 44.6 Crataegus sp. 9 3.0 z r (3 a M z 0 z z r in z in 03 --- -- --- m m --- --- -O-Table 8.17.Distribution of shrub-stratum species along the flood susceptibility continuum in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Plot Number 3 6 2 4 5 1 Plot Elevation (m) 304.21 305.53 305.33 307.36 305.84 306.80 Flood Suscepibility Continuum Index (Calculated from Tree and Sapling Data) 490 550 643 667 698 715 Species Importance Values Rhus radicans 172.3 64.4 185.9 28.7 12.7 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 82.7 67.3 11.4 10.3 6.3 Gieditsia triacanthos 10.0 Ulmus americana 30.9 101.7 10.2 23.5 71.1 Smilax hispida_ 14.0 31.2 10.2 8.6 25.3 12.0 Gymnocladus dioica 24.8 Celtis occidentalis 25.3 45.3 19.5 63.9 67.3 Quercus macrocarpa 8.7 4.3 21.7 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 119.3 101.7 Euo-iypmus atropurpureus 18.0 15.8 92.7 48.2 Carya laciniosa 10.2 13.8 25.3 18.1 Quercus shumardii 13.2 Morus rubra 18.2 18.1 Ulmus rubra 8.1 Lonicera sp. 7.2 2 r n 0 0 2 2 r M a N'z a NI to Table 8.18. Ordination, based on flood susceptibility continuum index, of plots in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Plot Number 2 6 4 1 3 5 Plot Elevation (m) 333.06 332.66 332.72 333.70 333.27 333.00 Flood Susceptibility Continuum Index (Calculated from Tree and Sapling Data) 656 713 715 723 743 756 Flood Susceptibiligy Species Number (Relative Dominance & Relative Density)Fraxinus pennsylvanica 4 44.3 4.1 20.3 7.3 Ulmus americana 6 2.0 6.7 15.2 Maclura pomifern 6 3.1 2.0 2.7 Gymnocladus dioica 7 9.5 Celtis occidentalis 7 69.4 87.2 64.7 78.0 102.6 87.7 Quercus macrocarpa 7 39.1 64.0 44.7 41.3 34.9 17.0 Morus rubra 7 2.3 5.8 2.7 Ulmus rubra 8 4.7 3.1 Juglans nigra 8 13.8 46.0 3.6 16.3 Cercis canadensis 8 25.8 21.2 5.1 14.9 18.3 Cornus racemosa 8 2.0 Carya cordiformis 9 11.0 4.9 7.9 35.1 52.6 Quercus shumardii 9 51.3 2 r n 0 2 0 2 2 r M n 2 0 M ID N, N, Table 8.19. Distribution of shrub stratum species along the flood susceptibility continuum in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Plot Number 2 6 4 1 3 5 Plot Elevation (m) 333.06 332.66 332.72 333.70 333.27 333.00 Flood Susceptibility Continuum Index (Calculated from Tree and Sapling Data) 655 713 715 723 743 756 Species Importance Values Rhus radicans 8.3 Vitis sp. 27.9 Quercus macrocarpa 9.5 8.4 Cornus racemosa 36.5 Celtis occidentalis 77.7 141.5 103.6 27.3 61.3 Sambucus canadensis 12.9 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 16.0 27.9 14.1 26.8 19.4 Ribes missouriense 12.2 28.2 44.7 12.0 Cercis canadensis 13.0 30.2 Ulmus rubra 10.6 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 151.4 66.3 120.4 199.5 153.3 263.6 Smilax hispida 9.3 17.0 Maclura pomifera 16.5 2 r n 0 m 2 0 2 2 rI M 2 n'U M (-m ... 8.2..--.. --- -O---r -4n -..- -Table 8.20. Distribution of shrub stratum species within the plot ordination developed from shrub stratum data from the north floodplain Station, Burlington, Kansas 1977.woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Plot Number 6 4 3 2 1 5 Plot Elevation (m) 332.66 332.72 333.27 333.06 333.70 333.00 Flood Susceptibility Continuum Index (Calculated from Tree and Sapling Data) 713 715 743 655 723 756 Species Importance Values Rhus radicans 8.3 Vitis sp. 27.9 guercus macrocarpa 9.5 8.4 Cornus racemosa 36.5 Celtis occidentalis 141.5 103.6 61.3 77.7 27.3 Sambucus canadensis 12.9 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 27.9 14.1 26.8 16.0 19.4 Ribes missouriense 28.2 12.0 12.2 44.7 Cercis canadensis 30.2 13.0 Ulmus rubra 10.6 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 66.3 120.4 153.3 151.4 199.5 263.6 Smilax hispida 9.3 17.0 Maclura pomifera 16.5 z r C, a 3m 2 z r 53 z m M to Table 8.21. Distribution of shrub stratum species within the 12-plot ordination developed from shrub stratum data from the north and south floodplain woods, Communities 1 and 8, respectively, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Plot Number 3S 2S 6S 5S 2N 4S 6N iS 4N 5N 3N IN Mean Species Importance Value Importance Value Rhus radicans 172.3 185.9 64.4 8.3 28.7 12.7 39.4 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 82.7 11.4 67.3 16.0 10.3 27.9 6.3 14.1 19.4 26.8 23.5 Smilax hispida 14.0 10.2 31.2 25.3 8.6 12.0 17.0 9.3 10.6 Ulmus americans 30.9 10.2 101.7 71.1 11.9 23.5 20.7 22.5 Euonymus atropurpureus 18.0 92.7 15.8 48.2 14.6 Carya laciniosa 10.2 25.3 13.8 18.1 -5.6 Quercus macrocarpa 8.7 21.7 9.5 4.3 8.4 4.4 Celtis occidentalis 45.3 25.3 63.9 77.7 19.5 141.5 67.3 103.6 61.3 27.3 52.7 Gleditsia triacanthos 10.0 0.8 Gymnocladus dioica 24.8 2.1 Quercus shumardii 13.2 1.1 Vitis sp. 27.9 2.3 Cornus racemosa 36.5 3.0 Morus rubra 18.2 18.1 3.0 Ulmus rubra 8.1 10.6 1.5 Sambucus canadensis 12.9 1.1 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 151.4 119.3 66.3 101.7 120.4 263.6 153.3 199.5 98.0 Cercis canadensis 13.0 30.2 3.6 Ribes missouriense 12.2 28.2 12.0 44.7 8.1 Lonicera sp. 7.2 0.6 Maclura pomifera 16.5 1.4 2 r n a m 2 2 2-0 r-2 n.In M I I!I I 1 I I I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.22.Estimated acreage of construction-related land-use disturbances at the Wolf Creek Generating Station, September 1977.Map Designation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Activity Station site Dam construction Gravel extraction Gravel extraction Gravel extraction Gravel extraction Gravel extraction Gravel extraction Bridge construction Road expansion Road expansion Railroad spur construction Acreage Disturbed 460 225 25 10 15 20 12 10 15 216 I NALCO ENVIRONW!IINTAL SCIENCES I I I I I I I 9 I I I I I I I CHAPTER 9 WILDLIFE MONITORING By Judith M. Haynes and Joseph L. Suchecki 217 NALCO ENVIRONMIENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Construction phase monitoring of terrestrial wildlife occurred near Wolf I Creek Generating Station (WCGS) on 2-4 May, 20-24 June, 26-30 September, and 9-11 November 1977, and 16-18 January 1978. Avifauna, medium and large-sized mammals, and herpetofauna were censused along a 20-mile wildlife survey route and within two communities (north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way; Figure 9.1). Small mammals also were censused in these two communities. Studies of small mammals on two mudflats at John Redmond Reservoir were not con-tinued in 1977. The mudflats were sampled in 1976 in response to a Nuclear Regu-latory Commission (NRC) recommendation to study the effects of fluctuating water levels on fauna.The 1977 monitoring program was designed to determine:

1. Species composition and abundance of game and non-game wildlife;2. Naturally occurring variations in species composition and abundance; and 3. Faunal changes that may have resulted from construction activities associated with WCGS.II. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Study Areas 3Wildlife populations were censused in two communities and along a 20-mile wildlife survey route during the 1977 monitoring study near WCGS (Figure 9.1).The north floodplain woods (Community

1) was initially sampled during the 1973 baseline study and during all monitoring studies subsequent to November 1974. This wooded community was located along Wolf Creek and had not been recently disturbed by logging.The abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community

2) was selected for study in May 1974 and has been sampled during all subsequent monitoring studies. The community is typical of abandoned railroad rights-of-way in that there are rela-tively low areas parallel to the former track bed that are scattered with debris, beyond which lies a generally flat sod of prairie grasses. The tenant of an adjacent farm pastured cattle up to the perimeter of this community and during 1976 removed a fence row along one edge, thus reducing the extent of neighboring I undisturbed habitat.B. Mamma I s Mammal surveys conducted in 1977 included trapping studies at two com-munities, observations along the 20-mile wildlife survey route, pitfall trapping, and incidental observations noted during other field activities.

1 1. Small Mammal Trapping A grid of 50 Sherman live traps (8 x 9 x 23 cm) was established IL in the abandoned railroad right-of-way and north floodplain woods communities 218 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (Figure 9.1) to determine small mammal species composition and abundance during the June and September sampling periods. One trap was placed at each station, with stations spaced at 10 m intervals along lines 10 m apart (abandoned railroad right-of-way: two rows 12 traps each, two rows 13 traps each; north floodplain woods: five rows, 10 traps each). Traps were set and baited with a mixture of peanut butter and rolled oats for four consecutive nights and checked daily.Captured animals were toe-clipped for identification and their sex, weight, and reproductive condition were recorded. In communities where sufficient data were available, the modified Peterson index (Seber 1973) was used to calculate popula-tion estimates, and density estimates were determined by dividing the population estimates by the trapping grid's area of influence. This area equals the area of the trapping grid plus the area inside a line around the perimeter of the grid"n" meters from the grid boundary (where "n" equals the radius of a species mean home range).2. Eastern Cottontail Census 3 Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) were censused by standard roadside counts along the 20-mile survey route during June and September 1977. Each cottontail observed was recorded and abundance indices were calculated. I 3. Supplemental Data In addition to the described surveys, records were kept of all observations of mammals and/or their signs that were noted during all field activi-ties. These observations provided information on the species composition and rela-tive abundance of large mammals near the site.4. Nomenclature Identification and/or nomenclature followed Murie (1954), Burt and Grossenheider (1964), and Jones et al. (1975).3 C. Avifauna Avian surveys were conducted seasonally to ensure that both summer and winter resident populations, as well as those using the area during migration, were identified. Species lists and estimates of relative densities of game and nongame species that occur near WCGS were derived from the censuses. Seasons, for the purpose of this study, were defined as follows: spring -March, April, and May; summer -June, July, and August; fall -September, October, and November;and winter -December, January, and February.3 1. Transect Counts Species composition and relative population estimates of birds in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way (Figure 9.1) were derived from transect counts (Kendeigh 1944); three censuses were conducted in each community during each survey period. Both sight observations and auditory censuses were used for species identification. The species, numbers observed, and duration of each count were recorded. Raw data were converted to number of birds per hour to provide a basis for direct comparisons. Relative frequencies were calculated for each species.219 I NALCO ENVIRONMVENTAL SCIENCES The bird species diversity index (BSD), a derivation of the informa-tion theory (Shannon and Weaver 1949) and a measure of biotic diversity (MacArthur 1965), was calculated for avian species recorded within each community. The* equation: BSD = I/N (N loge N -E n. loge n.)i=l (Lloyd et al. 1968), where N = total population, n.= number of species observa-1 tions, and s = total number of species in the aggregation, was used to calculate I diversity.

2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route 20-mile wildlife survey route, established along roads near the site area (Figure 9.1), was driven twice during each survey period. All species of wildlife were recorded with observations listed by mile segment along the route.I Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were censused on two successive days in May and June during the early morning hours. The number of Bobwhite heard calling during 2-minute periods at stops located at one-mile intervals along the route was recorded (Preno and Labisky 1971).3. Supplemental Data IIn addition to the described surveys, records were kept of all observations of birds during all field activities; a separate species list was kept for birds observed near John Redmond Reservoir.

4. Nomenclature 3 Nomenclature followed the American Ornithologists' Union (1957, 1973, 1976). Avian identification was aided by reference to Peterson (1947) and Robbins et al. (1966).D. Reptiles and Amphibians 1 SReptiles and amphibians were qualitatively surveyed in May, June, and September by pitfall trapping, community inventories, a night driving survey, and searches in special habitats.

These censuses provided information on the species composition, relative abundance, and distribution of reptiles and amphib-ians observed during the study. A species list of all reptiles and amphibians observed, indicating their habitat preference, was compiled.3 1. Community Studies Pitfall traps consisting of two, one-gallon containers and a 3 m drift fence of hardware cloth were established in each community. Pitfall traps were checked for three consecutive nights and all captures recorded. Reptiles and amphibians were also surveyed through intensive community searches. An eco-logist walked through each community turning over debris and examining appropriate habitat, and recorded all reptiles and amphibians observed.220 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route The 20-mile wildlife survey route was driven once during the late evening or early night hours in May, June, and September to document reptile and amphibian activity. All herptiles observed or heard were recorded.3. Supplemental Data Additional herptile observations were obtained by searching aquatic habitats near the site. All species observed near John Redmond Reservoir were also recorded.4. Nomenclature Nomenclature and identification followed Conant (1975).E. Rare and Endangered Species All species lists were checked against the official list of threatened and endangered species (U.S. Dep. Interior 1977).III. Results and Discussion A. Mammals 1. Small Lammals Two species of small mammals were captured in 1977 from two grids during a 788 trapnight (TN) effort; one species was captured in the north flood-plain woods and two species in the abandoned railroad right-of-way. Trap success was higher in the north floodplain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way.a. Community and Seasonal Analyses North Floodplain Woods: The white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) was the only species captured in this community during the 1977 sampling period (Table 9.1). The density estimate for this species decreased from June (25.0/ha) to September (17.0/ha). The number of small mammal captures was greater in this community than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, despite flooded conditions in the north floodplain woods during June that resulted in the loss of three trap stations. The white-footed mouse captures in the north floodplain woods represented 84.8% of all individuals captured during the 1977 census.Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way

The number of small mammal captures was lowest and species richness was highest in the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Table 9.1). The deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) and white-footed mouse were captured during June and September 1977. The deer mouse and white-footed mouse represented 86 and 14%, respectively, of the individuals cap-tured in the community.

The density estimate for the deer mouse decreased between June (2.9/ha) and September (0.7/ha). Similarly, the density estimate for the white-footed mouse was 0.9/ha in June and there were no captures in September. 221 NALCO ENVIRONME!NTAL SCIENCES The hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) and prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster), the most abundant species captured in this community in June 1976, were not repre-sented in 1977.b. Comparisons With Previous Studies Data collected during the 1973 baseline study were not directly comparable to those collected during subsequent monitoring studies due to sampling differences and community relocation. Similarly, there were addi-tional changes made during the 1974 monitoring study regarding locations and sampling schedules that made comparisons between portions of the 1974 and sub-sequent monitoring studies invalid. However, comparisons between more recent studies were feasible.Data collected on white-footed mice in the north floodplain woods showed trends similar to those observed in the 1976 and 1975 studies. Sea-sonal white-footed mouse densities in 1977 were higher in June than in September and were similar to those reported in 1976 (Table 9.2). The densities of white-footed mice in June (25.0/ha) and September (17.0/ha) 1977 were lower than density estimates in June (34.0/ha) and September (26.0/ha) 1976, but higher than figures in June and September 1975, 23.0 and 7.0/ha, respectively (Table 9.2).A comparison of the number of captures in each community showed that fewer species and individuals were captured during 1977 than in 1976 (Table 9.2). Three species, the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), prairie vole, and cotton rat, were captured in 1976 but were not recorded in 1977.Prior to 1976, the short-tailed shrew was captured only in June 1974 in the abandoned railroad right-of-way. In 1977, for the first time, the cotton rat was not captured during an entire year of study (Table 9.2). This demonstrated the continued cyclical pattern of population data for the hispid cotton rat since June 1974. However, these fluctuations apparently were not the result of a reduction of food and cover as previously suggested by Becker and Suchecki (1977) because vegetative cover and density were higher in the abandoned railroad right-of-way in 1977 than in previous study years. The following items may partially explain the lower density of small mammal species captured in 1977: (1) populations may have been reduced due to a higher rate of mortality as a result of severe winter conditions in 1976; (2) increased cover and food avail-ability in 1977 may have resulted in decreased attraction of these species to the baited traps; (3) weather conditions, particularly continued rainfall, at the time of trapping may have affected capture success; and (4) the data may reflect a normal low in a natural population cycle. There were no evident dis-turbances to small mammal populations attributable to construction of the WCGS and associated facilities.

2. Eastern Cottontail Census The average number of eastern cottontails recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route in June 1977 was 0.28/mile, with values of 0.15 and 0.40/mile for each of the two survey days (Table 9.3). Numbers recorded during similar periods in 1973, 1974, 1975 and 1976 were 0.35, 0.20, 0.05 and 0.40/mile, respectively.

There were no cottontail observations recorded in September along 222 NALCO ENVIRONIMiENTAL SCIENCES the route. This decline in the 1977 rabbit census reflects the yearly fluctu-ations typical of cottontail populations. Counts of eastern cottontails by rural mail carriers in Coffey County for July 1973-77 were lower (0.04, 0.04, 0.03, 0.03 and 0.03/mile, respectively) but indicated a fairly stable year-to-year population (J. Norman, Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission, Pratt, Kansas, personal communication).

3. Incidental Observations

a. North Floodplain Woods Four species of larger mammals were recorded in the north floodplain woods (Table 9.3). The eastern cottontail was observed during May and the fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) was observed during May, June and September.

Sight and track observations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were recorded during all sampling months except May. Tracks of a bobcat (Felis rufus)were noted during June; this was the first evidence of a bobcat utilizing one of the communities studied near WCGS.b. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way The eastern cottontail was observed on numerous occasions during every month except November (Table 9.3). Coyote (Canis latrans) tracks were noted in January 1978 and the first white-tailed deer observations in this community were noted in September 1977.c. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route and John Redmond Reservoir The fox squirrel, observed less frequently along the route than in 1976, was recorded only in November. A female coyote and five pups were noted along the route in June, and coyotes were also sighted in November. Three coyotes were observed foraging on the ice at John Redmond Reservoir during the January sampling trip.4. Rare and Endangered Species No rare or endangered species of mammals were observed during this study.B. Avifauna A total of 97 avian species was observed in both community surveys and along the 20-mile wildlife survey route during the 1977-78 monitoring study near WCGS. This included 20 migrant, 40 summer, 28 permanent, and 9 winter resident species (Table 9.4). The majority of observations was made along the 20-mile survey route; however, several species were recorded only within a particular community. A total of 74 avian species was recorded at John Redmond Reservoir during the 1977-78 monitoring program (Table 9.5).Johnston (1965) has documented much of the information relating to the distribution of birds in Kansas, and has reported that 383 species, of which 184 223 NALCO ENVIRONM-ENTAL SCIENCES are known to breed in the state, have been recorded. A list of 183 avian species has been compiled for the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge (U.S. Dep.Interior 1970) which is located several miles west of the WCGS site; 135 avian species have been reported at WCGS during the monitoring program since 1974.Bird species and numbers utilizing habitat in the Flint Hills Refuge between July 1975 and June 1976, and October 1976 and September 1977 have been documented by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Appendix G).Wetland habitat on the refuge attracts approximately 63 aquatic or semi-aquatic avian species; these habitat types are not presently found near WCGS which accounts for the lower number of recorded species.Such habitat will be available when the cooling lake is filled and will result in its utilization by new species.1. Community Surveys Community surveys were conducted in the north floodplain woods (Community

1) and along the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community 2).a. Transects North Floodplain Woods (Community 1): Thirty-three avian species were observed in the north floodplain woods during the 1977-78 monitoring study (Table 9.6). The Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus), Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor), and Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) were common permanent resident species. The most abundant breeding species recorded in June were the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), Black-capped Chickadee, and Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus).

Many wood-land species such as the Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulae), and warblers including the Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea) were only observed in this community during the 1977 study. The greatest numbers of species and observations were noted during the breeding season in June (18 species, 90.0/hr), and the lowest number of observations was recorded in May (48.0/hr). Pronounced spring and fall abundance peaks were noticeably absent during the 1977 study year, suggesting that the sampling periods did not coincide with peak spring and fall migration periods.Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way (Community 2): Thirty-eight avian species were recorded in the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Table 9.7).The Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), and Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos) were common resident species. Abundant breeding species observed during the June sampling trip included the Dickcissel (Spiza americana), Brownheaded Cowbird (Molothrus ater), and Eastern Meadowlark. The large numbers of Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea), Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis), and Meadowlarks accounted for the high number of birds recorded in January (141.0/hr). The fewest number of birds was recorded in November (56.5/br)and the breeding population was relatively low (76.3/hr) compared to June 1976 (122.0/hr) (Table 9.8).224 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES* b. Bird Species Diversity Bird species diversity (BSD) reflects the total number of species in an area and the relative distribution of species within an aggrega-tion. Seasonal BSD values usually peak in the fall and spring because of the influx of migrants through the area, and are usually lower in summer and winter.Values are also higher in more complex vegetative assocations. Bird species diversity was calculated for each community and sampling period. BSD values ranged from 1.65 at the abandoned railroad right-of-way during the September census to 2.57 at the north floodplain woods in May (Table 9.8). The floodplain woods BSD was high in spring and generally 3 decreased through fall and winter, following the expected seasonal pattern.The abandoned railroad right-of-way showed a different trend in BSD values. Seasonal BSD values in this community were highest in June (2.22) and lowest in September (1.65) (Table 9.8). The expected fall peak occurred in November rather than September, possibly due to the presence of winter fringillids. Lower values in September may also have been a result of an abun-dance of Mourning Doves; a predominance of one species in a community lowers species diversity. BSD values were generally higher in the north floodplain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way. This was expected because more-complex physiognomic communities have greater BSD values (Karr 1968), and grasslands are known for low BSD values (Shugart and James 1973). The wooded floodplain community had a greater structural and vegetational diversity than the grassland dominated abandoned railroad right-of-way, and caluculated BSD values followed this vegetation-complexity gradient. Discrepancies in expected seasonal trends of BSD values may have been caused by sampling during times that did not correspond to peak migratory periods.3 c. Comparison with Previous Studies Data collected prior to November 1974 in a floodplain woods community represented a different location and direct comparisons were not valid;however, direct comparisons were possible for the north floodplain woods studies after November 1974 and for all data collected at the abandoned railroad right-of-way.I In both communities there was a general decrease in the number of species and individuals recorded during 1977 compared to 1976 (Table 9.8). An exception was an increase in the fall and winter species abundance recorded in the abandoned railroad right-of-way during 1977-78. Lower avian populations during the fall and winter months of 1976 were probably caused by an abnormally cold winter (Becker and Suchecki 1977). On a monthly basis, avian species richness was greater in the north floodplain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way; however, the number of species recorded in 1977-78 was higher in the railroad right-of-way community. This unusual result was possibly due to the low number of species recorded during May in the north floodplain woods. An early spring sampling period may account for the absence of migrants such as the American Robin (Turdus migratorius), Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum), and various warblers normally observed in this community during May.225 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route a. Seasonal Analysis A total of 87 avian species was observed along the 20-mile route during the 1977 study (Table 9.4). The number of individuals observed declined from May to September and greatly increased in November and January (Table 9.9).Species observed along the route reflected the diversity of habitats and seasonal differences in avifauna composition. A total of 50 avian species (931 individuals) was recorded in May 1977 along the survey route (Table 9.9). Abundant species included large flocks of Red-winged Blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), and smaller groups of House Sparrows (Passer domesticus), Mourning Doves, and a variety of migrant species. A Common Snipe (Capella gallinago) was observed for the first time along the survey route in May 1977.In June, there was an increase in the number of species (53)and a decrease in the number of individuals (788) observed during the spring census along the survey route (Table 9.9). The House Sparrow was the most abundant and widespread species observed during June, along with other primarily summer and permanent residents such as the Dickcissel, Eastern Meadowlark, Red-winged Black-bird and Mourning Dove. New species recorded along the route in June included a flock of Franklin's Gulls (Larus pipixcan) observed along Mile 4.Thirty-four avian species were recorded during September 1977 (Table 9.9). The number of individuals observed during September (388) was lower than at any other time during the study, and was the lowest value recorded during any monitoring or baseline study (Table 9.9). Mourning Doves, House Sparrows, and Eastern Meadowlarks were commonly observed along the wildlife survey route.The American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) was abundant, and Brewer's Blackbirds (Euphagus cyanocephalus) and Dowitchers (Limnodromus spp.) were new species re-corded along the survey route in September. In November, there was an increase in species richness (52)and numbers of individuals recorded (2905) from the September census (Table 9.9).An abundance of migrant species, including large flocks of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), Pintails (Anas acuta), Green-winged Teal (Anas crecca), and White-fronted Geese (Anser albifrons), accounted for the high number of individuals observed along the route in November.The number of waterfowl species recorded during November 1977 increased over previous years. Other new species observed along the route in November included the Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter striatus), Belted Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon), Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus), and Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus). Fewer raptor species were recorded during the 1977 fall migration, but the Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), Marsh Hawk (Circus cyaneus), Sharp-shinned Hawk, and Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) were observed along the route. Large flocks of Red-winged Blackbirds as well as House Sparrows and Meadowlarks were commonly observed along the survey route during November.226 NALCO ENVIRONM.ENTAL SCIENCES The number of avian species (35) and individuals (1712) de-clined in January from the fall census peak (Table 9.9). Tree Sparrows, Dark-eyed Juncos, and Harris' Sparrows (Zonotrichia querula) were commonly observed along the route. A large flock of Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) and large, mixed flocks of Brown-headed Cowbirds and Red-winged Blackbirds were also noted along the route during the winter census.b. Comparison With Previous Studies Eighty-seven avian species were recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route in 1977, as compared to 83 species in 1976, 81 species in 1975, and 64 species in both 1974 and 1973. Although the total number of species recorded was higher than in previous years, the monthly totals were lower with the exception of November and January (Table 9.9). The number of species and individuals recorded in January 1976 was not directly comparable to other year's data due to a partial census as a result of heavy snowfall in January 1977.The number of individuals observed in 1977 was generally lower than in previous years, with the exception of November.The number of avian species observed along the survey route during 1977-78 ranged from 34 in September to 53 in June (Table 9.9). Large flocks of Mallards and Red-winged Blackbirds in November 1977 were primarily re-sponsible for the larger number of individuals recorded in 1977 (2905), and the presence of several migrant species at this time contributed to a high number of species (52). The numbers of indivduals recorded during June (788) and September (388) 1977 were considerably lower than those reported in previous years (Table 9.9), and may have been a result of adverse weather conditions during each sampling trip. In general, avian abundance along the survey route followed seasonal patterns of higher levels during spring and fall migration periods and lower levels through the rest of the year.3. Game Species a. Bobwhite Bobwhite were observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route and in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community. These areas were represen-tative of the mixture of wooded, edge, and open field habitats that are favored by Bobwhite (Edminster 1954).The average number of call counts recorded in June 1977 (15/20 mi) along the 20-mile survey route was lower than those reported in pre-vious monitoring studies (28/20 mi in 1976, 18/20 mi in 1975, and 39/20 mi in 1974), and in the baseline study (57/20 mi in 1973) (Table 9.10). This decline represents a decrease of approximately 46% in the Bobwhite population between 1976 and 1977. There were fewer Bobwhite recorded along the survey route, and in the abandoned railroad right-of-way one individual was recorded in June 1977.In May, June, September, and November 1976, numerous observations were made along the survey route and in the abandoned railroad right-of-way. Yearly trends in call count data near WCGS can be compared to rural mail carrier counts tabulated by the Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Com-mission for Coffey County during 1972-77. The July 1972-77 rural mail carrier 227 NALCO ENVIRONIMIENTAL SCIENCES r counts for Coffey County indicated a gradual decline in the Bobwhite population between 1972 and 1975, an increase in 1976, and a decrease in 1977 (J. Norman, Kansas Forestry, Fish and Game Commission, Pratt, Kansas, personal communication). The number of Bobwhite recorded in Coffey County in April and July 1977 was lower than in corresponding months in 1976, and the number of quail broods observed in the Southeast Region in 1977 declined by approximately 50% from 1976. Bobwhite population indices derived from call counts near WCGS and from rural mail carrier counts in Coffey County indicated a similar trend.The call count and rural mail carrier count surveys were not designed to determine causes for increases or decreases in game populations. Fluc-tuations in Bobwhite populations are generally in response to various factors (e.g. hunting pressure, weather, habitat quality, parasites, and disease).Severe winter conditions or loss of habitat in 1977 and resulting mortality may have been the cause of the decline in Bobwhite populations near WCGS during 1977.b. Mourning Doves IMourning Dove counts along the 20-mile survey route averaged 64.0/20 mi in June 1977 (Table 9.10). This value was lower than in 1976 (80.0/20 mi), but well above the results from earlier monitoring studies (37.5/20 mi in 1975 and 29.5/20 mi in 1974). The decline in abundance during 1977 may have been due to natural variability, severe winter weather in 1977, and/or sampling bias.4. Rare and Endangered Species One Bald Eagle was observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route in November 1977 and six were observed near the Neosho River in February 1978. Johnston (1965) believed that the northern subspecies (Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus) winters in Kansas. Until recently, only the southern subspecies (H. i. leucocephalus) was considered to be endangered (U.S. Dep.Interior 1977). However, on 16 March 1978, both subspecies were listed as endangered throughout the 48 conterminous United States, with the exception of Washington, Oregon, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan where it has been listed as threatened (U.S. Dep. Interior 1978).Construction and filling of WCGS cooling lake will create habitat similar to that at John Redmond Reservoir which is currently utilized by wintering eagles. After filling of the cooling lake, eagle use of the site should increase. No other endangered or threatened avian species were observed.I C. Reptiles and Amphibians Twelve species of herpetofauna were recorded during the 1977 monitoring study (Table 9.11). Three species, red-sided garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis), bull snake (Pituophis melanoleucus y), and Blanchard's cricket frog (Acris crepitans blanchardi), not recorded during previous monitoring and baseline studies were collected in the study area during 1977. Despite increased effort to locate and identify herpetofauna in the site area, many herptile species that probably inhabit the area were not observed due to there secretive nature and the variable weather conditions encountered during survey periods.228 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL BCIENCES.Weather conditions were particularly unfavorable during the June and September census periods due to heavy rainfall. Drift fences and pitfall traps were not placed in the two mudflat areas (wet and dry) near the John Redmond Reservoir because they were inundated; however, searches were made for amphibians and reptiles that inhabit these areas.S1. Community Distribution Community searches and pitfall trapping for herptiles were conduct-ed in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way communities during 1977. Two species were observed in the north floodplain woods, one species in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, and seven species at John Redmond Reservoir and along the 20-mile route (Table 9.12).I a. North Floodplain Woods Two herptile species were observed in this community, the red-sided garter snake and the American toad (Bufo americanus) (Table 9.12). This was the first record of the red-sided garter snake near WCGS. Although extensive searches were conducted, no other reptile or amphibians were recorded.I b. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way The ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) was the only herp-tile species observed in this community during 1977. Observations were recorded in May, June, and September (Table 9.12).c. John Redmond Reservoir Seven species of herpetofauna including two toad, two frog, two turtle, and one snake species were observed during 1977 near John Redmond Reservoir (Table 9.12). The large amount of aquatic habitat accounted for the larger numbers of species recorded. The bull snake was identified for the first* time during monitoring studies near John Redmond Reservoir.

d. 20-mile Wildlife Survey Route Two toad, two frog, two turtle and one snake species were recorded during the Hay and June driving surveys. Herpetofauna observed were generally recorded in their preferred habitat. There were no herptile observa-tions recorded in September 1977.2. Rare and Endangered Species I No herptile species listed as rare or endangered by the U.S.Department of Interior were observed near WCGS site. The crawfish frog (Rana areolata), observed in September 1976, was not recorded during the 1977 study.I This species is considered threatened in Kansas (Platt et al. 1973).229 NALCO SCIENCES D. Relationships Between Wildlife and the Environment

1. Mammals Mammalian distribution near WCGS was generally governed by vegeta-tion cover and food availability, which in turn were governed by topography, soils, precipitation and land-use practices.

Generalist species such as the eastern cottontail and coyote were widely distributed near the site, whereas others, such as the fox squirrel and bobcat, were restricted in their distribution. Small mammal captures in grassland habitats have shown cyclical patterns between 1974 and 1977. The number of species and individuals declined between 1974 and 1975, increased during 1976, and declined again during 1977 (Table 9.2). Possible factors causing these fluctuations include: (1) land use changes affecting the sampling community, (2) drought conditions in the summer of 1974, (3) return of more favorable conditions in 1976, (4) weather conditions at the time of trapping, (5) higher rate of mortality as a result of severe winter conditions in 1977, and (6) natural occurring population cycles.Small mammal captures in woodland habitats increased from 1975 to 1976 but declined from 1976 to 1977 (Table 9.2). Minor fluctuations in small mammal capture data were probably a result of natural variation in the population. Mammal populations near WCGS have therefore been influenced by a number of vari-ables, more importantly by land use changes, drought, and natural variation.

2. Avifauna Avifaunal relationships with the environment parallel those described for mammals; vegetative cover and structure, and food availability usually determined avian distribution and abundance.

Some avian species are gen-eralists and occur in a wide variety of habitats, whereas others with more rigid habitat requirements (such as forest, marsh, etc.) occur in specific areas.Appropriate habitat for breeding species is perhaps the most critical requirement for local avian populations. Data on avian abundance collected during 1977 in general showed declining abundance throughout the year. Fall and winter data from grassland habitats showed a slight increase over 1976 when low populations resulted from unusually cold weather. The general decline in avian abundance during 1977 also may have been a result of local population reductions due to higher winter* mortality 3. Herpetofauna Herpetofauna, especially amphibians, have more specific habitat requirements than mammals and birds. Being poikilotherms (cold blooded), they are more sensitive to weather variables, and severe conditions may drastically affect populations and breeding times. Herpetofauna observed in the study area were generally recorded in their preferred habitats as reported in the literature. 230 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES E. Construction Impacts 1. Sampling Communities I The sampling communities are not located within construction areas;therefore, little or no impact was noted on the small short-ranging species that exist within these areas. Larger, more mobile species may have altered their home ranges to avoid construction areas. Filling of the cooling lake may alter the ecological composition of the sampling communities due to the proximity of the aquatic habitat.2. Site Data collected at sampling community locations did not indicate any changes that could be attributed to construction effects. Local wildlife populations were, however, undoubtedly affected by habitat alterations and direct activities associated with station construction. Disturbance to areas directly affected by construction, i.e., station site and dam construction area, has dis-placed or destroyed wildlife formerly occurring in these habitats. Small mammal and herpetofauna species incapable of rapid dispersal were probably destroyed. The majority of habitat altered was range, pasture, and farmland representative of much of the area. Loss of these habitats probably had little effect on local (Coffey County) or regional wildlife abundance or distribution. Species similar 3 to those recorded along the abandoned railroad right-of-way were affected.Perhaps more significant in terms of local wildlife populations Pwas the disturbance to forested communities along Wolf Creek near the proposed dam. Forested habitat near the site is limited in distribution and provides important cover and breeding areas for many species. Although disturbance near the dam was limited in acreage, the habitat lost was probably more significant to local wildlife populations than the extensive disturbance noted near the station.Species similar to those noted in the floodplain woods sampling community that likely were affected include deer, squirrels, and forest-associated avian species.Through January 1978, construction disturbance had not been exten-sive relative to the total planned distrubance. The majority of disturbance will occur when the cooling lake is filled, and a significant change in species com-position of the site is expected as terrestrial species are replaced with aquatic ones. A comparison of data collected along the wildlife survey route during 1977-78 with those of previous years showed no discernible changes in species 3 composition or abundance attributable to station construction. IV. Summary and Conclusions 3 1. The white-footed mouse and the deer mouse were captured during live-trapping studies in two communities near WCGS; the white-footed mouse was the only species captured in the north floodplain woods and both species were cap-tured in the abandoned railroad right-of-way with the deer mouse being predominant.

2. During 1977, 85% of the total captures occured in the north floodplain woods.231 NALCO ENVIRONIM'ENTAL SCIENCES 3. Density estimates for the white-footed mouse in the north floodplain woods were 25.0/ha in June and 17.0/ha in September 1977. A summer-fall decline in the white-footed mouse population was noted in both communities in 1977.A similar seasonal decline was noted in 1975 and 1976 in the floodplain woods, but the seasonal difference in densities in 1977 more closely resembled data in 1976 than 1975.4. Small mammal populations declined from 1976 to 1977 with fewer species and individuals recorded; however, density estimates for 1977 were greater than those of 1975. Reduced capture rates in 1977 may have been related to: (1) a higher rate of mortality due to severe winter conditions, (2) decreased bait attractability in 1977 as a result of increased food availability, (3) weather conditions at the time of trapping, and (4) natural variation.

3 5. There was a slight decline in the number of eastern cottontails observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route from 1976 to 1977. The cause of this de-cline may be attributed to natural variation.

6. There were 97 avian species recorded during the 1977-78 monitoring study compared to 99 species in 1976, 90 in 1975, and 83 in 1974; 74 avian species were 3 recorded at John Redmond Reservoir.

7. The number of species recorded per month in the north floodplain woods was greater compared to the abandoned railroad right-of-way; however, the total number of avian species recorded in 1977-78 was higher in the grassland habi-tat. The lower species richness and density in the floodplain woods resulted from an absence of migrant species previously recorded during the May census trips.This probably was due to an early May sampling in 1977 and not a result of con-struction activity.8. Bird species diversity values were generally higher in wooded communi-ties than in grassland communities because of greater vegetational stratifica-tion and complexity in woodland habitat.1 9. Eighty-seven avian species were recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route during the 1977-78 monitoring study, an increase over previous yearly totals. Normal seasonal patterns of species abundance were noted.10. An average of 15 Bobwhite per census was recorded during the 1977 monitoring study. Counts of whistling males indicated that the local population declined by approximately 50% from 1976 to 1977. This is the lowest figure re-corded during all previous monitoring and baseline studies.11. Counts of mourning Doves along the 20-mile wildlife survey route were lower in 1977 than in 1976 but well above figures recorded during earlier moni-toring studies in 1975 and 1974.12. Twelve species of reptiles and amphibians were recorded near WCGS.Most of the species were distributed along the survey route and near John Redmond Reservoir, and were observed in their preferred habitat.232 NALCO ENVIRONIVINTAL SCIENCES 13. One Bald Eagle was observed along the 20-mile survey route in November 1977. This species winters in the area and since 16 March 1978 has been listed as endangered throughout the 48 conterminous United States, with the exception of Washington, Oregon, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan where it is listed as threatened by the U.S. Department of Interior.

Eagle use of the site should increase with the construction and filling of the cooling lake.I I I I I I I I 233 NALCO ENVIRONIVIENTAL SCIENCEB V. References Cited American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds.5th ed. A.O.U. Baltimore. 691 pp.1973. Thirty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' 3 Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 90:411-419. 1976. Thirty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 93:875-879. Becker, C.N., and J.L. Suchecki. 1977. Wildlife Monitoring. Pages 214-258 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program Wolf 3 Creek Generating Station, March 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.I Burt, W.H., and R.P. Grossenheider. 1964. A field guide to the mammals.Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 284 pp.I Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 429 pp.I Edminster, F.C. 1954. American game birds of field and forest. Castle Books, New York. 490 pp.Johnston, R.F. 1965. A directory to the birds of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus.Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 41. 67 pp.Jones, J.K. Jr., D.C. Carter, and H.H. Genoways. 1975. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico. Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech. Univ.28: 1-14.Karr, J.R. 1968. Habitat and avian diversity on strip-mined land in east-central Illinois. Condor 70:348-357. I Kendeigh, S.C. 1944. Measurement of bird populations. Ecol. Monogr. 14:67-106. Lloyd, M.J., H. Zar, and J.R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of information-theoretical measures of diversity. Am. Midl. Nat. 79:257-272. MacArthur, R.H. 1965. Patterns of species diversity. Biol. Rev. 40:510-533. Murie, O.J. 1954. A field guide to animal tracks. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 374 pp.Peterson, R.T. 1947. A field guide to the birds. 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 230 pp.Platt, D.R., R.E. Ashton, R.F. Clarke, and J.T. Collins. 1973. Rare, endangered and extirpated species in Kansas II. Amphibians and reptiles. Trans. Kans.Acad. Sci. 76:185-192. 2"34 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.Preno, W.L., and R.F. Labisky. 1971. Abundance and harvest of doves, pheasants, bobwhites, squirrels, and cottontails in Illinois, 1956-69. Ili. Dep.Conserv. Tech. Bull. No. 4. 76 pp.Robbins, C.S., B. Bruun, and H.S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, New York. 340 pp.5 Seber, G.A. 1973. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. Harper Press, New York. 506 pp.3 Shannon, C.E., and W. Weaver. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 117 pp.U Shugart, H.H., and D. James. 1973. Ecological succession of breeding bird populations in northwestern Arkansas. Auk 90:62-77.U.S. Department of Interior. 1970. Birds of the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge. Refuge Leaflet 242..1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. Fed. Reg.42:36421-36431. 1978. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants -determination of certain Bald Eagle populations as endangered or threatened. Fed. Reg.43:6230-6233. 9 I I I I I I 9235 I m M M Me -0~'* Terrestrial Sampling Locations Burllngqort, I North Floodplain Woods 2 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way 8 South Floodplain Woods '._...9 Wet mudflat 10 Dry mudflot --....20- mile Wildlife Survey Route ._.--.,----- Figure 9.1. Wildlife sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977. M- ,- --M -M M M -M I* -- M M M -Table 9.1.Seasonal capture data from two communities Burlington, Kansas, 1977.near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Density Sampling Total Total Total Number of Percent Estimate Location/Species Period Captured Marked Recaptured Individuals Composition (No./ha)a North Floodplain Woods Peromyscus leucopus Jun 42 23 17 25 100.0 25.0 Sep 19 14 5 14 100.0 17.0 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Peromyscus maniculatus Jun 7 5 2 5 83.3 2.9 Sep 1 1 0 1 100.0 0.7b Peromyscus leucopus Jun 1 1 0 1 16.7 0.9 b Sep 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 bHome range after Fitch (1958).Insufficient data; derived from the actual number of animals captured.z r M r M 2 a M I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.2.Summary of small mammal densities (No./ha)in two communities near Kansas, 1974-77.Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, I Location/Species 1974 Jun Sep 1975 Jun Sep 1976 Jun Sep 1977 Jun Sep!I!North Floodplain Woods Blarina brevicauda Peromyscus leucopus NSa NS NS NS b 23.0 7.0 1.5 14.6 34.0 25.0 25.0 17.0 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Blarina brevicauda Microtus ochrogaster Peromyscus maniculatus Peromyscus leucopus Sigmodon hispidus 0. -0.4 c-. ..7.5... .0.7 1.3 1.3 c 2.9 2.9 0. 9c 0. 7 c.0 .0 0. 03.9 13.0 2.0 -0.5 16.0 23.0 aNot sampled None captured CInsufficient data; derived from the actual number of animals captured.I I I I I I 238 NALCO ENVIRONMrENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.3.Incidental mammal observations near Wolf Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-78.Creek Generating I I I I I I Location/Species Date Observation Number North Floodplain Woods Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger)Bobcat (Felis rufus)White-tailed deer (Odocoileus) virginianus) Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Coyote (Canis latrans)20-Mile Route Eastern cottontail (Syjylil__ag&s floridanus) Coyote (Canis latrans)Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger)John Redmond Reservoir Coyote (Canis latrans)2 2 23 27 28 29 21 21 27 28 11 17 May May Jun Sep Sep Sep Jun Jun Sep Sep Nov Jan Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Tracks Tracks Tracks Sight Tracks Tracks 2 4 21 29 17 18 May May Jun Sep Jan Jan I I I I 29 Sep 17 Jan Sight Sight Sight Sight Tracks Sight Sight Tracks Sight Sigh t Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sigh t Sight 21 22 17 18 22 11 10 II Jun Jun Jan Jan Jun Nov Nov Nov 17 Jan 239

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-M - M m -M M Table 9.4.Species list, residency status, and community and monthly Wolf Creek Generating Station, May 1977- January 1978.occurrence of avifauna near IQ Z_CD 20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Phalacrocorax auritus Double-crested Cormorant M X X Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron S X X X X Butorides striatus Green Heron S X X Anser albifrons White-fronted Goose M X X Chen caerulescens Snow Goose M X X Anas platyrhynchos Mallard P X X Anas acuta Pintail M X X Anas discors Blue-winged Teal M. X X X X Anas crecca Green-winged Teal M X X Anas americana American Wigeon M X X Mergus merganser Common M erganser M X X Carthartes aura Turkey Vulture S X X X Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk S X X X Buteo spp. Hawk spp. X x Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk P X X X X X X X X Haliaeetus leucocephalus Bald Eagle W X X Circus cvaneus Marsh Hawk W X X X X X Falco sparverius American Kestrel P X X X X X X Colinus virginianus Bobwhite P X X X X X X z r 0 Q m 2 z r a 2 nf z W4

,,...- m -- .- -- = -=-Table 9.4.(continued) 20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Charadrius vociferus Killdeer Capella gallinago Common Snipe Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper Tringa melanoleucus Greater Yellowlegs Limnodromus spp. Dowitcher spp.Larus pipixcan Franklin's Gull Columba livia Rock Dove Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl Chordeiles minor Common Nighthawk Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift Megaceryle aicon Belted Kingfisher Colaptes auratus Common Flicker Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker >Ielanerpes erythrocephalus Red-headed Woodpecker S S x x x x x x x x S M M M P P S P S S S x x x x x x'C x x'C'C'C x X x X X x x x'C x x X x X X X x I-..X X 2 r n)0 n, 24 r U, C)in x x x x X X Picoides pubescens Tyrannus tyrannus Muscivora forficata Myiarchus crinitus Sayornis phoebe* Downy Woodpecker Eastern Kingbird Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Great Crested Flycatcher P P P P S S S X X X X x X X x x x x X X x x X X X X X'C X K X X x X X X x'C C'C 'X x Eastern Phoebe S X X 7 MO =- M- = M-- = M-o-===- =N Table 9.4.(continued) 20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Contopus virens Eastern Wood Pewee S X X X X Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark P X X X x X Hirundo rustica Barn Swallow S X X X X X Petrochelidon pyrrhonota Cliff Swallow S x x Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay P X X X X X X X X Corvus brachyrhynchos Common Crow P X X X X X X X X Parus atricapillus Black-capped Chickadee P X X X X X X X X Parus bicolor Tufted Titmouse P X X X X X X X Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch P X X X X X X X Certhia familiaris Brown Creeper W X X X X Troglodytes aedon House Wren S X X X X K X Troglodytes troglodytes Winter Wren W X X Minus polyglottos Mockingbird P X X K X X Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher S X X X X Turdus migratorius American Robin S X X X K K K X X Hylocichla mustelina Wood Thrush S X X Sialia sialis Eastern Bluebird P X X X X K K Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher S X X Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet M X X K x Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet M X X z 1)z 33 a z r 2 C, m M -. MOM -= = --4 M = ---- Table 9.4.(continued) Scientific Name Lanius lodovicianus Sturnus vulgaris Vireo olivaceus Vireo gilvs Parulidae spp.Dendroica petechia Dendroica coronata Dendroica cerulea Dendroica castanea r'. Geotvlypis trichas Setophaga ruticilla Passer domesticus Sturnella spp.Sturnella magna Agelaius phoeniceus Icterus spurius Icterus galbula Euphagus cyanocephalus Quiscalus quiscula Molothrus ater Common Name Loggerhead Shrike Starling Red-eyed Vireo Warbling Vireo Warbler spp.Yellow Warbler Yellow-rumped Warbler Cerulean Warbler Bay-breasted Warbler Common Yellowthroat American Redstart House Sparrow Meadowlark spp.Eastern Meadowlark Red-winged Blackbird Orchard Oriole Northern Oriole Brewer's Blackbird Common Grackle Brown-headed Cowbird Residencya Status P P S S Comn.unity 1 2 x X 20-Mile Survey X X X X May K K K x Jun x x Month Sep X X Nov x X Jan X x N x K K x x X x X x x x x 2 0 In z F In M x x x x x x x x x x x x x K x x x x K x x x x x x x x x x X x x K K K x x x x x x x x x x K x x X

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--e-, -----W=-Table 9.4.(continued) 20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Piranga rubra Cardinalis cardinalis Passerina cyanea S_4! americana Carpodacus purpureus Carduelis pinus Carduelis tristis Piioerythrophthalmus Passerculus sandwichensis

-" Ammodramus savannarum Chondestes grammacus Junco hyemalis Spizella arborea Spizella passerina Spizella pus ila Zonotrichia guerula Zonotrichia leucophrys Zonotrichia albicollis Melospiza lincolnii Melospiza melodia Calcarius lapponicus Summer Tanager Cardinal Indigo Bunting S x x Dickcissel Purple Finch Pine Siskin American Goldfinch Rufous-sided Towhee Savannah Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Lark Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco Tree Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Field Sparrow Harris' Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow White-throated Sparrow Lincoln's Sparrow Song Sparrow Lapland Longspur P S S M S P S M S S M W S P W W W M W W x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2 rT a 2 2 r 2 n m La x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x aM = Migrant, S -Summer resident, P = Permanent resident, W = Winter resident I NALCO ENVIRONIMNTAL SCIENCES Table 9.5.Bird species Kansas, 1977 observed near John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington,-1978.I Scientific Name Common Name I I I I I Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Phalacrocorax auritus Ardea herodias Florida caerulea Bubulcus ibis Branta canadensis Chen caerulescens Anas platyrhynchos Anas strepera Anas discors Anas crecca Anas clypeata Aix sponsa Mergus serrator Buteo jamaicensis Buteo swainsoni Haliaeetus leucocephalus Circus cyaneus Falco sparverius Fulica americana Charadrius vociferus Bartramia longicauda Actitis macularia Tringa melanoleucus Tringa flavipes Calidris minutilla Calidris alpina Limnodromus griseus Limnodromus scolopaceus Calidris pusillus Recurvirostra americana Steganopus tricolor Larus delawarensis Larus pipixcan Sterna forsteri Sterna albifrons Chlidonias niger Zenaida macroura Colaptes auratus Melanerpes carolinus Malanerpes erythrocephalus Picoides villosus Picoides pubescens Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus verticalis Muscivora forficata White Pelican Double-crested Cormorant Great Blue Heron Little Blue Heron Cattle Egret Canada Goose Snow Goose Mallard Gadwall Blue-winged Teal Green-winged Teal Northern Shoveler Wood Duck Red-breasted Merganser Red-tailed Hawk Swainson's Hawk Bald Eagle Marsh Hawk American Kestrel American Coot Killdeer Upland Sandpiper Spotted Sandpiper Greater Yellowlegs Lesser Yellowlegs Least Sandpiper Dunlin Short-billed Dowitcher Long-billed Dowitcher Semipalmated Sandpiper American Avocet Wilson's Phalarope Ring-billed Gull Franklin's Gull Forster's Tern Least Tern Black Tern Mourning Dove Common Flicker Red-bellied Woodpecker Red-headed Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Eastern Kingbird Western Kingbird Scissor-tailed Flycatcher I 245 I NALCO ENVIRONIVgNTAL SCIENCES Table 9.5. (continued) I I I I I I Scientific Name Common Name Iridoprogne bicolor Hirundo rustica Cyanocitta cristata Troglodytes aedon Mimus polyglottos Toxostoma rufum Turdus 7.igratorius Sialia sialis Lanius ludovicianus Sturnus vulgaris Vireo bellii Passer domesticus Sturnella spp.Sturnella magna Agelaius phoeniceus Icterus galbula Quiscalus quiscula Molothrus ater Cardinalis cardinalis Spiza americana Carduelis tristis Passerculus sandwichensis Ammodramus savannarum Chondestes grammacus Spizella arborea Spizella passerina Spizella pusilla Zonotrichia querula Zonotrichia leucophrys Tree Swallow Barn Swallow Blue Jay House Wren Mockingbird Brown Thrasher American Robin Eastern Bluebird Loggerhead Shrike Starling Bell's Vireo House Sparrow Meadowlark Eastern Meadowlark Red-winged Blackbird Northern Oriole Common Grackle Brown-headed Cowbird Cardinal Dickcissel American Goldfinch Savannah Sparrow Grasshopper Sparrow Lark Sparrow Tree Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Field Sparrow Harris' Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow I i I i I 246 I NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I I I I Table 9.6.The number of birds observed per hour in the north flood-plain woods community near Wolf Creek. Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1977-January 1978.Number Per Hour Species May Jun Sep Nov Jan Red-tailed Hawk --0.7 --Yellow-billed Cuckoo -1.6 .--Great Horned Owl --0.7 -0.8 Common Flicker -0.8 5.3 6.4 4.9 Red-bellied Woodpecker 2.3 3.2 8.7 6.4 11.4 Red-headed Woodpecker 3.0 4.1 1.3 --Downy Woodpecker -0.8 4.7 -5.7 Great Crested Flycatcher 4.5 4.1 ---Eastern Wood Pewee 2.3 5.7 ---Blue Jay 0.8 0.8 14.7 8.9 4.1 Common Crow 2.3 -0.7 --Black-capped Chickadee 2.3 9.7 10.0 3.8 9.7 Tufted Titmouse 1.5 4.1 6.0 3.8 1.6 White-breasted Nuthatch 1.5 4.1 3.3 3.8 5.7 Brown Creeper ---10.2 4.1 House Wren 8.3 25.9 ---American Robin -0.8 6.0 1.3 -Wood Thrush -1.6 ---Eastern Bluebird --. 1.6 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 7.5 .- -Golden-crowned Kinglet ---3.8 0.8 Ruby-crowned Kinglet ---1.3 -Red-eyed Vireo 2.3 8.1 ---Warbler spp. --0.7 --Yellow-rumped Warbler ---7.7 -Cerulean Warbler -3.2 ---Bay-breasted Warbler 2.3 --.American Redstart --0.7 --Brown-headed Cowbird 3.0 --.Summer Tanager --0.7 --Cardinal 3.8 4.9 4.0 2.6 -Indigo Bunting -6.5 ---American Goldfinch 0.8 .- -Dark-eyed Juoco ----1.6 Total 48.0 90.0 68.0 60.0 51.9 247 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I* Table 9.7. The number of birds observed per hour in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community near Wolf Creek Generating I Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1977-January 1978.Number Per Hour Species May Jun Sep Nov Jan Red-tailed Hawk -1.0 1.0 1.2 1.9 Marsh Hawk ----1.9 American Kestrel --1.0 --Bobwhite -1.0 ---Killdeer 3.6 -3.1 --Mourning Dove 6.0 -47.6 10.4 -Yellow-billed Cuckoo -2.0 ---Common Flicker -1.0 -2.3 -Eastern Kingbird -5.1 ---Scissor-tailed Flycatcher --1.0 --Barn Swallow 1.2 1.0 --Blue Jay --2.1 -1.0 Common Crow ---3.5 -Black-capped Chickadee

---

1.9 House Wren --2.1 --Winter Wren --2.1 --Mockingbird 3.6 4.1 1.0 --Brown Thrasher 8.4 1.0 ---American Robin ---1.0 Loggerhead Shrike 1.2 2.0 ---Yellow Warbler --2.1 --Meadowlark spp. ---18.5 25.7 Eastern Meadowlark 16.8 10.2 5.2 --Red-winged Blackbird 9.6 9.2 ---Common Grackle 20.4 2.0 ---Brown-headed Cowbird 3.6 14.2 ---ICardinal

-1.0 ---Indigo Bunting -1.0 ---Dickcissel -20.3 1.0 --American Goldfinch --12.4 -21.0 Grasshopper Sparrow 2.4 ---Lark Sparrow -1.0 ---Dark-eyed Junco .-.. 1.2 38.1 Tree Sparrow ---4.6 38.1 Field Sparrow 4.8 --1.2 -Harris' Sparrow 1.2 --6.9 4.8 White-crowned Sparrow ---1.2 2.9 Lincoln's Sparrow ---1.2 -Song Sparrow --3.1 4.6 2.9 3 Total 82.8 76.3 84.8 56.5 141.0 248 I NALCO ENVIRONMIENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.8. Number of species, birds per hour, and species diversity of avifauna recorded in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1974 -January 1978.Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan I I U I I i North Floodplain Woods Number of Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 Birds Per Hour 1974 1975 1976 1977 Species Diversity 1974 1975 1976 1977 18 23 26 16 12 9 20 18 12 11 15 16 9 1.1 17 12 10 20 14 12 37.3 72.6 58.0 48.0 22.7 8.0 110.8 90.0 26.0 15.7 71.9 68.0 18.7 39.2 441.3 60.0 17.3 97.9 143.3 51.9 2.63 2.74 2.91 2.57 2.35 2.11 2.56 2.45 2.30 2.09 2.32 2.35 1.89 2.21 0.98 2.33 1.96 2.67 2.25 2.21 I I I I I Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Number of Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 Birds Per Hour 1974 1975 1976 1977 Species Diversity 1974 1975 1976 1977 21.14 14 13 17 11 19 16 13 3 17 14 15 5 10 12 12 15 2 12 69.6 68.7 75.0 82.8 63.3 29.6 122.0 76.3 239.0 11.4 88.7 84.8 176.0 82.4 139.0 56.5 274.0 157.8 7.5 141.0 2.66 2.13 2.20 2.20 2.62 2.14 2.45 2.22 1.53 1.01 2.16 1.65 1..98 0.85 1.50 2.04 1.47 1.81 0.45 1.82 249 I NALCO ENVIRONI1ENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.9. Number of avian species and individuals observed wildlife survey route near Wolf Creek Generating Burlington, Kansas, May 1973 -January 1978.along the 20-mile Station, I I I I Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan Number of Species 1973 37 a 27 37 a 1974 42 45 43 35 31 1975 45 41 42 34 33 1976 55 55 46 40 26b 1977 50 53 34 52 35 Number of Individuals 1973 471 a 530 1806 a 1974 837 955 1288 2104 5218 1975 1452 1065 678 2568 2242 1976 1146 1198 768 1618 530 1977 931 788 388 2905 1712 aNot censused.bPartial census, several miles not included.250 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.10.I I I I I I Quail call counts and dove observations along a 20-mile census route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1977.Bobwhite Mourning Dove No. Bobwhite Call/2 Min No. Observed Mile 21 22 21 22 1 2 4 2 3 1 4 1 10 5 3 5 6 1 5 5 7 2 1 3 2 8 2 9 4 6 10 2 1 3 2 11 3 12 3 13 1 1 2 14 1 3 5 15 4 3 2 16 3 2 17 1 1 14 14 18 2 2 3 19 1 3 11 5 20 1 2 Total 14 16 62 66 U I I U I I 251 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES J Table 9.11. Composite species list of herpetofauna observed near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.I Scientific Name Common Name I I I I I Terrapene ornata Graptemys geographica Chrysemys picta belli Chelydra serpentina Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis Elaphe o. obsoleta Pituophis melanoleucus sayi Bufo americanus Bufo w. woodhousei Acris crepitans blanchardi Pseudacris

t. triseriata Rana catesbeiana Ornate box turtle Map turtle Western painted turtle Snapping turtle Red-sided garter snake Black rat snake Bull snake American toad Woodhouse's toad Blanchard's cricket frog Western chorus frog Bullfrog 252 Mm@ý =~ M =-- =- -M M--mM==Table 9.12.Seasonal and community distribution of reptiles and Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.amphibians recorded near Wolf Type of Number Location/Species Month Observation Observed North Floodplain Woods Red-sided garter snake June Sight 1 American toad September Sight 1 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Ornate box turtle May Sight 1 June Sight 3 September Sight 1 John Redmond Reservoir American toad June Sight 1 Woodhouse's toad June Sight 1 Western chorus frog June Chorus Several Bullfrog May Sight 1 Map turtle June Road kill 1 Western painted turtle June Road kill 1 Bull snake June Road kill 1 20-mile Route American toad May Chorus Several June Chorus Several Woodhouse's toad June Chorus 1 Blanchard's cricket frog May Chorus Several June Chorus Several Western chorus frog May Chorus Several June Chorus Several Snapping turtle May Sight 1 Ornate box turtle May Sight 1 Black rat snake May Road kill 1 2 r 2 a z ri in z M N)U, U, 55f NV& Environmental Sciences, 1979. Final Report of Preconstruction Environmental Monitoring

--b Program WCGS, March 1978 -February 1979.4 [(1 f( r55 I IZ HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL2SCIENCES CORPORATION 4010 NORTHWEST 39TH STREET, BLDG. 1374 LINCOLN, NE 88524 I I*REPORT TO KANSAS GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY WICHITA, KANSAS PHONE (402) 470-2411 I I I.I I I I I I I.I I FINAL REPORT OF CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMPNTAL MONITORING PROGRAM MARCH 1978 -FEBRUARY +-8-PROJECT NO. 8917 PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Report approved by: Ronald G. King, Dnrer HoadS. Lewis, Pr)TevDrector May 24, 1979 I I.I I I I I I I I.I I I I I I I I.I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter PREFACE ........ ....................................... LIST OF FIGURES ........................................ LIST OF TABLES..........................................

1. INTRODUCTION Ronald G. King ......................................

2. WATER QUALITY STUDY Robert D. Todd ......................................

3. PHYTOPLANKTON STUDIES Andrew J. Repsys ....................................

4. PERIPHYTON STUDY Ronald J. Bockelman

.................................

5. ZOOPLANKTON STUDY Andrew J. Repsys ....................................

6. MACROINVERTEBRATE STUDY Kenneth R. Bazata ...................................

7. FISHERIES STUDY Quentin P. Bliss ....................................

8. VEGETATION MONITORING AND LAND USE DISTURBANCES Edward W. Uhlemann ..................................

9. WILDLIFE MONITORING Julie K. Meents and Judith M. Haynes ................

Appendices A WATER QUALITY DATA .................................... B PHYTOPLANKTON DATA .................................... C PERIPIIYTON DATA ........................................ U RACROINVERTEBRATE DATA ................................ E FISHERIES DATA ......................................... I VEGETATION DATA ....................................... G WIL )LIFE DATA ......................................... Page iii 1 4 41 62 79 106 132 165 205 A-I A-40 A-135 A-154 A-211 A-223 A-2 30 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PREFACE This construction environmental monitoring program near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) was conducted from February 1978 to February 1979.The studies were designed to assess the effects resulting from construction of WCGS and were a continuation of the studies implemented in March 1976.Studies were conducted in compliance with the requirements set forth in section 6.1 of the Final Environmental Statement related to WCGS.The staff of Hazleton Environmental Sciences conducted the studies and prepared this report. Ronald G. King, Project Manager, and Howard S. Lewis, Project Director were responsible for the review of this manuscript. ii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. LIST OF FIGURES I No. Caption Page 2.1 Surface water and groundwater quality sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ...... 18 2.2 Precipitation at John Redmond Reservoir near the Wolf Creek Generating Station during 1978 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978) ..... .................................................. 19 2.3 Daily discharge levels released to the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January to December 1978 (U. S.Army Corps of Engineers 1978) .... .................................... 20 3.1 Phytoplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ................................... 50 4.1 Periphyton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ................................... 70 5.1 Zooplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ................................... 87 6.1 Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling locations near Wolf i Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ............... 115 6.2 Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1978 ...................... 116 7.1 Fish sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ... ......................................... 147 7.2 Daily inflow and outflow at John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, January-December 1978 .......................... 148 7.3 Length frequency of blue suckers collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-78 .............................................................. 149 7.4 Catch per unit effort (CPE) by electroshocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-78 .............................................................. 150 8.1 Vegetation sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 .................................. 184 8.2 Schematic representation of nested quadrat layout for sampling floodplain woods vegetation near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 .. ................................ 185 I i iii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES* LIST OF FIGURES (continued) No. Caption Page* 8.3 Construction-related land-use disturbances near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, through 1978 ............ 186 9.1 Wildlife sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ............................... 225 I I I I 1.I I I I I Io iv HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES No. Caption Page 2.1 Physical measurements and instrumentation used in this study ..... 21 2.2 Water quality parameters measured in surface water samples ....... 22 2.3 Water quality parameters measured in groundwater samples ......... 23 2.4 Water quality methods ................................................ 24 2.5 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of general water quality parameters in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station,February-December 1978 ................... 28 2.6 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, February -December, 1978 ....................... 31 2.7 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of parameters indicative of industrial or municipal contamination in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1978 ............................................................. 32 2.8 Maximum, minimum, and mean trace metal levels in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December, 1978 .............................................. 33 2.9 Seasonal water quality data from the Neosho River upstream and downstream of its confluence with Wolf Creek, 1973-78 ........ 34 2.10 Water quality criteria for Kansas surface waters (applicable to Neosho River) ................................................. 38 2.11 Groundwater data near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1978 .................................................... 39 3.1 Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ............................................. 51 3.2 Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in tho Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77 ............ 52 3.3 Algal taxa contributing 10% or more of the density or blovolume of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ........................ 54 3.4 Mean density (units/ml) of phytoplankton in samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78 .. 55 V HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 3.5 Mean carbon fixation rate (mg C/m 3 per hr) from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1.973-78 .................................................. 56 3.6 Mean chlorophyll a concentration (mg chl a/m 3) from phyto-plankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78 ......................................... 58 3.7 Diversity of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-78 ................................ 59 3.8 Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77 .................... 60 4.1 Number of periphytic algal taxa collected from natural sub-strates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78 .......................................................... 71 4.2 Distribution by division of periphytic algal density and biovolume (expressed as a percentage of the total population) collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ................................... 72 4.3 Periphytic algal taxa comprising 10% or more of the density or biovolume of periphytic algae collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 ..................................................... 73 4.4 Standing crop estimates for periphyton from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ..... 74 4.5 Mean differences between locations for biomass and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ..... 75 4.6 Yearly mean density and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-78 .................... 77 4.7 Total number of taxa and mean diversity, evenness, and Auto-trophic Index of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ..... 78 5.1 Yearly mean densities (no./m3) of selected major micro-crustacean taxa from John Redmond Reservoir (Location 1)1973 to 1978 ..................................................... 88 vi HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 5.2 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 21 February 1978 ................................ 89 5.3 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 24 April 1978 ................................... 90 5.4 Zooplankton collected in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) in the vicinity of Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 22 May 1978 .............

92 5.5 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 26 June 1978 .................................... 93 5.6 Zooplankton collected in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) in the vicinity of Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 19 July 1978 ............

95 5.7 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 28 August 1978 .................................. 96 5.8 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 10 October 1978 ................................. 98 5.9 Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 11 December 1978 ............................... 100 5.10 Downstream persistence of reservoir microcrustacean zooplankton as a function of river flow and season, Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78 ......................................................... 102 5.11 Zooplankton taxa collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ............... ............. 104 6.1 Summary of macroinvertebrate occurrence in quantitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 .................................................... 117 6.2 Diel macroinvertebrate drift data collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ....................................................

120 6.3 Drift densities of selected macroinvertebrate families in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-78 ........................................

121 vii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LTST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 6.4 Macroinvertebrate data from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78 .......................................................... 122 6.5 Significant differences (P L 0.05) in diversity and density of major benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the Neosho River (Locations 4 and 10) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ............................................. 123 6.6 Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ..... 124 6.7 Macroinvertebrate densities (no./m 2) from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-78 .................................................. 128 6.8 Macroinvertebrate data from Ponar samples collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3 and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ................................... 129 6.9 Significant differences (P < 0.05) in diversity and density of abundant macroinvertebrates collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 3, 5, and 7) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ............................................. 131 7.1 Water temperature ('C) measured at fish sampling locations in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ................................... 151 7.2 Checklist of fish species collected by all sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78 .. 152 7.3 Number of fish collected by electroshocking and seining near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978 .................................................... 154 7.4 Fish collected by electroshocking at each sampling location in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978 .......................... 155 7.5 Fish collected by electroshocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 and 1978.. 156 7.6 Age and growth of selected fish species collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978 ............................................... 157 viii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 7.7 Fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978 .... 158 7.8 Number of fish collected by seining in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-68 ........................................................... 159 7.9 Fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978 .... 160 7.10 Fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-78 .................... 161 7.11 Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected fish collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978 ..................................................... 162 7.12 Number, density, and taxa of larval fish collected at Location 1 on the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ................................... 163 7.13 Number of larval fish collected during diurnal and nocturnal sampling in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April-July 1978 ....................... 164 8.1 Phytosociological data summary or trees in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978 .............................. 187 8.2 1'hytosocloloogiLal data summary of saplings in the north floodpal n woods, Comminlty 1., near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978 .............................. 188 8.3 Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek (Tcner.iting Station, hArlington, Kansas, June 1978 ........... 189 8.4 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978 .................................................... 190 8.5 Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burl ,ngton, Kansas, June 1.978 .............................. 191 ix HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 8.6 Year-to-data comparisons expressed as percent similarity for three plant communities ........................................ 192 8.7 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978 ............................ 193 8.8 Percent cover of species in the ground layer, community ground layer cover, and mean canopy height in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978 ...................................................... 194 8.9 Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978 ............................. 195 8.10 Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978 .............................. 196 8.11 Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978 ... 197 8.12 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978 .................................................. 198 8.13 Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978 ............................. 199 8.14 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a wet mudflat (Community

9) on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, June and September 1978 .........

200 8.5 Frequency of specles in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a dry mudflat (Community

10) on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, June and September 1978 ............

201 8.16 Species weights used in calculating the shrub stratum flood susceptibility for the north and south floodplain woods (Communities 1 and 8, respectively), near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas ............................ 202 x HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 8.17 Shrub stratum flood susceptibility index, for all years sampled, of the north and south floodplain woods (Communities 1 and 8, respectively), near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas ........................................................... 203 8.18 Locations and acreage of areas disturbed during 1978 at Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas .................. 204 9.1 Seasonal capture data of small mammals from two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 226 9.2 Summary of small mammal densities (No./ha) in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-1978 ............................................................. 227 9.3 Incidental mammal observations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978-79 ................................ 228 9.4 Species list, residency status, and community and monthly occurrences of avifauna near Wolf Creek Generating Station, May 1978 -January 1979 .............................................. 230 9.5 Bird species observed near John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, 1978-1979 ................................................ 236 9.6 The number of birds observed per hour in the north floodplain woods community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1978 -January 1979 ..................................... 238 9.7 The number of birds observed per hour in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1978 -January 1979 ......................... 239 9.8 Number of species, birds per hour, and species diversity of avifauna recorded in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1974 -January 1979 .. 240 9.9 Number of avian species and individuals observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1973 -January 1979 ............. 242 9.10 Quail call counts along a 20-mile census route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ........................ 243 9.11 Composite species list of herpetofauna observed near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 ........................ 244 xi HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) I No. Caption Page 9.12 Seasonal and community distribution of reptiles and amphibians recorded near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978 .... .................................................... 245 I I I I IO I.I I I I Io I I xii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION By Ronald G. King HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Kansas Gas and Electric Company's Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS)is located in Coffey County approximately 5.6 km northeast of Burlington, Kansas. Upon completion in 1983, the Station will employ a pressurized water reactor to produce 1150 megawatts (net output) of electrical power. The site encompasses nearly 10500 acres of range, cropland and woodland typical of southeastern Kansas. The station will occupy 135 acres and the cooling lake will inundate approximately 5090 acres. A once-through cooling system, utilizing water from the WCGS cooling lake, will be utilized. The cooling lake will be formed by impounding Wolf Creek approximately 8.8 km upstream from its confluence with the Neosho River. A surface elevation of 1087 ft above sea level will be maintained in the cooling lake by precipitation and runoff in the Wolf Creek watershed and makeup water from the Neosho River.A make-up water pumphouse on the Neosho River in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir will provide water to the cooling lake via an underground pipeline.Hazleton Environmental Sciences (formerly NALCO Environmental Sciences)has conducted environmental monitoring programs near the WCGS site since 1973. The initial studies (1973-74) were conducted to collect baseline water quality, aquatic biology and terrestrial ecology data to partially fulfill the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) requirements for preparing an Environmental Report prior to issuance of a construction permit for WCGS. Subsequent monitoring programs were modified as necessary to obtain as complete a data base as practical for the ecosystem near WCGS. Major changes in the terrestrial ecology, water quality, and aquatic biology monitoring programs were made after issuance of the Final Environmental Statement for WCGS by the NRC in 1975. Changes recommended by the NRC were implemented in the 1976 construction phase environmental monitoring program (NALCO Environmental Sciences 1977).The present study is a continuation of the program initiated in 1976 with the primary objectives of (1) monitoring the existing environment and (2) assessing potential impacts resulting from construction of WCGS.Construction activity during 1978 at the WCGS site occurred in the area of the ultimate heat sink and intake structure, the main dam and saddle dam, baifle dikes, and borrow and quarry excavations (Chapter 8). Construction effects were primarily limited to land use disturbances and losses and displacement of some wildlife. No major adverse effects on water quality and the aquatic biota in Wolf Creek were apparent. Flow was absent during most of the sampling periods and variations in the composition and abundance of aquatic biota from previous years data were attributed primarily to drought conditions and a severe winter. Construction of the make-up water pumphouse, which began in 1978, on the Neosho River in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir had no apparent effect on the fish community in the study area (Chapter 7). In general, biological and water quality data collected during the 1978 study were within the ranges established in previous years. Variations in the data among years were attributed primarily to weather conditions, river flows, water retention time in John Redmond Reservoir, and lower reservoir discharges. Overall no significant construction effects were detected on water quality or the aquatic biota in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River.2 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES II. References Cited NALCO Environmental Sciences. 1977. Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977.(Project No. 5501-07688). Report for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans. 258 pp. + 7 appendices. 3 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 2 WATER QUALITY STUDY By Robert D. Todd 4 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Water quality monitoring of surface and groundwater near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) has been conducted since 1973 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Bowling and Ellis 1975; Byrnes 1976, 1977, 1978) to establish baseline concentrations of various water quality constituents. The objectives of the 1978 water chemistry monitoring program were: 1. To document potential changes in water quality resulting from construction activities;

2. To provide additional data on the general water quality of both surface and groundwater near the facility;3. To document the concentrations of aquatic nutrients, organically-derived materials, and certain trace metals.II. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Sampling Frequency, Locations and Parameters

1. Surface Water Surface water samples were collected bimonthly during 1978 from the following sampling locations (Figure 2.1): a. Location 1: in the Neosho River 0.2 km below the John Redmond Dam and in the immediate vicinity of the proposed make-up water intake structure leading to the cooling lake;b. Location 3: in Wolf Creek, immediately downstream of the cooling lake dam site;c. Location 4: in the Neosho River, approximately 1.3 km downstream from the confluence with Wolf Creek;d. Location 5: in Wolf Creek, approximately 1.6 km upstream from the confluence with the Neosho River;e. Location 7: in Wolf Creek, upstream from the area to be inundated by the proposed cooling lake; and f. Location 10: in the Neosho River, approximately 0.7 km upstream from the confluence with Wolf Creek.In addition, water quality samples from Location 1 were analyzed for selected general water quality parameters and all aquatic nutrients concentrations in May and July in association with phytoplankton sampling.Meteorological and hydrological measurements recorded at the time of sampling are presented in Table 2.1. The water quality analyses conducted on samples collected in 1-978 are listed in Table 2.2.5 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Groundwater Single groundwater samples were collected during April, June, and October from four of eight wells selected for analysis (B-12, C-20, D-42, D-65). Wells C-50 and D-28 were sampled in April and June and D-55 was sampled in April and October. Samples could not be taken from C-6 in April, June, and October nor from C-50 in October as the pumps had been removed. The water chemistry analyses conducted on groundwater samples are listed in Table 2.3. The analytical methods, preservation techniques, and detection limits are presented in Table 2.4.B. Sampling Procedures

1. Surface Water Duplicate water samples were collected from a depth of one meter whenever possible, using a nonmetallic water sampler. Immediately following collection, samples were appropriately preserved, placed in insulated shipping containers, packed in ice, and shipped to the Northbrook, Illinois Regional Laboratory for analysis.

The meteorological and hydrological measurements listed in Table 2.1 were recorded during each sampling period.2. Groundwater Single groundwater samples were collected from the tap source of each well. Samples were collected after the water had been allowed to run for approximately 5 minutes. Following collection, samples were appropriately preserved, placed in insulated shipping containers, packed in ice, and shipped to the Northbrook, Illinois Regional Laboratory for analysis of the chemical parameters listed in Table 2.3.C. Analytical Procedures Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, and turbidity of both surface and groundwater samples were measured in the field.The remaining chemical parameters (Tables 2.2 and 2.3) were measured at the Northbrook, Illinois Regional Laboratory. Water analyses were performed according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (A.P.I.A. et al. 1976). Analytical testing and quality control procedures were conducted in a manner consistent with the guidelines of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1972, 1974).The analytical methods, preservation techniques, and detection limits are presented in Table 2.4.Ill. Results and Discussion Water quality data will be discussed with respect to applicable water quality standards, local hydrological, conditions, effects of site construction, and previously reported data from the WCGS site (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Bowling and Ellis 1975, Byrnes 1976, 1977, 1978).6 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Results of water quality analyses and physical and meteorological measurements recorded for each sampling date in 1978 are presented in Appendix A. Tables 2.5 through 2.8 contain minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations for each constituent measured during the 1978 study.* Comparative data for selected constituents measured seasonally in the Neosho River, up-stream (Location

10) and downstream (Location

4) from the confluence with Wolf Creek, are presented in Table 2.9.A. Surface Water Hydrology Water quality and hydrology of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek are influenced by precipitation and groundwater inflow. Average annual precipitation in the study area is 85 cm; however, in 1978 only 28.2 cm was recorded (U. S.Army Corps of Engineers 1978). Precipitation during .1978 was below normal throughout the year (Figure 2.2). This resulted in lower flows in the Neosho River and long periods of no flow in Wolf Creek.Streamflows in the Neosho River near WCGS have been regulated since the operation of John Redmond Reservoir began in 1963. Flows in the Neosho River during 1978 were low from January through mid-February and from mid-July through the remainder of the year (Figure 2.3). From mid-February through mid-July flows fluctuated between 1000 and 6500 cfs. Peak river flows occurred in early March and again in early Apri~l but were considerably below the peaks observed in 1977. Peak river discharge was approximately 6500 cfs on 1 April 1979.Water quality sampling dates during 1978 coincided with periods of low (February, April, and May) or minimal flows (June, July, August, October and December).

Sampling on 19 July immediately followed a temporary peak in river flow (Figure 2.3).Wolf Creek is an ungaged stream, and no records (other than field observations) of flow are available (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974).Due to below normal precipitation during the year, all Wolf Creek locations were small isolated pools during 1978 with the exception of Location 3 which was dry in August and Location 5 which was dry in August and October.B. Surface Water Quality Characteristics Water quality criteria applicable to the Neosho River are presented in Table 2.10. Wol~f Creek is an intermittent stream and the state water quality standards are not applicable (Kansas State Board of Health 1977). Water quality of the Neosho River was sufficient to meet the Kansas water quality standards at a] 1 locations on each sampling date.1. General Water Quality Water quality characteristics in the Neosho River were generally similar at all three locations during 1978 (Table 2.5). Dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, filterable residue, nonfiltrable residue, conductivity and total iron were slightly higher at Location 1 during 1978. Because Location 1 is in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam, higher concentrations of 7 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES the above constituents were partially due to turbulent mixing of water discharged from the dam.Water temperature, alkalinity, conductivity, and turbidity levels were higher in June than in previous studies (Table 2.9). In 1978 dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, and filtrable residue were higher in October and turbidity, filterable residue and conductivity levels were lower in the winter than in previous years (Byrnes 1976, 1977, 1978). These water quality constituents may have been affected by the low discharges from John Redmond Reservoir during 1978.The water quality of Wolf Creek in 1978 was generally poor, with the exception of February and April. Locations 3 and 5 were dry in August and Location 5 was dry in October. Wolf Creek had little flow during 1978 and most samples were collected from isolated pools which were characterized by low dissolved oxygen and buffering capacity, and high color, iron and ionic constituents (Table 2.5). These conditions have been observed during previous studies when flow was intermittent (Byrnes 1977, 1978).Wolf Creek had little effect on the general water quality of the Neosho River in 1978. The variable quality of water in Wolf Creek is typical of intermittent streams and precludes any comparisons with previous data.a. Neosho River Water temperature ranged from 0.5 to 26.7C (32.9-80.1F) during the 1978 sampling periods. Dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation levels ranged from 5.1 to 16.0 mg/l and 62 to 111%, respectively (Table 2.5).Dissolved oxygen concentrations were highest in the winter and lowest in the summer months. The water was supersaturated with oxygen in February, April, and June at Location 1 and at Location 10 in April.The p1- and total alkalinity levels ranged from 7.7 to 8.3 and 160 to 288 mg/l CaCO 3 , respectively. The pH and alkalinity showed neither spatial nor temporal variability during 1978 with the exception of the February samples which were considerably higher in alkalinity than samples taken .JLring the remainder of the year (Table 2.5).The ranges of specific conductance and filterable residue were similar to those previously reported (Table 2.9). Both constituents were highest in February and lowest in April.. The -low values in April were attributable to the near normal rainfall and subsequent runoff water reaching the Neosho River.Nonliltrable residue and turbidity levels ranged from <1 to 132 mg/l and 2 to 73 NTtI, respectively (Table 2.5). Levels were highest in April and lowest in February. Samples collected at Location 1 showed higher levels of both constituents than those taken from either Location 10 or 4.Those higher concentrations are parti--Ily the result of turbulent mixing water discharged from John Redmond Dam.The ranges of concentrations measured for the major ionic constituents were as follows (in milligrams per liter): calcium, 52 to 154;8 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES chloride, 9.3 to 73; magnesium, 14 to 39; potassium, 3.9 to 6.0; sodium, 12 to 39; and sulfate, 46 to 130 (Table 2.5). Potassium varied the least throughout the year; peak concentrations were observed in October at Location 1. Calcium concentrations were highest in February at all locations during 1978. All of the ionic constituents demonstrated temporal but little spatial variability (Appendix A, Table A.2).Total iron and soluble iron concentrations ranged from 100 to 6200 14g/l and 7 to 210 pg/l, respectively. Peak concentrations of total iron were observed in April whereas peak soluble iron levels were recorded in February. Throughout 1978 total iron concentrations were generally lower at Location 10 than at other locations. Higher concentrations of both parameters during February and April may have been the result of runoff transporting iron containing matter into the river system. Similar results have been reported by Williams et al. (1973). Total manganese ranged from 2 to 130 iig/l (Table 2.5).Concentrations were lowest in December and highest in April.True color values ranged from 8 to 17 color units. Color values were lower in February and showed little spatial variability throughout the year (Table 2.5).b. Wolf Creek Spatial and temporal variability in general water quality constituents in Wolf Creek observed in this study was similar to that reported by Byrnes (1977, 1978). Water quality during 1978 was generally good in February and April and poor from June through December.Water temperature and dissolved oxygen levels ranged from 0.0 to 25.6C (32-78.1F) and <0.1 to 9.3 mg/l, respectively (Table 2.5).Oxygen saturation levels ranged from <1.0 to 88%. The lowest values were observed at Locations 7 and 5 in December. Low dissolved oxygen levels (1.6 mg/l) at Location 7 in October indicated near anoxic conditions and Locations 7 and 5 were anoxic in December (<0.1 mg/l). These low dissolved oxygen levels are below the concentrations reported to be necessary to sustain aquatic biota (McKee and Wolf 1963). The lack of flow, biological decomposition, oxidation of organic material, and low photosynthetic activity due to ice cover in the winter were the principal reasons for the low oxygen levels. Similar conditions have been reported in other intermittent streams (Slack and Feltz 1968), and have previously occurred in Wolf Creek (Byrnes 1977, 1978). Samples collected from Locations 7 and 5 in December had high levels of color, total organic nitrogen, orthophosphate, phosphorus, biochemical oxygen demand, and chemical oxygen demand. The water samples may have been contaminated with bottom material because of the shallow depth of the pools. Locations 7 and 5 have considerable organic debris in the streambed which would affect the above constituents. The plH and total alkalinity ranged from 7.1 Lo 8.4 and ]06 to 200 mg/l-CaCO 3 , respectively (Table 2.5). Alkalinity and pH were lowest in December at Location 3. Alkalinity was generally higher at Location 7 than at the downstream locations (3 and 5) whereas pH levels showed little spatial variability. 9 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Filterable residue and specific conductance ranged from 235 to 537 mg/i and 350 to 710 pmhos/cm (at 25C), respectively. Both parameters exhibited spatial and temporal variability and were highest during December at Location 5 (Appendix A, Table A.2). Calcium, chloride, magnesium and sulfate, which affect the filterable residue levels, and conductivity were also highest during December. These peaks in concentration are probably related to low flow in Wolf Creek. Concentrations of the major ionic constituents were as follows (in milligrams per liter): calcium, 38 to 90; chloride, 3.7 to 32; magnesium, 6.4 to 19; potassium, 2.6 to 9.0; sodium, 8.6 to 32; and sulfate, 33 to 230 (Table 2.5).Nonfilterable residue and turbidity ranged from 3 to 15 mg/l and 6 to 74 NTU, respectively. Both parameters exhibited spatial and temporal variability and were highest at Location 3 in April. Location 3 was altered by road construction in 1976; sediment from the road embankments is transported into Wolf Creek during periods of precipitation (Byrnes 1976). Peak residue and turbidity levels during 1978 were preceeded by local precipitation resulting in some sediment being washed into Wolf Creek at Location 3.Soluble iron and total iron concentrations ranged from 10 to 1400 mg/l and 320 to 5800 pg/l, respectfully, during 1978. Both parameters showed considerable spatial and temporal variability. Peak concentrations of soluble iron were observed at Location 7 in December and peak total iron levels occurred at Location 3 in April. Total manganese and color levels ranged from 31 to 2800 pg/l and 15 to 120 color units, respectively. Both parameters exhibited spatial. and temporal variability, with peak concentrations observed at Location 7 during December (Appendix A, Table A.2). High concentrations of these parameters and soluble iron have been attributed to the accumulation of leaf litter and subsequent restricted flow (Byrnes 1976).2. Aquatic Nutrients a. Neosho River Concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River ranged as follows (in milligrams per liter): ammonia, <0.01 to 0.11; nitrate,<0.01. to 1.6; nitrite, 0.001 to 0.019; total organic nitrogen, 0.57 to 3.3, soluble orthophosphate, 0.006 to 1.10; total phosphorus, 0.051 to 1.70; and soluble silica, 1.8 to 13 (Table 2.6). With the exception of ammonia, nutrient concentrations ranges in 1978 were similar to seasonal concentrations reported in previous years (Table 2.9). Maximum ammonia concentrations were higher in the winter than previously reported, whereas nitrate, total organic nitrogen, total phosphorus and soluble silica concentrations observed in the spring and fall were lower than in the past (Table 2.9). With the exception of nitrate, aquatic nutri-ent .1VLCiS were generally higher at Location 1 than at the downstream locations (10 and 4). Peak concentrations of nitrite were observed in February, while nitrate and silica concentrations were highest in April.Total organic nitrogen and total phosphorus were highest in October and ammonia concentrations were at maximum levels in December. Tn previous years the concentrations of all aquatic nutrients were highest in the summer (Byrnes 1978). Aquatic nutrient concentrations were adequate to support aquatic life in the Neosho River.10 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES b. Wolf Creek The concentrations of aquatic nitrients observed in 1978 indicated considerable spatial and temporal variability (Table 2.6 and Appendix A, Table A.2). Aquatic nutrient levels observed ranged as follows: ammonia,<0.01 to 0.11 mg/l; nitrate, <0.01 to 1.6 mg/l; nitrite, 0.001 to 0.032 mg/l;total organic nitrogen, 0.57 to 3.3 mg/l; soluble orthophosphate, 0.006 to 1.10 mg/l; total phosphorus, 0.051 to 1.70 mg/l; and silica, 1.8 to 13 mg/l -Si02 (Table 2.6). Peak concentrations of ammonia, nitrate and nitrite were recorded in February. Soluble orthophosphate, total phosphorus, and soluble silica were highest in December and total organic nitrogen was highest in October. Low water conditions in Wolf Creek and the accumulation of organic debris in the streambed resulted in higher total organic nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations than those reported in 1977. Similar streambed conditions and related effects on nutrient levels were reported by Larimore et al. (1959) and Byrnes (1976).3. Indicators of Municipal and Industrial Contamination

a. Neosho River With the exception of hexane soluble material, concentrations of all parameters indicative of municipal or industrial pollution measured in 1978 were within seasonal ranges reported in earlier studies (Table 2.9).Fecal coliform and fecal streptococci bacteria densities ranged from 1 to 430 organisms per 100 ml and 3 to 70 organisms per 100 ml, respectively, and varied spatially and temporally.

Peak fecal coliform densities were recorded in October at Location 10 and peak fecal streptococci densities occurred in February at Location 10 (Appendix A, Table A.2). Fecal coliform densities are generally higher at Locations 10 and 4 than at Location 1, which may reflect the effects of sewage treatment plant effluent from Burlington, Kansas. Fecal streptococci densities were also higher at the downstream locations (10 and 4)than at Location 1.Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations ranged as follows (in milligrams per liter): BOD, 0.7 to 3.8; COD, 15 to 36; and TOC, <3.0 to 6.0 (Table 2.7).Concentrations of these indicator parameters were generally low throughout 1978 but were within ranges previously reported (Table 2.9). The minimum TOC level (<3.0 ing/l) was lower than that previously reported.Hexane soluble materials ranged from <3.0 to 6.0 mg/l during 1978, and concentrations measured at Locations I in February and Location 4 in December were higher than previously reported (Table. 2.9 and Appendix A, Table A.2).b. Wolf Creek Fecal coliforn; and fecal streptococci bacteria densities ranged from 8 to 270 organisms per 100 ml and 63 to 420 organisms per 100 ml, respectively, during 1978 (Table 2.7). Densities of fecal coliform bacteria were similar to those reported by Byrnes (1978) in 1977. Lower levels of fecal 11 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES streptococci during 1978 were indicative of the lack of surface runoff reaching Wolf Creek. Both enteric bateria groups exhibited spatial and temporal variability during 1978 (Appendix A, Table A.2).Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 1.6 to >8.2 mg/l, 18 to 84 mg/l, and<3 to 6.0 mg/l, respectively (Table 2.7). Each varied among locations and with time and the concentrations were generally higher in Wolf Creek than in the Neosho River (Appendix A, Table A.2). Concentrations of BOD, COD and TOC were generally higher at Locations 7 and 5 than at Location 3. Higher oxygen demand at Locations 7 and 5 is reflected in lower dissolved oxygen levels, relative to Location 3 (Appendix A, Table A.2).Hexane soluble materials ranged from <3.0 to 6 mg/l. Peak concentrations were recorded at Location 3 in December.4. Trace Metals a. Neosho River Trace metal concentrations ranged as follows (in micrograms per liter): copper, 1.5 to 5.6; lead, <1.0 to 94; mercury, 0.29 to 2.90;selenium, <1.0 to 6.0; and zinc, <0.1 to 110 (Table 2.8). All the trace metals exhibited spatial and temporal variability during 1978 and concentrations were within seasonal ranges previously reported (Table 2.9). Lead, selenium, and zinc concentrations were highest in April. Peak levels of mercury and copper were observed in June and August, respectively. With the exception of zinc and lead, metal concentrations were higher at Location 1 than at the downstream locations (10 and 4). This may have been the result of resuspension of particulate matter in the turbulent tailwaters of John Redmond Reservior Dam.b. Wolf Creek Concentrations of trace metals in Wolf Creek ranged as follows (in micrograms per liter): copper, 0.9 to 8.2; lead, <1.0 to 140;mercury; 0.2 to 3.2; selenium, <1.0 to 9.0; and zinc, <0.1 to 280 (Table 2.8).Concentrations varied among locations and with time (Appendix A, Table A.2).Trace metal concentrations were generally higher in 1978 than those reported by Byrnes (1978) in 1977.C. Groundwater

1. Hydrology Groundwater in the vicinity of WCGS is available from three types of rock formation:

alluvial deposits in the river valleys, shallow soils and weathered bedrock, and deep bedrock (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974).The alluvium is composed of silt, sand and gravel, whereas the soil and weathered bedrock formation consists of shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone and the soils derived from them. The deep bedrock formation consists of sandstone and limestone. Wells in the alluvium usually have higher yields (100 gpm) than those in the rock formations and are recharged primarily from 12 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES precipitation and discharges from the bedrock strata. Therefore, the water table elevation is affected by local precipitation and drought conditions. During 1978, precipitation levels in the vicinity of WCGS were below normal throughout the year (Figure 2.2). The low precipitation levels and subsequent lower recharge levels resulted in lower water table elevations similar to those previously reported (Byrnes 1977).2. Groundwater Quality Temporal variability in the concentrations of total dissolved solids, manganese, selenium, sulfate, chloride, sodium, phosphate, calcium, soluble iron, and total iron was observed in one or all of the following wells during 1978: B-12, C-20, C-50, D-28, D-42, D-55, and D-65 (Table 2.11). Con-centrations of total iron, selenium and sulfate were highest in April. Total dissolved solids, chloride, phosphate, and calcium concentrations peaked in June and soluble iron, manganese and sodium concentrations were highest in October. The wells sampled have generally shown wide spatial and some temporal variability in water quality.Peak concentrations of TDS, conductivity, calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, and sulfates in wells C-42 and C-50 were higher in 1978 than in the two previous years. Concentrations of TDS, total iron, calcium, chloride, magnesium, sodium, and potassium were highest in well D-65, whereas well D-55, located approximately 2.5 miles northeast of well D-65, showed the lowest concentrations for these same parameters with the exception of potassium (Table 2.11). The increased concentrations in well D-65 may be attributable to surface runoff and infiltration of water through the geological formations near the well. In addition, low water table levels may have had a concentrating effect on some parameters and therefore caused an increase in the observed values.Alkalinity and pH values ranged from 110 to 409 mg/l and 7.2 to 8.0, respectively. Peak alkalinity values were observed in well B-12 in October while the lowest values were in well D-65 for the same period. The alkalinities at wells B-12 and D-42 were consistently higher than at the other wells. The pH values in well D-65 were generally lower throughout the 1978 sampling period; peak values were observed in well D-28 during June and in well D-42 in October.Conductivity and filterable residue (TDS) values were generally higher in 1978 than in 1977. Conductivity values ranged from 690 to 5800 pmhos/cm (at 25C) while TDS concentrations ranged from 432 to 6060 mg/I. TDS con-centrations and conductivity were highest throughout the year in well D-65.Concentrations of the ionic constituents sampled in 1978 for all wells ranged as follows: calcium, 90 to 690 mg/l; chloride, 44 to 560 mg/l;magnesium, 14 to 140 mg/l; potassium, 0.9 to 4.3 mg/l; sodium, 13 to 310 mg/l;and sulfate, <1 to 550 mg/l. With the exception of sulfate, the major ionic constituents were consistently highest in well D-65 (Table 2.11). Sulfate concentrations were consistently lowest in well D-65 and highest in well C-50.Maximum concentrations of calcium, magnesium and sulfates were higher than those reported in previous years (Byrnes 1976, 1977).13 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Soluble iron and total iron concentrations ranged from 6 to 240 vig/l and 110 to 8900 vig/l, respectively. Wells B-12 and C-50 had the highest soluble iron concentrations while wells B-12 and D-65 had the highest total iron concentrations. Iron is generally in the soluble form in most aquifers.Aeration during sampling often results in oxidation of soluble iron and pre-cipitation of ferric hydroxide (Hem 1970). This reaction may cause lower soluble iron values than those actually present in solution. This effect may have caused the low soluble iron levels in wells B-12, C-20, D-28, and D-65 (Table 2.11).Total manganese concentrations ranged from 3.1 to 1400 mg/l and were highest in wells B-12 and D-65 and lowest in well C-50. Concentrations were within the ranges established in previous studies.Total phosphorus and soluble silica concentrations ranged from<0.001 to 0.22 mg/l and 3.6 to 16 mg/l, respectively. Well B-12 had the highest total phosphorus concentrations and well D-55 the lowest. Soluble silica concentrations were highest in well D-42. Selenium concentrations ranged from <1 to 13 wg/l. Samples collected from wells C-50 and D-28 in April contained concentrations of selenium at or above the recommended 10 Pg/l criterion for drinking water established by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1975). Selenium levels observed in June and October were below the 10 ijig/l criterion in all wells.Variation in water quality of the well samples is related to water table level fluctuations, well construction, and the condition of the well and pump. Samples from well D-65 were consistently higher in ionic con-stituents and total iron which may indicate surface contamination. The water level in D-65 is normally at ground level (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974).IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Construction activities at the WCGS have not had a detectable effect on water quality in the Neosho River. Road work at Location 3 has resulted in some increased nonfilterable residue levels in Wolf Creek during surface runoff periods.2. Flow in Wolf Creek was minimal or absent during the 1978 study.3. Poor water quality conditions in Wolf Creek were attributed to a combination of factors including lack of flow, decay of organic debris, and ice cover resulting in low photosynthetic activity.4. As was evident in previous monitoring studies, considerable spatial and temporal.

variability was observed in both surface water and groundwater quality in 1978.5. Water quality of the Neosho River was acceptable when compared to the criteria established by the Kansas State Board of Health.6. Water temperature, alkalinity, conductivity, and turbidity levels were higher in the Neosho River in 1978 than in previous years.14 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 7. Anoxic conditions were present in Wolf Creek at Locations 7 and 5 during December.8. Peak concentrations of major ionic constituents, conductivity, and filterable solids in wells C-42 and C-50 were higher in 1978 than in previous yeras. Well D-65 showed poorest overall quality during 1978.9. Selenium concentrations in well C-50 were above the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended level of 10 ýig/l.15 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF). 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 14 ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D. C. 1193 pp.Bowling, T. J., and D. B. Ellis. 1975. Water quality study. Pages 67-111 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Byrnes, D. J. 1976. Water quality study. Pages 74-123 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.1977. Water quality study. Pages 4-46 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.1978. Water quality study. Pages 4-49 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Fishman, M. J., and M. R. Midgett. 1968. Extraction techniques for the determination of cobalt, nickel and lead in freshwater by atomic absorbtion. Pages 230-236 in R. F. Gould, ed. Trace inorganics in water. Am. Chem.Soc., Washington, D. C.Harms, L. L., J. N. Dornbush, and J. R. Andersen. 1974. Physical and chemical quality of agricultural runoff. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 46:2460-2470. Hem, J. D. 2.970. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 2nd ed. U. S. Dep. Interior, Geol. Surv. Water Supply Pap.1973. 363 pp.Howe, L. H. III, and C. W. Holley. 1969. Comparisons of mercury (III) chloride and sulfuric acid as preservatives for nitrogen forms in water samples.Environ. Sci. Technol. 3:478-481. Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Kansas State Board of Health. 1.977. Water quality criteria for interstate and intrastate waters of Kansas. Topeka, Kans. 9 pp.Larrimore, R. W., W. F. Childers, and C. Heckrotte. 1959. Destruction and re-establishment of stream fish and invertebrates affected by drought.Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 88:261-285. 16 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Millipore Corporation. 1973. Biological analysis of water and wastewater. LAM 3020/P. Bedford, Mass. 84 pp.Oceanography International Corporation. 1974. Preliminary operating procedures manual for the direct injection module OIC Model 05-24B-HR. College Station, Tex. 36 pp.Perkin-Elmer Corporation. 1968. Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Norwalk, Conn. n.p._ 1972. Perkin-Elmer analytical methods for flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy with the heated graphite atomizer HGA-72.Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, Uberlingen, Federal Republic of Germany. 13 pp.Ryden, J. C., J. K. Syers, and R. F. Harris. 1972. Sorption of organic phosphate by laboratory ware. Implications in environmental phosphorus techniques. Analyst 97:903-908. Slack, K. V., and H. R. Feltz. 1968. Tree leaf control on low flow water quality in a small Virginia stream. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2:126-131. Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 167. 310 pp.Technicon Industrial Systems. 1974. Technicon auto-analyzer II continuous-flow analytical instrument manual. Tech. Publ. No. VA4-0170C00. n.p.Thomas, R. F., and R. L. Booth. 1973. Sensitive electrode measurement of ammonia in water and wastes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7:523-526. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. 1978. Monthly reservoir regulation charts-John Redmond Reservoir. Tulsa, Okla. (Unpublished data) n.p.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1972. Handbook for analytical quality control in water and wastewater laboratories. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. 98 pp.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1974. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Office Technol. Transfer, Washington, D. C. 298 pp.1975. National interim primary drinking water regulations. 40 FR 248:59565-59573. Williams, L. G., J. C. Joyce, and J. T. Monk, Jr. 1973. Stream velocity effects on the heavy-metal concentrations. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 65: 275-279.17 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Figure 2.1. Surface water and groundwater qual ity sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.18 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 10 Se*- e Total Monthly Rainfall (1978)15 0 Normal Monthly Rainfall I 100 Cm 0 5 o 00 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC lie I cm I ., Figure 2.2. Precipitation at John Redmond Reservoir near the Wolf Creek~Generating Station during 1978 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978).19 M "M "M" M -"" --- --""" 28 22 Inflow.......... Outflow 0 Sampling Doles II 0 0 U-N z 0i z z m z-4 r cc 0l 0 0 0 0 I Figure 2.3. Daily discharge levels released to the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January to December 1978 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1978). HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I.I I I I i I I I.I I I I!I I i.I Table 2. 1.Physical measurements and instrumentation used in this study.Measurement Air temperature wet and dry bulb Cloud cover Relative humidity Wind velocity Current velocity Instrument Bendix Psychrometer Model 566 or Taylor Sling Psychrometer Field Observer Calculated Field Observer Dwyer Wind Meter General Oceanics Digital Flowmeter Model 2031-2035 Precision of Measurement + 0.5C++++5%1%3 mph 0.1 m/sec Table 2. 2.Water quality parameters measured in surface water samples.General Water Quality Parameters

• 1. -Alkalinity, total 2. Calcium 3. Chloride 4. Color, true 5. Conductance, specific 6. iron, soluble 7. Iron, total 8. Magnesium 9. Manganese, total* 10. oxygen, dissolved* 11. Oxygen, saturation
• 12. p1l 13. Potassium 14. Residue, filtrahle (total dissolved solids)15. Residue, nonfiltrable (total suspended solids)1 (1. Sodium 17. Sulfate* 18. Temperature
• 19. Turbidity Trace Metals 33. Copper, total 34. Lead, total 35. Mercury, tot:al 36. Selenium, total 37. Zinc, total Aqluttic Nutrients 20.* 21.* 22.* 23.* 24.* 25.* 26.Ammo n i a Ni trate Nitrite Organic nitroqen, total Orthophospha teo, .;(oluble Phosphorus, total.Si 1 i ca , solI11e ndi~cators ot Indnst-ri a1 and municipal.

Contamilna t i o 27. Bacteria, focal coliform 28. Bacteria, fecal streptococci

29. Biochemical oxYcqen demand ( 5- day)30. Chemical oxyqe'n 31. Ilexane soluble materials 32 .Organic carbon, r) Laal* Indicates parameters measured at Location 1 during May and July with phyt:opliank tn sampl ing.22 I ý IV ý. V If Vf ý I Ows I V a P-Wý- I==Table 2.3. Water. quality parameters measured in groundwater samples.General Water QualiLyl'arameters

1. Alkalinity, total 2. Calcium 3. Chloride 4. Conductance, specific S. Iron, soluble 6. Iron, total 7. Magnesium G. Manganese, total 9. Potassium 10. Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)11. Sodium 12. Sulfate Aquatic Nutrients 13. Nitrate 14. Phosphorus, total 15. Silica, soluble Trace Metals 16. Selenium, total 23 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4. Water quality methods.Preservation Detection Parameter Method Technique Reference Limit***Alkalinity, total Method 102*Ammonia Gas diffusion electrode Method 132C Autoanalyzer colorimetric phenate method Refrigeration HgCI 2 , refrigeration HgCl2, refrigeration HgCl 2 , refrigeration Na2S203, sterile bottle, refrigeration Na2S203, sterile bottle, refrigeration Na2S 2 03, sterile bottle, refrigeration Refrigeration A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Thomas and Booth 1973; Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Howe and Holley 1969 U.S.E.P.A.

1974 Howe and Holley 1969*Bacteria, fecal coliform*Bacteria, fecal streptococci Method 408B Method 409B Delayed incubation method*Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day)Method 219***Calcium

• • • Chloride Atomic absorption direct aspiration HNO 3 Method 112B Autoanalyzer
• Chemica 1 oxygen demand*Color, true***Conductance, specific Low level method None required None required Refrigeration None required None required A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Millipore Corp.1973 A.P.H.A. et al.Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 U.S.E.P.A.

1974 U.S.E.P.A. 1974 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a U.S.E.P.A. 1974 1 mg/l-CaCO3 0.01 mg/i-N 0.01 mg/i-N 0.01 mg/1-N 0 organisms/ 100 ml 0 organisms/ 100 ml 0 organisms/ 100 ml 0.5 mg/l 2 pg/l 0.5 mg/l 0.1 mg/l 0.1 mg/l 1 unit 1 umho/cm 0.01 mg/l 0.1 Vg/l 0.2 pg/l Method 118 Method 154*Copper Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Soxhlet extraction HN0 3 HN03 HN0 3*Hexane soluble H 2 SO 4 refrigeration 0.1 mg/l 24 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4.(continued) Preservation Detection Parameter Method Technique Reference Limit***Iron'*Lead Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption direct aspiration Flameless atomic absorption Method 213C Autoanalyzer cadmium reduction HN03 HN0 3 HN0 3 HN0 3 HN03 HN03 HN0 3 HNO 3 HN0 3 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 U.S.E.P.A. 1974 0.03 mg/l 1 pg/i 0.5 ig/l 0.1 pm/l I pg/l 1 pg/l***Magnesiputr 1 pg/l*Mercury***Nitrate

• Nitrite Method 11.6.Method 138A*Organic carbon, total HgCI 2 , refrigeration HgCI 2 , refrigeration HgC1 2 , refrigeration icCI., refrigeration HCl, refrigeration HgCl2, refrigeration Filtration, refrigeration Measured in the field A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Howe and Holley 1969 U.S.E.P.A.

1974;Howe and Holley 1969 Strickland and Parsons 1972; Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Ocean. Int.Corp. (1974)a,b Ocean. Inter.Corp. (1974)b.A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Howe and Holley 1969 Strickland and Parsons 1972;Ryden et al. 1972 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 0.01 mg/l 0.05 pg/l 0.01 mg/i-N 0.01 mg/i-N 0.1 pg/i-N 1 mg/l Ocean. Int. Analyzer wet oxidation Methods 135 then 132C*Organic nitrogen, total*Or thopb~ospha te, soluble Method 11.1.Method 218B 0.2 mg/l 0.01 mg/l 1 pg/i-P 0.1 mg/l Expressed as percent*Oxygen dissolved*Oxygen, saturation Calculated method 218B 25 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4.(continued) Preservation Detection Parameter Method Technique Reference Limit Method 144A Measured in the field None required A.P.H.A. et al. 1976 0.1 pH***Phosphorus, total***Potassium Method 223C then method II.1.Atomic absorption direct aspiration HNO3***Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)*Residue, nonfiltrable (total suspended solids)Method 148B Method 148C None required None required A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Strickland and Parsons 1972 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972b Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Technicon Industrial Systems 1974 5 wg/1 2 mg/l 1 mg/l 1 tig/l-P***Selenium

• • • Silica, soluble Atomic absoprtion direct aspiration Atomic absorption H2Se Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Method 151C Autoanalyzer method 105-71W Atomic absorption direct aspiration Method 156C Autoanalyzer method 118-71 W HN03 HN03 IIN03 1 mg/i 1 jjg/1 1 ug/l Filtration Filtration 0-01 mg/I-Si02 0-01 mg/1-S102***Sodium***Sulfate HN0 3 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 None required None required A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Technicon Industrial Systems 1974 2 wg/l 5 mg/i 1 mg/l 0.1 C**Temperature Whitnev Thermometer, method 162 Measured in situ*Turbidity
• Zinc Hach Turbidimeter, method 163A Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic ahsorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer None required HNO 3 IHNO 3 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1.968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a 0.1 N.T.U.0.01 mg/l I wg/l 0.1 vig/l 26 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES T'able 2.4. (continued)

Measured in surface water only.**Measured in groundwater only.Measured in both surface water and groundwater. a Soluble iron determined by same method after filtration of sample.b Soluble manganese determined by same method after filtration of sample.27 mm-m- --m m --m- m --m ---~Table 2.5. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of general water quality parameters in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1978.Neosho River Wolf Creek Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Parameter Water temperature (°C)Oxygen, dissolved (mg/i)Oxygen saturation (M)n min max mean n min max mean 3 3 3 1 3 3 16 0.5 12.8 26.7 24.6 15.4 0.7 0.5 4.0 14.5 26.7 24.6 15.7 1.3 26.7 2.8 13.9 26.7 -15.5 0.9 11.9 4 6 6 6 4 6 32 14 9.7 6.2 5.1 9.0 13.1 5.1 16 10.6 8.0 6.0 9.7 13.7 16 15 10.0 6.9 5.7 9.4 13.5 10 n 4 6 6 2 2 6 26 min 107 96 78 62 94 91 62 max il1 100 101 68 96 97 Iil mean 109 98 87 65 95 94 91 pH n m in max mean 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 8.0 7.8 8.1 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.7 8.3 8.1 8.3 8.3 8.3 7.8 8.3 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.2 7.8 8.1 Alkalinity, total (mg/l-CaCO 3)Conductance, specific (omhos/cm at 25 C)Residue, filterable (solids, total dissolved) (mg/i)Residue, nonfiltrable (solids, total suspended) (mg/i)n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 286 165 177 163 160 174 160 max 288 182 189 169 165 178 288 mean 287 176 180 167 163 176 191 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 810 450 520 580 600 690 450 max 830 490 530 590 650 720 830 mean 818 477 525 583 620 700 620 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 504 274 304 369 406 425 274 max 516 296 340 398 436 462 516 mean 511 282 328 383 420 442 394 3 3 3 1 2 3 15 0.0 11.0 24.4 25.2 13.0 0.7 0.0 0.5 14.5 25.6 25.2 13.2 2.7 25.6 0.2 12.5 25.2 -13.1 1.7 10.5 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 7.0 8.4 3.4 3.8 1.6 <0.1 <0.1 9.3 9.2 5.4 3.9 4.5 6.0 9.3 7.9 8.7 4.6 3.9 2.9 1.9 4.9 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 48 78 42 47 15 <1 <1.0 63 88 67 48 43 45 88 54 82 57 47 27 14 47 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 7.1 7.4 7.4 8.3 7.4 6.5 7.1 7.2 7.6 7.8 8.4 7.7 6.8 8.4 7.2 7.5 7.6 8.3 7.5 6.7 7.5 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 160 175 152 118 125 106 106 174 200 181 123 137 152 200 167 185 165 120 131 130 150 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 500 480 430 360 350 370 350 550 540 450 360 530 710 710 525 522 443 360 440 557 474 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 338 301 268 250 235 274 235 384 340 301 252 376 537 537 357 325 287 251 307 411 323 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 7 22 41 64 24 3 3 13 151 93 92 61 20 151 9 70 76 78 38 15 48 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 6 17 30 64 34 10 6 9 73 74 73 48 27 74 7 39 51 68 40 17 37 N r In-4 0 z m z'3 0 z z r to 0 fin z 0 In M)n min max mean 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 1 116 52 <1 8 4 <1.0 17 132 62 51 29 20 132 8 126 59 30 16 10 42 Turbidity (N.T.U.)n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 2 67 29 20 13 3 2 max 11 73 37 37 32 12 73 mean 6 69 33 28 20 6 27 Table 2.5. (continued) Parameter Neosho River Wolf Creek Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Anr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Calcium (mg/l)Chloride (mg/I)Magnesium (mg/1)n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 120 52 63 59 61 54 59 max 150 59 68 61 64 90 154 mean 130 56 65 60 62 74 74 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 28 9 15 27 35 52 9 max 31 13 16 35 52 73 73 mean 29 11 15 31 40 60 31 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 38 59 56 43 43 48 38 84 68 63 44 66 90 90 74 63 60 43 54 68 60 6 10 14 11 6 6 2 4 6 30 5.7 4.4 4.9 3.7 5.5 3.7 7.6 6.4 5.3 4.2 32 32.0 6.7 5.4 5.1 3.9 22 9.0 rl- Potassium (mg/1)n min max mean n min max mean n min max mean 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 31 14 16 19 21 21 14 37 16 18 21 22 23 39 34 15 17 20 21 22 21 6 6 6 6.4 12 11 19 13 12 14.6 13 11 2 4 6 30 9.4 10 1I 6.4 9.6 14 18 19.0 9.5 12 15 12 6 4 6 5 6 6 6 6 6 36 3.9 4.0 5.2 5.5 5.0 3.9 4.3 5.0 5.8 6.1 5.3 6.0 4.1 4.5 5.5 5.7 5.1 4.9 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 2.6 2.7 3.5 5.2 4.8 3.4 2.6 7.8 3.0 4.4 5.3 6.0 9.0 9.0 5.9 2.9 3.9 5.3 5.4 6.2 4.9 N-4 0 z in z 0 z K z U)0 in z 0)in w)Sodium (mg / I)Sulfate (mg/I)6 6 6 6 6 6 36 31 12 16 24 29 34 12 39 13 18 25 33 37 39 34 12 17 25 30 35 25 6 6 6 8.6 16 15 27 19 19 20.3 17 17 2 4 6 30 9.7 9.0 6.6 8.6 9.8 9.7 32 32 9.7 9.4 21.9 16 Iron, soluble (Gg/l)Iron, total (1i/i)n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 110 46 60 90 100 120 46 max 120 49 65 95 100 130 130 mean 113 48 62 92 100 125 90 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 15 18 9 36 19 7 7 max 210 130 24 120 68 100 210 mean 120 63 17 60 45 28 55 n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 min 120 5500 2100 940 820 100 100 max 490 6200 3100 2800 2200 330 6200 mean 298 5750 2633 1957 1375 177 2032 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 69 56 35 49 40 33 33 98 76 67 50 140 230 230 81 64 52 49 88 139 79 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 180 19 10 96 22 53 10 460 31 35 200 46 1400 1400 242 24 22 148 33 556 171 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 320 1000 2000 2700 1400 370 320 790 5800 3700 3900 4200 3600 5800 595 2933 3267 3300 2575 1267 2322 m 4uu -M M M ( -Table 2.5. (continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb _ Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Manganese, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (ug/l) min 46 110 100 100 100 2 2 120 200 220 300 240 31 31 max 100 130 130 130 120 32 130 340 300 810 310 330 2800 2800 mean 75 122 115 113 107 14 91 222 248 463 305 280 878 399 Color, true n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (units) min 8 16 13 11 9 10 8 52 15 18 22 15 34 15 max 9 17 15 12 12 12 17 77 21 24 24 18 120 120 mean 9 17 13 11 10 10 .12 61 17 21 23 17 75 36 N r-1 z z M 0 z K z 0 z n m U, HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.6.Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, February -December, 1978.Neosho River Wolf Creek Par imeter __RanLe' Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Ammonia n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 5 6 2 4 6 29 (mg/l-N) min 0.03 0.04 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.05 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 <0.01 max 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.02 0.25 0.25 0.11 0.03 0.09 <0.01 0.05 0.08 0.11 mean 0.04 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.17 0.05 0.09 0.01 0.04 -0.02 0.04 0.03 Nitrate n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 5 6 2 4 5 28 (mg/I-N) min 0.6 0.73 0.32 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.02 1.2 0.32 <0.01 0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 max 0.72 0.81 0.44 0.10 0.20 0.17 0.81 1.6 0.98 0.06 0.02 0.10 0.66 1.6 mean 0.67 0.77 0.39 0.06 0.16 0.12 0.36 1.4 0.56 0.04 0.01 0.06 0.14 0.37 Nitrite n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 5 27 (mg/i-N) min 0.059 0.029 0.012 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.001 0.030 0.014 0.002 0.001 0.001 0.003 0.001 max 0.065 0.029 0.027 0.008 0.006 0.009 0.065 0.032 0.026 0.009 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.032 mean 0.062 0.029 0.017 0.005 0.005 0.007 0.02 0.031 0.019 0.005 0.001 0.002 0.004 0.019 Nitrogen, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 5 6 2 4 6 29 organic min 0.63 0.57 0.64 0.77 0.68 0.69 0.77 0.96 0.57 0.73 3.0 0.84 0.78 0.57 (mg/1) max 0.72 0.73 0.75 0.84 1.10 0.94 1.10 1.10 0.72 1.10 3.3 1.40 2.3 3.3 mean 0.70 0.64 0.68 0.79 0.82 0.79 0.74 1.03 0.61 0.85 3.1 1.12 1.4 1.35 Orthophosphate, n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 soluble min 0.04 0.073 0.020 0.038 0.022 0.024 0.020 0.010 0.006 0.010 0.020 0.007 0.029 0.006 (mg/1-P) max 0.058 0.084 0.027 0.071 0.100 0.230 0.230 0.035 0.030 0.020 0.027 0.017 1.10 1.10 m.an 0.054 0.079 0.023 0.050 0.065 0.138 0.068 0.025 0.019 0.014 0.023 0.011 0.445 0.090 Phosphorus, n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 total min 0.089 0.16 0.12 0.062 0.11 0.046 0.046 0.056 0.054 0.12 0.19 0.055 0.051 0.051 (mg/I-P) max 0.100 0.21 0.14 0.140 0.17 0.170 0.21 0.069 0.160 0.15 0.20 0.100 1.70 1.70 mean 0.097 0.19 0.13 0.089 0.14 0.124 0,128 0.062 0.104 0.13 0.19 0.078 0.64 0.20 Silica, soluble n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (mg/1-Si02) min 7.0 5.5 1.9 1.8 1.5 0.93 0.93 7.3 8.7 8.7 3.3 1.8 8.5 1.8 max 7.5 8.4 2.5 2.3 1.8 2.3 8.4 8.0 11 10 3.3 3.0 13 13 mean 7.2 7.5 2.3 2.0 1.7 1.47 3.69 7.6 9.5 9.7 3.3 2.4 10.3 7.13 31 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.7. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of parameters indicative of industrial or municipal contamination in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1978.Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Bacteria, fecal n 6 6 6 6 5 6 35 coliform min 7 140 20 260 130 1 1 (org annisma/ max 260 350 130 420 430 190 430 100 ml) mean 162 210 69 320 328 77 194 6 6 6 2 4 8 65 160 130 120 50 500 270 140 270 30 211 207 135 180 6 30 10 8 23 270 17 147 6 30 21 63 40 420 31 173 Bacteria, fecal n 6 6 6 streptococci min 4 43 10 (organisms/ max 70 60 63 100 ml) mean 39 56 37 6 39 60 49 5 20 59 48 6 35 6 6 6 2 4 3 3 100 86 63 240 87 67 70 420 210 270 240 200 28 43 297 164 167 240 140 Biochemical n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 oxygen demand miin 3.1 0.7 2.1 2.0 1.5 0.8 0.7 5.6 1.6 2.6 6.8 4.3 1.6 1.6 (5-day) max 3.8 2.1 2.5 2.2 3.4 1.6 3.8 7.2 1.8 4.4 7.8 5.0 8.2 8.2 (mg/l) mean 3.4 1.4 2.4 2.1 2.3 1.3 2.15 6.2 1.7 3.5 7.3 4.8 5.5 4.8 Chemical n 6 6 6 oxygen demand min 15 19 19 (mg/i) max 17 22 22 mean 16 21 20 6 16 19 18 6 16 27 20 6 16 36 24 36 15 36 20 6 46 66 53 6 6 2 4 18 21 36 27 23 34 44 29 20 25 40 28 6 24 84 60 30 18 84 38 1,xane soluble n 6 4 6 6 6 6 34 5 4 6 2 4 6 27 Smaterials min 3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3 (mg/1) max 4.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 6.0 6.0 5.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 6.0 6.0 mean 1.9 ----3.0 2.5 2.5 ----3.0 2.75 Organic carbon, n 6 6 6 6 6 ,tL mlin 5.7 7.1 5.5 8.1 7 (mg/1) max 6.4 8.0 9.0 9.1 10 mean 6.1 7. 7.3 8.4 8 6 36 6 5.7 5.5 18 21 21 25 11.2 20 6 6 2 5.6 5.6 21 8.8 10 23 7.7 7.6 22 4 11 12 11 6 30 8.1 5.6 35 35 25 12 32 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.8.Maximum, minimum, and menn trace metal levels in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December, 1978.Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Copper, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (wg/1) min 1.9 2.5 1.7 2.2 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.6 1.6 4.0 1.3 0.9 0.9 max 3.5 5.6 3.9 8.9 3.3 2.1 5.6 5.7 3.1 3.5 4.3 3.3 8.2 8.2 mean 2.4 3.3 3.0 4.1 2.4 1.7 2.8 3.6 2.1 2.5 4.1 2.5 3.5 3.05 Lead, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (pg/) min <1.0 4 1.0 <1.0 <1 <1.0 <1 <1.0 2 2 2 1 <1.0 <1.0 max <1.0 94 11 39 3 <1.0 94 6.0 140 2 78 4 7.0 140 mean 19 5 11.4 2 9.4 1.5 56 2 40 2 1.7 17.2 Mercury, total n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (mig/) an 0.29 0.36 1.5 0.53 0.74 0.38 0.29 0.20 0.36 1.3 0.62 0.74 0.21 0.2 max 1.00 1.40 2.2 2.20 2.20 2.90 2.90 0.98 1.50 2.8 3.2 2.8 0.74 3.2 mean 0.54 0.90 1.7 0.93 1.22 1.28 1.09 0.48 0.87 2.1 1.9 1.4 0.56 1.2 Selenium n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (pg/i) min 1 5 <1 2 <1 3 <1.0 <1.0 5 <1.0 2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 max 2 6 5 3 2 5 6.0 2.0 6 5.0 2 2.0 9.0 9.0 mean 1.5 6 2 2 1 4 2.8 1.1 6 2.0 2 1.1 4.7 2.8 Zinc n 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 6 6 6 2 4 6 30 (mg/n) mi 7.7 19 <0.1 15 2 <0.1 <0.1 1.4 2.8 <0.1 15 8.3 3.1 <0.1 max 15.0 30 17 40 110 3.1 110 17.0 24 15 23 11.0 280.0 280.0 mean 10.5 24 9.6 25 24 1.5 15.7 11.1 12.3 5.2 19 9.3 53.2 18.0 33 -HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. Seasonal water quality data from the Neosho River upstream and u downstream of its confluence with Wolf Creek, 1973-78. a,b Location 10 (upstream)C Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter General Water Quality Water temperature (°c)Oxygen, dissolved (mg / I )Oxygen, saturation (M)pH Alk;,lnity, total (mg/l-CaCO3) Filtrable residue (mg/l)Conductance, specific (.mhios/cm at 25C)Nonf1ltrable residue (mg/l)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 5.0 11.0 16.0 10.0 14.5 13.5 10.4 9.1 10.8 9.8 90 93 93 85 97 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.0 8.1 190 155 193 188 180 315 281 473 489 239 525 430 756 764 485 29 93 19 6 121 19.7 21.2 24.0 22.0 26.7 8.8 5.7 7.0 7.6 6.5 91 60 82 88 82 8.0 7.2 7.9 8.0 8.2 154 139 157 100 178 297 283 304 235 226 459 380 453 306 520 89 140 85 8 55 19.6 24.1 17.4 16.9 15.0 8.7 7.5 7.8 8.7 9.0 94 80 81 89 d 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.2 141 171 148 160 178 218 313 307 301 408 367 512 492 412 605 39 30 42 38 33 0.9 2.8 1.5 0.7 0.7 13.5 13.3 12.9 13.5 13.4 99 98 90 94 93 8.2 7.5 8.3 8.1 7.8 175 191 194 203 174 228 338 412 341 428 462 600 677 535 690 115 4 31 23 10 9.2-d 11.0 16.0 10.0 14.5 12.1 13.5 10.5 9.8 9.9 9.7 102_d 95 99 88 96 8.2 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1 8.3 114 200 153 190 183 182 213 325 348 485 481 281 293 538 431 758 759 490 98 42 86 14 7 126 24.6 20.0 21.2 24.0 22.0 26.7 7.7 8.8 5.9 6.6 7.6 6.3 92 97 62 77 88 79 8.2 8.2 7.1 7.9 7.9 8.1 173 164 97 158 101 177 307 284 223 296 222 317 462 458 274 443 308 525 48 194 192 95 21 59 23.0 19.5 23.6 17.4 16.9-d 7.4 8.7 7.1 8.0 8.6 9.7 85 94 75 82 88_d 7.9 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.0 8.3 194 140 175 146 159 178 223 214 315 320 301 420 510 368 514 495 429 610 41 40 37 47 40 34 2.5 0.9 2.8 1.5 0.7 0.7 14.1 13.5 12.6 12.9 13.4 13.9 120 100 93 90 91 93 7.6 8.0 7.7 8.3 8.2 7.8 135 178 195 195 202 177 238 263 385 409 345 441 375 475 606 672 533 695 43 93 3 24 22 4 34 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. (continued) Location 10 (upstream) Location 4 (downstream)Q 4 C v 11 T34 .arm CL rWL ear prH ng u ime a n..P+/-LC erp rr. nb u&n General Water Quality (continued) Turbiditye (NTU)Color true (units)Aquatic Nutrients Ammonia (mg/i-N)Nitrate (mg/1-N)Nitrite (mg/i-N)Organic nitrogen (mg/1)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 21 58 8.0 11 68 16 21 8 9 17 50 120 72 84 29 17 24 18 52 13 6 27 22 55 21 18 11 11 31 11 44 10 6.0 19 4.6 15 8 9 18 10 70 28 73 6.0 21 69 27 16 17 8 7 16 50 80 185 70 82 32 14 18 52 17 52 13 23 7 33 20 51 27 12 20 12 11 48 11 51 46 8 7.0 21 3.4 24 15 9 9 19 10 0.19 0.15<0.01 0.06 0.04-d 1.1 0.01 0.05 0.75 0.025 0.020 0.011 0.0047 0.029 0.50 0.93 0.74 0.85 0.58 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.01 2.0 1.2 0.57 0.61 0.41 0.040 0.018 0.056 0.021 0.12 0.66 1.0 0.71 0.86 0.66 0.075 0.080 0.069 0.086 0.024 0.16 0.24 0.18 0.22 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.49 0.55 0.15 0.80 0.07 0.026 0.032 0.004 0.0012 0.005 0.62 0.57 0.80 0.61 0.79 0.055 0.034 0.038 0.075 0.066 0.089 0.088 0.37 0.17 0.13 0.22 0.03 0.09 0.10 0.22 0.93 0.53 0.06 0.94 0.12 0.011 0.045 0.0029 0.034 0.009 0.66 0.42 0.58 0.58 0.75 0.093 0.031 0.063 0.12 0.19 0.16 0.041 0.071 0.17 0.16 0.12 0.17 0.18<0.01 0.05 0.04 0.77 1.4 1.3 0.02<0.01 0.78 0.015 0. 023 0.022 0. 0009 0. 0031 0.029 0.62 0.56 0.96 0.73 0.90 0.64 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.01 1.2 2.2 0.67 0.57 0.60 0.44 0.12 0.044 0.014 0.061 0.021 0.12 0.57 0.83 1.4 0.83 0.75 0.67 0.16 0.079 0.061 0.070 0.087 0.023 0.15 0.21 0.35 0.24 0.23 0.13 0.01 0.02<0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.70 0.28 0.60 0.01 0.84 0.02 0.0018 0.032 0.028 0.002 0.011 0.001 0.86 0.60 0.60 0.80 0.68 0.77 0.18 0.21 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.24 0.79 0.89 0.52 0.03 0.90 0.16 0.012 0.011 0.0045 0.0037 0.030 0.008 0.73 0.63 0.51 0.57 0.56 0.72 0.073 0.091 0.026 0.044 0.12 0.20 0.21 0.16 0.034 0.049 0.15 0.16 Orthophsophate, soluble (mg/1-P)Phosphorus, total (mg/l-P)0.067 0.015 0.035 0.059 0.082 0.11 0.21 0.097 0.095 0.20 0.11 0.066 0.018 0.044 0.014 0.078 0.23 0.12 0.18 0.094 0.083 0.16 0.066 0.057 0.037 0.026 0.075 0.046 0.12 0.11 0.088 0.38 0.16 0.06 35 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9.(continued) Location 10 (upstream) Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Aquatic Nutrients (continued) Silica, soluble 1973 (mg/l-Si02) 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Industrial and Municipal Contaminants 8.8 5.1 0.54 0.63 6.5 11.5 8.4 6.3 10 2.2 4.9 3.7 6.5 10 2.2 10.4 0.31 0.26 12 1.8 Bacteria, fecal coliform (no./100 ml)Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day) (mg/i)Chemical oxygen demand (mg/i)Organic carbon, total (mg/i)Hexane soluble materials (mg/1)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 81 215 10 160 160 4.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.0 15 32 17 19 19 18 28 8.1 8.6 7.3 1.1 0.7<0.I<0.1<3.0 41 170 190 33 98 1.7 2.3 0.6 2.0 2.2 17 23 21 22 19 9 21 8.3 10 7.3 1.7 2.2 0.3 0.4<3.0 97 320 75 425 0.8 0.5 1.6 1.1 1.6 15 14 16 17 16 10 11 7.5 6.6 7.1<0.1 1.4 0.8 0.6<3.0 170 38 550 220 180 1.1 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 16 17 15 16 16 14 9.1 6.7 7.3 5.7 0.2 1.7 0.6 1.7<3.0 10.3 8.9 5.2 0.66 0.39 7.9 67 81 170 9 83 145 2.6 5.1 3.3 3.0 2.9 1.4 22 16 28 17 18 21 8 21 30 8.4 8.8 7.2<0.1 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.5<3.0 3.0 1.6 5.3 1.2 2.9 3.3 3.8 0.88 3.9 0.32 0.44 6.9 7.3 8.4 8.5 6.3 9.7 2.4 5.5 5.9 3.8 4.1 9.9 2.1 43 52 230 480 37 86 2.4 2.1 2.3 0.7 2.0 2.4 20 21 37 22 23 19 6 9 24 8.1 9.6 8.6 0.2 1.2 1.5 0.1<3.0 46 370 135 170 130 330 1.5 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.7 16 17 15 16 16 18 20 9 13 7.0 7.7 7.1 1.7<0.1 1.7 0.6 0.4<3.0 1.8 5.0 1.6 1.7 4.1 2.7 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.58 2.6 1.2 8.-9 10.7 0.34 0.29 12 0.97 680 190 45 110 290 49 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.3.1.0 21 17 21 17 15 35 13 14 7.6 6.6 6.0 20 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.9 5.2 6.0 2.2 5.3 2.6 1.5 3.0 1.5 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.089 0.93 0. M0 Trace Metals Copper, total (Gg/1)Iron, total (mg/l)1.5 3.8 0.8 1.3 4.1 0.85 3.0 0.41 0.33 5.5 4.9 6.5 2.7 5.4 2.0 2.1 6.1 1.8 4.1 2.4 5.7 2.3 1.7 3.8 2.2 2.1 0.92 0.69 2.4 0.82 5.7 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.8 2.1 0.22 0.088 1.0 0.12 4.1 8.5 9.9 3.2 5.7 3.2 2.9 3.7 11.0 1.9 4.2 2.5 36 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. (continued) Location 10 (upstream) Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Trace Metals (continued) Manganese, total 1973 0.57 0.18 0.090 0.11 (mg/l) 1974 0.066 0.068 0.071 0.074 0.068 0.13 0.072 0.082 1975 0.10 0.15 0.056 0.030 0.13 0.22 0.075 0.032 1976 0.25 0.13 0.065 0.036 0.25 0.11 0.074 0.032 1977 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.040 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.040 1978 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.002 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.0004 Mercury, total 1973 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.11 (Gg/l) 1974 0.08 0.07 <0.05 0.61 0.05 0.05 <0.05 0.32 1975 6.5 1.0 0.76 0.54 8.7 1.7 0.92 1.2 1976 0.76 1.3 0.95 0.28 0.47 0.61 0.83 0.61 1977 0.26 0.37 1.1 1.0 4.6 0.59 1.8 0.64 1978 1.18 2.0 1.1 0.44 0.38 1.5 0.86 2.9 Zinc, total 1973 <1 8 1 1 1974 15 60 39 12 18 26 47 11 1975 17 28 5.8 1.8 13 46 6.4 3.3 1976 15 3.5 8.2 13 14 2.2 14 4.4 1977 37 30 25 6.9 9.6 31 23 7.6 1978 21 8.6 5.5 0.9 24 16 59 0.6 a b c d e Means of duplicate samples.Spring water quality data collected in March 1973-74 and April 1975-78.Location 10 not included in 1973 study.Not determined. Turbidity prior to April 1975 reported in JTU.37 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.10. Water quality criteria for Kansas (applicable to Neosho River.)a surface waters Locations and Months in which Parameter the Standards Were Violated Temperature, water Oxygen, dissolved 32.2C (90F)Not less than 5 mg/l PH 6.5 to 8.5 Ammonia 0.15 mg/l-N maximum Bacteria, fecal coliform Oil and grease Turbidity and total suspended solids Color Not to exceed 2000 per 100 ml sample No evidence of visible oil or grease No increases from other than natural crigin No man-made point source discharges of color producing substances No increases from man-made point discharges Man-made point discharges limited to concentrations in receiving water that will not harm human or aquatic life None None None None None None None None Taste and odor producing substances Toxic substances None None a Kansas Department of Health and Environment (1977).38 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.11. Groundwater data December 1978.near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-Parameter pH Alkalinity, total (mg/l-CaCO3) Residue, filterable (total dissolved solids)(mg/i)Conductance specific (wmhos/cm @ 25C)Calcium, total (mg/i)Chloride (mg/i)Magnesium, total (mg/1)Potassium, total (mg/i)Sodium, total (mg/i)Sulfate (mg/1)Date 24 April 26 June 9 October 24 April 26 June 9 October 24 April 26 9 24 26 9 24 26 9 24 26 9 24 26 9 24 26 9 June October April June October April June October April June October April June October April June October B-12 7.5 7.8 7.5 375 386 409 762 847 770 1200 1200 1200 120 120 110 73 90 80 16 24 24 2.3 2.7 2.5 120 130 120 190 180 140 C-20 7.3 7.7 7.5 249 258 240 1100 1490 988 1600 1600 1600 200 250 200 170 160 110 21 21 19 1.2 1.5 1.3 25 27 25 42 12 42 Well Number C-50 D-28 D-42 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.9 8.0 7.7--7.6 382 260 299 386 219 382--379 1760 1140 886 D-55 7.3 200 432 D-65 7.4 7.4 7.2 157 123 110 4070 1810 2700 2500 120 230 290 250 68 62 1.4 1.5 280 250 700 550 731 1170-850 1700 1300 1100 1500-1200 96 110 90 170-130 83 27 69 62-49 51 50 33 64-54 2.9 0.90 3.6 1.0-1.0 180 72 90 97-77 340 330 210 380-6060-3940 700 5500-5800 690 5300 90 500-690 90 600 21 470-560 44 500 14 130-140 17 130 3.5 3.0-2.7 4.3 2.7 13 310-220 26 260 96 <1-<1 24 April 26 June 9 October 24 April 26 June 9 October 260 150 <1 39 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.11.(continued) Well Number Parameter Date B-12 C-20 C-50 D-28 D-42 D-55 D-65 Iron, soluble 24 April 33 14 67 24 14 21 7 G(g/i)26 June 65 75 240 6 19 -44 9 October 140 23 --120 38 48 Iron, total 24 April 4800 1200 380 100 110 120 8900 (ig/i)26 June 2200 710 430 2200 110 -8100 9 October 3700 810 --240 160 6600 Manganese, total 24 April 160 55 11 3.1 41 13 950 G(g/l)26 June 1400 70 29 61 100 -830 9 October 1300 86 --100 57 1000 Selenium, total 24 April 8 8 13 10 8 8 Gig/1)26 June 2 <1 4 4 2 4 9 October 3 1 --3 2 4 Phosphorus, total 24 April 0.10 C.007 0.010 0.13 0.018 0.003 0.059 (mg/i)26 June 0.22 0.009 0.013 0.14 0.021 -0.040 9 October 0.22 <0.001 --0.013 0.006 0.024 Silica, soluble 24 April 9.2 11 9.4 10 13 4.7 12 (mg/l SiO 2)26 June 12 12 13 6.6 16 -13 9 October 12 11 -15 3.6 14 40 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 3 PHYTOPLANKTON STUDIES By Andrew J. Repsys 41 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Phytoplankton communities form a fundamental part of the food pyramid leading to fish in most aquatic environments. Planktonic algae are important as primary producers of complex organic materials that sustain the animal constituents of the biotic communities of marine and inland waters. The carbohydrates, fats, and proteins synthesized in planktonic algae are utilized by zooplankton, benthic macroinvertebrates, and species of filter-feeding fish capable of straining planktonic organisms from the water.Virtually the entire diet of adult gizzard shad, an important forage species in Kansas reservoirs, consists of phytoplankton. While a sufficient supply of algae is essential to the economy of most waters, a sudden increase in certain algal taxa that are not readily assimilated into the food chain (for example, Aphanizomenon, Oscillatoria, and Microcystis) can produce detrimental effects. The collapse and decay of large populations of these 'inedible' forms may deplete oxygen supplies and release toxins harmful to aquatic life.Baseline monitoring of the phytoplankton community in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) has been conducted quarterly from 1973 through 1975 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Wilde et al. 1975; Wilde and Reetz 1976). A construction phase monitoring program was initiated in 1976 and continued in 1977. During these studies phytoplankton data were collected bimonthly (Kline and Reetz 1977; Farrell 1978). The 1978 phytoplankton monitoring study was a continuation of the construction phase program and was specifically designed: 1. To document seasonal and year-to-year variations in composition, abundance, biovolume and chlorophyll a standing crop, and primary productivity (carbon fixation rate) of phytoplankton communities in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River; and 2. To assess the environmental impact of construction of WCGS on existing phytoplankton populations. II. Field and Analytical Procedures Duplicate composite water samples for phytoplankton analyses were collected bimonthly at six locations (Figure 3.1). Additional samples were collected at Location 1 in the Neosho River on 22 May and 19 July. All samples were collected within one meter of the surface with a nonmetallic water sampler. Subsamples were immediately placed in appropriately labeled 1.9 liter polyethylene bottles containing 60 ml of "M 3" preservative (Meyer 1971)for later algal identification, enumeration, and biovolume determinations. Carbon fixation rate and chlorophyll a concentration were assessed from the remaining portion of the duplicate samples.Two separate procedures were used to analyze the preserved samples. A subsample volume of 10 to 100 ml was used for diatom analyses. Diatoms were cleaned with a concentrated nitric acid/potassium dichromate solution and collected on a 0.45 pm pore size membrane filter. The filter was air-dried and a portion was placed on a glass slide, cleared with immersion oil, and covered 42 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES with a coverslip. The slide was then examined at 1250X magnification with a microscope equipped with phase contrast. A modification of Lackey's (1938)microtransect method was used to analyze the non-diatom phytoplankton. An 875 ml subsample volume from each sample was placed in a 1000 ml beaker. Liquid detergent was added to break the surface tension (Mackenthun 1969), and the organisms were allowed to settle overnight. The supernatant was removed with a suction pump, and the organisms were further concentrated in successively smaller containers until a density suitable for counting was attained. A 0.1 ml aliquot of the concentrate was placed in a slide and examined at 50OX magnification with a microscope equipped with phase contrast.An area of the coverslip large enough to permit an accurate estimation of the density and diversity of phytoplankton populations was examined for each preparation. All undamaged organisms were identified to the lowest positive taxonomic level using appropriate keys. Densities were reported as the number of units per milliliter of water (units/ml). A reporting unit consisted of a single frustule for diatoms. For algae other than diatoms, a reporting unit consisted of a single cell for unicellular forms, a 100 pm length for filamen-tous forms and four cells for all colonial forms other than species of Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, and Microcystis for which 50 cells comprised a reporting unit. Phytoplankton species diversity was calculated to the base e (Shannon 1948).Biovolume (cell volume) determinations were made using methods described by Cowell (1960) and Hohn (1969). Biovolume was computed for each taxon using the formula for the geometric configuration that most resembled the shape of the organism. The average biovolume of at least 10 randomly selected individuals was used for abundant forms, and the average biovolume of all individuals examined was used for those observed less than 10 times. All biovolumes were expressed as microliters per liter (4i/1).Duplicate composite samples were collected for carbon fixation rate and chlorophyll a analyses. Carbon fixation rate was estimated by the light-dark bottle I 4 C method (Wetzel 1964; Parkos et al. 1969; Strickland and Parsons 1972). Three 50 ml subsamples were taken from each composite, inoculated with 5-6 microcuries of aqueous 1 4 C bicarbonate solution, and incubated for 3 hr in a constant light (=1000 ft-c) and temperature (adjusted to near ambient)chamber. The subsamples were then filtered through 0.45 um porosity filters.The filters were returned to the laboratory, dried, fumed with concentrated lICl for 10 min (Wetzel 1965), and placed in low potassium scintillation vials.Seventeen milliliters of scintillation fluid (12 g/l Butyl PBD, 0.4 g/l PBBO, and 180 ml/l Scintisol-GB in spectrophotometric grade toluene) were added to each vial and the activity was measured with a refrigerated liquid scintillation counter. Carbon fixation rate was expressed as milligrams of carbon fixed per cubic meter per hour (mg C/m 3 per hr).Chlorophyll a concentration was determined by the fluorometric techniques of Lorenzen (1966) and Strickland and Parsons (1972). Three 50 ml subsamples from each composite sample were filtered through glassfiber filter papers on a thin layer of MgC0 3.The filters were eluted with 90% acetone for at least 24 hr, ultrasonically disrupted, and Lentrifuged. The fluorescence was measured before and after the addition of 1 N HC1. Chlorophyll a concentration was expressed as milligrams per cubic meter of water (mg Chl a/m3).43 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III. Results and Discussion Phytoplankton collected in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek during 1978 consisted of 270 taxa which represented 98 genera within eight algal divisions. Diatoms (Bacillariophyta) and green algae (Chlorophyta) were the most diverse groups with 142 and 75 taxa, respectively. The remaining taxa were variously distributed among yellow-brown algae (Chrysophyta), blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), euglenoids (Euglenophyta), cryptomonads (Cryptophyta), chloromonads (Chloromonadophyta), and dinoflagellates (Pyrrophyta). A comprehensive species list and a tabulation of density and biovolume for each taxon are presented by sampling date and location in Appendix B.A. Neosho River Centric diatoms were usually the dominant phytoplankton group collected at Locations 1, 10, and 4 during the present and previous studies (Tables3.1 and 3.2). Large populations of centric diatoms are normally characteristic of lentic reservoir and lake environments although a few taxa, such as Stephanodiscus hantzschii, can maintain appreciable populations in riverine habitats for short periods of time (Lack et al. 1978).Dominant centric taxa in the Neosho River from 1973 through 1978 included Stephanodiscus astraea, S. hantzschii, S. minutus, Cyclotella atomus, C. meneghiniana, and Thalassiosira pseudonana (Table 3.3). The abundance of these and other euplanktonic taxa at Neosho River Locations 1, 10, and 4 reflected the discharge of phytoplankton from John Redmond Reservoir. The frequent occurrence of pennate diatoms at Location 1 is indicative of a shallow river-reservoir system in which substrate-associated diatoms originating in the parent river and the reservoir are easily swept up into the water column by wind and reservoir currents. Frequent increases of pennate diatoms at Locations 10 and 4 are reflective of further sloughing of diatoms from river substrates downstream of Location 1. The most common pennate diatom taxa during all studies were species of Nitzschia and Navicula.Diatoms did not exhibit a uniform seasonal distributional pattern in John Redmond Reservoir or the Neosho River. Maximum annual populations generally occurred in spring and summer but in 1974 a winter diatom maximum was evident. A pronounced spring diatom maximum that characterizes many temperate lakes (Hutchinson 1967) was recorded only in 1975. Secondary popu-lation peaks occurring before or after seasonal maximum densities were also characteristic of the annual cycles of river and reservoir diatom populations from 1973 through 1977 (Kline and Reetz 1977; Farrell 1978).Green algae together with cryptomonads were the second most abundant algal divisions in the reservoir and the Neosho River during all studies (Tables 3.1 and 3.2). Maximum densities of Chlorophyta generally coincided with the cooler seasons of each year. Densities of this group are typically highest in spring or early fall (Hutchinson 1967). Major Neosho River taxa included Dictosphaerium, Ankistrodesmus, Oocystis, Chlamydomonas, Crucigenia, and Tetrastrum. 44 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Cryptomonads exhibited a seasonal distributional pattern similar to that of green algae, being abundant in fall, winter, and spring with peak densities occurring in fall and winter. Although cryptomonads may be common throughout the year, peak annual densities have been frequently observed in spring, fall, and winter in other bodies of water (Birge and Juday 1922;Applegate et al. 1973; Staker 1974). Major cryptomonad taxa in the Neosho River were Cryptomonas, Rhodomonas, and Chroomonas. Blue-green algae were usually insignificant constituents of the reservoir tailwater and river phytoplankton communities during the present and previous studies. Aphanizomenon, Microcystis, and Anabaena, species that frequently become abundant in the summer plankton of eutrophic prairie lakes, were rarely observed in John Redmond Reservoir or the Neosho River. High turbidity and rapid water exchange rates may have prevented the development of these forms since nutrient concentrations were sufficient to support dense blooms of these nuisance algae (Chapter 2). Merismopedia tenuissima, a very small colonial taxon, was the most common blue-green species collected during summer and early fall in the Neosho River.Other algal divisions that were seasonally important included chloromonads (Gonyostoinum) in July and October and euglenoids (Euglena) and chrysophytes (Chrysochromulina) in December 1978 (Table 3.3).Seasonal patterns of total phytoplankton abundance in the Neosho River demonstrated no consistent trends during the six-year study period.Some sources of year-to-year variability may have been caused by annual climatic differences in the length and severity of winters, and the pattern and amount of yearly rainfall. The variation in volume and pattern of yearly reservoir water releases may have represented additional sources of variability. The mean annual phytoplankton density increased progressively from 1973 to 1976 and while annual phytoplankton populations declined somewhat in 1977 and 1978, these densities were substantially above 1973 and 1974 levels (Table 3.4). Wilde and Reetz (1976) and Farrell (1978) associated increases in phytoplankton densities and chlorophyll a concentrations with concurrent declines in annual precipitation within the John Redmond Reservoir watershed from 1973 to 1976. It was hypothesized that declining rainfall resulted in decreased reservoir water turbidity and less dilution of reservoir phytoplankton populations by stormwater runoff. At the same time, reservoir water retention time was increased since large reservoir water releases were not required in periods of low rainfall. All of these factors are favorable for the development of larger reservoir phytoplankton populations. Phytoplankton productivity in 1978 was similar among locations during the winter and spring sampling periods. During summer, productivity was lower at Location 1 than at downstream locations whereas the converse was true during the fall of 1978 (Table 3.5). In general, similarity between Locations 10 and 4 was greater than that between Location 1 and the downstream locations. A single seasonal peak in productivity similar to that for chlorophyll a standing crop was observed in 1978, whereas in 1977 phytoplankton productivity and chlorophyll a in the Neosho River exhibited a bimodal seasonal pattern.Phytoplankton density and productivity in 1978 were within the ranges established 45 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in previous studies; however, mean annual chlorophyll a concentration was higher than that recorded from 1973 to 1977 (Tables 3.4-3.6).With one exception, species diversity indices were similar between Neosho River Locations 1, 10, and 4 during 1978. This pattern of uniformity was also evident during previous studies (Table 3.7). Diversities in the Neosho River were highest in summer and fall during the 1978 study. Spring maximum diversities were noted in 1974 and 1975 but not in 1976 and 1977 when annual species diversities were highest in late fall (Table 3.7).B. Wolf Creek Flow in Wolf Creek during 1978 was intermittent, with flow present in April and minimal or absent during the remaining sampling dates. Whereas centric diatoms were the predominant algal group in the Neosho River, euglenoids, cryptomonads, and chrysophytes were most prevalent in Wolf Creek during 1978 (Table 3.1). Pennate diatoms were more important in the creek during previous studies than in 1978 (Table 3.8). Other groups that were seasonally common during 1978 included centric diatoms, green algae, and blue-green algae.A bloom of Oscillatoria (38729 units/ml) in August 1978 comprised 89% of total phytoplankton at Location 7. Spatial and seasonal patterns generally were not apparent in the distribution of major algal assemblages in Wolf Creek although centric diatoms as a group were frequently dominant from summer to early winter and chrysophytes were most prevalent from late fall to early spring during most sampling years (Tables 3.1 and 3.8).Species of Cryptomonas were dominant at all but one Wolf Creek location on every sampling date in 1978 (Table 3.3). Other major taxa included Chlamydomonas, Ochromonas, Chromulina, Stephanodiscus, Euglena, and Trachelo-monas. Species diversity in Wolf Creek was similar between locations from 1975 through 1976 and moderately higher at Location 5 than at upstream locations in 1974 and 1977. During the present study diversity was highest at upsream Location 7 and lowest at downstream Location 3. Diversity at all locations in 1978 was highest in June, a seasonal pattern that was also noted in 1975 and 1976 (Table 3.7).Since 1973 considerable interlocation variability has been observed in the phytoplankton population structure of Wolf Creek. Kline and Reetz (1977) attributed this variability to sampling isolated shallow pools each of which represented a distinct habitat with its own physico-chemical characteristics. Annual mean phytoplankton density in 1978 (5812 units/ml) was within the range (1104-14156 units/ml) established during previous years (Table 3.4).However, chlorophyll a concentration was higher than the levels reported from 1973 to 1977 (Table 3.6). High densities of relatively large taxa such as Crvptomonas, Trachelomonas, Euglena, and Oscillatoria may have increased chlorophyll a concentrations in Wolf Creek during 1978.The mean annual carbon fixation rate for all Wolf Creek locations in 1978 was similar to that reported in 1976 and 1977 and higher than in 1.973-75. Maximum annual carbon fixation occurred in late summer during all studies (Table 3.5).46 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Phytoplankton densities and productivity in Wolf Creek were similar to those in the Neosho River in 1978, whereas during previous studies Wolf Creek algal standing crops and productivity were comparatively lower than in the Neosho River. Kline and Reetz (1977) cited lack of stream flow, shading, color, and accumulations of minerals and toxic materials as possible factors limiting algal productivity in Wolf Creek.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Centric diatoms, green algae, and cryptomonads dominated the phyto-plankton of the Neosho River, while euglenoids, cryptomonads, chrysophytes, and pennate diatoms were most prevalent in Wolf Creek.2. Phytoplankton densities in the Neosho River were highest in late spring through fall and lowest from late fall to early spring. Phytoplankton assemblages in Wolf Creek continued to be spatially and seasonally variable.3. Mean annual chlorophyll a standing crop and phytoplankton densities in the Neosho River from 1973 through 1978 were influenced by annual rainfall, reservoir water retention time and water turbidity.

4. Phytoplankton density and productivity in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River in 1978 were within the ranges established during previous studies;however, chlorophyll a concentrations were higher than the levels previously recorded from 1973 through 1977.5. Phytoplankton standing crop and productivity in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River were similar in 1978. In previous studies standing crop and productivity were generally lower in the creek, possibly reflecting the influence of shading, water color, and variable flow within Wolf Creek.47 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Applegate, R. L., A. J. Repsys, and S. B. Smith. 1973. Dissolved organic matter, seston, and zooplankton cycles in Lake Poinsett, South Dakota.Proc. S. D. Acad. Sci. 52:28-46.Birge, E. A., and C. Juday. 1922. The inland lakes of Wisconsin.

The plankton. I. Its quantity and chemical composition. Wis. Geol. Nat.Hist. Surv., Bull. 64, Sci. ser., No. 13, 1-222.Cowell, B. C. 1960. A quantitative study of the winter plankton of Urschel's Quarry. Ohio J. Sci. 60:183-191. Farrell, J. R. 1978. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 50-70 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Hohn, M. H. 1969. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of plankton diatoms.Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. 3:1-211.Hutchinson, G. E. 1967. A treatise on limnology. Vol. 2, Introduction to lake biology and the limnoplankton. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.1115 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Kline, P., and S. Reetz. 1977. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 47-70 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Lack, T. J., Youngman, R. E., and R. W. Collingwood. 1978. Observations on a spring diatom bloom in the River Thames. Verh. Internat. Verein.Limnol. 20:1435-1439. Lackey, J. B. 1938. The manipulation and counting of river plankton and changes in some organisms due to formalin preservation. U. S. Public Health Rep. 53:2080-2093. Lorenzen, C. J. 1966. A method for the continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration. Deep-Sea Res. 13:223-227. Mackenthun, K. M. 1969. The practice of water pollution biology. U. S.Dep. Inter., F. W. P. C. A., Washington, D. C. 281 pp.Meyer, R. 1971. A study of phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Fayetteville as a means of assessing water quality. Ark. Water Res. Reclamation Center, Publ. No. 10. 59 pp.48 HAZLETVN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Parkos, W. G., T. A. Olson, and T. 0. Odlaug. 1969. Water quality studies on the Great Lakes based on carbon fourteen measurements on primary productivity. Water Resources Center, Univ. of Minn. Grad. School. Bull.17. 121 pp.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Staker, R. D. 1974. Planktonic dynamics as an indicator of water quality in Lake Mead. Univ. Ariz., Dep. Biol. Sci. Hydrol. Water Resour., Tech. Rep. No. 22. 91 pp.Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of sea water analysis. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 167. 311 pp.Wetzel, R. G. 1964. A comparative study of the primary productivity of higher aquatic plants, periphyton, and phytoplankton in large shallow lakes. Intern. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 49:1-16..1965. Necessity of decontamination of filters in C14 measured rates of photosynthesis in fresh water. Ecology 46(4):540-542. Wilde, E. W., and S. D. Reetz. 1976. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 124-149 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No.5501-06814). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.9 , and P. A. Jones. 1975. Phytoplankton studies.Pages 111-132 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Cenerating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Annual report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc.for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Williams, L. G. 1964. Possible relationships between plankton-diatom species numbers and water-quality estimates. Ecology 45(4):809-823. 49 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V Figure 3.1.Phytoplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating SLat ion, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.50 -=4 = = --M M mýb 4 Table 3.1.Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 1 10 4 7 3 5 22 February Centric diatoms (6 2)a Centric diatoms (72) Centric diatoms (68) Pennate diatoms (20) Chrysophytes (56) Chrysophytes (60)Blue-green algae(13) Green algae (14) Green algae (19) Chrysophytes (51) Green algae (34) Green algae (14)Green algae (24) blue-green algae( 8) Blue-green algae(In) Green algae (25) Pennate diatoms (10)Cryptomonads (10)25 April Centric diatoms (59) Centric diatoms (56) Centric diatoms (51) Green algae (60) Centric diatoms (47) Green algae (42)Green algae (19) Green algae (20) Green algae (21) Cryptomonads (27) Green algae (26) Chryptomonads (29)Pennate diatoms (10) Pennate diatoms (16) Pennate diatoms (19) Cryptomonads (20) Centric diatoms (19)b 22 Ma; Centric diatoms (77) -Green algae (16)27 June Centric diatoms (88) Centric diatoms (84) Centric diatoms (84) Pennate diatoms (29) Centric diatoms (41) Centric diatoms (45)Cryptomonads (23) Pennate diatoms (20) Green algae (31)Euglenoids (20) Green algae (21) Pennate diatoms (10)Centric diatoms (12) Cryptomonads (10) Cryptomonads (10)Green algae (11)19 July Centric diatoms (68) -Blue-green algae(1 2)29 August Centric diatoms (77) Centric diatoms (79) Centric diatoms (74) Blue-green algae (92)Green algae (12) Green algae (11)10 October Centric diatoms (49) Centric diatoms (40) Centric diatoms (51) Cryptomonads (30) Cryptomonads (88)Cryptomonads (21) Cryptomonads (24) Green algae (20) Green algae (30)Green algae (18) Green alage (22) Cryptomonads (16) Centric diatoms (12)Pennate diatoms (11) Chrysophytes (11)12 December Centric diatoms (40) Chrysophytes (42) Chrysophytes (68) Euglenoids (66) Cryptomonads (67) Chrysophytes (40)Chrysophytes (21) Green algae (24) Green algae (15) Chrysophytes (13) Chrysophytes (16) Cryptomonads (31)Chryptomonads (1Q) Centric diatoms (19) Centric diatoms (10) Cryptomonads (12) Green algae (13) Green algae (17)Green algae (15)Lfl I N r-I 0 z m z 0 z m z-Ii r m z 0 m (A a Percent b Samples of total phytoplankton. not collected. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.2.Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77.Neosho River Date 1a 10 4 1973 27 March Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (65) b (25)(18).C Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae (51)(26)(12)(63)(14)(11)12 April 12 June 11 September 12 December (70)(13)(10)Centric diatoms (85)Centric diatoms (79)Blue-green algae (11)Centric diatoms (88)Centric diatoms (59)Pennate diatoms (16)Blue-green algae (16)Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (45)(22)(21)Centric diatoms Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (58)(18)(17)27 March 11 June Centric diatoms (91)Centric diatoms Green algae (65)(21)10 September 10 December Cryptomonads (37)Centric diatoms (33)Blue-green algae (14)16 April 10 Jura'9 September 3 December Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Green algae (76)(92)(41)(34)(23)(18)(60)(16)(13)(49)(28)(18)(94)(71)(18)Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae Cryptomonads Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Blue-green algae Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae (89)(59)(14)(12)(46)(33)(81)(92)(30)(27)(21)(18)(41)(31)(15)(34)(33)(24)Centric diatoms (89)Centric diatoms (81)Centric diatoms (91)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae Cryptomonads Centric diatoms Blue-green algae Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms (75)(17)(53)(20)(20)(52)(27)(12)Centric diatoms (40)Cryptomonads (35)Blue-green algae (14)Cryptomonads Centric diatoms'Green algae (37)(30)(22)1976 25 February Centric diatoms (81)Centric diatoms (83)b April Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms (66)(20)Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms (60)(18)(13)52 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.2. (continued) Neosho River Date 10 4 1976 (continued) 3 May 15 June 12 July 10 August 5 October Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Centric diatoms Green algae Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae Centric diatoms Green algae (88)(87)(71)(18)(73)(22)(55)(42)(62)(11)(66)(17)(11)(77)(15)Centric diatoms (88)Cen tric diatoms (85)14 December Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Green algae Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Centric diatoms Green algae (70)(16)(47)(30)(19)(51)(14)(10)(62)(14)(13)(11)(58)(22)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae Euglenoids Green algae Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Green algae Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms (63)(18)(17)(35)(27)(22)(15)(50)(18)(17)(14)(53)(20)(il)(11)(53)(23)(13)1977 22 Ictruary 5 April 2 May 9 June 11 July 9 August 4 October 13 December Centric diatoms (84)Green algae (11)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms (79)(14)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae (49)(30)(11)Centric diatoms (73)Centric diatoms (62)Pennate diatoms (13)Centric diatoms (77)Pennate diatoms (15)Centric diatoms (81)Pennate diatoms (13)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Blue-green algae Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Green algae (68)(14)(13)(46)(23)(15)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Blue-green algae Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Chloromonads (60)(18)(15)(66)(13)(11)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Blue-green algae Centric diatoms Green algae Chloromonads Pennate diatoms (72)(20)(67)(15)(14)(58)(16)(14)(11)a Location 1 was in John Redmond Reservoir b Percent of total phytoplankton. c Samples not collected. 53 prior to 1976. Table 3.3. Algal taxa contributing 10% or more of the density or biovolume of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Nensho River Wolf Creek-Date 10 7 3 5 22 February Stephanodiscus hantzschl I Unidentified coccoid greens Unidentified coccoid blue-greens Stephanodiscus hanztschii Unidentified cccoid greens Crvptomonas S[.Stephanodiscus hanztschii Unidentified coccoid greens Unidentified coccold blue-greens Cr'ptononas sp.Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus hantzschii Unidentified coccoid greens Ochrononas sp.ChlaAdomonas sp.LrpLptoeonas sp.Dinobryon sp.Chlamvdomonas sp.Unidentified greens Cryptosonas sF.Rhodononas sp.Trachelomonas crebea Ochromonas sp.Chlamvdomonas sp.Cryptomonas sF.Ochromonas sF.Crvptumonas sp.25 April Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus Stephanodiscus hantzschii hantzschii Stephanodiscus hantzschii Chlamvdomonas sp.Cryptomonas sF.Stephanodiscus hantzschii Chiamvdomonas sp.Cryptomonas sp.Unidentified greens 22 May 27 June Stephanodiscus -hantzschiL Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus astraea Steptianodiscusastraea Stephanodiscusastraea Stpla nod iscusWi-nutus Stephanodiscusniinutus Stephanodiscusminutus .1:-Cryptomonas sp.Euglena sp.Trachelomonas crebea LTpclnclis sp.Pihcus sr.Unidentified coccoid greens Cryptomonas sp.Euglena sp.Trachelomonas crebea Melosira distans Cryptomonas sp.Unidentified coccoid greens Euglena sp.Phacus sp.N r m-4 0 z m z 0 z m z r z 0 m (n 19 July Stephanodiscus minutus Stephanodiscus invtsitatus Merismopedia renuissima Gonvostomum semen 21 August Cyclotella meneghtnlana Stephanodiscus minutus Thalassiosira pseudonana Cyelotella meneghiniana Stelhanodiscus minutus Cvelotella meneghiniana Stephanodiscus minutus Thalassiosiraonan a Cyclotella atomus Stephanodiscus mlnutus Crvptomonas sp.Unidentified green cocco i ds 10 October Melosira distans Chroomonas sp.Stephanodiscus aiinutus Rhodomonas sp.Crypto nas sp. Crypomonas sp.Unidentified green Gonvostomum semen coccoids Oscillatoria sp.Cryptomonas sp.Unidentified green coccoids Trachelomonas varians Trache lomonas hispida Eugiena sp.Cryptomonas sp.Svnura uvella Cryptomonas sp.12 lDecember Chrvsochromulinararva Chrysochromulina parva Chrvsochromulina parva Thalassiostra _EgIena viridis pseudonana Thalassiosira Rhodomonas sp. psuedonana _.2ylena viridis Unidentified greena sp. roccuids Rhodonvonas sp.Cryptomonas sp.Euglena sp.Chrvsochromulina parva Cryptomonas sp.Chromulina sp.Unidentified green flagellata a Samples not collected. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.4.Mean density (units/ml) of phytoplankton in samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 1a 10 4 x 7 2 3 5 27 March 1973 12 11 12 27 11 10 10 16 10 9 3 25 6 3 15 12 10 5 14 22 5 2 9 11 9 4 13 22 25 22 27 19 09 10 12 June September December x March 1974 June September December x April 1975 June September December x February 1976 April May June July August October December x 309 3,893 1,761 1,434 1,849 4,401 1,183 1,555 9,879 4,255 16,627 1,946 12,604 7,827 9,751 31,437 5,655 8,137 8,721 6,537 3,549 8,360 3,076 9,434 8,534 8,325 14,474 2,455 962 14,189 2,514 1,885 6,667 6,793 1,319 10,214 9,954 12,089 9,733 13,150 5,720 8,622_b 4,694 431 2,498 7,490 3,778 14,126 1,270 9,486 4,638 7,380 42,501 7,636 7,440 10,138 3,398 1,588 12,117 364 3,279 3,611 1,133 2,097 3,674 362 1,937 8,521 3,624 17,791 1,506 10,571 4,994 8,716 43,799 7,641 7,572 22,695 5,420 701 14,638 337 3,586 2,686 1,284 1,973-4,256 659 1,997 8,630 3,886. -16,181 2,193 1,574 1,203 10,887 2,871 5,820 3,669 8,616 2,484 39,246 173,954 6,977 5,136 8,137 -7,911 1,364 6,537 -12,127 2,778 5,726 2,941 1,788 -12,063 37,235 272 753 5,397 51 1,618 615 526 5,229 1,074 1,861 2,113 2,164 3,908 509 2,174 6,484 3,905 2,968 10,234 9,994 6,717 230 998 1,083 46 589 928 1,193 1,883 3,661 1,916 4,537 2,196 12,405 3,345 5,621 962 5,182 5,012 7,289 4,611 736 722 1,438 498 849 3,819 3,056 11,465 510 4,713 2,021 1,686 8,299 4,594 4,150 4,389 13,352 439 921 4,775 522 1,631 5,780 2,799 2,683 251 876 3,240 49 1.104 760 814 2,850 1,744 1,542 3,166 2,155 7,662 2,008 3,748 45,855 3,977 4,413 6,224 6,468 14,156 1,916 3,039 3,659 5,819 1,172 891 2,783 1,242 2,093 4,095 43,636 9,320 3,619 5,812 February April 1 May June July August October Decembe r x Feb ruarv April May June July August October December x 1977 9, 11, I1, 2, 1, 6, 426 9,536 240 8,927 873 1,105 ,053 7,118 ,395 1,692 ,595 1,532 097 4,985 9,165 9,497 14,474 1,478 962 10,787 2,200 1,671 5,991 2.613 698 307 2,367 1,570 349 1,317 1,219 5,380-6,280-1,737-1,508-1,403-2,921-1,001-2,808 4,338-8,539-2,486-3,834 1978 10,051 1,240 7,148 9,885 6,104 1,974 6,067 8,961 1,312 7,501 9,372 5,162 2,844 5,859 8,602 2,202 1,290 1,841 10,214 -8,201 2,168 12,089 -9,663 43,636 8,13Q 10,102 3,513 5,571 6,849 10,920 a b Location 1 was in John Redmond Reservoir prior to 1976.Samples not collected. 55 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.5.Mean oarbon fixation rate (mg C/m 3 per hr) from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.Neosho River Wolf Creek Sampling Date 1 a 10 4 7 2 3 5 12 12 11 1.2 27 11 10 10 16 10 9 3 25 6 3 15 12 10 5 14 22 5 2 9 11 9 4 13 April June September December Y March June Sep tember December X April June September December X February April May June July August October Decembe'r X February April Mny June July Au~gust October December X 1973 3.51 29.61 28.00 5.45 16.64 1974 18.29 15.57 7.30 24.83 16.50 1975 90.90 14.24 44.26 32.18 45.40 1976 21.66 58.82 21.11 45.79 71.12 26.23 41.58 21.39 38.46 1-977 67.42 55.25 68.18 5.30 4.09 34.28 15.09 15.42 17.45 0.15 5.62 22.92 11.54 125.98 6.87 36.82 10.39 45.02 20.35 62.25 45.97 80.69 46.35 5.27 43.48 69.00 45.02 5.75 33.34 13.30 14.47 3.96 22.34 35.06 5.21.16.64 18.90 11.40 5.94 22.92 14.79 130.65 2.54 24.66 10.38 42.06 20.82 64.23 41.07 95.59 79.01 4.84 50.93 77.00 45.32 7.04 45.35 13.22 13.99 3.74 25.98 31.53 5.33 16.64 18.21 9.04 6.29 23.56 14.28 115.84 7.88 35.25 17.65 44.16.20.94 61.77 21.11 44.28 71..12 67.50 55.65 10.50 43. 71 11.03 5.15 9.23 25.49 12.73 36.36 13.90 3.59 43.86 20.83 23.71 54.69 3.12 2.06 50.05 18.06 6.87 6.57 8.33 45.39 0.39 15.17 7.31 2.32 47.89 4.05 15.39 12.33 3.33 14.69 0.36 7.68 1.1.08 15.10 26.34 61.47 8.74 24.55 2.99 22.11 51.71 0.25 19.27 11.60 1.40 14.51 5.72 8.31 33.82 2.36 7.09 14.42 5.78 43.58 32.82 53.81 34.00 25.71 47.85 42.04 16.98 11.46 9.91 14.85 2.10 10.16 2.55 7.42 27.72 1.61 93.34 2.50 31.29 1.79 11.50 36.98 26.89 19.29 49.55 42.60 3.95 3.16 4.78 15.22 48.55 0.32 17.22 11.25 1.94 24.19 4.11 10.37 21.23 3.11 39.09 8.86 16.67 13.75 21.02 24.93 46.51 14.79 25.25 40.20 25.49 31.22 36.54 11.16 6.65 71.1.4 48.53 68.18 6.03 4.09 37.66 13.87 14.63 33.13 30.15 33.65 32.39 e 22.48-25.66 24.82 24.26 56 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.5. (continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Sampling Date 1 10 4 7 2 3 5 22 February 1978 6.71 8.08 6.56 7.12 1.90 -0.54 0.91 1.12 25 April 6.51 4.90 5.76 5.72 --4.36 4.78 4.57 22 May 0.74 --0.74 ----27 June 25.80 24.54 30.52 26.95 10.46 -23.37 28.68 20.84 19 July 100.67 --100.67 ----29 August 28.24 45.14 51.68 41.69 148.68 ---148.68 10 October 26.64 13.45 17.66 19.25 25.11 -42.66 -33.88 12 December 12.19 1.55 2.58 5.44 16.89 -33.48 9.20 19.86 x 25.94 16.28 19.13 20.45,0 40.60 -20.88 10.89 24.12 a Location 1 was in John b Samples not collected. Redmond Reservoir prior to 1976.57 NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.6. Mean chlorophyll a concentration (mg chl a/m 3) from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.Neosho River Wolf Creek Date la 10 4 X 7 2 3 5 12 12 11 12 27 11 10 10 16 10 9 3 25 6 3 15 12 10 5 14 April June September December x March June September December x April June September December x February April May June July August October Decemb b er x 1973 1.58 8.13 13.41 3.57 6.67 1974 8.77 0.70 4.14 10.50 6.03 1975 34.97 3.67 10.97 21.67 17.82 1976 38.67 18.33 6.67 16.00 11.43 7.27 7.17 6.33 22.74 6.57 0.77 1.83 9.17 4.59 33.33 1.84 10.34 6.57 13.02 11. 67 15.37 14.23 16.00 9.73 2.99 11.67 12.43 14.53 1.47 28.54 6.32 7.61 11.82 29.85 10.33 21. 29 20.68 14.86 2.95 16.66 1.93 2.23 19.75 3.13 6.76 7.54 0.80 0.80 9.00 4.54 34.00 2.27 6.70 7.87 12.71 17.33 16.63 12.77 16.00 19.73 2.53 14.17 11.60 14.33 1.53 43.25 5.26 7.96 1.3.99 28.98 9.54 23.42 27.98 14.56 2.15 17.78 1.78 5.18 16.58 3.35 6. 72 7.63 0.76 2.26 9.56 5.05 34.10 2.59 9.34 12.04 14.52 22.56 16.78 6.67 14.33 11.43 13.09 12.21 3.95 16.85 -12.10 16.73 13. 37 1.51 1.77 35.90 6.71 7.92 12.89 31.29 10 .62 38.62 24 .94 41.97 24 .43 22 .28 8.39 21. 47-" 22 5 9 11 9 4 13 22 25 22 27 19 29 10 12 February 1977 12.27 April 21.33 May 13.37 June 1.53 July 1.7735.90 October 8.54 December 8.20 X 12.86 February 1978 35.04 April 12.00 May 38.62 June 30. 11 July 41.97 Au'lS t 24.63 October 37.41 December 20.07 X 29.98 2.59 2.00 3.57 9.27 4.36 51.67 7.57 2.37 13.57 7.90 16.62 16.37 13.67 0.68 28.11 12.65 4.79 12.72 5.94 4.40 11.20 34.98 47.14 35.28 23.16 4.63 1.01 5.75 0.28 2.92 5.40 0.74 10.63 2.07 4.71 6.30 2.07 6.17 1.75 4.07 4.63 3.30 7.93 12. 10 5.37 6.67 9.00 2.14 3.54 3.17 4.46 14.20 2.43 10.07 10.50 9.30 1.46 5.80 10.90 14.67 6.57 5.30 17.00 12.83 12.30 7.73 6.49 9.89 2.70 8.66 24.94 42.88 8.56 9.04 1.74 3.30 2.68 4.19 12.43 2.54 30.00 3.29 12.07 1.63 3.93 27.00 6.67 9.81 17.93 35.03 3.82 3.13 14.98 4.36 6.49 31.63 9.05 2.49 1.44 4.67 0.39 2.25 3.56 1.23 5.21 0.34 2.59 7.81 1.54 5.82 2.64 4.45 8.88 2.26 12.45 6.20 7.45 1.4.85 5.15 12.05 11. 75 6.64 10. 11 10.84 15.34 10.48 19.45 8.07 4.80 1-2.22 4.33 6.52 22.59 34.98 45.01 17.63-17.55 12.88 17.86 a Location 1 was in John b Samples not collected. Redmond Reservoir prior to 19/b.58 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.7. Diverg'itya of phytoplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-78.Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 1 D 10 4 X 7 2 3 5 x C 27 March 11 June 10 September 10 December x 16 April 10 June 9 September 3 December x 1974 2.01 2.63 2.47 2.05 2.29 1975 1.78 2.56 2.67 2.32 2.33 25 February 1976 6 April 3 May 15 June 12 July 10 August 5 October 14 December x 22 February 1977 5 April 2 May 9 June 11 July 9 August 4 October 13 December x 22 Fe bruLt rv 1978 25 April)2 *.Iy v 27 .iuriC 19 "Julv 29 August 10 October 12 December x 1.39 2.27 1.91 2.32 2.17 2.33 2.02 2.39 2.10 2.42 2.02 1.34 2.19 2.67 2.48 2.65 3.00 2.35 1..1.4 2.38 2.07 2 .2 II 2.55 2.38 2. 72 2.55 2.25 0.91 2.31 2.20 2.04 1.87 1.52 3.07 2.39 2.51 2.37 2.03 2.47 2.19 1.89 2.92 3.07 2.43 2.37 2.65 2.56 2.32 2.61 2.77 2.55 1. 02 2.29-.09 2.30 3.16 2.61 2.24 1.94 2.37 1.94 2.11 2.09 1.65 3.06 2.42 2.57 2.43 2.00 2.56 2.45 1.94 2.09 2.98 2.34 2.55 2.88 1.95 2.53 2.57 2.91 2.57 1.05 2.50 2.31 2.46 3.11 1.91 2.22 1.62 2.44 2.20 2.07 2.08 1.65 2.90 2.49 2.47 2.38 1.81 2.43 1.91 2.32 2.17 2.05 2.34 2.81 2.27 2.45 2.52 1.34 2.23 2.67 2.44 2.61 2.89 2.48 1.07 2. 39 2.07" ..()2.55 2.38 3.00 2. 36 2.24 2.78 3.24 2.63 1.79 2.61 1.83 2.56 2.67 2.63 2.69 2.48 0.88 1.28 1.47 3.33 3.06 1.69 1.95 1.81 1.94 3.41 0.69 2.54 2.29 2.11 2.47 2.13 1.36 0.81 1.69 2.78 3.37 2.68 2.33 2.79 2.47 2.01 3.20 2.17 2.61 2.49 2.31 1.98 2.16 0.55 1.75 1.88 3.24 2.56 2.00 2.42 2.43 1.39 2.66 2.72 2.30 0.41 1.92 1.85 2.55 2.37 2.45 1.93 1.45 1 .68 3.17 0.52 1.68 1.70 2.20 1.85 2.38 1.96 2.10 2.19 2.96 3.19 2.36 2.68 2.22 2.86 3.13 2.37 2.65 1.55 2.32 3.09 2.77 2.43 1.56 1.88 2.73 1.59 1.94 2.33 1.99 1.97 1.11 1.85 2.41 3.20 2.78 2.12 2.63 2.24 2.21 2.92 2.47 2.65 2.48 0.65 1.60 1.62 3.07 2.84 2.30 2.06 1.61 1.83 3.10 0.69 1.53 1.85 1.92 a Shannon (1948).b L.ocation 1 was in John Redmond C Samples not collected. Reservoir prior to 1976.59 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.8.Major algal groups comprising a minimum of 10% of the density of phytoplankton collected in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-77.Wolf Creek Date 7 2 3 5 1973 27 March 12 April 12 June Pennate diatoms (83)' Pennate diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms (49)(40)Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms (78) Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms (16) Centric diatoms (90)(79)(69)(21)(73)(12)(44)(12)(11)b 11 September 12 December 1974 27 March 11 June Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Cryptomonads (49) Pennate diatoms (46) Cryptomonads (55) Pennate diatoms (18) Centric diatoms (18) Green algae (83) Pennate diatoms (83) Pennate diatoms Green algae (87) Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms (87) Cryptomonads 10 septcmlhcr 10D Iecember (78) Pennate diatoms (85) Pennate diatoms (11)(64) Cryptomonads (15) Pennate diatoms (13)(91) Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms (69) Cryptomonads (18) Pennate diatoms Green algae (85) Pennate diatoms 1975 16 April Cryptomonads Green algae Centric diatoms lennate diatoms Chrysophytes 10 June Pennate diatoms Crypt omonads Green algae 9 September Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads 3 December Green algae Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms 1976 25 February Cryptomonads Green algae Chrysophytes (27) Cryptomonads (20) Pennate diatoms (19) Green algae (15)(15)(50) Pennate diatoms (27)(15)(61) Cryptomonads (25) Pennate diatoms Chrysophytes Green algae (46) Pennate diatoms (28) Centric diatoms (14) Green algae (45)(24)(15)Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms (77)(95)(61)(16)(52)(30)(57)(21)(12)(86)(37)(23)(15)(11)(11)(58)(19)(11)(75) Pennate diatoms (49)(24)(12)(12)Cryptomonads Green algae Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (75) Cryptomonads (12) Green algae (12) Pennate diatoms Euglenoids (41) Cryptomonads (41) Blue-green algae (14) Pennate diatoms Green algae (34)(26)(21)(15)(38)(37)(12)(12)(29)(19)(18)(17)Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Green algae Euglenoids Euglenoids Green algae Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Green algae Chrysophytes (51)(31)(11)Pennate diatoms Chrysophytes Green algae (50)(24)(13) HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.8.(continued) Wolf Creek Date 7 2 3 5 1976 (continued) 6 April 3 May 15 June 12 July Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Green algae Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms (68) Chrysophytes (26) Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads (85) Pennate diatoms (12) Centric diatoms (51)(31)(16)(71)(11)Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms (80) Pennate diatoms (12) Cryptomonads Blue-green algae (97) Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms (46) Centric diatoms (40) Pennate diatoms (51)(26)(12)(58)(38)(59)(39)10 August 5 October (34)(29)(23)(77)(13)Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms (74) Pennate diatoms (25) Centric diatoms (96)14 December 1977 22 February 5 April 2 May 9 June 11 July 9 August 4 October Dinoflagellates Chrysophytes Cryptomonads Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Euglenoids Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Euglenoids Chrysophytes Centric diatoms (56)(40)(46)(35)(16)(58)(34)Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms Chrysophytes Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads (92)(38)(35)(12)(49) Cryptomonads (35) Chrysophytes Pennate diatoms (45)(26)(17)(28)(26)(22)(21)(18)(38)(32)(26)Centric diatoms Cryptomonads Pennate diatoms Cryptomonads Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms Pennate diatoms Cry ptomonads Centric diatoms (51)(25)(18)Centric diatoms Pennate diatoms (60)(18)(81)(16)(36)(36)(23)(65)(17)(47) Centric diatoms (26) Pennate diatoms (23) Cryptomonads 13 December Cryptomonads Green algae Pennate diatoms (55)(21)(20)Pennate diatoms Centric diatoms"I Purcent b)Smp1e of total phytoplankton. not Collected. 61 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 4 PERIPHYTON STUDY By Ronald J. Bockelman 62 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Periphytic algae in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) have been monitored since 1973 to establish baseline data and to assess the impact of WCGS construction (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Farrell 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978). During these studies differences in composition, especially in terms of dominant taxa, were evident between the Neosho River and Wolf Creek. Diatoms were most useful in characterizing the different periphyton communities because they were always present, and often dominant, at all locations sampled. Periphyton was adversely affected by the intermittent flow in Wolf Creek. In the Neosho River, water releases from John Redmond Reservoir maintained sufficient flow for periphyton growth.The objectives of the 1978 periphyton study were: 1. To gather additional information on the abundance, structure, and seasonal variability of periphyton in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek; and 2. To assess the effects of WCGS construction on periphyton communities in each water system.II. Field and Analytical Procedures Three locations in the Neosho River (1, 4 and 10) and one location in Wolf Creek (3) were sampled for periphyton during 1978 (Figure 4.1). Periphyton was not collected from Locations 5 and 7 in Wolf Creek because suitable substrates were absent or the locations were dry. Sample-, were collected on 25 April, 27 June, 29 August, 10 October, and 12 December. Periphyton was not collected in February because the creek locations were frozen and the river locations were devoid of attached algae. Hydrological or substrate conditions also precluded sampling at one or more locations in April and December.At each location 16 samples delineated by a 0.1 dm 2 template were scraped from suitable natural substrates. Four samples were placed in "1M3" preservative (Meyer 1971) for later identification and enumeration of diatoms (2 samples)and non-diatom algae (2 samples). Six samples for chlorophyll analysis were stored on ice in the dark, and the remaining six samples were placed in crucibles for later determinations of biomass.Diatom samples were cleaned chemically (Hohn and Hellerman 1963) and then rinsed several times with deionized water at 24 hr intervals. After the sample was adjusted to a suitable volume, a subsample was permanently mounted with lyrax mounting medium. All volumes were kept consistent within each sampling peri od. A predetermined area (usually 16.2 mm 2) of each slide was examined under phase contrast illumination at 1250X magnification using immersion oil.Each diatom frustule was counted as one unit.Samples for non-diatom analysis were blended to insure uniformity, and wet mounts were prepared with 0.1 ml subsamples. An area equal to that used for diatom analysis was examined tinder light field illumination at 50OX magnification. Filamentous algae were counted in units of 10 pm length, and 63 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES each cell of nonfilamentous algae was counted as one unit. Appropriate taxonomic references were used for identifications to the lowest positive t axon.Algal abundance was expressed as number of units per square centimeter (no./cm 2). Biovolume of each algal taxon was determined following the methods of Cowell (1960) and Hohn (1969) and was reported as microliters per square decimeter (kil/dm 2). Diversity (Shannon 1948) and evenness (Zar 1968) were calculated from abundance data using log base 2.Periphyton biomass and chlorophyll a were determined with accepted methods (A.P.B.A. et al. 1976). Biomass standing crop was reported as milligrams of ash-free dry weight per square decimeter (mg/dm 2) and chlorophyll a standing crop -.expressed as micrograms of chlorophyll a per square decimeter (vig/dm 2)A one-way analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie 1960) was employed each sampling period to detect statistically significant differences among locations for biomass and chlorophyll a standing crops. Tukey's (1951) multiple comparison procedure was used after the ANOVA to determine significant differences between specific locations. Significance was defined as P < 0.05 for all analyses.III. Results and Discussion A. Species Composition and Community Structure A composite list of algae identified in periphyton collections from the Neosho River and Wolf Creek and bjiaonthly data on species composition, density, and biovolume are presented in Appendix C, Tables C.1 through C.6.During 1978, 72 taxa representing 31 genera and 5 algal divisions were identified. Most taxa had been previously identified in collections from the study area.1. Bacillariophyta (Diatoms)Of the 72 periphytic algal taxa collected near WCGS in 1978 82%were diatoms (Table 4.1). As in previous years, diatoms generally were more numerous in the Neosho River than in Wolf Creek. Diatoms averaged from =43 to 97% of total density (223 to 76% of total biovolume) at the river locations, and they composed =69 to 100% of total density (-71 to 100% of total biovolume) at Location 3 in Wolf Creek (Table 4.2).Dominant diatom taxa (those composing 10% or more of total density or biovolume at each location) generally were similar to those reported in previous studies (Table 4.3). Diatoms that were dominant only in the river included Cocconeis pediculus, Cocconeis placentula var. e__uglpta, Cyclotella sp., Fragilaria vaucheriae, Gomphonema olivaceum, Gomphonema sp., Navicula cryptoce-phala, Pleurosigma sp., Stephanodiscus sp., and Synedra minuscula. Diatoms dominant only at Location 3 in Wolf Creek were Cvmatopleura elliptica f.spiralis, Cvmbella triangulum, Fragilaria sp., Navicula sp., Nitzschia dissipata, and Svnedra ulna. Diatoms that were dominant in both water systems included Navicula symmetrica, Navicula tripunctata var. schizonemoides, and Nitzschia sp.'hc centric diatom StLephanodiscus sp. has been a dominant in the Neosho River in previous studies. During 1978 this taxon was dominant primarily at Location 1, which may indicate it originates in John Redmond Reservoir. 64 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES In the Neosho River, diatom density and biovolume peaked in October at Location 1 and in December at the downstream locations. Maximum diatom density at Location 3 in Wolf Creek occurred in June.2. Chlorophyta (Green Algae)Five taxa of green algae were identified in 1978, two of which (Cladophora sp. and Stigeoclonium sp.) were dominant in the Neosho River (Table 4.3). This division contributed up to 62% of total density and 99%of total biovolume in periphyton collections from the river. As in previous years, green algae were rarely collected from Wolf Creek and were not a major component of the periphyton community at the creek location.In the river, maximum green algal abundance occurred in October at Location 1 and in December at Locations 10 and 4. Cladophora sp. was a dominant taxon at Locations 1 and 4 on most sampling dates but was dominant only in December at Location 10. Stigeoclonium sp. was dominant only at Location 4 in December. These two taxa have been important in the Neosho River during previous studies.3. Cyanophyta (Blue-green Algae)Five taxa of blue-green algae were identified in 1978. This group was present at all four locations sampled in 1978, but at Locations 10 and 3 its occurrence was restricted to single sampling dates. In the Neosho River blue-green algae averaged over 11% of total density and up to 17%of total biovolume at Locations 1 and 4 but less than 1% of density and biovolume at Location 10. This spatial distribution was the opposite of that observed in the river during 1977. Maximum cyanophyte density occurred at Location 1 in August. Lyngbya sp. and Calothrix sp. were dominant at Location 1, and Oscillatoria sp. and Lyngbya sp. were dominant at Location 4. At Location 3 in Wolf Creek, Oscillatoria sp. composed over 25% of total density and biovolume in April.B. Standing Crop As in previous years, average annual standing crop was greater in the Neosho River than in Wolf Creek (Table 4.4). Biomass was significantly greater at Location 1 than at other locations in June, August, and October (Table 4.5). Chlorophyll a was significnatly greater at Location 1 than at other locations in June and significnatly less at Location 10 than at other locations in August. No other statistically significant differences were evident in biomass and chlorophyll a standing crops. In previous years signifi-cant differences occurred more frequently between the Neosho River and Wolf Creek than between locations within each water system (Farrell 1978). However, in those studies Locations 7 and 5 in Wolf Creek were sampled frequently although they supported small standing crops. These locations were dry throughout most of 1978 and did not support periphyton communities. The occurrence of peak standing crop was not consistent for all locations or parameters. At Locations 10 and 4 in the river, most estimates 65 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES of standing crop peaked in December. At Location 1 maximum chlorophyll a occurred in June, maximum density and biomass occurred in October, and maximum biovolume occurred in December. At Location 3 in Wolf Creek, biomass and chlorophyll a peaked in April, but maximum density and biovolume occurred in June.The variability of flow in the Neosho River and the intermittent flow of Wolf Creek have been major factors affecting periphytic algal growth and sample collection during monitoring studies conducted near WCGS since 1973 (Farrell 1978). Data from past studies indicated that an inverse rela-tionship exists between annual mean flow and periphyton standing crop in the Neosho River, and that annual precipitation and periphyton standing crop in Wolf Creek and directly related (Farrell 1977). In general the data obtained in 1978 supported these relationships (Table 4.6). Mean flow in the Neosho River during 1978 was intermediate to that in 1975 and 1976 and less than the mean flow in 1977. Mean periphyton density and chlorophyll a standing crop in the river during 1978 were between 1975 and 1976 values and greater than the values recorded in 1977.Precipitation in the site area was less in 1978 than in recent years. Annual mean density and chlorophyll a at Location 3 in Wolf Creek were greater than would be predicted from the direct relationship observed between precipitation and standing crop during previous years. However, the absence of periphyton at Locations 7 and 5 supported the general relationship and also demonstrated that approximately 30 cm of annual precipitation probably is necessary to support periphyton at the Wolf Creek sampling locations. The Autotrophic Index (AT) is a ratio of biomass to chlorophyll a standing crop and indicates the relative importance of autotrophic (photo-synthetic) and heterotrophic (non-algal) organisms in the periphyton (Weber 1973).Large AT values in the river during August and October (Table 4.7) reflected increases in the heterotrophic component that probably resulted from seasonally high water temperatures and reduced outflow from John Redmond Reservoir. No consistent differences in AI values between the Neosho River and Wolf Creek were evident in 1978. Prior to 1977 AI values generally were greater in the creek than in the river.C. Diversity Diversity and evenness were within the ranges previously recorded for the Neosho River and Wolf Creek (Table 4.7). No consistent spatial or temporal patterns were evident in 1978. The number of taxa observed on each date was similar to that in previous studies.D. Construction Effects The lack of data from Wolf Creek precluded determination of con-struction related effects on the periphyton. Periphyton collections at Locations 5 and 7 were not possible because either suitable natural substrates were lacking or the locations were dry or frozen. As discussed above variability of flow in the Neosho River and the intermittent flow of Wolf Creek have been 66 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES major factors affecting these communities. The absence of flow in Wolf Creek during most of the 1978 study eliminated the potential influence of the creek on the Neosho River periphyton community. IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Periphyton collections from Locations 5 and 7 in Wolf Creek were not possible because either suitable natural substrates were lacking or the locations were dry or frozen.2. Diatoms were present in all collections and usually numerically dominated the periphyton in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek. Green algae and blue-green algae were present at all locations but not on all sampling dates.Green algae were often dominant in terms of biovolume in the Neosho River, especially at Locations 1 and 4. Blue-green algae were frequently numerically important at Locations 1 and 4.3. As in previous years, annual periphyton standing crop generally was greater in the Neosho River than in Wolf Creek. Annual mean standing crop in the Neosho River was inversely related to river discharge during 1974-78, whereas annual mean standing crop in Wolf Creek was directly related to annual precipitation.

4. No effects of WCGS construction on the periphytic algae of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek were noted.67 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF). 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

14th ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D. C. 1193 pp.Cowell, B. C. 1960. A quantitative sLudy of winter plankton of Urschel's Quarry. Ohio J. Sci. 60:183-191. Farrell, J. R. 1975. Periphyton study. Pages 133-147 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1976. Periphyton study. Pages 150-166 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1977. Periphyton study. Pages 71-88 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1978. Periphyton study. Pages 71-86 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.11ohn, M. H. 1969. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of plankton diatoms.Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. 3:1-211.and J. Hellerman. 1963. The taxonomy and structure of diatom populations from three eastern North American rivers using three sampling methods. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 82(3):250-329. Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Vol. II. Wichita, Kans.Meyer, R. L. 1971. A study of phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Fayetteville as a means of assessing water quality. Arkansas Water Resour. Res. Center, Univ. Arkansas, Fayetteville. Publ. 10. 58 pp.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Stecl, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 481 pp.68 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Tukey, J. W. 1951. Quick and dirty methods in statistics, part II, simple analyses for standard designs. Proc. 5th Annu. Convention, Am. Soc. for Quality Control. pp. 189-197.Weber, C. E., ed. 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio. Rep. No. 670/4-73-001. 174 pp.Zar, J. H. 1968. Computer calculation of information theoretic measures of diversity. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci. 61:217-219. 69 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Figure 4.1. Periphyton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.70 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 4.1.Number of periphytic algal taxa collected from natural sub-strates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.I I I I I I-I.I I I Io I I Year 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Bacillariophyta No. %93 82 88 95 75 89 92 80 57 85 59 82 Chlorophyta No. %7 6 1 1 5 6 15 13 6 9 5 7 Cyanophyta No. %13 12 4 4 Chrysophyta No. %0 0 0 0 0 0 Total No.113 93 84 115 67 72 4 8 4 5 5 7 6 7 1 0 2 1 0 3 71 "-"--"-- "--"-" -------Table 4.2. Distribution by division of periphytic algal density and bjovrv"Yume (expressed as a percentage of the total population) collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Bacillariophvta Chlorophyta Cyanophyta Seoshcý River Wolf Creek Neosho River Wolf Creek Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Density 22 February _a ........ ..25 April 100.0 ---69.4 -0.0 ---0.0 -0.0 ---30.6 -27 June 70.3 99.8 29.5 -99.5 -15.1 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -14.6 0.0 40.5 -0.0 2; August 62.9 97.7 11.2 -100.0 -6.8 0.0 62.8 -0.0 -;30.3 2.3 25.9 -0.0 10 October 82.7 100.0 10.9 -100.0 -5.8 0.0 11.8 0.0 -11.5 0.0 77.2- 0.0 12 Decezber 94.1 92.4 90.9 ---5.7 7.6 6.3 --0.0 0.0 2.8 --82.0 97.5 43.1 -92.2 -6.7 2.0 20.2 <0.1 -11.3 0.6 36.6 -7.6 B ovolu2e 22 February ----------------25 April 100.0 ---71.2 -0.0 --0.0 -0.0 ---28.8 -27 June 8.2 100.0 48.4 -96.2 -90.1 0.0 0.0 -0.1 -1.7 0.0 51.6 -0.0 -29 August 19.7 99.0 0.3 -100.0 -77.4 0.0 99.0 -0.0 -2.9 1.0 0.7 0.0 10 October 34.7 100.0 4.8 -100.0 -62.1 0.0 80.7 -0.0 -3.2 0.0 14.5 -0.0 -12 December 4.6 3.3 39.7 --95.3 96.7 59.4 ---0.0 0.0 1.0 --33.4 75.6 23.3 -91.8 -65.0 24.2 59.8 -<0.1 -1.6 0.2 17.0 -7.2 -a Samples not collected.-I N r m-4 0 z m z z-4 z 0 m U' Table 4.3 Periphytic algal taxa comprising 10% or more of the density or biovolume of periphytic algae collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977.Location Sampling Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 10 4 7 3 5 22 February -a 25 April Gcmzhonema olivaceum Nitzschia dissipata Fragilaria vaucheriae Oscillatoria sp.27 June Stephanodlscue sp. Navicula tripunctata Navicula tripunctata Nitzschia sp.Cladophora sp. var. schizonemoides var. schizonemoides Navicula tripunctata Stephanodiscus sp. Nitzschia sp. vat. schizonemoides Oscillatoria sp. Navicula symmetrica Cymbella triangulum Cymatopleura elliptica f. spiralis 29 August Lvclotella sp. Nitzschia sp. Cladophora 6p. Fragilaria sp.Stehanodiscus sp. Cocconeis placentula Oscillatoria sp. Nitzschia sp.Synedra minuscula var. euglypta Navicula sp.Cladophora sp. Navicula triounctata Synedra ulna Lvr.Sbva sp. var. schizonenoides Navicula symmetrica Pieurosigsma sp.10 October S-nedra minuscula Nitzschia sp. Cladophora sp. Nitzschia sp.Stephan.odiscus

p. Coccone~s placentula Lyngbya sp. Navicula sp.Cladophora sp. var. eUglypta Calothrix sp. Navicula tripunctata var. schizonernoides 12 December Fragilaria vaucheriae Navicula cryptocephala Nitzschia ap.NiTzschia sp. Nitzschia sp. Fragilaria vaucheriae Coczoneis pediculus Cladophora sp. Comphonema sp.Cladophora sp. Stigeoclonium sp.Cladophora sp.a Samples not collected.

t N I-r" m z m z 0 z K z-4 r U)0 m z C, m M' AWN= = = =m -M -m -m m* *Table 4.4 Standing crop estimates for periphyton from natural substrates Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.near Wolf Creek Generating Location Neosho River Wolf Creek 10 4 7 3 5 Total Density (No./cm 2 x 104)22 February -a -....25 April 21.4 ---80.0 27 June 340.0 167.0 15.6 -149.3 29 August 667.7 29.3 106.7 -19.3 10 October 1042.5 154.0 222.7 -19.7 12 December 551.5 941.3 1550.6 --X 524.6 322.9 473.9 -67.1 Total Biovolume (ul/dm 2)22 February ......25 April 6.3 ---16.8 27 June 1635.5 75.3 4.7 -82.6 29 August 593.4 4.7 731.8 -3.5 10 October 476.8 35.6 114.1 -4.8 12 December 3317.4 7436.2 609.6 --X 1205.9 1888.0 365.0 -26.9 Biomass (mg/dm 2 , ash-free dry wt.)22 February ......25 April 98.5 ---364.5 27 June 972.4 314.0 134.9 -314.9 29 August 57i.7 199.2 218.2 -124.0 10 October 1167.5 365.2 362.5 -92.8 12 December 736.5 592.0 643.4 --X 709.3 367.6 339.8 -224.0 Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2)22 February ......25 April 130.5 ---1025.1 27 June 1867.1 680.7 281.6 -159.9 29 August 485.2 116.3 362.6 -453.5 10 October 518.1 338.6 335.5 -70.4 12 December 1294.6 1689.3 1283.0 --x 859.1 706.2 565.7 -427.2 a Samples not collected. N r m-4 0 z m z 0 z m M z r U)z 0 m w) HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 4.5.Mean differences between locations for biomass and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Biomass (mg/dm 2)Location 1 3 4 5 7 110 22 February Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2) -25 April Chlorophyll a (1 ,g/dm 2) -27 June Chlorophyll _(pg/dm 2)1 3 4 5 7 10 1 3 4 5 7 10 1 3 4 5 7 10 67.5" 837.5* -- 658.3*1707.2* 180.0 --0.8 1585.5" 121.6 -- 179.2 1186.4" 520.8 399.2 -S447.77* 33553.55* -372.5*31.6 9-44.1 --75.2 122.5 90.9 -18.9 368.9* 337.2* 2946.4* --8055.0* -- 802.3*182.7 265.1 -2.7 1.79.5 7268.2 33.1 --29 August Chlorophyll a (pg/dmn 2) -10 October Chlorophyll a (pg/dn1 2) -1 3 4 5 7 10 1 3 4 5 7 1.0 75 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 4.5.(continuetd) I I I I I I I.I I I I I I I i.Biomass (mg/dm 2)4 5 Location 1 3 7 10 12 December Chlorophyll a 2)1 3 4 5 7 10-3.1 -- 144.5 11.6 -.3 394.7 406.3 --a Samples not collected.

• Asterisk indicates significant difference at P < 0.05 level.76

--m -n- -n -m m -m- --m- m --m m Q

• 0 Table 4.6.Yearly mean density and chlorophyll a standing crop of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-78.Neosho River (Location 1)Mean Flowa Yearly Mean Flow Year (cfs) (cfs) Density (No./cm 2 x 106) Chlorophyll a (pg/dm 2)1974 2438 1790 0.7 84.5 1975 1644 1637 1.5 430.0 1976 435 594 10.1 1975.7 1977 1318 1619 4.7 758.2 1978 669 882 5.2 859.1 Wolf Creek Density (No./cm 2 x 106) Chlorophyll a (og/dm 2)Annual Location Location Year Precipitation (cm)b 7 2 3 5 7 2 3 5 1974 78.6 _c 2.2 4.4 3.2 -957.6 883.4 1270.3 1975 55.2 1.0 0.4 0.9 0.6 462.6 162.8 595.9 456.6 1976 34.1 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.1 67.4 54.9 74.0 31.8 1977 67.4 0.6 -1.5 1.0 195.7 -934.7 437.5 1978 28.2 --0.7 ---427.2 -a Mean flow at Burlington, Kansas for 14 day period before each sampling date.b Annual precipitation for Neosho River Basin draining into John Redmond Reservoir.

c Samples not collected. N-i 0 z m z 0 z z r En z 0, in En HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 4.7.Total number of taxa and mean diversity, evenness, and Auto-trophic Index of periphyton collected from natural substrates near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Location Neosho River 1 10 4. -Wolf Creek 3 7 5 Number of taxa 22 February 25 April 27 June 29 August 10 October 12 December X Diversity (H')b 22 February 25 April 27 June 29 August 10 October 12 December x Evenness (j,)c 22 February 25 April 27 June 29 August 10 October 12 Docember Autotrophic Indexd 22 February 25 April 27 June 29 August 10 October 12 December X-a 13 23 21 15 16 18 2.22 2.58 2.78 2.64 1.96 2.44 0.72 0.62 0.68 0.72 0.58 0.66 755 521 1178 2253 569 1055 14 13 21 19 17 1.39 2.29 2.87 1.87 2.10 0.42 0.76 0.70 0.49 0.59 461 1713 1079 350 901 7 14 16 23 15 14 23 8 13 14 1.43 2.02 1.37 2.90 1.93 0.86 0.66 0.40 0.72 0.66 479 602 1081 501 666 1.47 2.91 1.31 2.46 2.04 0.44 0.70 0.60 0.84 0.64 356 1969 273 1319 979 a b c d Samples not collected. Shannon (1948).Zar (1968).Weber (1973).78 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 5 ZOOPLANKTON STUDY By Andrew J. Repsys 79 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Zooplankton constitute one of the principal trophic links in the aquatic food chains that characterize freshwater environments. Most species of fish in their initial stages of development depend heavily on zooplankton for growth and survival. Alteration of stream flow rates, the discharge of thermal effluents, and impoundment of flowing streams can have major effects on indigenous zooplankton communities and associated populations of aquatic organisms which comprise river ecosystems. Biological monitoring studies of aquatic systems aid in understanding the extent of possible environmental disruption which may accompany the alteration of natural habitats.Environmental monitoring of zooplankton populations indigenous to the water systems near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) began in 1973 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974) and has continued each succeeding year (Repsys 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978). Relative abundance, species composition, and spatial and temporal variability of zooplankton populations were determined and related to natural environmental factors and to construction activities associated with WCGS. Specific objectives of the present study were: 1. To gather additional baseline data to determine seasonal and year-to-year variability in the structure of zooplankton populations of Wolf Creek and the Neosho River; and 2. To provide a basis for the assessment of potential effects of con-struction and operation of WCGS on existing zooplankton communities. II. Field and Analytical Procedures Sampling locations for zooplankton are indicated on Figure 5.1. Duplicate horizontal drift samples were collected at Locations 1, 10, and 4 in the Neosho River and at Locations 7, 3, and 5 in Wolf Creek using a metered no. 25 (64 0m)mesh plankton net with a 428 cm 2 aperture. When flow was minimal or absent, the net was towed at a constant speed through a measured horizontal distance of 6 to 10 m to determine the volume of water sampled. All samples were pre-served at the time of collection in 5% formalin and stored in labeled containers. In the LUhoraltoirv, samples were concentrated or diluted to a workable density of organisms and then thoroughly mixed to obtain a representative sub-sample which was withdrawn and placed in a Bogorov counting chamber. Stratified counts of zooplankron in the subsample were made using a binocular dissection microscope at 50X magnification. Subsampling was continued until a sufficient number of organisms was enumerated to est imate population densities, usually aftcer counting at least 5% of the total sample. Microcrustacea were identified to species with the exception of taxonomically indistinct immature copepods and cladoccrans which were identified to the lowest positive taxon. Rotifers were identified to genus, except certain littoral-henthic genera in the order Bdelloidea. Identifications were made with taxonomic keys by Pennak (1953), Brooks (1957, 1959), Edmondson (1959), Wilson and Yeatman (1959), Goulden (1968), Roberts (1970), Ruttner-Kolisko (1974), and Smirnov (1974).80 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III. Results and Discussion A. Neosho River The Neosho River in its natural state was a relatively sluggish, meandering stream with a gradient that rarely exceeded 1 m/km (Prophet 1966).The river frequently overflowed its banks during periods of heavy rainfall but was reduced to very low flows during periods of drought. Since 1964 the volume of flow in the lower portion of the Neosho River has been regulated by John Redmond Reservoir. The volume of reservoir discharges into the lower Neosho River is determined by reservoir stora*-e volumes and the amount of rainfall in the watershed above John Redmond. During an annual cycle, reservoir discharges may range from approximately 50 to 13000 cfs (Repsys 1978).Mean yearly densities of zooplankton at Location 1 (reservoir tailwaters) during the present study generally followed trends established during previous studies from 1973 to 1977 (Table 5.1). Increased annual zooplankton standing crops which characterized reservoir crustacean zooplankton populations since 1.975 (53619 organisms/m

3) were maintained during the present investigation (69805 organisms/m 3). Progressive increases in the yearly abundance of cyclopoid copepodites, Cyclops vernalis, and Bosmina longirostris from 1973 to 1977 continued during 1-978 at Location 1. Mean densities of Ceriodaphnia lacustris (17/m 3) remained at the low levels established in 1976, whereas those of Daphnia spp. declined progressively from 14413/m 3 in 1973 to 1857/m 3 in 1978. Major crustacean taxa that exhibited yearly increases since 1976 included calanoid copepodites, Diaptomus siciloides, and Moina spp.(Table 5.1).The seasonal succession of major zooplankton taxa at Location 1 in 1978 was qualitatively similar to that documented during previous years;however, minor variations in timing and duration of population peaks were evidcntL between studies. The cladoceran species Bosmina longirostris and Da.phnia parvula were most abundant during spring, whereas Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum and Moina spp. commonly attained maximum densities during the summer months. Major copepod taxa Cyclops vernalis and Diaptomus siciloides were most frequently collected in summer and fall while Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi was generally most common at Location 1 during late winter and early spring (Tables 5.2-5.9).Copepod nauplii, cyclopoid copepodites, Bosmina longirostris, and rotifer genera Keratella, Polyarthra, Synchaeta, and Brachionus represented the most abundant zooplankton taxa collected at Location 1 during all studies.In addition, the rotifer Hexarthra and calanoid copepodites became abundant during summer and autumn of each study year. With few exceptions, the above nine taxa comprised over 70% of the total zooplankton encountered 4t Location 1 in the course of each study (Repsys 1975, 1976, 1.977, 1978).Zooplankton studies conducted in the Neosho River since 1973 have established that zoopianokton abundance and dominant species composition at doi.rnstream Locations 10 and 4 are largely determined by the volume of water discharged from John Redmond Reservoir; the reservoir is also the principal soil-ce of most of the znopinnkton Fouid nt the downstream locat-ions (Repsys 1977, 81 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1978). Comparison of zooplankton densities at Location I to those at Locations 10 and 4 indicated that zooplankton abundance at the downstream locations was directly related to the volume of reservoir water releases.

When reservoir discharges ranged from 1010 to 6950 cfs, nearly 54% of the crustacean zooplankton density at Location 1 still remained at Locations 10 and 4, whereas during periods of low reservoir water releases (50-500 cfs) zooplankton density at Locations 10 and 4 was sharply reduced to about 1% of that at Location 1. (Table 5.10).Similarly large downstream reductions of zooplankton densities during low reservoir discharges (<200 cfs) were reported by Ward (1975) and Armitage and Capper (1976) for river-reservoir systems in Wales and Colorado. Both authors speculated that these losses were, in a large part, due to the filtering effect exerted by extensive growths of periphytic algae covering the stream bottom substrates. Chandler (1937) demonstrated that periphyton and aufwuchs, in general, were important factors in filtering out lentic plankton during low stream flows. The filtering effectiveness of periphytic algae and other bottom growths may be reduced during high river flows (>1000 cfs) when a large percentage of substrate growth is scoured off and carried downstream, and during winter when most attached algae die back and become dormant. Scarcity of periphytic growth during the winter months may account for the high persistence of reservoir zooplankton in the Neosho River during December and February (1975-78) during periods of minimal river flow (50-75 cfs) (Table 5.10).Reduced water turbidity is another factor favoring zooplankton survival in riverine systems (Williams 1966; Armitage and Capper 1976), and may also have been a contributing factor for the increased zooplankton densities observed at Locations 10 and 4 during the winter months when both river flow and water turbidity were low (Table 5.10).Autochthonous production of crustacean zooplankton within the Neosho River, as indicated by channel samples, appeared to be minor. During minimal river flows in early spring and fall a variety of littoral microcrustaceans and rotifers was often collected at Locations 10 and 4 (Table 5.11). Dominant crustacean taxa included Disparalona, Macrothrix, Ilyocryptus, and Pleuroxus but maximum individual species densities rarely exceeded 300/m 3 and were generally less than 100/m 3 during all studies. A moderate river population of the. littoral rotilCer lBrachionus urceolaris (28000/m 3) was observed in April 1976 at Location 4 (Repsys 1977), whereas other species of river rotifers were generally present in densities of <1000/m 3 from 1973 to 1978. Possible river production of the rotifer taxa Polyarthra and Synchaeta was indicated in April 1977 by substantial increases in densities of these planktonic genera between Location I (6300/rn 3 and 0/m 3 , respectively) and downstream Locations 10 and 4 (11700/m 3 and 8600/m 3) (Repsys 1978). In general, however, the data collected from 1973 through 1978 suggested that even minimum flows from 20-75 cfs were too great to sufficiently increase zooplankton residency time in the Neosho River to allow the formation of a significant river zooplankton population. B. Wolf Creek Wolf Creek is a small, intermittent tributary of the Neosho River that exhibits significant flow primarily during brief periods of snowmelt or stor-mwater runoff. Flow is minimal or absent during most of the year. Following the 1.974 sampling program virtually all zooplankton samples were collected from a 82 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES series of isolated, stagnant pools in which zooplankton were generally abundant having developed under favorable, essentially lentic, conditions (Repsys 1978).Large populations of zooplankton usually persist within these pools unless (1) the pools dry up, (2) water quality in the pools deteriorates under ice cover during winter, and (3) flow resumes in the creek and currents sweep most of the pool zooplankton downstream into the Neosho River (Repsys 1977).Mean annual zooplankton densities in Wolf Creek during 1978 (225,626 organisms/m

3) were consistent with densities reported in previous years under conditions of minimal stream flow (Repsys 1978). Similarly, the high variability in zooplankton densities and species composition between pools during the present and previous investigations was attributed to a corresponding high degree of variability in pool history and physicochemical characteristics (Repsys 1977; Tables 5.2-5.9).Mean zooplankton densities in Wolf Creek during 1978 ranged from 28685 organisms/m 3 in February to 485,397 organisms/m 3 in August. In 1978 zooplankton densities were highest in Wolf Creek from June through October and lowest in winter and early spring (Tables 5.2-5.9).Many of the dominant zooplankton taxa collected during previous years were also seasonally abundant during 1978 including copepod nauplii, Svnchaeta, and Diaptomus siciloides (December and February);

Keratella, Polyarthra, Brachionus, immature copepods (June); immature copepods, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus, Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum, Brachionus (August); and copepod nauplii, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus, Keratella, Synchaeta (October). Comparisons of zooplankton densities and species composition at Locations 10 and 4 in the Neosho River with those at Location 5 in Wolf Creek during April when flow existed in the creek did not indicate any impact on zooplankton populations at Location 4. Flow was absent in Wolf Creek on all othcr sampling dates in 1978. Comparisons of zooplankton data collected during 1977 and 1978 with earlier studies also indicated no appreciable effect of the construction of WCGS on the zooplankton communities of Wolf Creek and the Ncosho River.lV. Suiiunary and Conclusions

1. Total zooplankton densities at Location 1 (John Redmond Reservoir tailwaters) during the present study ranged from 62281 organisms/m 3 in April to 1,247,341 organisms/ni 3 in May. During the remainder of the year zooplankton densities ranged from 108,659 to 586,115 organisms/m 3.2. Zooplankton densities in the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) were related to reservoir zooplankton densities (Location 1), volume of reservoir water releases, and seasonal factors. Max:[mum annual densities occurred in February (mean 807,764 organisms/m

3) and minimum populations were present in June (mean 1640 organisms/m 3).83 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3. Major taxa at Location 1 and Neosho River Locations 10 and 4 during 1978 included immature copepods, Bosmina longirostris, Diaptomus siciloides, Keratella, Polyarthra, Synchaeta, and Brachionus.

4. Total zooplankton densities in Wolf Creek during 1978 ranged from 28685 organisms/m 3 in February to 485,397 organisms/m 3 in August. Zooplankton abundance and species composition were primarily governed by presence or absence of flow and seasonal factors.5. Dominant zooplankton taxa collected in Wolf Creek included copepod nauplii, cyclopoid copepodites, Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus, Diaptomus siciloides, Keratella, Synchaeta, and Brachionus.

6. Comparisons of data collected from the present and previous studies indicate that the construction of WCGS has had no appreciable effect on the abundance and species composition of zooplankton in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River.84 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Armitage, P. D., and M. 11. Capper. 1976. The numbers, biomass and transport downstream of micro-crustaceans and Hydra from Cow Green Reservoir (Upper Teesdale).

Freshwater Biol. 6:425-432. Brooks, J. L. 1957. The systematics -)f North American Daphnia. Mem. Conn.Acad. Arts Sci. Vol. 13. 180 pp.1959. Cladocera. Pages 587-656 in W. T. Edmondson, ed.Freshwater biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.Chandler, D. C. 1937. Fate of typical lake plankton in streams. Ecol.Monogr. 7:447-479. Edmondson, W. T. 1959. Rotifera. Pages 420-494 in W. T. Edmondson, ed.Fresh-water biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York.Goulden, C. E. 1968. The systematics and evolution of the Moinidae. Trans.Am. Philos. Soc. 58(6):1-101. Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environ-mental report. Vol. II. Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Pennak, R. W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. The Ronald Press Co., New York. 769 pp.Repsvs, A. J. 1975. Zooplankton study. Pages 1-33-147 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1976. Pages 167-191 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-December 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1977. Zooplankton study. Pages 89-115 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1978. Pages 87-112 in Final report of preconstruction environ-mental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, February 1977-December 1977. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Roberts, L. S. 1970. Ergasilus (Copepoda: Cyclopoida): Revision and key to species in North America. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 89(1) :134-161.85 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Ruttner-Kolisko, A. 1974. Plankton rotifers-biology and taxonomy. Die Binnengewasser 26(1):1-146. Smirnov, N. N. 1974. Chydoridae (Chydoridae fauny mira) in Fauna of the U.S.S.R.: Crustacea. (Transl. from Russian). Keter Publishing House Jerusalem Ltd. 644 pp.Ward, J. V. 1975. Downstream fate of zooplankton from a hypolimnial release mountain reservoir. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19:1798-1804. Williams, L. G. 1966. Dominant planktonic rotifers of major water ways of the United States. Limnol. Oceanogr. 11:83-91.Wilson, M. S., and H. C. Yeatman. 1959. Free-living Copepoda. Pages 735-861 in W. T. Edmondson, ed. Fresh-water biology. 2nd ed. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.86 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Figure 5.1.Zooplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.87

---

-- -- --.m -Table 5. 1.Yearly mean densities (no./m 3)Reservoir (Location

1) 1973 to of selected major microcrustacean taxa from John Redmond 1978.Year Taxa 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Copepoda Calanoid (Diaptomus) copepodites 2634 6948 8963 1698 4903 5447 Cyclopoid copepodites 2546 6558 9006 13182 16978 21601 Cyclops vernalis 284 597 443 976 1106 1432 Diaptomus pallidus 17a 1006 48 316 266 390 Diaptomus siciloides 1418a 1171 3458 1014 2502 5110 All adult Diaptomus spp. 2591 2177 3508 1330 2810 5501 Ergasilus chautauguaensis 133 39 756 282 217 154 Total Copepoda 8188 16319 22676 17468 26014 34135 Cladocera Bosmina longirostris 4509 4247 10580 20980 14923 30484 Ceriodaphnia spp.b 1022 2483 103 11 28 17 Daphnia parvula 1271 2095 2870 3547 3333 1134 All Daphnia spp.c 14413 5089 3994 3579 3343 1857 (juveniles and adults)Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 3032 2759 8418 3344 4877 1391 Moina spp.d 163 205 7484 259 1102 1921 Total Cladocera 23139- 14783k" 30943- 28173w 24273- 35670" Total microcrustaceans 31327 31102 53619 45641 50287 69805 N 0 z in z 0 z z r U1 0 fin z 0 Ni (n l'a Males only. Females not identified to species in 1973.b b Mainly C. lacustris d Mainly juveniles and adults of D. parvula Mainly M. micrura m-- -I ---- -m- --Table 5.2. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 21 February 1978.Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No.T/m 7 0o./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./mj % No./m 3  % No./m 3 Copepoda Naupliti 27840a 4.75 42518 5.57 43480 5.10 34688 46.50 625 13.94 1969 28.23 Calanoid copepodites 82 0.01 211 0.03 160 0.02 0 0 0 Cyclopoid copepodites 8891 1.52 8536 1.12 8810 1.03 3125 4.19 62 1.38 109 1.56 p bicuspidatus thomasi 1790 0.30 1656 0.22 1983 0.23 250 0.34 0 0 Cyclops vernalis 146 0.02 74 0.01 224 0.03 16 0.02 0 0 Diaptomus clavipes 0 0 21 0.00 0 0 0 0.23 Diaptomus pallidus 0 9 0.00 0 31 0.04 0 0 Diaptomus siciloides 219 0.04 146 0.02 173 0.02 0 0 0 Eucylops agilis 0 0 0 0 16 0.37 31 0.44 Eucyclops speratus 0 0 0 0 31 0.69 0 Tropocyclopg prasinus mexicanus 0 0 0 250 0.34 -0 Harpacticoida 14 0.00 0 21 0.00 0 0 0 Total Copepoda 38982 6.65 53150 6.96 54872 6.44 38360 51.42 734 16.36 2125 30.46 Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata 0 9 0.00 0 0 31 0.69 0 Bosmina longirostris 14 0.00 147 0.02 184 0.02 0 0 0 Chydorus sphaericus 28 0.00 0 0 62 0.08 78 1.74 16 0.23 Daphnia ambigua 0 0 32 0.00 0 0 0 Daphnia parvula 48 0.01 92 0.01 58 0.01 0 0 16 0.23 Leydigia lGeigi 0 0 0 16 0.02 0 0 Pseudochydorus globosus 0 0 0 0 16 0.37 0 Total Cladocera 90 0.02 248 0.03 274 0.03 78 0.10 125 2.79 32 0.46 Rotifera Asplanchna spp. 323 0.06 102 0.01 250 0.03 0 0 0 Brachionus spp. 234 0.04 296 0.04 606 0.07 0 16 0.37 0 Conochiloides spp. 1165 0.20 1720 0.22 1701 0.20 0 0 0;Ora Spp. 0 0 0 0 266 5.93 719 10.31 Filinia spp. 308 0.05 304 0.04 286 0.03 0 0 0 Keratella spp. 48725 8.31 90883 11.90 92224 10.82 938 1.26 16 0.37 49 0.70 Notholca spp. 0 0 0 0 31 0.69 49 0.70 PolTarthra spp. 478146 81.58 593420 77.71 681188 79.96 219 0.29 0 16 0.23 Synchaeta spp. .1 18142 3.10 23476 3.07 20529 2.41 35000 46.92 3250 72.46 3797 54.44 Unidentified rotifers 0 0 0 0 47 1.05 188 2.70 Total Rotifera 547043 93.33 710201 93.01 796784 93.53 36157 48.47 3626 80.85 4818 69.08 Total Zooplankton 586115 763599k- 851930, 74595 4485' 6975 a Mean of two replicates.

N 0 z m z 0 z m z z n)m (n T al m -m -k -r --t -----il Table 5.3. Zooplankton near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 24 April 1978.0D CD Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./mJ % No./m 3  % No.1m 3  % No./m 3  % N°-/m 3  % No./m 3 Copepoda Nauplii 3 0 9 7 2a 49.73 9634 27.70 9957 33.80 3738 63.11 55244 58.87 5534 39.67 Calanoid copepodites 228 0.37 61 0.18 58 0.20 18 0.30 764 0.81 20 0.14 Cyclopoid copepodites 11540 18.53 2640 7.59 2502 8.49 350 5.91 6468 6.89 444 3.18 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 400 0.64 172 0.49 142 0.48 0 0 0 Cyclops vernalis 24 0.04 12 0.03 17 0.06 0 0 0 Diaptomus pallidus 42 0.07 7 0.02 18 0.06 0 157 0.17 0 Diaptomus siciloides 77 0.12 17 0.05 19 0.06 52 0.88 6 0.01 0 Eucyclops agilis 14 0.02 6 0.02 2 0.01 18 0.30 12 0.01 0 Eucyclops speratus 2 0.00 2 0.00 0 24 0.40 0 0 Macroeyclops albidus 0 0 0 12 0.20 0 0 Paracyclops fimbriatus poppei 0 0 0 18 0.30 6 0.01 12 0.09 Tropocvclops prasinus mexicanus 0 0 0 6 0.10 0 0 Harpacticolda 54 0.09 16 0.05 14 0.05 76 1.28 0 0 Total Copepoda 43353 69.61 12567 36.13 12729 43.21 4300 72.60 62657 66.77 6010 43.08 Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata 0 0 0 41 0.69 12 0.01 8 0.06 Bosmina longirostris 1870 3.00 206 0.59 274 0.93 140 2.36 1502 1.60 1704 12.21 Ceriodaphnia lacustris 0 0 0 6 0.10 6 0.01 164 1.18 Chydorus sphaericus 6 0.01 12 0.03 11 0.04 508 8.58 100 0.11 0 Daphnia spp. (immature) 356 0.57 54 0.16 81 0.27 0 0 0 Daphnia ambigua 48 0.08 0 4 0.01 0 134 0.14 0 Daphnia parvula 16 0.02 4 0.01 2 0.01 12 0.20 350 0.37 20 0.14 Daphnia pulex 2 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 Diaphanosoma leuchtenberglanum 2 0.00 0 7 0.02 0 0 0 Kurzia latissima 0 0 0 0 0 8 0.06 Pleuroxus denticulatus 0 0 0 23 0.39 0 0 Pleuroxus hamulatus 0 0 0 12 0.20 0 0 Simocephalus spp. 0 2 0.00 0 6 0.10 0 0 Total Cladocera 2300 3.69 278 0.80 379 1.29 748 12.63 2104 2.24 1904 13.65 Rotifera Asplanchna spp. 'I 240 0.38 33 0.09 174 0.59 0 198 0.21 223 1.60 Bdelloid Rotifera 0 33 0.09 0 58 0.98 260 0.28 826 5.92 Brachionus spp. 156 0.25 1112 3.20 962 3.26 0 0 96 0.69 Cephalodella spp. 0 0 0 88 1.48 66 0.07 48 0.34 Colurella spp. 0 0 0 0 0 48 0.34 Euchlanis spp. 0 0 0 0 66 0.07 78 0.56 Filinia spp. 644 1.03 339 0.97 500 1.70 0 384 0.41 0 N r 0 z In z 0 z z F Cz in In Table 5.3. (continued) Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./m 3  % No./m3 % No./mJ % No./m3 No./m3 % No./mj %Rotifera (continued) Keratella spp. 3710 5.96 7834 22.52 8114 27.55 88 1.48 14606 15.56 304 2.18 Kellicottia spp. 28 0.04 36 0.10 88 0.30 0 316 0.34 48 0.34 Lepadella spp. 0 0 0 116 1.96 0 0 Lophocharis spp. 0 0 0 0 0 30 0.22 Notholca spp. 0 33 0.09 114 0.39 146 2.46 187 0.20 0 Notommatid Rotifera 0 0 0 0 66 0.07 0 Polyarthra spp. 4342 6.97 2084 5.99 1416 4.81 88 1.48 7224 7.70 800 5.73 Synchaeta spp. 7508 12.06 10397 29.89 4936 16.76 350 5.91 5568 5.93 3476 24.92 Testudinella spp. 0 36 0.10 44 0.15 0 0 30 0.22 Trichocerca spp. 0 0 0 0 132 0.14 0 Total Rotifera 16628 26.70 21937 63.07 16348 55.50 875 14.77 29073 30.98 6037 43.27 Total Zooplankton 62281 34782 29456 5923 93834 13951 I N m-4 0 z m z 0 z m z z 0 m En a Mean of two replicates. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.4. Zooplankton collected in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) in the vicinity of Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 22 May 1978.Location 1 Taxa No./m 3 Copepoda Nauplii 308,370 24.72 Calanoid copepodites 6,166 0.49 Cyclopoid copepodites 127,368 10.21 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 875 0.07 Cyclops vernalis 8,594 0.69 Diaptomus pallidus 1,574 0.13 Diaptomus siciloides 5,404 0.43 Harpacticoida 92 0.01 Total Copepoda 458,443 36.75 Cladocera Bosmina longirostris 241,718 19.38 Ceriodaphnia lacustris 135 0.01 Chydorus sphaericus 92 0.01 Daphnia ambigua 5,256 0.42 Daphnia parvula 8,384 0.67 Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 46 0.01 Moina wierzejskii 5,649 0.45 Simocephalus serrulatus 46 0.01 Total Cladocera 261,326 21.19 Rotifera Asplanchna spp. 2,504 0.20 Brachionus spp. 10,485 0.84 Conochiloides spp. 186 0.01 Filinia spp. 42 0.01 Keratella spp. 432,252 34.65 Polyarthra spp. 80,534 6.46 Ponipholyx spp. 132 0.01 Synchaeta spp. 1,437 0.12 Total Rotifera 527,572 42.30 Total Zooplankton 1,247,341 92 m E -m m --m 0 m m -M m -ON Table 5.5. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 26 June 1978.Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./m3 % No./m' % No./m3 % No./mJ % No./m' % No./m3n %Copepoda Nauplii 1 2 820a 11.80 158 8.64 83 5.72 82944 9.71 11828 9.94 9743 42.55 Calanoid copepodites 1180 1.08 20 1.09 6 0.41 1782 0.21 50 0.04 0 Cyclopoid copepodites 1746 1.61 96 5.25 64 0.44 42640 4.99 3335 2.80 1641 7.17 Cyclops vernalis 125 0.12 5 0.44 8 0.55 0 23 0.02 0 Diaptomus clavipes 7 0.01 0 0 0 0 0 Diaptomus pallidus 276 0.25 8 0.44 4 0.28 467 0.05 0 0 Diaptomus siciloides 754 0.69 38 2.08 0 0 0 0 Eucyclops agilis 0 0 0 0 23 0.02 64 0.28 Eucyclops speratus 0 0 0 0 219 0.18 79 0.34 Mesocyclops edax 14 0.01 0 0 29 0.00 0 0 Paracyclops fimbriatus poppet 0 0 0 0 0 79 0.34 Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus 0 4 0.22 0 14194 1.66 23 0.02 12 0.05 Harpacticoida 0 2 0.11 0 0 0 0 Total Copepoda 16922 15.57 334 18.26 165 11.38 142056 16.62 15501 13.03 11618 50.74 Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata 14 0.01 2 0.11 2 0.14 0 511 0.43 251 1.10 Alona pulchella 0 0 3 0.21 0 47 0.04 41 0.18 Bosmina longirostris 269 0.25 0 0 2366 0.28 0 0 Ceriodaphnia lacustris 0 0 0 29 0.00 0 0 Chydorus sphaericus 0 0 0 88 0.01 0 0 Daphnia parvula 194 0.18 0 0 876 0.10 23 0.02 0 Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 1872 1.74 11 0.60 0 555 0.06 1268 1.06 0 Ilyocryptus sordidus 0 0 0 29 0.00 0 0 Leptodora kindtii 822 0.76 2 0.11 0 0 0 0 Leydigia leydigi 0 0 0 0 0 12 0.05 Macrothrix laticornis 0 0 0 0 146 0.12 663 2.90 Moina micrura 110 0.10 2 0.11 0 0 47 0.04 0 Moina spp. (Immature) 35 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 Pleuroxus denticulatus 0 0 0 29 0.00 23 0.02 12 0.05 Pleuroxus hamulatus 0 0 0 0 73 0.06 0 Simoceplhalus sp. 0 2 0.11 2 0.14 0 0 0 Total Cladocera 1 3316 3.05 19 1.04 7 0.48 3972 0.46 2138 1.80 979 4.28 Rotifera Anur aeopisis spp. 0 0 0 0 438 0.37 0 Asplanchna spp. 0 0 0 22780 2.66 5403 4.54 0 Bdelloid Rotifera spp. 140 0.13 94 5.14 64 4.41 2920 0.34 3505 2.94 625 2.73 Brachionus spp. 69258 63.74 1089 59.54 1077 74.28 103972 12.17 27015 22.70 8178 35.72 N-1 0 z M z 0 z z-4 0 z W m- mmab m -m ------m Table 5.5. (continued)

Sampling Locations Nrosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./m 3 o/No./m 3 N -o./-m % No./m 3  % No./mT % No./mJ 7 Rotifera (continued) Cephalodella spp. 0 50 2.73 24 1.66 0 3797 3.19 333 1.75 Collotheca spp. 136 0.12 0 0 0 0 0 Conochiloides spp. 271 0.25 0 0 1168 0.14 0 0 Filinia spp. 136 0.12 0 0 6425 0.75 438 0.37 0 Ilexarthra spp. 6512 5.99 48 2.62 8 0.55 18107 2.12 292 0.24 0 Keratella spp. 2493 2.29 70 3.83 53 3.66 417056 48.80 876 0.74 210 0.92 Lepadella spp. 0 0 0 0 0 126 0.55 Monostyla spp. 0 13 0.71 0 0 0 123 0.54 Polvarthra spp. 4126 3.80 85 4.65 32 2.21 108645 12.71 38113 32.03 0 Pompholyx spp. 956 0.88 0 0 0 0 0 Synchaeta spp. 960 0.88 0 0 25701 3.01 18254 15.34 82 0.36 Testudinella app. 0 0 0 584 0.07 0 374 1.63 Trichocerca spp. 3433 3.16 0 0 584 0.07 292 0.37 41 0.18 Trichotria spp. 0 0 0 584 0.07 146 0.12 41 0.18 Wolga spp. 0 27 1.48 20 1.38 0 2336 1.96 166 0.72 Unidentified Rotifera spp. 0 0 0 0 438 0.37 0 Total Rotifera 88421 81.37 1476 80.70 1278 88.14 708526 82.91 101343 85.18 10299 44.98 Total Zooplankton 108659 1829 1450 854554 118982 22896 N r-4 0 z m z 0 z m z 0 Fn z 0 m (n aMean of two replicates. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.6. Zooplankton collected in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) in the vicinity of Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 19 July 1978.Location 1 Taxa No./m 3 Copepoda Nauplii 9918 4.64 Calanoid copepodites 1239 0.58 Cyclopoid copepodites 1226 0.57 Cyclops vernalis 41 0.02 Diaptomus pallidus 56 0.03 Diaptomus siciloides 352 0.16 Total Copepoda 12832 6.00 Cladocera Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 4656 2.18 Moina micrura 689 0.32 Moina minuta 430 0.20 Total Cladocera 5775 2.70 Rotifera Asplanchna spp. 398 0.19 Bdelloid Rotifera spp. 1110 0.52 Brachionus spp. 186442 87.26 Collotheca spp. 172 0.08 Conochiloides spp. 1392 0.65 Filinia spp. 46 0.02 Hexarthra spp. 348 0.16 Polvarthra spp. 2245 1.05 Svnchaeta spp. 480 0.22 Trichocerca spp. 268 0.12 Unidentified Rotifera 2154 1.01 Total Rotifera 195055 91.29 Total Zooplankton 213662 95

-m -m -n m ----en m -t m --2 A Table 5.7. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 28 August 1978.Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./m 3  % No./mr % No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No.Imr 3  % No./mj %Copepoda Nauplii 22021a 6.58 102 0.64 346 2.71 100000 20.60 Calanoid copepodites 3538 1.06 25 0.16 0 2921 0.60 -Cyclopoid copepodites 3296 0.98 53 0.33 130 1.02 73684 15.18 --Cyclops vernalis 634 0.19 0 0 0 --Diaptomus pallidus 41 0.01 0 0 4500 0.93 --Diaptomus siciloides 1238 0.37 0 0 0 --Ergasilus chautauguaensis 0 0 22 0.17 578 0.12 --Erasilus megaceros 0 0 10 0.08 0 --Eucyclops agilis 0 12 0.07 10 0.08 0 --Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus 0 0 0 60895 12.54 --Total Copepoda 30768 9.19 192 1.20 518 4.06 242578 49.98 --Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata 0 0 32 0.25 0 -Ceriodaphnia lacustris 0 0 54 0.42 0 --Diaphanosoma leuchtenberglanum 3611 1.08 0 10 0.08 4500 0.93 --Disparalona rostrata 0 12 0.07 10 0.08 0 --Ilyocryptus sordidus 0 12 0.07 32 0.25 0 --Leydigia leydigi 0 0 0 184 0.04 --Macrothrix laticornis 0 53 0.33 226 1.77 0 --Moina micrura 7228 2.16 12 0.07 0 0 --Moina minuta 1048 0.31 0 0 0 --Total Cladocera 11887 3.55 89 0.56 364 2.85 4684 0.97 --Rotifera Anuraeopsis spp. 0 0 41 0.32 737 0.15 --Asplanchna spp. 110 0.33 0 0 0 --Bdelloid Rotifera spp. 540 0.16 484 3.02 83 0.65 737 0.15 --Brachionus spp. 266793 79.71 13424 83.76 11390 89.22 61658 12.70 --Cephalodella spp. 0 98 0.61 0 737 0.15 --Collotheca spp. 73 0.02 0 0 737 0.15 --Conochiloides spp. 1796 0.54 48 0.30 0 18053 3.72 --Euchlanis spp. 0 0 0 737 0.15 --Filinia spp. 1 58 0.02 48 0.30 0 17290 3.56 --Hexarthra spp. 5724 1.71 98 0.61 41 0.32 0 --Horaella spp. 0 0 0 737 0.15 -Keratella spp. 0 48 0.30 41 0.32 58632 12.08 -Lecane spp. 0 0 41 0.32 2237 0.46 -Monommata spp. 58 0.02 0 0 0 -Notommatid Rotifera spp. 0 51 0.32 0 0 -N r-4 0 z m z 0 z m z En C, m z 0)m In --n -- m -n -omim -u ed --Table 5.7. (continued) Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./m 3 1 No./m3 % No./m 3  % No-/m- % No./m 3  % No./mJ %Polyarthra spp. 14924 4.46 302 1.88 124 0.97 66921 13.79 Pompholyx spp. 0 0 0 737 0.15 Rotaria spp. 0 51 0.32 0 0 -Svnchaeta spp. 906 0.27 302 1.88 0 0 -Testudinella spp. 0 0 0 737 0.15 -Trichocerca spp. 58 0.02 0 0 5237 1.08 -Trichotria spp. 0 592 3.69 82 0.64 0 -spp. 0 200 1.25 0 737 0.15 -Unidentified Rotifera spp. 0 0 0 0 Total Rotifera 292040 87.26 15746 98.25 11884 93.09 238135 49.06 -Total Zooplankton 334695 16027 12766 485397 a Mean of two replicates. Location dry.N I-0 z m z m 0 z z z C)in (n T mbm m --ollctednen m m m m m K m O Table 5.8. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 10 October 1978.Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./mJ % No./Im3 % mo./m 3  % No./m 3 7 No./m 3  % No./m 3 5 Copepoda Nauplil 83276a 20.62 140 1.22 352 3.39 105724 16.46 179030 60.32 _b Calanoid copepodites 17536 4.34 12 0.10 2 0.02 5958 0.93 132 0.04 -Cyclopoid copenodites 11610 2.87 143 1.25 158 1.52 45560 7.09 73890 24.89 -Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 0 0 0 10 0.00 29 0.01 -Cyclops vernalis 892 0.22 2 0.02 0 0 132 0.04 -Diaptomus pallidus 576 0.14 0 0 554 0.09 14 0.00 -Diaptomus siciloides 13287 3.29 10 0.09 2 0.02 0 102 0.03 -Ergasilus chautauguaensis 1230 0.30 22 0.19 7 0.07 10 0.00 0 Ergasilus megaceros 274 0.07 2 0.02 0 0 0 Ergasilus versicolor 34 0.01 0 0 0 0 Eucyclops agilis 0 0 6 0.06 0 29 0.01 -Eucyclops agilis montanus 0 2 0.02 8 0.08 0 0 -Eucyclop_ speratus C 0 4 0.04 19 0.00 278 0.09 -Macrocyclops albidus 0 0 2 0.02 0 0 Mesocyclops edax , 0 0 0 29 0.00 146 0.05 -Paracyclops fimbriatus poppei 0 0 6 0.06 0 14 0.00 -Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus 20 0.00 0 0 4352 0.68 17056 5.75 -Harpacticoida 0 3 0.03 3 0.03 29 0.00 0 -Total Copepoda 128735 31.88 336 2.93 550 5.30 162245 25.25 270852 91.25 -Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata 20 0.00 3 0.03 83 0.80 10 0.00 0 Alona pulchella 0 ]0 0.09 2 0.02 0 0 Alona spp. (Imm.) 0 9 0.08 16 0.15 0 0 Bosmina longirostris 0 2 0.02 0 0 423 0.14 -Ceriodaphnia lacustris 0 0 3 0.03 0 0 Chydorus sphaericus 0 0 0 10 0.00 365 0.12 -Daphnia parvula 20 0.00 0 0 0 0 Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 943 0.23 2 0.02 3 0.03 10 0.00 29 0.01 -Disparalona rostrata 20 0.00 42 0.37 212 2.04 0 0 Ilyocryptus sordidus 0 6 0.05 0 20 0.00 0 Ilyocryptus spinifer 0 3 0.03 26 0.25 0 0 Leydigia leydigi 0 0 4 0.04 0 0 Macrothrix laticornis I 0 12 0.10 74 0.71 0 29 0.01 -Moina micrura 181 0.04 0 0 0 0 -Pleuroxus denticulatus 0 0 4 0.04 0 0 -Pleuroxus hamulatus 0 18 0.16 40 0.38 0 0 -Sida crystalina 0 0 6 0.06 0 0 -Simocephalus spp. (Imm.) 0 0 10 0.10 0 0 -Total Cladocera 1184 0.29 107 0.93 483 4.65 60 0.01 846 0.28 -N m-4 0 z m z 0 z m z cn m z 0 m to

---

--- I ---- -- ---Table 5.8.(continued)

Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No./m 3  % No./m-3  % No./m % No./m 3  % No./3 No.1m 3 %Rotifera Anuraeopsls spp. 1744 0.43 0 0 0 0 -Asplanchna spp. 677 0.17 0 0 0 0 -Bdelloid Rotifera spp. 4214 1.04 949 8.28 365 3.52 6425 1.00 5841 1.97 -Brachionus spp. 156076 38.65 5622 49.03 5549 53.47 5257 0.82 2628 0.88 -Cephalodella spp. 0 365 3.18 511 4.92 0 1460 0.49 -Conochiloides spp. 796 0.20 0 0 0 0 -Filinia spp. 237 0.06 0 0 0 0 -Hexarthra spp. 5907 1.46 0 219 2.11 0 0 -Keratella spp. 10156 2.51 438 3.82 146 1.41 263434 41.00 1168 0.39 -Lecane spp. , 0 0 0 0 5549 1.87 -Lepadella spp., 0 0 0 1168 0.18 1752 0.59 -Lophocharis spp. 0 0 0 0 876 0.30 -Notommatid Rotifera spp. 0 146 1.27 73 0.70 0 0 -Platyias spp. \ 0 0 0 0 876 0.30 -Polyarthra spp. 1980 0.49 511 4.46 292 2.81 61916 9.64 3504 1.18 -Pompholyx spp. 237 0.06 0 0 30374 4.73 0 -Rotaria spp. 237 0.06 0 0 5842 0.91 292 0.10 -Synchaeta spp. 88118 21.82 1314 11.46 1095 10.55 103972 16.18 584 0.20 -Testudinella spp. 0 0 0 584 0.09 0 -Trichocerca spp. 3538 0.88 219 1.91 292 2.81 584 0.09 584 0.20 -Trichotria spp. 0 1168 10.18 219 2.11 0 0 -Wolga spp. 0 292 2.55 584 5.63 584 0.09 0 Total Rotifera 273917 67.83 11024 96.14 9345 90.05 480140 74.74 25114 8.46 -Total Zooplankton 403836 11467 10378 642445 296812 a Mean of two replicates. b Location dry.N m-4 z m z 0 z'I z-4 V (n z 0 m in m Tabl m m -m ---- ---nm m Table 5.9. Zooplankton collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 11 December 1'978.Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek 1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No.//m 3  % No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./mJ % No./m 3  % No./m 3 %Copepoda Nauplli 4 9 8 0 3 a 22.27 3797 4.25 1664 3.35 351 1.65 18246 13.20 1772 9.61 alanoid copepodites 13604 6.08 180 0.20 28 0.06 210 0.98 1807 1.31 1562 8.47 Cyclopoid copepodites 7129 3.19 101 0.11 96 0.19 404 1.90 947 0.68 2720 14.75 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 236 0.10 0 2 0.00 105 0.49 88 0.06 2140 11.60 Cyclops vernalis 997 0.44 0 0 18 0.08 18 0.01 70 0.38 Diaptomus pallidus 554 0.25 8 0.01 0 0 140 0.10 140 0.76 Diaptomus siciloides 19548 8.74 148 0.16 24 0.05 264 1.24 824 0.60 8579 46.53 Ergasilus chautauguaensis 0 0 0 0 18 0.01 18 0.10 Ergasilus megaceros 23 0.01 0 0 0 0 123 0.67 Eucyclops agilis 0 10 12 0.02 0 0 0 Eucyclops speratus 0 0 6 0.01 35 0.16 0 0 Mesocyclops edax 0 0 0 70 0.33 0 0 Paracyclops fimbriatus poppei 0 0 2 0.00 0 0 0 Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus 0 0 0 52 0.24 105 0.08 88 0.48 Harpacticoida 0 14 0.02 50 0.10 1193 5.60 0 0 Total Copepoda 91894 41.09 4528 5.07 1884 3.79 2702 12.68 22193 16.05 17212 93.34 Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata 0 29 0.03 112 0.24 0 0 0 Bosmina longirostris 0 0 2 0.00 70 0.33 5106 3.69 52 0.28 Ceriodaphnia quadrangula 0 0 0 0 0 18 0.10 Chydorus sphaericus 0 0 0 0 18 0.01 0 Daphnia ambigua 0 0 0 18 0.08 316 0.23 18 0.10 Daphnia parvula 411 0.18 0 0 18 0.08 35 0.02 52 0.28 Daphnia pulex 0 0 0 0 18 0.01 0 Daphnia spp. (Imm.) 123 0.06 3 0.00 0 0 52 0.04 52 0.28 Disparalona rostrata 0 3 0.00 34 0.07 0 0 0 Ilyocryptus sordidus 0 6 0.01 10 0.02 0 0 0 Leydigia leydigi 0 2 0.00 0 0 0 0 Macrothrix laticornis 0 3 0.00 9 0.02 0 0 0 Pleuroxus denticulatus 0 0 13 0.03 0 0 0 Pleuroxus hamulatus 0 38 0.04 42 0.08 0 0 0 Simocephalus serrulatus 0 2 12 0.02 0 0 0 Total Cladocera 534 0.24 86 0.10 244 0.49 106 0.50 5545 4.01 192 1.04 Rotifera Asplanchna spp. 161 0.07 73 0.08 58 0.12 0 0 0 Bdelloid Rotifera spp. 237 0.11 657 0.74 88 0.18 13772 64.61 0 0 Brachionus spp. 22439 10.03 13288 14.88 7448 14.98 0 14737 10.66 351 1.90 Ccohalodella spp. 0 803 0.90 584 1.18 0 0 0 3: N r 0 z z z K z-r z C)m wA m nmm m m mm -m -d mm --Table 5.9. (continued) Sampling Locations Neosho River Wolf Creek i1 10 4 7 3 5 Taxa No .o./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./m 3  % No./mJ % No./m 3 Z Conochiloldes spp. 3279 1.47 1898 2.12 818 1.64 0 0 0 Keratella spp. 26364 11.79 10733 12.02 3972 7.99 0 1404 1.02 702 3.80 Lepadella spp. 0 219 0.24 58 0.12 0 0 0 Monommata spp. 0 0 29 0.06 0 0 0 Polyarthra spp. 33686 15.06 54760 61.32 32856 66.10 0 702 0.51 0 Rotaria spp. 0 0 0 2754 12.92 0 0 Synchaeta spp. 45033 20.14 2190 2.45 1197 2.41 246 1.15 93684 67.76 0 Trichotria spp. 0 73 0.08 408 0.82 0 0 0 Trochosphaera spp. 0 0 0 1736 8.14 0 0 Wolga spp. 0 0 58 0.12 0 0 0 Total Rotifera 131199 58.67 84694 94.83 47574 95.72 18508 86.83 110527 79.94 1053 5.70 Total Zooplankton 223627 89308 49702 21316 138265 18457 N-4 0 z in z 0 z z-4 F-z m In aMean of two replicates. Table 5.10. Downstream persistence of reservoir microcrustacean zooplankton as a function of river flow and season, Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.Water Water Percent-Sampling Date Turbidity (NTU Temperature Zooplankton Remaining Winter 10 December 1973 50.5 2.5 3920 37 10 December 1974 45.0 8.8 1250 >100 3 December 1975 3.0 2.8 75 60 13 December 1976 6.5 1.5 50 72 12 December 1977 19.6 0.7 300 64 11 December 1978 4.0 0.7 20 4 24 February 1976 5.0 9.1 50 14 22 February 1977 5.9 7.0 50 74 21 February 1978 7.0 4.0 976 >100 Early Spring 27 March 1973 70.0 9.2 6950 76 26 March 1974 24.3 5.0 5450 >100 17 April 1975 65.5 11.5 3820 42 5 April 1976 6.8 16.0 50 <1 4 April 1977 16.0 10.0 50 1 24 April 1978 68.5 14.5 1430 28 Late Spring 12 June 1973 49.5 24.6 3580 28 10 June 1974 65.0 19.8 1940 54 10 June 1975 152.5 21.2 1010 17 14 June 1976 70.8 24.0 520 59 9 June 1977 165.5 22.0 2500 >100 26 June 1978 31.0 26.6 424 1 Summer 10 September 1973 22.5 23.0 61 <1 9 September 1974 6.3 19.6 4420 38 9 September 1975 29.5 23.9 395 1 10 August 1976 21.3 26.6 50 1 9 August 1977 36.3 29.0 500 2 28 August 1978 24.0 24.6 60 1 N r m-4 0 z m z 0 z K z r z 0 m (n Table 5.10. (continued) Water Water Percent Sampling Date Turbidity (NTU) Temperature (°C) Flow (cfs) Zooplankton Remaining Fall 4 October 1976 21.0 17.4 50 1 4 October 1977 54.0 16.9 200 1 10 October 1978 15.0 15.6 35 <1 a Mean of Location 10 and 4.b With Location 1 as 100%.C I N r m-4 0 z m z 0 z m z z a m mn HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.11. Zooplankton taxa collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxa Loc. 1 Loc. 10 & 4 Loc. 7, 3 & 5 Copepoda Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi S. A. Forbes pa p p Cyclops vernalis Fischer P P P Diaptomus clavipes Schaeht P P P Diaptomus pallidus Herrick p P P Diaptomus siciloides Lilljeborg P P P Ergasilus chautauquaensis Fellows P P Ergasilus megaceros Wilson P P P Ergasilus versicolor Wilson P Eucyclops agilis (Koch) Lb L L Eucyclops agilis montanus (Brady) L Eucyclops speratus (Lilljeborg) L L L Macrocyclops albidus (Turine) L L Mesocyclops edax (S.A. Forbes) P P Paracyclops fimbriatus poppei (Rehberg) L L Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus Kiefer P P P Harpacticoida L L L Cladocera Alona circumfimbriata (Meegard) L L Alona pulchella King L L Alona spp. (Baird) L Bosmina longirostris (0. F. Muller) P P P Ceriodaphnia lacustris Birge P P P Ceriodaphnia quadrangula (0. F. Muller) P Chydorus sphaericus (0. F. Muller) L L L Daphnia ambigua Scourfield P P P Daphnia parvula Fordyce P P P Daplnia pulex Leydig p P Disparalona rostrata (Koch) L L Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Fischer P P P llyocryptus sordidus (Lieven) L L Ilyocryptus spinifer (Herrick) L Kurzia latissima (Kurtz) L Leptodora kindtii (Focke) P P Leydigia leydigi (Schoedler) L L Macrothrix laticornis (Jurine) L L Moina minuta (Hansen) p Moina micrura Kurz p P P Moina wierzejskii (Richard) P Pleuroxus denticulatus Birge L L Pleuroxus hamulatus Birge L L Pseudochydorus globosus (Baird) L Sida crystallina (0. F. Muller) L Siniocephalus spp. Schoedler L L Sirnocephalus serrulatus (Koch) L L 104 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.11. (continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxa Loc. 1 Loc. 10 & 4 Loc. 7, 3 &-5 Rotifera Anuraeopsis sp. Lauterborn P P P Asplanchna sp. Gosse P P P Bdelloid rotifers L L L Brachionus spp. Pallas P,L P,L P,L Cephalodella spp. Bory St. Vincent L L Colotheca sp. Harring P P Colurella sp. Bory St. Vincent L Conochiloides sp. Hlava P P P Eosphora spp. Ehrenberg L Euchlanis spp. Ehrenberg L Filinia spp. Bory St. Vincent P P P Hexarthra spp. Schmarda P P P Horaella spp. Donner L Kellicottia sp. Ahlstrom P P P Keratella spp. Bory St. Vincent P P P Lecane spp. Nitzsch L L Lepadella spp. Bory St. Vincent L L Lophocharis sp. Ehrenberg L Monommata spp. Bartsch L L Monostyla sp. Ehrenberg L L Notholca spp. Gosse P P Notomatid rotifers L L Platyias sp. Harring L Polyarthra spp. Ehrenberg P P P Pompholyx sp. Gosse P P Rotaria sp. Scopoli L L L Synchaeta spp. Ehrenberg P P P Testudinella sp. Bory St. Vincent L L Trichocerca spp. Lamarck P P P Trichotria sp. Bory St. Vincent L L Wolga sp. Skorikov L L Trochosphaera spp. Semper P a P = pelagic (limnetic). b L = littoral.105 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 6 MACROINVERTEBRATE STUDY By Kenneth R. Bazata 106 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Aquatic macroinvertebrates constitute an important component of most freshwater ecosystems. They play an important role in maintaining energy flow through ecosystems since they occupy virtually all levels within the trophic structure (i.e., deposit and detritus feeders, parasites, scavengers, grazers, and predators) (Odum 1971). Macroinvertebrates are also useful for monitoring environmental changes through time because of their limited mobility and relatively long life spans (Weber 1973).Macroinvertebrate communities have been monitored near the Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) site since 1973. Early studies (1973-75) were designed to obtain baseline information on the macroinvertebrate communiites of the Neosho River, Wolf Creek and John Redmond Reservoir (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Nulty 1975; Andersen 1976). More recent studies (1976-77) assessed potential impacts on the macroinvertebrate community in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River resulting from construction activities associated with WCGS (Andersen 1977; Bazata 1978). The 1978 monitoring program near WCGS was a continuation of the construction phase environmental studies.II. Field and Analytical Procedures Duplicate diel samples of drifting benthic macroinvertebrates were collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location 1; Figure 6.1)on 21 February, 24 April, 22 May, 26 June, 19 July, 29 August, 9 October, and 11 December 1978. Collections were made using a 0.75 m diameter plankton net of no. 0 mesh Nitex (0.571 mm), equipped with an internally mounted flowmeter (General Oceanics, Inc. Model 2030). Duplicate Ponar dredge samples and single qualitative samples were collected on 21 February, 24-25 April, 26-27 June, 28-29 August, 9-10 October, and 11-12 December 1978 from Locations 10 and 4 in the Neosho River and Locations 7, 3, and 5 in Wolf Creek (Figure 6.1).Qualitative samples were obtained by seining and handpicking. Due to the lack of water, no samples were collected at Location 5 in August or October.Ice cover prevented qualitative sampling at all locations in February and December.All samples were sieved using U. S. Standard no. 30 mesh (0.595 mm)screen. The retained material was transferred to appropriately labeled containers and fixed with a rose bengal staining solution of 10% formalin (Mason and Yevich 1967). After exposure to the staining solution for a minimum of 24 hr, samples were rewashed in the laboratory in a no. 30 mesh sieve and preserved in 70% ethanol. Macroinvertebrates were manually separated from the debris with the aid of a stereozoom microscope and identified to the lowest positive taxon using appropriate taxonomic references and microscopic techniques. Aerial and terrestrial specimens collected in drift samples were not analyzed.Diversity indices for all quantitative samples were calculated using the log base 2 in Shannon's (1948) equation. A Students "t" test (Steel and Torrie 1960) was used to test for sirn:ificant differences (P < 0.05) in densities and diversity values among locations during each sampling period.107 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III. Results and Discussion A. Habitat Characterization The Neosho River is a relatively slow meandering stream that rarely exceeds a gradient of 1 m/km (Prophet 1966). River flow in the study area is dependent upon discharge from John Redmond Reservoir which is regulated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Discharge rates encountered during the macro-invertebrate drift samplings varied from 20 cfs in December to 1430 cfs in April (Figure 6.2).Substrates in the tailwaters of the John Redmond Reservoir Dam (Location

1) were made up of layered bedrock of limestone, shale, and sandstone.

Flow at Location 1 was variable and entirely dependent upon releases from John Redmond Reservoir. Pools and riffles characterized Location 10 which was 0.7 km upstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek.The riffles had substrates of rock, rubble, and gravel, whereas the pools were characterized by bedrock overlaid by silt. Location 4, 1.3 km downstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek, consisted of deep pools and a shallow gravel bar.The river bottom in the pools was silt and gravel, whereas the bar consisted of gravel and sand.Wolf Creek, a small intermittent tributary of the Neosho River, is subject to brief periods of high flow following snowmelt or stormwater runoff and long periods of low or zero flow, during which the creek often consists of a series of isolated pools. During 1978, flow was present in April and absent thereafter. In August and October, Location 5 was dry and small Isolated pools were present at Locations 7 and 3. The substrates at Locations 7 and 5 in Wolf Creek were clay mixed with gravel overlaid by leaf litter, whereas muck and gravel were the primary substrates at Location 3.B. Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Communities

1. Neosho River a. Drift Samples The drifting macroinvertebrate assemblage below John Redmond Reservoir included 87 taxa (Table 6.1) with Hydridae, Chironomidae, and Hydropsychidae as dominants (Table 6.2). Mean drift densities ranged from 95 organisms/100 m 3 in February to 10815 organisms/100 m 3 in October. The ,978 annual mean drift density was 3166/100 m 3 compared to 839/100 m3 in 1976 and 712/100 m 3 in 1977. High densities of hydroids were primarily responsible for the substantial increase in 1978 (Table 6.3). Hydra (Hydridae) comprised 58 to 94% of the total drift assemblage in May, August, October, and December.

High Hydra density and low densities of other taxa in October resulted in low diversity values when compared to other sampling dates (Table 6.2). The abundance of Hydra in tailwater areas is influenced by the availability of planktonic food items (Lomnicki and Slobodkin 1966; Armitage and Capper 1976). High zooplankton densities were present at Location 1 throughout 1978 (Chapter 5) which could have provided an ample food source for this taxon. Reisa (1973) attributed Hydra abundance to low water temperatures and short photoperfod which may have contributed to the high fall and winter densities. 108 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chironomidae, the most diverse group in the drift, were represented by 26 taxa and densities were highest in May and October (Appendix D, Table D.1). Cricotopus, Procladius, and Polypedilum were the dominant chironomid taxa in 1978, as well as in previous years. The high density of Cricotopus, which comprised the majority of drifting chironomids, was partially due to its association with neriphytic algae which is common below the dam.Mundie (1956) reported that Cricotopus frequently is found in association with periphytic algae. The presence of Procladius, a common benthic taxa within John Redmond Reservoir (Funk 1973; Andersen 1976), in the tailwater drift suggests that they had been discharged from the reservoir. Davies (1976)reported that certain species of chironomids, such as Procladius, normally migrate off the lake substrate into the water column to feed or recolonize and therefore become susceptible to discharge currents.The Hydropsychidae qssemblage demonstrated seasonal variation with the highest densities recorded during the winter and summer (Table 6.3).Potamyia and Cheumatopsyche were the most abundant identifiable hydropsychids, with early instar hydropsychids being numerically dominant. Winter drift of hydropsydids may be related to the inability of the early instars to firmly attach to the substrate (Fremling 1960), whereas high summer densities are related to the increased susceptibility of pupae to drift during emergence. Macroinvertebrate taxa whose abundance was apparently affected by the low reservoir outflow in 1978 included Chaoboridae and Simuliidae. Chaoboridae (Chaoborus punctipennis) were most abundant in the April, May, July, and August nocturnal samples (Tables 6.2 and 6.3). In previous monitoring studies Chaoboridae were the principal component of the s;pring, summer, and fall drift collections (Table 6.3). Chaoborus normally occupies a lake or still water habitat (LaRow 1968). In 1976 and 1977, when reservoir outflows were greater, higher densities of Chaoborus were drawn through the midwater discharge from the dam during their diel vertical feeding migrations. Simuliidae also were not abundant in 1978. Possible factors contributing to their low densities include the reduced outflows and the high densities of Hydra. Armatage (1976, 1978), in a study on the River Tees in England, speculated that when Hydra densities were high, they competed for settlement on the substrate with simuliid larvae.Diel drift data showed few consistent trends in 1978.Overall, the densities of Hydridae were greater in the daylight samples, wheres hydropsychids and Chaoborus were more abundant at night. Hydropsychidae densities were greatest in the May, June, and July night samples, which may be related Lo their eme-rgence patterns (Appendix D, Table D.1). Chaoborus made up a liarge part of the nocturnal drift in April, May, July, and August.No other taxa exhibited consistent diel trends in 1978.b. Benthic Samples Quantitative Ponar samples collected at Locations 10 and 4 contained 73 and 69 macroinvertebrate taxa, respectively (Table 6.1). Dominant taxa included representatives of the Naididae, Tubificidae, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Chironomidae. Total benthic densities were low in February, progressively increased in April and June, and then declined in 109 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in August (Table 6.4). Densities increased in October and December from the August levels at Location 4, whereas densities at Location 10 decreased in October and increased threefold in December (Table 6.4). Benthic densities at each location were within the ranges reported during previous studies and species diversity indices (1.88 to 3.71) were indicative of good water quality.The abundance of the major groups of macroinvertebrates varied seasonally. Chironomids were the most abundant group and generally increased in density from February through December (Table 6.4). Exceptions to this trend occurred at Location 10 in October and Location 4 in December when densities declined. Trichoptera generally exhibited increased abundance from February through August and declined in October and December. Ephemeroptera densities were low in February and April and increased in June through December.Tubificids and Plecoptera were common throughout the study but their densities did not exhibit a seasonal pattern. The remaining major group (Naididae) was uncommon except in October and December when maximum densities were recorded at Locations 4 and 10, respectively. These temporal variations are part of the normal seasonal cycle exhibited by macroinvertebrate populations. Seasonal changes in macroinvertebrate population size nre largely controlled by seasonal variations in environmental factors including water temperature, nutrient availability, precipitation, flow, and habitat characteristics. Potamyia and Cheumatopsyche were the most abundant identifiable hydropsychids while early instar hydropsychidae were more frequently encountered. The density of hydropsychids at Location 10 displayed normal seasonal variation of low winter densities, increasing during the spring and summer, and decreasing during the fall (Table 6.4). This seasonal cycle is related to adult emergence and egg hatching activities. Fremling (1960) reported that peak emergence of several hydropsychids, such as Potamyia, occurs in early and late summer. Habitat requirements are also important in the life cycle of hydropsychids. Hydropsychidae require a solid silt-free substrate and current to develop large populations (Dodds and Hisaw 1925; Fremling 1960). The rocky riffle at Location 10 apparently provided better habitat than the fine gravel at Location 4.Chironomidae were the most diverse and the second most abundant taxa encountered in the benthic samples. Chironomid densities ranged from 38 to 10140 organisms/mi during the study. Polypedilum and Cryptochironomus were the most abundant taxa in 1978, with Cricotopus and Bydrobaenus occasional occurring in abundance. Polypedilum, Cryptochironomus, an Dicrotendipes were the most abundant taxa in 1977, whereas Cricotopus, Chironomus, and Pseudochironomus were abundant in 1976. The abundance of chironomids is depcndent on substrate type, current, food source, and season. Typically, the abundance of larval chironomids is low in spring and early summer following periods of adult emergence, increases in late summer and autumn when eggs haItch, and declines during the winter when recruitment is minimal (Hynes 1970).Chironomids in the Neosho River demonstrated this seasonal pattern, except in December when high densities were recorded (Table 6.4).Tubificidae populations were dominated by Branchiura sowerbyl and immatures without capilliform chaetae. The dominance of 110 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES immature tubificids is indicative of a reproducing population in an enriched environment. However, tubificids do not commonly develop large populations in sand and gravel substrates such as in the Neosho River because of the relatively low silt content. Tubificids are more numerous in areas of slower current where silt can accumulate (Hynes 1970). The higher tubificid densities in June and October may represent silt accumulation in the area sampled.Densities of selected common taxa, total density, and diversity indices were statistically tested on each sampling date (Table. 6.5). Twenty-three significant differences (P < 0.05) between Locations 10 and 4 were identified, of which the majority (18) indicated that densities were generally higher at Location 10. Location 10 is primarily a riffle habitat, whereas Location 4 is mainly a pool. Greater macroinvertebrate densities upstream of the confluence of Wolf Creek were attributed to these habitat differences and also to natural variation in macroinvertebrate populations. These differences were not related to construction activity or to the influence from Wolf Creek, since the creek flow was low or nonexistent during 1978.Qualitative samples collection from the Neosho River yielded 31 taxa, 13 of which were not collected in the Ponar and drift samples (Table 6.6). The additional taxa were representative of macroinvertebrates that commonly inhabit flowing water, but because of their mobility, habitat preference, and size are rarely collected in Ponar samples.2. Wolf Creek Ponar samples collected at Locations 7, 3, and 5 in Wolf Creek contained 80 macroinvertebrate taxa. Total benthic densities ranged from 104 organisms/m 2 at Location 3 in February to 2533/m 2 at Location 7 in June and were within the annual range recorded during previous years (Table 6.7).Diversity indices ranged from 0.81 to 3.71 (Table 6.8). Chironomidae and Oligochaeta dominated the Ponar samples during all sampling periods. Unlike previous years, no other macroinvertebrate family, such as Sphaeriidae or Simuliidae, dominated the benthic fauna during the year. This could be due to the low flow of Wolf Creek which limited recolonization. Chironomids were the most diverse group of macroinvertebrates collected from Wolf Creek, accounting for 30 taxa. Polypedilum, Hydrobaenus, Cricotopus, and Stictochironomus were the most abundant midges collected at all locations in the winter and spring, whereas Chironomus, Polypedilum, and Cryprtochironomus dominated the summer collections (Appendix D, Table D.3).Chironomus, Procladius, and P olypedilum were most abundant in the fall. Most of the midges collected have short life cycles and are tolerant of the variable hydrological conditions that affect Wolf Creek.Oligochiete families collected included the families Naididae and Tubificidae. Naididae were generally a minor constituent in the benthos of the creek; however, they did occur in abundance in December at Location 3 (208/m 2) and Location 7 in June (2561/m 2). Dero and Nais were the two most abundant naidids collected. Tubificidae consisted primarily of immatures without capilliform chaetae which is indicative of a reproducing population. ill HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Most of the identifiable mature tubificids were Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, and L. cervix. The presence of Branchiura and Limnodrilus is indicative of an organically enriched habitat. The substrate in Wolf- Creek consists primarily of mud and gravel overlaid with leaves.Significant differences (P < 0.05) in density and diversity values among Wolf Creek locations were random, except in February when ice cover at Locations 7 and 5 apparently concentrated populations of worms and midges (Table 6.9). Similar increases in the densities of tubificids and chironomids under ice through the winter months have been reported by Lindeman (1942) and Ransom and Dorris (1972). The other significant differences found were apparently related to low flow, natural variation in populations, and habitat preference. Overall, the significant differences reflected no downstream change related to construction activity.Qualitative sampling on Wolf Creek was hampered by ice cover in February and December. Six taxa which were not collected in the Ponar samples were noted in the qualitative samples (Table 6.6).IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Quantitative and qualitative benthic samples collected from the Neosho River and Wolf Creek in 1978 contained 114 and 80 taxa, respectively.

The taxa identified in 1978 were similar to those reported in previous studies.2. The drifting macroinvertebrate assemblage in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir showed typical seasonal variation; however, the compo-sit:ton di[fered from previous years. Ilydridae, Chironomidae, and Ilydropsychlidae W(11-0 1 11 0 1 doll1llant orgl -ln I 3. Chironomidae and Ilydropsychidac were the most abundant benthic macroinvertebrate groups collected from the Neosho River at Locations 10 and 4. These and other taxonomic groups fluctuated in abundance among sampling dates and locations. The range of benthic densities was similar to that previously reported.4. Chironomidae and Oligochaeta were the dominant groups of macro-invertebrates in Wolf Creek. Unlike previous years, no other macroinvertebrate family dominated the samples during the year. This was attributed to low flow and pooling in Wolf Creek in 1978.5. No detrimental effects from construction activities were identified in the aquatic macroinvertebrate communities near WCGS.112 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Andersen, D. L. 1976. Benthos study. Pages 192-229 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.1977. Benthos study. Pages 117-144 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Armitage, P. D. 1976. A quantitative study of the invertebrate fauna of the River Tees below Cow Green Reservoir. Freshw. Biol. 6:229-240. 1978. Downstream changes in the composition, numbers, and biomass of bottom fauna in the Tees below Cow Green Reservoir and in an unregulated tributary Miaze Beck, in the first five years after impoundment. Hydrobiologia 58:145-156. .and M. H. Capper. 1976. The numbers, biomass and transport downstream of micro-crustaceans and Hydra from Cow Green Reservoir (Upper Teesdale). Freshw. Biol. 6:425-432. Bazata, K. R. 1978. Benthos study. Pages 113-138 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Davies, B. R. 1976. The dispersal of Chironomidae larvae: a review. J.Entomol. Soc. South Afr. 39(1):39-62. Dodds, G. S., and F. L. Hisaw. 1925. Ecological studies on aquatic insects.II. Adaption of caddis larvae to swift streams. Ecology 6:123-137. Fretling, C. 1. 1960. Biology and possible control of nuisance caddisflies of the upper Mississippi River. Iowa State Univ., Agric. Home Econ. Exp.Stn. Res. Bull. 483:856-879. Funk, F. L. 1973. Species diversity and relative abundance of benthic fauna and related physicochemical features in John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas, 1971-1972. M. S. Thesis. Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Kans.35 pp.Hynes, H. B. N. 1970. The ecology of running waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 555 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Vol. II. Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, K~ils.113 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LaRow, E. J. 1968. A persistent diurnal rhythm in Chaborus larvae. I. The nature of the rhythmicity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13:250-256. Lindeman, R. L. 1942. Seasonal distribution of midge larvae in a senescent lake. Am. Midl. Nat. 27(2):428-444. Lominicki, A., and L. B. Slobodkin. 1966. Floating in Hydra littoralis. Ecology 47(6):881-889. Mason, W. T., and P. P. Yevich. 1967. The use of phloxine B and rose bengal stains to facilitate sorting benthic samples. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc.86(2) :221-223.Mundie, J. H. 1956. The biology of flies associated with water supply.J. Inst. Public Health Engr. 55:178-193. Nulty, M. L. 1975. Benthos study. Pages 159-168 in Final report of pre-construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. 3rd ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 574 pp.Prophet, C. W. 1966. Limnology of John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas. Emporia State Res. Stud. 15(2):5-27. Ransom, J. D., and T. C. Dorris. 1972. Analysis of benthic community structure in a reservoir by use of diversity indices. Am. Midl. Nat. 87(2):434-447. Reisa, J. J. 1973. Ecology of Hydra. Pages 60-103 in A. L. Burnett, ed.Biology of Hydra. Academic Press, New York.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Systems Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 481 pp.Weber, C. I., ed. 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. U. S. Environ. Prot.Agency Natl. Environ. Res. Cent. Ecol. Res. Ser. No. EPA-670/4-73-001. 114 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Figure 6.1. Benthic macroinvertebrate sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burl]ington, Kansas, 1978.115 28 r 26-24 22 Inflow 20. Outflow II 10- N as 0 0 m 2 7 z CS Deee 1978.LL.I 4 -0 0m z 3 I -rr 2 w 0~C*)21D t I PO &Oft 11 rI 1 10t I a to ?A 6 I I I s to to 6 I s to to (n I I I I I 610113026~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~ 103211022 tos go W605 6$60U 060S 1606 03104"2521 91 2016 0 IS6;162061 610; t0to SJ ANl1 t JF 1EB MAR IAPR AY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV D DC Figure 6.2. Daily volume of flow released into the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January-December 1978. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.1. Summary of macroinvertebrate occurrence in quantitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Neosho River Volf Creek Taxon 10 4 7 3 5 Coelenterata Hydrozoa Hydroidea Cl avidae Cordylorhord lacu.t rts Allman +Hydridae Hydra sp. Linnaeus + + +Platylhelminthes Turbellarla Alloeocoela +Tricladida Planar i idae Duaesia sp. Cirard + + +Rhabdocoela Unidentified Rhabdocoela 4.Nematoda Unidentified Nematoda + + +Entoprocta Urnatellidae Urnatella gracilis Leidy +Alinelida Ol igochaeta Plesiopora Fnchytraeidae Unid.-ut i I ed Enchytr-adue + + + +Naiididae Dero sp. Oken +p. diitata (Muller) + + +1). dorslis Ferronniere -+ +Nais sp. (Muller) + -+ + +N. behningi Michaelsen + +N. bretscheri Michaelsen + + + + +N. elinguis Muller 4frici irabe +Tlristin-o ongiseta leidyi Michaelsen +Tubificidae Branchiura sowerbvi Beddard + + + + +llyodrilus templetoni (Southern) + +Limnodrilus cervix Brinkhurst + + +L. claparedianus Ratzel + +L. hoffmeisteri Claparede + + + + +lmmnture w/o cap. choeLae + + + + +imr, ature w/cap. chaetae + + + + +Prosopora Bronchiobdel 1 idae Cambarincola sp. Ellis +Hirudinea Rhynchobdell ida Gloss iphon i Idi-Actlinobdell. triannulata Moore 4 +Placobdells ornata (Verrill) +Phoryu gobd, e Ii ido Erpobdell idae Iltno (Mooreobdell) microstomai M1-ore + + + +Arcibropoda Crustac-a Amph I pod.a Tali t ridae liv, ' I.- Ia cce, (.Sau sure) +Delc opoda Astocidae Unidentified Astacidae +Arachnida Acj r I noi Unidentified Hydracarina +Ins'L, .Collembola +Uphemeropt e ra Fushm' r i d.e 11.7 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.1. (continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 Ephoron album (Say)Hexagenia sp. Walsh H. limbata (Serville) it. atroca datl McDunnough Potamanthus sp. Pictet Caenidae Caenis sp. Stephens Tricorythodes sp. Ulmer Ephewerell idae f21hmerella sp. Walsh hleptageniidae Unidentified Heptageniidae He .a enia sp. Walsh Stcnac ron interpunctatum (Say)Stenonema sp. Traver S. inteyrum (McDunnough) S. pulchellum (Walsh)S. terminatum (Banks)S. tripunctatum (Banks)Baet idae lie t is sp. Leach Siphlonuridae Isonvchia sp. Eaton Odonata Gomphidae Linhri.Is sp. Leach Coenagr ionidae A_-rta sp. Rambus I'le optera Per] ldae Nooperla clvmene (Newman)Hemiptera.,1 i Ida,.Unidentified Corixidae Siara sp. Fabricius Tr hhoptera Psychomylidae Crrnellus sp. Banks C. marginalis (Banks)Hydropsychidae Unlidentified Hydropsychidac Cheumatopsvche sp. Wallengen tlvtrsy,'hs ap. Pictet H. frisoni Ross H1. orris Ross flava (liagen)Hydropt ilidae Unid. Hydroptil idan Hvdroptila sp. Dalean Lepiocerilae 0ecetis sp. McLachlan Polycentropodidae Ncuroclipsis sp. McLachlan Coleoptera Unid. Coleoptera Pyt isc idae Unidentified Dytiscidae Hyd Jrophil idae Unid. Hydrophilidae Cvrinidae Dineutis sp. McLeay E],hidde Stenclmis sp. Dufour Diptera Ch.,bor ida.Chaoborus punctipennis (Say)Simul iidas Unidentified Simulildae Chironomidae Chironomus sp. (Meigen)Cladotanytarsus sp. Kieffer++4++++++++++4+++++/-++++++-+-4-++++++4+++++++.+4+++++4+++4 + +4 + 4 4 4 4 4+4+4 4++4-4 4+4 4 4 4+4++4 4+-4+4 4-+118 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES'fable 6.1. (continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Ta xon 1 10 4 7 3 5 Corvnoneura sp. Winner Cricotopus sp. (Wulp)C. bicinctus grp. (Meigen)C. fuscus grp. Kieffer C. svlvestris (Fabricius) C. t ryy,#[!jl grp, (l~lnnate~m) Cryptocaldopelma sp. Lenz Crptochironomus sp. (Kieffer)near Demlcryptochlironomus sp. Lenz Dicrotendipes sp. Kieffer Eukiefferiella sp. Thienemann Glyptotendipes (ss) sp, Kieffer G. (Phvtotendipes) sp. Coetghebuer Tliarn shla sp. (Kieffer)Hkvdrobaenus sp. Brundin Larstj sp. Fittkau Microchironormus sp. Kieffer Micropsectra sp. Kieffer Microcricotopus sp. Thien. and Ham.Nanocladius sp. Kieffer Orthocladius (ss) sp. (Wulp)Parakiefferiella sp. (Thlenemann) Paralauterborniella sp. Lenz near Prartanv'tarsus sp. Kieffer Polvpedilum (ss) sp.P. (ss) "convictum" type (Walker)P. (ss) "scalaenum" type (Schrank)P. (ss) "slmulans" type Townes Procladius (l'sllotanvpus) sp. (Kieffer)P. (Procladius) sp. Skuse Rheocricotopus sp. Thien, and Harn.Rheotanvtarsus sp. Bause Saetheria op. Jackson Stictochironomus sp. Kieffer Tanv u- (ss) sp. Coquillett Tanvtarsus sp. Wulp Thienemannlella sp. Kieffer Thienemannjilvia grp. Fittkau Xenochironomus sp. Kieffer Ceratopogonidae Unidentified Ceratopogonidae Enmq3d1dau Unid. Empididae Hemerodromia sp. Meigen'r put idae Unidentified Tipulidae Tabanidae Unid. Tabanidaesi Gastropoda Pulmonata Phvsidae Phvsa sp. Draparnaud Planorbidae Helisoma truncata (Say)Ancvlidae Ferrssl,'a rivularts (Sav)Pelecypoda Heterodonta Spierilidae Spaerium sp. Scopoli S. transversum (Say)Eulamrellibranchia to tollidae Unidentified Unilnidae Cvprogýena ahertl (Conrad)Ligurn subrostrata (Say)Lampsiles anodontoides (Lea)Grand total+++++++4+++++++++++ +++++ +++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++4+++++++++++++4++/-++++++++++4++73 114+/-4+57 45 80 69 37 119 T:able 6.2. Diel macroinvertebrate drift data collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the N'eosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Sampling Dates 21 Feb 24 Apr 22 May 26 June 19 July 29 Aug 9 Oct 11 Dec Collection time 1145 1340 1800 2000 1900 2100 1845 2130 1630 21.15 a 2030 1710 1920 1630 1800 Water temperature (CC) 2.3 2.0 13.8 13.8 26.0 26.0 26.8 26.8 28.5 28.5 -25.3 15.7 15.7 0.8 0.8 Discharge volumeb (cfs) 976 976 1430 1430 962 962 424 424 525 525 51 51 51 51 20 20 Current velocityc (mIs) 0.7 0.8 1.2 1.4 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 -0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Drift densityc (no./100 m ) 204 95 395 372 10041 2370 893 1006 169 1517 -2087 3174 10815 8479 5879 Total taxad 10 10 39 25 42 35 25 27 22 31 -30 23 34 28 27 Shannon diversityc 2.12 1.96 3.31 2.64 1.04 2.27 3.05 2.88 3.20 2.77 -2.42 0.49 0.91 1.62 1.18 Percent abundance Hydridae 23.3 38.9 8.0 1.5 87.0 58.2 0.6 0.2 24.0 2.7 -61.3 93.9 89.7 79.2 80.6 Naididae 0 1.1 6.8 0 3.1 0.8 0 0.2 5.9 0 -1.7 0.8 1.0 .0 12.5 Hydropsychidae 68.6 51.6 6.6 14.4 0.8 8.5 34.2 70.4 29.7 60.3 -11.3 0.6 0.1 2.9 1.9 Chaoboridae 0 0 6.2 28.1 r'.6 4.8 3.5 2.6 11.3 24.0 -4.5 0 0.5 0.1 0 Simullidae 0.5 0 0 3.0 1.0 1.6 1.7 1.2 0.9 0 -0 0 0.1 1.5 0.3 Chironomidae 2.2 4.2 60.8 46.4 5.8 21.5 29.4 7.3 21.4 8.9 -14.0 3.5 7.7 3.2 3.8 Other taxa 5.4 4.2 11.6 6.6 1.7 4.6 30.6 18.1 6.8 4.1 -7.2 1.2 0.9 5.1 0.9 I-J N)N 0 z m z 0 z z r Lo z 0 In (n a Sample not collected.

b Cubic feet per second, U.c Mean of two replicates. d Total of two replicates. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Tulsa District. -m- ----m -m--m -m -m m --m Table 6.3. Drift densities of selected macroinvertebrate families in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-78.Month February April June August October December Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Mean Hydridae 1976 _a 147 -110 19 2118 161 -426 1977 -46 4 --39 107 --267 -35 83 1978 48 37 32 6 6 2 -1279 2980 9697 6719 4740 2322 Chironomidae 1976 41 419 -108 --242 45 -153 1977 -184 217 --108 65 --8 --97 1978 5 4 240 173 263 74 -293 Il 838 275 222 227 Hydropsychidae 1976 -139 -33 46 -108 30 -63 1977 -34 98 --3 28 --56 -39 43 1978 140 49 26 54 306 709 -235 21 9 244 115 173 Chaoboridae 1976 169 159 -124 --35 6 -83 1977 -18 23 --247 407 --208 --151 1978 -25 105 32 27 51 5 -31 Simuliidae 1976 55 83 -29 58 -39 1977 -224 5 ---------38 1978 1 --11 15 13 ---3 124 16 17 Naididae 1976 5 4 -34 10 -20 1977 -52 1407 --1 ------243 1978 -1 27 --2 -37 26 109 681 736 147 Total density 1976 -495 -436 750 -274 --2702 375 -839 1977 -765 1869 --404 614 --549 -74 712 1978 204 95 395 372 893 1006 -2087 3174 10815 8479 5879 3036 N-4 0 z m z 0 z m z U)F z C)M LO a Sample not taken.

m m-m- -m m m --- -m m m --m m Table 6.4. Macroinvertebrate data from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.Discharge Total 5Oenslty Diversity _ Mean Density (no./mZ)a Volume (o.i )a Total Taxa Indexa aididae Tubifici de ( emII-- Era Plecoptera Trichoptera Chironomidae , 1 hn a O3re c'f.' 10 4 lO 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4'ilL/'n --- -25 February 1976 45 22 February 1977 35 21 February 1978 l440 27 March 26 March 17 April 6 Aprl1 4 April 25 April 11 June 11 June 10 June 15 June 8 June 27 June 1973 6950 1974 5450 1975 3820 1976 57 1977 50 1978 1420 1973 3740 1974 3260 1975 1010 1976 416 1977 7345 1978 424 4366 3657 L6 29 3.78 3.30 378 19 19 35504 8902 "P 33 2.27 2.85 66 0 501 104 718 7 19 1.88 2.39 0 0 28 340 368 I0 14 1.90 2.23 0 10 218 13098 8496 54 43 4.32 3.76 2973 2618 19 15499 5746 51 37 3.74 3.54 3194 1134 180 1606 1002 20 21 3.43 3.62 9 0 28 38 142 4 6 , 0 0 9 2646 2174 29 22 2.05 2.67 28 0 0 350 1890 14 18 2.31 2.10 0 0 28 265 605 12 23 1.89 3.33 9 28 104 9894 2022 31 23 2.36 3.09 0 19 94 28 0 57 142 208 396 19 19 198 57 132 94 973 274 85 0 19 38 1172 283 38 3147 1285 0 38 3034 9 29286 8108 0 9 38 482 38 104 19 0 0 0 114 86 104 160 775 671 1105 19 6709 4593 37 9 9 56 0 11000 3884 104 57 66 548 208 463 209 0 0 38 10 264 567 0 151 1200 132 9 95 293 1029 916 0 0 0 0 9 38 19 0 1200 1163 1012 369 0 66 66 321 57 255 0 0 9 28 57 113 19 19 7862 0 803 576 10 September 1973 61 9 September 1974 4420 9 September 1975 395 9 August 1976 48 9 August 1977 500 29 August 1978 51-1598 -19 * -265 463 10 7 *

• 0 974 1257 11 18 1.01 2.41 0 23795 7560 45 29 3.39 2.92 19 510 1701 17 19 2.49 2.66 0 7881 1077 37 17 3.54 3.03 0 0 -0 0 0 19 9 28 0 255 0 19 0 -906 38 -416 350 113 85 0 0 57 0 38 28 28 19 76 56 454 832 520 10 57 246 1624 3676 737 85 18919 19 2240 3307 47 122 1125 9 47 0 311 104 151 123 1654 19 9 0 793 28 5207 888 397 2930 312 255 38 3496 0 8533 3393 132 302 841 246 208 12786 12748 652 756 387 1143 1143 151 0 28 19 2693 2164 N-4 0 Z 0 z m r U)0 Fn z 0, in Wn 5 October 1976 4 October 1977 10 October 1978 60 250 20 10 December 1973 3920 10 December 1974 1240 3 December 1975 73 14 December 1976 42 13 December 1977 300 12 December 1978 20 16282 4328 42 21 4.05 2.62 85 9 U 14317 14723 25 26 1.83 2.09 9 9 47 4536 3449 29 32 3.19 2.87 123 142 255-143
• 0 -189 1370 13 25 *
• 0 9 19 567 2438 19 36 3.36 2.70 19 57 19 16084 9941 53 42 4.27 3.58 94 104 293 2485 1852 19 19 2.69 2.31 19 0 66 11179 3081 36 35 3.18 3.71 444 9 47 76 -728 19 180 57 718 3827 38 9 0 321 20 38 -19 19 0 0 19 19 94 576 227 10 10 19 57 246 1664 672 1011 9 4403 75 4876 7475 37 9 76 1427 1228 539 217 132 9 913 28 18 10140 1673 a Mean of two replicates.

b This location not sampled in 1973.c Not sam~pled due to rising water conditions. d Insufficient sample size. -m ---m m -m -m m ------m -Table 6.5. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in diversity and density of major benthic macro-invertebrates collected from the Neosho River (Locations 4 and 10) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Sampling Dates Macroinvertebrates 21 February 24 April 26 June 29 August 9 October 11 December Ephoron album NSa NS 10>4 NS NS NS Potamanthus sp. NS NS NS 10>4 NS NS Total Ephemidae NS NS 10>4 10>4 NS NS N Potamyia flava NS NS NS 10>4 NS NS r Unid. Hydropsychidae 4>10 NS NS NS NS NS -q Total Hydropsychidae 4>10 NS NS 10>4 NS NS 0 m Neoperla clymene NS NS NS NS NS 4>10 Z Total Perlodidae NS NS NS NS NS 4>10 <Chironomus sp. NS NS NS NS NS 10>4 0 Cricotopus bicinctus grp. NS NS NS NS NS 10>4 Cryptochironomus sp. NS NS NS 10>4 NS m Dicrotendipes sp. NS NS NS NS 10>4 10>4 z Polypedilum simulans NS NS NS NS NS 10>4 Tanytarsus sp. NS NS NS NS NS 10>4 r Total Chironomidae NS NS NS 10>4 NS 10>4 Total Benthos 4>10 NS 10>4 10>4 NS 10>4 mz Diversity NS NS NS NS NS NS 0 M (At a Not significant. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.6.Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Sampling Date/Location 22 Februarya 24-25 April 27 June Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Astacidae Unidentified Astacidae R 0 0 R O R R R O*Orconectes nais R R 0 R C R Insecta l1eptageniidae Stenacron interpunctatum R Odonata Gomphidae Gomrphus sp. R R R Libellulidae

• Ddvms_ ' transversa R*Macromia sp. R Gerridae*Gerris sp. R R*Rheumatobates sp. R R Trichoptera Hydropsychidae lIvdropsvche frisoni R Lepidoptera
• Unid. Lepidoptera R Mollusca Gst ropoda Pulmonata Phys idae*Pbvsa sp. 0 124 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.6. (continued)

Sampling Date/Location 28-29 August 10 October 11-12 December Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Diptera Chironomidae Chironomus sp. R Cricotopus bicinctus group R Hedrobaenus sp. R Poymiu (ss)"convictum" type R Ceratopogonidae Unid. Ceratopogonidae R Tabanidae*Tabflus sp. R Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmoflata Physidae Physa sp. R R R R R R 0 0 0 Planorbidae Helisoma sp. R Pelecypoda Heterodonia Heterodonta Sphaeriidae S ilwrium transversum R R R R Eulamellibranchia Unionidae*Mealonaias gigantea R 125 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.6.(continued) Sampling Date/Location 28-29 August 10 October 11-12 Decembera Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Annelida Oligochaeta Plesiopora Naididae Nais sp.Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Astacidae Unidentified Astacidae*Orconestes nais Insecta Collembola Isotomidae

• Isotomurus palustris Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae Potamanthus sp.Heptageniidae Unid. Heptageniidae Stenonema terminatum S. pulchellum Baetidae Isonychia sp.Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus sp.Libellulidae
• Macromia Coenagrionidae Argia sp.Ihemiptera Corixidae*Sigara sp.Belostomatidae
• Belostonia sp.Cerridae Unidentified Gerridae*Gerris sp.*Metrobates sp.*Rheumatobates sp.*Trepobates sp.Veliidae*Rhagovelia sp.Megaloptera Corydalidae
• Corydalus sp.Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp.Potamyia flava Coleoptera Gyrinidae Dlineiitus sp.Elmidae Srenelmis sp.R 0 R 0 R R 0 R R R R R R 0 R 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R R 0 R R R R R R R R R R R 0 C R R R R R R R C R 126 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.6. (continued) a Location dry or iced over.R = Rare (1-4).O = Occasional (5-25).C = Common (26-99).* = Taxa not present in quantitative collections.

I I I I IO I i I I IQ I 127 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.7.Macroinvertebrate densities (no./m 2) from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-78.Sampling Locations Sampling Dates 7 3 5 25 February 1976 22 February 1977 21 February 1978 26 March 1974 1663a 567 1238 4413 302 104 526 17 6 5 25 11 10 15 8 27 April 1975 April 1976 April 1977 April 1978 June 1974 June 1975 June 1976 June 1977 June 1978 10 August 1976 8-9 August 1977 29 August 1978 9 September 1974 9 September 1975 5 October 1976 3-4 October 1977 10 October 1978 10 December 1974 3 December 1975 14 December 1976 12-13 December 1977 12 December 1978 445 964 57 728 2098 7437 406 2533 435 737 1266 123 20667 387 1484 463 4319 6587 917 5680 2807 463 1578 898 435 1635 170 964 898 104 331 7 1399 dry 576 1427 4763 1323 dry 643 1654 1125 dry 907 359 265 1266 dry 586 161 19 1805 548 255 397 605 463 9 218 dry 123 dry 5481 303 dry 1238 558 a Mean of two replicates. b) Not sampled in 1974.128

---

------ ---- -Table 6.8.Macroinvertebrate data from Ponar samples collected from Wolf near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Creek (Locations 7, 3 and 5)Sampling Dates/Locations 21 February 25 April 27 June 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 Benthic densityb (no./m ) 1238 104 907 728 1578 586 2533 964 255 Total taxac 24 7 23 21 24 15 34 17 9 Shannon's diversityd 3.12 1.58 3.00 2.81 3.04 3.52 3.71 2.77 1.78 Percent abundance

(%)Nematoda 0 0 0 1.3 0 1.6 0 0 0 Naididae 6.1 9.1 0 10.4 0.6 0 10.1 0 0 Tubificidae 25.2 18.2 32.3 57.1 6.6 75.8 9.0 3.9 59.3 Chaoboridae 0 0 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chironomidae 53.4 54.5 62.5 23.4 71.3 19.4 51.5 87.3 18.5 Ceratopogonidae 0.8 0 0 1.3 0 0 0 0 0 Sphaeriidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 6.9 11.1 Simuliidae 0 0 0 0 8.4 0 0 0 0 Other taxa 14.5 18.2 3.1 6.5 13.1 3.2 27.5 1.9 11.1 N-4 0 z M z 0 z z z FI z C)m L' --m-m --m m- m --m m m-Table 6.8.(continued) Sampling Dates/Locations 29 August 10 October 12 December 7 3 5 7 3 5a 7 3 5 Benthic densityb (no./m 2) 1266 331 463 1484 1427 917 1654 558 Total taxac 14 9 8 13 10 3 15 6 Shannon's diversityd 2.02 1.97 1.47 1.97 1.59 0.99 2.03 0.81 Percent abundance (%)Nematoda 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7 Naididae 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 12.6 0 Tubificidae 3.0 22.9 73.5 23.6 47.7 85.6 21.1 93.2 Chaoboridae 1.5 2.9 0 28.7 0 8.2 2.3 0 Chironomidae 90.3 68.9 18.4 42.0 38.4 6.2 50.3 3.4 Certatopogonidae 0 2.9 2.0 0 11.3 0 13.1 0 Sphaeriidae 0 2.9 0 0 0 0 0.6 0 Simuliidae 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other taxa 5.2 0 6.1 5.7 1.9 0 0 1.7 (I-N F m z m z 0 z m z r m z 0 m En a b c d Location dry.Mean of two replicates. Total of two replicates. Mean of two replicates, log base 2. mm m- m -m --m m -m m m m-m m -m -Table 6.9.Significant differences (P < 0.05) in div collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 3, 5, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.'ersity and density of abundant macroinvertebrates and 7) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Sampling Dates Macroinvertebrates 21 February 24 April 26 June 29 August 9 October 11 December Immature w/o cap. chaetae 7>3 NSa NS NS NS NS Total Tubificidae 7,5>3 NS 5>3 NS NS NS Total Oligochaeta 7,5>3 7>3 5>3 NS NS NS Total Heptageniidae NS NS 7>3 NS NS NS Chironomus sp. NS NS NS NS NS 3>7 Hydrobaenus sp. 5>7 NS NS NS NS NS Polypedilum convictum type 7>3 NS NS NS NS NS Procladius (Psilotanypus) sp. NS NS NS 7>3,5 NS NS Total Chironomidae 7>3 3>7 7,3>5 7>3,5 NS 3>5 Total benthos 7,5>3 3>7>5 7>5 7>3,5 NS 3>5 Diversity NS NS 7>3 7>5 NS NS I-, N-4 0 z m z 0 z z cfn z 0.in MJ a Not significant. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 7 FISHERIES STUDY By Quentin P. Bliss 132 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction The Neosho River below John Redmond Reservoir is noted for its good sport fishery for catfish and for the occurrence of two rare fish species in Kansas (Neosho madtom and blue sucker). A fish study on the Neosho River and Wolf Creek was initiated in 1973 to monitor potential near and far-field effects resulting from the construction and operation of Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS). Potential near-field impacts could result from construction and operation of the make-up water pumphouse located in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam. Construction activities could influence water quality downstream of the construction area and operation of the pumphouse will result in fish losses through entrainment and impingement processes. Potential far-field effects could be manifested downstream of the confluence of Wolf Creek depending on the quantity and quality of water discharged from Wolf Creek during construction and operation of WCGS.The initial fish survey was conducted to obtain data on the indigenous fish in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1.974). This study was followed by four annual studies designed to describe the Neosho River and Wolf Creek fish communities and to determine the effects of construction activities on fish populations within the study area (Szmania and Johnson 1975; Szmnnia 1976; Bliss 1977, 1978).During 1978, adult, juvenile, and larval fish were collected in tile tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir to provide data on potential impingement and entrainment losses at the make-up water pumphouse. Adult and juvenile fish were collected in the Neosho River upstream and downstream of the confluence of Wolf Creek to monitor construction related effects and to provide additional baseline data to determine far-field effects. Food habits and age class composition of selected important game fish species were determined to provide a better understanding of the ecology of these species. Forage and juvenile fish were collected in Wolf Creek to document their seasonal abundance and to establish the value of Wolf Creek as a spawning and/or nursery area for game and commercial species.II. Field and Analytical Procedure-A. Sampling Locations Four locations in the Neosho River and three in Wolf Creek were sampled to characterize the resident fish community of each water system (Figure 7.1). A description of the physical characteristics associated with eachI location Is presented below.1. Neosho River Location 1 was in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir Dam near the proposed WCGS make-up water intake structure. The bottom substrate was bed rock, with rock rip-rap along the banks. Flow was entirely dependent on releases from John Redmond Reservoir. 133 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Pools and riffles characterize Location 10 which was 0.7 km upstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek. The riffles had substrates of rock, rubble, and gravel, whereas the pools were characterized by bed rock overlaid with a layer (15-30 cm) of silt.A riffle located approximately 0.5 km below the confluence with Wolf Creek constituted Location 11. The riffle consisted of small rubble, gravel, and sand swept by swift current. During periods of low flow, the water depth ranged from 5 to 25 cm.Location 4, 1.3 km downstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek, was comprised of deep pools and a shallow gravel bar. The substrate of the pools was silt and sand, whereas the gravel bar consisted of sand and gravel.2. Wolf Creek Location 7 was upstream of the area to be inundated by the proposed cooling lake. The substrate at this location consisted of sand, gravel, and clay which usually was covered by leaf litter.Location 3 was a clay and silt bottomed pool located approximately 1.7 km downstream of the proposed cooling lake dam site. Construction activities during 1976 altered the physical features of a portion of this location (Bliss 1977).Location 5 was approximately 1.6 km upstream from the mouth of Wolf Creek and consisted of shallow pools with hardpan clay bottoms.B. Sampling Methods Adult and juvenile fish were collected in February, monthly April through August, October, and in December 1978. Larval fish were collected biweekly April through July 1978.1. Electroshocking A three-phase 230 volt AC boat-mounted boom shocker was used to collect fish in the Neosho River at Locations 1, 10, and 4. Sampling at each location was conducted for approximately 30 min and normally encompassed 800 m of shoreline. Electroshocking was conducted at each location on alternate months from February through October 1978, and at Location 1 in May and July.Sampling was scheduled for December but ice conditions in the river prevented el ectroshocking.

2. Seining A seine, 4.6 m long, 1.8 m deep, with 0.3 cm Ace mesh was used to collect forage-size fish from the shallow areas at all locations.

When physical conditions permitted, two to four seine hauls were taken per location during each sampling period. Seining was conducted at each location on alternate months from February through December 1978. In addition, Location 1 134 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES was seined in May and July and Location 11 in May. Ice conditions in Wolf Creek prevented sampling at Locations 7, 3, and 5 in February and December.3. Larval Fish Sampling Larval fish were collected at Location 1 by placing a stationary 0.75 m diameter no. 0 mesh Nitex plankton net in the flowing water for 2-3 min.The net was equipped with a General Oceanics flowmeter (Model 2030) to quantify the volume of water sampled. Duplicate diurnal and nocturnal samples were taken on all sampling dates and each sample was preserved separately in 10%formalin.C. Data Analysis Fish collected by electroshocking were identified, measured (total length in mm), and weighed (g) in the field. Forage-sized fish collected by seining were identified and measured either in the field or laboratory depending on the number of individuals collected. Fish to be identified and measured in the laboratory were preserved in 10% formalin. Taxonomic keys used to identify fish included Eddy (1953), Cross (1967), and Pfleiger (1975).Catch per unit effort (CPE), defined as the number of fish collected per 30 min of electroshocking, was determined for all species collected by this method. Spatial and temporal comparisons were based on CPE.Stomach samples were taken from selected game fish and preserved in 95% ethanol in the field. The contents of individual stomachs were analyzed in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope, and food items were identified, enumerated, and volumetrically measured to the nearest 0.1 ml by water displacement. Taxonomic keys used to identify food organisms included Burks (1953), Pennak (1953), Needham and Needham (1962), Hilsenhoff (1970), and Usinger (1971).Scale samples were obtained from a representative number of individuals of selected game fish species. Scale impressions were made on cellulose acetate slides, and the number of annuli was determined with the aidofa microprojector. Age was determined for individual fish and mean lengths were calculated for each age group represented. Surface water temperatures were measured during each fish collection with a calibrated thermometer. III. Results and Discussion A. Physical Conditions Flow in the Neosho River within the study was dependent on the quantity of water being released from John Redmond Reservoir. Moderate or low flow conditions existed in the Neosho River on all sampling dates except 19 July (Figure 7.2). Wolf Creek consisted of a series of isolated pools in February, August, October, and December and had low flow during April and 135 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES June 1978. Surface water temperatures were similar among locations during each sampling period in 1978 and ranged from 0.5C on 22 February to 28.9C on 26 June (Table 7.1).B. Species Composition and Relative Abundance 1. General During the 1978 sampling program 37 species of fish were collected in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River, all of which had been taken in previous monitoring studies (Table 7.2). Of the 6655 fish collected red shiners (40.0%) and gizzard shad (26.1%) were the numerically predominant species (Table 7.3). These same two species were also predominant in 1977 (Bliss 1978). Blue suckers and Neosho madtoms, which had been collected in 1976 and 1977, were again collected in 1978. Both species are classified as either rare or endangered in Kansas (Platt et al. 1974; Cross and Collins 1975). The number and size distribution of fish collected by electroshocking and seining during each sampling period are presented in Appendix E, Tables E.1 and E.2.2. Neosho River a. Electroshocking A total of 1532 fish, representing 24 species, was collected by electroshocking during 1978 (Table 7.4). Predominant species included gizzard shad (36.7%), freshwater drum (14.4%), green sunfish (10.0%), and river carpsuckers (9.1%). In addition both carp and channel catfish comprised more than 5% of the total catch. Collectively, the above species accounted for 81.9% of the total electroshocking catch. In 1977 these same species represented 73.4% of the electroshocking catch, whereas white crappie, small-mouth buffalo, and bigmouth buffalo each comprised over 5% of the catch (Table 7.5).Blue suckers, classified as rare in Kansas (Platt et al.1974), were collected during all sampling periods except February. Although blue suckers were collected at all locations, they were most commonly taken at Location 1. Location 1 is located downstream of John Redmond Reservoir Dam and upstream of the Burlington-City Dam. Since these dams restrict fish movement, it indicates that a resident blue sucker population exists in this stretch of the river. All blue suckers collected from the Neosho River have been 500 mm or longer (Figure 7.3), which suggests that either the fish are not reproducing within the study area or that the habitat within the sampling locations is not utilized by the smaller fish. A self-sustaining population would normally have a higher abundance of smaller individuals in comparison to the larger, older fish.During 1978 walleye were collected in the Neosho River for the first time since the environmental studies were initiated in 1973;four individuals were taken at Location 1 and one at Location 4. Walleye were stocked in John Redmond Reservoir in 1974 and 1977 (L. Jirak, Kansas Fish and Game Comm., New Strawn, personal communication) and were collected 136 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in the reservoir during the 1973 survwy (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974).The five walleye collected were from -ither the 1974 or 1977 year class (Table 7.6) which corresponds to the years that John Redmond Reservoir was stocked with walleye. Groen and Schr>eder (1978) reported that walleye are readily lost from Kansas reservoirs di:.ing periods of peak discharge. Since outflows from John Redmond Reservoir \,re high in April (Figure 7.2) and the walleye collected were from stocke6: year classes, they probably originated in the reservoir. Electroshocking CPE a highest at Location 1 during all sampling periods except February (Figur.: !7.4). During December 1977 and February 1978, water temperature was low at Location 1 and the associated CPE was also low. Apparently the swift .-urrent associated with Location 1 was not desirable habitat for fish durir:g periods when water temperature was low. Hauser and Bliss (1978) reported that fish in the Missouri River avoided swift current during periods of loiy water temperatures. Gizzard shad, green sunfish, white bass, white cra;)pie, and river carpsuckers all had higher catch rates at Location 1 which cony ributed to the higher total CPE at that location (Table 7.4).Catch data indicated that gizzard shad were more abundant at Location 1 than at Locations 10 and 4 during 1977 and 1978. In 1977 the majority (71%) of the gizzard shad was caught in May in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir and primarily included spawning adults (Bliss 1978).During 1978 only two adult gizzard shad were collected in May. A high abundance of young-of-the-year (YOY) gizzard shad resulted in the high CPE at Location 1 during June, July, and October. High abundance of YOY gizzard shad in the tailwater area increases the potential for impingement at the WCGS make-up water pumphouse. Green sunfish were more abundant at Location 1 than at the other locations and the majority (88%) was collected during the August sampling period. The green sunfish collected in August were generally between 75 and 125 mm (Appendix E, Table E.1). The Kansas Fish and Game Commission has a rearing pond that drains into the ox-bow lake located just downstream of Location 1. The pond was drained in August and numerous YOY green sunfish entered the oxbow lake (L. Jir,k, personal communication). This action probably contributed to the higher CPE at Location 1 in August.The low CPE of green sunfish at Locationi I during the October sampling period suggests that their abundance declined soon after they were introduced into the Neosho River.The CPE of white bass and white crappie was appreciably higher at Location 1 than at the other locations and the majority of the higher CPE was attributable to the high April catch rates. Groen and Schroeder (1978) reported that walleye are readily lost from Kansas reservoirs during periods of peak discharge and it can be assumed that other species are also lost. Prior to the April sampling period, the discharge from John Redmond Reservoir had been high (Figure 7.2) and these fish were probably carrIed inito the ,,Cudy area from the reservoir. The CPE for these two species was low in subsequent sampling periods which suggests that they either dispersed or were reduced by natural and/or fishing mortality. 137 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The CPE of river carpsucker was consistently higher at Location 1 than at the other locations during all sampling periods except February. These data suggest that the standing crop is higher and probably reflects better habitat for river carpsucker at Location 1. The catch of other common species, including carp and channel catfish, was similar at Locations 1 and 10 and higher than the catch at Location 4 (Table 7.4). Both species were taken either in or immediately downstream of riffle areas.Habitat preferences may account for these locational differences since Location 4 has deeper pools and fewer riffle areas than the upstream locations.

c. Seining A total of 4418 fish was collected by seining in the Neosho River during 1978 (Table 7.7) which was intermediate between the low (1626)and high catch (5944) in 1977 and 1976, respectively.

Even though the numerical catch has varied considerably between years, the number of species collected has remained similar with 27 species being collected in 1976 and 1978 and 26 species in 1977 (Table 7.8). Predominant species in 1978 included the red shiner (53.9%) and gizzard shad (26.6%). Both species were also predominant in 1976, whereas in 1977 ghost shiner replaced gizzard shad as the second most abundant species. Red shiners are hardy fish that can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions and are prolific spawners (Cross and Collins 1975), which probably accounts for their success in the Neosho River.During 1976 and 1978 when gizzard shad were the second most abundant species in the seine collections, the majority (99.7 and 89.8%, respectively) was collected at Location I (Table 7.8). These data indicate that the tailwater area is utilized as a nursery by YOY gizzard shad that either originate in John Redmond Reservoir or in the tailwaters. The low abundance of gizzard shad at the locations below the Burlington City Dam indicates that the lower river is not an important nursery area for YOY gizzard shad.Young-of-the-year game fish comprised 3% of the fish collected by seining in the Neosho River which was similar to the relative abundance of game fish in seine collections during prior years (1973-77). The low abundance of YOY game fish indicates that the Neosho River within the study area is not an important nursery area for game fish.Neosho madtoms were collected at all three downstream locations from shallow gravel riffles (Table 7.6). In prior years, with the exception of one individual collected at Location 10, all Neosho madtoms had been collected at Location 11. Neosho madtoms require shallow gravel riffles swept by swift current (Deacon 1961; Cross 1967). The availability of suitable riffle areas is probably one of the major factors limiting the abundance of the Neosho madtom in the Neosho River.Three slenderhead darters were collected in 1978 with one individual each collected at Locations 10, 11, and 4 (Table 7.6). Few silonderhead darter have been collected in previous years (Table 7.8)which apparently reflects their low abundance within the study area. Platt et al.138 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (1974) stated that although the slenderhead darter is not currently classified as rare or endangered in Kansas, special attention is necessary to assure their continued survival.3. Wolf Creek a. Seining Water conditions in Wolf Creek were poor during 1978 as the creek was ice covered during the February and December sampling periods and Location 5 was dry during the August and October sampling periods. Due to the shallowness of Wolf Creek, severe winterkill can be expected during periods of heavy ice cover. During 1978 a total of 701 fish representing 14 species was collected in Wolf Creek (Table 7.9). The number of species collected has declined from 25 in 1976 to 14 in 1978 (Table 7.10).The low number of species collected in Wolf Creek is probably a reflection of the adverse environmental conditions during 1978.When combined, red shiners, fathead minnows, green sunfish, and orangespotted sunfish comprised over 90% of the fish collected in Wolf Creek during 1978 (Table 7.9). The relative abundance of red shiners and orangespotted sunfish was similar to that in previous years (Table 7.10).Fathead minnows and green sunfish were more abundant in 1978 and their tolerance to adverse environmental conditions (Cross and Collins 1975), probably accounted for their increased abundance. During 1978, only 12 YOY individuals of game or commercial species were collected in Wolf Creek (Table 7.9). In 1977 with flow in the creek game and commercial species utilized Wolf Creek as a spawning and nursery area (Bliss 1978). The low abundance of YOY individuals of game or commercial species indicates that the flow regime in Wolf Creek during 1978 was not adequate to allow the creek to be used as spawning or nursery areas by game and commercial species.C. Age and Growth Scale samples were collected from white bass, spotted bass, large-mouth bass, white crappie, walleye, and freshwater drum in 1978 (Table 7.6).Only sufficient numbers of white crappie and freshwater drum were aged to provide reliable information on age class composition. White bass were represented by four age classes (Age Class I-IV)and most were two or three-year-old fish. Although the number of white bass aged was low, the data indicated that their growth rate was similar to that in 1977 (Bliss 1978), but slower than in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota (Ruelle 1971; Walburg 1976). Geographically, the Neosho River is approximately 500 km south of Lewis and Clark Lake and under similar environ-mental conditions, fish in the Neosho River should grow faster because of the longer growing season. High turbidity is probably a major factor, contributing to the slower growth rates of white bass.139 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES White crappie were represented by Age Classes I, II, and III. The lack of older years classes of crappie is not unusual as Cross (1967) reported that most white crappie in Kansas reach only three or four years of age.Considerable overlap in size between age classes was found. This overlap was evident in previous years and was attributed to the mixing of fish from upstream reservoirs (Bliss 1977, 1978). The 1976 year class of white crappie was strong and it was also one of the predominant year classes collected in both 1977 and 1978. The growth rate of the white crappie collected in 1978 was similar to those recorded in 1-977 (Bliss 1978) and was above average when compared to data from other south central waters of the United States (Carlander 1977).Freshwater drum aged from the Neosho River during 1978 consisted of eight age classes (Age Class I-VIII). Data on age composition from 1977 and 1978 were similar; both indicated that the 1975 year class was strong, and that the 1972-74 year classes were moderately strong. Freshwater drum in the study area were long lived as 20 and 38% of the fish aged in 1977 and 1978, respectively, were five years or older. Swedberg (1965) reported that freshwater drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota were long lived as fish up to 11 years old were aged. The size distribution of the freshwater drum within age classes indicated that there was overlap between adjacent age classes. Swedburg (1965) also reported overlap between adjacent age classes in freshwater drum in Lewis and Clark Lake which he attributed to an extended spawning season and to sampling over the entire growing season.Similar factors plus the mixing of fLsh from upstream reservoirs probably contributed to the overlap in the Neosho River. The growth rate of the freshwater drum in the Neosho River was similar to that reported by Swedburg (1965) and Klaassen and Cook (1974).D. Food Habits During 1978, 83 stomachs were analyzed, 80 of which contained food items (Table 7.11). Stomach samples from five species (channel catfish, flathead catfish, white bass, white crappie, and freshwater drum) were analyzed and the food items found are presented by location in Appendix E, Table E.3. Because of the low number of samples and the lack of appreciable locational differences, the food habit discussion includes data from all three locations. Fish remains and crayfish were the main food items in the diet of flathead catfish. Flathead catfish are generally carnivorous with fish and crayfish being important food items (Cross 1.967; Clay 1975; Pflieger 1975).Channel catfish were omnivorous in their feeding habits. Aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish were important food items in April, aquatic insects in May, June, and August, fish in July, and algae in October (Appendix E, Table E.3). Harlan and Speaker (1969) stated that channel catfish are not selective feeders and will utilize food items that are most available. Fish was the major food item in the diets of white bass and white crappie (Table 7.11). Aquatic insects also occurred frequently in stomachs of white bass and white crappie, but they contributed only 5.9 and 11.6% by volume of food consumed by white bass and white crappie, respectively. 140 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Zooplankton and aquatic insects are the preferred food items of juvenile white bass and white crappie, whereas small fish are the main item consumed by adults (Cross 1967; Scott and Crossman 1973; Pflieger 1975).Aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish were of almost equal importance in the diet of the freshwater drum. Aquatic insects and fish were consumed throughout the year, whereas the majority of the crayfish was consumed during the July sampling period (Appendix E, Table E.3). Scott and Crossman (1973)and Pflieger (1975) reported that the major food items in the diet of fresh-water drum are fish, crayfish, and immature aquatic insects.E. Fish Larvae Larval fish were present on all sampling dates and a total of 5659 fish larvae representing eight taxa was collected. Total larval fish densities were generally below 10/100 m 3 on all sampling dates except 12 April, 22 May, and 6 June (Table 7.12). The high densities on 12 April were due to occurrence of carp larvae. Carp larvae were not present in the April drift during 1976 and 1977 (Bliss 1977, 1978). The water temperature on 12 April 1978 was 14.6C which is 5.6C warmer than the 9.OC water temperature during the first sampling period in 1977. The April 1978 water temperature was above the minimal spawning temperature of 14.5C reported by Brown (1974) which would explain the early occurrence of carp in the ichthyoplankton drift.Gizzard shad larvae contributed to the high densities on 22 May and 6 June. Peak larval fish densities (1728/100 mi 3) occurred on 6 June, which was intermediate between the 16 May and 14 June peaks in 1977 and 1976, respectively. Peak larval fish densities during all three years occurred when the water temperature was 22.0C, and in each year gizzard shad comprised over 95% of the larvae collected. Gizzard shad (85.0%) and carp (8.5%) were the most abundant fish larvae collected in 1978 (Table 7.13). Game fish larvae constituted a minor portion of the 1978 drift as they comprised only 1.1% of the larval fish collected. White bass, Pomoxis sp., and freshwater drum were the only game fish larvae collected. Different drifting patterns between diurnal and nocturnal periods were denoted for freshwater drum and gizzard shad (Table 7.13). Freshwater drum were collected more frequently during the nocturnal periods, whereas gizzard shad were collected more frequently during the diurnal periods.F. Impact The fish commiun:ttes of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek showed no apparent deleterious effects from construction activities associated with WCGS.IV. Simmary and Conclusions

1. A total of 6655 fish, representing 37 species, was collected in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek during 1978.141 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Gizzard shad and freshwater drum were the most predominant of the 24 species collected by electroshocking.

The blue sucker, a rare species in Kansas, was collected at all Neosho River locations by electroshocking and only individuals over 500 mm were taken.3. Walleye were collected in the Neosho River for the first time since the environmental studies were initiated in 1973. These individuals probably originated in John Redmond Reservoir since the year classes sampled corresponded to years that walleye were stocked in the reservoir. The abundance of white bass and white crappie was appreciably higher during the April sampling period and they were assumed to have been carried in from the reservoir since sampling followed a period of high discharge.

4. Electroshocking CPE indicated that fish were more abundant at Location 1 than at Locations 10 and 4.5. Young-of-the-year gizzard shad were abundant at Location 1 during July, August, and October whichindicates that they utilize the tailwaters as a nursery area.6. The unusually high abundance of green sunfish at Location 1 coincides with the drainage into the Neosho River of a Kansas Fish and Game Commission rearing pond located immediately downstream.

7. Seining in the Neosho River during 1978 yielded 4418 fish repre-senting 27 species. Red shiners and gizzard shad were the most abundant species and comprised 80.5% of the total catch.8. Few YOY game fish were collected which indicates that the Neosho River within the study area is not an important nursery area for game fish.9. Neosho madtoms, an endangered species in Kansas, were collected at Locations 10, 11, and 4 during 1978.10. A total of 701 fish, representing 14 species, was collected in Wolf Creek. Red shiners and orangespotted sunfish were the predominant species collected.

11. Due to low water levels in 1978,Wolf Creek was not utilized by game and commercial species as a spawning or nursery area.12. Scale samples from six species (99 individuals) were analyzed to determine age composition.

In comparison to growth rates of fish from other water systems in the midwest, growth of white bass from the Neosho River was slower; freshwater drum had average growth; and white crappie had above average growth. Both freshwater drum and white crappie overlapped considerably in length distribution between adjacent age classes which was attributed to mixing with fish from upstream reservoirs.

13. Fish and crayfish were the main food items consumed by flathead catfish, whereas the diet of white bass and white crappie consisted primarily of fish.142 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 14. Channel catfish were omnivorous feeders and consumed appreciable quantities of algae, aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish. Aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish were utilized as food items by freshwater drum.15. Larval fish sampling in 1978 resulted in the collection of 5659 larvae representing eight taxa. Predominant larvae collected were gizzard shad (85.0%) and carp (8.5%), while game fish larvae comprised 1.1% of the total larvae collected.

16. Fish larvae were present in the drift on all sampling dates. Carp larval densities were high on 12 April which was attributed to warmer water temperatures earlier in 1978 than in previous years. Peak gizzard shad density occurred when the water temperature was 22C; this was the same temperature at which peak densities occurred in 1976 and 1977.17. Densities of larval fish collected during nocturnal and diurnal periods indicated that gizzard shad were more abundant in the diurnal samples, whereas freshwater drum were more abundant in the nocturnal samples.18. Construction activities associated with WCGS had no detectable effects on the fish communities of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek.143 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Bailey, R. M., chairman.

1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 6.150 pp.Bliss, Q. P. 1977. Fisheries study. Pages 145-166 in Final report of con-struction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 550107688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1978. Fisheries Study. Pages 139-167 in Final report of con-struction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978.(Project No. 550108796). Report by NALCO Environ-mental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Brown, H. W. 1974. Handbook of the effects of temperature on some North American fishes. Am. Electric Power Service Corp., Canton, Ohio. 524 pp.Burks, B. D. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Ill. Nat.Hist. Surv. Bull. 26. 216 pp.Carlander, K. D. 1977. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 2.Iowa State University Press, Ames, Ia. 431 pp.Clay, W. M. 1975. The fishes of Kentucky. Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources, Frankfort, Ky. 416 pp.Cross, F. B. 1967. Handbook of fishes of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat.Hist. Misc. Publ. No. 45. 357 pp., and J. T. Collins. 1975. Fishes in Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus.Nat. Hist. Publ. Ed. Ser. No. 3. 189 pp.Deacon, J. E. 1961. Fish populations, following a drought in the Neosho and Marais Des Cygnes Rivers of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.13(9):359-427. Eddy, S. 1957. The freshwater fishes. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Ia. 286 pp.Fish, N. P. 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-two species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. Bull. U. S.Bur. Fish. 47(10):293-398. Groen, C. L., and T. A. Schroeder. 1978. Effects of water level management on walleye and other coolwater fishes in Kansas reservoirs. Pages 278-283 in R. L. Kendall, ed. Selected coolwater fishes of North America. Am. Fish.Soc. Spec.Publ. No. 11.Harlan, J. R., and E. B. Speaker. 1969. Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Comm., Ames, Ia. 365 pp.144 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Hauser, W. J., and Q. P. Bliss. 1978. Fish population study. Pages 1-28 in Operational environmental monitoring of the fish community in the Missouri River near Fort Calhoun Station May 1973 through November 1977. (Project No. 550108778). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, Nebr.Hlilsenhoff, W. L. 1970. Key to the genera of Wisconsin Plecoptera (stonefly) nymuhs, Ephemeroptera (mayfly) nymphs and Trichoptera (caddisfly) larvae.Wis. Dep. Nat. Resour. Res. Rep. 67. 68 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station Environmental Report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Klaassen, A. E., and F. W. Cook, Jr. 1973. Age and growth of the freshwater drum in Tuttle Creek Reservoir, Kansas. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 76(3): 244-247.Mansueti, A. J., and J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1967. Development of fishes of the Chesapeake Bay region, an atlas of egg, larval, and juvenile stages: Part I.Univ. Maryland, Nat. Resour. Inst. 202 pp.May, E. B., and C. R. Gasaway. 1967. A preliminary key to the identification of larval fishes of Oklahoma, with particular reference to Canton Reservoir, including a selected bibliography. Okla. Dep. Wildl. Conserv. Bull. 5.42 pp.Needham, J. G., and P. R. Needham. 1962. A guide to the study of freshwater biology. Holden-Day, Inc., San Francisco. 108 pp.Nelson, W. R. 1968. Reproduction and early life history of sauger, Stizostedion canadense, in Lewis and Clark Lake. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.97(2) :159-166.Pennak, P. W. 1953. Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. Ronald Press Co., New York. 769 pp.Pflieger, W. F. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Conservation Department, Jefferson City, Mo. 341 pp.Platt, D. R., F. B. Cross, D. Distler, 0. S. Fent, E. R. Hall, M. Terman, J. Zimmerman, and J. Walstrom. 1974. Rare, endangered and extirpated species in Kansas. I. Fishes. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 76(2):97-106. Ruelle, R. 1971. Factors influencing growth of white bass in Lewis and Clark Lake. Pages 411-423 in G. E. Hall, ed. Reservoir fisheries and limnology. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 8.Scott, W. B., and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fish.Res. Board Can. Bull. 184. 966 pp.Swcdhurg, 1). V. 1968. Food and growth of the freshwater drum in Lewis and Clark Lake, South Dakota. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 97(4):442-447. 145 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Szmania, D. C. 1976. Fisheries study. Pages 231-250 in Final report of pre-construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 550106814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..and D. L. Johnson. 1975. Fisheries study. Pages 169-188 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Taber, C. 1969. The distribution and identification of larval fishes in the Buncombe Creek Arm of Lake Texoma, with observations on spawning habits and relative abundance. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Oklahoma, Norman. 119 pp.Usinger, R. L. 1971. Aquatic insects of California (with keys to North American genera and California species). University of California Press, Los Angeles. 508 pp.Walburg, C. H. 1976. Changes in the fish population in Lewis and Clark Lake, 1956-74, and their relation to water management and the environment. U. S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Res. Rep. 79. 34 pp.146 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Figure 7.1. Fish sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlifigton, Kansas, 1978.147 28 26 24-22 I Inflow 20 ----------- Outflow 0 Sampling Doles r fM t;9 -m 0 0 6- z 0 m 6-X 0 4 ,_z " 3 rN 2 0 0 Figure 7.2. Daily inflow and outflow at John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, January-December 1978. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 8 6 4 2 0 I0> 6 S4 z S2 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1976 1977 uirir 1978 Hnl nFl-.---.-.-.500- 525- 550- 575- 600- 625-524 549 574 599 624 649 LENGTH (MM)650- 675- 700-674 699 724 Figure 7.3. Length frequency of blue stuckers collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-78.149 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 500 400 300 E LOCATION I LOCATION I0 U LOCATION 4 1977 SAMPLING PERIODS 0~LL z wi u 200 100 0 300 FEB APR MAY JUN JUL AUG OCT DEC 1978 SAMPLING PERIODS 200 100 0 Fli ,Mu e 7.4.FEB APR MAY JUN JUL AUG OCT Catch per unit effort (CPE) by electroshocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-78.150 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.1.Water temperature ('C) measured at fish sampling locations in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.I I I I!IO I.I I I I I Io I.!Date 22 February 25 April 22 May 26-27 June 19 July 28-29 August 9-10 October 11 December 1 5.0 13.3 20.3 28.0 28.5 27.5 14.9 0.8 Neosho 10 0.5 14.5 River 11 3.5 14.0 4 0.5 14.0 Wolf Creek 7 3 5*a 14.5 14.0 14.5 b 28.9 27.5 15.7 1.5 28.9 28.9 26.5 27.9 27.9 27.3 15.5 1.8 27.5 15.4 0.7 22.0 15.0 20.0 13.5 t t Wolf Creek was ice covered.b Sampling not scheduled. c Sampling location was dry.151

---

" --""--- -----{-Table 7.2. Checklist of fish species collected by all sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-78.a Year Collected Familv and Scientific Name Comvmon Name 1q73 1974 1979 l97C 1977 1978 1973197419751976197 U, Lepisosteidae (gars)Lepisosteus platos1omus Lepisosteus osseus Clupeidae (herrings)

Dorosoma cepedian Cvprinidae (carps and minnows)Campostoma anomalnum Cvprinus carpio Notemigonus crysoleucas Notropis buchanani Notropis lutrensis NotropiS rubellus rps stramineus otropis umnbratilis Phenacobbius mirabilis Pimcphales notatus Pimephales promelas Pimephales tenellus Pimephales iilax Catostomidae (suckers)Carpiodes sp.Carpiodes carpio Ictiobus sp.Ictiobus bubalus Ictiobus cyprinellas Ictiobus niger Moxostoma erythrurum Moxostoma macrolepidotum Cycleptus elongatus Ictaluridae (freshwater catfishes) Ictalurus melas Ictalurus natalis Ictalurus punctatus Pvlodictis olivaris Noturus flavus Noturus placidus Cyprinodontidae (topmtnnows) Fundulus notatus Poeciliidae (livebearers) Gambusia affinis Atherinidae (silversides) labidesthes sicculus Shortnose gar Longnose gar Gizzard shad x x X x x Stoneroller Carp Golden shiner Ghost shiner Red shiner Rosyface shiner Sand shiner Redfin shiner Suckermouth minnow Bluntnose minnow Fathead minnow Slim minnow Bullhead minnow YOY carpsucker River carpsucker YOY buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Bigmouth buffalo Black buffalo Golden redhorse Shorthead redhorse Blue sucker Black bullhead Yellow bullhead Channel catfish Flathead catfish Stonecat Neosho madtom Blackstripe topminnow Mdsquitofish Brook silversides x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N N x x x N N x x N r In-4 0 z 0 Z m r to 0 m z C)if EA N x N x x x x x x x x x x x x X Table 7.2. (continued) Year Cullecred Year Collectedand Name Cron 1971 1974 1975 1976 1977 197R Family and Scientific Name Common Nar.ý- 1971 1975 1976 1977 Percichthyidae (temperate basses)Morone chrvsops(Centrarchidae (sunfishes) Lepomis cvanellus Lepohis humilis Lepomis macrochirus Lepomis meg~alCtis Micropterus pynctulatus Micropterus salmoldes Pomoxis annularis Percidae (perches)Etheostoma chlorosomum Etheostoma spectabile Percina caprodes Percina phoxocephala Stizostedion vitreum Sciaenidae (drums)Aplodinotus grunniens White bass Green sunfish Orangespotted sunfish Bluegill Longear sunfish Spotted bass Largemouth bass White crappie Bluntnose darter-Orange throat darter Logperch Slenderhead darter Walleye Freshwater drum x x x x'C x'C x'C'C'C x'C'C x'C x'C x X x X X x x x x x'C'C'C x'C'C'C x x X x x x 39 46 x x x x x x'C x x 37 46 X 1.n N-4 0 z m z 0 z m z z 0 m to Total no. of species Accumulated total no. of species 30 10 31 39 31 40 38 44 a Scientific and common names as listed by Baily (1970) Table 7.3. Number of fish collected by electroshocking and seining near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978.SaImpling Dates Relative Species e ruartn rDate L- .... .x 2 2 ..... .. ,u o- uus 9-iU October liDecember Total Abundance (%)Longnose gar Shortnose gar Gizzard shad Carp Red shiner Ghost shiner Golden shiner Sand shiner Fathead minnow Bluntnose minnow Bullhead minnow Slim minnow Suckermouth minnow Blue sucker River carpsucker -Bigmouth buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Black buffalo Golden redhorse Shorthead redhorse Channel catfish Flathead catfish Black bullhead Neosho madtom Stone cat Mosquitofish White bass Largemouth bass Spotted bass Longear sunfish Orangespotted sunfish Green sunfish White crappie Walleye Log perch Slenderhead darter Freshwater drum No. species Total no. fish 1 1 24 33 8 5 2 84 13 448 187 5 1 2 2 271 32 8 40 3 7 1 5 1 48 5 14 2 1 2 2 6 4 2 3 13 14 3 816 43 272 24 I 1 28 1 3 2 20 2 49 1 1 3 4 1 7 596 2 5 i 12 2 11 1 2 3 17 33 20 181 1 13 24 8 11 2 22 23 19 1 2 62 4 4 12 17 3 2 24 3 1 1 205 31 1436 22 2 1 29 1 148 9 33 1 16 40 4 4 18 1 55 1 3 49 48 1 4 85 26 2247 7 2 1737 135 14 2660 274 29 2 121 13 4 174 1 7 38 151 26 118 1 6 1 3 7 145 17 9 14 46 1 72 65 3 7 12 211 3 232 98 5 1 3 223 6 37 43 6655 0.1<0. 1 26.1 2.0 40.0 4.1 0.4<0.1 1.8 0.2 2.6<0.1 0.1 0.6 2.3 0.4 1.8 0.1<0.1<0.1 2.2 0.3 0.1 0.7<0.1 1.1 1.0<0.1 0.1 0.2 3.2 3.5 1.5 0.1<0.I<0.1 3.4 f N-4 0 z m z 33 0 z m z r Mn 0.M z 0 m Mn 2 2 2 19 15 109 33 1 49 19 16 1 1 55 29 1072 2 2 4 1 15 9 5 28 1 3 4 97 6 147 35 11 I 16 362 1 7 27 1345 6 15 702 1 50 28 775 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.4. Fish collected by electroshocking at each sampling location in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978.Sampling Locations Percent Species 1a l0l 4b Total Occurrence Longnose gar 1 6 7 0.5 Shortnose gar 1 2 3 0.2 Gizzard shad 470 51 42 563 36.7 Carp 45 44 12 101 6.6 Red shiner 1 1 2 0.1 Blue sucker 20 12 6 38 2.5 River carpsucker 93 19 27 139 9.1 Bigmouth buffalo 22 6 28 1.8 Smallmouth buffalo 26 25 12 63 4.1 Black buffalo 1 4 5 0.3 Golden redhorse 1 1 0.1 Shorthead redhorse 3 3 0.2 Channel catfish 37 31 10 78 5.1 Flathead catfish 12 2 3 17 1.1 Mosquitofish 1 1 0.1 White bass 51 1 2 54 3.5 Largemouth bass 1 1 0.1 Spotted bass 1 2 3 6 0.4 Longear sunfish 8 1 9 0.6 Orangespotted sunfish 2 1 3 0.2 Green sunfish 151 2 153 10.0 White crappie 28 1 2 31 2.0 Walleye 4 1 5 0.3 Freshwater drum 67 87 67 221 14.4 No. species 21 17 17 24 Total no. fish 1044 287 201 1532 a b Included seven sampling periods.Included five sampling periods.155 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.5.Fish collected by electroshocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977 and 1978.Year Collected 1977 1978 SSpecies No. No. %Longnose gar Shortnose gar Gizzard shad Carp Red shiner Sand shiner Ghost shiner Blue sucker River carpsucker Bigmouth buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Black buffalo Golden redhorse Shorthead redhorse Channel catfish Flathead catfish Brook silversides Mosquitofish White bass ILargemouth bass Spotted bass Bluegill Lonýgear sunfish Green sunfish Orangespotted sunfish White crappie Walleye Freshwater drum 6 2 457 116 4 1 1 33 199 73 79 1 3 1 93 14 15 0.4 0.1 31.1 7.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.2 13.5 5.0 5.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 6.3 1.0 1.0 3.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.7 1.8 0.1 5.7 7 3 563 101 2 38 139 28 63 5 1 3 78 17 0.5 0.2 36.7 6.6 0.1 2.5 9.1 1.8 4.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 5.1 1.1 48 1 8 2 11 26 2 83 1 0.1 54 3.5 1 0.1 6 0.4 9 0.6 153 10.0 3 0.2 31 2.0 5 0.3 221 14.4 190 12.9 No. species Total no. fish 26 24 1469 1532 156 0 0 Table 7.6.Age and growth of se Generating Station, lected fish species collected in the Neosho River near Wol Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978.Sampling Period February April May June July August October.f Creek Age Species Class Year Class Total No.White bass Spotted bass I II III IV I III IV 1977 1976 1975 1974 1977 1975 1974 152 (1)a 227(3)276(1)200(1)296(1)338(1)295(1)345(1)353(1)2 3 4 2 1 3]i 210(1)275(3)470(l)Largemouth bass V.Thite crappie IX 1969 I 1977 II 1976 III 1975 176(2)538(1)256(5)224(1)1 178(2)208(3)170(2) 193(2)U, Villeye I IV Freshwater drum I II III IV V VI VII VIII 1977 1974 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1971 1970 168(1) 179(1)230(4) 234(4)295(1) 251(3)270(2)304(2) 309(3)362(1)352(1)135(1)183(1)215 (1)273(1)480(1) 400(1)346(2)550(1) 554(2)166(3)214(2) 216(3)249(1) 266(2)336(1)334(2)454(1) 385(1)402(1)495(1)165(1)237(1)262(4)309(3)335(5)393(1)505(1)4 12 1 2 3 5 9 16 8 10 8 4 3 I N r m-1 0 z m z-I 0 z m z r m z C, M En a Number preceding parentheses is average total length in millimeters; number in parentheses is number of individuals aged. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.7.Fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek'near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1973.Sampling Locations Percent Species la lol lib 4b Total Occurrence Gizzard shad 1054 2 116 2 1174 26.6 Carp 2 31 33 0.7 Red shiner 438 787 25 1131 2381 53.9 Ghost shiner 205 19 2 44 270 6.1 Sand shiner 1 1 2 <0.1 Golden shiner 9 9 0.2 Bullhead minnow 66 108 174 3.9 Bluntnose minnow 6 5 11 0.2 Fathead minnow 1 1 2 <0.1 Suckermouth minnow 1 1 1 3 0.1 River carpsucker 10 2 12 0.3 Smallmouth buffalo 20 7 25 52 1.2 Black buffalo 1 1 <0.1 Channel catfish 4 11 41 11 67 1.5 Neosho madtom 16 24 6 46 1.0 Stonecat 1 1 <0.1 Mosquitofish 42 13 14 69 1.6 White bass 9 2 11 0.2 Largemouth bass 2 2 <0.1 Spotted bass 1 1 <0.1 Longear sunfish 1 1 <0.1 Green sunfish 13 1 1 15 0.3 Orangespotted sunfish 4 2 10 16 0.4 White crappie 58 1 59 1.3 Log perch 1 1 <0.1 Slenderhead darter 1 1 1 3 0.1 Freshwater drum 2 2 <0.1 No. species 15 17 10 19 27 Total no. fish 1871 961 219 1367 4418 a Sampled on eight sampling dates.b Sampled on six sampling dates.158 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.8. Number of fish collected by seining in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-78.Year Collected 1976 1977 1978 Species No. No. % No. %Gizzard shad Carp Red shiner Ghost shiner Sand shiner Golden shiner Bullhead minnow Slim minnow Bluntnose minnow Fathead minnow Suckermouth minnow Stoneroller River carpsucker Smalimouth buffalo Black buffalo Chiannel catfish Black bullhead Stonecat Neosho madtom Brook silversides Blackstripped topminnow Mo sq uito fish White bass Largemouth bass Spotted bass Bluegill Longear sunfish Green sunfish Orangespotted sunfish White crappie Log perch Orangethroat darter Sienderhead darter Freshwater drum 1669 2 2928 606 10 3 238 32 43 2 4 8 1 40 1 8 12 36 4 54 185 1 22 13 7 12 3 28..6 0.1 49.3 10.2 0.2 0.1 4.0 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.9 3.1 0.1 41 1 981 412 15 12 6 31 6 1 1 2.5 0.1 60.3 25.3 0.9 0.7 0.4 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.1 174 33 2381 270 2 9 174 11 2 3 12 52 1 67 1 46 69 11 2 1 26.6 0.7 53.9 6.1 0.1 0.2 3.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.2 0.1 1.5 0.1 1.0 1.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 13 0.8 1 19 49 1 4 1 2 1 2 8 9 0.1 1.2 3.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 1 0.1 15 0.3 16 0.4 59 1.3 1 0.1 6 2 3 2 0.1 0.1 No. species Total no. fish 27 26 27 5944 1626 4418 159 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.9. Fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1978.Sampling Locations Percent Species 7a 3a 5 b Total Occurrence Carp 1 1 0.1 Red shiner 106 146 22 274 39.1 Ghost shiner 1 5 6 0.9 Golden shiner 20 20 2.9 Bluntnose minnow 1 1 2 0.3 Slim minnow 1 1 0.1 Fathead minnow 112 2 3 117 16.7 Suckermouth minnow 1 3 4 0.6 Smallmouth buffalo 1 1 0.1 Black bullhead 4 5 9 1.3 Longear sunfish 2 2 0.3 Green sunfish 57 4 3 64 9.1 Orangespotted sunfish 173 12 7 192 27.4 White crappie 2 6 8 1.1 No. species 9 11 7 14 Total no. fish 476 183 42 701 a Location seined during four sampling periods.b Iocation seined during two sampling periods.160 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.10.Fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near Wolf Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1 9 7 6-7 8.a Creek Generating Year Collected 1976 1977 1978 SpeCgcies No. % No. % No.Gizzard shad 4 0.6 88 14.1 Carp 46 7.3 8 1.3 1 0.1 Red shiner 125 19.7 221 35.5 274 39.1 Ghost shiner 1 0.2 13 2.1 6 0.9 Rosyface shiner 1 0.2 Redfin shiner 12 1.9 Golden shiner 23 3.6 15 2.4 20 2.9 Bullhead minnow 4 0.6 2 0.3 Slim minnow 15 2.4 1 0.1 Bluntnose minnow 54 8.5 1 0.2 2 0.3 Fathead minnow 25 3.9 34 5.5 117 1.6.7 Suckermouth minnow 9 1.4 4 0.6 Stoneroller 16 2.5 1 0.2 River carpsucker 5 0.8 Smallmouth buffalo 4 0.6 1 0.1 Channel catfish 1 0.2 Black bullhead 62 9.8 27 4.3 9 1.3 Blackstripe topminnow 59 9. 3 Nosquitofish 1 0.2 Largemouth bass 14 2.2 1 0.2 Bluegill 2 0.3 Longear sunfish 6 0.9 8 1.3 2 0.3 Croon s811fLsh 23 :3.6 6 1,0 64 9.1.Orangespotted sunf:ish 122 .1.9.3 11.86 29.9 192 27.4 Whiite crappie 2 0.3 8 1.1 Log perch 4 0.6 1 0.2 Bluntnose darter 2 0.3 Orangethroat darter 1 0.2 No. species 25 18 14 Totl. no. fish 633 623 70, a Four locations were sampled in 1977 and 1978.1976, whereas three locations were sampled in 161 --m --------m m m -mm m ---*

• 0 Table 7.11.Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected fish the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, December 1978.collected in February-No. of Stomachs Empty With Food Maj or Food Items Volume Percent ml of Total Species Occurrence Channel catfish Flathead catfish White bass White crappie Freshwater drum 29 3 7 16 29 Algae Zooplankton Aquatic insects Terrestrial insects Crayfish Fish remains Crayfish Fish remains Zooplankton Aquatic insects Fish remains Zooplankton Aquatic insects Terrestrial insects Fish remains Zooplankton Aquatic insects Terrestrial insects Crayfish Fish remains 31.0 10.3 72.4 6.9 13.8 13.8 33.3 100.0 28.6 71.4 57.1 50.0 62.5 6.2 62.5 3.4 86.2 3.4 13.8 48.3 4.9<0.1 9.0 0.2 5.9 7.8 1.5 25.3<0.1 0.1 1.6 0.8 0.8<0.1 5.3<0.1 8.8<0.1 9.4 7.1 17.6 Ta 32.4 0.7 21.2 28.1 5.6 94.4 T 5.9 94.1 11.6 11.6 T 76.8 T 34.8 T 37.2 28.1 N rn-4 0 2 z 0 z K 2-I r (12 C.m z 0 fn Ln a T = trace.

---m- m --m-- m- m m---m -m-Table 7.12. Number, density, and taxa of larval fish collected at Location 1 on the Neosho River near W4olf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Vm urnal Samples Volume of Nocturnal Samoles Water Number of Date Sampled (r.3) Larvee Density per 100 m 3 a Voluie of Percent of W.ter Number of Density per Percent of Total Sampled (.3) Larvae 100 1m) Taxa Collected Total Taya Collected 12 April 25 April 9 May 22 May 6 June 20 June 26 June 6 July 19 July 179.1 299 166.9 Catostomidae (suckers)Carp Unidentified 156.8 15 9.6 Catostomidae Carp Unidentified 122.3 13 10.6 Catostomidae Carp 74.9 674 899.9 Gizzard shad Catostomidae Carp Freshwater drum Unidentified 133.3 2303 1727.7 Gizzard shad Catostomldae Carp White bass Freshwater drum 88.6 2 2.3 White bass Freshwater drum 91.1 9 9.9 Gizzard shad Catostomldae Cvprtnidae (minnows)141.1 7 5.0 Cyprinidae Unidentified 150.0 2 1.3 Cyprinidae Freshwater drum 24.7 71.9 3.3 73.3 13.3 13.3 84.6 15.4 96. 3 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.7 99.7"0.1 0.1 0.1 50.0 50.0 33.3 44.4 22.2 85.7 14.3 50.0 50.0 175.6 229.5 170.9 73.A 346 197.0 Catostomidae (suckers)Carp Unidentified 19 8.3 Catostomidae Carp Unidentified 6 3.5 Catostomidae Carp 177 239.8 Gizzard shad Catostomidae Carp Percidae (perch and darters)Freshwater drum 149.8 1750 1168.2 C',zzard shad Carp White bass Pomoxis sp. (crappie)Freshwater drum 22.3 65.6 12.1 68.4 10.5 21.1 66.7 33.3 79. 7 5.7 8.5 1.7 4.5 97.9 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.1 12.5 12.5 75.0 21.1 15.8 63.2 100.0 80.0 20.0 N r-4 0 z m 0 z r U)m z C)in 159.5 92.2 102.5 167.5 8 5.0 Gizzard shad Pomoxls sp.Freshwater drum 19 20.6 Gizzard shad Cyprinidae Freshwater drum 4.9 Cvprinidae 3.0 Cyprinidae Unidentified a Average of two replicates. m -m-m m- m m m --- -m---- --Table 7.13. Number of larval fish collected during diurnal and nocturnal sampling in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April -July 1978.Diurnal Nocturnal Total Average Average Average Percent Density Percent Density Percent Density Taxa No. Abundance (No./100 m 3) No. Abundance (No./100 m 3) No. Abundance (No./100 m 3)Gizzard shad 2949 88.7 259.3 1860 79.6 140.8 4809 85.0 195.6 Catostoiidae 110 3.3 9.7 104 4.4 7.8 214 3.8 8.7 N Carp 226 6.8 19.9 256 11.0 19.4 482 8.5 19.6 M Cyprinidae 9 0.3 0.8 12 0.5 0.9 21 0.4 0.9 Z White bass 3 0.1 0.3 4 0.2 0.3 7 0.1 0.3 Z Pomoxis sp. 5 0.2 0.4 5 0.1 0.2 Percidae 3 0.1 0.2 3 0.1 0.1 m Freshwater drum 8 0.2 0.7 45 1.9 3.4 53 0.9 2.2 Z Unidentified 18 0.5 1.6 47 2.0 3.6 65 1.1 2.6 r Total 3323 292.2 2336 176.8 5659 Z m 0 M (n HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 8 VEGETATION MONITORING AND LAND USE DISTURBANCES By Edward W. Uhlemann 165 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. introduction Construction phase vegetation monitoring in 1978 near Wolf Creek Genera-ting Station (WCGS), Burlington, Kansas, was conducted in five representative plant community types: 1. North floodplain woods (upper Wolf Creek), Community 1;2. Abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2;3. South floodplain woods, Community 8;4. Wet mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Community 9; and 5. Dry mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir, Community 10.Community I has been monitored since 1975, Community 2 since 1974, and Community 8 was added for permanent monitoring in 1976. Monitoring of these three communities provided comparative data from which changes in community vegetation can be detected. The two mudflat communities on John Redmond Reservoir have been sampled since 1976. Data obtained from these two communities can be utilized for predicting the vegetation types that are likely to inhabit the perimeter of the WCGS cooling lake, should exposed mudflats occur. Field sampling for the 1978 vegetation monitoring program was conducted in April, June, and September. The purpose of the terrestrial environmental monitoring program was to establish a reference framework for assessing environmental effects on vege-tation attributable to site preparation, power plant construction, and sub-sequent station operation. Specific objectives of the program were to: 1. Evaluate vegetational changes since the 1973 baseline study;2. Provide additional data for comparison with subsequent monitoring studies;3. Determine the relationships between intra-community phytosociological variances and intra-community environmental gradients;

4. Evaluate any relationships between phytosociological changes and construction activities; and 5. Record total 1978-79 construction-related site land-use disturbances.

II. Field and Analytical Procedures Community composition, structure, productivity, and biomass were quantified in two floodplain woods and an abandoned railroad right-of-way. Detailed analyses were made of the phytosociology of the floodplain woods communities to determine the r'.lationship between intra-community phytosociological variance and intra-community environmental variance. Based on distribution of the phytosociological groups across the flooding gradient, a method was developed for future use in identifying vegetation changes caused by altered water regimes. The composi-tion of two mudflat areas on John Redmond Reservoir was also determined. Loca-tions of the five communities sampled in 1978 are shown in Figure 8.1.166 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES A. Field Procedures All vegetational strata within the five plant communities were sampled by the quadrat method (Oosting 1956; Wiegert 1962). Six permanent 400-m 2 cir-cular plots were systematically distributed in each stand of floodplain woods to sample trees (stems greater than 10 cm dhb) and saplings (stems 2.5-10.0 cm dhb). Five circular plots, each 10 m 2 , were nested within the circumference of each 400-m 2 plot to sample the shrub stratum (Figure 8.2). Herbaceous vegetation and woody seedlings less than 30 cm tall were sampled with 1-m 2 plots centered within each 10-m 2 plot.The ground layer in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, the wet mud-flat, and the dry mudflat were sampled using 25 0.1-m 2 circular plots distributed at 10-m intervals along one transect. The abandoned railrod right-of-way was also sampled using the point-quadrat method; 200 point-quadrats were used to determine cover by species (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974).Permanent dendrometer bands (Bormann and Kozlowski 1962), installed on trees in March 1976 to monitor production, were marked in September 1977 and read in September 1978 to determine circumferential increase. These bands are read to provide an annual index of bole-wood and subsequent community production. On trees where dendrometer bands had been damaged or lost, increment cores were extracted and measured. Productivity in the abandoned railroad right-of-way was determined by the harvest method (Ovington et al. 1963).Site land-use disturbances were mapped through consultation with Daniels Construction Company.B. Analytical Procedures Community composition and structure were quantified by community for each of the five sampling locations and individually for the six plots in each of the two floodplain woods. Productivity was calculated for the two floodplain woods and the abandoned railroad right-of-way. Absolute and relative values of frequency, density, and dominance were computed for species in the overstory, umiderstory, and shrub stratum. Importance values were determined as the sum of the relative values (Curtis and McIntosh 1951). Absolute and relative frequency and community ground layer coverage were calculated for ground layer vegetation in each community sampled. In addition, percent cover by species was calculated for the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974).Densities of trees and saplings were calculated for nine stem diameter classes.All data summaries were performed on a Data General NOVA computer using standard equations (Curtis and Cottam 1962). Tables were constructed from computer print-outs. Numerals in the bodies of tables are rounded values whereas the totals are sums of unrounded values.Community biomass and primary productivity were calculated using equations of Whittaker et al. (1974), Kelly et al. (1974), and Whittaker and Marks (1975). The increment, diameter, and height of representative saplings and trees were tused to estimate above-ground biomass and annual productivity. 167 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Values for each sapling and tree were multiplied by the density of the respec-tive size class and summed to obtain biomass (kg/ha) and productivity (kgyha.yr) estimates for the stand.Plant voucher specimens were collected, dried, processed for permanent preservation, and deposited in the Hazleton ES herbarium for future reference. Botanical nomenclature followed Gleason and Cronquist (1963). A phylogenetic list of species sampled during 1978 was compiled (Appendix F, Table F-1).The coefficient of community was used to quantify similarity between 1978 community data and those of previous years. Because community change occurs most rapidly in the lower strata, only data from the ground layer and shrub stratum were used in computing coefficients. Values of absolute frequency were used for ground layer comparisons, and importance values were used for shrub stratum data comparisons. The coefficient of community (Cox 1972) was computed as: 2W a+ b where W = the sum of the lower of the two values of a species occuring in both years, a = the sum of species values for the 1978 sample, and b = the suM of species values for the sample year compared.Shrub stratum data from each 400-m 2 vegetation sampling plot were individually compared by using the coefficient of community as described above to determine inter-plot similarity. Based on inter-plot similarity, a multi-dimensional ordination of shrub plots was developed using the Bray and Curtis (1957) method of ordination as described by Beals (1960). In previous studies, through analysis of combined tree and sapling compositional and structural data, a flood susceptibility continuum index, representative of the flooding gradient, was cstablished for each of the six plots in each wooded community (Uhlemann and Talaber 1977; Uhlemann et al. 1978). Flood susceptibility numbers for floodplain tree species, as established by Lindsey et al. (1961), were assigned to each tree species and the mean-sum of relative density and dominance was multiplied by each species' flood susceptibility number. These values were summed to yield the plot's flood susceptibility continuum index. Flood susceptibility numbers range from 1 (flood-tolerant) to 10 (flood-intolerant), thus potentially yielding stand continuum indices from 100 (flood-tolerant stand) to 1000 (flood-intolerant stand). To test the hypothesis that the shrub plot ordination and the gradient of flood susceptibility were correlated, data from the x-axis of the shrub plot ordination (Bray and Curtis 1957) and flood susceptibility indices (Lindsey et al. 1961) of individual plots were rankud and analyzed using Spearman's (1904)non-parametric method of rank correlation. Indices or ordination values that were very close in value to other indices or ordination values were assigned tied ranks as per Snedecor and Cochran (1967) to avoid giving dissimilar ranks to similar values. As the two ordinations were shown to be correlated, and as shrub stratum vegetation will change more rapidly with environmental changes than will canopy vegetation (Schnell et al. 1977), an index of shrub stratum 168 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES flooding susceptibility was developed to simplify the detection of changes in shrub stratum vegetation related to changes in hydrologic events. Through the inspection of species behavior in the shrub stratum across the flooding gradient (Uhlemann and Talaber 1977; Uhlemann et al. 1978), and through consultation of pertinent literature (Lindsey et al. 1961; Bell 1974a,b, 1975a,b; Rochow 1972), each species was assigned a number similar in concept and use to Lindsey et al.'s (1961) flood susceptibility numbers. Annual community shrub stratum species importance data are weighted for each importance value over 5, by these numbers, summed, and averaged to provide a yearly index of flood susceptibility. III. Results and Discussion A. North Floodplain Woods (Community 1)1. Present Status The north floodplain woods occupies a terrace above Wolf Creek, and is located upstream from the WCGS cooling lake. The community is subject to periodic flooding and, due to community topography, some portions of the woods are inundated more frequently than others. The elevational gradient of the woods is not visually discernible, although the community slopes gently to the south before dropping off steeply into the creek bed. In April 1978, ground layer scouring and alluvial deposits indicated that the community had been inundated prior to the 1978 growing season. The effects of a summer drought were apparent in September in Community 1; many trees, particularly the hickories, were wilted, leaf abscission had occurred on many shrubs (especially coralberry, Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) ground layer vegetation was dry, and the soil was deeply cracked.a. Composition Due to the transitional nature of Community I (i.e., inter-mediate between creek bottom and upland), the community contained floristic elements characteristic of both the northern floodplain forest and oak-hickory forest of Kansas described by Kuchler (1974). The overstory was codominated by bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) and hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) (importance values of 81.9 and 71.8, respectively; Table 8.1). Both species occured at 100% frequency; the high relative dominance and density of bur oak and hack-berry, respectively, accounted for their community importance. Black walnut (Juglans nigra), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were of intermediate importance, and Shumard's oak (Quercus shumardii), red bud (Cercis canadensis), Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica), American elm (Ulmus americana), red mulberry (Morus rubra), and osage orange (Maclura pomifera) were minor constituents. Eight tree species were sampled in the understory; with the exception of bur oak, black walnut, and Shumard's oak, most important overstory components were represented (Table 8.2). Hackberry was the obvious dominant (importance value 160.2, Table 8.2), and red bud and green ash were common associates. Minor stratum constituents were American elm, bitternut hickory, slippery elm (Ulmus rubra), osage orange, and red mulberry.169 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The shrub stratum consisted of 11 tree, 2 shrub, and 3 liana species. Coralberry clearly dominated the stratum (importance value 156.9; Table 8.3), and Missouri gooseberry (Ribes missouriense), with an importance value of 18.2 was the only other shrub species recorded. All tree species in the shrub stratum, with the exception of boxelder (Acer negundo), represented reproduction of canopy species. Hackberry was the dominant tree species in the shrub stratum (importance value 52.2).Ground layer vegetation was composed of 17 identifiable spe-cies in April, 26 in June, and 15 in September (Table 8.4); eight species were common to all sampling periods. Spreading chervil (Chaerophyllum procumbens) was the dominant ground layer component in April (93.3% frequency); common associates were wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus), and cleavers (Galium aparine). June and September dominants were wood nettle and Virginia wild rye. Several tree, shrub, and vine species were reproducing in the shrub stratum.b. Structure Total basal area of trees and saplings forming the upper canopy was 26.2 m 2/ha (Tables 8.1 and 8.2); densities of 262.5 trees and 745.8 saplings per hectare were recorded (Table 8.5).In the shrub stratum 10900 stems/ha, mostly coralberry, provided 20.0% cover; mean shrub canopy height was estimated at 0.6 dm. Ground layer cover ranged from 40% in June to 30% in September.

c. Productivity and Biomass Arboreal primary productivity and biomass of the north flood-plain woods were estimated at 8629 kg-ha-yr and 196,952 kg/ha, respectively (Table 8.5).2. Comparisons with Previous Studies The north floodplain woods has been sampled for four years. In a mature wooded community, such a short period is generally insufficient for de-tecting change in successional status, although successional trends may be hypo-thesized based on comparison of strata.a. Composition The composition of Community 1 has changed little since 1975.Overstory and understory compositions have remained nearly unchanged with only minor changes occurring in the order of relative species importance.

Likewise, little change has occurred in the shrub stratum; this is shown by the remarkably high similarity indices of 89, 90 and 84%, respectively, for the 1978/ 1977, 1978/1976, and 1978/1975 data comparisons (Table 8.6). Cox (1972) found that sample similarity for replicate samples in a plant community seldom exceeds 85%.The 1978 ground layer data were also similar to those of previous years. The lowest value calculated (the 1978/1975 data comparison, 61%; Table 8.6) was largely due to the absence of a spring sample in 1975.170 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES b. Structure The 1978 structural data from i;ne north floodplain woods were similar to those reported in previous years. In 1977, wind throw of several large Shumard's oak resulted in a slight decline in overstory basal area.c. Productivity and Biomass The 1978 biomass estimate for the north floodplain woods was similar to those of previous years. A slight decline from 1976 to 1977 was addressed by Uhlemann et al. (1978). Arboreal productivity in 1978 was lower than in previous years (approximately half that of 1976) due to the dry summer.B. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way (Community 2)1. Present Status The abandoned railroad right-of-way was representative of un-grazed prairie vegetation of the Osage plains region in Kansas. Weaver (1968)and Kuchler (1974) described prairies with compositions similar to that of Com-munity 2. Ungrazed bluestem prairie is uncommon in the Wolf Creek area.a. Composition A total of 41 taxa was recorded in the abandoned rail-road right-of-way in 1978 (Table 8.7). Only 10 taxa were recorded in April;immature grasses (Gramineae) dominated in that month. Immature grasses also dominated in June; common associates were Scribner's panicum (Panicum scribnerianum), Virginia wild rye, Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis), and spiderwort (Tradescantia ohioensis). In September, following a protracted dry period, the ground was dried and cracked, much of the vegetation was dried and had not attained normal height, and very few grasses were in fruit. Little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) associated with switch grass (Panicum virgatum)dominated in September (relative dominance of 70.2 and 11.0%, respectively; Table 8.8); common associates were big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) and Scribner's panicum.b. Structure Community ground layer cover (as determined by the point-quadrat method), consisting primarily of grasses, increased from 15.5% in April to 90.5% in September (Table 8.8). By September, the average canopy height had reached only 3.8 dm, which reflected the summer's poor growing conditions.

c. Productivity Productivity in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, as determined by peak standing crop, was 2990 kg.ha.yr.

This is relatively low compared to the average value (5080 kg.ha.yr) reported for tall-grass prairies in southwestern Missouri (Kolling and Kucera 1965).171 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Comparison with Previous Studies a. Composition Similarity indices of 60, 46, 47, and 31%, respectively, were calcualted for 1978/1977, 1978/1976, 1978/1975, and 1978/1974 data comparisons (Table 8.6). Major components of Community 2 have remained the same over the (1974-78) monitoring period; compositional differences reflected in the moderate to relatively low similarity indices generally involved the addition or deletion of species that occurred at low frequencies in any year. In 1974, little blue-stem, switch grass, and big bluestem, all important species in 1978, did not mature, and, therefore, were not recorded. In addition, in 1974, weedy annuals atypical of native prairie were recorded because transects were located near railroad ballast where disturbed conditions existed.b. Structure The ground layer cover recorded for Community 2 in 1978 was within the ranges established in previous community surveys. Due to the drought conditions in 1978, the canopy height was the lowest recorded during the five-year monitoring period.c. Productivity Due to 1978 drought conditions, productivity was the lowest recorded during the five-year monitoring period.C. South Floodplain Woods (Community 8)1. Present Status The south floodplain woods is located approximately 6 km downstream from the cooling lake dam on Wolf Creek. Community topography is irregular and portions of the community are inundated periodically. The location of vegetation sampling plots varied from depressions on the first terrace of Wolf Creek to well-drained sites on the second terrace of the floodplain. As noted in the discussion of Communities 1 and 2, the effects of drought were very apparent in September. Many trees, specifically the hickories, were wilted, many shrubs had dropped their leaves, ground layer vegetation was dried, and the soil was deeply cracked.a. Composition The varied topography and moisture conditions of the south floodplain woods were reflected in the community composition. The overstory was composed of species common to the northern floodplain forest and oak-hickory forest of Kansas as described by Kuchler (1974). American elm was the overall community dominant (importance value 42.1) and was closely associated with silver maple (Acer saccharinum) , Shumard's oak, hackberry, and green ash (Table 8.9).Pin oak (Quercus palustris), bur oak, and shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) were secondary constituents, and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), red mulberry, 172 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES U black walnut, honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), and Kentucky coffee-tree were of minor importance. Generally, American elm, silver maple, and green ash were more common on the frequently inundated sites, whereas hackberry and the oaks and hickories occurred on higher, well-drained sites. A discussion of the physiographic distribution of the tree species in this community may be' found in Uhlemann et al. (1978).Of the five dominant species in the overstory, only hack-berry (importance value 112.9) and American elm (importance value 78.7) were well represented in the understory (Table 8.10). Other understory components, all with importance values of less than 35, included green ash, red bud, red mulberry, shellbark hickory, hawthorn (Crataegus sp), and honey locust.A total of 17 species, 2 shrub, 2 woody vine, and 13 tree species, was recorded in the shrub stratum of Community 8 (Table 8.11). As in the canopy, community species composition was heterogeneous and reflected the flooding gradient. Poison ivy (Rhus radicans) was the overall stratum dominant (importance value 98.0) and reached greatest importance at the more frequently-flooded sites. Subdominant species included coralberry (the dominant on well-drained sites), hackberry, and green ash.The ground layer was consisted of 22 identifiable species ,Ain April, 24 in June, and 13 in September (Table 8.12). Ten species were present during all the sampling periods. Spreading chervil and cleavers dominated in April; common associates were poison ivy, white avens (Geum canadense), Virginia wild rye, and wood nettle. Spreading chevril, a spring ephemeral, was recorded only in April. June dominants were Virginia wild rye, Virginia creeper, and cleavers. In September, most ground layer components were dried and dead or senescent. The most frequent standing species were Virginia wild rye, cleavers, and white avens.b. Structure Total basal area of the trees and saplings forming the canopy of Community 8 was 32.0 m 2/ha, of which 14.0 m 2/ha was provided by the dominants American elm, silver maple, and Shumand's oak (Tables 8.9 and 8.10).Densities of trees and saplings were 354.2/ha and 425.0/ha, respectively (Table 8.13).Ground cover by the shrub stratum was a relatively high 40.7%, and total shrub density was 17300 stems/ha. Approximately half of the shrub density was provided by poison ivy (Table 8.11).Ground layer cover in April, June, and September was 30, 33, and 18%, respectively (Table 8.12).c. Productivity and Biomass Estimated arboreal primary productivity and biomass for the south floodplain woods were 13694 kg-ha-yr and 241,495 kg/ha, respectively (Table 8.13).173 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Comparison with Previous Studies The south floodplain woods has been sampled for three successive years during the construction-phase monitoring program. Such a short period is generally insufficient for definitive delineation of successional trends in wooded communities, although some information can be obtained by comparison of strata. In 1978, a missing plot center-point marker was replaced; approximation of the original location of the center point may have resulted in a slight vari-ance between 1978 and earlier data.a. Composition Composition of the south floodplain woods has changed little since the 1976 vegetation survey. In 1978, overstory and understory compositions were similar to those of previous surveys. High similarity values were obtalined when shrub stratum data comparisons between 1978/1977 (80%) and 1978/1976 (84%)were calculated (Table 8.6). Ground layer data were also quite similar from year to year (Table 8.6). Nearly all species additions or deletions involved species occurring at a maximum frequency of 6.6% during any year.b. Structure The 1978 structural data from the south floodplain woods were similar to those of previous years. Basal area and tree density of the overstory were intermediate between the values recorded for 1976 and 1977. Basal area and density of saplings increased slightly in the understory. Most of the density increase occurred in the smallest sizes class, thus indicating the success of the tree species in the shrub stratum.Shrub stratum structural data for 1978 and 1977 were remarkably similar; total estimated stem densities of both years were identical and ground cover varied by only 2.1%. In 1977 and 1978, density and cover values were nearly twice those of 1976; the increased values were almost entirely attri-butable to poison ivy. From 1977 to 1978, although total stratum density and cover of the shrub stratum were nearly the same, the relative density of poison ivy rose from 29.1 to 49.5%.Ground layer cover in April and June 1978, was similar to that of previous years. However, the September 1978 value was slightly lower than that of previous years, reflecting the 1978 summer drought.c. Productivity and Biomass The estimated 1978 arboreal primary productivity was the lowest recorded for the three-year period of monitoring, a result of the 1978 summer drought. The 1978 arboreal biomass was the highest recorded for the three-year period.D. Mudflats on John Redmond Reservoir The mudflat communities (Communities 9 and 10) were inIundated in April 1978 and, therefore, were sampled only in June and September. 174 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1. Wet Mudflat (Community 9)a. Composition Composition of the wet mudflat community was similar to that of annually inundated, inland, freshwater flats and basins described by Shaw and Fredine (1956). McGregor and Volle (1950) reported similar flora on the exposed lake bed of Lake Fegan, Woodson County, Kansas. In June, vegetation of the wet mudflat was poorly developed; immature grasses (Gramineae) and smartweeds (Polygonum spp.) associated with amaranth (Amaranthus retroflexus) dominated. In September, mature vegetation was dominated by fall panic grass (Panicum dichotomiflorum), fescue (Festuca paradoxa), amaranth (Amaranthus sp.), rough sumpweed (Iva ciliata) and flower of an hour (Hibiscus trionum). Other typical mudflat components were common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium), the smartweeds (Polygonum lapathifolium and P. pensylvanicum), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgali), and members of the sedge family (Cyperaceae) (Table 8.14).b. Structure In June, mudflat vegetation averaged less than 3 dm high and provided approximately 17% ground cover. By September, vegetation height and cover had increased to 5 dm and 48%, respectively (Table 8.14).2. Dry Mudflat (Community 10)a. Composition The composition of Community 10 was similar to that of Community

9. Vegetation was poorly developed in June; immature grasses, smart-weeds, and members of the sedge family were dominant.

Frequent species in September were barnyard grass, common cocklebur, fall panic grass, the smart-weeds Polygomum lapathifolium and P. pensylvanicum, and members of the sedge family (Table 8.15).b. Structure Average canopy height and ground layer cover were 3 dm and 46%, respectively, in June, and 5 dm and 64%, respectively, in September (Table 8.15).E. Gradient Analysis of Floodplain Woods Phytosociological patterns along an environmental gradient tend to repeat themselves with great fidelity under similar conditions of stand age, topography, and soil (Rochow 1972); i.e., vegetation variation is a manifestation of environmental variation. Impoundments induce changes in established patterns of flooding, sedimentation, and groundwater fluctuations (Bell and Johnson 1975).Because these changes affect the phytosociology of riparian vegetation (Bell 1974a,b), the correlation of a vegetation gradient to the abiotic gradient of flood frequency and intensity is necessary for detecting or predicting phyto-sociological changes induced by the construction of an impoundment (Bell 1975a).175 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES In 1976 and 1977, gradient analysis was applied to phytosociological data from the north floodplain woods and the south floodplain woods to relate variance in the vegetation to the flood susceptibility prior to the construction of the WCGS cooling lake (Uhlemann and Talaber 1977; Uhlemann et al. 1978).Vegetation gradient analysis examines the distribution of plant species or ecolo-gical groups in relation to an environmental continuum (Whittaker 1967). The optimal utility of the application of flooding gradient analysis techniques requires that a broad range of the environmental spectrum be represented within the community, and generally, that the environmental moisture gradient within a vegetation community be determined objectively by the relative elevations of the sampling plots within the community (Rochow 1972). However, the relative eleva-tions of the plots in the south floodplain woods, and especially in the north floodplain woods, varied so little, and the degree of drainage varied so much from plot to plot, that the use of elevation as the sole criterion for delimiting the flooding gradient was not feasible. Therefore, rather than establish an ordination of vegetation plots along a predetermined flooding gradient, the gradient of flooding intensity was hypothesized based on known tree species behavior in reponse to flooding (Lindsey et al. 1961).Gradient analysis of 1976 and 1977 tree and sapling data showed a distinct gradient of moderate ecological amplitude in the south floodplain woods and a more subtle gradient of lower amplitude in the north floodplain woods.The distributions of tree species along these gradients were discussed by Uhlemann and Talaber (1977) and Uhlemann et al. (1978). Flood susceptibility indices reported in 1978 were as low (frequently flooded) as 490 (in the south floodplain woods) and as high (seldom flooded) as 756 (in the north floodplain woods).Stand locations with comparable indices were described by Lindsey et al. (1961)as poorly-drained first bottom and well-drained second bottom sites, respectively. Although a gradient of relatively broad ecological amplitude was inferred by the distribution of tree species within the north and south flood-plain woods, trees of the canopy are not especially sensitive monitors of changing environmental conditions in the short-term because of their longevity. The overstory may reflect previous, rather than current, environmental conditions (Schnoll et al. 1977). Because shrubs and tree seedlings may be completely submerged during flooding (unlike canopy vegetation), shrub stratum vegetation is more sensitive to flooding than mature trees, and may therefore, provide a more sensitive indicator of recent environmental changes.The 1976--78 shrub stratum data from Communities 1 and 8 were examined and shrub stratum plots were ordinated to ascertain whether species distributions in the shrub stratum would verify the environmental gradient inferred by the canopy flood susceptibility indices. Similarity indices used in ordination derivation indicated that shrub stratum vegetation was relatively heterogeneous in the south floodplain woods (mean plot-to-plot similarity < 50%) and relatively homnogeneoLs in the north floodplain woods (mean plot-to-plot similarity > 50%).The plot ordination developed for the south floodplain woods, where a greater range of environmental conditions existed, was nearly identical to that delimited by the 1977 flood susceptibility indices. In a test of the correlation between these ordinations, the null hypothesis (i.e., that no difference exists between order of plot rankings designated by shrub stratum plot ordination and that 176 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES designated by flood susceptibility indices) was accepted at, or near, the 5%level of significance. In the north floodplain woods, where the extremes of the range of environmental conditions were less distinct, shrub stratum plot ordina-tion did not correspond well with the ordination developed from the flooding susceptibility indices. In a test of correlation of plot rankings of these ordinations, the null hypothesis was rejected at the 5% level of significance. Shrub stratum plot data from the two wooded communities were amalga-mated to provide a broader data base representing vegetation over a wider range of environmental conditions; this 12-plot shrub stratum ordination correlated well with the 12-plot canopy ordination, and the null hypothesis was accepted at the 1% level of significance). The correlation between the ordination established by the flooding susceptibility indices and the phytosociological ordination of shrub stratum plots was directly related to the amplitude of the ecological gradient represented by the sampling plots. This positive relationship between the degree of ordination correlation to an environmental gradient and the range of the environmental extremes represented by the gradient has been documented by Rochow (1972).Because the shrub stratum plot ordination follows the flood suscepti-bility continuum ordination, it may be assumed that the gradient depicted by this ordination represents the flooding gradient (Whittaker 1973). Therefore, a method of calculating a shrub stratum flood susceptibility index was developed to detect the effect of changes in flooding intensity on community vegetation. The index is of the weighted average type (Whittaker 1973), and its calculation is discussed in the methods section of this chapter. Patterned after the numeri-cal scale used by Lindsey et al. (1961). species weights were assigned based on the observation of species behavior across the gradient (Uhlemann et al. 1978)and through the review of pertinent literature (e.g., Bell 1975; Lindsey et at.1961; and Rochow 1972); species weights are given in Table 8.16. To date, the preoperational shrub stratum flood susceptibility indices range from 8.14 to 8.84 for the north floodplain woods and from 6.19 to 6.60 for the south floodplain woods (Table 8.17).Construction of the WCGS cooling lake will modify the flooding inten-sity and periodicity of Wolf Creek; it is expected that flooding intensity will decrease in the south floodplain woods (Community

8) and increase in the north floodplain woods (Community 1). If this occurs, the importance of flood intoler-ant vegetation will increase in Community 8 and decrease in Community

1. This will be detected as an increase in the flood susceptibility index of Community 8 and a decrease in that of Community 1.F. Land Use Disturbance Prior to 1978, a total of 792 acres was estimated to have been disturbed within the WCGS project area by power plant construction.

H1abitat losses and effects on wildlife produced by the disturbance have been discussed by Uhlemann ct al. (1978). During 1978, an additional 808 acres were disturbed. The majority 177 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES of disturbance occurred in the area of the ultimate heat sink and intake struc-ture, the main dam and saddle dam, baffle dikes, and borrow and quarry excava-tions. Small areas of disturbance, such as haul roads, the make-up line, and an airstrip, totaled to less than 2% of the entire site disturbance. The location and acreage of disturbed areas are indicated in Figure 8.3 and Table 8.18, respec-tively.The largest new disturbance was in the area of the ultimate heat sink and intake structure (i.e., near the plant site); 290 acres were estimated to have been disturbed in this area. Nearly all habitat lost due to construction-related disturbance was idle pasture or range; a relatively small amount of idle cropland (approximately 15%) was also lost.Borrow excavations and one on-site quarry that were used to obtain dam and dike construction materials ranged in size from approximately 54 to 93 acres;total estimated disturbance for these areas was 338 acres. Borrow pits were excavated in four areas along Wolf Creek. Approximately two-thirds of the habitat disturbed were idle cropland and one-third was pasture or rangeland. Because a minimum of 50 ft was maintained between excavations and Wolf Creek to avoid siltation, little wooded riparian habitat was affected.Dam and baffle dike construction created linear disturbances that were approximately 250 ft wide; total linear disturbance was in excess of six miles.A variety of habitats was traversed by these structures; disturbed habitat types were primarily idle cropland and pasture or range.The estimated 1600 acres disturbed through 1978 represents 15% of the 10500 acre WCGS site and 30% of the 5290 acres that are predicted to be disturbed by station construction and lake filling.The majority of habitat disturbed through 1978 was cropland and range-land. Little destruction of important wooded habitat has taken place. Conse-queintly, native plant communities have not been severly altered. Habitat alter-ations have also been limited to direct habitat manipulation and disturbance and no wide-ranging impacts were noted. More subtle and widespread effects will occur when the lake is filled.No direct changes in wildlife species composition or abundance attri-butable to construction of WCGS were detected during the 1978-79 monitoring program. Although population changes were noted, they were probably natural population fluctuations (Chapter 9). The communities monitored were not located within the construction zones, and little or no impact was noted on the small short-ranging faunal species in the abandoned railroad right-of-way or north floodplain woods.Local wildlife populations were undoubtedly affected by habitat losses associated with construction activities in 1978. Direct land-use disturbances at the qtation site and dam construction areas have either displaced or destroyed wildlife species formerly occurring in these habitats. Other habitats disturbed included gravel pits, the on-site quarry, borrow excavations, and spoil areas in the vicinity of the site. These areas will eventually be flooded and converted to aMLiatic habitat.178 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The majority of habitat disturbed through 1978 in the vicinity of WCGS was idle cropland, pasture, and rangeland. Although little destruction of wooded riparian habitat has occurred during station construction, disturbance adjacent to wooded areas has probably reduced the value of the woodlands to wildlife.Although populations affected cannot be determined exactly, density estimates of some species were provided in the baseline report and can be used to estimate the number of displaced animals. From 10 to 30 deer were estimated to inhabit the site in 1974 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974), and since 15% of the site has been disturbed it may be assumed that the area supports from 2 to 5 fewer deer than before construction activities. Similar calculations indicate that habitat for 120 rabbits, 20 squirrels, and 132 bobwhite has been destroyed. Through 1978, construction disturbance has been localized and of limited extent relative to the total planned disturbance, and since construction distur-bance has involved habitat that does not support high densities of wildlife and has been of limited extent, no substantial population reductions attributable to the land use disturbances have occurred. Filling of the cooling lake will pro-duce population reductions in terrestrial wildlife species inhabiting the WCGS environs.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. The 1978 vegetation data demonstrated no adverse construction related effects to the representative plant communities monitored.

2. The north floodplain woods (Community

1) was codominated by bur oak and hackbcrry.

Iiackberry and other lowland species were reproducing well; oaks and black walnut were lacking in the sapling size classes. The 1978 compositional and st '1Ctura 1 data Itn the north I loodplain woods were sfintlar to those of pre-vious years. The 1978 productiv[ty was low relatilve to previous years due to the dry growing season.3. The abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community

2) was dominated by tall-grass species. Composition was typical of bluestem prairies of the region, and dominants were similar to those of previous years. Due to the dry summer of 1978, mean canopy height and productivity were the lowest recorded during the five-year monitoring period and were low relative to data from bluestem prairies in adjacent portions of Missouri.4. The south floodplain woods (Community

8) was dominated by American elm, silver maple, hackberry, green ash, and Shumard's oak. Hackberry and green ash were reproducing well in the lower strata. The 1978 compositional and structural data were similar to those of previous years. The estimated 1978 arboreal primary productivity was the lowest recorded for the three-year period of community monitoring, probably resulting from the relatively dry summer.5. The wet mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir (Community

9) supported annual species common to frequently inundated areas. Fall panic grass, fescue, and 1mar1twerds were dominant.

Ground layer cover was relatively sparse for a herba-ceOuS community. 179 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 6. Species composition and structure of vegetation of the dry mudflat on John Redmond Reservoir (Community

10) were similar to those of Community 9.7. The shrub stratum plot ordination and the hydrologic gradient delimited by canopy flood susceptibility indices were shown to be highly correlated.

Based on the phytosociological behavior of shrub stratum species across the flooding gradient, an index of shrub stratum flood susceptibility was developed to detect vegetation changes due to altered water regimes in future years.8. A total of 1600 acres was disturbed on the WCGS site by the end of 1978.Most disturbed land was either idle cropland, pasture, or range. Relatively little valuable wildlife habitat, such as riparian woodland, has been disturbed. 180 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Beals, E. 1960. Forest bird communities of the Apostle Islands of Wisconsin, Wilson Bull. 72:156-181. Bell, 0. T. 1974a. Tree stratum composition and distribution in the streamside forest. Am. Midl. Natur. 92:35-46._ 1974b. Studies on the ecology of the streamside forest: Compo-sition and distrubiton of vegetation beneath the canopy. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 101:14-20. _ 1975a. The streamside vegetation of the upper Sangamon River valley. Pages 151-164 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds. The upper Sangamon River basin: Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dep. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. Illinois, Urbana.1975b. Understory vegetation in the streamside forest. Pages 165-172 in D. T. Bell. and F. L. Johnson, eds. The upper Sanganmon River basin: Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dep. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. Illinois, Urbana., and F. L. Johnson. 1975. Groundwater level in the floodplain and uplands of the streamside forest ecosystem. Pages 81-88 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds. The upper Sangamon River basin: Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dep. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. Illinois, Urbana.Borman, F. H., and T. T. Kozlowski. 1962. Measurements of tree growth with dial gage dendrometers and vernier tree ring bands. Ecology 43:289-294. Bray, J. R., and J. T. Curtis. 1957. An ordination of the upland forest communities of southern Wisconsin. Ecol. Monogr. 32:137-166. Cox, C. W. 1972. Laboratory manual of general ecology. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 195 pp.Curtis, J. T., and C. Cottam. 1962. Plant ecology workbook. Burgess Publishing Co., Minneapolis. 193 pp.) and R. P. McIntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32:476-493. Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of north-eastern United States and adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 810 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station enviroimental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Kelly, J. M., G. M. Van Dyke, and W. F. Harris. 1974. Comparison of three methods of assessing grassland productivity and biomass dynamics. Am.Midl. Nat. 92:357-369. 181 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Koelling, M. R., and C. L. Kucera. 1965. Productivity and turnover relationships in native tallgrass prairie. Iowa State J. Sci. 39:387-392. Kuchler, A. W. 1974. A new vegetation map of Kansas. Ecology 55:586-604. Kulczynski, S. 1928. Die pflanzen assoziationen der pienien. Bull. Int.Acad. Pol. Sci. Lett., Cl. Sci. Math. Nat., Ser. B. 1927 (Supp. 2):57-203.(Cited by Whittaker 1973.)Lindsey, A. A., R. 0. Petty, D. K. Sterling, and W. Van Asdall. 1961.Vegetation and environment along the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. Ecol.Monogr. 31:105-156. McGregor, R. L., and L. D. Volle. 1950. First year invasion of plants on the exposed bed of Lake Fegan, Woodson County, Kansas. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci.53:372-377. Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 547 pp.Oosting, H. J. 1956. The study of plant communities. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 440 pp.Ovington, J. D., D. Heitkamp, and D. B. Lawrence. 1963. Plant biomass and productivity of prairie, savanna, oakwood, and maize field ecosystems in central Minnesota. Ecology 44:52-63.Rochow, J. J. 1972. A vegetational description of a mid-Missouri forest using gradient analysis techniques. Am. Midl. Nat. 87:377-396. Shaw, S. P., and C. G. Fredine. 1956. Wetlands of the United States: their extent and their value to waterfowl and other wildlife. U. S. Fish and Wildl. Serv. Circ. 39. 67 pp.Schnell, G. D., P. G. Risser, and J. F. Helsel. 1977. Factor analysis of tree distribution patterns in Oklahoma. Ecology 58:1345-1355. Snedecor, G. W., and W. G. Cochran. 1967. Statistical methods. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa. 593 pp.Spearman, C. 1904. Am. J. Psych., 15:88 (Cited by Snedecor and Cochran 1967.)Ulhlemann, E. W., and C. J. Talaber. 1977. Vegetation monitoring. Pages 167-213 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No.5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.I A. K. Evans, and J. L. Suchecki. 1978. Vegetation and land use disturbances. Pages 168-21.6 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978 (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Cas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.182 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Whittaker, R. H. 1967. Gradient analysis of vegetation. Biol. Rev. 42:207-264. .1973. Direct gradient analysis: Techniques. Pages 2-31 in R. H. Whittaker, ed. Handbook of vegetation science, Part V, ordination and classification of communities. Dr. W. Junk b.v. -Publishers, The Hague.,_ F. H. Bormann, G. E. Likens, and T. G. Siccama. 1974. The Hubbard Brook ecosystem study: forest biomass and production. Ecol. Monogr.44:233-252., P. L. Marks. 1975. Methods of assessing terrestrial productivity. Pages 55-118 in H. Leith and R. H. Whittaker, eds. Primary productivity of the biosphere. Springer-Verlag, New York.Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie plants and their environment. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebr. 276 pp.Weigert, R. G. 1962. The selection of an optimum quadrat size for sampling the standing crop of grasses and forbs. Ecology 43:125-129. 183 -'~~ o IF Coing Lake*": 1!1" I"I It-, .., t." ,A SCALE IN MILES 0 N I I7.d S'- V EDMN OAMf 8 RESERVOIR Mr Clý z<I-. ,0-- :.00 .% ".. *lF-1I* Terrestrial Sampling Localions BurI ngton I MrM*h ' UJ^-. " Figure 8. 1.Vegetation sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Y S Figure 8.2.Schematic representation of nested quadrat layout for sampling floodplain woods vegetation near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.185 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES8.3.Construction-rela>ved land-use disturbances near Wolf Creek Cenerating Stati (>:', Burlington , Kansas, through 1978.186

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m m--m ------ --Table 8. 1.Phytosociological data summary of trees in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978.Relative Relative Relative Species Quercus macrocarpa Celtis occidentalis Juglans nigra*Carya cordiformis Fraxinus pennsylvanica Quercus shumardii Cercis canadensis Gymnocladus dioica Ulmus americana Morus rubra Maclura pomifera Frequency 100.0 100.0 66.7 66.7 33.3 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 Relative Frequency 21.4 21.4 14.3 14.3 7.1 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 Trees/Hectare 29.2 108.3 37.5 33.3 16.7 4.2 12.5 8.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 Relative Density 11. 1 41.3 14.3 12.7 6.3 1.6 4.8 3.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 Basal Area (m 2/hectare)11.9 2.2 3.6 2.3 1.5 1.7 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.0 Relative Dominance 49.3 9.0 14.8 9.3 6.1 7.0 0.6 2.2 1.1 0.3 0.2 Importance Value 81.9 71.8 43.4 36.3 19.6 12.2 9.0 8.9 6.2 5.4 5.3 e N-1 0 z hi z 0 z z in z 0 MI (n Total 262.5 24.1 n- --n n -m- -m -m m -m --m- m -Table 8.2.Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978.Relative Relative Importance Species Celtis occidentalis Cercis canadensis Fraxinus pennsylvanica Ulmus americana Carva cordiformis Ulmus rubra Maclura pomifera Morus rubra Frequency 100.0 83.3 83.3 50.0 50.0 50.0 50.0 33.3 Relative Frequency 20.0 16.7 16.7 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 6.6 Saplings/Hectare 495.8 108.3 58.3 29.2 16.7 16.7 12.5 8.3 Relative Density 66.5 14.5 7.8 3.9 2.2 2.2 1.7 1.1 Basal Area (m 2/hectare)1.5 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Relative Dominance 73.7 11.6 3.8 2.7 3.8 2.6 0.4 1.4 Importance Value 160.2 42.8 28.2 16.6 16.0 14.9 12.1 9.1 N-i 0 z m z 0 z K z z a)m (n OO Total 745.8 2.1

-~ --- ---~mm~ --Table 8.3.Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978.Relative Stems/ Relative % Ground Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density Cover Dominance Value Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 80.0 34.3 8166 74.9 9.5 47.7 156.9 Celtis occidentalis 43.3 18.6 700 6.4 5.4 27.2 52.2 Fraxinus pennsvlvanica 23.3 10.0 600 5.5 2.0 9.9 25.5 Ribes missouriense 23.3 10.0 667 6.2 0.4 2.1 18.2 Cercis canadensis 6.6 2.9 67 0.6 1.4 7.0 10.5 Vitis sp. 10.0 4.3 100 0.9 0.4 2.1 7.2 Ulmus rubra 6.6 2.9 167 1.5 0.3 1.3 5.7 Rhus radicans 6.6 2.9 100 0.9 0.0 0.5 4.2 Carya cordiformis 6.6 2.9 67 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.7 Ulmus americana 6.6 2.9 67 0.6 0.0 0.2 3.7 Quercus macrocarpa 3.3 1.4 33 0.3 0.1 0.6 2.3 Maclura pomifera 3.3 1.4 33 0.3 0.1 0.5 2.2 Gymnocladus dioica 3.3 1.4 33 0.3 0.0 0.2 1.9 Juglans nigra 3.3 1.4 33 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.9 Smilax hispida 3.3 1.4 33 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.9 Acer negundo 3.3 1.4 33 0.3 0.0 0.1 1.9 Total 10900 20.0 N 0 z m z 0 z m z r La z 0 m M) HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.4. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Chaerophyllum procumbens 93.3 18.8 Laportea canadensis 66.7 13.4 70.0 12.0 69.0 17.5 Elymus virginicus 63.3 12.8 73.3 12.6 70.0 20.4 Galium aparine 53.3 10.7 30.0 5.1 Sanicula gregaria 36.7 7.3 33.3 5.7 33.3 9.7 Phlox divaricata 26.7 5.4 23.3 4.0 Viola eriocarpa 23.3 4.7 13.3 2.3 Carex sp. 23.3 4.7 26.7 7.7 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 20.0 4.0 10.0 1.7 6.6 1.9 Viola papilionacea 20.0 4.0 6.6 1.1 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 10.0 2.0 53.3 9.1 23.3 6.8 Polygonum sp. 6.6 1.3 10.0 1.7 6.6 1.9 Ribes missouriense 6.6 1.3 10.0 1.7 Gramineae 6.6 1.3 23.3 4.0 10.0 2.9 Ranunculus abortivus 6.6 1.3 Carex meadii 6.6 1.3 Geum canadense 3.3 0.6 3.3 0.6 6.6 1.9 Allium sp. 3.3 0.6 Chenopodium hybridum 3.3 0.6 6.6 1.1 3.3 0.9 Rhus radicans 3.3 0.6 3.3 0.6 6.6 1.9 Osmorhiza sp. 3.3 0.6 Ellisia nvctelea 3.3 0.6 Vitis sp. 3.3 0.6 Ulmus sp. 3.3 0.6 Pilea pumil]a 40.0 6.8 30.0 8.7 Festuca obtusa 36.7 6.2 Verbesina alterifolia 23.3 4.0 23.3 6.8 Carex jamesii 20.0 3.4 Carex laxiflora 16.7 2.9 Quercus sp. 13.3 2.3 13.3 3.9 Viola sp. 13.3 2.3 Menispermum canadense 13.3 2.3 3.3 0.9 Parietaria pensylvanica 10.0 1.7 Urtica dioica 3.3 0.6 Carya cordilormis 3.3 0.6 Compositae 3.3 0.6 Quercus macrocarpa 3.3 0.6 Gvmnocladus dioica 3.3 0.6 Liliaceae 3.3 0.6 Celtis occidentalis 3.3 0.6 Quercus shumardii 3.3 0.6 Polygonum virginianum 6.6 1.9 Ruellia strepens 3.3 0.9 Aster sp. 3.3 0.9 Cinna a rundinacea 3.3 0.9=11]1 i entostachya 3.3 0.9 Average Community Ground Layer 39% 40% 30%190

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------ ---Table 8.5.Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978.Diameter Classes dbh (cm)Sapling Class Tree Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub- 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6- 40.1- 47.6- > Sub Species 6.2 10.0 Total 17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 47.5 55.0 55.1 Total Totals Density (stems/ha)

Celtis occidentalis 266.7 229.2 495.8 91.7 8.3 4.2 4.2 108.3 604.2 Cercis canadensis 79.2 29.2 108.3 12.5 12.5 120.8 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 54.2 4.2 58.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 16.7 75.0 Carva cordiformis 4.2 12.5 16.7 12.5 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 33.3 50.0 Juglans nigra 0.0 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 37.5 37.5 Ulmus americana 25.0 4.2 29.2 4.2 4.2 33.3 Quercus macrocarpa 0.0 4.2 4.2 20.8 29.2 29.2 Maclura pomifera 12.5 12.5 4.2 4.2 16.7 Ulmus rubra 8.3 8.3 16.7 0.0 16.7 Morus rubra 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 12.5 Gymnocladus dioica 0.0 4.2 4.2 8.3 8.3 Quercus shumardii 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Total 454.2 291.7 745.8 137.5 33.3 25.0 16.7 12.5 8.3 29.2 262.5 1008.3 Biomass (kg/ha) 2022 5400 7450 6414 11183 8359 15308 14693 126122 196952 Productivity (kg.ha.yr) 342 1087 729 808 676 616 757 612 3001 8629'.0 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.6.Year-to-data comparisons expressed as percent similarity for three plant communities. I I I I!.I i I I I I I i.Community/S tratum North Floodplain woods Shrub stratum: Ground layer: Abandoned railroad right-of-way Ground layer: South floodplain woods Shrub stratum: Ground layer: Years Compared Similarity (%)1978/1977 1978/1976 1978/1975 1978/1977 1978/1976 1978/1975 1978/1977 1978/1976 1978/1975 1978/1974 1978/1977 1978/1976 1978/1977 1978/1976 89 90 84 76 67 61 60 46 47 31 80 84 79 79 192 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.7.Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Gramineae Oxalis sp.Carex sp.Panicum sp.Compositae Clay tonia virginica Prunus serotina Galium aparine Fragaria virýiniana Panicum scribnerianum ElymUS virginicus Poa pratensis Tradescantia ohiensis Bromus tectorum Solidago graminifolia Juncus sp.Peoa compressa Oxal is violacca~Tl-d~o s p.Physalis sp.Eragrostis spectabilis As'c1 ]ias viridis Prunus sp.Achi I lti millefolium Helianthus sp.Andropogon scopa rus Pal iIum vi rgatumn Andropoion gerardi Elymus canadensis Soa _d-ao eanadens i s S5 LOrobotus het rolepis AcaLMha gracilens Cornus sp.Eragrostis sp.l1clianthus lactiflorus Salvia reflexa Aster sp.96.0]6.0 16.0 12.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 54.5 9.0 9.0 6.8 6.8 4.5 4.5 2.3 2.3 100.0 12.0 1.6.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 40.0 28.0 24.0 24.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 28.1 3.4 4.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 11.2 7.8 6.7 6.7 3.4 3.4 3.4 3.4 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.1 1.1 1.1 4.0 4.0 24.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 96.0 48.0 24.0 16.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 1.4 1.4 8.7 2.9 1.4 1.4 34 .8 17.4 8.7 5.8 2.9 -2.9 2.9 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 Average Conmunity Ground Layer 20%61%86,7 191 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.8.Percent cover of species in the ground layer, community ground layer cover, and mean canopy height in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species % Cover Dominance % Cover Dominance % Cover Dominance Gramineae 14.5 93.5 66.5 80.6 Achillea millefolium 0.5 3.2 Prunus serotina 0.5 3.2 Elymus virginicus 3.0 3.7 Helianthus sp. 2.0 2.4 Solidago graminifolia 2.0 2.4 Solidago sp. 1.5 1.8 Cirsium sp. 1.5 1.8 Poa pratensis 1.5 1.8 0.5 0.6 Panicum scribnerianum 1.0 1.2 Tradescantia ohioensis 1.0 1.2 Poa compressa 0.5 0.6 Lactuca sp. 0.5 0.6 Eragrostis spectabilis 0.5 0.5 0.6 ApocVnum canabinum 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 Oxalis sp. 0.5 0.6 And scjpariis 63.5 70.2 Panicum virgatum 10.0 11.0 Andropogon gerardi 6.0 6.6 Solidago canadensis 3.5 3.8 Helianthus Iaetiflorus 2.5 2.7 Aster sp. 2.0 2.2 Panicum sip. 1.5 1.6 Sporobolus heterolepis 0.5 0.5 Community Ground Layer Cover 15.5% 80.5% 90.5%Mean Canopy Height 0.8 dm 3.9 dm 3.8 dm.94

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~~mrnm~-Table 8.9.Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978.Relative Relative Importance

'-C~.~1 Species Ulmus americana Acer saccharinum Quercus shumardii Celtis occidentalis Fraxinus pennsylvanica Quercus palustris Quercus macrocarpa Car laciniosa Platanus occidentalis Morus rubra Juglans nigra Gleditsia triacanthos Gymnocladus dioica Frequency 66.7 33.3 33.3 83.3 66.7 33.3 50.0 66.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 16.7 Re la tive Frequency 12.9 6.4 6.4 16.1 12.9 6.4 9.6 12.9 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 Trees/Hectare 66.7 50.0 45.8 50.0 33.3 29.2 29.2 29.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 Relative Density 18.8 14.1 12.9 14.1 9.4 8.2 8.2 8.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 Basal Area (m2/hectare) 3.2 5.3 5.1 1.5 2.1 3.9 2.6 0.9 4.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 Re lative Dominance 10.4 17.2 16.6 5.0 6.6 12.7 8.3 2.9 13.1 2.2 1.7 1.6 1.5 Importance Value 42.1 37.8 36.0 35.2 29.0 27.4 26.3 24.0 17.5 6.6 6.1 6.0 5.9 f N F-i 0 z M z 0 z m z F4 z Cl m CD Total 354.2 30.8 --n -----m -n- m -m -n --mim m Table 8.10.Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the south floodplain near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978.woods, Community 8, Relative Importance Species Celtis occidentalis Ulmus americana Fraxinus pennsvlvanica Cercis canadensis Morus rubra Carya laciniosa Crataegus sp.Gymnocladus dioica Total Frequency 100.0 83.3 50.0 50.0 50.0 33.3 16.7 16.7 Relative Frequency 25.0 20.8 12.5 12.5 12.5 8.3 4.2 4.2 Saplings/Hectare 183.3 116.7 58.3 16.7 16.7 20.8 4.2 8.3 Relative Density 43.1 27.5 13.7 3.9 3.9 4.9 0.9 2.0 Basal Area (m2/hectare) 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 Relative Dominance 44.7 30.4 8.2 5.4 3.5 5.2 2.1 0.4 Importance Value 112.9 78.7 34.4 21.8 19.9 18.5 7.2 6.4 N-1 0 z rn z 0 z m z i-4 0 m M 425.0 1.2 m -m -m --m m m -m- m --m m m m Table 8.11.Phytosociological data summary plain woods, Community 8, near Aune 1978.of species in the shrub stratum of the south flood-Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, Relative Stems/ Relative % Ground Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density Cover Dominance Value Rhus radicans 50.0 17.9 8567 49.5 12.5 30.7 98.0 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 26.7 9.5 4567 26.4 5.9 14.4 50.3 Celtis occidentalis 43.3 15.5 1100 6.3 8.8 21.8 43.6 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 33.3 11.9 900 5.2 4.1 10.2 27.3 Ulmus americana 20.0 7.1 433 2.5 3.1 7.5 17.2 Euonymus atropurpureus 20.0 7.1 567 3.3 1.8 4.5 14.9 Ulmus rubra 16.7 6.0 300 1.7 1.2 2.9 10.6 Carya laciniosa 13.3 4.8 167 0.9 0.7 1.8 7.5 Smilax hispida 13.3 4.8 167 0.9 0.4 0.8 6.6 Gymnocladus dioica 10.0 3.6 100 0.6 0.7 1.9 6.0 Quercus macrocarpa 10.0 3.6 100 0.6 0.1 0.3 4.4 Sambucus canadensis 3.3 1.2 100 0.6 0.9 2.3 4.0 Quercus shumardii 6.6 2.4 100 0.6 0.1 0.3 3.3 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.6 Morus rubra 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.6 Juglans nigra 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.5 Gleditsia triacanthos 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.0 0.1 1.4 Total 17300 40.7 N r-4 0 z m z 0 z m z C.z m U' HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.12. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1978.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Chaerophvllum procumbens 93.3 20.3 Galium aparine 90.0 19.6 43.3 9.5 Rhus radicans 33.3 7.2 36.7 8.0 26.7 12.5 Geum canadense 30.0 6.5 30.0 6.6 23.3 10.9 Elymus virginicus 26a7 5.8 53.3 11.8 53.3 25.0 Laportea canadensis 26.7 5.8 43.3 9.5 6.6 3.1 Phlox divaricata 16.7 3.6 6.6 1.5 G ramIncae 16.7 3.6 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 13.3 2.9 46.7 10.3 10.0 4.7 Allium sp. 13.3 2.9 3.3 0.7 Sanicula gregaria 10.0 2.2 10.0 2.2 3.3 1.6 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 10.0 2.2 6.6 1.5 Carex meadil 10.0 2.2 Viola papilionacea 10.0 2.2 Menispermum canadense 6.6 1.4 6.6 1.5 Ambrosia trifida 6.6 1.4 20.0 4.4 16.7 7.8 Euonvmus atropurpureus 6.6 1.4 6.6 1.5 Arabis shortii 6.6 1.4 3.3 0.7 Celtis occidentalis 6.6 1.4 6.6 1.5 Viola eriocarpa 3.3 0.7 Ranunculus abortivus 3.3 0.7 Ellisia nyctelea 3.3 0.7 Prenanthes sp. 3.3 0.7 Smilax hispida 3.3 0.7 13.3 2.9 10.0 4.7 Polygonum sp. 3.3 0.7 10.0 2.2 Sambucus sp. 3.3 0.7 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.3 0.7 3.3 0.7 3.3 1.6 Viola sp. 26.7 5.9 Carex laxiflora 20.0 4.4 Festuca obtusa 13.3 2.9 Ruellia strepens 10.0 2. 2 10.0 4.7 I11 ca pundi]a 6.6 1.5 Quercus sp. 6.6 1.5 20.0 9.3 Eupatorium rugosum 6.6 1.5 Vitis sp. 3.3 0.7;IcdltsLa triacanthos 3.3 0.7 Quercus shumardii 3.3 0.7 1'arieraria pensylvanica 3.3 0.7 Carex sp. 10.0 4.7 Polygonum virginianum 6.6 3.1 Campanula americana 6.6 3.1 Cet) t u. ocuidental is 6.6 3.1 Average Community Ground Layer 30% 33% 18%198 m --n -n m -m m -- m -m m --m m-m m-mm Table 8.13.Density of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1978.Diameter Classes dbh (cm)Sapling Class Tree Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub- 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6- 40.1- 47.6- > Sub Species 6.2 10.0 Total 17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 47.5 55.0 55.1 Total Totals Density (stems/ha) Celtis occidentalls 104.2 79.2 Ulmus americana 66.7 50.0 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 45.8 12.5 Carya laciniosa 12.5 8.3 Acer saccharinum Quercus shumardii Quercus palustris Quercus macrocarpa Morus rubra 12.5 4.2 Cercis canadensis 12.5 4.2 Gymnocladus dioica 8.3 Crataegus sp. 4.2 Platanus occidentalis Gleditsia triacanthos Juglans nigr-a Total 262.5 162.5 Biomass (kg/ha) 1350 2640 Productivity (kg.ha.yr) 163 740 183.3 33.3 8.3 4.2 4.2 50.0 116.7 33.3 4.2 16.7 8.3 4.2 66.7 58.3 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 4.2 33.3 20.8 16.7 8.3 4.2 29.2 0.0 8.3 8.3 12.5 12.5 8.3 50.0 0.0 4.2 20.8 12.5 8.3 45.8 0.0 12.5 8.3 4.2 4.2 29.2 0.0 8.3 4.2 12.5 4.2 29.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 16.7 0.0 8.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 0.0 0.0 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 4.2 425.0 95.8 50.0 70.8 62.5 41.7 25.0 8.3 354.2 233.3 183.3 91.7 50.0 50.0 45.8 29.2 29.2 20.8 16.7 12.5 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 779.2 241495 13694 N r-4 0 z m z 0 z K z r z 0 In (n 6052 1035 12848 451 26566 734 71701 7352 50158 1696 42883 962 27298 561 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.14. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a wet mudflat (Community

9) on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, June and September 1978.June September Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Gramineae 80.0 40.8 Polygonum sp. 52.0 26.5 Amaranthus retroflexus 20.0 10.2 Iva ciliata 8.0 4.1 24.0 6.8 Convolvulus sp. 8.0 4.1 Hibiscus trionum 8.0 4.1 24.0 6.8 Xanthium strumarium 4.0 2.0 16.0 4.5 Cyperaceae 4.0 2.0 4.0 1.1 Helianthus annuus 4.0 2.0 Ambrosia trifida 4.0 2.0 Oxalis sp. 4.0 2.0 Panicumi dichotomiflorum 84.0 23.9 Festuca paradoxa 72.0 20.5 Amaranthus sp. 40.0 11.4 Euphorbia serpens 24.0 6.8 Convolvulus sepium 12.0 3.4 Polygonum lapathifolium 12.0 3.4 Polygonum pensZlvanicun 12.0 3.4 Leptochloa filiformis 8.0 2.3 Solanum carolinense 4.0 1.1 Apocynum cannabinum 4.0 1.1 Lespedeza stipulacea 4.0 1.1 Leptochloa fasicularis 4.0 1.1 Echinochloa crusgalli 4.0 1.1 Average Community Ground Layer 17% 48%200 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.15. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover on a dry mudflat (Community

10) on John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, June and September 1978.June September Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Gramineae 88.0 23.4 Polygonum sp. 68.0 18.1 Cyperaceae 52.0 13.8 32.0 7.5 Rorippa islandica 40.0 10.6 Xanthium strumarium 36.0 9.5 52.0 12.3 Amaranthus retroflexus 28.0 7.4 Juncus interior 20.0 5.3 Ambrosia artemisiifolia 20.0 5.3 4.0 0.9 Bidens tripartita 8.0 2.1 8.0 1.9 Hibiscus trionum] 4.0 1.1 12.0 2.8 Rumex crispus 4.0 1.1 4.0 0.9 Draba reptans 4.0 1.1 Melilotus officinalis 4.0 1.1 Echinochloa crusgalli 68.0 16.0 Panicum dichotomiflorum 52.0 12.3 Polygonun lapathifolium 44.0 10.4 Polygonum pensylvanicum 40.0 9.4 Festuca paradoxa 28.0 6.6 Amaranthus sp. 24.0 5.7 Eragrostis spectablis 16.0 3.8 Euphorbia serpens 16.0 3.8 Setaria glauca 8.0 1.9 Euphorbia glyptosperma 8.0 1.9 iva ciliata 4.0 0.9 Verbena sp. 4.0 0.9 Average Community Ground Layer 46% 64%201 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.16.Species weights used in calculating the shrub stratum flood susceptibility for the north and south floodplain woods (Communities I and 8, respectively), near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas.Species Species Weight Symphoricarpos orbiculatus Ribes missouriense Cercis canadense Ulmus rubra Carya lacinlosa Celtis occidnetalis Gymnocladus dioica Euonymus atropurpureus Morus rubra Ulmus americana Fraxinus pennsylvanica Rhus radicans 10 10 8 8 8 7 7 7 7 6 4 4 202 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.17.Shrub stratum flood susceptibility index, for all years sampled, of the north and south floodplain woods (Comm-unities I and 8, respectively), near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas.Location/Years Flood Susceptibility Index North Floodplain Woods: 1975 1976 1977 1978 8.14 8.46 8.84 8.71 8.54 Average South Floodplain Woods: 1976 1977 1978 6.54 6.60 6.19 6.44 Average 203 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES O Table 8.18.Locations and acreage of areas disturbed during 1978 at Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas.I I I I I I iO I0 I Location New road to Stringtown Cemetery Makeup line Dams Baffle dike A Baffle dike B UHS and intake area Air strip Haul roads Borrow areas Quarry Total Acres 1 4 83 60 23 290 3 6 245 93 808 204 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 9 WILDLIFE MONITORING By Julie K. Meents and Judith M. Haynes 205 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Construction phase monitoring of terrestrial wildlife occurred near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) on 15-17 May, 19-23 June, 19-21 September, 7-9 November 1978, and 8-10 January 1979. Avifauna, medium and large-sized mammals, and herpetofauna were censused along a 20-mile wildlife survey route and within two communities (north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way; Figure 9.1). Small mammals also were censused in these two communities.

The 1978 monitoring program was designed to determine:

1. Species composition and abundance of game and non-game wildlife;2. Naturally occurring variations in species composition and abundance; and 3. Faunal changes that may have resulted from construction activities associated with WCGS.206 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1I. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Study Areas Wildlife populations were censused in two communities and along a 20-mile wildlife survey route during the 1978 monitoring study near WCGS (Figure 9.1).The north floodplain woods (Community

1) was initially sampled during the 1973 baseline study and during all monitoring studies subsequent to November 1974. This wooded community was located along Wolf Creek and had not been recently disturbed by logging.The abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community

2) was selected for study in May 1974 and has been sampled during all subsequent monitoring studies.The community is typical of abandoned railroad rights-of-way in that there are relatively low areas parallel to the former track bed that are scattered with debris, beyond which lies a generally flat sod of prairie grasses. The tenant of an adjacent farm pastured cattle up to the perimeter of this community and during 1976 removed a fence row along one edge, thus reducing the extent of neighboring undisturbed habitat.B. Mammals Mammal surveys conducted in 1978 included trapping studies at two com-munities, observations along the 20-mile wildlife survey route, pitfall trap-ping, and incidental observations noted during other field activities.

I. Small Mammal Trapping A grid of 50 Sherman live traps (8 x 9 x 23 cm) was established in the abandoned railroad right-of-way and north floodplain woods communities (Figure 9.1) to determine small mammal species composition and abundance during the June and September sampling periods. One trap was placed at each station, with stations spaced at 10 m intervals along lines 10 m apart (abandoned railroad right-of-way: two rows 12 traps each, two rows 13 traps each; north floodplain woods: five rows, 10 traps each). Traps were set and baited with a mixture of peanut butter and rolled oats for four consecutive nights and checked daily.Captured animals were toe-clipped for identification and their sex, weight, and reproductive condition were recorded. In communities where sufficient data were available, the modified Peterson index (Seber 1973) was used to calculate popula-tion estimates, and density estimates were determined by dividing the population estimate by the trapping grid's area of influence. This area equals the area of the trapping grid plus the area inside a line around the perimeter of the grid"n" meters from the grid boundary (where "n" equals the radius of a species' mean home range).207 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Eastern Cottontail Census Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) were censused by standard roadside counts along the 20-mile survey route during June and September 1978. Each cottontail observed was recorded and abundance indices were calculated.

3. Supplemental Data In addition to the described surveys, records were kept of all observations of mammals and/or their signs that were noted during all field activities.

These observations provided information on the species composition and relative abundance of large mammals near the site.4. Nomenclature Identification and/or nomenclature followed Murie (1954), Burt and Grossenheider (1964), and Jones et al. (1975).C. Avifauna Avian surveys were conducted seasonally to ensure that both summer and winter resident populations, as well as those using the area during migration, were identified. Species lists and estimates of relative densities of game and nongame species that occur near WCGS were derived from the censuses. Seasons, for the purpose of this study, were defined as follows: spring -March, April, and May; summer -June, July, and August; fall -September, October, and November; and winter -December, January, and February.1. Transect Counts Species composition and relative population estimates of birds in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way (Figure 9.1) were derived from transect counts (Kendeigh 1944); three censuses were conducted in each community during each sampling period. Sight observations and auditory censuses were used for species identification. The species, numbers observed, and duration of each count were recorded. Raw data were converted to number of birds per hour to provide a basis for direct comparisons. Relative frequencies were calculated for each species.The bird species diversity index (BSD), a derivation of the in-formation theory (Shannon and Weaver 1949) and a measure of biotic diversity (MacArthur 1965), was calculated for each community. The equation: s BSD = 1/N (N loge N -Z ni loge ni)i=l (Lloyd et al. 1968), where N = total population, ni = number of species observa-tions, and s = total number of species in the aggregation, was used to calculate diversity. 208 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route A 20-mile wildlife survey route, established along roads near the site area (Figure 9.1), was driven twice during each sampling period. All species of wildlife were recorded with observations listed by mile segment along the route.Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were censused during the early morning hours on two successive days in May and June. The number of Bobwhite heard calling during 2-minute periods at stops located at one-mile intervals along the route was recorded (Preno and Labisky 1971).3. Supplemental Data In addition to the described surveys, records were kept of all observations of birds during all field activities; a separate species list was compiled for birds observed near John Redmond Reservoir.

4. Nomenclature Nomenclature followed the American Ornithologists' Union (1957, 1973, 1976). Avian identification was aided by reference to Peterson (1947) and Robbins et al. (1966).D. Reptiles and Amphibians Reptiles and amphibians were qualitatively surveyed in May, June and September by pitfall trapping, community inventories, a night driving survey, and searches in special habitats.

These censuses provided information on the species composition, relative abundance, and distribution of reptiles and amphi-bians observed during the study. A species list of all reptiles and amphibians observed, indicating their habitat preference, was compiled.1. Community Studies Pitfall traps consisting of two, one-gallon containers and a 3 m drift fence of hardware cloth were established in each community. Pitfall traps were checked for captures on the nights of mammal trapping. Reptiles and amphi-bians were also surveyed through intensive community searches. An ecologist walked through each community turning over debris and examining appropriate habitat, and recorded all reptiles and amphibians observed.2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route The 20-mile wildlife survey route was driven once during the late evening or early night hours in May, June, and September to document reptile and amphibian activity. All herptiles observed or heard were recorded.209 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3. Supplemental Data IAdditional herptile observations were obtained by searching aquatic habitats near the site. Species observed near John Redmond Reservoir were also I recorded.4. Nomenclature I Identification and nomenclature followed Conant (1975).E. Rare and Endangered Species IAll species lists were checked against the official list of threatened and endangered species (U.S. Dep. Interior 1978).I I I I.I I I I I I Io* 210 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III. Results and Discussion A. Mammals 1. Small Mammals During an 800 trapnight effort, a total of seven species of small mammals was captured on the two sampling grids. Four species occurred in the north floodplain woods and five species were noted in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community. Trap success was higher in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community than in the north floodplain woods.a. Community and Seasonal Analyses North Floodplain Woods: The species captured in this com-munity during the 1978 monitoring study were the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), and woodland vole (Microtus pinetorum)(Table 9.1). Density estimates increased for the white-footed mouse from June (23.0/ha) to September (38.0/ha). The white-footed mouse was the most common species trapped, representing 85.4%of all individuals captured during the 1978 census. Short-tailed shrew density estimates were identical (1.5/ha) in June and September. One opossum was caught in June and one woodland vole was captured in September. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way: During 1978, species richness and number of small mammal captures were higher in this community than in the north floodplain woods. Of the five species caught (Table 9.1), the hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) was most common, representing 49% of all individuals captured. Density estimates of the hispid cotton rat, short-tailed shrew, and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) decreased from June to September. The prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster) and white-footed mouse were not captured in June but each represented 12% of the small mammals caught in September.

b. Comparisons With Previous Studies Data collected during the 1973 baseline study were not directly comparable to those collected during subsequent monitoring studies due to sampling differences and community relocation.

Similarly, there were addi-tional changes made during the 1974 monitoring study regarding locations and sampling schedules that made comparisons between portions of the 1974 and subse-quent monitoring studies invalid. However, comparisons between more recent studies are feasible.The seasonal trend of white-footed mouse densities during 1978 in the north floodplain woods was opposite that observed in the 1975-77 studies (Table 9.2). Estimated densities in 1978 were lower in June (23.0/ha)than in September (38.0/ha). Density in June 1978 was similar to densities of June 1975 and 1977, but lower than 1976 (34.0/ha). September 1978 density estimates were the highest recorded of all sample years.211 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES In the abandoned railroad right-of-way community, the deer mouse was the only species consistently captured in both seasons over the past three years (Table 9.2). The 1978 densities were the highest recorded compared to data collected in previous years. Estimated densities decreased from June (11.4/ha) to September (6.4/ha). In 1977, densities also decreased from June (2.9/ha) to September (0.7/ha), but in 1976 this trend was reversed with 0.7 and 2.9/ha in June and September, respectively. Based on sample data from 1974 to 1978, hispid cotton rat populations in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community fluctuate from year to year. Estimated densities were relatively high in 1974, 1976, and 1978 but low in 1975 and no hispid cotton rats were captured in 1977.A comparison of estimated mammal densities in each com-munity showed that higher densities occurred in 1978 than in 1977 (Table 9.2).The only year in which densities were higher than 1978 was 1976 when there were about 7% more animals. Number of species (9) captured during 1978 was higher than any previous year (Table 9.2). All species captured in previous years were captured in 1978 and the opossum and woodland vole were caught for the first time. There were no evident disturbances to small mammal populations attributable to construction of the WCGS and associated facilities.

2. Eastern Cottontail Census The average number of eastern cottontails recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route in June was 0.32/mi. Numbers recorded in June of previous years were 0.35 (1973), 0.20 (1974), 0.05 (1975), 0.40 (1976), and 0.2 0/mi (1977). The September 1978 average was 0.05/mi (Table 9.3). No cotton-tail observations were recorded in September of 1977. These data reflect the seasonal and yearly fluctuations typical of cottontail populations.

3. Incidental Observations

a. North Floodplain Woods Five species of larger mammals were recorded in the north floodplain woods (Table 9.3). The fox squirrel (Sciurus nigaer) was observed during May, June, September, and November.

Sight and/or track observations of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were recorded during all sampling months. Tracks of raccoon (Procyon lotor) and bobcat (Felis rufus) were ob-served in June and September and opossum tracks were seen in June.b. Abandoned Railroad Right-Of-Way Four species of mammals were noted in this community (Table 9.3). The eastern cottontail was observed during each month except November. Raccoon tracks were noted in June and a fox squirrel was seen in January. Thirteen deer mice were revealed when several railroad ties were over-turned in June.212 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES c. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route and John Redmond Reservoir The fox squirrel and eastern cottontail were the only spe-cies observed along the survey route. The fox squirrel was noted in May, June, and September (Table 9.3).Five species of large mammals were observed near John Redmond Reservoir. A white-tailed deer was sighted in June and deer tracks were noted in September. Both coyote and raccoon tracks were observed in June and September. Opossum tracks were seen in June and a single opossum was observed in September. Two eastern cottontails were observed in June.4. Rare and Endangered Species No rare or endangered species of mammals were observed during the 1978-79 study period.B. Avifauna A total of 88 avian species was observed during the two community sur-veys and along the 20-mile wildlife survey route during the May 1978 to January 1979 monitoring study. This included 13 migrant, 36 summer, 8 winter, and 31 permanent resident species (Table 9.4). The majority of the species was observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route; however, some species were recorded only in a particular community. Forty-seven avian species were noted at John Redmond Reservoir (Table 9.5).The distribution of birds in Kansas has been documented by Johnston (1965). lie reported that 383 species occur in Kansas, of which 184 are known to breed in the state. A list of 183 avian species has been compiled for the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge (U.S. Dep. Interior 1970) which is located several miles west of the WCGS site. Waterfowl and waterbird species have been documented at the refuge by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the period between October 1977 -September 1978 (Appendix G). A total of 143 avian species has been reported at the WCGS site since the monitoring program began in 1974. Wetland habitat on the Flint Hills refuge attracts approximately 63 aquatic or semi-aquatic avian species; this habitat type is not presently found near WCGS, accounting for the lower number of recorded species. Such habitat will become available when the cooling lake is filled and utilization by species new to the site is expected.1. Community Surveys Community surveys were conducted in the north floodplain woods (Community

1) and along the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community 2).a. Transects North Floodplain Woods (Community 1): Twenty-nine avian species were observed in this community during the May 1978-January 1979 monitoring program (Table 9.6). The Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata), 213 I VV.01 -a VIowl= I -a1 4- 4L.- II I.; Lz~Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapilLus), and Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) were common permanent residents.

The most abundant breeding species recorded in June were the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor), and Eastern Wood Pewee (Contopus virens). Many woodland species, including the Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris), Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila caerulea),and several warblers were observed only in this community. The number of species recorded in the community was highest in June (16) and lowest in September (10) and January (10). The highest number of individuals was noted in November (89.5/hr) and the lowest in September (21.5/hr). The November peak in numbers and its relatively high number of species (15) are indicative of the influx of bird populations during the fall migration period.No spring peak was noted, suggesting that observations did not coincide with peak spring migration. Abandoned Railroad Right-Of-Way (Community 2): Thirty-four avian species were recorded in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community (Table 9.7). The Mourning Dove (Zenaida macroura), Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna), and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) were common resident species. The most abundant breeding species observed in June were the Dickcissel (Spiza americana), Eastern Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), and Red-winged Blackbird (Table 9.7). The relatively high number of birds recorded in November (426.1/hr) was attributed to the presence of large numbers of Red-winged Blackbirds and Mourning Doves. The lowest number of species (9) and individuals (43.0/hr) occurred during the January 1979 census period.b. Bird Species Diversity Bird species diversity (BSD) reflects the total number of species in an area and the relative importance of species within an aggregation. Seasonal BSD values usually peak in the fall and spring because of the influx of migrants through the area. Values are also higher in more structurally com-plex vegetation types.Bird species diversity was calculated for each community and sampling period (Table 9.8). Values in the north floodplain woods followed the expected seasonal pattern and ranged from a high of 2.39 in May 1978 to a low of 1.93 in January 1979. Data from the abandoned railroad right-of-way showed a similar seasonal pattern with a high of 2.49 in May and a low of 1.54 in November. The lowest BSD value should occur in January. The lower value in November may have resulted from the presence of large numbers of Red-winged Blackbirds; a predominance of one species lowers species diversity values.BSD values were generally higher in the north floodplain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community. This is to be expected since more structurally complex communities generally have higher species diversity (Karr 1968). In comparison, grasslands are structurally simple and have low BSD (Shugart and James 1973). The wooded north floodplain community had a greater structural diversity than the grassland dominated abandoned rail-road right-of-way, and calculated BSD values followed this vegetation-complexity gradient.214 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES c. Comparison with Previous Studies Data collected prior to November 1974 in a floodplain woods community represented a different location and direct comparisons are not valid; however, comparisons are possible for the north floodplain woods studied after November 1974 and for all data collected in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community. In the north floodplain woods the number of species, bird observations per hour, and species diversity all showed a general decline from the previous year (Table 9.8). The exception to this trend occurred in November when all three characteristics of the community displayed higher values than in 1977. This may be due to a late fall migration. In May and September 1978 the abandoned railroad right-of-way community exhibited higher species diversities than those recorded in the previous years. Larger numbers of individuals were censused in September and November in 1978 than in 1977. Comparison of other annual data indicate a fluctuating pattern (Table 9.8).The five year's data from both communities show considerable variability when comparing annual variations of species' numbers and populations (Table 9.8). No long-term trends are indicated by these fluctuations.

2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route a. Seasonal Analysis A total of 72 avian species was observed along the 20-mile survey route during the 1978-79 study (Table 9.4). The number of species ob-served was highest in May and lowest in January and the number of individuals fluctuated seasonally (Table 9.9).In May, totals of 50 species and 1792 individuals were re-corded. The most abundant species were the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Dickcissel; both species occurred in small groups throughout the area censused.

Two species, the Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia) and Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor), were observed for the first time along the census route.There was a decrease in the number of species (48) but an increase in number of individuals (2247) in June. As in May, the House Sparrow and Dickcissel were the most abundant species along the route. Other common species observed were the Eastern Meadowlark, Red-winged Blackbird, and Common Grackle (Quiscalus ciuiscula). Thirty-five avian species were recorded during September censuses along the 2 0-mile survey route. The number of individuals (550) was the lowest of any survey during the year but higher than the all-time low recorded in September 1977 (388 individuals). Mourning Doves, in large and small flocks, accounted for 38.9% of all birds seen. House Sparrows were also 215 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES common and the Common Crow (Corvus brachyrhyncos) and Blue Jay were abundant.The American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus) was noted along the survey route for the first time.In November, there was a slight increase in species richness (40) and a significant increase in number of individuals (2692) compared to September. Both were related to the presence of migrant species in November.Large numbers of Red-winged Blackbirds, House Sparrows, and meadowlarks accounted for the high number of individuals observed. Four previously unreported species were observed; the Red-breasted Merganser (Mergus serrator), Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus), Merlin (Falco columbarius), and Greater Prairie Chicken (Tympanuchus cupido).Several miles of the survey route were not included in the January 1979 census because of impassable roads caused by snow drifts. Results of this census were not directly comparable to other months, but data appeared similar to previous years. House Sparrows and Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) were abundant and Red-winged Blackbirds, Dark-eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis) and Starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) were common.b. Comparison With Previous Studies Seventy-two avian species were recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route in 1978, as compared to 87 in 1977, 83 in 1976, 81 in 1975, and 64 in both 1974 and 1973. Although the total number of species recorded was lower than that in the previous three years, the monthly species numbers were higher than the monthly averages of previous years in May and November.Despite an incomplete census in January, the total number of individuals recorded during the May 1978-January 1979 wildlife survey route censuses (8344) was greater than in any of the previous three years (Table 9.9). The only year in which more individuals were observed was 1974 when 10402 were re-corded. Large numbers of House Sparrows and Dickcissels observed in the summer and meadowlarks and Red-winged Blackbirds during the fall were primarily responsible for the high annual total in 1978.In general, bird abundance along the survey route followed seasonal patterns of higher levels during spring and fall migration periods and lower levels through the rest of the year.3. Game Species a. Bobwhite Bobwhite were observed in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community and along the 20-mile wildlife survey route. These areas are repre-sentative of the mixture of wooded, edge, and open field habitats favored by Bobwhite (Edminster 1954).In May 1978, an average of 12.0 calls/20 mi was recorded along the survey route (Table 9.10). The average number of birds heard calling along the survey route in June 1978 was 27.0/20 mi (Table 9.10). This marks 216 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES an increase over June 1977 when an all-time low of 15 calls/20 mi was recorded.Although the population apparently increased, counts remained lower than 1976 (28/20 mi), 1974 (39/20mi) and 1973 (57/20 mi). In September 1978 an average of 6/20mi was seen along the survey route and there were 24/20 mi observed in November.Counts of Bobwhite in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community ranged from a low of one individual in May and January to a high of 39 in September. Yearly trends in call count data near WCGS can be compared to rural mail carrier counts tabulated by the Kansas Fish and Game Commission. The July 1972-78 rural mail counts for Coffey County indicated a gradual de-cline in the Bobwhite population beween 1972 and 1975, anincrease in 1976, a decrease in 1977 and an increase in 1978 (KansasFish and Game Comm., Pratt, Kansas, personal communication). Bobwhite population indices derived from call couints near WCGS and from rural mail carrier counts in Coffey County indicate a similar trend.The call count and rural mail carrier count surveys were not designed to determine causes for increases or decreases in populations. Fluctu-ations in Bobwhite populations may be in response to various factors (e.g.hunting pressure, weather, habitat quality, parasites, and disease).b. Mourning Dove Mourning Dove counts along the wildlife survey route averaged 70.5/20 mi in June 1978. This shows a small increase over 1977 (64.0/20 mi). It is lower than the number recorded in 1976 (80.0/20 mi) but well above counts from 1975 (37.5/20 mi) and 1974 (29.5/20 mi). These fluctuations probably represent natural cycles in Mourning Dove populations.

4. Rare and Endangered Species No rare or. endangered avian species were observed during the May 1978 to January 1979 monitoring period. There were previous observations of the endangered Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus alascanus) near the WCGS site during 1976 and 1977 and eagles probably wintered at the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge. Construction of the WCGS cooling lake will create habitat favorable for wintering eagle utilization.

After filling of the cooling lake, eagle use of the site should increase.C. Reptiles and Amphibians Seven species of herpetofauna were recorded during the 1978 monitoring program (Table 9.11). Several species observed in previous years, primarily turtles and snakes, were not observed in 1978. This was probably due to the secretive nature of many species and/or variable weather conditions during the survey periods.217 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1. Community Distribution Community searches and pitfall trapping for herptiles were con-ducted in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way communi-ties. Community searches were also made at John Redmond Reservoir. Two species each were found in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way. At John Redmond Reservoir and along the 2 0-mile survey route, four species each were observed (Table 9.12).a. North Floodplain Woods The American toad (Bufo americanus) and bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) were observed in this community during June (Table 9.12). Although extensive searches were conducted, no other amphibian or reptile species were found.b. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way The ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) was recorded during May, June, and September of 1978 (Table 9.12). Two six-lined racerunners (Cnemidophorus

s. sexlineatus) were noted in June. This was the first record of this species during monitoring studies at WCGS.c. John Redmond Reservoir Four species of herpetofauna including one turtle, one toad, and two frog species were observed at John Redmond Reservoir (Table 9.12). All observations occurred in June.d. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route A total of two toad and two frog species was recorded along the 20-mile survey route in May and June 1978 (Table 9.12). These amphibians were generally recorded in their preferred habitats.2. Rare and Endangered Species No herptile species listed as rare or endangered by the U.S.Department of Interior were observed near the WCGS site during the 1978 monitor-ing study. The crawfish frog (Rana areolata), observed in September 1976, was not recorded during 1977 or 1978. This species is considered threatened in Kansas (Platt et al. 1973).D. Relationships Between Wildlife and the Environment

i. Mammals Mammalian distribution near WCGS was generally governed by vegeta-tion cover and food availability, which in turn were governed by topography, soils, precipitation, and land-use practices.

Generalist species such as the eastern cottontail were widely distributed near the site, whereas others, such as the fox squirrel and bobcat, were restricted in their distribution. 218 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Small mammal captures in grassland habitats have shown cyclical patterns between 1974 and 1978. The number of species and individuals declined between 1974 and 1975, increased during 1976, declined during 1977, and increased again during 1978 (Table 9.2). Possible factors causing these fluctuations in-clude: (1) land use changes affecting the sampling community, (2) drought conditions in the summer of 1974, (3) return of more favorable conditions in 1976 and 1978 compared to 1974, (4) weather conditions at the time of trapping, (5) higher rate of mortality as a result of severe winter conditions in 1977, and (6) naturally occurring population cycles.Small mammal captures in woodland habitats declined from 1976 to 1977 but increased in 1978 (Table 9.2). Minor fluctuations in small mammal capture data were probably a result of natural variation in the population. Mammal populations near WCGS have therefore been influenced by a number of vari-ables, more importantly by land use changes, drought, and natural variation.

2. Avifauna Avifaunal relationships with the environment parallel those described for mammals; vegetative cover and structure, and food availability usually determine avian distribution and abundance.

Some avian species are gen-eralists and occur in a wide variety of habitats, whereas others have more rigid habitat requirements and occur in specific areas such as forest, marsh, etc.Appropriate habitat for breeding species is perhaps the most critical requirement for local avian populations. Data on avian abundance collected during 1978 indicate the vartability in species numbers and populations generally expected from seasonal influences. Variations in populations measured during migratory periods are particularly related to weather effects, which may speed or delay avifauna move-me nt s.3. Herpetofauna Herpetofauna, especially amphibians, have more specific habitat requirements than mammals and birds. Being poikilotherms (cold-blooded), they are more sensitive to weather variables, and severe conditions may drastically affect populations and breeding times.E. Construction Impacts 1. Samlin_ Communities The sampling communities are not located within the construction zones or areas of land disturbance; therefore, little or no impact was noted on the small short-ranging faunal species that exist within the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way communities. Larger, more mobile species may have altered their home ranges to avoid construction activity and increased vehicular traffic in the vicinity of WCGS. Data collected during commu1Ity surveys or along the wildlife survey route showed no substantial changes compared to previous monitoring years.219 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Site Local wildlife populations were undoubtedly affected by habitat alteration and direct activities associated with station construction in 1978.Direct disturbances at the station site and dam construction areas have either displaced or destroyed wildlife species formerly occurring in these habitats.Small mammals and herpetofauna were probably destroyed because of their limited mobility. Large mammals and birds were probably displaced from these areas and suffered little direct mortality. Habitats temporarily disturbed include some of the gravel pits, one on-site quarry, borrow excavations, graded roadsides, and spoil areas in the vicinity of the station site. These areas will eventually revegetate and become natural habitats available to wildlife species.220 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Seven species of small mammals were captured during live-trapping in two communities near WCGS. The white-footed mouse was the most common species, representing 41.0% of all individuals captured.2. Small mammal trap success was higher in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community than in the north floodplain woods community.

3. Density estimates for the white-footed mouse increased from June (23.0/ha) to September (38.0/ha), reversing a trend of summer-fall decline from previous years.4. Small mammal populations increased from 1977 to 1978 with more indivi-duals and species recorded.

September 1978 density estimates were the highest of all previous sample years.5. There was a slight increase in the number of eastern cottontails ob-served along the 20-mile wildlife survey route from 1977 to 1978 following a slight decrease from 1976 to 1977. These fluctuations were attributed to natural variation in cottontail populations.

6. A total of 88 avian species was recorded during the 1978 monitoring study compared to 97 species in 1977, 99 in 1976, 90 in 1975, and 83 in 1974;47 species were observed at John Redmond Reservoir.

7. The total number of avian species recorded was higher in the grass dominated abandoned railroad right-of-way than in the north floodplain woods;however, the grassland habitat was not consistently dominant in monthly number of species or individuals recorded.8. Bird species diversity values were generally higher in the north flood-plain woods than in the abandoned railr.ad right-of-way community because of greater vegetational stratification and complexity in the woodland habitat.9. There were 72 avian species recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route during the 1978-79 monitoring study, a decline from the previous 3 years'totals.10. Bobwhite censuses in 1978 indicated an increase in the population over the very low numbers recorded in 1977.11. Counts of Mourning Dove along the 20-mile survey route showed a slight increase over 1977. This probably represents part of the normal fluctuation in dove populations.

12. Seven species of herpetofauna were recorded near WCGS during 1978.Most of the species were distributed along the survey route and near John Redmond Reservoir.

13. No threatened or endangered faunal species were observed during the May 1978 -January 1979 monitoring study.221 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 14. No construction-related effects to wildlife populations were discernible from data collected to date. Wildlife were undoubtedly affected by direct disturbance, but no large scale changes in wildlife species composition or abundance have been observed.z22 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds.5th ed. A.O.U., Baltimore.

691 pp.I _1973. Thirty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 90:411-419. I _. 1976. Thirty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists' Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 93:875-879. Burt, W.H., and R.P. Grossenheider. 1964. A field guide to the mammals.Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 284 pp.Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 429 pp.Edminster, E.F. 1954. American game birds of field and forest. Castle Books, New York. 490 pp.Fitch, H.S. 1958. Home ranges, territories and seasonal movements of vertebrates of the natural history reservation. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. Vol.T1, No.3:64-326. I. Johnston, R.F. 1965. A directory to the birds of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus.Nat. Hist. Misc. PubI.. 41. 67 pp.Jones, J.K. Jr., D.C. Carter, and 11.11. Genoways. 1975. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico. Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech.Univ. 28:1-14.Karr, J.R. 1968. Habitat and avian diversity on strip-mined land in east-central Illinois. Condor 70:348-357. Kendeigh, S.C. 1944. Measurement of bird populations. Ecol. Monogr. 14:67-106. Lloyd, M.J., II. Zar, aind J.R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of information-theoretical measures of diversity. Am. Midl. Nat. 79:257-272. MacArthur, R.H. 1965. Patterns of species diversity. Biol. Rev. 40:510-533. MIurie, 0. J. 1954. A field guide to animal tracks. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 374 pp.Peterson, R.T. 1947. A field guide to the birds. 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 230 pp.Platt, D.R., R.E. Ashton, R.F. Clarkes, and J.T. Collins. 1973. Rare, endangered and extirpated species in Kansas II. Amphibians and reptiles. Trans. Kans.Acad. Sci. 76:185-192. 223 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Preno, W.L., and R.F. Labisky. 1971. Abundance and harvest of doves, pheasants, bobwhites, squirrels, and cottontails in Illinois, 1956-69. Ill. Dep.Conserv. Tech. Bull. No. 4. 76 pp.I Robbins, C.S., B. Bruun, and H.S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, New York. 340 pp.Seber, G.A. 1973. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. Harper Press, New York. 506 pp.Shannon, C.E., and W. Weaver. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 117 pp.Shugart, H.H., and D. James. 1973. Ecological succession of breeding bird popu-lations in northwestern Arkansas. Auk 90:62-77.U.S. Department of Interior. 1970. Birds of the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge. Refuge Leaflet 242..1978. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. Fed. Reg.43: 58030-58048.

I.I I I I I I 224

-m m m m -m -m-m -----m-m --m -I ,: "i '" Cooling Lake~. .I~ -~SCALE I1` MAILES 0' 1" .0 2 N L___" -. ,y -KANSAS N ew['. -1I* " --I~--] "" --JOHN REDMOND I.I DAM a RESERVOIR-i ' i iI? EIn 8, So t lo paiIo d t in-Al IF I0 Dr mudflt-I0 Dory m iudplait W oods---- mile Wi!dlife Survey Route Figure 9. 1.Wildlife sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.

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-- -mm Table 9. 1.Seasonal capture data of small mammals from two communities near Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Wolf Creek Generating N.Density Sampling Total Total Total Number of Percent Estimate Location/Species Period Captured Marked Recaptured Individuals Composition (No./ha)a North Floodplain Woods Didelphis virginiana Jun 2 1 1 1 5.0 .0 3 b Sep 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.00 Blarina brevicauda Jun 2 2 0 2 10.0 1.50b Sep 2 1 0 2 9.5 1.50b Peromyscus leucopus Jun 24 17 7 17 85.0 23.00 Sep 23 17 5 18 85.7 38.00 Microtus pinetorum Jun 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.00 Sep 1 1 0 1 4.8 1.60b Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Microtus ochrogaster Jun 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.00 Sep 3 3 0 3 12.0 2.50 Blarina brevicauda Jun 2 1 0 2 7.7 1.30b Sep 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.00 Peromyscus leucopus Jun 0 0 0 0 0.0 0.00 Sep 3 3 0 3 12.0 1.80 Peromyscus maniculatus Jun 10 10 0 10 38.5 11.40 Sep 9 8 1 8 32.0 6.40 Sigmodon hispidus Jun 15 13 1 14 53.8 20.00 Sep 15 10 4 11 44.0 11.00 N-1 0 z rn z 0 z z U)0 m z 0 m (n aHome range after Fitch (1958).blnsufficient data; derived from the actual number of animals captured.

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.2.Summary of small mammal densities (No./ha) in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974 -1978.1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Location/Species Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep North Floodplain Woods Didelphus virginiana NSa NS b ---.0 3 c -Blarina brevicauda NS NS --1.5 14.6 --1.5 c 1.5c Perouiyscus leucopus NS NS 23.0 7.0 34.0 25.0 25.0 17.0 23.0 38.0 Microtus pinetorum NS NS -------1.6c Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Blarina brevicauda 0.7 c ---0.4 c 1.3 --1.3 c -Microtus ochrogaster .- 7.5 1.3 c ---2.5 Peromyscus maniculatus .- 0.7 2.9 2.9 0.7c 11.4 6.4 Peromyscus leucopus ---0.9 0.9c --1.8 Sigmodon hispidus 13.0 2.0 -0.5 16.0 23.0 --20.0 11.0 aNot sampled hNone captured clnsufficient data;derived from the actual number of animals captured.2 27 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.3.Incidental mammal observations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978-79.Incidental Mammal Observations Location/Species Date Observation Number North Floodplain Woods Opossum (Didelphis virginiana) Bobcat (Felis rufus)Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger)Raccoon (Procyon lotor)White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger)Deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) Raccoon (Procyon lotor)20-Mile Route Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) 23 20 15 17 20 23 21 8 21 23 20 16 21 23 19 20 7 8 8 9 15 16 20 21 19 20 21 9 10 8 21 20 16 17 21 22 19 9 10 Jun Sep May May Jun Jun Sep Nov Jun Jun Sep May Jun Jun Sep Sep Nov Nov Jan Jan May May Jun Jun Sep Sep Sep Jan Jan Jan Jun Jun Tracks Tracks Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Tracks Tracks Scat Sight Tracks Tracks Sight Tracks Sight Bed Tracks Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Tracks 1 1 2 2 1 2 5 2 3 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 2 many 2 2 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 13 1 3 2 9 4 2 3 4 May May Jun Jun Sep Nov Jan Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight Sight 228 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.3.(continued) Location/Species Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger)Date 16 May 21 Jun 19 Sep 20 Sep Observations Sight Sight Sight Sight John Redmond Reservoir Opossum (Dipelphis virginiana) Eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus Coyote (Canis latrans)floridanus) 22 20 22 22 21 22 21 20 21 Jun Sep Jun Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep Tracks Sight Sight Tracks Tracks Tracks Tracks Sight Tracks Number 1 2 2 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 Raccoon (Procyon lotor)White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 229 mm ---m m -m- m -mm -m Table 9.4.Species list, residency status, and community and monthly occurrences of avifauna near Wolf Creek Generating Station, May 1978 -January 1979.20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron S x x x Botaurus lentiginosus American Bittern M X X Branta canadensis Canada Goose M X X Anas platyrhynchos Mallard P X X Anas discors Blue-winged Teal M X X Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser M X X Ca~thartes aura Turkey Vulture S X X X X Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk S X X Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk P X X X x x x x x Buteo swainsoni Swainson's Hawk S X x Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Hawk W X X Circus cyaneus Marsh Hawk W X X X X X Falco mexicanus Prairie Falcon W X x Falco columbarius Merlin M X X Falco sparverius American Kestrel P X X X X Tympanuchus cupido Greater Prairie Chicken P X X Colinus virginanus Bobwhite P X X X X X X x N-4 z z 0 z z r IA 0 z 0 ---m mmm Table 9.4.(continued) Scientific Name Charadrius vociferus Capella gallinago Actitis macularia Tringa melanoleucus Larus delawarensis ro Columba livia Zenaida macroura Coccyzus americanus Strigidae spp.Strix varia Chaetura pelagica Colaptes auratus Melanerpes carolinus Melanerpes erythrocephalus Picoides villosus Picoides pubescens Common Name Killdeer Common Snipe Spotted Sandpiper Greater Yellowlegs Ring-billed Gull Rockdove Mourning Dove Yellow-billed Cuckoo Owl spp.Barred Owl Chimney Swift Common Flicker Red-bellied Woodpecker Red-Headed Woodpecker Residencya Status S S S M M P P S P S P P P Community 1 2 x x 20-Mile Survey x Month Nay Jun Sep X X X x Nov Jan x x x x x x x x x X x N r m-i 0 z m z 0 z m z z 0 In En x x K x x K x x K x x X X K X x K x x X K x X X X K K K x x x x K x x x K x x K Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker P p x K x x K K x -~~~~~i M Table 9.4.(continued) F.-;Scientific Name Tyrannus tyrannus Muscivora forficata Myiarchus crinitus Sayornis phoebe Empidonax spp.Contopus virens Eremophila alpestris Iridoprocne bicolor Stelgidopteryx ruficollis Hirundo rustica Cyanocitta cristata Corvus brachyrhyncos Parus atricapillus Parus bicolor Sitta carolinensis Certhia familiaris Troglodytes aedon Common Name Eastern Kingbird Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Great Crested Flycatcher Eastern Phoebe Empidonax spp.Eastern Wood Pewee Horned Lark Tree Swallow Rough-winged Swallow Barn Swallow Blue Jay Common Crow Black-capped Chickadee Tufted Titmouse White-breasted Nuthatch Brown Creeper House Wren Residencya Status S S S S M S P M S S P P P P P W S Community 1 2 x x 20-Mile Survey x x x x x x x x x May X x X X x x X x X x x X X Jun x x X x X x X x X x X X K K K x Month Sep Nov Jan X X N-4 0 z in z 0 z z r z n in M K K x K x x K K x x x x X X X X X X X K x K K K K x K x K X m m m- --m- -m- -n-m m-n- -n Table 9.4.(continued) Scientific Name Mimus polyglottos Dumetella carolinensis Toxostoma rufum Turdus migratorius Hylocichla mustelina Sialia sialis Polioptila caerula Regulus satrapa Lanius ludovicianus Sturnus vulgaris Vireo olivaceus Vireo gilvus Dendroica petechia Dendroica cerulea Oporornis formosus Geotylypis trichas Wilsonia pusilla Common Name Mockingbird Gray Catbird Brown Thrasher American Robin Wood Thrush Eastern Bluebird Blue-grLy Gnatcatcher Golden-crowned Kinglet Loggerhead Shrike Starling Red-eyed Vireo Warbling Vireo Yellow Warbler Cerulean Warbler Kentucky Warbler Common Yellowthroat Wilson's Warbler Residencya Status P S S S S P S M P P S S S S S S M 20-Community Mile 1 2 Survey x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x Month May Jun Sep Nov Jan x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x t x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

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m -__ -Table 9.4.(continued) 4>20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Passer domesticus House Sparrow P X X X X X X Sturnella spp. Meadowlark spp. X X X X Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark P X X X X X X Sturnella neglecta Western Meadowlark P X X X Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus Yellow-headed Blackbird M X X Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird P X X X X X X X Icterus spurius Orchard Oriole S x X X X Icterus galbula Northern Oriole S X X X X Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle S X X X X X Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird P X X X X X X Cardinalis cardinalis Cardinal P X X X X X X X X Passerina cyanea Indigo Bunting S X X X X Spiza americana Dickcissel S X X X X Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch P X X X X X X X Ammodramus savannarum Grasshopper Sparrow S X X X X Chondestes grammacus Lark Sparrow S X X X X Junco hyemalis Dark-eyed Junco M X X X Spizella arborea Tree Sparrow W X X X X N F-4 0 z m z 0 z z z C)Tn to t

-m -m --m m m -m m m -m m- -m -Table 9.4.(continued) 20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Spizella passerina Chipping Sparrow S X x x Spizella pusilla Field Sparrow P X X X Zonotrichia querula Harris' Sparrow W X X X Zonotrichia leucophrys White-crowned Sparrow W X X X Melospiza melodia Song Sparrow W X X X X X X a M = Migrant, S = Summer resident, W = Winter resident, P = Permanent resident t N 0 z'B z 0 z z r LO rn z 0 m (0'-i-HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.5.Bird species observed Kansas, 1978 -1979.near John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Scientific Name Common Name Pelecanus erythrorhynchos Phalacrocorax auritus Ardea herodias Butorides striatus Anas discors Aix sponsa Buteo jamaicensis Circus cyaneus Pandion haliaetus Falco sparverius Colinus virginianus Fulica americana Charadrius vociferus Bartramia longicauda Actitis macularia Tringa melanoleucus Calidris melanotos Calidris bairdii Calidris pusillus Larus delawarensis Sterna caspia Chlidonias niger Zenaida macroura Bubo virginianus Chordeiles minor Melanerpes erythrocephalus Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus verticalis Muscivora forficata Iridoprocne bicolor Hirundo rustica Cyanocitta cristata Mimus polyglottos Dumeteila carolinensis Toxostoma rufum Turdus migratorius Lanius ludovicianus Sturnus vulgaris Passer domesticus Sturnella spp.Sturnella magna Agelaius phoeniceus Icterus galbula White Pelican Double-crested Cormorant Great Blue Heron Green Heron Blue-winged Teal Wood Duck Red-tailed Hawk Marsh Hawk Osprey American Kestrel Bobwhite American Coot Killdeer Upland Sandpiper Spotted Sandpiper Greater Yellowlegs Pectoral Sandpiper Baird's Sandpiper Semipalmated Sandpiper Ring-billed Gull Caspian Tern Black Tern Mourning Dove Great Horned Owl Common Nighthawk Red-headed Woodpecker Eastern Kingbird Western Kingbird Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Tree Swallow Barn Swallow Blue Jay Mockingbird Catbird Brown Thrasher American Robin Loggerhead Shrike Starling House Sparrow Meadowlark Eastern Meadowlark Red-winged Blackbird Northern Oriole 236 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.5.(continued) Scientific Name Common Name Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle Nolothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird Cardinalis cardinalis Cardinal Spiza americana Dickcissel Carduelis tristis American Goldfinch 237 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.6. The number of birds observed per hour in the north floodplain woods community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1978 -January 1979.Number Per Hour Species May Jun Sep Nov Jana Sharp-shinned Hawk 0.7 ---Red-tailed Hawk --1.0 1.3 Yellow-billed Cuckoo 3.5 --Owl spp. ---1.0 Barred Owl 0.7 -1.3 --Common Flicker --1.9 10.8 1.3 Red-bellied Woodpecker 3.3 4.5 4.4 16.7 9.3 Red-headed Woodpecker 1.3 -1.3 --Downy Woodpecker -1.0 0.6 5.9 8.0 Great Crested Flycatcher -2.0 ---Eastern Wood Pewee 3.3 5.0 1.9 --Blue Jay 3.3 1.5 3.8 3.9 6.7 Common Crow 2.7 0.5 -2.0 -Black-capped Chickadee 6.7 3.0 1.9 10.8 16.0 u fted Tin toituse 4.7 5.5 -3.9 1.3 hite-breasted Nuthatch -3.0 3.2 8.9 1.3 t'rown Creeper ---3.9 5.3 House Wren 8.0 22.5 --Cray Catbird 1.3 ---Brown Thrasher --1.0 -Americani Robin ---14.8 -Blue-gray Gnatcatcher -1.5 ---Colden-crowned Kinglet ---1.0 Red-eyed Vireo -4.0 --Cerulean Warbler 2.5 --Kentucky Warbler 0.7 ---Wilson's Warbler 0.7 ....Northern Oriole 0.7 ---Cardinal 2.0 4.0 1.3 3.9 1.3 Indigo Bunting 3.0 ---'ro Lt1. 40.0 67.0 21.5 89.5 52.0 a Partial census due to weather conditions. 7 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.7.The number of birds observed per hour in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1978 -January 1979.Number Per Hour Species May Jun Sep Nov Jan Red-tailed Hawk 2.1 0.9 0.8 3.7 2.0 Marsh Hawk --1.6 -5.0 Bobwhite 0.7 2.8 31.2 42.9 1.0 Killdeer 0.7 4.6 2.4 --Common Snipe --0.8 --Mourning Dove 4.9 4.6 9.6 91.8 -Common Flicker -0.9 1.6 1.2 -Red-bellied Woodpecker

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1.0 Red-headed Woodpecker 0.7 ---Downy Woodpecker

---1.2 Eastern Kingbird 3.5 9.2 --Horned Lark --2.4 -Barn Swallow 0.7 2.8 1.6 -Blue Jay 0.7 -2.4 -1.0 Common Crow --2.4 -2.0 Black-capped Chickadee ---3.0 House Wren 0.7 ---Mockingbird -0.9 0.8 -Brown Thrasher 1.4 ---American Robin 0.7 0.9 --Starling --19.2 --Meadowlark spp. ---47.8 22.0 Eastern Meadowlark 7.1 7.4 2.4 2.4 -Western Meadowlark ---1.2 Yellow-headed Blackbird --2.4 -Red-winged Blackbird 3.5 9.2 10.4 200.8 Common Grackle 12.0 ---Brown-headed Cowbird 3.5 -44.8 24.5 -Cardinal 1.4 1.8 --6.0 Dickcissel -14.8 --American Goldfinch ---2.4 Grasshopper Sparrow 0.7 .-Tree Sparrow ---6.1 Chipping Sparrow 3.5 .-Song Sparrow 0.7 ---Total 49.4 60.9 136.8 426.1 43.0 239 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.8.Number of species, birds per hour, and species diversity of avifauna recorded in two coinimnities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1974 -January 1979.Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan North Floodplain Woods Number of Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 18 23 26 16 15 12 9 20 18 16 12 11 15 16 10 9 11 17 12 15 10 20 14 12 10 Birds per Hour 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Species Diversity 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 37.3 72.6 58.0 48.0 40.0 22.7 8.0 110.8 90.0 67.0 26.0 15.7 71.9 68.0 21.5 18.7 39.2 441.3 60.0 89.5 17.3 97.9 143.3 51.9 52.0 2.63 2.74 2.91 2.57 2.39 2.35 2.11 2.56 2.45 2.35 2.30 2.09 2.32 2.35 2.16 1.89 2.21 0.98 2.33 2.36 1.96 2.67 2.25 2.21 1.93 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Number of Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Birds per Hour 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 21 14 14 13 19 17 11 19 16 13 13 3 17 14 17 15 5 10 12 12 12 15 2 12 9 69.6 68.7 75.0 82.8 49.4 63.3 29.6 122.0 76.3 60.9 239.0 11.4 88.7 84.8 136.8 176.0 82.4 139.0 56.5 426. 1 274.0 157.8 7.5 141.0 43.0 240 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Table 9.8.O (continued) Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan Species Diversity 1974 2.66 2.62 1.53 1.98 1.47 1975 2.13 2.14 1.01 0.85 1.81 1976 2.20 2.45 2.16 1.50 0.45 1977 2.20 2.22 1.65 2.04 1.82 1978 2.49 2.20 2.03 1.54 1.60 241 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.9.Number of avian species and individuals observed along the 2 0-mile wildlife survey route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1973 -January 1979.Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan Number of Species 1973 37 a 27 37 a 1974 42 45 43 35 31 1975 45 41 42 34 33 1976 55 55 46 40 26b 1977 50 53 34 52 35 1978 50 48 35 40 23b Number of Individuals 1973 471 a 530 1806 a 1974 837 955 1288 2104 5218 1975 1452 1065 678 2568 2242 1976 1146 1198 768 1618 5 3 0 b 1977 931 788 388 2905 1712 1978 1792 2247 550 2692 1063b aNot censused.bpartial census, several miles not included.242 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.10.Quail call counts along a 20-mile census route Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.near Wolf Creek May 16 17 June 21 22 Mile 1 2 3 4 5 3 1 2 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 4 2 I I I.I I I I I I Io I 6 1 7 2 2 3 8 9 1 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 3 1 2 2 2 27 Total 6 18 27 243 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.11.Composite species list of herpetofauna observed near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Scientific Name Common Name Terrapene ornata Ornate box turtle Cnemidophorus

s. sexlineatus Six-lined racerunner Bufo americanus American toad Bufo w. woodhousei Woodhouse's toad Acris crepitans blanchardi Blanchard's cricket frog Pseudacris

t. triseriata Western chorus frog Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog 244 R ---m -m mim mm mm mm Table 9.12.Seasonal and community distribution of reptiles and amphibians recorded near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1978.Type of Number Location/Species Month Observation Observed North Floodplain Woods American toad June Sight 2 Bullfrog June Sight 2 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Ornate box turtle May Sight 3 June Sight 10 September Sight 2 Six-lined racerunner June Sight 2 John Redmond Reservoir Ornate box turtle June Roadkill 1 Woodhouse's toad June Chorus Several Blanchard's cricket frog June Chorus Several Bullfrog June Chorus Several 20-Mile Survey Route American toad May Chorus Several Woodhouse's toad June Chorus Several Blanchard's cricket frog May Chorus Several June Chorus Several Western chorus frog May Chorus Several N-4 0 z m z 0 z K z F-(a z 0*m U) 57 Please provide a copy of State of Kansas, 1977b and State of Kansas, 1977c as presented in Enclosure 1 to WM 06-0046 (November 17, 2006).

-Falb, Its.r-7 e Kilt 4 KANSAS GAS AND 1UECTRIC COMPANY ow I~~~ P. 0 box M06 Withold. hanIses 67201 Mir. 4.33 a II kor Soptember 28, 1982 KLK 82-689 Rat Wolf Creek Generatinq Station Y Attached for your infnrmation and the Itnortant Docunent File are Water AnpropriatJon Certificates No.. 050J0 and No. 8581. under .ater Riqht Files No. 14626 and No. 19882 as they'vertain to the Wolf Creek c-enerating Station.You will note these Certificatee were recorded in. the Regzister of Deeds Office of Coffey Co'inty. Xansav., on September 22, 1982.GUENN L. KOESTER GLK :bb Attach cc$ DMhcPhoe.e v/a JI~ulholland, :v/A WC11a'man/m~oster. w/a HLRIves, * /a NIFPinkstaff, w/a 1'.Yohns on, v/a Gea. KANSAS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF WATEIf RESOt'CES IIARLAND FV. PRIDDI.E* (:i E. GIIBSON. Chhi,.{ .. Srne-uy 1W"I) SW Niuth SlM".,,*:=,. K.,.1., .--= * .August 31, 1982 W(913) 29&3.717 etansas Gas'and Electric Company " 9L1 201 North Market Street ?P.O, Box 208 .. .wichita, Kansas 67201 'Or ATTERrTIC: Norman F. Pinkstaff, Superintendent of Fuel and Plant Construction -- R: Water Right File No. 14,626'

Dear Mr. Pinkstaff:

.There is enclosed a Certificate of Appropriation for Beneficial Use* of Water perfected under the above-referenced file.-The Water Appropriation Act requires that the original certificate of. appropriation shall be recorded in the office of the. Register of Deeds in the county.or counties wherein the point of diversion is located as other instruments affecting real estate. You should record the certificate in the Register of Deeds office at your earliest conven-C)o ience so that it becomes a matter of record to protect your right. A duplicate copy of the certificate has been placed on file in this o: office. .o According to information on file in this office, Kansas Gas and Electric Company is the owner of the project to which this. water right is appurtenant. Based on this information all future correspondence pertinent .tO the above-referenced file will be directed to you unless we.re otherwise advised.As a matter of information, the Water Appropriation Act was wanrxded on January 1, 1978, thereby requiring water users to operate within the terms, limitations and conditions of existing water rights.Records to indicate the amount- of water used should be furnished to the Chief Engineer-Director .as soon as possible after the close of each calendar year so that the continued use of water becomes a matter of record in this office..Should you have any questions, or if we can be of any assistance to you, please feel free to contact our office.Very truly yours"Wren D. Lutz Hydrologist , WDL:CI:spb Enc.11w ... .4 ii.-. I ..Ir.. ..%

• I nd9 ..r1 .Ir.w- l cni,4 .-,4#4 THE STATE OF KANSAS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF. WATER RESOURCES IHartand E. Prkldle, 5Ygc*"#., CuY E. Cibsf. Ci E.a9W@nDfrta CERTIFICATE OF APPROPRIATION FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF WATER WATER RICHr. ritk Its 14,626 1o`lMY DATZE February 21, 1968.." \YmmWAS. it h ear h en bti.mincui by the tuldersign'td that con trslti in,, cof tlw appropriatinn diversinani'wwks hai been omnphitei.

that wnter has bien imcd for bcnefitial ptirposes and thRt the appropriatiom right hats been perfetted, all in wonfinmity with the conditions of approval of the application pursuant to *the Wa.ei right referred to above and in conformity with the laws of the State of Kansas.Now, TnErOrE, Be It Known that GUY E. CIBSON, the duly appointed, qualified and acting Chief Engineer.Director of the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, by authority of the laws of the State of Kansas, and particularly K.S.A. 892-714. does hereby certify *that, subject'to vested rights and prior appropriation rights, the appropriatm is entitled to make use of natural flows in the Neosho River.to be diverted at a point located near the center of the East Half of the.Northwest Quarter of the Northwest Quarter (Eh NV1% NW N) of Section 10, more particularly -described as being near a point 4,450 feet North and 4,485 feet West of the South-east Corner of said Section, in Township 21 South, Range 15 East, Coffey County.Kansas, at a diversion. rate not in excess of 24,685 gallons per minute (55.0c.f.s.) and in a quantity not to exceed 18,796.4 acre-feet per calendar year which may be transported by means' of a pipeline and stored in a reservoir Identified as Wolf Creek Generating Station Cooling Lake, created by.a dam located on Wolf Creek at a point in the Southwest Quarter of the Southwest Quarter of the Northeast Quarter (SW% SW6"- NEJI)of Section 30, Township. 21 South, Range 16 East. Coffey County. Kansas, and subse-quently withdrawn or released as needed for industrial use at the-Wolf'Creek Steam Electric Generating Station located in the Northeast Quarter (NEL.) of Section 7.Township 21 South, Range 16 East, Coffey County. Kansas.* This appropriation is further limited to the diversion of natural flows of the Neosho River at such times and under such conditions that a minimum flow of 250 cubic feet per second (c.f.s.) remains in said river irrnediately downstream from the point of diversion authorized for the diversion of water for industrial use at the location described herein. When the natural flows in the Neosho River are 250 cubic feet per stcond or less at the intake structure, the. appropriator may request'permissionof the Chief Engineer-Director to withdraw the natural flows not needed to satisfy vested* )%lH 1.4,I .OVIfRj q rights, prior appropriations, and prior applications for permit to appropriate water for beneficial use. The Chief Engineer-Director may permit the roquested withdrawal ..of such natural flows to the extent it is found to be in the public interest.I.The appropriator shall furnish the Chief Engineer-Director a copy of the notice or schedule of releases (withdrawal) of water from John Redmond Reservoir any time said. infonration is provided to the Director, Kansas Water Office, pursuant to Articie 10 of Water Purchase ContractNo. 76-2, executed March 13, 1976.' *The appropriator shall maintain records from which the quantity.of water actually* diverted during each calendar year maybe readily. determined. Such records shall be. *furnished to the Chief Engineer-Director by March I of each year following the previous.calendar year of.usage.* The appropriation right as perfected is appurtenant to and aeverable from the land herein described. The appropriation right shall be deemed abandoned and shall tcrnminate when without due and sufficient cause no lawful beneficial use is made of water under this appropriation for three '(3) successive yeam.The right of the appropriator shall relate to a specific quantity of water and such right must allow for a reasonable raising or lowering of the static water level and for the reasonable increase or decrease of tin stream Siow at the appropriato's point of diverslo.IN Wrrwr.m Wsawiuio, I have hereunto set my hand st my office at.Topeka. Kansas, this 31st day of.August ,1982 STATE OF KANSAS. Shawnee IrP VV.r!;O Brih Rr.m:wnkm:ls. That on this 31st day of August A.D. 19S2. Inefoe me, the und'rsigied, a notary public in and for said County and State, came Cuy E. Cibson, Chief Fngineer-Diret.ur. Division of Water Resources of th,c Kansas State Board of Agriculture, who is personially known to.mn tit he such duly appointed, qualified and acting official, and who is personally known to me to ie tlhe same inerson who executed the within instrument of writing as such official and such perstm duly acknowledged the execution of the same as such Chief Engineer-Director. IN WHEREOF. I have hereunto set my hand and affixed my official seal, the day and year last.above written. O lt ps%Signature7 C -. .Denise J. Wate~ Notary Public My I*1.3 I'3 I'3 I.3 a I I I I I:1 I 3.0.&n Co *W X r. W a I Z'd* * *.** * *.* "' ..1..V-u I C 0 C S..us&A1 C.b.C6 In0 5.".aj-.5 S;LI.1 V.I ,,q* ' ,9 I-KANSAS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE. DIVISION OF %VATF:r RESOURCES IIAML4NI I. IiII)DLE GUY IV. ( .1SON.a.Ch SirDi 109 SW V.'inth Stree Tlw, I l,¢- 2-12R. "" I 14,3) 2'1071J7i August 31, 1982.Kansas Gas and Electric Comrny 201 North'Market Street P.O. Box 208 Wichita, Kansas 67201 T ".AITEMTCN: Norman F. Pinkstaff, Superintendent of Fuel and Plant Construction RE: Water Right File No. 19,882

Dear Mr. Pinkstaff:

C, M M 0*There is enclosed a Certificate of Appropriation for Beneficial Use.of Water perfected under the above-referenced file.The Water Appropriation Act requires that the original certificate of appropriation shall be recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds in the county or counties wherein the point of diversion is located as other instruments affecting real estate. You should record the certificate in the Register of Deeds office at your earliest conven-ience so that it becomes a matter of record to. protect your right. A duplicate copy of the certificate has been placed on file in this office.tN According to information on Electric Company is the owner of is appurtenant. Based on this pertinent to the aboive-referenced are otherwise advised.file in this office, Kansas Gas and the project to which this water. right information all future correspondence file will be directed to you unless we As a matter of information, the Water Appropriation Act was amended on January 1, 1978, thereby requiring water users to operate.within the.terms, limitaticns and conditions of existing water rights.Records to indicate the amount of water used should be furnished: to the Chief Engineer-Director as. soon as possible after the close of each calendar year so that the continued use of water becomes a matter of record in this office.Should you have any questions, or if we can be of any assistance to you, please feel free to contact our office.Very truly yours, Warren 0. Lutz Hydrologist WDL:CI:spb Enc.! .%,. ..I .l H -1%,,~ 1.., ., M. A ) .al ,0 QI l..* l.t m I.i.: I0 'm~ ,, .8,, I" III ,I OF W a4 -THE STATE OF KANSAS1 1972.* ....STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE* DIVISION OF WATER RESOURICES I.etsu,..r ,eS.rrg..Cu .Cis , .*11 ,, am D* -CERTIFICATE OF APPROPRIATION." FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF WATER ..wATER RtGHT, N.. 19,882. , PRIomrTy December 19, 1972 ..:, WIIF.£AS, It hai been determined by the undersigned that construction of the appinprlatInh diversion works has been eomnpletcd, that water has been used for bene.ficial purposes and that the appinprlation right has been perfected. all in ennfnrnily with the con'ditions of approval of the application pursuant to .the water rightht referred to above and in confonnity with the laws of the State of Kansas.Now, TiIER-sroRE, Be.It Known that GUY E. GIBSON, the duly appointed, qualified and acting Chief Enginee7-Director of the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture. by authority of the laws ofthe State of Kansas, and particularly K.S.A. 82a-714, does hereby certify that, subject to vested rights and prior appropriation rights, the appropriator Is entitled to make use of natural flows in the Neosho River ,to be diverted at a point located near the center of the East Half of. the.Northwest Quarter of the Northwest Quarter (Eig NWIA NW's). of Section 10, more particularly described as being near a point 4,450 feet North and 4,485 feet West of the South-east Corner of. said Section, in'Township 21 South, Range 15 East, Coffey County, Kansas, at a diversion rate not in excess of 76,300 gallons per minute (170.0 c.f.s.)and in a quantity not to exceed 35,120.24 acre-feet. per calender year which may be transported by means of a pipeline and stored in a reservoir identified as Wolf Creek Generating Station Cooling Lake, created by a dam located on Wolf Creek at a point in* the Southwest Quarter of the Southwest Quarter of the Northeast-Quarter (SW% SW',.aNE%) of Section 30, Township 21 South, Range 16 East, Coffey County, Kansas, and subse-quently withdrawn or released as needed for industrial use at the. Wolf Creek Steam Electric Generating Station located in the Northeast Quarter (NEQ) of Section 7, Township 21 South,: Range 16 East. Coffey County, Kansas.This appropriation right is further limited to a diversion rate which when combined with the water right set forth in the Certificate of Appropriation issued.pursuant to File No. 14,626, will provide a diversion rate not in excess of 76,300 gallons per minute (170.0 c.f.s.) for industrial use at the location described herein.This appropriation is further limited to the. diversion of natural flows of the Neosho River at such .tiines and under such conditions that a minimum flow of 250 cubic I)Wt I 4101 U pr Vw" secono tc.f.s.) remains in sali r ver itmmediatel ,ownstream from the point*.-o~f diversion ajthQ~i~z@i e 'iv.rsibn 9 AteR for in~ltrial use at the location"describdd herein. When natural flows in the Neosho River are 250 cubic feet per" second or less at the intake structure, the appropriator may request permission of the*Chief Engineer-Director to withdraw the natural flows not needed to satisfy vested* rights, prior appropriations, and prior applications for permit to appropriate water for beneficial use. The Chief Engineer-Director may oermit the requested withdrawal of such natural flows to the extent it is found to be in the public interest.The appropriator shall furnish the Chief Engineer-Di rector a copy of the notice* or schedule of releases (withdrawal) of water from John Redmond Reservoir any time said information is provided to the Director, Kansas Water Office, pursuant to Article.10 of Water Purchase Contract No. 76-2, executed March 13, 1976.The appropriator shall maintain records from which the quantity of water actually divertedduring each calendar year may be readily determined. Such records shall be furnished to the Chief Engineer-Director by March 1 of each year following the previous calendar year of usage.* The appropriation right as perfected is appurtenant to and severable from the land herein described. The appropriation right shall be deemed abandoned and shall terminate when without due and sufficient cause no lawful beneficial use is made of water under this appropriation for three (3) successive yea.The right of the appropriator shall relate to a specifc quantity of water and such right must allow for a reasonable raising or lowering of the static water level and for the reasonable increase or decrease of the stream flow at the appropriator's point of diversimos Is Wmrs W Riwr, I have hereunto set my hand at my office at Topeka, Kansas, this 31st day of August.1982.STATE OF KANSAS. Shawnee Br IT That on this- 31st day of August A.D. 19 82. below me. the undersigned, a notary public in and for said County and State, came Cuy E. Cibson. Chief Engineer-Director, Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, who is personally.

• known to me to be such July appointed.

qu-lified and acting official. and who is personally known to me to be the same. per'on who executed the within instrument of writing as such official and such person duly acknowledged the execution of the same as such Chief Engineer-Director. IN TESTIMONY WHEREOF. I have hereunto set my hand and afifxed my official seal, the day and year last above written. ,,u;"e,,.Signs. ni.a rN b Denise Jl. Waterss Notary Public 1986 I'I I'I I I A.6 ii I I.3 I A I r~O I,-z d-- -4,§.~ ~z 0* *,"5'p 'p-.5'I d.ii e4 I ESi I V --)I f THE STATE OF KANSAS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES N\. V. N I ). is a , Secretary (:uv 1-1. G;il'sol. C/ .... Fni APPROVAL OF APPLICATION p and PERMIT TO PROCEED (This Is Not a Certificate of Appropriation) This is to certify that I have examined Application No. 20,275 of the applicant Kansas Gas and Electric Company 201 North Market Street Wichita, Kansas 67201 for a permit to appropriate water to beneficial use, together with the maps, plans and other submitted data, and that the application is hereby approved and the appl-.. 'cant is hereby authorized, subject to vested rights *and prior appropriations, to proceed with the construction of the proposed diversion works and to proceed with all steps necessary for the application of the water to the approved and proposed beneficial use and otherwise perfect the proposed appropriation subject to the following terms, conditions and limitations:

1. That the priority, date assigned to such application is March 2, 1973.2. That the water sought to be appropriated shall be used for industrial pur-poses at the Wolf Creek steam electric generating station located in the Northeast Quarter (NE,) of Section 7, Township 21 South, Range 16 East, in Coffey County, Kansas, substantially as shown on a drawing identified as SK-24 accompanying the application.

3. That the source from which the appropriation is made shall be from surface water in Wolf Creek to be impounded in the Wolf Creek Generating Station Cooling Lake created by a dam across Wolf Creek at a point in the Southwest Quarter of the South-west Quarter of the Northeast Quarter (SW!4 SW% NE-4) of Section 30, Township 21 South, Range 16 East, in Coffey County, Kansas, located substantially as shown on drawing SK-20 accompanying the application.

'. That the appropriation sought shall be all natural /flows of Wolf Creek, not needed to satisfy vested rights, prior appropriation rights, and prior appplications for permit to appropriate water, originating upstream from a clam located as stated in Paragraph No. 3 above, to be accumulated in an amount not to exceed 40,000 acre-feet per calendar year and stored below elevation 1088 feet mean sea level in the Wolf Creek Generating Station Coolinq Lake created by said clam and subsequently withdrawn as needed for use in the construction, operation and maintenance of the Wolf Creek steam electric generating station located as stated in Paragraph No. 2 above.5. That installation of works for diversion of water shall be completed on or before December 31, 1979. The applicant shall notify the Chief Engineer of the Division of Water Resources when construction of the works has been completed. If the proposed diversion works cannot be completed within the limit of time allowed, the Chief Engineer shall for good cause shown by the applicant allow an extension of time.6. That the proposed appropriation shall be perfected by the actual application of water to the proposed beneficial use on or before December 31, 1985. If the pro-posed appropriation cannot be perfected within the limit of time allowed, the Chief Engineer shall for good cause shown by the applicant allow an extension of time.7. That the applicant shall maintain records from which the quantily of water actually diverted during each calendar year may be readily determined. Such records shall be furnished to the Chief Engineer as soon as practicable after thI close of each calendar year.8. That the applicant shall not be deemed to have acquired a water appropriation for a quantity in excess of the amount approved herein nor in excess of the amount found by the Chief Engineer to have been actually used for the approved purpose during one calendar year subsequent to approval of the application and within the time specified or any authorized extension thereof.9. That the use of water herein authorized shall not impair any use under existing water rights nor prejudicially and unreasonably affect the -ut1 ic interest.10. That the right of the appropriator shall relate to a specific quantity of water and such right must allow for a reasonable raising or lowering of the static water level and for the reasonable increase or decrease of the streamfilow at the appropriator's point of diversion.

11. That this permit does not consti tute authority under K.S.A. 82a-301 to 305 to construct any dam or other obstruction; it does not give any right-of-way, or authorize any injury to or trespass upon, public or private property; it does not obviate the necessity of obtaining assent from Federal or Local Governmental authorities when necessary.

12. That failure without cause to comply with provisions of the permit and its terms, conditions and limitations will result in the forfeiture of the priority date, revocation of the permit and dismissal of the application.

13. That the Chief Engineer specifically retains jurisdiction in this matter with authority to make such reasonable reductions in the approved rates of diversion and quantities authorized to be perfected and such changes in other terms, conditions and limitations set forth in this approval of application and permit to proceed as may be deemed to be in the public interest.Dated this 4th day of August 19 77 Y E. GSON Guy ,GibsW, Chief Engineer Division of Water Resources KansastState Board of Agriculture 0 AG THE STATE OF KANSAS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCESBrownback, Secretaoy David L. Pope, Chief Engineer CERTIFICATE OF APPROPRIATION FOR BENEFICIAL USE OF WATER WATER RIGHT, File No. 20,275 PRIORITY DATE March 2, 1973 WHEREAS, It has been determined by the under-signed that construction of the appropriation diversion works has been completed, that water has been used for beneficial purposes and that the appropriation right has been perfected, all in conformity with the conditions of approval of the application pursuant to the water right referred to above and in conformity with the laws of the State of Kansas.NOW, THEREFORE, Be It Known that DAVID L POPE, the duly appointed, qualified and acting Chief Engineer of the Division of Water Resources of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, by authority of the laws of the State of Kansas, and partielilrly K..A. 82 -71 does herelin, certify that, subject to vested rights and prior appropriation rights, the alrpropriator is entitled to make use Oral r, ural tI ows Or Wolf Creek not needed to satisfy vested rights and prior appropriation rights to be accumulated in a reservoir, identified as Wolf Creek Generating Station Cooling Lake, created by a dam which crosses Wolf Creek at a point in the Southwest Quarter of the Southwest Quarter of the Northeast Quarter (SW, SWh NEh) in Section 30, more particularly described as being near a point 3,185 feet North and 2,030 feet West of the Southeast corner of said section, in Township 21 South, Range 16 West, Coffey County, Kansas, in a quantity not to exceed 22,894 acre-feet per calendar year, below elevatiion 1,088.0 mean sea level for industrial use as needed in the construction, operation and maintenance of the Wolf Creek Steam Electric Generating Station located in the Northeast Quarter (NE,), Section 7, Township 21 South, Range 16 East, Coffey County, Kansas.This appropriation right is further limited to a quantity which when combined with the water right set forth in the Certificate of Appropriation issued pursuant to File No. 14,626 and the water right set forth in the Certificate of Appropriation issued pursuant to File No. 19,882 will provide a quantity not to exceed 69,480 acre-feet per calendar year for industrial use at the location described herein.DWR 1-400 (Rev. 02/14,90) (OVER)

The appropriator shall maintain in an operating condition, satisfactory to the Chief Engineer, all check valves installed for preventing chemical or other foreign substance pollution of the water supply.The appropriator shall maintain records from which the quantity of water actually diverted during each calendar year may be readily determined. Such records shall be furnished to the Chief Engineer by March 1 following the end of the previous calendar year.The appropriation right shall be deemed abandoned and shall terminate when without due and sufficient cause no lawful beneficial use is made of water under this appropriation for three (3) successive years.The right of the appropriator shall relate to a specific quantity of water and such right must allow for a reasonable raising or lowering of the static water level and for the reasonable increase or decrease of the stream flow at the appropriator's point of diversion. IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand at. my offjctý --T. ka, Kai'sas, this 5th day of August 1991 D01L-POPE ~ l I"" ". lDavid L Pope, P.E.-~ i*Gi~~ ~Chief Engineer Division of Water Resources S Kansas State Board of Agriculture STATF OF KANSAS, Shawnee COUNTY, ss. -, The foregoing instrument was acknowledged before me this 5tfldayof August ,1991 , by David L. Pope, P.E., Chief Engineer,.Dimgtlaof Water Resources, Kansas State Board of Agriculture. ,-. " 5 I.......", 1'A OIL,, Signature: .x -Notary Public c.r fl pires:3-i- " z U C.- Z L0.n'- C\J:0-~C\j 0 k. .0 Z o CýC z l CC U, 0 _ . KANSAS STATE BOARD OF AGRICULTURE C(ARY L. IAILL., Acting SctdiT DIVISION OF WATER RESOURCES 901 S. Kansas Avenue, Second Floor TOPEKA, K-.kNSs 66612-1283 DA\ID L. POPE, Chief Engineer-Director Resptnd to: (913) 296-3717 FAX: (913) 296-1176 KANSAS GAS & ELECTRIC CO August 5, 1991 P 0 BOX 208 WICHITA KS 67201 Re: Water Right File No. 20,275 Ladies and Gentlemen: There is enclosed a Certificate of Appropriation for Beneficial Use of Water perfected under the above referenced file. The Water Appropriation Act requires that the original certificate of appropriation shall be recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds in the county or counties wherein the point of diversion is located as other instruments affecting real estate. You should record the certificate in the Register of Deeds office at your earliest convenience so that it becomes a matter of record to protect your right. A duplicate copy of the certificate has been placed on file in this office.Please note, per your request by letter dated May 10, 1991, the wording in the certificate of appropriation regarding the dam location and the use made of water have been modified. Please review the wording carefully and submit any further comments in writing to this office within thirty (30) days 6f receipt of this letter.According to information on file in this office, Kansas Gas & Electric Co.is the owner of the project to which this water right is appurtenant. Information in this office indicates all future correspondence pertinent to the above referenced file should be directed to you. We understand that water use report forms are to be directed to Kansas Gas & Electric -Nuclear. If the above mentioned information is incorrect please notify this office.As a matter of information, the Water Appropriation Act was amended on January 1, 1978, thereby requiring water users to operate within the terms, limitations and conditions of existing water rights.Records to indicate the amount of water used should be furnished to the Chief Engineer by March I following the end of the previous calendar year so that the continued use of water becomes a matter of record in this office.The Division of Water Resources administers laws relating to dams. levees, channel modifcations. floodplains management. water rights, consenation. KANSAS GAS & ELECTRIC CO Page 2 File No. 20,275 Should you have any questions, please feel free to contact our office.If you wish to refer to a specific file, please reference it when you contact US.Sincerely, Guy Ellis Hydrologist GE:DPM:jt Enc.PC: Topeka Field Office 2?V FCREEK-'N CLA"OPERATING CORPORATION AP 26A-006 WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE NEOSHO RIVER AND JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Responsible Manager.Manager Operations Revision Number OA Use Category Reference Administrative Controls.Procedure No Management Oversight Evolution No Program Number 26A DC38 6/9/2006 Revision: OA WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE NEOSHO AP 26A-006 RIVER AND JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Reference Use Page 1 of 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION TITLE PAGE 1.0 PURPOSE 2 2.0 SCOPE 2

3.0 REFERENCES

AND COMMITMENTS 2 4.0 DEFINITIONS 2 5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES 2 6.0 PROCEDURE 4 7.0 RECORDS 6 8.0 FORMS 6 Revision: OA WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE NEOSHO AP 26A-006 RIVER AND JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Reference Use Page 2 of 6 1.0 PURPOSE 1.1 This procedure describes the requirements and preconditions for Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) for withdrawal of water from the Neosho River and the John Redmond Reservoir water supplies through the Wolf Creek Generating Station Makeup Screenhouse of the Cooling Lake Makeup Water and Blowdown System.2.0 SCOPE 2.1 This procedure governs obtaining water usage reports and required limitations pertaining to withdrawal of water from the Neosho River and John Redmond Reservoir.

3.0 REFERENCES

AND COMMITMENTS 3.1 References 3.1.1 Water Purchase Contract No. 76-2, Between the State of Kansas, Kansas Water Resources Board, Kansas Gas and Electric Company and Kansas City Power and Light Company 3.1.2 Approval of Application and Permit to Proceed, from the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources, for Application No. 19,882, dated August 4, 1977 3.1.3 Approval of Application and Permit to Proceed, from the Kansas State Board of Agriculture, Division of Water Resources, for Application No. 14,626, dated August 4, 1977 3.2 Commitments 3.2.1 None 4.0 DEFINITIONS 4.1 None 5.0 RESPONSIBILITIES 5.1 The Operations Section is responsible for the following: 5.1.1 Obtaining daily reservoir level, outflow, inflow, tail water level and precipitation. 5.1.2 Calculating amounts of water taken under permits and contract on a monthly basis. This information will be submitted to Western Resources -Manager, Power Contract Administration. Revision: OA WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE NEOSHO AP 26A-006 RIVER AND JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Reference Use Page 3 of 6 5.1.3 Exchanging information between WCGS, John Redmond Reservoir personnel, Western Resources, and the Kansas Division of Water Resources personnel in order that release rates and pumping rates may be scheduled as far ahead as possible.5.1.4 Reporting estimates of usage (pumping rates and quantities) to Western Resources -Manager, Power Contract Administration in accordance with Section 6.1.5.1.5 Determining if release rates are adequate for desired pumping rate. If release rates are inadequate, exchange information between WCGS, John Redmond Reservoir personnel, Western Resources, and Kansas Division of Water Resources personnel to determine if John Redmond Reservoir personnel will increase their release rates or WCGS will open their bypass valve. Revision: OA WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE NEOSHO AP 26A-006 RIVER AND JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Reference Use Page 4 of 6 6.0 PROCEDURE 6.1 Usage Reports 6.1.1 Daily Usage Reports may be telephoned to Western Resources -Manager, Power Contract Administration, as requested. Usage periods will be on a midnight-to-midnight basis..6.1.2 Withdrawal rates and volumes shall be calculated based on the Aux. Raw Water Pumps and/or Makeup Pumps run time and pump flow curves or the makeup pipe flow totalizer readings. This information will be gathered and calculated by the Operations Section Personnel.

1. IF John Redmond Reservoir release rates are inadequate and the bypass valve needs to be opened (see Step 5.1.5), THEN the water rates and volumes shall be determined by the flow totalizer readings on the bypass line. This information will be gathered by the Engineering Section personnel.

6.2 At least weekly, a member of the Operations Section will call the Corps of Engineers for the following information: 6.2.1 Reservoir Level 6.2.2 Tailwater Level 6.2.3 Reservoir Outflow 6.2.4 Reservoir Inflow 6.2.5 Precipitation 6.3 For accumulation of data needed in Sections 6.1 and 6.2, APF 26A-006-01, DAILY COOLING LAKE MAKEUP WATER REPORT will be used.6.4 Data collected and recorded in Section 6.1 and 6.2 will be utilized by the Operations Section to calculate and record the amounts of water taken under Permits and Contract Daily on APF 26A-006-02, WATER USAGE DATA SHEET. This information shall be transmitted during the first 10 days of each month to Western Resources -Manager, Power Contract Administration, for forwarding to the Kansas State Board of Agriculture -Division of Water Resources. 6.5 Schedules for withdrawal for each following year must be submitted to Western Resources -Manager, Power Contract Administration, for forwarding to the Kansas Water Resources Board for approval by March 15 each year to cover the period from October 1 through the following September

30.

Revision: OA WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE NEOSHO AP 26A-006 RIVER AND JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Reference Use Page 5 of 6 6.6 Whenever withdrawal at a rate different from that originally scheduled and approved is anticipated, the Kansas Water Resources Board will be advised of such withdrawal at least two working days prior to withdrawal. 6.7 The Kansas Water Resources Board should be called and notified prior to initiation of any significant pumping, but not for daily changes in various pumping lineups.6.8 The Manager Operations is responsible for coordinating with System Operations (Western Resources), prior to scheduling pumping, to optimize the use and distribution of electrical power.6.9 The Kansas Division of Water Resources should be notified by phone when pumping authority shifts from Water Purchase Contract No. 76-2 to Water Rights under Application No.'s 14,626 and 19,882.6.10 Abnormal Conditions: If any measuring device fails to register for any period, the amount of water withdrawn during such period shall be determined by the most accurate method available. 6.11 Limitations 6.11.1 Whenever outflow from the John Redmond Reservoir is equal to or less than 250 cfs, water may be pumped under authority of Water Purchase Contract No. 76-2 or under authority of Water Permits (Application No.'s 14,626 and 19,882) with a waiver from the Kansas Division of Water Resources. During this condition, whenever water is being pumped under authority of Water Purchase Contract No. 76-2, withdrawal from the reservoir will not exceed a running average rate of 26.499 million gallons per day, (equivalent to 41 cfs averaged over a 24 hour period) or such other rates of flow as agreed to by the Executive Director of Kansas Water Resources Board, the Corps of Engineers,, and the Kansas Division of Water Resources. The running average rate will be calculated on a quarterly basis. Revision: 0A WITHDRAWAL OF WATER FROM THE NEOSHO AP 26A-006 RIVER AND JOHN REDMOND RESERVOIR Reference Use Page 6 of 6 6.11.2 Whenever outflow from John Redmond Reservoir is greater than 250 cfs, water may be pumped under authority of Water Permits (Application No.'s 14,626, and 19,882)while allowing 250 cfs to pass on downstream. During this condition withdrawal rate may be increased over the running average rate of 26.449 million gallons by an amount equal to the daily inflow rate in excess of the senior water rights and water quality requirements. The running average rate will be calculated on a quarterly basis. Limits in Step 6.11.1 may be exceeded up to a maximum withdrawal rate of 77.558 million gallons per day (equivalent to 120 cfs averaged over a 24 hour period) or such other rates of flow as agreed to by the Executive Director of Kansas Water Resources Board, the Corps of Engineers, and the Kansas Division of Water Resources. 6.11.3 No makeup water should be pumped when the cooling lake pool elevation is at or above the normal operating level of 1087.0 feet. Refrain from pumping during the hot months of the summer, or during drought conditions, or when Wolf Creek is off line for long periods. Avoid running the makeup pumps during the cold winter months, when shad impingement is a problem. The pumps should be run in the spring to raise lake level to 1087.0 feet prior to the beginning of the hot summer months. The pumps should be shutoff during July and August. If needed the pumps should be run again in the fall to raise the level back up to 1087.0 feet. The pumps should be run for extended periods of time and not cycled daily at night, or on weekends. Do not exceed pumping 4.83 billion gallons of water in any one year.If this amount is approached, stop the makeup pumps for the remainder of that year.7.0 RECORDS 7.1 None 8.0 FORMS 8.1 APF 26A-006-01, DAILY COOLING LAKE MAKEUP WATER REPORT 8.2 APF 26A-006-02, WATER USAGE DATA SHEET-END - 58 55g/e Environmental Sciences,1980. Final Report of Preconstruction Environmental Monitoring rProgram WCGS, March 1979 -February 1980.41(1107 I ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES CORPORATION 4010 NORTHWEST 39TH STREET. BLOG. 1374 LINCOLN, NE 68524 I I REPORT TO KANSAS GAS & ELECTRIC COMPANY WICHITA, KANSAS FINAL REPORT OF CONSTRUCTION ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM MARCH 1979 -FEBRUARY 1980 PROJECT NO. 9001 PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PHONE (402) 4-70-2411 I I I Report approved by: Ronald G. King, Project Mp!ger Howard S. Lewis,fi ject Director May 30, 1980 I I!I. I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page PREFACE ..... ...................................................... i LIST OF FIGURES .......... ......................................... i I LIST OF TABLES ............................................... v 1. INTRODUCTION Ronald G. King ..... ............................................ 1 2. WATER QUALITY STUDY 3 Robert D. Todd.................................................. 4 3. PHYTOPLANKTON STUDIES 3 Ronald J. Bockelman ............................................ 38 4. PERIPHYTON STUDY Ronald J. Bockelman .... ........................................ 53 5. ZOOPLANKTON STUDY Gary D. Rogers .... ............................................. 67 6. MACROINVERTEBRATE STUDY Randall B. Lewis and Kurt S. Stimpson ......................... 85 7. FISHERIES STUDY Quentin P. Bliss ... ........................................... 116 3 8. VEGETATION MONITORING AND LAND USE DISTURBANCES Edward W. Uhlemann ... ......................................... 148 9. WILDLIFE MONITORING Julie K. Meents and Joseph L. Suchecki ...................... 180 3 Appendices A WATER QUALITY DATA .............................................. A-1 3 B PHYTOPLANKTON DATA ............................................ A-45 C PERIPHYTON DATA ................................................ A-116 I D MACROINVERTEBRATE DATA ........................................ A-141 E FISHERIES DATA ................................................. A-222 F VEGETATION DATA ................................................ A-237 G WILDLIFE DATA .................................................. A-249 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PREFACE This construction environmental monitoring program near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) was conducted from February 1979 to February 1980.The studies were designed to assess the effects resulting from construction of WCGS and were a continuation of the studies implemented in March 1976.The staff of Hazleton Environwental Sciences conducted the studies and prepared this report. Ronald G. King, Project Manager, and Howard S. Lewis, Project Director were responsible for the review of this manuscript. ii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES No. Caption Page 2.1 Surface water and groundwater quality sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ...................

......................................

15 2.2 Precipitation at John Redmond Reservoir near the Wolf Creek Generating Station during 1979 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1979) .................................................... 16 2.3 Daily discharge levels released to the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January to December 1979 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1979) ........................................... 17 3.1 Phytoplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................................. 46 4.1 Periphyton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................................. 60 5.1 Zooplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................................. 74 5.2 Downstream persistence of zooplankton in the Neosho River below John Redmond Reservoir based on the density at Location 1 and the mean density at Locations 10 and 4 ............ 75 6.1 Macroinvertebrate sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ..................... 95 6.2 Daily inflow and outflow of John Redmond reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, January-December 1979 ........................ 96 7.1 Fish sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................................ 130 7.2 Daily inflow and outflows of John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, January-December 1979 ........................ 131 7.3 Length frequency of blue suckers collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-79 ....................................................... 132 7.4 Catch per unit effort of electroshocking at three locations in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979 ....................... 133 iii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES (continued) No. Caption Page 8.1 Vegetation sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................. 163 8.2 Schematic representation of nested quadrat layout for sampling floodplain woods vegetation near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................. 164 8.3 Construction-related land-use disturbances at Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, through 1979 ...................................................... 165 9.1 Wildlife sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979-80 ............................ 196 iv HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES No. Caption Page 2.1 Physical measurements and instrumentation used in this study .................................................... 18 2.2 Water quality parameters measured in surface water samples ....................................................... 19 2.3 Water quality parameters measured in groundwater samples ....................................................... 20 2.4 Water quality methods .............................................. 21 2.5 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of general water quality parameters in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979 .......................................................... 25 2.6 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979 .............. 28 2.7 Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of parameters indicative of industrial or municipal contamination in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979 ................................... 29 2.8 Maximum, minimum, and mean trace metal levels in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December, 1979 ........................................... 30 2.9 Seasonal water quality data from the Neosho River upstream and downstream of its confluence with Wolf Creek, 1973-79 ....................................................... 31 2.10 Water quality criteria for Kansas surface waters applicable to the Neosho River ................................................ 35 2.11 Groundwater data near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979 ............................................ 36 3.1 Mean density, biovolume and percent composition of major taxonomic groups in phytoplankton samples collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ....................................................... 47 3.2 Mean density and biovolume of taxa composing at least 10%of total phytoplankton in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ..................... 49 V HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 3.3 Average diversity indices for phytoplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating, Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 n ...... ................................... 51 3.4 Mean carbon fixation rates and chlorophyll a concentrations from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ..................... 52 4.1 Number of periphytic algal taxa collected from natural substrates near wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-79 .................................................... 61 4.2 Standing crop estimates for periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ..................... 62 4.3 Distribution by taxonomic division of algal density and biovolume in periphyton samples collected from natural substrates at Locations 1, 10, and 4 in the Neosho River near Wolf Greek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ...................................................... 63 4.4 Algal taxa composing at least 10% of total density in periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 .................................................. 64 4.5 Summary of Tukey's multiple comparison tests on standing crops of periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 20 February and 8 October, 1979 ........................... 65 4.6 Total number of taxa and mean diversity, evenness and Autotrophic Index of periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ..... ............................ 66 5.1 Yearly mean densities (no./m 3) of selected major micro-crustacean taxa from John Redmond Reservoir (Location 1)1973 through 1979 .................................................. 76 5.2 Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 20 February 1979 .......................................................... 77 5.3 Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 9 April 19 79 .......................................................... 78 vi HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 5.4 Zooplankton collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Locaton 1) during May and July ........................ 79 5.5 Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 11 June 1979 ......................................................... 80 5.6 Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 7 August, 1979 .................................................... 82 5.7 Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 8 October 1979 .................................................... 83 5.8 Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 11 December 1979 .................................................. 84 6.1 Summary of macroinvertebrate occurrence in quantitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................................................. 97 6.2 Night macroinvertebrate drift data collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ......................................................

102 6.3 Drift densities (no./100 m 3) of selected macroinvertebrate families in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-79 ............................

103 6.4 Macroinvertebrate data from Ponar samples collected from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 .................... 104 6.5 Macroinvertebrate data from the Neosho River (Loca-tions 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-79 ...................................... 105 6.6 Significant differences (P<0.05) in species diversity and density of the dominant benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the Neosho River (Locations 4 and 10) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................. 106 6.7 Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collect-ions near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February -June 1979 ............................................. 107 vii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 6.8 Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, August -December 1979 ................................. ... 110 6.9 Macroinvertebrate data from Ponar samples collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ..................... 112 6.10 Macroinvertebrate densities (no./m 2) from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-79 ............................. 114 6.11 Significant differences (PWO.05) in species diversity and density of the dominant benthic macroinvertebrates collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 3, 5, and 7) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 1979 .................................................. 115 7.1 Water temperature ( C) measured at fish sampling locations in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 1979 .................................................. 134 7.2 Number and relative abundance of fish collected by electroshocking and seining in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979 ............................................ 135 7.3 Checklist of fish species collected by all sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ...................................................... 136 7.4 Age and growth of selected game species collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979 ....................... 138 7.5 Number and relative abundance of fish collected by electroshocking in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-1979 ............ 139 7.6 Number and average CPEa of each fish species collected by electroshocking at sampling locations on the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 1979 .................................................. 140 7.7 Fish collected by seining in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December, 1979 .......................................... 141 viii HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 7.8 Number of fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979. ........................................... 142 7.9 Average size by age class of selected game species collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-79 ............................. 143 7.10 Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected fish collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979 ..................................................... 144 7.11 Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected species collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-79 ...................................................... 145 7.12 Number, density, and taxa of larval fish collected at Location 1 in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................................ 146 7.13 Number of larval fish collected during diurnal and nocturnal sampling in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ................................ 147 8.1 Phytosociological data summary of trees in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 ........................... 166 8.2 Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 ........................... 167 8.3 Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 .................................................... 168 8.4 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979 .......... 169 8.5 Density (stems/ha) of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 .................................................... 170 ix HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 8.6 Year-to-year data comparisons expressed as percent similarity for three plant communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas .................... 171 8.7 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the abandoned railraod right-if-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979 .................................................... 172 8.8 Percent cover of species in the ground layer, community ground layer cover, and mean canopy height in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979 .......................................... 173 8.9 Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 ........................... 174 8.10 Phtosociological data summary of saplings in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Sttion, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 ............................ 175 8.11 Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 .................................................... 176 8.12 Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979 .......... 177 8.13 Density (stems/ha) of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979 ........ ..... ..................................... 178 8.14 Shrub stratum flood susceptibility index, for all years sampled, of the north and south floodplain woods (Communities 1 and 8, respectively), near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas .......................... 179 9.1 Seasonal capture data of small mammals from two communities near Wolf Creek Generatin Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ......................................... 197 x HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 9.2 Summary of small mammal densities (no./ha) in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-1979 .................................... 198 9.3 Incidental mammal observations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979-80 .............. 199 9.4 Species list, residency status, and community and monthly occurrence of avian species near Wolf Creek Generating Station, May 1979 -January 1980 ................... 200 9.5 Bird species observed near John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, May 1979 -January 1980 ...................... 203 9.6 The number of birds observed per hour in the north floodplain woods community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1979 -January 1980 ......... 205 9.7 The number of birds observed per hour in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1979 -January 1980 ............ 206 9.8 Number of species, birds per hour, and species diversity of avifauna recorded in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1974 -January 1980 ................................................. 207 9.9 Number of avian species and individuals observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1973 -January 1980 ...................................................... 209 9.10 Quail call counts along the 20-mile census route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ......................................................... 210 9.11 Mourning Dove counts along the 20-mile census route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 1979 ......................................................... 211 9.12 Composite species list of herpetofauna observed near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979 ...................................................... 212 xi HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION By Ronald G. King HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Kansas Gas and Electric Company's Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS)is located in Coffey County approximately 5.6 km northeast of Burlington, Kansas. Upon completion in 1983, the station will employ a pressurized water reactor to produce 1150 megawatts (net output) of electrical power. The site encompasses 9818 acres of range, cropland and woodland typical of southeastern Kansas. The station will occupy 135 acres and the cooling lake will inundate approximately 5090 acres. A once-through cooling system, utilizing water from the WCGS cooling lake, will be utilized. The cooling lake will be formed by impounding Wolf Creek approximately 8.8 km upstream from its confluence with the Neosho River. A surface elevation of 1087 ft above sea level will be maintained in the cooling lake by precipitation and runoff in the Wolf Creek watershed and makeup water from the Neosho River. A make-up water pumphouse on the Neosho River in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir will provide water to the cooling lake via an underground pipeline.Hazleton Environmental Sciences has conducted environmental monitoring programs near the WCGS site since 1973. The initial studies (1973-74) were conducted to collect baseline data on water quality, aquatic biology and terrestrial biology to partially fulfill the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's (NRC) requirements for preparing an Environmental Report prior to issuance of a construction permit for WCGS. Subsequent monitoring programs were modified as necessary to obtain as complete a data base as practical for the ecosystem near WCGS. Major changes in the terrestrial biology, water quality, and aquatic biology monitoring programs were made after issuance of the Final I Environmental Statement (FES) for WCGS by the NRC in 1975. Changes recommended by the NRC were implemented in the 1976 construction phase environmental moni-toring program. Environmental monitoring data collected through 1978 were summarized in Chapter 2 of the Operating License Stage Environmental Report prepared for the NRC.Design changes were incorporated into the 1979 program because previous studies met certain objectives or the data were not amendable to the interpre-tation of potential construction effects. Sampling of the mudflat habitats at John Redmond Reservoir was eliminated from the vegetation and wildlife program since sufficient baseline data had been collected to predict the nature of the mud-flats on the cooling lake as called for in the FES. Sampling of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and periphyton was discontinued in Wolf Creek because data collected since 1973 were adequate to describe the communities that will be affected upon closure of the cooling lake dam. Water quality, macroinvertebrate, and fish monitoring in the creek was continued to provide additional construc-tion phase monitoring data. These three categories represent components of the aquatic community that are of major regulatory concern. Data oi these categories have best demonstrated the effects of variable environmental conditions during previous studies.Construction activity during 1979 at the WCGS site resulted in the removal of riparian forest bordering Wolf Creek and removal of trees from woody pasture and rangeland (Chapter 8). Smaller parcels of land were disturbed by quarrying, spoil and rip-rap storage, and lime slurry pond and saddle dam con- q struction. Construction effects were therefore related to direct vegetation 2 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES removal and losses and displacement of some wildlife. No adverse effects on water quality and the aquatic biota in Wolf Creek were apparent. The natural creek drainage was diverted through the borrow areas which probably decreased the effects of runoff downstream of the site. Flow was absent during most of the sampling periods and variations in the data from previous years were attributed to hydrological conditions not related to construction activity.In general, the 1979 biological and water quality data were within previously established ranges. In instances when established biological or water quality ranges were exceeded, there was no indication that these extensions represented adverse effects associated with construction of WCGS.3 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 2 WATER QUALITY STUDY By Robert D. Todd 4 I I SI I I@1 I I I I I I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1. Introduction Water quality monitoring of surface and groundwater near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) has been conducted since 1973 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Bowling and Ellis 1975; Byrnes 1976, 1977, 1978; Todd 1979) to establish baseline concentrations of various water quality consti-tuents.The objectives of the 1979 water chemistry monitoring program were: 1. To document potential changes in water quality resulting from construction activities;

2. To provide additional data on the general water quality of both surface and groundwater near the facility; and 3. To document the concentrations of aquatic nutrients, organically-derived materials, and certain trace metals.Il. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Sampling Frequency, Locations and Parameters

1. Surface Water Surface water samples were collected bimonthly during 1979 from the following sampling locations (Figure 2.1): a. Location 1: in the Neosho River 0.2 km below the John Redmond Dam and in the immediate vicinity of the proposed make-up water intake structure leading to the cooling lake;b. Location 3: in Wolf Creek, immediately downstream of the cooling lake dam site;c. Location 4: in the Neosho River, approximately 1.3 km downstream from the confluence with Wolf Creek;d. Location 5: in Wolf Creek, approximately 1.6 km upstream from the confluence with the Neosho River;e. Location 7: in Wolf Creek,-upstream from the area to be inundated by the proposed cooling lake; and f. Location 10: in the Neosho River, approximately 0.7 km upstream from the confluence with Wolf Creek.In addition, water quality samples from Location 1 were analyzed for selected general water quality parameters and all aquatic nutrients concentrations in May and July in association with phytoplankton sampling.5 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Meteorological and hydrological measurements recorded at the time of sampling are presented in Table 2.1. The water quality analyses conducted on samples collected in 1979 are listed in Table 2.2.2. Groundwater Single groundwater samples were collected during April and June from five of eight wells selected for analysis (B-12, C-20, D-42, D-55, and D-65). Wells C-10, C-49, and D-24 were added in June, replacing wells C-6, C-50, and D-28, respectively.

Well D-49 was not sampled in June as the pump was inoperable. The water chemistry analyses conducted on groundwater samples are listed in Table 2.3. The analytical methods, preservation techniques, and detection limits are presented in Table 2.4.B. Sampling Procedures

1. Surface Water Duplicate water samples were collected from a depth of one meter whenever possible, using a nonmetallic water sampler. Immediately following collection, samples were appropriately preserved, placed in insulated shipping containers, packed in ice, and shipped to the Northbrook, Illinois Regional Laboratory for analysis.2. Groundwater Single groundwater samples were collected from the tap source of each well. Samples were collected after the water had been allowed to run for approximately 5 min. Following collection, samples were appro-priately preserved, placed in insulated shipping containers, packed in ice, and shipped to the Northbrook, Illinois Regional Laboratory for analysis of the chemical parameters listed in Table 2.3.C. Analytical Procedures Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, total alkalinity, and turbidity of both surface and ground water samples were measured in the field. Enteric bacteria samples collected in December were processed at the Lincoln, Nebraska Regional Laboratory; the remaining bacteriological and chemical parameters were measured at the Northbrook, Illinois Regional Laboratory.

Water analyses were performed according to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater (A.P.H.A. et al. 1976). Analytical testing and quality control procedures were conducted in a manner consistent with the guidelines of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1972, 1974).Analytical methods, preservation techniques, and detection limits that were used during the course of this study are presented in Table 2.4.III. Results and Discussion Water quality data will be discussed with respect to applicable water quality standards, local hydrological conditions, effects of site construction, 6 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and previously reported data from the WCGS site (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Bowling and Ellis 1975; Byrnes 1976, 1977, 1978; Todd 1979).Results of water quality analyses and physical and meteorological measurements recorded for each sampling date in 1979 are presented in Appendix A. Tables 2.5 through 2.8 contain minimum, maximum, and mean concentrations for each constituent measured during the 1979 study. Com-parative data for selected constituents measured seasonally in the Neosho River, upstream (Location

10) and downstream (Location

4) from the confluence with Wolf Creek, are presented in Table 2.9. An analysis of variance test (Scheffe 1959; Steel and Torrie 1960) was used to test for significant differences (P<0.05) in water quality between sampling locations.

A. Surface Water Hydrology Water quality and hydrology of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek are influenced by precipitation and groundwater inflow. Average annual precipitation in the study area is 85 cm; in 1979, 92.5 cm was recorded (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1979). Total monthly precipitation during 1979 was above normal in January, June, July, October and November (Figure 2.2). Unusually heavy, local rainfalls were recorded in May, June and July.Streamflows in the Neosho River near WCGS have been regulated since the operation of John Redmond Reservoir began in 1963. Flows in the Neosho River during 1979 were low from January through late February, again in mid-May and from mid-August through early November (Figure 2.3). From late February through mid-August flows fluctuated between 1000 and 10,000 cfs. Peak river flows occurred in mid-June and again in mid-July and were considerably above the peaks observed in 1978. Peak river discharge was approximately 10000 cfs on 11 June 1979.Water quality sampling dates during 1979 coincided with periods of above normal flows (June, July and August) and low or minimal flows (February, April, May, October and December). Sampling in June and July coincided with rising river stage, due to releases from John Redmond Dam.Wolf Creek is an ungaged stream and therefore no continuous flow records are available. Sampling locations in Wolf Creek generally consisted of small pools during 1979 except in February when Locations 7 and 5 were frozen, June where the creek contained considerable flow, and October when Location 5 was dry.B. Surface Water Quality Characteristics Water quality criteria applicable to the Neosho River are presented in Table 2.10. Wolf CIreek is an intermittent stream and the state water quality standards are not applicable (Kansas State Board of Health 1977).With the exception of fecal coliform bacteria numbers in October, water quality of the Neosho River met the Kansas water quality standards. 7 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.1 1. General Water Quality 3 a. Neosho River As in previous years, water quality characteristics of the 3 Neosho River during 1979 were generally similar at all locations (Table 2.5). No significant(P > 0.05) spatial differences were observed in concen-trations of general water quality constituents in the Neosho River during 1979. Water in the Neosho River can generally be classified as a "calcium sulfate water" based on milliequivalents per liter of the predominant cation and anion respectively. 3 Dissolved oxygen and oxygen saturation levels were generally higher at Location I than at Locations 4 and 10 in 1979 as in previous years.Mean dissolved oxygen levels were higher at Location 10 in winter than in I previous years (Table 2.9). Dissolved oxygen concentrations were consistently above the 5.0 mg/l water quality criterion and were highest during February.Oxygen supersaturation was noted in February at Location 10 and 4, in April and May at Location 1, and at all three locations in December. Mean levels of filterable residue, calcium, chloride, potassium, sodium, sulfate and manganese were highest in February, while color, non-filterable residue, soluable iron and total iron levels were highest in August (Table 2.5).I These levels of water quality constituents are associated with concentrating effects due to low flows in February, and surface run-off due to local rainfall resulting in higher concentrations in August (Figure 2.3).Ranges in seasonal mean concentration of general water quality constituents were similar to those reported in previous studies, with the following exceptions: (i) water temperature was higher during December and lower in October; (2) total alkalinity was lower in April, June and December and higher in October; and (3) nonfilterable residue and color were I higher in April and lower in October (Table 2.9). All of the general water quality parameters measured in the Neosho River during 1979 demonstrated temporal but little spatial variability (Appendix A, Table A.2.). I b. Wolf Creek Spatial and temporal variability in general water quality I constituents in Wolf Creek in 1979 was similar to that reported by Byrnes (1977, 1978) and Todd (1979). Increased flow in Wolf Creek during 1979 resulted in higher dissolved oxygen, oxygen saturation, total suspended I solids, turbidity,and total iron levels than had been observed in 1978.Conversely, total alkalinity, con uctivity,_,ilterqble resi~ue and related diss~lved ionic constituents (Ca , Cl-, Mg, Mn- , K, Na, I SO4 and soluble Fe+ ) were lower in 1979 than in 1978 (Table 2.5).Both pH and true color levels were similar to those observed in 1978.Nonfilterable residue (TSS) and turbidity levels observed I in Wolf Creek during 1979 showed significant (P < 0.05) spatial variation. TSS and turbidity were consistently highest at Locations 3 and 5 downstream of the plant site construction area, with the exception of October when 8 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES higher levels were recorded at Location 7. Peak TSS concentrations (554 mg/l) observed in June at Location 5 may be attributed to runoff due to above normal rainfall prior to sampling. A portion of the TSS loading in Wolf Creek is from land disturbed by construction activities in the vicinity of the WCGS; however, additional loading was recorded in Wolf Creek at Location 5, which would indicate that runoff from other areas is also contributing to the total TSS loading (Appendix A, Table A.2). Peak concentrations of total iron (23 mg/l) and soluble iron (0.43 mg/I) were observed in June at Loca-tions 3 and 5, respectively. Peak concentrations of both parameters appear to have been the result of runoff transporting iron containing matter into the creek and perhaps disturbance of bottom material containing organic wastes and leaf litter which is high in iron (Hem 1970).2. Aquatic Nutrients a. Neosho River Yearly mean concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River were higher in 1979 than in 1978 (Table 2.6), and seasonal mean concentrations of ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total organic nitrogen, and soluble orthophosphate were higher than had been observed in 1978 during one or more seasons (Table 2.9). Peak concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River were observed in February,with the exception of silica concentrations which were highest in August (Table 2.6). In previous years the concentrations of all aquatic nutrients were highest in the summer (Byrnes 1978). Although considerable temporal variability in the concentra-tion of nutrients was observed, no significant(P >0.05) differences in the concentrations occurred among sampling locations in the Neosho River during 1979. Peak concentrations in February may be due primarily to the concen-trating effect of low flows in the Neosho River during that time. Nitrogen and phosphorus exist in various forms in aquatic habitats and are essential nutrients for aquatic plant growth. Concentrations of nutrients observed during 1979, as in previous years, were adequate to support aquatic life in the Neosho River.b. Wolf Creek Concentrations of aquatic nutrients in Wolf Creek during 1979 showed considerable temporal variability (Table 2.6; Appendix A, Table A.2). Annual mean concentrations of nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus and silica were higher while total organic nitrogen and soluble orthophosphate were lower than in 1978. Peak concentrations of nitrate and nitrite were observed in February; total organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and silica in June; ammonia in August; and soluble orthophdsphate in December. High total phosphorus and silica concentrations may be the result of construction activities resulting in the disturbance of soil and rock materials containing some form of either of these constituents near the WCGS.3. Indicators of Municipal and Industrial Contamination

a. Neosho River Seasonal mean concentrations of parameters indicative of municipal or industrial pollution measured in 1979 were generally within 9 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ranges reported previously (Table 2.9). However, temporal variability was more pronounced in some parameters, especially for fecal coliform bacteria and total organic carbon. No significant (P>0.05) difference in the concen-trations of indicator parameters occurred among locations during 1979. Fecal coliform bacteria levels were highest during October when the levels exceeded I the Kansas water quality criteria at Locations 4 and 10. Fecal coliform densities were generally higher than the fecal streptococcus densities indicating a predominance of sewage related organisms.

Densities of both i bacterial groups were higher at Locations 4 and 10 than at Location I (Appendix A, Table A.2).Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand i (COD) concentrations were generally low throughout 1979 and within ranges previously reported (Table 2.9).b. Wolf Creek Annual mean densities of fecal coliform and streptococcus bacteria were higher in 1979 than in 1978 (Table 2.7). Peak densities of both bacterial groups occurred in August at Location 5 (Appendix A, Table A.2). Densities of fecal streptococcus bacteria were generally signi-ficantly higher )P < 0.05) at Location 5 than at the other creek locations. Fecal streptococcus densities were consistently higher than fecal coliform densities indicating a lack of sewage related wastes and the presence of soil and animal related bacteria in surface runoff from the Wolf Creek watershed. Densities of both bacterial groups were generally lowest at Location 7.Annual mean BOD and COD concentrations were lower in 1979 than in 1978, probably because of the increased flows and flushing due to heavy local precipitation. Total organic carbon (TOC), BOD, and COD concen-trations were generally higher in Wolf Creek than in the Neosho River.Hexane soluble materials were below detection limits with the exception Df I samples from Location 3 in June and August.4. Trace Metals 3 a. Neosho River Trace metal concentrations exhibited spatial and temporal i variability during 1979 and seasonal mean concentrations of copper, iron and zinc were above previously reported values in the spring and winter (Table 2.9). Annual mean concentrations of copper (10.5 g/l), selenium (21 g/l), I and zinc (23 g/l) were higher while lead (3 g/l) and mercury (0.65 g/l)were lower than previously reported (Table 2.8). Selenium concentrations were highest in June; peak concentrations of lead and mercury were observed in February, copper values were highest in December and zinc values peaked in June and October. With the exception of samples collected in October, selenium concentration during 1979 exceeded the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's (1976) drinking water standard of 0.01 mg/l.10 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES b. Wolf Creek Trace metal concentrations in Wolf Creek varied among locations and with time; significant (P < 0.05) spatial variation in lead and zinc concentrations was observed. The concentration of lead and zinc were highest at Location 5 in June. (Appendix A, Table A.2). Annual mean con-centrations of copper, selenium and zinc were higher and lead and mercury lower in 1979 than in 1978. Selenium concentrations exceeded the U. S.Environmental Protection Agency's (1976) drinking water standard of 0.01 mg/I at all locations in June and August and at Location 3 in February, April and December (Appenix A, Table A.2).C. Groundwater

1. Hydrology Groundwater in the vicinity of WCGS is available from three types of rock formation:

alluvial deposits in the river valleys, shallow soils and weathered bedrock, and deep bedrock (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974). The alluvium is composed of silt, sand and gravel, whereas the soil and weathered bedrock formation consists of shale, siltstone, sandstone, limestone and the soils derived from them. The deep bedrock formation consists of sandstone and limestone. Wells in the alluvium usually have higher yields (100 gpm) than those in the rock formations and are recharged primarily from precipitation and discharges from the bedrock strata.Therefore, the water table elevation is affected by local precipitation and drought conditions.

2. Groundwater Quality Temporal variability in the concentration of all parameters except magnesium, DH and specific conductance was observed in one or more of the following wells: B-12, C-20, D-42, D-55 and D-65 (Table 2.11). As in previous years, groundwater quality varied among locations.

With the excep-tions of sulfate and potassium the major ionic constituents were highest in well D-65 and lowest in well D-55 (Table 2.11). Sulfate and selenium concentrations were higher in wells B-12, C-20, D-42, D-55 and D-65 in 1979 than in 1978, while manganese concentrations were lower. Based on mean milliequivalents per liter of major ionic constituents, it appears that wells B-12 and D--2 are generally of the same quality.During 1979, chloride, total iron, nitrate, manganese, selenium and sulfate concentrations exceeded the water quality criteria for domestic drinking water established by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (1976) in one or more of the following wells: B-12, C-10, C-20, D-24, D-42, D-55 and D-65.Variation in water quality of the well samples is related to numerous factors incluloing water table fluctuation, well construction, land use, precipitation, and well and pump condition. Samples from D-65 11 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I indicate that this well receives considerable surface runoff resulting in contamination of the water. The water level in D-65 is normally at ground 3 level (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974).IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Construction activities at WCGS have not had a detectable effect on water quality in the Neosho River. Road work at Location 3 and disturbance of soil in the cooling lake area of the WCGS caused increases in nonfilterable residue and turbidity levels and possibly silica and total phosphorus in Wolf Creek during periods of surface runoff. 3 2. Flows in Wolf Creek were higher in 1979 than in 1978. Water quality was generally better overall than in 1978.3. Anoxic conditions were present in Wolf Creek at Location 3 in October.4. Significant spatial variation in the levels of fecal strep- I tococcus bacteria, zinc, lead, turbidity and nonfilterable residue was recorded in Wolf Creek during 1979. 3 5. Fecal coliform bacteria levels exceeded applicable Kansas water quality criteria at Locations 4 and 10 in the Neosho River during 1979.6. Concentration of chloride, nitrate, total iron, manganese, selenium and sulfate exceeded the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's recommended levels in one or more of the wells sampled in 1979.I I I I I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF). 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

14 ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D. C. 1193 pp.Bowling, T. J., and D. B. Ellis. 1975. Water quality study. Pages 67-111 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Byrnes, D. J. 1976. Water quality study. Pages 74-123 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1977. Water quality study. Pages 4-46 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.1978. Water quality study. Pages 4-49 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Fishman, M. J., and M. R. Midgett. 1968. Extraction techniques for the determination of cobalt, nickel and lead in freshwater by atomic absorbtion. Pages 230-236 in R. F. Gould, ed. Trace inorganics in water. Am. Chem.Soc., Washington, D. C.Hem, J. D. 1970. Study and interpretation of the chemical characteristics of natural water. 2 nd ed. U. S. Dep. Interior, Geol. Surv. Water Sup'ply Pap.1973. 363 pp.Howe, L. H. III, and C. W. Holley. 1969. Comparisons of mercury (III) chloride and sulfuric acid as preservatives for nitrogen forms in water samples.Environ. Sci. Technol. 3:478-481. Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Kansas State Board of Health. 1977. Water quality criteria for interstate and intrastate waters of Kansas. Topeka, Kans. 9 pp.Millipore Corporation. 1973. Biological analysis of water and wastewater. LAM 3020/P. Bedford, Mass. 84 pp.Oceanography International Corporation. 1974. Preliminary operating procedures manual for the direct injection module OIC Model 05-24B-HR. College Station, Tex. 36 pp.13 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Perkin-Elmer Corporation. 1968. Analytical methods for atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Norwalk, Conn. n.p. n_ 1972. Perkin-Elmer analytical methods for flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy with the heated graphite atomizer HGA-72. I Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, Uberlingen, Federal Republic of Germany. 13 pp.Ryden, J. C., J. K. Syers, and R. F. Harris. 1972. Sorption of organic I phosphate by laboratory ware. Implications in environmental phosphorus techniques. Analyst 97:903-908. n Scheffe, H. 1959. The analysis of variance. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 477 p.Steel, R.G.D., and J. H. Torrie 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 481 pp.Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of I seawater analysis. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 167. 310 pp.Technicon Industrial Systems. 1974. Technicon auto-analyzer II continuous-3 flow analytical instrument manual. Tech. Publ. No. VA4-0170C00. n.p.Todd, R. D. 1979. Water quality study. Pages 4 -40 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1978 -February 1979. (Project No. 5501-08917). Report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Thomas, R. F., and R. L. Booth. 1973. Sensitive electrode measurement of ammonia in water and wastes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 7:523-526. U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. 1979. Monthly reservoir regulation charts-John Redmond Reservoir. Tulsa, Okla. (Unpublished data) n.p.U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1972. Handbook for analytical quality control in water and wastewater laboratories. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio. 98 pp.1974. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes.Office Technol. Transfer, Washington, D. C. 298 pp..1976. Quality criteria for water. Office of water and hazardous materials, Washington, D. C. 256 pp. 3 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (.-c A 7~1 (4-N.4\\ I (. ~'r~) &< ~A -~<9 A (/'.1'-0 44 9 I-):9 K 9 3 0 A A, 10 AL l '0 0 S S 0*O S. S OOS 0 0S S.I{Figure 2.1. Surface water and groundwater quality sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.15 .6 ý 2 a %-VIM 0041-~*i~.. 31 30 10 0-. -Total Monthly Roinfoll (1979)o-o Normol Monthly Rainfall CM 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC 12 I I@I I I I I I I@1 I I I I I I I@3 I CM I Figure 2.2.Precipitation at John Redmond Reservoir near the Wolf Creek Generating Station during 1979 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1979). 16 -~~ or -m tInflow-Oulflow) Somplin 11 -10.9.a 7, g Doles I (r LL~ n A (I 4 3 2 I.Figure 2.3. Daily discharge levels released to the Neosho River from John Redmond Reservoir, January to December 1979 (U. S. Army Corps of Engineers 1979). HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.1. Physical measurements and instrumentation used in this study.Measurement Air temperature wet and dry bulb Cloud cover Relative humidity Wind velocity Current velocity Instrument Bendix Psychrometer Model 566 or Taylor Sling Psychrometer Field Observer Calculated Field Observer Dwyer Wind Meter General Oceanics Digital Flowmeter Model 2031-2035 Precision of Measurement + 0.5C+ 1%3 mph+ 0.1 m/sec I I I I I I I I I@1 I I 0I I 18 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.2. Water quality parameters measured in surface water samples.General Water Quality Parameters Trace Metals****1. Alkalinity, total 2. Calcium 3. Chloride 4. Color, true 5. Conductance, specific 6. Iron, soluble 7. Iron, total 8. Magnesium 9. Manganese, total 10. Oxygen, dissolved 11. Oxygen, saturation

12. pH 13. Potassium 14. Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)15. Residue, nonfiltrable (total suspended solids)16. Sodium 17. Sulfate 18. Temperature

19. Turbidity 33. Copper, total 34. Lead, total 35. Mercury, total 36. Selenium, total 37. Zinc, total**Aquatic Nutrients*******20.21.22.23.24.25.26.Ammonia Nitrate Nitrite Organic nitrogen, total Orthophosphate, soluble Phosphorus, total Silica, soluble Indicators of Industrial and Municipal Contamination

27. Bacteria, fecal coliform 28. Bacteria, fecal streptococci

29. Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day)30. Chemical oxygen demand 31. Hexane soluble materials 32. Organic carbon, total* Indicates parameters measured at Location I during May and July with phytoplankton sampling.19 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.3. Water quality parameters measured in groundwater samples. 3 General Water Quality Parameters 3 1. Alkalinity, total 2. Calcium 3. Chloride 4. Conductance, sepcific 5. Iron, soluble 6. Iron, total 7. Magnesium 8. Manganese, total 9. Potassium 10. Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)11. Sodium 12. Sulfate Aquatic Nutrients 13. Nitrate I 14. Phosphorus, total 15. Silica, soluble @ 1 Trace Metals 16. Selenium, total 3 1 2 I I I 20 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4. Water quality methods.Preserve=iort Detect ion Paraneter Techniquo Reference L!.l t***Alkalinity, total*Ammonia Method 102 Cas diffusion electrode Method 132C*Bacteria, fecal coliform*Bacteria, fecal streptococci

• Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day)***Calcium
  • • Chloride Autoanalyzer coloriznetric phenate method Method 408B Method 409B Delayed incubation method Method 219 Atomic absorption direct aspiration Method 112B AutoanalYzer Low level method Method 118 Method 154 Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atumizer Soxhlet extraction Refrigeration HgfC1 2 , reirigerati:n HigCl2.refrigeration HgC1 2 , refrigeration Na2S203, sterile bottle, refrigeration Na 2 S 2 0 3 , sterile bottle, refrigeration Na2S203, sterile bottle, refriger_;:ion Refrigeration HNO 3 None required A.P.II.A.

et al. icT Thomas and Booth 1973; Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Howe and lolle. l6)U.S.E.P.A. 1974 Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.19/76 Milltpore Corp.1973 A.P.H.A. et al.Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 I mg/'i-C,,c<' 0.01 Tgi': 0.01 mg -N 0.01 mg/l-N 0 organisms/ 100 ml 0 organisms! 100 ml 0 or)Janlsms/ 100 ml 0.5 mg/i 2 wg/l 0.5 mg/l*Chezical oxygen demand*Color, true***Conductance, specific*Copper*11exane soluble None required Refrigeration None required None -'equired HNO 3 HNO 3 HNO 3"2SO4 refrigeration 21 U.S.E.P.A. 1974 U.S.E.P.A. 1974 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perk in-Elme.r Corp. 1972a U.S.E.P.A. 1974 0.! jIg/1 0.1 mrgil 1 unit 1 umho/cm 0.21 mg/l 0.1 '.1/l 0.2 :g/l 0.1 mrg/1 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4. (continued) I*3 P4 rameter***I rona*Lead***Manganeseb

• Mercury***Nitraze Method Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Atomic absorptian direct aspiratton Atomic absorption chelation Atomic absorption graphite atomizer Atomic absorption direct aspiration Atomic absorption direct aspiration Flameless atomic absorption Method 213C Autotnalyzer cadmium reduction Method 11.6.Method 138A Ocean. Int. Analyzer wet oxidation.Methods 135 then 132C MLthLod I1.1.Method 218B Calculated method 218B Preservat Ion Technique HNO3 HNO3 IIN03 HN0 3 HNO3 HNO3 IIN0 3 HNO3 HNO3 HgC1 2 , refrigeration HgCI2, refrigeration HgC12, refrigerat, on HC1, refrigeration HC1, refrigeration HgC12.refrigeration Filtration, refrigeration Measured in the field Reterence Perkln-Elmer Corp. 1963 Fishman and Midgett 1968 PerklIn- "mer Corp. 1972a Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 Fishman and Midgett 1968 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1972a Perkin-Elmer Corp. lq72a Perkin-Elmer Corp. '968 U.S.E.P.A.

1974 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; howe and Holley 1969 U.S.E.P.A. 1974;Howe and Holley 1969 Strickland and Parsons 1972; Howe and Holley 1969 A.P.H.A. et al.1976; Ocean. Int.Corp. (1974)a,b Ocean. Inter.Corp. (1974)b.A.P.d.A. et al.1976; Howe and Holley 1969 Strickland and Parsou;s 1972;Rvden et al. 1972 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Det. iccon 1. imii 0.03 mg/l I Ig/1 0.5 i.g/l 0.1 m !A 0.1 M81il 1 ý.g/ I 1 I 0.01 tm&14 0.05 ;:g/1 0.01 mg/l-N 0.01 mg/I-N O.1 gIl,/-N I mg/I 0.2 mg/i 0.01 nty.'1 ug!/1-P 0.1 mg/i Expresscd as percent I@1 I 3 I I I I I*Nitrite*Organic carbon, tot.*Orrganic ni. LrL!cunl total*Ortihophosphate, so ;.able*Ox:.gen dissolved saturation I I I I I@3 I 22 I I.I I I I I I!I.I I I Io HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4. (continued) Paranme trer***pH***Phosphorus. total***Potassium

• • • Residue, filtrable (total dissolved solids)*Residue, nonflttrable (total suspended solids)Method Method 144A Method 223C then method 11.l.AtoMic absorption dir.ct aspiration Method 148B Method 148C Preservation Technique Measured in the field None required HNO3 None required None required Reference A.P.H.A. et al. 1976 A.P.11.A.

et al.1976; Strickland and Parsons 1972 Perkin-Elmer Corp. 1968 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Detection Limi n.1 pti 1 .g'l-P 5 2 m;g/I mg/l***Selenium Atomic absoprtion HNO 3 Perkin-Elmcr direct aspiration Corp. 1968 Atomic absorption HN0 3 rPrkin-Elmer i12Se Corp. 1972b Atomic absorption HNO 3 Perkin-Elmer graphite atomizer Corp. 1972a**'Silica, soluble Method 151C Filtration A.P.H.A. et al.1976 Autoanalyzer Filtration Technicon Industrial method 105-71W Systems 1974***Sodium Atomic absorption HNO3 Perkin-Elmer direct aspiration Corp. 1968***Sulfate Method 156C None required A.P.i.A. et al.1976 Autoanalyzer Nc'e required Technicon Industrial method 118-71 W Systems 1974**Temperature Whitney Measured A.P.H.A. et al.Thermometer, in situ 1976 method 162*Turbidity Ilach Turbidimeter, None required A.P.H.A. et al.method 163A 1976*Zinc Atomic absorption HNO 3 Perkin-Elmner direct aspiration Corp. 1963 Atoml absorption HNO3 F.ishman and chcl ation Midgett 1968 Aromic ab:;orption HNO 3 Perkin-Elmer graphite atomizer Corp. 19 7 2a 23 1 mg/I 1 mg/i I "g/1 1 ug/1 0.01 mg/l-siO'0.01 Mg/l-r.:i 2 ug/l 5 mg/l 1 mg/I 0.1 C 0.1 N.T.'.0.01 mg/1 I p../ I 0.1 l I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.4. (continued) .1 I Measured in surface water only.Measured in groundwater only.Measured in both surface water and groundwater. a Soluble manganese determined by same method after filtration of sample.24 I I I I i I@i I I I I I i I@1 I Table 2.5. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of general water quality parameters in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979.Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oc.t Dec Year Water temperature N 3 3 3 1 3 3 16 1 .3 (0C) Min 1.7 10.0 20.0 28.0 12.6 6.0 1.7 1.7 9.7 Max 4.4 10.1 20.0 28.0 12.6 6.0 28.0 1.7 11.0 Mean 2.6 10.0 20.0 28.0 12.6 6.0 13.2 1.7 10.3 Oxygen, dissolved N 6 6 6 5 6 6 35 1 3 (mg/) Min 11.4 10.4 7.8 6.5 7.7 12.0 6.5 8.7 9.9 Max 14.6 11.7 8.9 7.6 9.3 12.5 14.6 8.7 11.2 Mean 13.4 10.8 .8.2 6.8 8.3 12.4 6.8 8.7 10.8 3 3 2 3 20.0 24.5 12.6 8.0 21.5 27.0 12.6 11.2 20.5 25.7 12.6 9.4 6 6 4 5 6.7 2.8 0.5 5.7 7.4 6.6 7.4 9.0 7.1 4.4 4.0 7.6 15 1.7 27.0 13.1 27 0.5 11.2 7.1 Oxygen saturation N 6 6 () Min 88 92 Max 104 104 Mean 97 96 6 86 99 92 1 98 98 98 6 6 31 73 96 73 88 100 104 78 99 93 1 5 62 90 62 100 62 96 6 76 83 79 6 47 88 55 4 5 70 38 5 48 81 66 27 5 100 66 U, pit N 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 Min 7.9 7.8 7.8 8.4 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.4 7.8 Max 8.1 8.4 8.2 8.6 8.2 8.3 8.4 7.4 8.1 Mean 8.0 8.2 8.0 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.4 7.9 Alkalinity, total N 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 (mg/1-CaCO) Min 224 111 83 167 193 141 83 121 96 Max 256 125 130 173 274 148 274 124 108 Mean 238 118 120 169 221 144 170 122 103 Conductance, N 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 specific Min 860 360 390 380 450 470 360 550 350 (uimhos/cm 025C) Max 960 380 410 400 480 480 960 550 360 Mean 900 370 402 395 467 473 501 550 358 Residue, N 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 filterable) Min 554 266 270 432 280 282 266 380 268 (solids, total Max 644 282 308 450 298 310 644 390 290 dissolved) Mean 590 276 287 443 290 296 364 385 280 (mg/1)6 6 4 6 7.4 .7.6 7.5 6.8 1.8 8.1 7.9 7.3 7.6 7.8 7.7 7.0 6 6 4 6 79 126 199 87 88 138 285 101 82 132 240 94 6 6 4 6 220 260 390 280 260 310 490 300 237 278 442 297 6 6 4 6 176 370 248 217 212 420 308 256 194 398 185 236 30 6.8 8.1 7.6 30 79 285 129 30 220 550 360 30 217 420 280 N r m z m z 0 z z-4 P~z C, m (0 Residue N 6 6 6 6 6 nonfilterable `1in 2 83 33 131 22 (solids, total Ma, 11 140 100 140 49 suspended) Mean 7 116 71 134 31 mg/i)6 36 35 2 46 140 43 67 2 27 29 28 6 9 52 31 6 15 50 36 6 6 56 122 554 340:3310 212 6 6 55 38 120 ItO 93 81 4 23 71 41 4 13 35 91 6 15 65 44 6 25 80 61 30 9 554 114 30 13 120 64 Turbidity (N.T.U.)N 6, 6 Min 3.5 67 Max 12.5 81 Mean 5.8 76 6 50 65 55 6 30 37 35 6 10 30 17 6 20 25 22 36 2 3.5 22 81 25 35 24 Table 2.5. (continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Calcium (mg/I)Chloride (mg/i)Magnesium (mg/i)N 6 Min 92 Max 120 Mean 105 N 6 Min 58 Max 70 Mean 63 N 6 Min 29 Max 36 Mean 32 6 50 56 54 6 12 13 12 6 13 13 13 6 50 54 52 6 12 16 14 6 12 13 12 6 56 58 57 6 11 14 12 6 13 13 13 6 61 65 62 6 16 18 17 6 17 18 17 6 36 67 50 70 120 69 67 2 69 70 70 6 46 54 49 6 6 31 38 35 44 33 41 4 56 74 65 6 40 43 42 30 40 74 50 30 2.8 9.8 5.7 6 17 18 18 6 15 15 15 36 11 70 23 36 12 36 17 2 6 6 6 4 6 9.0 4.9 2.8 3,0 4.1 3.9 9.8 6.8 8.8 5.2 6.3 5.9 9.4 6.1 4.6 3.5 5.1 5.2 2 16 17 16 6 6 6 4 8.8 6.8 7.7 12 10 8.1 9.1 16 9.8 7.6 8.3 9 6 35 7.1 7.1 7.8 17 7.4 9.7 Potassium (mg/l)Sodium (mg/i)N 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 Min 5.6 5.2 4.5 5.2 5.1 5.2 4.5 3.0 3.0 3.5 4.4 5.1 4.2 Max 6.2 5.5 4.8 5.4 5.7 5.5 6.2 3.0 3.7 5.4 5.1 6.9 5.4 Mean 5.8 5.4 4.6 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.3 3.0 3.7 4.6 4.7 6.0 4.6 30 3.0 6.9 3.9 30 8.4 23 12.3 N r M 4I 0 z m z 0 z z-4 z 0 M (A N 6 Min 46 Max 52 Mean 48 6 6 9.9 13 12 13 10.7 13 6 6 6.4 17 9.7 18 8.6 17 6 18 18 18 36 2 6.4 23 52 23 19.2 23 6 14 16 15 6 6 4 8.9 8.4 15 11 11 16 9.7 9.2 16 6 15 16 16 6 43 47 45 Sulfate (mg/I)N 6 6 Min 130 49 Max 150 50 Mean 138 50 6 6 48 46 52 49 50 48 6 59 68 62 6 36 2 6 75 46 140 65 78 150 140 78 76 71 140 70 6 22 33 27 6 20 35 26 4 19 43 31 30 19 140 56 28 15 430 104 Iron, soluble (,ip/1 )Iron, total (mR/I)Manganese, total (mg/l)N 6 Min 7 Max 43 Mean 16 6 6 6 6 6 36 23 19 36 9 17 7 54 110 240 310 260 260 36 54 84 77 71 56 2 6 6 6 4 4 19 54 130 67 15 77 23 130 430 110 120 150 21 92 247 104 64 94 N 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 30 Min 0.10 5.6 4.1 2.9 0.53 1.3 0.10 1.8 1.0 4.6 2.9 1.4 1.9 1.0 Max 0.51 6.8 5.7 3.2 2.3 1.6 6.8 1,8 4.0 23 9.9 3.3 5.1 23 Mean .32 6.3 5.0 3.1 1.19 1.7 2.94 1.8 2.8 16.1 7.3 2.3 4.0 5.7 N 6 6 6 6 Min 100 82 86 84 Max 240 110 130 100 Mean 143 95 104 93 6 43 91 66 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 56 43 560 82 83 180 89 100 64 240 570 130 310 280 220 290 60 94 565 108 224 233 160 172 30 82 570 244----M -= M m -... m M. M Table 2.5. (continued) Neosho River _ Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb____ Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Color, true N 6 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 30 (units) Min 9 28 15 14 10 13 9 14 41 35 33 25 52 14 Max 10 32 16 15 10 U/ 32 15 50 44 38 27 57 57 Mean 9 28 16 15 10 13 15 14 45 38 36 26 54 36 I N F m I 0 z m z 0 z m z z 0 M U) Table 2.6. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of aquatic nutrients in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979.Neosho Rive, Wolf Creek Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct De Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Neosho River c Year N 6 6 6 6 6 Min 0.45 0.19 0.14 0.01 0.05 Ammonia (mg/I-N)Nitrate (mg/i-N)Nitrite (mg/I-N)6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 30<0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01 0.01 0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 0.57 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.10 0.02 0.03 0.04-0.16 0.01 -0.04 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.02 Max 0.57 Mean 0.50 N 6 Min 0.34 Max 4.8 Mean 1.86 N 6 Min 0.021 Max 0.068 Mean 0.034 0.20 0.32 0.07 0.09 0.19 0.18 0.02 0.07 6 1.2 1.8 1.3 6 .0.75 0.79 0.76 6 0.49 0.53 0.51 6 0.07 0.49 0.16 6 36 0.15 0.07 0.39 4.8 0.23 0.80 2 6 6 6 1.4 0.02 0.68 0.23 1.9 0.78 2.7 0.36 1.65 0.43 1.55 0.29 4 6 30 0.02 0.11 0.02 0.21 0.81 1.9 0.10 0.52 0.76 N)Oo N 6 Organic nitrogen, Min 0.81 total Max 1.0 (mg/i-N) Mean 0.88 Orthophosphate, N 6 soluble Min 0.16 (mg/1-P) Max 0.21 Mean 0.19 6 6 6 6 0.029 0.039 0.018 0.004 0.032 0.050 0.033 0.007 0.031 0.045 0.023 0.005 6 6 6 6 0.54 0.88 0.64 0.47 1.0 0.92 0.81 0.57 0.86 0.89 0.73 0.51 6 6 6 6 0.072 0.035 0.060 0.026 0.084 0.092 0.067 0.088 0.075 0.060 0.063 0.062 6 36 2 6 6 0.81 0.47 0.67 0.88 1.1 0.99 1.0 0.68 1.0 1.8 0.89 0.79 0.68 0.96 1.4 6 4 0.88 0.86 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.93 6 30 0.63 0.63 0.86 1.2 0.74 0.97 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 30 0.008 0.004 0.067 0.005 0.015 0.009 0.002 0.007 0.002 0.010 0.068 0.067 0.014 0.022 0.014 0.004 0.020 0.067 0.009 0.025 0.067 0.010 0.019 0.011 0.033 0.013 0.026 N r in 0 z z 0 z Kn z C)a'toi 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 30 0.005 0.005 0.022 0,005 0.010 0.016 0,014 0.036 0.005 0.009 0.21 0.030 0.018 0.089 0.030 0.033 0.098 0.098 0.007 0.076 0.026 0.015 0.035 0.024 0.023 0.058 0.030 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 30 0.086 0.086 0.059 0.058 0.097 0.070 0.11 0.047 0.047 0.10 0.25 0.060 0.094 0.32 0.19 0.14 0.16 0.32 0.096 0.146 0.06 0.081 0.19 0.14 0.13 0.13 0.14 Phosphorus, total (mg/l-P)N 6 Min 0.20 Max 0.25 Mean 0.23 N 6 Min 2.4 Max 4.5 Mean 3.1 6 0.15 0.21 0.19 6 6 6 0.12 0.11 0.093 0.14 0.12 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.108 Silica, soluble (nmg/I )6 8.0 8.4 8.2 6 4.3 5.1 4.7 6 9.2 9.5 9.3 6 0.91 1.2 1.04 6 0.25 0.68 0.46 36 0.25 9.5 4.5 2 7.7 9.5 8.6 6 6 6 6.0 7.6 10 8.3 12 11 7.6 9.2 10.3 4 6 1.7 7.3 7.7 11 4.7 8.9 30 1.7 12 8.2.m M -M M M M m A e Table 2.7. Maximum, minimum and mean concentrations of parameters indicative of industrial or municipal contamination in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979.Neosho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Feb Apr Jun Aug Oct Dec Year Feb Apr Jun ._Aug Oct Dec Year Bacteria, fecal N 6 6 6 coliform Min 0 19 93 (No./100 ml) Max 97 230 170 Mean 56 141 131 5 6 6 35 28 7 15 0 42 5700 280 5700 33 3021 174 602 2 10 15 12 2 78 97 88 5 6 6 11 590 130 18 690 700 16 578 345 4 6 21 12 6 13 80 38 29 6 700 167 Bacteria, fecal N 6 Streptaccus Min I (No./100 ml) Max 48 mean 24 6 6 36 270 59 860 51 537 5 6 38 32 70 460 59 252 6 35 11 1 90 860 38 160 5 6 6 4 6 29 9 670 250 90 30 9 15 2100 17000 180 230 17000 11 1527 6130 123 129 1335 Biochemical oxygen N 6 6 6 6 5 6 35 2 6 6 6 4 6 demand (5-day) Min 1.8 2.2 2.0 2.4 0.8 2.1. (.8 1.6 2.2 1.8 3.0 3.4 0.9 (mg/I) Max 4.4 2.4 2.8 3.1 1.5 3.0 4.4 4.6 2.4 2.2 3.2 4.2 2.7 Mean 2.8 2.3 2.4 2.8 1.0 2.7 2.3 3.1 2.3 2.0 3.1 3.8 1.7 Chemical oxygen N 6 demand Min 18 I-. (mg/l) Max 21 Mean 19 Hexane soluble N 6 matrials Min <3 (mg/i) Max' 3 Mean -Organic carbon N 6 total (mg/I) Min 12 Max 15 Mean 13 6 21 25 23 6<3 4 6 17 19 18 4<3<3<3 6 16 17 16 6<3 4 6 13 14 13 6<3 3 6 14 24 20 5<3<3<3 36 13 25 18 33<3 4 2 18 19 18 2<3<3<3 6 28 29 29 6<3<3<3 6 28 31 30 4<3 6 25 27 26 4 29 35 32 6 17 29 22 5<3<3<3 30 0.9 4.6 2.7 30 17 35 26 27<3 N r" M-1 0 z m z 0 z K z r z 0 m (0 6 4<3 <3-<3-<3 6 6 6 6 6 36 2 6 6 6 4 6 30 4.6 6.7 5.8 4.5 6.4 4.5 13 12 11 9.3 13 7.4 7.4 11 20 13 6.6 7.0 15 14 16 13 13 17 11 17 6.7 11.5 8.2 5.7 6.6 8.6 13.5 13.8 11.8 10.5 14.8 8.7 12.2 Table 2.8. Maximum, minimum, and mean trace metal levels in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek Generating Station, February -December, 1979.Neoaho River Wolf Creek Parameter Range Fe. A-r Jun -Oct Dec Year Feb Ar -Jun Aug Oct____ Dec Year Copper, total ( PR/I )Lead, total (pg/I)Mercury, total (gg/I )Selenium, total (ug/i)Zinc, total (1g/I)N 6 6 6 6 6 6 Min (.0 <1.0 (Q.0 7.0 <Q.0 15 Max 2.1 7.5 3.5 10 2.0 23 Mean -4.6 -8.8 -18 N 6 Min 2 Max 9 Mean 3 6<1<1<1 6<1<1<1 6<1 3 6<(<I<I 6<1<1<1 36 (1.0 23 10.5 36<1 9 3 36<0.20 1.2 0.65 2 6 6<1.0 <1.0 3.0<1.0 7.0 15<1.0 4.8 10.6 2 3 3 3 6<1 4 5<1 6 6 9.0 14 10.7 6 5 3.2 6<0.20 1.8 0.86 4 6<1 .0 16 1.0 21-17 4<1<1<1 6<I<1 (1 N Min Max Me an N Min Max Me an 6 6 0.49 <0.20 0.85 <0.20 0.70 <0.20 6<0.20 0.84 0.64 6<0.20 0.66 0.56 6<0. 20 1.2 0.70 6<0.20 0.45 2 0.34 0.34 0.34 6<0.20 2.2 6<0.20 0.44 4 6 0.32 <0.20 0.54 <0.20 0.40 <0.20 30 (1.0..21 12.8 29<1 6 3.1 30<0.20 2.2 0.49 30<2 52 32 29 6.1 110 38.2 N r m-4 0 z m z 0 z z r 6 9 14 12 6 8 16 13 6 16 38 12 6 19 50 34 5 17 41 31 6 21 34 26 6 23 32 27 6<2 5 6 10 41 23 6<2 29 6 27 36 32 36<2 50 21 2 12 16 14 6<2 19 6 37 49 44 6 19 52 39 6 14 100 62 4<2 6 6<2 15 N 6 Min 0.3 Max 5.7 Mean 1.9 65 2 6 5 0.3 6.1 8.0 33 41 6.5 20 I0 23 6.3 13.5 70 4 6 12 10 5 61 14.8 43 O z 0 m WPM= M HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. Seasonal water quality data from the Neosho River upstream and downstream of its confluence with Wolf Creek, 1 9 7 3-7 9.a,b Location 10 (upstream)c Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Gener~l Water Quality Water temperature (°C)Oxygen, dissolved (mg/1)Oxygen, saturation (%)pH Alkalinity, total (mg/1-CaC0 3)Filtrable residue (mg/1)Conductance, specific (wmhos/cm at 25C)Nonfiltrable residue (mg/i)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 5.0 11.0 16.0 10.0 14.5 10.1 13.5 10.4 9.1 10.8 9.8 10.4 90 93 93 85 97 92 7.9 8.1 8.4 8.0 8.1 8.4 190 155 193 188 180 115 315 281 473 489 239 274 525 430 756 764 485 365 29 93 19 6 121 127 19.7 21.2 24.0 22.0 26.7 20..)8.8 5.7 7.0 7.6 6.5 8.2 91 60 82 88 82 92 8.0 7.2 7.9 8.0 8.2 8.0 154 139 157 100 178 129 297 283 304 235 226 276 459 380 453 306 520 410 89 140 85 8 55 80 19.6 24.1 17.4 16.9 15.0 12.6 8.7 7.5 7.8 8.7 9.0 7.8 94 80 81 89-d 74 7.7 7.8 8.1 8.0 8.2 7.9 141 171 148 160 178 197 218 313 307 301 408 284 367 512 492 412 605 465 39 30 42 38 33 25 0.9 2.8 1.5 0.7 0.7 6.0 13.5 13.3 12.9 13.5 13.4 12.2 99 98 90 94 93 98 8.2 7.5 8.3 8.1 7.8 7.9 175 191 194 203 174 145 228 338 412 341 428 297 462 600 677 535 690 475 115 4 31 23 10 45 9.2-d 11.0 16.0 10.0 14.5 10.0 12.1 13.5 10.5 9.8 9.f 9. 7 10.8 102-d 95 99 88 96 96 8.2 7.8 8.2 8.4 8.1 S. 3 8.0 114/237 153 190 183 182 116 213 325 348 485 481 281 280 293 538 431 758 759 490 375 98 42 86 14 7 126 135 24.6 20.0 21.2 24.0 22.0 26.7 20.0 7.7 8.8 5.9 6.6 7.6 6.3 7.9 92 97 62 77 88 79 88 8.2 8.2 7.1 7.9 7.9 8.1 8.1 173 164 97 158 101 177 105 307 284 223 296 222 317 28?462 458 274 443 308 525 400 48 194 192 95 21 59 94 23.0 19.5 23.6 17.4 16.9 12.6 7.4 8.7 7.1 8.0 8.6 9.7 7.8 85 94 75 82 88-d 74 7.9 7.6 7.9 8.2 8.0 8.3 8.0 194 140 175 146 159 178 271 223 214 315 320 301 420 294 510 368 514 495 429 610 480 41 40 37 47 40 34 23 2.5 0.9 2.8 1.5 0.7 0.7 6.0 14.1 13.5 12.6 12.9 13.4 13.9 12.4 120 100 93 90 91 93 100 7.6 8.0 7.7 8.3 8.2 7.8 8.2 135 178 195 195 202 177 147 238 263 385 409 345 441375/75 b06 672 533 695 470 43 93 3 2 4 22 4 44 31 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. (continued) I@1 Location 10 (upstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Location 4 (downstream) Spring Summer Fall Winter General Water Quality (continued) Turbiditye (NTU)Color true (units)Aquatic Nutrients Ammonia (mg/i-N)Nitrate (mg/i-N)Nitrite (mg/l-N)Organic nitrogen (mg/i)Orthophsophate, soluble (mg/l-P)Phosphorus, total (mg/i-P)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 21 58 8.0 11 68 79 16 21 8 9 17 28 50 120 72 84 29 50 17 24 18 52 13 15 6 27 *22 55 21 12 18 11 11 31 11 10 44 10 6.0 19 4.6 23 15 8 9 18 10 13 70 28 73 6.0 21 69 80 27 16 17 8 7 16 28 50 80 185 70 82 32 63 14 18 52 17 52 13 15 23 7 33 20 51 27 12 12 20 12 11 48 11 10 51 7.0 21 3.4 22 24 15 9 9 19 10 13 I I I I I 0.19 0.15<0.01 0.06 0.04 0.19-d 1.1 0.01 0.05 0.75 1.3 0.025 0.020 0.011 0.0047 0.029 0.031 0.50 0.93 0.74 0.85 0.58 0.73 0.067 0.015 0.035 0.059 0.082 0.079 0.11 0.21 0.097 0.095 0.20 0.20 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.24 2.0 1.2 0.57 0.61 0.41 0.76 0.040 0.018 0.056 0.021 0.12 0.046 0.66 1.0 0.71 0.86 0.66 0.89 0.075 0.080 0.069 0.086 0.024 0.049 0.16 0.24 0.18 0.22 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.09 0.49 0.55 0.15 0.80 0.07 0.10 0.026 0.032 0.004 0.0012 0.005 0.004 0.62 0.57 0.80 0.61 0.79 0.53.0.055 0.034 0.038 0.075 0.066 0.087 0.089 0.088 0.37 0.17 0.13 0.12 0.22 0.03 0.09 0.10 0.22<0.01 0.93 0.53 0.06 0.94 0.12 0.18 0.011 0.045 0.0029 0.034 0.009 0.008 0.66 0.42 0.58 0.58 0.75 0.82 0.093 0.031 0.063 0.12 0.19 0.07 0.16 0.041 0.071 0.17 0.16 0.10 0.12 0.17 0.18<0.01 0.05 0.04 0.19 0.77 1.4 1.3 0.02<0.01 0.78 1.2 0.015 0.023 0.022 0.0009 0. 0031 0.029 0.032 0.62 0.56 0.96 0.73 0.90 0.64 0.95 0.11 0.066 0.018 0.044 0.014 0.078 0.073 0.23 0.12 0.18 0.094 0.083 0.16 0.20 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.14 1.2 2.2 0.67 0.57 0.60 0.44 0.75 0.12 0.044 0.014 0.061 0.021 0.12 0.41 0.57 0.83 1.4 0.83 0.75 0.67 0.90 0.16 0.079 0.061 0.070 0.087 0.023 0.052 0.15 0.21 0.35 0.24 0.23 0.13 0.14 0.01 0.02<0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.70 0.28 0.60 0.01 0.84 0.02 0.30 0.0018 0.032 0.028 0.002 0.011 0.001 0.004 0.86 0.60 0.60 0.80 0.68 0.77 0.52 0.066 0.057 0.037 0.026 0.075 0.046 0.072 0.12 0.11 0.088 0.38 0.16 0.06 0.11 0.18 0.21 0.04 0.06 0.24 (0.01 0.79 0.89 0.52 0.03 0.90 0.16 0.15 0.012 0.011 0.0045 0.00371 0.030 0.008 0.008 0.73 3 0.63 0.51 0.57 0.56 0.72 3 0.88 0.073 0.091 0.026 0.044 0.12 0.20 0.08 0.21 015 1 0.16 I 0.09 32 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.9. (continued) Location 10 (upstream) Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter Spring Summer Fall Winter Aquatic Nutrients (continued) Silica, soluble 1973 (mg/l-Si02) 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Industrial and Municipal Contaminants Bacteria, fecal coliform (no./100 ml)Biochemical oxygen demand (5-day) (mg/i)Chemical oxygen demand (mg/1)Organic carbon, total (mg/i)Hexane soluble materials (mg/i)Trace Metals Copper, total (ug/1)Iron, total (mg/1)1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 8.8 5.1 0.54 0.63 6.5 8.1 81 215 10 160 160 220 4.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.0 2.2 15 32 17 19 19 23 18 28 8.1 8.6 7.3 10 1.1 0.7<0.1<0. I<3.'-3. C 1.5 3.8 0.8 1.3 4.1 6.8 0.85 3.0 0.41 0.33 5.5 6.6 11.5 8.4 6.3 10 2.2 4.6 41 170 190 33 98 120 1.7 2.3 0.6 2.0 2.2 2.4 17 23 21 22 19 18 9 21 8.3 10 7.3 6.9 1.7 2.2 0.3 0.4<3.0< 3. 0 4.9 6.5 2.7 5.4 2.0 1.8 2.1 6.1 1.8 4.1 2.4 5.0 4.9 3.7 6.5 10 2.2 1.0-d 97 320 75 425 5100 0.8 0.5 1.6 1.1 1.6 1.3 15 14 16 17 16 13 10 11 7.5 6.6 7.1 5.9<0. 1 1.4 0.8 0.6<3.0<3.0 5.7 2.3 1.7 3.8 2.2 1.9 2.1 0.92 0.69 2.4 0.82 0.66 10.4 0.31 0.26 12 1.8 0.48 170 38 550 220 180 235 1.1 2.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 2.4 16 17 15 16 16 23 9.1 6.7 7.3 5.7 6.7 0.2 1.7 0.6 1.7<3.0<3.0 5.7 1.6 1.4 2.1 1.8 2.2 2.1 0.22 0.088 1.0 0.12 1.5 10.3 8.9 5.2 0.66 0.39 7.9 8.2 67 81 170 9 83 145 180 2.6 5.1 3.3 3.0 2.9 1.4 2.4 22 16 28 17 18 21 23 8 21 30 8.4 8.8 7.2 4.7<0.I 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.5<3.0<3.0 3.0 1.6 5.3 1.2 2.9 3.3 2.4 3.8 0.88 3.9 0.32 0.44 6.9 6.6 7.3 8.4 8.5 6.3 9.7 2.4 4.5 43 52 230 480 37 86 165 2.4 2.1 2.3 0.7 2.0 2.4 2.6 20 21 37 22 23 19 18 6 9 24 8.1 9.6 8.6 7.7 0.2 1.2 1.5 0.1<3.0<3.0 4.1 8.5 9.9 3.2 5.7 3.2 3.2 2.9 3.7 11.0 1.9 4.2 2.5 5.7 5.5 5.9 3.8 4.1 9.9 2.1 1.1 46 370 135 170 130 330 3950 1.5 0.7 1.1 1.8 1.5 1.7 0.8 16 17 15 16 16 18 13 20 9 13 7.0 7.7 7.1 4.8 1.7<0.1i 1.7 0.6 0.4<3.0<3.0 1.5.0 1.6 1.7 4.1 2.7<1.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.58 2.6 1.2 0.74 8.9 10.7 0.34 0.29 12 0.97 0.61 680 190 45 110 290 49 270 1.3 1.2 1.7 1.3 1.3 1.0 2.7 21 17 21 17~15 35 15 13 14 7.6 6.6 6.0 20 6.6 1.6 0.2 0.9 0.9 5.2 6.0<3.0 2.2 5.3 2.6 1.5 3.0 1.0 2.0 1.0 0.089 0.93 0.10 1.3 33 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I (cniud 1 Table 2.9.Location 10 (upstream) Location 4 (downstream) Parameter Year Spring Summer Fall Winter -Spring Summer Fall Winter Trace Metals (continued) Manganese, total 1973 0.57 0.18 0.090 0.11 (mg/i) 1974 0.066 0.068 0.071 0.074 0.068 0.13 0.072 0.082 1975 0.10 0.15 0.056 0.030 0.13 0.22 0.075 0.032 1976 0.25 0.13 0.065 0.036 0.25 0.11 0.074 0,032 1977 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.040 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.040 1978 0.11 0.12 0.10 0.002 0.12 0.11 0.10 0.0004 1979 0.10 0.10 0.05 0.06 0.10 0.12 0.06 0.06 Mercury, total 1973 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.11 (Gg/i) 1974 0.08 0.07 <0.05 0.61 0.05 0.05 <0.05 0.32 1975 6.5 1.0 0.76 0.54 8.7 1.7 0.92 1.2 1976 0.76 1.3 0.95 0.28 0.47 0.61 0.83 0.61 1977 0.26 0.37 1.1. 1.0 4.6 0.59 1.8 0.64 1978 1.18 2.0 1.1 0.44 0.38 1.5 0.86 2.9 1979 <0.20 0.56 1.0 0.36 <0.20 0.76 0.56 <0.20 Zinc, total 1973 <1 8 1 1 1974 15 60 39 12 18 26 47 11 (g/i 1975 17 28 5.8 1.8 13 46 6.4 3.3 1976 15 3.5 8.2 13 14 2.2 14 4.4 1977 37 30 25 6.9 9.6 31 23 7.6 1978 21 8.6 5.5 0.9 24 16 59 0.6 1979 19 35 14 35 18 33 16 32 I I U I I 3 a Means of duplicate samples.b Spring water quality data collected in March 1973-74 and April 1975-79.c Location 10 not included in 1973 study.d Not determined. e Turbidity prior to April 1975 reported in JTU.@1 I I I I I I I 34 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.10. Water quality criteria for Kansas surface waters applicable to the Neosho River.Locations and Months in which the Standards Were Violated Parameter Temperature, water Oxygen, dissolved 32.2C (90F)Not less than 5 mg/l None None None None pH 6.5 to 8.5 Ammonia Bacteria, fecal coliform Oil and grease Turbidity and total suspended solids Color 0.15 mg/I-N maximum Not to exceed 2000 per 100 ml sample No evidence of visible oil or grease No increases from other than natural origin No man-made point source discharges of color producing substances No increases from man-made point discharges Man-made point discharges limited to concentrations in receiving water that will not harm human or aquatic life Locations 4, and 10 in October None None None Taste and odor producing substances Toxic substances None None Kansas Department of Health and Environment-(1977). 35 Table 2.11.Groundwater data near Wolf Creek Generating Station, February-December 1979.Sampling Locations Parameter Temperature (0 C)pH Alkalinity, total (mg/l-CaCO) Nitrate (mg/i-N)Nitrite (mg/l-N)Phosphorus, total (mg/l-P)Silica, soluble (mng/l-SiO) Calcium, total (mg/l)Chloride (mg/I)Magnesium, total (mg/l)Potassium, total (mg/I)Sodium, total (mg/I)Date 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun 9 Apr 11 Jun B12 10.9 14.0 7.6 7.6 290 287 5.5 3.2 0.0048 0.002 0.14 0.065 9.1 9.0 99 130 75 110 20 24 2.4 2.4 110 130 2 2 ClO C20 D24 D42 D55 D65 13.4 14.9 11.4 17.2 14.0 15.9 20.0 20.0 19.0 14.0 7.0 7.4 4.0 7.4 7.2 7.2 7.1 7.2 7.6 7.6 x 132 344 107. 214 N 67 241 320 361 170 102 m 74 6.5 4.4 640 0.16 88 57 7.4 4.4 760 m z 0.017 0.004 0.002 0.043 0.030 0.017 0.053 0.015 0.003 0.056 0 0.011 0.024 0.020 0.069 Z 4.3 0.016 0.19 0.12 0.004 0.008 m z 13 15 6.1 11 11 11 20 15 3.7 15 r 200 160 61 740 0 68 240 210 150 69 760 M 0 130 46 27 590 m 34 130 75 54 23 630 CR 23 66 12 150 15 21 14 68 15 150 1.6 0.91 4.0 3.3 11 1.4 1.2 1.3 4.0 2.3 26 92 12 290 51 28 71 100 16 280 m m m -P..m --A. m -m 2 = M" 0 --M -" --1"MM =4 =Table 2.11.(continued) Parameter Date Sulfate (mg/I) 9 Apr 11 Jun Residue, filtrable (mg/i) 9 Apr 11 Jun Conductance, specific (pmhos/cm) 9 Apr 11 Jun Iron, soluble (Gg/l) 9 Apr 11 Jun Iron, total (pg/l) 9 Apr 11 Jun Manganese, total (pg/l) 9 Apr 11 Jun Selenium, total (pg/l) 9 Apr 11 Jun B12 160 250 698 816 1000 1200 95 140 1900 1000 26 170 24 19 Clo 4 120 7 i00 414 128 140 610 14W 110 2z 1 30 6700 10(280 20 Sampling Locations C20 D24 D42430 0 150 530 30 1120 0 960 1240 0O 1500)0 1300 1600 30 10 0 54 95 O0 100)0 2100 90 33 <10 23 210 51 24 24 21 21 39 D55 88 84 310 396 460 580 100 58 100 150<10<10 19 33 D65 11 350 4180 4950 5500 5900 110 110 11000 1300 1000 620 26 37"-4 N F 0 z m z 0 z m z-4 F-In C)ii z C)m Wn HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 3 PHYTOPLANKTON STUDIES By Ronald J. Bockelman 38 l 0I I l I I I I I I I I I 0I U HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction The phytoplankton community is an important component of most aquatic ecosystems. Planktonic algae are primary producers (through photosynthesis) of organic molecules that are utilized as biological energy sources either directly by organisms such as zooplankton and gizzard shad or indirectly by most game fish. Although periphyton and allochthonous organic matter (e.g., leaf litter) also may be important energy sources in small rivers and streams, phytoplankton usually occupies a central position in the food web of lentic habitats such as John Redmond Reservoir. Planktonic algae are both abundant and important in biological energy transfer in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS), but the maintenance of sizeable phytoplankton populations in this lotic habitat may be affected by continuous, upstream releases of water from John Redmond Reservoir. Baseline monitoring of the phytoplankton community in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near WCGS was conducted quarterly from 1973 through 1975 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Wilde et al. 1975; Wilde and Reetz 1976). Construction phase monitoring in the river and creek was conducted bimonthly from 1976 through 1978 (Kline and Reetz 1977; Farrell 1978; Repsys 1979). Although the 1979 study was a continuation of construction phase monitoring, it focused on phytoplankton in the Neosho River and was speci-fically designed: 1. To document seasonal and annual variations in composition, abundance, biovolume, chlorophyll a standing crop, and primary productivity (carbon fixation rate) of phytoplankton in the Neosho River; and 2. To assess the environmental impact of construction of WCGS on existing phytoplankton communities. II. Field and Analytical Procedures Duplicate water samples for phytoplankton analyses were collected bimonthly at Locations 1,4, and 10 in the Neosho River (Figure 3.1). Addi-tional samples were collected at Location 1 on 21 May and 9 July. All samples were collected within one meter of the surface with a nonmetallic water sampler. Subsamples were placed immediately in 3 appropriately labeled 1.9 liter polyethylene bottles containing 60 ml of "M " preservative (Meyer 1971) for later algal identification, enumeration, and biovolume determination. Carbon fixation rate and chlorophyll a concentration were assessed from the remaining, unpreserved portion of the duplicate samples.Two separate procedures were used to analyze the preserved samples. A subsample volume of 10 to 100 ml was used for diatom analyses. Diatoms were cleaned with a concentrated nitric acid/potassium dichromate solution and collected on a 0.45 ýim pore size membrane filter. The filter was air-dried and a portion was placed on a glass slide, cleared with immersion oil, and covered with a coverslip. The slide was then examined at 1250X magnification with a microscope equipped with phase contrast. A modification of Lackey's (1938) microtransect method was used to analyze the non-diatom phytoplankton. An 875 ml subsample volume from each sample was placed in a 1000 ml beaker.39 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Liquid detergent was added to break the surface tension (Mackenthun 1969), and the organisms were allowed to settle overnight. The supernatant was removed with a suction pump, and the organisms were further concentrated in successively smaller containers until a density suitable for counting was attained. A 0.1 ml aliquot of the concentrate was placed on a slide and examined at 50OX magnification with a microscope equipped with phase contrast.An area of the coverslip large enough to permit an accurate estimation of the density and diversity of phytoplankton populations was examined for each preparation. All undamaged organisms were identified to the lowest positive taxonomic level using appropiate taxonomic references. Densities were reported as the number of units per milliliter of water (units/ml). A reporting unit consisted of a single frustule for diatoms. For algae other than diatoms, a reporting unit consisted of a single cell for unicellular forms, a 100 pm length for filamentous forms and four cells for all colonial forms other than some species of blue-green algae such as Aphanocapsa, Aphanothece, and Microcystis for which 50 cells comprised a reporting unit.Phytoplankton species diversity (Shannon 1948) was calculated using natural logarithms (base e).Biovolume (cell volume) determinations were made using methods described by Cowell (1960) and Hohn (1969). Biovolume was computed for each taxon using the formula for the geometric configuration that most resembled the shape of the organism. All biovolumes were expressed as microliters per liter (Pl/I).Carbon fixation rate was estimated by the light-dark bottle 14C method (Wetzel 1964; Parkos et al. 1969; Strickland and Parsons 1972). Three 50 ml light bottle aliquots wereI aken from each replicate sample, inoculated with 5-6 microcuries of aqueous C bicarbonate solution, and incubated for 3 hr in a constant light (=1000 ft-c) and temperature (adjusted to near ambient) chamber. One 50 ml dark bottle aliquot per location was inoculated and incubated similarly, but was wrapped with aluminum foil to exclude light.Aliquots were then filtered through 0.45 ýim porosity filters. The filters were returned to the laboratory, dried, fumed with concentrated HCI for 10 min (Wetzel 1965), and placed in low potassium scintillation vials. Seventeen milliliters of scintillation fluid (12 g/l Butyl PBD, 0.4 g/l PBBO, and 180 mI/l Scintisol-GB in spectrophotometric grade toluene) were added to each vial, and the activity was measured with a refrigerated liquid scintillation counter. Carbon fixation rate, corrected for dark bottle activity, was express9d as milligrams of carbon fixed per cubic meter of water per hour (mg C/m per hr).Chlorophyll a concentration was determined by the fluorometric techniques of Lorenzen (1966) and Strickland and Parsons (1972). Three 50 ml aliquots from each replicate sample were filtered onto glass fiber filters containing a thin layer of MgCO 3.The filters were eluted with 90% acetone for at least 24 hr, ultrasonically disrupted, and centrifuged. The fluorescence was measured before and after the addition of 1 N HCI. Chlorophyll a concentration, corrected fir pheophytin, was expressed as milligrams per cubic meter of water (mg Chi a/m ).40 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III. Results and Discussion Phytoplankton collected in the Neosho River during 1979 consisted of 245 taxa representing 100 genera and 7 algal divisions. Diatoms (Bacil-lariophyta) and green algae (Chlorophyta) were the most diverse groups with 119 and 82 taxa, respectively. The remaining taxa were distributed among yellow-brown algae (Chrysophyta), cryptomonads (Cryptophyta), blue-green algae (Cyanophyta), euglenoids (Euglerophyta), and dinoflagellates (Pyrrhophyta). A comprehensive species list and a tabulation of density and biovolume for each taxon are presented by sampling date and location in Appendix B, which also contains summaries of phytoplankton data for 1973 through 1979.Total phytoplankton density ranged from 462 to 58,445 reporting units/ml during 1979 (Table 3.1). The high densities observed in December 1979 extended the upper limit of the range (309 to 42,501 units/ml) previously observed in the Neosho River (Appendix B, Table B.1). Diatoms numerically dominated the phytoplankton (composed at least 50% of total density) on all sampling dates. At Location 1 near John Redmond Reservoir, centric diatoms (Centrales) were always dominant. Centrics also were dominant at downstream Locations 10 and 4, except in February and October when pennate diatoms were abundant. Previous studies indicated that Centrales usually is the most important numerical component of phytoplankton in this portion of the Neosho River (Repsys 1979). Because large populations of centrics normally are characteristic of lentic habitats, the dominance of these diatoms in the river probably was caused by upstream discharges from the reservoir. Total biovolume ranged from 0.16 to 6.94 il/1 in 1979. The previous range observed in the Neosho River was 0.22 to 16.55 Il/l (Appendix B, Table B.2). Centric diatoms dominated phytoplankton biovolume (composed at least 50% of total biovolume) at Location 1 on all dates except 7 August when the dinoflagellate Gymnodinium was dominant at all locations. Algal groups that made major contributions (at least 20%) to biovolume at downstream locations included euglenoids and pennate diatoms in February, centric and pennate diatoms in April, centric diatoms and cryptomonads in June, dinoflagellates in August, green algae and centric diatoms in October, and centric diatoms in December. Pennate diatoms and non-diatom groups usually exhibited greater biovolume and density at downstream locations than at Location 1, possibly indicating that these organisms are better adapted to, or originate in, the lotic habitat of the Neosho River.Important centric diatoms included Cyclotella atomus, C. meneghiniana, Melosira ambigua, M. granulata (and v. angustissima), Stephanodiscus astraea (and v. minutula), S. hantzchii, S. invisitatus, and S. minutus (Table 3.2).Many very small (<5 um diameter) centric diatoms were enumerated on most dates. These centrics could not be positively identified with the analytical technique employed. With the exception of the Melosira species, these diatoms have been reported previously as dominant taxa in the Neosho River (Farrell 1978; Repsys 1979). Most species exhibited downstream declines in abundance that reflected their probable origin in John Redmond Reservoir. Exceptions were C. atomus, C. meneghiniana and S. minutus.Taxa other than centric diatoms were important primarily in terms of biovolume, and were similar to these reported in earlier studies. These taxa 41 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES were sporadically important in the phytoplankton during 1979, and Cryptomonas was the only non-diatom that achieved at least 10% of total density or biovolume on more than one date. Seasonal cycles of non-diatoms in the Neosho River were described by Repsys (1979). The dinoflagellate Gymnodinium was important in August 1979 and may have been the same taxon reported as the chloromonad Gonyostomum prior to 1979.Since 1973 annual maximum phytoplankton abundance has occurred in a different month during each year studied. The effects of physical factors such as water temperatures, light intensity, and day length that normally control seasonal algal cycles were modified by seasonal differences in discharge rates from John Redmond Reservoir. Annual climatic differences in U length and severity of winters, and the pattern and amount of yearly rainfall were factors that indirectly affected phytoplankton densities in the Neosho River because they influenced turbidity, retention time, and algal standing crops in the reservoir. Wilde and Reetz (1976) and Farrell (1978) associated increases in phytoplankton densities and chlorophyll a concentrations with concurrent declines in annual precipitation within the John Redmond Reservoir watershed from 1973 to 1976.Diversity in the Neosho River ranged from 1.08 to 3.34 in 1979 (Table 3.3) and from 0.91 to 3.16 in earlier years (Appendix B, Table B.3). Low I phytoplankton diversity in December 1979 corresponded to high densities of small, unidentified, centric diatoms. Species diversity indices were similar among Neosho River locations on most sampling dates during all years studied.Maximum diversity has occurred in October or December since 1975.In 1979 carbon fixation rates ranged from 0.92 to 61.55 mg C/mi 3 per 3 hr, and chlorophyll a concentrations ranged from 1.42 to 50.96 mg Chl a /m (Table 3 3.4). Previous ranges in the Neosho iiver were 0.15 to 130.65 mg C/mi per hr and 0.70 to 41.25 mg Chl a /m (Appendix B, Tables B.4 and B.5). Carbon fixation rates were high during August and October when bio-volumes and chlorophyll a concentrations also were relatively high. Maximum density, biovolume, and chlorophyll a occurred in December, but seasonally low water temperatures prevented carbon fixation rates from reflecting this increase in standing crop. Carbon fixation rates in the Neosho River gen- I erally have exhibited summer depressions between spring and fall peaks.No adverse effects of WCGS construction on phytoplankton composition, abundance, diversity, biovolume, chlorophyll a standing crop or carbon fixation rate were evident in the Neosho River during 1979 or previous years. Values for these parameters generally have been similar at all three river locations and especially at Locations 10 (upstream from Wolf Creek) and 4 (downstream from Wolf Creek). Wolf Creek, the drainage system through which most runoff from construction related activities is carried to the Neosho River, has exhibited intermittent flow throughout the monitoring l studies and has had only minor effects on flow regimes and phytoplankton in the river. As previously stated, phytoplankton communities in this portion of the Neosho River have been influenced most directly by water releases from I John Redmond Reservoir. 42 i HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Centric diatoms continued to numerically dominate phytoplankton in the Neosho River. Other algal groups were important primarily in terms of biovolume and tended to be more important at downstream locations (10 and 4)than at Location 1.2. Values for total phytoplankton density, biovolume, diversity, and chlorophyll a standing crop exceeded the ranges previously reported for these parameters in the Neosho River. These values were not related to WCGS construction but reflect natural phytoplankton fluctuations in the river.3. Water releases from John Redmond Reservoir again exerted a control-ling influence on phytoplankton in this portion of the Neosho River. Phy-sical and climatic factors influence phytoplankton in the river primarily because they affect discharge rates and phytoplankton development in the reservoir.

4. No adverse effects of WCGS contruction on phytoplankton in the Neosho River were noted.43 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Cowell, B. C. 1960. A quantitative study of the winter plankton of Urschel's Quarry. Ohio J. Sci. 60:183-191.

Farrell, J. R. 1978. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 50-70 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Hohn, M. H. 1969. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of plankton diatoms. U Bull., Ohio Biol. Surv. 3:1-211.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.Kline, P., and S. Reetz. 1977. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 47-70 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No.5501-07688). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Lackey, J. B. 1938. The manipulation and counting of river plankton and changes in some organisms due to formalin preservation. U. S. Public Health Rep. 53:2080-2093. Lorenzen, C. J. 1966. A method for the continuous measurement of in vivo chlorophyll concentration. Deep-Sea Res. 13:223-227. Machenthun, K. M. 1969. The practice of water pollution biology. U. S.Dep. Inter., F.W.P.C.A., Washington, D. C. 281 pp. I Meyer, R. 1971. A study of phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Fayetteville as a means of assessing water quality. Ark. Water Res. Reclamation Center, Publ. No. 10. 59 pp.Parkos, W. G., T. A. Olson, and T. 0. Odlaug. 1969. Water quality studies on the Great Lakes based on carbon fourteen measurements on primary productivity. Water Resources Center, Univ. Minn. Grad. School Bull.17. 121 pp.Repsys, A. J. 1979. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 41-61 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf-Creek Generating Station, March 1978-February 1979. (Project No. 5501-08917). Annual report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System I Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656. 5 4I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Strickland, J. D. H., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of sea water analysis. 2nd ed. Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 167. 311 pp.Wetzel, R. C. 1964. A comparative study of the primary productivity of higher aquatic plants, periphyton, and phytoplankton in large shallow lakes. Intern. Rev. Ges. Hydrobiol. 49:1-16._ 1965. Necessity-of decontamination of filters in C14 measured rates of photosynthesis in fresh water. Ecology 46(4):540-542. Wilde, E. W., and S. D. Reetz. 1976. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 124-149 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No.5501-06814). Annual report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ , and P. A. Jones. 1975. Phytoplankton studies.Pages 111-132 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Annual report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc.for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.45 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (I.I I I I I I I I1 I I I I I I I@1i!Figure 3.1.Phytoplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.46 "m "- m "m --m m -m "m Table 3.1. Mean density, biovolume and percent composition of major taxonomic groups in phyto-plankton samples collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.__. ____ )en s.!yJ t_ aaIt 1a& 1uL~c a t 1 o s ...Bipv olusrne_ at Sa£mp Iin 1 __ _0t 4 1 !_ 1(1 4 Units Units tini ts Al per Id per Ii per Dlate Taxonomic G;roup ler ml %. per ml " e ml 7 liter % liter % liter %20 February Bacil larlophyta (Central )I ChIorrophyta Chrysophvta Cryptophyta Cyanophyta Euglenophyta Pyrrhophyta Total PhVtoplanktn 10 April Bacillarh vljhyta (Cent ra les)(Pona I cv)Chlorophyta Chrysophyta Cryptophvta Cyanophyta liaR gtenophyta Pyrrhophyta Total Phytoplankton 21 May Bacillarlophyta (Cent rales)(Pennales) Ch] orophyta Chrysophyt a Cryptnphvta Cyanophyta Puglenophyta Pyrrhophyta Total Phytoplankton 12 June BacIllarlophyta (Centrales)(Pennal es)Chlorophyt n Chrysplihyt a Cryptnphyta Cyanophyta Eug I fenophy ta Pyrrhophyta Total Phytopl ankton 1764 81.13 329 55.69 273 59.06 (1298) (59.71) ( 79) (13.67) ( 74) (16.11)466) (21.42) (251) (42.41) ( 198) (42.95)195 8.95 86 14.47 104 22.46[58 7.25 60 10.08 25 5.32 42 1.94 41 6.91 27 5.82 6 0.29 0 0.00 0 0.00 8 0.38 74 12.45 30 6.58 1 0.05 2 0.40 4 0.75 0.196 65.57 0.070 25.71 0.044 28.12 (0.060) (19.95) (0.005) ( 1.95) (0.004) (2.88)(0.137) (45.62) (0.064) (23.22) (0.039) (25.24)0.023 7.55 0.010 3.76 0.013 8.13 0.013 4.44 0.009 1.28 0.004 2.46 0.045 14.90 0.043 15.14 (0.(127 17.10 0.004 1.26 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.015 5.10 0.13Q 49.92 0.058 37.41 0.004 1.18 0.007 2.53 0.011 6.78 2174 100.00 591 100.0 4662 100.00 0.1(11 10o.00 0.279 100.00 0.)1S 100.00 5678 95.39 5837 96.11 6598 96.67 (5107) (85.80) (5180) (85.29) (5794) (84.90)571) ( 9.59) ( 657) (10.83) ( 804) (11.77)176 2.96 184 3.02 182 2.67 6 0.09 2 0.04 2 0.03 67 1.12 20 0.33 19 0.27 0 0.00 6 0(.09 .3 0.04 26 0.43 23 0.38 21 0.31 0 0.00 1 0.02 0 0.00 5952 100.00 6073 100.0 6825 100.00 (0.607 80.30 0.523 84.54 0.684 88.63 (0.507) (67.06) (0.394) (61.80) (0- 555) (71.87)(0.100) (13.24) (0.128) (20.74) (0.129) (16.76)0.069 9.12 0.049 7.98 0 ,050 6.43 0.002 0.32 <0.001 (.13 0.001 0.18 0.039 5.20 0.009 1.46 0.011 1.45 0.000 0.00 0.006 1 0.Of)1 0.038 5.06 0.029 4.64 0.025 3.29 0.000 0.00 0.002 0.32 0.000 0.00 0.757 100.00 0.618 100.00 0.772 100.00 N-4 0 z in z 0 z z 0 3750 73.07 (3573) (69.62)177) ( 3.45)1173 22.85 7 0.14 82 1.59 104 2.03 16 0.32 o 0.00 5132 100.00_b 1.546 15.26 0(.500) (73.01)(0.046) ( 2.24)0.387 18.82<0.001 <0.01 0.082 4.00 O.006 0.31 0.033 1.61 0.000 0.110 2.054 100.00 1376 65.97 1708 67.78 1857 70.16 (1193) (57.18) (1400) (55.55) (1652) (62.43)183) ( 8.78) ( 308) (12.23) ( 205) ( 7.72)408 19.56 449 17.81 368 13.91 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 213 10.20 283 11.22 295 11.13 71 3.38 78 3.10 1(08 4.09 19 0.89 2 0.09 19 0.70 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2086 100.00 2520 100.00 2646 100.00 0,379 63.37 1.494 60.80 01.431 55.68 (0. 165) (61.17) (0.446) (54.9:?) (0.395) (51.02)(0.013) ( 2.20) (0.048) ( 5.88) (0-.0 6) ( 4.67)0.(167 11.28 0.07) 9.7, 0.064 8.11 0.000 0.00 0.000I ). ()1) 0.000 0.00 0.136 22.79 0.236 29.00 (). 244 31 .48 0.001 0.22 0.001 0.17 0.002 0.25 0.014 '.34 0.002 0.27 0.033 4.29 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.597 100.100 0.813 100.01 0.775 100.00 Table 3.1. (continued) ..DensntyatSamlng Locations Biovolume at Sampling Locations 1 10 4 1 10 4 Units Units Units wl per PI per cl per Date Taxonomic Grouj_ per ml p per ml % per ml % liter % liter 2 liter 9 July Bacillariophyta (Centrales)(Pennales) ChGIrophyta Chrysophyta Cryptophyta Cyanophyta Euglenophyt a P yrrhophyta 980 83.91 (749) (64.12)(231) (19.78)100 8.55 0 0.00 9 0.80 51 4.34 28 2.40 0 0.00 0.158 57.42 (0.129) (46.67)(0.030) (10.74)0.029 10.62 0.000 0.00 0.002 0.74 0.006 2.27 0.079 28.94 0.000 0.00 0.276 100.00 Total Phytoplankton 1168 100.00 7 August Bacillariophyta (Centrales)(Pennales) Chlorophyta Chrysophyta Crytophyta Cyanophyta Euglenophyta Pyrrhophyta 2305 61.59 2378 65.68 2353 65.20 1.019 20.23 0.903 17.18 0.886 17.75 (2067) (55.22) (2013) (55.60) (1994) (55.26) (0.990) (19.66) (0.816) (15.54) (0.794) (15.90)238) ( 6.36) ( 365) (10.08) ( 358) ( 9.93) (0.029) ( 0.57) (0.086) ( 1.64) (0.091) ( 1.84)542 14.49 308 8.50 394 10.91 0.202 4.01 0.091 1.75 0.146 2.92 7 0.18 2 0.06 0 0.00 0.003 0.06 <0.001 <0.01 0.000 0.00 222 5.92 194 5.37 176 4.88 0.103 2.04 0.094 1.80 0.065 1.32 96 2.55 167 4.61 154 4.26 0.001 0.02 0.001 0.03 0.002 0.03 190 5.07 101 2.78 110 3.04 0.496 9.84 0.200 3.80 0.332 6.65 382 10.20 471 13.00 423 11.72 3.213 63.80 3.964 75.45 3.560 71.33 N r.m 4 0 z M z 0 z z r M z 0 m Cn Total Phytoplankton 3743 100.00 3621 100.00 3609 100.00 5.037 100.00 5.253 100.00 4.990 100.00 9 October (Cehtrales)(Pennatea) Chlorophyta Chrysophyta Cryptophyta Cyanophyta Euglenophyta Pyrrhophyta 4574 78.69 3376 67.94 3255 62.87 1.170 66.05 0.647 44.32 0.685 48.73 (3258) (56.05) (1845) (37.13) (1969) (38.02) (1.070) (60.41) (0.467) (32.00) (0.491) (34.90)(1316) (22.64) (1531) (30.81) (1287) (24.85) (0.099) ( 5.64) (0.180) (12.32) (0.194) (13.83)555 9.55 810 16.29 982 18.97 0.321 18.13 0.620 42.48 0.508 36.09 14 0.24 25 0.51 23 0.45 0.002 0.13 0.003 0.24 <0.001 0.06 130 2.24 409 8.23 498 9.62 0.038 2.17 0.097 6.69 0.137 9.72 398 6.84 262 5.27 318 6.15 0.025 1.39 0.008 0.57 0.010 0.72 142 2.44 82 1.66 82 1.59 0.215 12.13 0.081 5.60 0.060 4.27 0 0.00 5 0.09 18 0.35 0.000 0.00 0.001 0.09 0.006 0.41 Total Phytoplankton 5813 100.00 4969 100.00 5178 100.00 1.771 100.00 1.460 100.00 1.407 100.00 It December Bacillariophyta (Centrales)(Pennales) Chlorophyta Chrysophyta Cryptophyta Cyanophyta Euglenophyta I'yrrhophyta 54330 92.96 50503 91.76 51686 93.39 5.825 83.98 5.323 83.72 5.231 83.79 (53350) (01.28) (49811) (90.50) (50763) (91.72) (5.723) (82.50) (5.230) (82.25) (5.157) (82.60)981) ( 1.68) ( 692) ( 1.26) ( 923) ( 1.67) (0.1021 ( 1.48) (0.093) ( 1.47) (0.074) ( 1.19)1634 2.80 1404 2.55 1022 1.85 0.384 5.54 0.269 4.22 0.242 3.88 388 0.66 411 0.74 215 0.39 0.017 0.24 0.009 0.15 0.004 0.06 1585 2.71 2300 4.18 1870 3.38 0.424 6.12 0.515 8.10 0.469 7.51 292 0.50 247 0.45 372 0.67 0.054 0.78 0.041 0.64 0.046 0.73 122 0.21 75 0.14 103 0.19 0.217 3.13 0.169 2.66 0.232 3.72 5 <0.01 19 0.03 9 0.02 0.006 0.08 0.025 0.39 0.012 0.20 Total Phytoplankton 58445 100.00 55039 100.00 55347 100.00 6.936 100.00 6.358 100.00 6.243 100.00 a Values for centric and pennate diatoms are presented separately due to their relative importance in phytoplankton. b Not sampled.-MA. ---- -..-.-.-_- HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.2.Mean density and biovolume of taxa composing at least 10% of total phytoplankton in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Mean Density Mean Biovolume (units/ml) (jil/liter) Location Location Date/Taxon 1 10 4 1 10 4 20 February Bacillariophyta Centrales Small unidentified centrics Pennales Gomphonema olivaceum Nitzschia dissipata Cryptophyta Cryptomonas spp.Euglenophyta Euglena viridis 928 44 43 0.010 <0.001 0.001 32 71 236 32 41 28 0.008 0. 102 0.018 0.010 0.014 0.012 16 15 9 0.041 0.038 0.023 7 65 28 0.014 0.130 0.056 10 April Bacillariophyta Centrales Stephanodiscus astraea v. minutula Stephanodiscus hantzschii Stephanodiscus invisitatus Stephanodiscus minutus Small unidentified centrics 312 425 850 465 2311 179 272 279 638 3028 345 332 445 727 2995 0.213 0.079 0.049 0.060 0.035 0.122 0.051 0.016 0.081 0.045 0.235 0.062 0.026 0.093 0.045 21 May Bacillariophyta Centrales Cyclotella atomus Stephanodiscus astraea Small unidentified centrics Chlorophyta Oocystis sp.978 261 1550 164 a 0.073 1.088 0.015--0.253 12 June Bacillariophyta Centrales Cyclotella atomus Stephanodiscus astraea Small unidentified centrics Cryptophyta Cryptomonas spp.295 298 74 88 428 518 337 0.019 72 0.267 667 0.005 0.020 0.315 0.006 0.022 0.258 0.008 96 173 180 0.123 0.223 0.232 49 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3.2. (continued) 0I!Mean Density Mean Biovolume (units/ml) (.il/liter) Location Location Date/Taxon 1 10 4 1 10 4 9 July Bacillariophyta Centrales Cyclotella atomus Stephanodiscus astraea Small unidentified centrics Euglenophyta Phacus sp.Trachelomonas sp.I I I I I 146 24 252 9 9--0.013--0.046--0.005--0.033--0.034 7 August I Bacillariophyta Centrales Cyclotella meneghiniana Melosira ambigua Melosira granulata Pyrrhophyta Gymnodinium spp.255 416 386 0.021 545 479 436 0.359 308 236 187 0.307 382 471 423 3.213 0.034 0.315 0.191 0.032 0.287 0.151@11 3.964 3.560 9 October Bacillariophyta Centrales Melosira granulata

v. angustissima Stephanodiscus astraea Stephanodiscus minutus Pennales Nitzschia spp.Chlorophyta Carteria spp.Closterium spp.623 242 223 0.108 325 113 137 0.438 833 596 626 0.069 717 760 682 0.023 0.042 0.152 0.049 0.039 0.185 0.052 I I I!I I 0.024 0.022 0.162 0.261 0.217 0.000 0 2 181 2 290 0.00 0 0.217 11 December Bacillariophyta Centrales Stephanodiscus astraea v.minutula Small unidentified centrics 6327 5808 5404 4.606 44676 42330 42926 0.715 4.228 3.934 0.677 0.687.1 I a Not sampled.50 I

-o -" -i s m --M --Table 3.3.Average diversity indices for phytoplankton collected from the Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Neosho River near Wolf Creek Speciesa Diversity Evennessb Value Number of Taxa Number of Organisms Date Location Redundancy 20 February 10 April 21 May 12 June 9 July 7 August 9 October I-I I 10 4 I 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 4 1 10 4 2.40 3.20 3.24 2.34 2.11 2.29 2.66 2.92 3.07 2.85 2.90 0.63 0.82 0.85 0.60 0.54 0.58 0.70 0.77 0.79 0.73 0.78 45 50 46 51 52 54 46 44 49 49 41 2174 591 462 5952 6073 6825 5132 2086 2520 2646 1168 t 0.39 0.21 0.19 0.41 0.47 0.43 0.31 0.24 0.22 0.28 0.24 N-1 0 z ni z 0 z z z C, m (fl 3.15 3.05 3.20 3.13 3.30 3.34 1.12 1.08 1.08 0.79 0.76 0.78 0.77 0.81 0.81 0.29 0.28 0.28 55 55 59 57 59 62 48 46 44 3743 3621 3609 5813 4969 5178 58445 55039 55347 0.22 0.25 0.22 0.23 0.20 0.20 0.71 0.72 0.72 11 December a b C Based on Shannon (1948)Zar (1968).Not sampled.using base e. Table 3.4.Mean carbon fixation rates and chlorophyll a concentrations from phytoplankton samples collected near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Collection Date 20 February 10 April 21 May 12 June 9 July 7 August 9 October 11 December Carbon Fixation 1 3.35 12.00 33.60 11.18 3.13 43.60 50.85 6.99 Rate (mg C/mJper hr)Location 10 4 1.15 0.92 10.42 9.77-a 16.59 16.65 56.46 61.55 46.04 48.32 6.19 6.72 Chlorophyll 1 3.38 6.40 11.22 2.66 1.53 21.35 11.52 48.06 concentration (mgChl a/ml)Location 10 4 2.50 1.42 5.61 5.41 5.61 17.07 10.21 50.96 4.64 16.62 11.11 50.64 N F-0 z M z 0 z z r z C, MI a Not sampled.mm m = mM.. = = = -A = HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 4 PERIPHYTON STUDY By Ronald J. Bockelman 53 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Periphytic algae often are the most important primary producers in small rivers and streams (Wilhm et al. 1978). They are important for photo-synthetic production of oxygen and as a source of food or shelter for many macroinvertebrates and fish. Under favorable conditions such as sufficient light, suitable substrates, and low water velocities, algal populations are able to develop profusely. Periphyton attach to a variety of substrates from rocks to fine silt. The variability of natural substrates and the changing physical and biotic factors that influence periphyton distribution often create an extremely heterogeneous assemblage (Wetzel and Westlake 1969).Periphyton is an excellent indicator of water quality (Weber 1973a).Species composition and seasonal abundance are related to physical and chemical factors such as water temperature, light intensity, substrate type, current, and nutrient concentrations. Because diatoms are often a major component of the periphyton, they have received considerable attention. Many ecological requirements of diatoms have been documented (Patrick 1948; Lowe 1974), and species diversity as well as indicator species have proven useful in evaluating water quality (Patrick 1973).Periphytic algae in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) have been monitored since 1973 to establish baseline data and to assess the impact of WCGS construction (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Farrell 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978; Bockelman 1979). During these studies differences in composition, especially in terms of dominant taxa were evident between the Neosho River and Wolf Creek. Diatoms were most useful in characterizing the different periphyton communities because they were always present, and often dominant, at all locations sampled; Periphyton was adversely affected by intermittent flow in Wolf Creek. In the Neosho River, water releases from John Redmond Reservoir maintained sufficient flow for periphyton growth.The 1979 periphyton study focused on the Neosho River and was designed: 1. To gather additional information on the abundance, structure, and seasonal variability of periphyton in the Neosho River; and 2. To assess the effects of WCGS construction on periphyton communities. II. Field and Analytical Procedures Locations 1, 10 and 4 in the Neosho River were sampled for periphyton during 1979 (Figure 4.1). Samples were collected on 20 February, 7 August and 8 October. Hydrological or substrate conditions precluded sampling at all locations on 9 April, 13 June, and 11 December and at Locations 10 and 4 in August.At each location 16 samples delineated by a 0.1 dm2 template were scraped from suitable natural substrates. Four samples were placed in "M31, preservative (Meyer 1971) for later identification and enumeration of diatoms 54 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES (2 samples) and non-diatom algae (2 samples). Six samples for chlorophyll analysis were stored on ice in the dark, and the remaining six samples were placed in crucibles for later determinations of biomass.Diatom samples were cleaned chemically (Hohn and Hellerman 1963) and then rinsed several times with deionized water at 24 hr intervals. After the sample was adjusted to a suitable volume, a subsample was permanently mounted with Hyrax mounting medium. All- volumes were kept consistent within each sampling period. A predetermined area (usually 16.2 mm ) of each slide was examined under phase contrast illumination at 1250X magnification using immersion oil. Each diatom frustule was counted as one unit.Samples for non-diatom analysis were blended to insure uniformity, and wet mounts were prepared with 0.1 ml subsamples. An area equal to that used for diatom analysis was examined under light field illumination at 500X magnification. Filamentous algae were counted in units of 10 um length, and each cell of nonfilamentous algae was counted as one unit. Appropriate taxonomic references were used for identifications to the lowest positive t axon.Al~al abundance was expressed as number of units per square centimeter (no./cm ). Biovolume of each algal taxon was determined following the methods of Cowell and Hohn (1969) and was reported as microliters per square decimeter (4i/dm ). Diversity (Shannon 1948) and evenness (Zar 1968)were calculated from abundance data using log base 2.Periphyton biomass and chlorophyll a were determined with accepted methods (A.P.H.A. et al. 1976). Biomass standing crop was reorted as milligrams of ash-free dry weight per square decimeter (mg/dm ) and chloro-phyll 4 standing crop as micrograms of chlorophyll a per square decimeter (tig/dm ). A one-way analysis of variance (Steel and Torrie 1960) was employed each sampling period to detect statistically significant differences among locations for biomass and chlorophyll a standing crops. Tukey's (1951)multiple comparison precedure was used after the ANOVA to determine signi-ficant differences between specific locations. Significance was defined as P < 0.05 for all analyses.III. Results and Discussion During 1979, 123 taxa representing 39 genera and 5 algal divisions were identified in periphyton samples collected from the Neosho River. As in previous years, diatoms (Bacillariophyta) accounted for at least 80% of the taxa identified (Table 4.1). Green algae (Chlorophyta) and blue-green algae (Cyanophyta) each composed approximately 10% of the taxa in all years. A list of the periphytic algae identified in 1979 including data on species composition, density, biovolume and summaries of periphyton data for 1973 through 1979 are presented in Appendic C.Total periphyton density in the river ranged from =2,300,000 to=84,260,000 reportin§ units/cm in 1979 (Table 4.2) and from <10,000 to=48,770,000 units/cm in previous years (Appendix C, Table C.1). Total biovolume for 1979 and previous years ranged from 96.4 to 2432.5 il/dm and from <0.1 to 10085.9 HI/dm 2 , respectively (Appendix C, Table C.2). Ranges for 55 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 22 biomass standing crop were 60.2 to 1779.0 mg/dm2 and 17.0 to 3024.7 mg/din respectively (Appendix C, Table C.3). Rlspective ranges for chlorophyll a standing crop were 625.0 to 2921.6 g/dm and 0.0 to 6172.0 g/dm (Appendix C, Table C.4). Standing crop estimates for 1979 were within previously observed ranges except for total periphyton density.Diatoms generally dominated the periphyton (composed at least 50% of total density or biovolume) during 1979 (Table 4.3). Important diatoms included Nitzschia dissipata, Gomphonema olivaceum, Fragilaria vaucheriae, and Thalassiosira pseudonana in February and Navicula tripunctata v.schizonemoides, Nitzschia fonticola, and Stephanodiscus astraea v. minutula in other months (Table 4.4). Stephanodiscus and Thalass ira were important components of phytoplankton in the Neosho River in 1979 (Chapter 3) and earlier years (Repsys 1979). But the remaining species, especially N.tripunctata

v. schizonemoides, often have been major taxa in the periphyton (Farrell 1978; Bockelman 1979).Green algae (Oedogonium and Stigeoclonium) and blue-green algae (Lyngbya, Oscillatoria, and Phormidium) were common at Location 1 in August and October. The green alga Spirogyra and the red alga Audouinella violacea each contributed more than 10% of total biovolume at Location 4 in February.Except for A. violacea, these non-diatom genera have been important in previous years. Cladophora was an important green alga in earlier studies but was not observed in 1979. Its absence was probably related to the paucity of samples (one) collected in the April through August period.In February, biomass and chlorophyll a standing crops were significantly (P < 0.05) greater at Location 4 than at both locations in the river (Table 4.5T. On all other sampling dates in 1979 and in previous monitoring studies at the site, significant differences were not noted between Location 4 (downstream from Wolf Creek) and both Location 1 (near John Redmond Reservoir) and Location 10 (upstream from Wolf Creek). Based on statistical analyses of 3 these standing crop data, there was no consistent indication of construction effects on periphyton in the Neosho River.Periphyton diversity and evenness ranged from 2.76 to 4.67 and from i 0.58 to 0.86, respectively (Table 4.6). The previous range for diversity in the river was 0.28 to 3.13 (Appendix C, Table C.5). The higher diversity values in 1979 probably resulted from the identification of many species of diatoms (e.g., species ot Navicula and Nitzschia) that previously were identified only to the generic level.Data collected in 1979 were insufficient to evaluate accurately seasonal or annual differences in periphyton.

Hydrological conditions or absence of suitable substrates prevented collection of over 50% of the scheduled samples.The 1980 periphyton program will utilize floating artificial substrates in an attempt to increase sample recovery.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Values obtained in 1979 for periphyton biovolume, biomass, and chlorophyll a were within the respective ranges previously observed in the 56 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Neosho River. Total periphyton density and species diversity exceeded the ranges reported in previous monitoring studies, but these higher values were not related to WCGS construction.

2. Numerically, diatoms were the most important component of peri-phyton in the Neosho River. Green algae and blue-green algae were important primarily in terms of periphyton biovolume.

3. Data collected in 1979 were insufficient to evaluate accurately seasonal and annual differences in periphyton.

4. Statistical analyses of periphyton biomass and chlorophyll a data collected through 1979 indicated no consistent pattern that could be attri-buted to construction activities at WCGS.57 U HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. Reference Cited American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Asso-ciation (AWWA), and Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF).1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater.

i 14th ed. Am. Public Health Assoc., Washington, D. C. 1193 pp.Bockelman, R.J. 1979. Periphyton study. Pages 62-78 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek I Generating Station, March 1978-February 1979. (Project No.5501-08917). Report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Cowell, B. C. 1960. A quantitative study of winter plankton of Urschel's Quarry. Ohio J. Sci. 60:183-191. Farrell, J. R. 1975. Periphyton study. Pages 133-147 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1976. Periphyton study. Pages 150-166 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by 01 NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1977. Periphyton study. Pages 71-88 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wol-f--Creek Generating Station, March 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, U Kans.1978. Periphyton study. Pages 71-86 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating i Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Hohn, M. H. 1969. Quantitative and qualitative analyses of plankton diatoms.Bull. Ohio Biol. Surv. 3:1-211. I and J. Hellerman. 1963. The taxonomy and structure of diatom populations from three eastern North American rivers using three sampling methods. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. 82(3):250-329. Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Vol. II. Wichita, Kans.Lowe, R. L. 1974. Environmental requirements and pollution tolerance of freshwater diatoms. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Rep.670/4-74-005. 334 pp.58 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Meyer, R. L. 1971. A study of phytoplankton dynamics in Lake Fayetteville as a means of assessing water quality. Arkansas Water Resour. Res. Center, Univ. Arkansas, Fayetteville. Publ. 10. 58 pp.Patrick, R. 1948. Factors affecting the distribution of diatoms. Bot.Rev. 14:473-524 1973. Use of algae, especially diatoms, in the assessment of water quality. Pages 76-95 in J. Cairns, Jr. and K. L. Dickson, eds.Biological methods for the assessment of water quality. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadephia, Pa.Repsys, A. J. 1979. Phytoplankton studies. Pages 41-61 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1978-February 1979. (Project No. 5501-08917). Annual report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell System Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 481 pp.Tukey, J. W. 1951. Quick and dirty methods in statistics, part II, simple analyses for standard designs. Proc. 5th Annu. Convention, Am. Soc. for Quality Control. pp. 189-197.Weber, C. E., ed. 1973a. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Rep. 670-4-73-001. 174 pp._ 1973b. Biological monitoring of the aquatic environment by the Environmental Protection Agency. Pages 46-60 in J. Cairns, Jr. and K. L. Dickson, eds. Biological methods for the assessment of water quality. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa.Wetzel, R.G., and D.F. Westlake. Periphyton. Pages 33-40 in R. Rollenweider, ed. A manual on methods for measuring primary production in aquatic environments. International Biological Programme Handbook No. 12, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, England.Wilhm, J., J. Cooper, and H. Namming. 1978. Species composition, diversity, biomass, and chlorophyll of periphyton in Greasy Creek, Red Rock Creek, and the Arkansas River, Oklahoma. Hydrobiologia 57:17-23.Zar, J. H. 1968. Computer calculation of information theoretic measures of diversity. Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci. 61:217-219. 59 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES SCALE !N MILEq MWAý4 0 2 4-L-: -' ýi I OI I I!I I I@I OI I I I I I I I'I p '.~§ -'-9.3-)A 4r 0 0 S 10..' 0 00 t: j I',' a? J..Figure 4.1. Periphyton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.60 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 4. 1.Number of periphytic algal taxa collected from natural substrates near Wol Kansas, 1973-79.f Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Bacillariophyta Chlorophyta Cyanophyta Total Year No. % No. % No. % No.1973 93 82 7 6 13 12 113 1974 88 95 1 1 4 4 93 1975 75 89 5 6 4 5 84 1976 92 80 15 13 8 7 I11 1977 57 85 6 9 4 6 67 1978 59 82 5 7 5 7 72 1979 100 81 10 8 11 9 123 a b c Includes one representative of the Chrysophyta. Includes two representatives of the Chrysophyta. Includes one representative each of the Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. 61 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.1 I Table 4.2.Standing crop estimates for periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Location Date 1 10 4 Total Density (No./cm 2 x 104)20 February 9 April 13 June 7 August 8 October 1I December Total Biovolume (Pl/dm 2)20 February 9 April 13 June 7 August 8 October 11 December X Biomass (mg/dm2, ash-free dry wt.)20 February 9 April 13 June 3334.5_a 401.3 703.1 1479.6 726.5 105.1 286.1 372.6 617.6 60.2 374.5 350.8 7021.5 653.2 3837.4 1932.9 209.9 1071.4 1087.8 752.5 920.2 8425.5 229.5 4327.5 2432.5 I I I I I I 96.4@1 7 8 11 August October December 1264.4 1779.0 396.5 108.7.8 2921.6 625.0 1773.3 I I I I I I Chlorophyll 1 20 February 9 April 13 June 7 August 8 October 11 December (Gg/dm2 )1561.0 932.9 707.0 1067.0 1504.9 726.2 7x 1115.6 a Samples not collected. @1 62 I m"mmem- m m- m4" Table 4.3.Distribution by taxonomic division of algal density and biovolume in periphyton samples collected from natural substrates at Locations 1., 10, and 4 in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Cenerating Station. Burlington. Kansas, 1979.Bacillariophvta Chlorophyt a Cyanoh1yta 110 4 Date 1F 10 4 1 10 4 Density (No./cm 2)20 February 9 April 13 June 7 August 8 October 11 December 32,594,9R0 _a 1,436,987 5,081,226 69,704,990 6,277,474 76,934,940 2,219,984 179,999 605,999 419,998 209,998 0 3,269,999 569,999 1,969,996 0 1,522,499 299,999 254,998 1,859,999 74,999 Density (%)20 February 9 April 13 June 7 August 8 October 11 December 97.8 35.8 72.3 99.3 96.1 91.3 96.7 0.5 15.1 6.0 1.7 18.4 71.7 0.3 0.0 1.9 0.0 3.9 0.0 1.7 49.1 21.7 8.2 20.0 35.4 0.4 2.2 3.9 3.3 1.0 22.3 (31 Biovolume (ul/dm 2)20 February 9 April 13 June 7 August 8 October 11 December 716.6 1930.0 66.6 178.4 203.2 1723.9 96.1 437.0 0.0 6.8 I r m-4 0 z In z 0 z z r 0 M z 0 In to 0.3 0.q Hiovolume (M 20 February 9 April 13 June 7 August 8 October 11 December 98.6 63.4 62.4 99.8 96.8 70.9 99.7 0.2 0.1 18.0 1.1 <0.1 17.5 -25.0 0.0 0.0 19.1 12.4 3.2 0.3 a Samples not collected. Table 4.4.Algal taxa composing at least 10% of total density in periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Locat ion Date 1 10 4 20 February Nitzschia dissipats Nitzschia dissipata Gomphonema olivareum Gomphonema olivaceum Gomphonema olivaceum Nitzschia dissipata Fragilari , vaucheriae Spirogyra app.Thalassiosira pseudonana Audoujnella violacea 9 April a 13 June 7 August Navicula tripunctata

v. schizonemoides Stigeoclonium spp.Phormidium tenue Oscillatoria agardhii Lyngbya diguetii 8 October Stephanodiscus astraea v. minutula Nitzschia fonticola Navicula tripunctata v.Oedogonium spp. Navicula tripunctata

v. schizonemoides schizonemoides Stephanodiscus astraea v.Stephanodiscus astraea v. minutula minutula 11 December a Samples not collected.

0O1-rS N r'I 0 z m z 0 z K z r w z 0 m U)-Mt m M M M M m M M M --M m MM M HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 4.5. Summary of Tukey's multiple comparison tests on standing crops of periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 20 February and 8 October, 1979.(Location) Date Standing Crop Biomass (mg/dm 2)(4) (10) (1)20 February 1 7 7 9.0a 1087.7 617.6 (10) (4) (1)8 October 752.5 396.5 374.5 Chlorophyll g (0jg/dm 2)(4) (1) (10)20 February 2921.6 1561.0 1504.9 (10) (1) (4)8 October 726.2 707.0 625.0 a Standing crops at any two locations significantly different (P > 0.05).Standing crops at any two locations significantly different (P < 0.05).underscored by the same line are not not underscored by the same line are 65 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.1 Table 4.6. Total number of taxa and mean diversity, evenness and Autotrophic Index of periphyton collected from natural substrates in the Neosho I River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Location U Date 1 10 4 Number of taxa 20 February 29 56 60 9 April -a -*13 June -7 August 32 -8 October 54 59 43 11 December --3 X 38 58 52 Diversity (H')b I 20 February 3.29 3.38 4.23 9 April --*13 June -I 7 August 2.76 -8 October 4.57 4.67 4.62 11 December --@X 3.54 4.02 4.42 Evenness (j,)C 20 February 0.68 0.58 0.72 9 April --*13 June -7 August 0.58 -8 October 0.84 0.83 0.86 11 December --3 0.70 0.70 0.79 Autotrophic Indexd 3 20 February 396 723 609 9 April --13 June -7 August 64 --8 October 503 1036 634 11 December --3 321 880 622 a Samples not collected. iI b Shannon (1948) using log base 2.c Zar (1968).d Weber (1973b).66 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 5 ZOOPLANKTON STUDY By Gary D. Rogers 67 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Herbivorous zooplankton feeding on algae and/ or detritus occupy an important niche in aquatic ecosystems. Many species of larval fish utilize zooplankton as their major food (Siefert 1972; Clady 1977). Additionally, the juveniles and adults of some fish species are planktivorous (Baker and Schmitz 1971; Mathur and Robbins 1971). These characteristics make zoo-plankton essential to the energy flow from photosynthetic producers to higher trophic levels. Alteration of stream flow, introduction of waste heat or other pollutants, or impoundment of streams may have an effect on the indi-genous zooplankton and associated aquatic biota. Biological monitoring programs aid in understanding the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems and in evaluating the effects of major construction projects on these aquatic organisms. To monitor the potential effects of construction of Wolf Creek Gen-erating Station (WCGS) on zooplankton populations, Kansas Gas and Electric Company has funded aquatic studies in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek in the vicinity of the site. This environmental monitoring began in 1973 (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974) and has continued in each succeeding year (Repsys 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979). Relative abundance, species composition, and temporal and spatial variability of zooplankton populations were determined and related to natural environmental factors and to construction activities associated with WCGS. The 1979 monitoring program differed from previous studies in that zooplankton sampling was restricted to the Neosho River.The specific objectives of the 1979 study were: I. To gather additional baseline data on seasonal and year-to-year variability in the structure of zooplankton populations of the Neosho River; and 2. To provide a data base for the assessment of potential effects of construction and operation of WCGS on indigenous zooplankton populations in the Neosho River.II. Field and Analytical Procedures Sampling locations for zooplankton are indicated on Figure 5.1.Duplicate horizontal drift samples were collected at Locations 1, 10, and 4 in the 2Neosho River using a metered no. 25 (64 vim) mesh plankton net with a 437 cm aperture. When current velocity was insufficient to activate the flowmeter, the net was towed against the current at a speed sufficient to provide reliable flowmeter readings. All samples were preserved at the time of collection in 5% formalin and stored in labeled containers. In the laboratory, samples were concentrated or diluted to a workable density of organisms and then thoroughly mixed to obtain a representative subsample which was withdrawn and placed in a Bogorov counting chamber.Stratified counts of zooplankton in the subsample were made using a bino-cular dissecting microscope at 50X magnification. Subsampling was continued until a sufficient number of organisms was enumerated to estimate population 68 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES densities, usually after counting at least 5% of the total sample. Micro-crustacea were identified to species with the exception of taxonomically indistinct immature copepods and cladocerans which were identified to the lowest positive taxon. Rotifers were identified to genus, except certain littoral-benthic genera in the order Bdelloidea. Identifications were made with the use of appropriate taxonomic keys.III. Results and Discussion The flow regime in the Neosho River was significantly altered with the impoundment of John Redmond Reservoir in 1964. The Neosho River was a sluggish, meandering stream with a gradient rarely exceeding I m/km (Prophet 1966). Flows were largely determined by rainfall, with the river overflowing its banks during periods of heavy rainfall and reduced to low flows during periods of drought. After closure of the dam at John Redmond Reservoir, flows in the river were regulated by the rate of release from the reservoir. Since the primary function of John Redmond Reservoir is flood control, the volume of release into the Neosho River was determined by storage volumes and rainfall in the watershed. During an annual cycle, reservoir discharges may range from 50 to 13000 cfs (Repsys 1978). The maximum discharge during 1979 was approximately 10025 cfs (Chapter 2).Zooplankton densities in the tailwaters (Location

1) of John Redmond Reservoir followed general trends established in previous studies. A high correlation (r = 0.95) was found when years (coded as 73, 74.. .79) were regressed against the mean annual density of selected copepods at Location 1 (Table 5.1). This correlation denotes a steady increase in copepod abun-dance in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir.

The trend of increasing abundance with succeeding years was less consistent with the selected cla-doceran taxa. The slight decrease in mean microcrustacean zooplankton densities in 1979 was due to a dramatic decrease in the abundance of Bogmina longirostris. Mean annuil density of this common cladoceran was 7584/mi in 1979 compared to 30484/mi in 1978. This decline was offset somewhat by increased densities of Daphnia, primarily D. parvula, and Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum. Overall, small increases were observed for most of the selected copepod taxa in 1979.Zooplankton populations at Location I exhibited spring and fall peaks in density (Tables 5.2-5.8). When combined, Rotifera and copepod nauplii represented from 74.1 to 95.4% of the zooplankton populatio5. Densities of zooplankton 3at Location I ranged from 55,019 organisms/m in April to 1,1 6 9,4 6 9/m in October. In October the community was dominated by the rotiferan genus Keratella (87.8%). In contrast, the zooplankton assemblage was more balanced in April with the copepods representing 59.5% and the rotifers 36.6%. Other dominant rotifers (> 10%) included Filinia, Hexarthra, and Polyarthra. The seasonal succession of crustacean zooplankton generally followed trends established in previous years (Repsys 1979). Diaptomus siciloides was numerically important during most months. The genus Cyclops was represented by C. bicuspidatus thomasi during late winter and early spring and C. vernalis during the remainder of the year. Peak densities of Daphnia parvula and Bosmina longirostris occurred in late spring or early summer, whereas a population maximum of Diaphanosoma was observed in August.69 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Zooplankton populations in the lower Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4)appear to be directly influenced by water releases from John Redmond Reservoir. Contributions of zooplankton through reservoir releases to lotic systems and the downstream fate of these organisms have been well documented (Hynes 1970). In general, zooplankton discharged from small reservoirs into streams I or shallow rivers decrease more rapidly than those emanating from major reservoir-riverine systems such as the Missouri River (Ward 1975; Armitage and Casper 1976). In approximately 16 to 19 km of river between the tail-waters (Location

1) and Locations 10 and 4, up to 99% of the zooplankton were lost from the drift. The rate of loss appears to be inversely related to rate of flow (r = -0.72). This relationship held from 1973 through the present study for all seasons except winter. Neosho River flows of less than 500 cfs resulted in a loss of at least 95% of the microcrustaceans between Location 1 and the two downstream locations (Figure 5.2). With the exception of one observation, 17 to 100% of the zooplankton persisted at flows above I 500 cfs.Similar large downstream reductions of zooplankton densities during low reservoir discharges

(<200 cfs) were reported by Ward (1975) and Armitage and Capper (1976) for river-reservoir systems in Wales and Colorado. Both authors speculated that these losses were largely due to the filtering effect of extensive growths of periphytic algae covering the stream bottom sub- I strates. Chandler (1937) demonstrated that periphyton and aufwuchs, in general, were important factors in filtering out lentic plankton during low stream flows. The filtering effectiveness of periphytic algae may be reduced during high flows (>1000 cfs) when a large percentage of substrate growth is scoured off and carried downstream, and during winter when most attached algae die back and become dormant. Scarcity of periphytic growth may account for the high persistence of reservoir zooplankton in the Neosho River (since 1975) when minimal river flows (50-75 cfs) occurred during the winter.Autochthonous production of zooplankton was apparently negligible i except during April and December. During these months zooplankton abundance at Locations 1 and 10 was similar whereas the density at Location 4 exceeded that at Location 10 by approximately 150% (April) to 350% (December). The greatest increases in April were observed in the rotiferan genera Keratella, Polyarthra, and Synchaeta. Increased density at Location 4 in December was due to increased abundance of nauplii, cyclopoid copepodites, Cyclops vernalis, and Polyarthra. The most probable source of this production was Wolf Creek. Although plankton data for Wolf Creek were not collected, the flows observed in the creek could have been sufficient to flush zoo-plankton into the river and account for the increase in density at Location 4. I This conclusion was somewhat weakened by the fact that similar percent increases were observed in April and August of 1976 during periods of low flow in Wolf Creek (Repsys 1977). The difference in the 1976 and 1979 data was in the actual density difference between Locations 10 and 4. In 1979 the increase in densities at Location 4 was one order of magnitude higher than in 1976. 3 The data collected during the present study indicated that the construc-tion of WCGS had no effects on the zooplankton population of the Neosho River. Comparisons of the data at Locations 10 and 4 show that the only 70 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES appreciable differences between the two assemblages was that of increased abundance in April and December. Species composition was apparently not affected by construction activities. IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Population degsities at Location 1 ranged from 55019 organisms/mr 3 in April to 1,169,4 6 9/m in October.2. Zooplankton populations were dominated by the nauplii and Keratella.

Combined, these two taxa made up 74.1 to 95.4% of the community during the study period.3. A gradual increase has been observed in the zooplankton abundance at Location 1 during the seven years of study. This has been primarily due to increased abundance of selected copepod taxa.4. Zooplankton abundance in the lower Neosho River appeared to be influenced by plankton discharges from John Redmond Reservoir. Downstream persistence of zooplankton was directly related to river flow. A minimum river flow of 500 cfs appeared to be critical to zooplankton persistence.

5. Autochthonous production of zooplankton in the Neosho River was apparent in April and December of the 1979 study.6. Construction of WCGS had no detrimental effect on zooplankton abundance or species composition during the 1979 study.71 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited 3 Armitage, P. D., and M. H. Capper. 1976. The numbers, biomass and transport downstream of micro-crustaceans and Hydra from Cow Green Reservoir (Upper Teesdale).

Freshwater Biol. 6:425-432. Baker, C. D., and E. H. Schmitz. 1971. Food habits of adult gizzard and threadfin shad in two Ozark reservoirs. Pages 3-12 in G. E. Hall, ed. n Reservoir Fisheries and Limnology. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 8.Chandler, D. C. 1937. Fate of typical lake plankton in streams. Ecol.Monogr. 7:447-479. Clady, M. D. 1977. Crustacean zooplankton populations and concurrent survival of larval yellow perch in Oneida Lake. N.Y. Fish Game J. 24: 46-52. m Hynes H. B. N. 1970. The ecology of running waters. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 555 pp. 3 Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environ-mental report. Vol. II. Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans. 3 Mathur, D., and T.W. Robbins. 1971. Food habits and feeding chronology of young white crappie, Pomoxis annularis Rafinesque, in Conowingo Reservoir. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 100: 307-311.Prophet, C. W. 1966. Limnology of John Redmond Reservoir. Emporia State Res. Stud. 15(2):5-27. Repsys, A. J. 1975. Zooplankton study. Pages 133-147 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by m Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1976. Pages 167-191 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975-December 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1977. Zooplankton study. Pages 89-115 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating I Station, March 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1978. Pages 87-112 in Final report of construction environ- I mental monitoring program, Wolf-Creek Generating Station, February 1977-December 1977. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans. I 72 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1979. Pages 79-105 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, March 1978 -February 1979. (Project No. 8917). Report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Siefert, R. E. 1972. First food of larval yellow perch, white sucker, bluegill, emerald shiner, and rainbow smelt. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.101:219-225. Ward, J. V. 1975. Downstream fate of zooplankton from a hypolimnial release mountain reservoir. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol. 19:1798-1804. 73 HAZILFTON ENVIROJNMVENTAL SCIENCES QI.I I I I I I I I@1 I I I 0I Figure 5.1.Zooplankton sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.74 I " "O m " "m "- I ---4 0% ENLARGEMENT -LOW FLOW 5 -OBSERVATIONS 4-80-z z~70-60-z 0 z 50-q-0~60-z w J 3 0 C-)0 3 2 3.2 35 50 60 61 67 200 395 500 cf6 7 I N 0 z m z 0 z z-I z C, m to I I e. " IO-Ei 1 L 1t~ -I 1.L I _________ I______________ 8O00 1000 2000 I I 1 3000 4000 NEOSHO RIVER FLOWS 1 5000 (cf5)6000 7000 I I I I I 86000 Figure 5.2. Downstream persistence of zooplankton in the Neosho River below John Redmond Reservoir based on spring, summer, and fall density data from Locations 1, 10, and 4, 1973-1979. Table 5.1. Yearly mean densities (no./m3 ) of selected major microcrustacean taxa from John Redmond Reservoir (Location

1) 1973 through 1979.Year Taxa 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Copepoda Calanoid (Diaptomus) copepodites 2634 6948 8963 1698 4903 5447 6376 1 Cyclopoid copepodites 2546 6558 9006 13182 16978 21601 23220 Cyclops vernalis 284 597 443 976 1106 1432 1750 N Diaptomus pallidus 17 1006 48 316 266 390 878 m Diaptomus siciloides 1418a 1171 3458 1014 2502 5110 6772 a All adult Diaptomus spp. 2591 2177 3508 1330 2810 5501 7650 Z Ergasilus chau auquaensis 133 39 756 282 217 154 97 m Total Copepoda-8188 16319 22676 17468 26014 34135 39093 z Cladocera Bosmina longirostris 4509 4247 10580 20980 14923 30484 7584 0 Ceriodaphnia spp.- 1022 2483 130 11 28 17 53 Daphnia parvula d 1271 2095 2870 3547 3333 1134 3889 m All Daphnia spp. 14413 5089 3994 3579 3343 1857 7955 Z (juveniles and adults) P Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 3032 2759 8418 3344 4877 1391 3952 r Moina spp.- 163 205 7484 259 1102 1921 649 U1 Total Cladocera 23139 14783 30943 28173 24273 35670 24082 0 z Total microcrustaceans 31327 31102 53619 45641 50287 69805 63175 0 m a Males only. Females not identified to species in 1973.b Includes the above selected taxa only.c Mainly C. lacustris.

e Mainly juveniles and adults of D. parvula.e Mainly M. micrura.-...A...2_. m...mem I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.1 U Table 5.2.Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek a Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 20 February 1979 .Location S 1 10 4 Taxa ____No./rT No./m3 % No./m3 COPEPODA Nauplii Calanoid copepodites Cyclopoid copepodites Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi Cyclops vernalis Diaptomus pallidus Diaptomus siciloides Ergasilus megaceros Eucyclops agilis montanus TOTAL COPEPODA 280934 5936 39753 2536 132 62 14637 62 0 344052 41.47 95993 0.88 4104 5.87 13501 0.37 255 0.02 0 0.01 62 2.16 10498 0.01 0 0 50.79 124475 31.49 57622 1.35 3196 4.43 20572 0.08 1506 0 0.02 132 3.44 7432 0 62 40.84 90522 28.33 1.57 10.12 0.74 0.06 3.65 0.03 44.51 I I I I I I CLADOCERA Daphnia parvula TOTAL CLADOCERA 0 0 62 62 0.02 0.02 0 0@1 ROTIFERA Asplanchna spp.Brachionus spp.Conochiloides spp.Filinia spp.Keratella spp.Polyarthra spp.Synchaeta spp.Unidentified Rotifera TOTAL ROTIFERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 246 37992 29943 0 81022 183179 493 502 333377 677429 0.04 5.61 4.42 11.96 27.04 0.07 0.07 49.21 0 15094 22396 246 7547 132981 2008 0 180272 304809 9 4.95 5275 7.35 9308 0.08 0 2.48 4526 43.63 92470 0.66 1260 0 59.14 112839 2.59 4.58 2.22 45.47 0.62 55.49 203361 I I I I I I a Densities represent the mean of two replicates. I 77 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.3.Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 9 April 1979.a Locat ion__ 110 4 Taxa No./m3 % No./m 3 No./m 3%COPEPODA Nauplii Calanoid copepodites Cyclopoid copepodites Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi Cyclops vernalis Diaptomus pallidus Diaptomus siciloides Ergasilus chautauquaensis Eucyclops agilis Eucyclops agilis montanus Eucyclops speratus Harpacticoida TOTAL COPEPODA CLADOCERA Alona circumfimbriata Bosmina longirostris Ceriodaphnia lacustris Chydorus sphaericus Daphnia spp. (immature) Daphnia parvula Scapholeberis kingi TOTAL CLADOCERA 24596 222 6940 727 40 7 80 0 7 0 0 134 32753 0 2013 0 7 64 22 0 2106 44.70 25032 0.40 400 12.61 8648 1.32 1120 0.07 26 0.01 12 0.14 280 12 0.01 0 0 12 0.24 90 59.53 35632 12 3.66 1594 0 0.01 13 0.12 76 0.04 0 13 3.83 1708 0.11 80 0 2.85 2567 0.22 0 222 12.20 10478 7.65 2884 0 8.04 6790 3.71 2302 1.86 1862 36.64 27185 38.79 0.62 13.40 1.74 0.04 0.02 0.44 0.02 0.02 0.14 55.22 39746 231 9004 888 28 40 186 0 0 48 24 26 50221 21.50 0.13 4.96 0.49 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.03 0.01 0.01 27.68 ROTIFERA Asplanchna spp.Bdelloid Rotifera Brachionus spp.Conochiloides spp.Conochilus spp.Filinia spp.Keratella spp.Notholca spp.Polyarthra spp.Synchaeta spp.Unidentified Rotifera TOTAL ROTIFERA 60 0 1569 120 0 6713 4208 0 4426 2040 1024 20160 55019 0.02 0 2.47 1819 8 0.02 0 0.12 76 62 0.02 0 2.65 1965 0.12 0 451 3.98 4176 582 0.34 0 6.24 16024 4.47 38523 88 0.52 57894 3.57 11541 2.88 0 2.13 129279 1.00 0.01 0.04 0.03 1.08 I 1 4 0.25 2.30 0.32 8.83 21.23 0.05 31.90 6.36 71.25 TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 64525 181465 a Densities represent the mean of two replicates. 78 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Zooplankton collected from the tailwaters of John (Location

1) during May and July.a Table 5.4.Redmond Reservoir.I I 21 May 1979 9 July 1979 Taxa No./m % No./m %COPEPODA Nauplii Calanoid copepodites Cyclopoid copepodites Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi Cyclops vernalis Diaptomus clavipes Diaptomus pallidus Diaptomus siciloides Eucyclops agilis Mesocyclops edax Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus Harpacticoida TOTAL COPEPODA CLADOCERA Alona spp.Alona pulchella Bosmina longirostris Ceriodaphnia spp.Ceriodaphnia lacustris Daphnia ambigua Daphnia parvula Daphnia pulex Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Leptodora kindtii Leydigia leydigi Moina micrura Moina wierzejskii TOTAL CLADOCERA 415224 4774 79147 2242 2118 0 104 2112 0 19 0 34 505774 19 0 20969 52 52 110 7530 518 0 0 0 0 214 29464 64.41 0.74 12.28 0.35 0.34 0.02 0.33 0.01 0.01 78.46 0.01 3.23 0.01 0.01 0.02 1.17 0.08 0.03 4.57 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.03 15.40 0.79 0.17 0.50 16.97 19836 1374 7831 0 1630 31 9 496 22 22 18 0 31269 0 9 980 0 9 0 789 9 2560 122 31 106 0 4615 79 98 2787 1936 460 1593 7326 269 5106 1473 4684 274 26085 61969 32.00 2.22 12.64 2.63 0.05 0.01 0.80 0.04 0.04 0.03 50.46 0.01 1.58 0.01 1.27 0.01 4.13 0.20 0.05 0.17 7.45 I I I I I I 0I I!I I ROTIFERA Asplanchna spp.Bdelloid Rotifera Brachionus spp.Collotheca spp.Conochiloides spp.Filinia spp.Hexarthra spp.Kellicohia spp.Keratella spp.Polyarthra spp.Pompholyx spp.Synchaeta spp.TOTAL ROTIFERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 73 166 274 218 0 0 99279 5080 1078 3260 109428 644666 0.13 0.16 4.50 3.12 0.74 2.57 11.82 0.43 8.24 2.38 7.56 0.44 42.09 aDensities represent the mean of two replicates.

70 1 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.5. Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 11 June 1979.Location 1 10 4 Taxa No.1m % No./m % No./m %COPEPODA Nauplii Calanoid copepodites Cyclopoid copepodites Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi Cyclops vernalis Diaptomus clavipes Diaptomus pallidus Diaptomus siciloides Ergasilus chautauquaensis Eucyclops agilis montanus Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus TOTAL COPEPODA CLADOCERA Alona pulchella Bosmina longirostris Ceriodaphnia spp.Ceriodaphnia lacustris Chydorus sphaericus Daphnia ambigua Daphnia galeata mendotae Daphnia parvula Daphnia pulex Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Ilyocryptus sordidus Leptodora kindtii Moina micrura Moina wierzejskii Scapholeberis kingi TOTAL CLADOCERA ROTIFERA Asplanchna spp.Bdelloid Rotifera Brachionus spp.Cephalodella spp.Conochiloides spp.Filinia spp.Hexarthra spp.Keratella spp.Lecane spp.Lepadella spp.Monostyla spp.134970 2148 19560 96 1458 20 689 5624 54 20 0 164639 82 36624 34 275 20 0 20 17913 20 1019 0 54 62 132 132 56387 366 460 44412 194 3315 3121 5429 41615 244 0 0 29.55 95044 0.47 1686 4.28 12749 0.02 38 0.32 1764 0.01 0 0.15 638 1.23 3342 0.01 0 0.00 0 38 36.05 115299 0.02 8.02 0.01 0.06 0.00 0.01 3.92 0.01 0.22 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 12.34 0.08 0.10 9.72 0.04 0.72 0.68 1.19 9.11 0.05 0 26798 0 155 0 0 49 11720 0 953 49 0 100 126 0 39950 446 310 53304 0 1610 5627 6753 51150 0 0 174 23.66 75484 0.42 882 3.17 10148 0.01 0 0.44 2316 0 0.16 322 0.83 2234 0 0 0 28.70 91386 0 6.67 21516 0 0.04 260 130 68 0.01 0 2.92 11790 0 0.24 934 0.01 0 0 0.02 68 0.03 130 0 9.94 34896 20.55 0.24 2.76 0.63 0.09 0.61 24.88 5.86 0.07 0.04 0.02 3.21 0.25 0.02 0.04 9.50 0.06 0.19 16.76 0.50 i. 28 1.80 17.61 0.07 0.11 0.08 13.27 0.40 1.40 1.68 12.73 0.04 222 711 61547 0 1845 4690 6602 64659 0 244 0 80 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.5. (continued) .1 I Location 1 10 4 Taxa No./m % No./m % No./m %Polyarthra spp.Pompholyx spp.Rotaria spp.Synchaeta spp.Trichocerca spp.TOTAL ROTIFERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 124098 3898 122 8076 366 235716 456742 27.17 0.85 0.03 1.77 0.08 51.61 117282 1514 136 7800 349 246455 401704 29.20 0.38 0.03 1.94 0.09 61.35 89242 2112 0 8380 689 240943 367225 24.30 0.57 2.28 0.19 65.61 I I I I I a Densities represent the mean of two replicates. I@1 I I I I I 81 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.6.Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 7 August, 1979. a Location 110 4 No./m 3% No./m 3% No./m-3%COPEPODA Nauplii Calanoid copepodites Cyclopoid copepodites Cyclops vernalis Diaptomus clavipes Diaptomus pallidus Diaptomus siciloides Ergasilus chautauquaensis Ergasilus versicolor Mesocyclops edax Tropocyclops prasinus mexicanus TOTAL COPEPODA CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris Daphnia parvula Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Leptodora kindtil Moina micrura Moina minuta TOTAL CLADOCERA 197555 20946 6178 701 82 5624 15550 440 0 294 228 247598 82 2624 25536 1956 1337 3342 34795 34.06 3.61 1.06 0.12 0.01 0.97 2.68 0.08 0.05 0.04 42.69 0.01 0.45 4.40 0.34 0.23 0.58 6.00 8218 842 561 190 0 56 605 0 0 32 13 10517 6 50 0 12 25 93 1054 0 0 944 266 1008 4087 149 256 1061 8825 19435 4 ,2.28 7219 4.33 366 2.89 499 0.98 78 0 0.29 16 3.11 284 6 5 0.16 11 0.07 11 4.11 8495 5 0.03 0.26 0.06 0.13 0.47 0 11 0 6 26 43 40.03 2.03 2.77 0.43 0.09 1.58 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.06 47.11 0.06 0.03 0.14 0.23 9.48 0.08 0.10 6.28 1.15 7.21 21.48 0.60 1.73 4.54 52.65 ROTIFERA Brachionus spp.Cephalodella spp.Collotheca spp.Filinia spp.Hexarthra spp.Keratella spp.Polyarthra spp.Pompholyx spp.Synchaeta spp.Trichocerca spp.TOTAL ROTIFERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 34882 0 0 44662 19886 11410 133822 0 39120 13692 297474 579949 6.01 7.70 3.43 1.97 23.07 6.74 2.36 51.29 5.42 1710 15 18 4.86 1133 1.37 207 5.19 1300 21.03 3873 0.77 108 1.32 312 5.46 818 45.41 9494 18032 a D r Densities represent the mean of two replicates. 82 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.7. Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 8 October 1979. a Location 1 10 4 No./m 3% No./m % No./m 3%.1 I I COPEDODA Nauplii 75832 Calanoid copepodites 19706 Cyclopoid copepodites 13760 Cyclops vernalis 2687 Diaptomus pallidus 47 Diaptomus siciloides 13092 Ergasilus chautauquaensis 285 Ergasilus megaceros 536 TOTAL COPEPODA 125945 CLADOCERA Alona spp. 0 Alona circumfimbriata 0 Bosmina longirostris 0 Daphnia spp. (immature) 210 Daphnia parvula 292 Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum 2505 Disparalona rostrata 0 Ilyocryptus spp. 47 Leptodora kindtii 47 Macrothrix laticornis 0 TOTAL CLADOCERA 3101 6.48 1.68 1.18 0.23 0.01 1.12 0.02 0.04 10.77 0.02 0.02 0.21 0.01 0.01 0.26 494 32 96 0 4 47 7 7 687 3 4 4 0 0 0 3 6 0 0 20 0.78 0.05 0.15 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.01 1.09 1.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.29 0.07 4.59 1.31 2.46 0.07 0.15 78.66 461 10 60 4 0 21 10 5 571 8 36 0 0 0 0 18 0 0 10 72 0.95 0.02 0.12 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.01 1.18 0.02 0.07 0.04 0.02 0.15 0.30 2.99 0.94 1.10 71.93 0.15 2.55 5.51 1.08 0.97 0.71 0.45 98.67 I I I I@1 I ROTIFERA Anuraeopsis spp.Asplanchna spp.Brachionus spp.Bdelloid Rotifera Cephalodella spp.Collotheca spp.Euchlanis spp.Keratella spp.Lophocharis Monostyla spp.Polyarthra spp.Pompholyx spp.Synchaeta spp.Testudinella spp.Trichocerca spp.Trichotria spp.Wolga spp.Unidentified Rotifera TOTAL ROTIFERA TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 0 0 4210 2441 1088 0 0 1027166 542 858 3576 542 0 0 0 0 0 1040423 1169469 180 43 0.36 2890 0.21 826 0.09 1551 43 94 87.83 49474 0.05 0 0.07 1900 0.30 0 0.04 3858 51 1178 0 51 51 88.96 62190 144 0 6292 454 533 0 0 34841 72 I!I 3.02 1236 0 6.13 2668 0.08 0 1.87 526 470 0.08 343 0.08 216 8.88 47795 I I 9 62897 48438 a Densities represent the mean of two replicates. 83 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 5.8. Zooplankton collected from the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 11 December 1979. a Location 1 10 4 No./m 3  % No./m-5 % No./mi %COPEDODA Nauplii 49716 37.19 66145 48.62 179713 37.04 Calanoid copepodites 680 0.51 1056 0.78 3002 0.62 Cyclopoid copepodites 12484 9.34 12645 9.29 39828 8.21 Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 792 0.59 1027 0.76 2925 0.60 Cyclops vernalis 5232 3.91 5399 3.97 10353 2.13 Diaptomus pallidus 186 0.14 128 0.09 298 0.06 Diaptomus siciloides 2583 1.93 3340 2.46 6032 1.24 Ergasilus spp. 150 0.11 131 0.10 243 0.05 TOTAL COPEPODA 71823 53.73 89871 66.06 242394 49.96 CLADOCERA Alona circumfimbriata 0 64 0.05 Bosmina longirostris 0 162 0.12 88 0.02 Daphnia spp. (immature) 2388 1.79 3606 2.65 7782 1.60 Daphnia parvula 1944 1.45 1155 0.85 2726 0.56 Daphnia pulex 44 0.03 0 TOTAL CLADOCERA 4376 3.27 4987 3.66 10596 2.18 ROTIFERA Asplanchna spp. 274 0.20 648 0.48 972 0.20 Bdelloid Rotifera 0 0 972 0.20 Conochiloides spp. 132 0.10 0 0 Keratella spp. 929 0.70 2996 2.20 9715 2.00 Polyarthra spp. 40663 30.42 25497 18.74 144737 29.83 Synchaeta spp. 12150 9.10 11757 8.64 61195 12.61 Unidentified Rotifera 3318 2.48 282 0.20 14571 3.00 TOTAL ROTIFERA 57466 43.0 41180 30.27 232162 47.85 TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON 133665 136038 485152 a Densities represent the mean of two replicates. 84 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 6 MACROINVERTEBRATE STUDY By Randall B. Lewis and Kurt S. Stimpson 85 OI I I I I l I I I I I l I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Aquatic macroinvertebrates constitute an important component of most freshwater ecosystems. They play an important role in maintaining energy flow through ecosystems since they occupy virtually all levels within the trophic structure (i.e., deposit and detritus feeders, parasites, scavengers, grazers, and predators) (Odum 1971). Macroinvertebrates are also useful for monitoring environmental changes through time because of their limited mobility and relatively long life spans (Weber 1973).Macroinvertebrate communities have been monitored near the Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) site since 1973. Early studies (1973-75) were designed to obtain baseline information on the macroinvertebrate communities of the Neosho River, Wolf Creek and John Redmond Reservoir (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974; Nulty 1975; Andersen 1976). More recent studies (1976-78) assessed potential impacts on the macroinvertebrate community in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River resulting from construction activities associated with WCGS (Andersen 1977; Bazata 1978, 1979). The 1979 monitoring program near WCGS was a continuation of the constuction phase environmental studies.II. Field and Analytical Procedures Two replicate samples of drifting benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at night from the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir (Location 1;Figure 6.1) on 19 February, 10 April, 9 May, 21 June, 5 July, 6 August, 8 October, and 10 December 1979. Collections were made using a 0.75 m diameter plankton net of no. 0 mesh Nitex (0.571 mm), equipped with an internally mounted flowmeter (General Oceanics, Inc. Model 2030). Duplicate grab samples were collected utilizing a Ponar dredge (area sampled = 530 cm 2)on 20 February, 10 April, 11-12 June, 6 August, 8 October, and 10 December 1979 from Locations 10 and 4 in the Neosho River and Locations 7, 3, and 5 in Wolf Creek (Figure 6.1). Qualitative samples were obtained by seining and handpicking at each of these five locations concurrent with Ponar sampling.Due to the lack of water, no samples were collected at Location 5 in October.Ice cover prevented quantitative and qualitative sampling at Locations 7 and 5 in February. Flooding precluded qualitative sampling in the Neosho River in June.All samples were sieved using U. S. Standard no. 30 mesh (0.595 mm)screen. The sieve residue was transferred to appropriately labeled containers fixed with 10% formalin with rose bengal stain (Mason and Yevich 1967).After exposure to the staining solution for a minimum of 24 hr, samples were rewashed in the laboratory in a no. 30 mesh sieve and preserved in 70%ethanol. Macroinvertebrates were manually separated from the debris with the aid of a stereozoom microscope and identified to the lowest possible taxonomic level using appropriate taxonomic references. Aerial and terrestrial specimens collected in drift samples were not identified or enumerated. Diversity indices were calculated for all quantitative samples using Shannon's (1948) equation (log base 2). A Students "t" test (Steel and Torrie 86 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 1960) was used to test for significant differences (P < 0.05) in densities and diversity values among locations during each sampling period.III. Results and Discussion A. Habitat Characterization The Neosho River is a relatively slow meandering stream that rarely exceeds a gradient of I m/km (Prophet 1966). River flow in the study area is dependent upon discharge from John Redmond Reservoir which is regulated by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Discharge rates encountered during the macroinvertebrate drift samplings varied from 70 cfs in October to 10250 cfs in June (Figure 6.2).Substrates in the tailwaters of the John Redmond Reservoir Dam (Location

1) were layered limestone, shale, and sandstone bedrock. Flow at Location 1 was variable and entirely dependent upon releases from John Redmond Reservoir.

Pools and riffles characterized Location 10 which was 0.7 km upstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek. Substrates in the riffle habitats were rock, rubble, and gravel, whereas the pools were characterized by bedrock overlaid by silt. Location 4, 1.3 km downstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek, consisted of deep pools and a shallow gravel bar. The river bottom in the pools was silt and gravel, whereas the bar consisted of gravel and sand.Wolf Creek, a small intermittent tributary of the Neosho River, is subject to brief periods of high flow following snowmelt or stormwater runoff and long periods of low or zero flow, during which the creek often consists of a series of isolated pools. In October, Location 5 was dry and small isolated pools were present at Locations 7 and 3. The substrates at Locations 7 and 5 in Wolf Creek were clay mixed with gravel overlaid by leaf litter, whereas muck and gravel were the primary substrates at Location 3.B. Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

1. Neosho River a. Macroinvertebrate Drift Seventy-five macroinvertebrate taxa were collected in drift samples at Location 1 during 1939 (Table 6.1). Densities ranged from a 3 minimum of 43 individuals/100 m in December to a maximum of 22133/100 m in February (Tables 6.2 and 6.3). The drift assemblage exhibited marked seasonal variations in abundance and composition.

Drift macroinvertebrates were composed primarily of aquatic insects. Principal insect families included: Heptageniidae, (mayflies); Hydropsychidae, (net-spinning caddis-flies); Chaoboridae, (phantommidges); Simuliidae (black-flies); and Chironomidae (midge-flies). Non-insect forms that were abundant only sea-sonally included, Hydridae, (Hydra) and Naididae (aquatic segmented worms).Overall, Chaoboridae (Chaoborus punctipennis) and the diverse multi-species assemblage of Chironomidae were the most important drift components in terms of seasonal frequency, percent occurrence and 97 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES overall abundance. Chaoborus punctipennis was the most abundant organism in April, June, July, August and October 1979. Densities of C. punctipennis ranged from 125 to 3411/100 m and it constituted from 32.5 to 94% of the total drift densities. The large numbers of Chaoborus originated from John Redmond Reservoir. This lentic species is known to migrate to surface waters a short time after sunset and return to the hypolimnion or sediments a short time before sunrise (La Row 1968). During its diel vertical migration, large numbers of Chaoborus were discharged from the reservoir and subsequently collected downstream at Location 1.Chironomidae were abundant in the drift collections during all months of sampling, except December. Cricotopus spp., Procladius spp., and Tanypus sp. were the predominant midges collected in the drift during 1979. Similar chironomid assemblages were also collected at this location in previous drift studies (Nulty 1975; Andersen 1976, 1977; Bazata 1978, 1979). The numerous drifting Cricotopus larvae probably originated from the coarse, periphyton covered rock substrates at this tail-water location. Mundie (1956) reported that Cricotopus frequently is found in association with periphytic algal growths. In contrast to Cricotopus, drifting Procladius and Tanypus collected at Location 1 probably originated in John Redmond Reservoir. These two taxa were common inhabitants of the reservoir benthic community (Funk 1973; Anderson 1976). Individuals of both Procladius and Tanypus were primarily pupal stages and were likely entrained in the discharge from the reservoir during their pre-emergence ascent to the surface.Naididae (aquatic segmented worms) and Simuliidae (blackfly larvae) were abundant in the February collections. Naidids were extremely seasonal in occurrence and their abundance in the February drift probably coincided with their period of maximum assexual reproduction and recruitment. The occurrence of Simuliidae in February was probably related to seasonal periods of maturation and emergence. Simuliidae exhibited a similar pattern of abundance in 1977 (Table 6.3).Other taxa that were occasionally abundant in the drift included the Hydridae (Hydra sp.) in May and October, Hydropsychidae in October, and Heptageniidae in December. Densities of these organisms were sparse and their occurrence was too sporadic to determine the cause of the pulses in abundance.

b. Benthic Samples Ponar samples collected from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) during 1979 contained a total of 102 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa (Table 6.1). Chironomidae were the predominant organisms collected in most months during 1979 (Table 6.4) and in previous years (Table 6.5). Other taxa which were occasionally abundant in 1979 included aquatic oligochaetes (Enchytraeidae, Naididae and Tubificidae) and caddisflies (Hydropsychidae).

Overall, densities were highest in February and October and lowest in December.Composition and abundance of the Chironomidae varied seasonally during 1979. Midge densities were greatest in February and October. Cricotopus bicinctus and Eukiefferiella sp. were the predominant 88 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I midges at Location 10 in February. In October, Tanytarsus sp. and Cricotopus vierriensis were the most abundant midges. At Location 4, Pseudochironomis sp. and Tanytarsus sp. were the dominant midges in February and October, respectively. Additional chironomids that were seasonally abundant included Chironomus sp. (June) and Xenochironomus sp. (August).Enchytraeidae were abundant at both sampling locations in I the NesoRiver during June. The occurrence of this taxon was related to the high flow of the Neosho River during the period. Enchytraeids are primarily semi-aquatic shoreline inhabitants. They were likely inundated by high water or washed out of shoreline habitats and deposited on the river bottom. Naididae, primarily Nais sp. and Nais bretscheri, were common in February. These species were also abundant in the drift of the Neosho River in February. This pulse likely corresponded to a peak in their assexual reproduction and recruitment. Tubificidae were abundant only at Location 4 I in June when Branchiura sowerbyi and unidentifiable immatures without capil-liform chaetae were collected. There were no Tubificidae collected at Location 10. The occurrence of tubificids was likely related to the chance collection of samples in soft unconsolidated sediment and probably had little relation to any seasonal period of reproduction or recruitment. Immature hydropsychid caddisflies were common in the I August and October Ponar grab samples. Individuals collected in August were unidentifiable, early instars that probably had originated from eggs deposited earlier in the summer by emergent adultý. These early instars were primarily a Potamyia flava, as large numbers (964/m ) of this species were collected at Location 10 in October.Statistical comparisons of monthly abundance and species I diversity values between Locations 10 and 4 revealed several significant differences during 1979. In February and October, several taxa were more abundant (P<O.05) at Location 10 than at Location 4 (Table 6.6). In February, significantly greater densities of total Naididae, total Hydropsychidae (including Potamyia flava) and to-al Chironomidae (including Cricotopus bicinctus and Eukiefferiella sp.) were collected at Location 10 than at Location 4. Densities of total Hydropsychidae, Potamyia flava and total Chironomidae in October were also higher (P<O.05) at Location 10. Significantly greater densities of total Oligochaeta occurred at Location 4 than at Location 10 in June. This was due to the inordinate number of Tubificidae collected at this sampling site. In addition, species diversity values at Location 10 in October were greater (P<0.05) than those at Location 4.Inherent differences in habitat accounted for the general trend of higher I abundance of organisms at Location 10 than at Location 4. The riffle habitat at Location 10 would be expected to contain larger numbers than the pool habitat at Location 4.Qualitative sampling in the Neosho River (Locations 1, 10 and 4) resulted in the collection of a diverse assemblage of aquatic insects and mollusks (Tables 6.7 and 6.8). Mayflies (especially Heptageniidae), caddisflies (primarily Hydropsychidae), blackfly larvae, midges, snails and mussels were the predominant organisms collected in 1979. Location 1, which 89 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES was situated in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir, was characterized by fewer taxa and a lower relative abundance of organisms than either Location 10 or 4. The variable reservoir discharges resulted in a limited benthic fauna at this sampling site. Previous qualitative samplings in the Neosho River also indicated a restricted macroinvertebrate community at Location 1.2. Wolf Creek Quantitative sampling in Wolf Creek (Locations 7,3 and 5)resulted in the collection of 71 taxa (Table 6.1). Tubificidae were the dominant organisms throughout most of 1979 (Table p.9). Total benthos in Wolf Creek ranged f om a minimum of 85 organisms/mi at Location 5 in April to a high of 2816/mi at Location 7 in June. Comparisons of densities in Wolf Creek from 1974 through 1979 revealed no consistent pattern among either locations or seasons (Table 6.10). In contrast to the Neosho River, benthic organisms in Wolf Creek were generally lower in density and diversity, which reflects the intermittent flow characteristic of the creek. Periodic des-sication due to lack of flow undoubtedly restricted the occurrence of most macroinvertebrates indigenous to Wolf Creek.Tubificidae were most numerous in Wolf Creek during April, June and August. During 1979 and as reported in previous studies of Wolf Creek, the most common tubificids were Branchiura sowerbyi, Limnodrilus cervis, L. hoffmeisteri, L. udekemianus and unidentifiable immature individuals. The highest tubificid densities in Wolf Creek were recorded at Location 7 in April, June and August and at Location 3 in October and December. Fewer tubificids were present downstream at Location 5 than at the other sampling locations. The comparatively smaller densities at Location 5 were attributed to the intermittent flow in this stretch of the stream.The chironomid assemblage of Wolf Creek was diverse and overall density fluctuated widely in 1979. The most common midge taxa included: Chironomus sp., Cricotopus sp., Cryptochironomus sp., Hydrobaenus sp., Procladius (Psilotanypus) sp. and Stictochironomus sp. During most months densities of chironomids, were higher at Locations 7 and 3 than at downstream Location 5. Chironomids were probably affected similarly by the intermittent flow at Location 5 in Wolf Creek as were the tubificids. Other taxa which were occasionally abundant in Wolf Creek included: Enchytraeidae at Location 5 in June, Naididae at Location 3 in February, Ephemeroptera at Location 3 in October, and Chaoboridae at Locations 7 and 3 in October. The intermittent flow in Wolf Creek provided optimum habitats for the Enchytraeidae, which are common in semiaquatic habitats.Naididae (Nais sp. and Dero digitata) were commonly collected only in February.This paralleled their occurrence in the drift and Ponar samples from the Neosho River and reflected seasonal reproduction and recruitment. In October the mayflies, Hexagenia limbata and Caenis sp., and the phantom midge, Chaoborus punctipennis, were abundant at Locations 3 and 7. These species usually occur in still-water habitats with silty substrates such as those which occurred in Wolf Creek in the fall of 1976.90 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Statistical comparisons of macroinvertebrate abundance between locations in Wolf Creek revealed several significant (P<0.05) differences (Table 6.11). Significant differences were found only in comparisons of oligochaete densities. The densities of total Tubificidae and total Oligochaeta in April were greater at Location 7 than at 3 and 5, and densities at Location 3 were greater than at Location 5. The samples collected from Location 7 in June contained significantly greater numbers of unidentifiable immature tubificids with capilliform chaetae than at Location 3. In December, I densities of immature tubificids without capilliform chaetae and the total Oligochaeta were higher (P<0.05) at Location 3 than at Location 5.No significant differences were determined for the abundance of total benthos or insects. Furthermore, no significant differences in diversity were determined among locations. 3 Numerous crayfish, insects and snails were collected by qualit-ative sampling in Wolf Creek During 1979 (Tables 6.7 and 6.8). The August and October samplings yielded the greatest numbers of taxa. The predominant I insect families collected included the Hydropsychidae,, Simuliidae and Chironomidae. The snail, Physa sp., was commonly collected in Wolf Creek during most of 1979. When compared to the Neosho River collections, macro-invertebrates in the Wolf Creek qualitative samples were noticeably more I sparse. The comparatively fewer taxa collected in Wolf Creek during 1979 may have been related to the intermittent nature of the stream.Variations in macroinvertebrate composition, abundance and community structure in Wolf Creek during 1979 reflected natural variations normally associated with intermittent streams. Variations reported in 1979 paralleled observations made in previous years of studies of Wolf Creek (Nulty 1975; Andersen 1976, 1977; Bazata 1978, 1979). There were no indications that Station construction had altered the macroinvertebrate community of Wolf Creek.IV. Summary and Conclusions 3 1. Drift samples collected from the Neosho River (Location

1) during 1979 yielded 75 macroinvertebrate taxa. The drift assemblage was dominated by Chaoboridae (phantom-midges) and Chironomidae (midge-flies).

As in previous years, the composition of the drift in 1979 exhibited many seasonal variations in density and diversity of organisms.

2. Ponar grab samples from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) 3 during 1979 contained 102 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa. Dominant organisms throughout most of 1979 were midge fly larvae and pupae. Aquatic oligochaetes (Enchytraeidae, Naididae and Tubificidae) and net-spinning caddisflies (iiydropsychidae) were also periodically abundant.3. Densities of benthic organisms were generally greater at Location 10 than at Location 4. These differences in the aquatic community were attributed to the more productive riffle habitat at Location 10 in comparison to the pool habitat sampled at Location 4.91I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 4. A total of 71 macroinvertebrate taxa was collected in the Ponar grab samples from Wolf Creek in 1979. Tubificidae and Chironomidae were the predominant macroinvertebrate families collected from Wolf Creek.Enchytraeidae, Naididae and Chaoboridae were also occasionally abundant components of the benthic fauna.5. Lower densities and fewer further upstream at Locations 7 and the probable reason for the reduced at Location 5.taxa were recorded at Location 5 than 3. Intermittent flow of Wolf Creek was abundance and diversity of macroinvertebrates

6. Data collected in 1979 paralleled that reported in previous years of monitoring in Wolf Creek and the Neosho River. No long term patterns or empirical or statistical differences were found in the macroinvertebrate data that suggested any alterations due to construction of WCGS.92 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited Andersen, D. L. 1976. Benthos study. Pages 192-229 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March i975-February 1976. (Project No. 5501-06814).

Report by I NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Karts.1977. Benthos study. Pages 117-144 in Final report of i preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976-February 1977. (Project No. 5501-07688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Bazata, K. R. 1978. Benthos study. Pages 113-138 in Final report of i preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978. (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans._ 1979. Macroinvertebrate study. Pages 106-131 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1978-February 1979. (Project No. 8917). Report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Carter, S. R. 1977. Macroinvertebrate entrainment study. Pages 50-74 in @ i Operational environmental monitoring in the Missouri River near Fort Calhoun Station, January 1976 through December 1976. (Project No. 5501-07676). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Omaha Public Power District, Omaha, Nebr. 3 Funk, F. L. 1973. Species diversity and relative abundance of benthic fauna and related physicochemical festures in John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas, 1971-1972. M. S. Thesis. Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia, Kans. m 35 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station 5 environmental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols.LaRow, E. J. 1968. A persistent diurnal rhythm in Chaoborus larvae. I. The nature of the rhythmicity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13:250-256. Mason, W. T., and P. P. Yevich. 1967. The use of phloxine B and rose bengal stains to facilitate sorting benthic samples. Trans. Am. Microsc. Soc. m 86(2):221-223. Mundie, J. H. 1956. The biology of flies associated with water supply. 3 J. Inst. Public Health Engr. 55:178-193. Nulty, M. L. 1975. Benthos study. Pages 159-168 in Final report of pre-construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1974-February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.93 1 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Odum, E. P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. 3rd ed. W. B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia. 574 pp.Prophet, C. W. 1966. Limnology of John Redmond Reservoir, Kansas. Emporia State Res. Stud. 15(2):5-27. Shannon, C. E. 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. Bell Systems Tech. J. 27:379-423, 623-656.Steel, R. G. D., and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and procedures of statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York. 481 pp.Weber, C. I., ed. 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. U.S. Environ. Prot.Agency Natl. Environ. Res. Cent. Ecol. Res. Ser. No. EPA-670/4-73-0O1. 94 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES U eI I l I I I I I I I I I 0I Figure 6.1.Macroinvertebrate sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.95 I m mii m -m --5 -m ---- Inflow....... Outflow* N 9- M S IF*7 !i , !i. * .'OuIo 2-Figure 6.2. Daily inflow and outflow of John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, January-December 1979. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I.1 Table 6. 1.Summary of macroinvertebrate occurrence in quantitative collections near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 Coelenterata Hydrozoa Hydroidea Clavidae Cordylophora lacustris A.liman Hydridae Hydra sp. Linnaeus Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Tricladida Planariidae Dugesia sp. Girard Rhabdocoela Unidentified Rhabdocoela Nematoda Unidentified Nematoda Entoprocta Urnatellidae Urnatella gracilis Leidy Annel1da Oligochaeta Plesiopora Enchytraeldae Unidentified Enchytraeidae Naididae Dero sp. Oken Dero digitata (Muller)Dero dorsalis Ferronniere Nais sp. (Muller)Nais barbata Muller Nais behningi Michaelsen Nais bretscheri Michaelsen Nais communis Piguet Paranais frici Hrabe Pristina longiseta leidvi Michaelsen Tubificidae Aulodrilus pigueti Kowalewski Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard Ilyodrilus templetoni (Southern) Limnodrilus cervix Brinkhurst UImnodrilus claparedianus Ratzel Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede Limnodrilus udekemianus Claparede Immature w/o cap. chaetae Immature w/ cap. chaetae Prosopora Branchiobdellidae Cambarincola sp. Ellis+ + +I I I I I++++++ +I+ + ++ @1+ +++ + +++++ ++ +I I I I+ ++++ +++++++++++++++++++++ I+ I+++ + ++ +++ + ++ + +97 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6. 1.(continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 Hirudinea Rhynchobdellida Glossiphoniidae Actinobdella sp. Moore Actinobdella inequjannulata Moore Pharyngobdellida Erpobdellidae Dina sp. Blanchard Dina microstoma Moore Arthropoda Crustacea Aknhipoda alitridae Hyalella azteca (Saussure) Decapoda Astacidae Unidentified Astacidae Orconectes virilis (Hagen)Arachnida Acarina Unidentified Hydracarina Insecta Collembola Isotomidae Isotoma sp. Bourlet Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae Ephoron album (Say)Hexagenia sp. Walsh Hexagenia limbata (Serville) Potamanthus sp. Pictet Caenidae Caenis sp. Stephens*Tricorythodes sp. Ulmer Heptageni idae Unidentified Heptageniidae Stenacron interpunctatum (Say)Stenonema sp. Traver Stenonema pulchellum (Walsh)Stenonema terminatum (Banks)Stenonema Tripunctatum (BanKs)Siphlonuridae Isonychia sp. Eaton Odonata Gomphidae Gomphus sp. Leach Coenagrionidae Unidentified Coenagrionidae Argia sp. Rambur Plecoptera Perlidae Neoperla clymene (Newman)Hemiptera Corixidae+++ ++ +++++++ + ++ ++ ++++++ +++++ + ++ + ++ +-+ +++++ ++++ ++++ + ++ ++ + ++ ++98 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I Table 6. 1.(continued) .1 I I Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 Unidentified Corixidae Sigara sp. Fabricius Trichoptera Psychomyiidae Cyrnellus sp. Banks Cyrnellus fraternus Banks Hydropsychidae Unidentified Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp. Wallengren Hydropsyche frisoni Ross Hydropsyche orris Ross Hydropsyche simulans Ross Potamyia flava (Hagen)Hydroptilidae Unidentified Hydroptilidae Agraylea sp. Curtis Hydroptila sp. Dalman Leptoceridae Unidentified Leptoceridae Ceraclea sp. Stephens Nectopsyche candida (Flint)Oecetis sp. Mc Lachlan Polycentropodidae Unidentified Polycentropodidae Neuroclipsis sp. McLachlan Coleoptera Unidentified Coleoptera Dytiscidae Unidentified Dytiscidae Hydrophilidae Hydrochara sp. Berthold Gyrinidae Dineutis sp. McLeay Elmidae Dubiraphia sp. Sanderson Stenelmis sp. Dufour Diptera Unidentified Diptera Chaoboridae Choaborus punctipennis (Say)Simuliidae Unidentified Simuliidae Chironomidae Ablabesmyia sp. Johannsen Chaetocladius sp. Kieffer Chironomus sp. (Meigen)Cladotanytarsus sp. KIe.'fer Cricotopus sp. van Der Wulp Cricotopus bicinctus group (Meigen)Cricotopus fuscus group Kieffer Cricotopus tibialis (Meigen)Cricotopus tremulus group Cricotopus trifascia (Edwards)Cricotopus vierriensis Goetghebuer Crytochironomus sp. (Kieffer)++++++++++++++++++++++ ++I I I I+ ++++ +++++ + +++++ I++++I I+++ + ++ ++ + ++ + ++ +++++ +++ +++1+++++++++++++++++++++ ++ +++ +I'+++++99 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6. 1.(continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 Demicryptochironomus sp. Lenz Dicrotendipes sp. Kieffer Eukiefferiella sp. Thienemann Glyptotendipes sp. Kieffer Glyptotendipes (Phytotendipes) sp. Goetghebuer Harnischia sp. (Kieffer)Hydrobaenus sp. Brundin Kiefferulus sp. Goetghebuer Labrundinia sp. Fittkau Larsia sp. Fittkau Microchironomus sp. Kieffer Nanocladius sp. Kieffer Parachironomus sp. Lenz Parakiefferiella sp. (Thlenemann) Paralauterborniella sp. Lenz Paratanytarsus sp. Kieffer Paratendipes sp. Kieffer Polypedilum (ss) sp. Kieffer Polypedilum (ss) convictum type (Walker)Polypedilum (ss) simulans type Townes Procladius (Psilotanypus) sp. (Kieffer)Procla-lius (ss) sp. Skuse Pseudochironomus sp. Malloch Rheotanytarsus sp. Bause Stenochironomus sp. Kieffer Stictochironomus sp. Kieffer Tanypus sp. Meigen Tanytarsus sp. van der Wulp Thienemanniella sp. Kieffer Thienemannimyia group Fittkau Xenochironomus (Anceus) sp. Roback Ceratopogonidae Unidentified Ceratopogonidae Empididae Unidentified Empididae Hemerodromia sp. Meigen Dolichopodidae Unidentified Dolichopodidae Muscidae Unidentified Muscidae Tipulidae Unidentified Tipulidae Lepidoptera Pyralidae Parasyractis sp. Lange+++++ ++ +++ +++++ +++ +++++++++++++++++++-+ +++ ++ ++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ +++++ ++++ + +++ ++ + ++++ ++ ++++ +++ +Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Physidae Physa sp. Draoarnaud Planorbidae Helisoma sp. Swainson Ancylidae Ferrissia rivularis (Say)++ +++00 100 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I Table 6. 1.(continued) Neosho River Wolf Creek Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 Pelecypoda Heterodonta Sphaeriidae Sphaerium sp. Scopoli + + + + +Spharerium transversum (Say) + + + +Eulamellibranchia Unionidae Unidentified Unionidae +TOTAL TAXA 75 84 75 40 57 24 GRAND TOTAL 102 71 I@1 I I l I I I@1 I I I I I I I 101 I -m -m m -5 m m -m m m me.. -Table 6.2.Night macroinvertebrate drift data collected from the tailwaters of John Redmond on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, 1979.Reservoir Kansas, Sampling Date 19 Feb 10 Apr 9 May 12 June 5 July 6 Aug 8 Oct 10 Dec Water temperature (0 C) 4.4 11.0 20.0 26.0 25.0 28.7 19.8 5.0 Discharge volume a(cfs) <100 1300 650 10250 120 2260 70 Current velocity b(m/s) 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.1 0.8 0.3 1.1 Drift density b(no./lO0m

3) 22133 186 4385 973 1581 3622 2972 43 Total taxac 42 12 32 33 29 25 31 10 Shannon diversity 2.75 1.71 2.01 2.99 2.20 1.00 3.07 2.63 Percent abundance Hydridae 3.3 0 32.0 3.8 0.3 0.3 27.6 0 Naididae 41.2 8.6 0.1 0 0 0 0.2 3.5 Heptageniidae 0 0 0 1.0 <0.1 0.2 0.2 35.3 Hydrcpsychldae 1.1 0 <0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 18.4 9.4 Chaoboridae

<0.1 66.9 8.0 51.3 77.5 94.1 32.5 0 Simulildae 25.5 0 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 1.8 0 Chironomldae 22.2 23.4 59.1 23.7 20.3 3.7 15.7 0 Other taxa 6.6 1.1 0.6 19.3 1.4 1.0 3.6 51.8 N r-1 0 z m z 0 z m z r z 0 m W, aCubic feet per second, U.S. Army Corps bMean of two replicates. cTotal of two replicates. of Engineers, Tulsa District. Table 6.3.Drift densities (no./100m 3) of selected macroinvertebrate families in the tailwaters of John Redmond Reservoir on the Neosho River (Location

1) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-79.Month Taxonomic Group February Day Night April Day Night June August October December Year Day Night Day Night Day Night Day Night Itydridae Naidtdae I-C 0)Hlydropsychidae Chaoboridae Simullidae 1976 1977 1978 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979 1976 1977 197H 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979-a 48 147 46 37 724 4 32 1407 27 110 6 0 5 16 19 6 4 39 2 37-2 0 68 52 1 9118 139 34 49 244 2 37 0 26 21 140 6 18 7 98 26 23 25 5 2 107 --1279-12 33 54 0 46 306 3 709 2 23 28 235 17 95 3411 34 109 5 108 56 9 546 35 208 51 966-5-2118-267 2980 9697-821 161 --35 6719 4740-0 5 224 5633 66 184 4 4913 169 105 125 55 11 0 41 173 44 159 --247 32 27-500 124 407 3 t0 681 30 244 6 5 58 124 45 275 375 8479 0 16 0 736 2 39 115 4 83 15 13 7 N F In-I 0 2 0 2 Kn 2-I F In In 7 29 55 OMironowldae 217 240 419 --108 263 74-231 108 -293-133 274 -614 --2087-3622 111 242 8 838 468 222 0 74 5879 Total Density-495 -436-765 1869 -204 95 395 372 750 893 404 1006-2702-549 3174 10815-2972-22133-186-973-43 aSample not taken..P M.M-.. M M --t M -.

-m m m m m m -m m m --m Table 6.4.Macroinvertebrate data from Ponar samples collected from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Sampling Date/Location_______ 20 February 10 April 11 June 6 August 8 October 10 December 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 Benthic densitya (no./m 2)Total taxab Shannon diversityd Percent abtadancea (Z)Enchytraeidae Natdldae Tubi f 1cldae Epheme rt dae Caenldae Ilyd rol)sychl Idae EI mi dae Ch i ronond dae Other Laxa 30051 3270 775 633 576 983 869 813 7532 3307 57 94 54 30 27 31 14 21 14 27 46 29 6 9 4.00 2.71 3.57 3.79 2.13 3.10 2.61 3.02 3.94 3.10 1.29 2.13 0 16.8<0. 1 0.4 3.1 11.8 5.3 52.7 9.9 0 52.6 0.6 2.3 0.6 0.9 0.3 39.9 2.8 6.1 11.0 6.1 0 0 0 0 61.0 15.8 0 17.9 6.0 0 4.5 1.5 1.5 43.3 25.3 54.1 3.3 0 6.6 1.6 0 0 29.5 4.9 13.5 4.8 50.0 0 0 0 0 18.3 13.4 1.1 0 2.2 19.6 7.6 47.8 0 18.5 3.2 0 0 2.3 3.5 25.6 32.6 1.2 17.4 17.4 0 0 0.3 0.6 4.4 18.2 1.1 71.1 4.3 0 0.3 2.3 4.0 1.1 5.7 0.6 80.6 5.4 0 0 16.7 0 0 16.7 0 50.0 16.6 0 20.0 0 0 0 20.0 0 50.0 10.0 0'S-N-4 0 z m z 0 z z rn z 0'U M)atlean of two replicates. hTotal of two replicates. Table 6.5. Macroinvertebrate data from the Neosho River (Locations 10 and 4) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1973-79.Mean Density (no./m2)a NaJdIdae TubIfJcIdae Ephemeroptera Plecoptera Trichoptera Chironomidae Total Benthos 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 10 4 Sampling Date 25 February 1976 22 February 1977 21 February 1978 20 February 1979 17 April 6 April 4 April 25 April 10 April;975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 11 June f- 10 June k 15 June 8 June 27 June 12 June 10 September 1973 9 Setember 1974 9 September 1975 9 August 1976 9 August 1977 29 August 1978 6 August 1979 5 October 1976 4 October 1977 10 October 1978 8 October 1979 10 December 1973 10 December 1974 3 December 1975 14 December 1976 13 December 1977 12 December 1978 10 December 1979 378 19 19 66 0 501 0 0 28 5056 1720 19 0 10 218 2873 2618 19 3194 1134 180 9 0 28 85 113 47 0 0 9 28 0 0 0 0 28 9 28 104 0 19 94 19 47 0-b 0 -0 0 0 0 0 19 19 9 28 0 0 255 0 0 19 0 0 19 85 9 0 9 9 47 123 142 255 0 9 19-0 -0 9 19 19 57 19 94 104 293 19 0 66 444 9 47 0 19 9 198 57 94 973 85 0 19 1522 28 0 57 142 208 396 19 19 38 47 132 274 19 95 19 160 37 104 28 0 0 38 10 264 567 0 151 1200 132 9 95 293 1029 916 491 47 0 0 -906 350 113 85 28 19 76 246 1624 3676 47 122 1125 123 1654 19 19 236 236 397 2930 312 132 302 841 387 1143 1143 76 435 179 0 0 0 0 9 19 0 1200 1163 1012 0 66 66 321 57 0 0 9 28 57 19 19 7862 0 803 0 0 0 0 170 38 38 369 2646 255 350 113 265 576 9894 180 576 38 1172 283 38 3147 1285 4366 0 38 3034 9 29286 8108 35504 0 9 38 482 38 104 104 850 9 3534 28 15329 1304 30051 0 0 0 114 86 104 340 775 671 1105 19 6709 4593 13098 9 9 56 0 11000 3884 15498 57 66 584 208 463 208 1606 0 0 0 9 472 274 775-0 416 -0 0 57 0 38 28 265 56 454 832 520 10 57 974 737 85 18919 19 2240 3307 23795 9 47 0 311 104 151 510 9 0 793 28 5207 888 7881 0 0 425 265 161 142 869 225 38 3496 0 8533 3393 16282 246 208 12786 12748 652 756 14317 151 0 28 19 2693 2164 4536 66 142 1370 189 5358 2665 7532-0 19 -0 0 19 19 94 576 189 10 10 19 57 246 1664 567 011 9 4403 75 4876 7475 16084 9 76 1427 1228 539 217 2485 9 813 28 18 10140 1673 .11179 0 0 9 19 28 47 57 3657 8902 718 3270 388 8496 5746 1002 633 142 2174 1890 605 2022 983 1598 463 1257 7560 1701 1077 813 4328 14723 3449 3307 143 1370 2438 9941 1852 3081 94 r z 0 z In NI z n MI to 76 -728 19 180 57 718 3827 38 9 0 321 0 0 20 19 227 672 37 132 9 aMe f two replicates. -b~pocation not sampled In 1973. 3 i M] M !m M M M t M M M M HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.6.Significant differences (P<0.05) in species diversity and density of the dominant benthic macroinvertebrates collected from the Neosho River (Locations 4 and 10) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Sampling Statistical Comparisons Date Dominant Taxaa Total Benthos Diversity 20 February Total Naididae 10>4 10>4 NSb Total Oligochaeta 10>4 Total Chironomidae 10>4 Potamyia flava 10>4 Total Hydropsychidae 10>4 Cricotopus bicinctus 10>4 Eukiefferiella sp. 10>4 10 April NS NS NS 12 June Total Oligochaeta 4>10 NS NS 6 August NS NS NS 8 October Total Chironomidae 10>4 10>4 10>4 Potamyia flava 10>4 Total Hydropsychidae 10>4 10 December NS NS NS aTaxa or groups comprising >5% of the total benthos.bNon-significant difference(s). 106 Table 6.7. Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collections near Station, Burlington, Kansas, February -June 1979.Wolf Creek Generating 19 February i il I. *7 Sampling Date/Location 9 April 1 10 t& 7 4 5 12 June 1 10 4 7 3 5 I8.I in 4 7 'A 5 1 0 4 -0 Annel ids Oligochaeta Naididae Nais op.Arthropoda Crustacea Decapoda Astacidae Insects Ephemeroptera Caenidae Caenis op.Tricorythodes op.Heptageni idae Stenacron interpunctatum Stenonems sp.S. pulchellum S. tripunctatum Baetidae Isonychia op.Odonata Gomphus op.Coenagrionidae Argia op.Plecoptera Perlidae Neoperla clymene Remiiptera Corixidae Sigara op.Megaloptera Corydalidae Corydalus cornutus Trichoptera Hydropsychidae Cheumatopsyche sp.Hydropsyche frixoni H. orris Potamyia flave R R R R 0 R C C R 0 R 0 R R Rt 0 Rt Rt N r In-4 0 z In z 0 z m z r z n m to 0 Rt Rt 0 R Rt R 0 R Rt R C R C 0 R R R C R R Pm. .m.. -- I -...- ..e..n Table 6.7. (continued) Sampling Date/Location 19 February 9 April 12 June Taxon 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5 Hydroptilidae Hydroptila op. R 0 R Polycentropodidae R Coleoptera Elmidae Stenelmis op. R 0 Hydrophil idae R Diptera Simuliidae R C 0 R C C Chironomidae Cladotanytarsus ap. R Cricotopus sp. 0 0 R C. fuscus R C'rjyptochronomus ap. R Eukiefferialla op. R C Hydrobaenus op. R Parachironomus op. R Polypedilum (as)convictum type R Pseudochironomus R R Rheotanytarsus sp. R Thienemannimyia Group R Mollusca Gastropoda Pulmonata Physidae Physa op. R R R R 0 Planorbidae Helisoma op. R Ancylidae Ferrissia rivularis R 0 Pelecypoda Sphaeriidae Sphaerium tranaversum R 0 R Unionidae Actinonaias carinata R-,.i..'Amblema peruia l, R iiT~i-iis anodontoides Y " R R Megalonaias gigantea --,. R Pleurobema cordatum R .-. " ) R Proptera alata -p,, .- R P. purpurata -'lI" R r C 2 ft 2 C 2 IT 2 r 2 C-o 0 cx0 R = Rare (1-4)0 = Occasional (5-25)C = Common (26-99)a Iced over; no samples taken.b Flooding; no samples taken.* Shells only. Table 6.7. (continued) R = Rare (1-4)O = Occasional (5-25)C = Common (26-99)a Iced over; no samples taken.b Flooding; no samples taken.* Shells only.N r m I-a z m z C z m z-4 DO z 0 M

---

--m -; m m -~ m -Table 6.8.Benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in qualitative collections near Wolf Creek Station, Burlington, Kansas, August -December 1979.Generating I-Sampling Date/Location 7 August _ 8 October 10 December Taxon 110 4 7 3 5 1 10 4 7 3 5a 1 10 4 7 3 5 Platyhelminthes Turbellaria Planarlidae Duges oa sp. R R Anne I i da I11 rudinea Gloss lphonhtdae Placobdella ornata R Arthopoda Crustacoa Astacidae R R R R R R 0 0 0 0 Insecta Isot ora da lsotoma sp. 0 Epheme rop te ra Epheme ri doe Ephoron album R Caen I doe Trlcorythodes 6p. R R Ileptagenlidae R e__xjgEnla sp. R Stenonema integrum R R R Baet idae Baetts sp. R Isonychia sp. R Odonat a Cuenagrionldae Argia sp. R R R RR Neurop tera TrIda:tylldae Ellipes mdiuta R Corydalidae Corydalus cornutus R R Trichoptera Polycent ropodidae Cyrnellus sp. R Netirocllpsls sp. R R Ilydropsych ildae UleWmatopsyche sp. 0 R 0 R C 0 R R 0 Hlydropsyche frlsoni 0 R 0 R R R If. orrls R 0 R N m-1 0 z m z 30 0 z m z F-z 0 m to Table 6.8.(continued) 7 August 1 10 4 7 3 5 Sampling Date/Location 8 October 1 10 4 7 3 10 December 5a 1 10 4 7 Taxon 5~ 1 10 4 7 3 5 llydroptilidae Hydroptila sp.Ilemiptera Gerridae Cerris sp.

ap.Veltidae Iliagovella sp.Corixidae Coleoptera Gyrlnldae[lneutus sp.Diptera Chlironomidae Chironomus sp.Cladotanytorsus sp.Cricotopus sp.-Iicrotendipes sp.Polypedilum "convictum" Tangtarsus sp.Thienemanniella sp.Mollusca Castropoda Physidae jjlysa sp.Planorbldae fle] soma sp.Ancy I Idae Ferrissla rivularls Pelecypoda Unlonldae Actinonatas carinata*Lampsilis anodontoldes* Pleurohema cordatum*Propte~a alata*Quadrula pustulosa* R R R R 0 C R 0 C R R R C 0 R R R 0 R R R R R R R R R R R R R N-I 0 z m z 0 z z In m z m mn R R 0 R R R R R R R R R R =0=C=Rare (1-4)Occasional (5-25)Common (26+)alocat ion dry*Shells only.M- M m m m .m- m -inmmem m ---m m m -.4..Table 6.9.Macroinvertebrate data from Ponar and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating samples collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Sampling Date/Location 20 February 10 April 12 June 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 Benthic densitya (no./m 2) -b 1115 -1739 142 85 2816 331 558 Total taxac 15 9 4 18 17 13 Shannon's diversltya -2.43 -2.39 2.92 1.46 2.76 2.88 2.07 Percent abundance (%)Nematoda 1.1 13.3 0 0 0 6.8 Enchytraeidae 0 0 0 0.3 0 64.4 Naididae -40.7 -0.5 0 0 6.4 0 0 Tubificidae -9.3 -37.0 46.7 22.2 87.6 31.4 5.1 Chaoboridae 0 0 0 0 0 0 Chironomidae -39.8 -57.1 40.0 77.8 4.7 54.3 11.9 Ceratopogonidae -6.8 -0.5 0 0 0 2.9 0 Sphaeriidae -0.8 -3.3 0 0 0 2.9 0 Other taxa -2.6 -0.5 0 0 1.0 8.5 11.8 H H I')N F m z M~z 0 z z z 0 m to Table 6.9. (continued) Sampling Date/Location 6 August 8 October 10 December 7 3 5 7 3 5 7 3 5 Benthic densitya (no./m 2)Total taxac Shannon's diversitya Percent abundance (%)Nematoda Enchytraeidae Naididae Tubificidae Chaoborldae Chironomidae Ceratopogonidae Sphaeriidae Other taxa 879 747 321 529 822-246 1210 227 16 18 7 13 24 2.40 3.26 8 17 8 2.42 2.17 1.34 1.50 2.80 1.37 0 0 4.3 84.9 0 1.1 1.1 1.1 7.5 0 0 0 54.4 0 12.7 1.3 8.9 22.7 0 2.9 0 61.8 0 23.5 0 11.8 0 0 0 5.4 35.7 30.4 19.6 0 1.8 7.1 9-.2.3 0 5.7 28.7 4.6 5.7 5.7 0 47.3 0 0 3.8 76.9 0 3.8 3.8 3.8 7.9 0 0 0.8 70.3 0 16.4 5.5 0 7.0 0 0 0 83.3 0 8.3 4.2 0 4.2 I N m-4 0 z m z 0 z m z rI aMean of two replicates. 0W bLocation dry or iced over. m cTotal of two replicates. Z 0 m a _ HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.10.Macroinvertebrate densities (no./m 2) from Wolf Creek (Locations 7, 3, and 5) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-79.Sampling Location Sampling Date 7 3 5 25 22 21 20 26 17 6 5 25 10 11 10 15 8 27 12 February February February February March April April April April April June June June June June June I.1 1976 1977 1978 1979 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1663a 567 1238 ,b-c 445 964 57 728 1739 2098 7437 406 2533 2816 123 435 737 1266 879 4413 302 104 1115 526 5680 2807 463 1578 142 898 435 1625 170 964 331 7 1399 898 104 331 747 dry 576 1427 822 4763 1323 dry 643 1654 1210 1125 dry 907 359 265 1266 dry 586 85 161 19 1805 548 255 558 9 218 397 605 462 321 dry 123 dry dry 5481 303 dry 1238 558 227 9 September 9 September 10 August 8-9 August 29 August 6 August 5 October 3-4 October 10 October 8 October 10 December 3 December 14 December 12-13 December 12 December 10 December 20667 387 1484 529 46 4319 6587 917 246 aMean of two replicates. bLocation iced over.cNot sampled in 1974.114 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 6.11.Significant differences (P<0.05) in species diversity and density of the dominant benthic macroinvertebrates collected from Wolf Creek (Locations 3, 5, and 7) near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Sampling Statistical Comparisons Date Dominant Taxaa Total Benthos Diversity 20 February NSb NS NS 10 April Total Tubificidae 7>3,5; NS NS 3>5 Total Oligochaeta 7>3,5;3>5 12 June Imm. Tubificidae NS NS w/ caps. 7>3 6 August NS NS NS 8 October NS NS NS 10 December Imm. Tubificidae NS NS w/o caps. 3>5 Total Oligochaeta 3>5.1 I I I I I I I@I I aTaxa or groups comprising > 5% of the total benthos.bNon-significant difference-s). 115 I I I I!I I I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 7 FISHERIES STUDY By Quentin P. Bliss 116 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction The Neosho River below John Redmond Reservoir is noted for its good sport fishery for catfish and for the occurrence of two rare fish species in Kansas (Neosho madtom and blue sucker). A fish study on the Neosho River and Wolf Creek was initiated in 1973 to monitor potential near and far-field effects resulting from the construction and operation of Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS). Potential near-field impacts could result from construction and operation of the make-up water pumphouse located in the tailwaters of John Redmond Dam. Construction activities could influence water quality downstream of the construction area and operation of the pumphouse will result in fish losses through entrainment and impingement processes. Potential far-field effects could be manifested iownstream of the confluence of Wolf Creek depending on the quantity and quality of water discharged from Wolf Creek during construction and operation of WCGS.The initial fish survey was conducted to obtain data on the indigenous fish in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek (Kansas Gas and Electric Company 1974). This study was followed by five annual studies designed to describe fish communities in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek and to determine the effects of construction activities on fish populations within the study area (Szmania and Johnson 1975; Szmania 1976; Bliss 1977, 1978, 1979).During 1979, adult, juvenile, and larval fish were collected in the tailwaters of Johh Redmond Reservoir to provide data on potential impingement and entrainment losses at the make-up water pumphouse. Adult and juvenile fish were collected in the Neosho River upstream and downstream of the confluence of Wolf Creek to monitor construction related effects and to provide additional baseline data to determine far-field effects. Food habits and age class composition of selected important game fish species were determined to provide a better understanding of the local ecology of these species. Forage and juvenile fish were collected in Wolf Creek to document seasonal abundance and to establish the value of Wolf Creek as a spawning and/or nursery area for game and commercial species.II. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Sampling Locations Four locations in the Neosho River and three in Wolf Creek were sampled to characterize the resident fish community of each system (Figure 7.1). A description of the physical characteristics associated with each location is presented below.1. Neosho River Location I was in the tailwaters of John Redmond Dam near the make-up water intake structure for the station. The bottom substrate was bedrock, with rock rip-rap along the banks. Flow was entirely dependent on releases from John Redmond Reservoir. Pools and riffles characterized Location 10 which was 0.7 km upstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek. The riffles had substrates of 117 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES rock, rubble, and gravel, whereas the pools were characterized by bedrock overlaid with a layer of silt.A riffle located approximately 0.5 km below the confluence with Wolf Creek constituted Location 11. The riffle consisted of small rubble, gravel, and sand swept by swift current. During periods of low flow, the water depth ranged from 5 to 25 cm.Location 4, 1.3 km downstream of the confluence with Wolf Creek, was comprised of deep pools and a shallow gravel bar. The substrate of the pools was silt and sand, whereas the gravel bar consisted of sand and gravel.2. Wolf Creek Location 7 was upstream of the area to be inundated by the WGGS cooling lake. The substrate at this location consisted of sand, gravel, and clay which usually was covered by leaf litter.Location 3 was a clay and silt bottomed pool located approx-imately 1.7 km downstream of the cooling lake dam. Construction activities during 1976 altered the physical features of a portion of this location (Bliss 1977).Location 5 was approximately 1.6 km upstream from the mouth of Wolf Creek and consisted of shallow pools with hardpan clay bottoms.B. Sampling Methods Adult and juvenile fish were collected in February, monthly April through August, October, and December 1979. Larval fish were collected biweekly April through July 1979.1. Electroshocking A three-phase 230 volt AC boat-mounted boom shocker was used to collect fish in the Neosho River at Locations 1, 10, and 4. Sampling at each location was conducted for approximately 30 min and encompassed approximately 800 m of shoreline. Electroshocking was conducted at each location on alternate months from February through December 1979 and at Location 1 in May and July.2. Seining A seine, 4.6 m long, 1.8 m deep, with 0.3 cm Ace mesh was used to collect forage-size fish from the shallow areas at all locations. When physical conditions permitted, two to four seine hauls were taken per location during each sampling period. Seining was conducted at each location on alternate months from February through December 1979. In addition, Location 1 was seined in May and July and Location 11 in May. Ice conditions during February prevented sampling in Wolf Creek.118 N HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3. Larval Fish Sanpling 3 Larval fish were collected at Location I by placing a stationary 0.75 m diameter no. 0 mesh Nitex plankton net in the flowing water for 2-3 min.The net was equipped with a flowmeter (General Oceanics Model 2030) to I quantify the volume of water sampled. Duplicate diurnal and nocturnal samples were taken on all sampling dates by Kansas Gas and Electric Company personnel; each sample was preserved separately in 10% formalin. i C. Data Analysis Fish collected by electroshocking were identified, measured (total i length in mm), and weighed (g) in the field. Forage-sized fish collected by seining were identified and measured either in the field or laboratory depending on the number of individuals collected. Fish to be identified and I measured in the laboratory were preserved in 10% formalin.Catch per unit effort (CPE), defined as the number of fish collected per 30 min of electroshocking, was determined for all species collected by this method. Spatial and temporal comparisons were based on CPE.Stomach samples were taken from selected game fish and preserved 3 in 95% ethanol in the field. The contents of individual stomachs were analyzed in the laboratory with the aid of a binocular dissecting scope, and food items were identified, enumerated, and volumetrically measured to the nearest 0.1 ml by water displacement. Scale samples were obtained from a representative number of selected game fish. Scale impressions were made on cellulose acetate slides, and the number of annuli was determined with the aid of a microprojector. Age was determined for individual fish and mean lengths were calculated for each age group represented. I Fish larvae samples were returned to the laboratory where the larvae were separated from the debris and preserved in 4% formalin for later identification. Identifications were made to the lowest positive taxonomic level using available keys and current literature including Fish (1932), Mansueti and Hardy (1967), May and Gasaway (1967), and Taber (1969).Densities were elpressed as the number of larvae per 100 cubic meters of water (no./100 m ap Surface water temperatures were measuree -uring each fish 3 collection with a calibrated thermometer. III. Results and Discussion i A. Physical Conditions Flow in the Neosho River within the study area was dependent I on water releases from John Redmond Reservoir. Moderate or low flow conditions existed in the Neosho River during all sampling periods except June and July 119 U HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES when flows exceeded 10000 cfs (Figure 7.2). Wolf Creek was ice covered in February and had low flow during the other sampling periods except in October when Location 5 was dry.Surface water temperatures were similar among locations during the April, May, June, and August sampling periods (Table 7.1). In February, October, and December water temperatures varied among locations which was attributed to differences between water temperatures of reservoir releases and air temperatures. Location variations were most apparent between the river and the creek (Table 7.1); low flows in the creek made the water more susceptible to solar heating or cooling, depending on the season.B. Species Composition and Relative Abundance 1. General Adult and juvenile fish sampling in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek during 1979 resulted in the collection of 5478 fish, representing 41 species from 12 families (Tables 7.2 and 7.3). All species were reported from previous monitoring studies except goldfish. A single goldfish was collected at Location 4 during the October sampling period. The fish was 203 mm long and had ornamental characteristics which suggests that it probably came from a fish bowl or bait bucket. Numerically dominant species collected in 1979 included red shiners (50.9%), gizzard shad (7.7%), and river carp-suckers (6.0%). Red shiners and gizzard shad were also the most abundant species collected in 1977 and 1978 (Bliss 1978, 1979). Number and size distribution of fishes collected by electroshocking and seining during each sampling period are presented in Appendix E, Tables E.1 and E.2.Two species (blue sucker and Neosho madtom) that are listed as rare or endangered in Kansas (Platt et al. 1979) were collected again from the Neosho River in 1979. The length of all blue suckers taken since 1976 was greater than 500 mm (Figure 7.3). Size distributions that are skewed toward larger fish are atypical since normal populations should have a higher relative abundance of smaller, younger individuals. To provide information on age class structure, blue suckers were aged in 1979. All fish were older than 3 years and the majority (68%) was older than 6 years (Table 7.4). The lack of younger fish suggests that either; (1) blue suckers are not re-producing in the study area or (2) the nursery areas are outside the loc-ations sampled.Neosho madtoms were taken at Locations 11 and 4. The status of this species has not changed during the 1976-79 period. When water levels were at an acceptable depth to allow the riffle area at Location 11 to be properly seined, Neosho madtoms have generally been collected. Since Neosho madtoms require shallow gravel riffles swept by swift current (Deacon 1961;Cross 1967), the availability of habitat is probably the factor limiting the abundance of this species.Slenderhead darters were collected for the fourth consecutive year, and all individuals were taken from the riffle habitat at Location II.Cross (1967) reported similar habitat requirements for both the Neosho madtom and slenderhead darter. Platte et al. (1974) reported that slenderhead 120 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES darters are locally common in the Arkansas and Osage River systems but require special attention to assure their survival. The consistent collection of this species, although in low numbers (3-12/year), suggests a stable population.

2. Neosho River a. Electroshocking I Electroshocking in the Neosho River yielded 1462 fish representing 24 species (Table 7.5). Species comprising over 5% of the total I electroshocking catch included river carpsucker (22.1%), gizzard shad (18.5%)freshwater drum (13.1%), carp (10.2%), white bass (8.2%), channel catfish (6.4%), and white crappie (5.1%). These seven species represented 83.6% of the total fish collected by electroshocking, compared to 80.7 and 77.4%I of the electroshocking catch in 1977 and 1978, respectively (Table 7.5).The electroshocking CPE was highest at Location I during 3 all sampling periods (Figure 7.6). In previous years when the water tempera-ture was below 2C fish were not abundant at Location 1 (Bliss 1979). During 1979 the water temperature was above 4.4C at Location I during the winter sampling periods (Table 7.1) and apparently the slightly warmer water was sufficent to allow fish to reside in the swifter water at Location 1.Species that contributed to the higher CPE at Location I included:

gizzard @1 shad, river carpsucker, channel catfish, white bass, green sunfish, and white crappie.Catch rates in the tailwaters of John Redmond Dam were apparently influenced by high water releases. Higher CPE's for juvenile river carpsucker, white bass, and white crappie in April and/or August were preceeded by high discharges from John Redmond Reservoir. Walleye were collected for the second consecutive year and were representative of the year classes (1974, 1977, and 1978; Table 7.4) when stocking occurred in John Redmond Reservoir (L.Jirak, Kansas Fish and Game Comm., New Strawn, personal communication). Groen and Schroeder (1978) reported that walleye are readily I lost from Kansas reservoirs during periods of peak releases. Presumably other species are also lost during high water releases as suggested by the seasonal CPE data.The CPE of gizzard shad at Location I was high from February through June, low in July and August, high in October, and extremely high in December. Young-of-the-year (YOY) gizzard shad entering the catch caused the high CPE in both October and December.During February and April the CPE of river carpsuckers at Location I was considerably higher than during the remaining sampling periods (Appendix E, Table E.1). River carpsuckers collected in February averaged 351 mm whereas those collected in April averaged 164 mm. The fish collected in February were adult river carpsuckers which suggests that the adults overwinter in the tailwaters area of John Redmond Dam. Most river carpsuckerso collected in April were juveniles and it was assumed that they had been lost from the reservoir. 121 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The CPE of channel catfish at Location I was consistent from April through October with the highest CPE being in July. This consistent catch rate indicates that the rocky areas at Location 1 provide desirable habitat for channel catfish. The absence of channel catfish at Location 1 during the February and December sampling periods suggests that the channel catfish had moved to deeper, more quiescent areas during the winter months.The majority (78.8%) of the white bass collected at Loca-tion 1 was taken during the April sampling period and was assumed to be individuals lost from the reservoir. Both juvenile and adult white bass were collected in April, but neither remained in the tailwaters area for an extended period as only four white bass were taken in May. Only six white bass were collected in 1979 at the two downstream electroshocking locations (Locations 10 and 4) which was similiar to that reported in previous years and indicates the low abundance of white bass in the lower river.The CPE of white crappie at Location 1 was highest during April and August. Although the catch rates were low during the other sampling periods, white crappies were collected at Location 1 during the remaining sampling periods except February.Of the 52 green sunfish collected by electroshocking in the Neosho River, 51 (98%) were collected at Location 1. The CPE for this species was highest in February and August. The higher abundance of green sunfish at Location 1 is probably influenced by the ox-bow lake immediately below the location and the rock rip-rap along the shoreline.

b. Seining In 1979, 3491 fish representing 24 species were collected by seining in the Neosho River (Table 7.7). The 1979 seine catch was intermediate between the high catch in 1976 (5944) and the low catch in 1977 (1626).Species having a relative abundance greater than 5% included red shiners (72.6%), ghost shiners (7.6%), bullhead minnows (5.4%), and white crappie (5.3%). During the 1976-79 period, red shiners were the most abundant species in the seine collections.

The second most abundant species has alternated between ghost shiners (1977 and 1979) and gizzard shad (1976 and 1978).Red shiners were abundant at all locations, but their relative abundance was appreciably higher at Locations 10 and 4 (Table 7.7).Red shiners can adapt to a wide range of environmental conditions (Baxter and Simon 1970; Pfleiger 1975). The Neosho River below John Redmond Dam is characterized by changing water levels and frequent periods of high turbidity, conditions in which red shiners reportedly thrive (Cross 1967). A higher abundance of red shiners at Locations 10 and 4 has been reported in previous studies which suggests that th.e downstream habitats are superior to those in the tailwaters. Bullhead minnows and slim minnows were only collected at the downstream locations. Cross (1967) reported that bullhead minnows are 122 U HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.1 usually confined to the mainstreams of the Neosho and Arkansas rivers, whereas slim minnows are usually more abundant in small clear tributary streams. Bullhead minnows usually occupy sluggish backwaters while slim minnows prefer clear, flowing water over rocky bottoms. Depending on flow conditions, both habitat types occur at Locations 10 and 4. Apparently the tailwater area (Location I) does not provide desirable habitat for either species.The majority (61.1%) of ghost shiners was collected at Location 1. Pfleiger (1975) reported that ghost shiners prefer moderately clear water and pools without noticeable current. Although water clarity in the study area is similar among locations, more quiescent water does occur at Location I during periods of low flow when most of the ghost shiners were collectedI White crappie were considerably more abundant at Loca-tion 1 (93.5% of the total catch) than at the other three sampling locations. Since most of the white crappie were collected after a period of high dis-charge from John Redmond Reservoir, it was assumed that they were discharged into the tailwaters area from the reservoir. Gizzard shad were abundant in the seine collections at I Location I and all but one were taken in the tailwaters. These data support our previous findings and indicate that YOY gizzard shad utilize the tailwaters as a nursery area but not the lower river.The abundance of game fish in the 1979 seine collections increased to 6.2% mainly due to the higher abundance of white crappie (Table 7.7). Game fish constituted approximately 3% of the seine catch from 1973 through 1978. The higher number of YOY game fish and gizzard shad in the tailwaters suggests the Neosho River above the low water dam at Burlington provides a better nursery area than the lower river because of habitat differences and the influence of releases from John Redmond Reservoir.

3. Wolf Creek a. Seining The number of fish collected in Wolf Creek was low in 1979 I in comparison to previous years as only 534 fish representing 21 species were collected (Table 7.8). Between 623 and 701 fish had been collected annually in Wolf Creek since 1976 (Bliss 1979). Flows in the creek in 1979 I created poor conditions for the fish community and also necessitated that the seining effort be reduced. The creek was ice covered and Location 5 was dry during the February and October sampling periods, respectively.

In addition, high flows in the river during June flooded the lower reaches of Wolf Creek which prevented seining at Location 5.Red shiners (45.9%), orangespotted sunfish (28.5%), and.I golden shiners (8.8%) were the most abundant species collected in Wolf Creek during 1979. Red shiners and orangespotted sunfish were also abundant 123 1 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in prior years which reflects their ability to inhabit small intermittent streams such as Wolf Creek.Young-of-the-year game and commercial species represented 5.4% of the total seine catch (Table 7.8). These data indicate that Wolf Creek was used as a spawning and/or nursery area by game and commerical species in 1979. Previous studies have indicated that utilization of the creek by game and commerical species is associated with rainfall events or high water releases from John Redmond Reservoir which created suitable water conditions in Wolf Creek.C. Age and Growth Scale samples were collected from white bass (35), largemouth bass (2), spotted bass (5), white crappie (42), walleye (7), and freshwater drum (57) in 1979 (Table 7.4). Sufficent numbers of white bass, white crappie, and freshwater drum were aged to provide reliable data on age class composition and growth.The age composition of white bass collected in 1979 was similiar to that reported in previous years. Based on fish aged, the 1976 year class was the weakest since initation of the sampling program in 1973 (Table 7.9). The low number of fish in Age Class 0 (YOY) was expected since they are too small to be collected until the late summer and fall sampling periods. Growth of individual white bass varied greatly (Table 7.4) but overall it was better than during 1977 and 1978 (Table 7.9).White crappie were represented primarily by Age Classes I-IV (Table 7.4). Fish from these age classes were collected during previous years except in 1978 when no fish from Age Class IV were taken (Table 7.9). The one white crappie of Age Class VI collected in 1979 was both older and larger than any crappie previously collected. With the exception of Age Class I, the growth rate of white crappie has steadily improved since 1977 (Table 7.9). The reason for the improved growth rates is not known. The growth rate of the white crappie in the Neosho River was well above average when compared to other south central waters of the United States. (Carlander 1977). Overlap in the size of individuals of different age classes that was evident in previous years was not evident in 1979.Age composition data collected on freshwater drum in 1979, as well as in previous years, indicate that this species is long-lived in the Neosho River (Table 7.9). Approximately-37% of the freshwater drum aged were 5 years or older. Age class composition indicates that the 1975 year class was most abundant. Growth rates of freshwater drum in 1978 and 1979 were similiar and both years were better than the growth in 1977.D. Food Habits A total of 106 stomachs was analyzed in 1979 and 95 (89.6%) contained food items. Stomach contents were analyzed for the following species: channel catfish, flathead catfish, white bass, spotted bass, white crappie, and freshwater drum. Food habits of the fish sampled during each sampling 124 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES period are presented by location in Appendix E, Table E.3. Since most stomachs were obtained from fish collected at Location 1 and because food habits were similar among locations, data from all locations were combined (Table 7.10).Channel catfish were ommivorous feeders and utilized seven major food items (Table 7.10). Fish was the major food item by volume followed by algae. Aquatic insects occurred in 84.1% of the channel catfish examined compared to 50.0 and 72.4% in 1977 and 1978, respectively. Channel catfish are not selective feeders, and availability of food items usually determines their food habits (Harlan and Speaker 1969; Brown 1971; Cross and Collins 1975). The 1979 data substantiated the nonselective feeding habits i as algae was the major food item consumed in May and October, fish in April and June, and crayfish in July and August (Appendix E, Table E.3).Two flathead catfish stomachs were examined in 1979 and both U contained crayfish. Stomach content analysis in previous years indicated that crayfish and fish were the major food items of flathead catfish in the Neosho River (Table 7.11).Fish was the major food item consumed by white bass in 1979 and in previous years (Table 7.11). Zooplankton and aquatic insects were consumed i by white bass during all years but the volume consumed was always small in comparsion to fish. Similar food habits for white bass have been reported by Sigler and Miller (1963), Chadwick et. al (1966), and Smith (1979). @1 Food habits of white crappie have been similar over the last 3 years with fish being the major food item each year (Table 7.11). In 1979, the diet of white crappie was slightly different as they consumed more fish (96.7%) and fewer zooplankton and aquatic insects (Table 7.11). Cross and Collins (1975) reported that white crappie over 150 mm prefer fish, especially minnows and young gizzard shad.Twenty freshwater drum stomachs were analyzed in 1979. Crayfish occurred in only 25% of the stomachs, but was the major food item by volume (Table 7.10). Major food items of freshwater drum include aquatic insects, crayfish, and fish (Harlan and Speaker 1969; Scott and Crossman 1973). These same three food items were the principal components in the diet of drum collected in 1978, whereas aquatic insects were most important in 1977 (Table i 7.11). These data suggest that the food habits of freshwater drum were affected by the availability of select food items.E. Larval Fish Larval fish were present in the drifi from 24 April through 19 July (Table 7.12). 3Densities ranged from 1.9/100 m on 19 July (diurnal sample)to 124.1/100 m on 6 June (nocturnal sample). In previous years, maximum larval densities were an order of magnitude higher due to the abundance of gizzard shad (Bliss 1977, 1978, 1979). Either the period of peak gizzard I shad larvae drift was missed in 1979 or gizzard shad did not produce a successful spawn. The abundance of YOY gizzard shad in electroshocking and 125 l HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES seine collections at Location 1 in late summer and fall (Appendix E, Tables E.1 and E.2) suggests that sampling did not correspond with the peak drift period.Abundant taxa in 1979 included gizzard shad (29.7%), suckers (25.5%), freshwater drum (20.2%), carp (8.2%), and white bass (5.6%). The only game fish larvae collected were of white bass, crappie, and freshwater drum which when combined represented 27.9% of the total larval fish collected. Their relative abundance in 1979 was appreciably higher than in previous years. The relative abundance of larval fish in the drift exhibited temporal variation with suckers, carp, crappie, gizzard shad, and freshwater drum being the predominant larval fish on one or more sampling dates (Table 7.12).Diel differences in drifting patterns were noted for gizzard shad and freshwater drum. Densities of both species were appreciably higher during nocturnal sampling periods (Table 7.13). Overall, the total density of larval fish in 1979 was approximately 50% higher in the nocturnal collections than in the diurnal samples.F. Impact The fish communities of the Neosho River and Wolf Creek showed no apparent deleterious effects from construction activities associated with WCGS.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. A total of 5478 fish, representing 41 species, was collected in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek during 1979.2. Predominant species collected by electroshocking included river carpsucker (22.1%), gizzard shad (18.5%), and freshwater drum (13.1%).3. Blue suckers and Neosho madtoms, both rare or endangered species in Kansas, were collected in the Neosho River during 1979.4. Electroshocking CPE indicated that fish were more abundant at Location 1 than at Locations 10 and 4.5. The high abundance of gizzard shad in the October and December electroshocking catch indicates that they utilize the tailwaters of John Redmond Dam as a nursery area. Channel catfistf were consistently taken at Location 1 indicating the presence of desirable habitat in this portion of the river.6. White bass and white crappie were most abundant after peak releases from John Redmond Reservoir.

They were assumed to have entered the tailwaters area from the reservoir. Walleye collected in the tailwaters also originated in the reservoir.

7. During 1979 3491 fish, representing 24 species, were collected by seining in the Neosho River. Red shiners (72.6%) were most abundant.

Game 126 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES fish species represented 6.2% of the total seine catch in the Neosho River, which is approximately double their abundance in previous years. 3 8. Seine collections in Wolf Creek resulted in the collection of 534 fish, representing 21 species. Red shiners (45.9%) and orangespotted sunfish (28.5%) were the predominant species collected by seining in Wolf Creek.Wolf Creek was use on a limited basis as a spawning and/or nursery area by game and commerical species. -9. Age class composition of white bass, white crappie, and freshwater drum was similar to that reported in previous years. Growth of white crappie and freshwater drum was better than in previous years. 3 10. Fish was the main food item consumed by channel catfish, white bass, and white crappie, whereas crayfish was most important in the diet of flathead catfish and freshwater drum.11. In 1979, 1006 larval fish, representing eight taxa, were collected. Predominant larvae collected included gizzard shad (29.7%), suckers (25.5%), and freshwater drum (20.2%). Game fish larvae comprised (27.9%) of the total larvae catch. Larval fish abundance was considerably lower in 1979 compared to previous years. The electroshocking and seining data suggest that the larval gizzard shad peak was not sampled in 1979.12. The drift of larval fish exhibited seasonal and diel drift patterns;diel patterns were apparent for gizzard shad and freshwater drum which were more abundant in the nocturnal samples.13. Construction activities associated with WCGS had no detectable effects on the fish communities in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek.I I I I I 127 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Bailey, R. M., chairman. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec.Publ. No. 6. 150 pp.Baxter, G. T., and J. R. Simon. 1970. Wyoming fishes. Wyo. Game Fish Comm. Bull. No. 4. 168 pp.Bliss, Q. P. 1977. Fisheries study. Pages 145-166 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1976 -February 1977. (Project No. 550107688). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.1978. Fisheries study. Pages 139-167 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977 -February 1978. (Project No. 550108796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans..1979. Fisheries study. Pages 132-164 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1978 -February 1979. (Project No. 550108917). Report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kansas.Brown, C. J. D. 1971. Fishes of Montana. Big Sky Books, Bozeman, Mont. 207 pp.Carlander, K. D. 1977. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. 2. Iowa State University Press, Ames, Ia. 431 pp.Chadwick, H. K., C. E. von Geldern, Jr., and M. L. Johnson. 1966. White bass.Pages 412-422 in A. Calhoun, ed. Inland fisheries management. Calif. Dep.Fish and Game.Cross F. B. 1967. Handbook of fishes of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist.Misc. Publ. No. 45. 357 pp., and J. T. Collins. 1975. Fishes in Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus.Nat. Hist. Publ. Ed. Ser. No. 3. 189 pp.Deacon, J. E. 1961. Fish populations, following a drought in the Neosho and Marais Des Cygnes Rivers of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.13(9): 359-427.Fish, M. P. 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-two species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. Bull. U. S.Bur. Fish. 47(10):293-398. Groen, C. L., and T. A. Schroeder. 1978. Effects of water level management on walleye and other coolwater fishes in Kansas reservoirs. Pages 278-283 in R. L. Kendall, ed. Selected coolwater fishes of North America. Am. Fish.Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 11.128 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.'Harlan, J. R., and E. B. Speaker. 1969. Iowa fish and fishing. Iowa Conservation Comm., Ames. 365 pp.Kansas Gas and Electric Company. 1974. Wolf Creek Generating Station environmental report. Wichita, Kans. 4 vols. 3 Mansueti, A. J., and J. D. Hardy, Jr. 1967. Development of fishes of the Cheasapeake Bay region, an atlas of egg, larval, and juvenile stages: Part I. Univ. Maryland, Nat. Resour. Inst. 202 pp.May, E. B., and C. R. Gasaway. 1967. A preliminary key to the identification of larval fishes of Oklahoma, with particular reference to Canton Reservoir, I including a selected bibliography. Okla. Dep. Wildl. Conserv. Bull. 5.42 pp.Pflieger, W. L. 1975. The fishes of Missouri. Missouri Conservation I Department, Jefferson City. 341 pp.Platt, D. R., F. B. Cross, D. Distler, 0. S. Fent, E. R. Hall, M. Terman, I J. Zimmerman, and J. Walstrom. 1974. Rare, endangered and extirpated species in Kansas I. Fishes. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 76(2): 97-106.Scott, W. B., and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada.Fish. Res. Board Can. Bull. 154. 966 pp.Sigler, W. F., and R. R. Miller. 1963. Fishes of Utah. Utah State Department of Fish and Game, Salt Lake City.. 203 pp.Smith, P. W. 1979. The fishes of Illinois, University of Illinois Press, Urbana 314 pp.Szmania, D. C. 1976. Fisheries study. Pages 231-250 in Final report of I preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1975 -February 1976. (Project No. 550106814). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.and D. L. Johnson. 1975. Fisheries study. Pages 169-188 in Final report of preconstruction environmental monitoring program, Wolf -Creek Generating Station, March 1974 -February 1975. (IBT No. 64304971). Report by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. for Kansas Gas and Electric Co. Wichita, Kans.Taber, C. 1969. The distribution and identification of larval fishes in the Buncombe Creek Arm of Lake Texoma, with observations on spawning habits and relative abundance. Ph. D. Thesis, Univ. Oklahoma, Norman. 119 pp.129 I SCALE Jr A;-E 7 o 2 4'rnC ~I 91/2I *-3/4-" t --4.'N 3 A*~~*4 D F t A 5 10A~4-~1~*. :I~)i --4 F r I. S S S 5 0.0 0 OS@@..S S'-I, ~ S 0 0

• 0@-1 ~4 Figure 7.1. Fish sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.130 40 35 Inf low i- 1 Outflow I j) Sampling Dotes N r I0 m 9 -I z 17 e 'I 7-g Z z 6-, 5- z 2-U 111015E01 2 0 0 0f 5 6 1e016025 5 ID 15 20,P6S 0 iS ~ CO62 25 0 15105 15 I 0I 25 NO0V52 S 0 sr J NFE B MAR APR MAY J N u Ju a 'C 15,0261 0 I56 (SE "O IN VD Figure 7.2. Daily inflow and outflows of John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, Kansas, January-December 1979.

HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 25 20-J 15 M z U'.0 1I0 z 5 0< 500 500 525 550 575 600 625 660 675 700 524 549 574 599 624 649 674 6" 724>724 LENGTH (mm)Figure 7.3.Length frequency of blue suckers collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1976-79.132 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I.1 I 350 300 250 LU a--0 L1. 200 UJ z¶1 Location I Location 10 Location 4 U I I I I I ei a-w 0.150 I00 50 0 h 0 I-, I I I I I I m-.-p.-~ p.. --~APR i I JUN JUL MONTHS I!UG.h~Ifl..CT DEC M Figure 7.4.Catch per unit effort of electroshocking at three locations in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979.I C I 133 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7. 1.Water temperature (0 C) measured at fish sampling in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Wolf Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 1979.locations Creek Neosho River Wolf Creek Date 1 10 11 4 7 3 5 Adult and Juvenile Fish 20 February 4.4 1.7 1.7 1.7 *a 1.7 *a 8 April 11.0 I0.g 11.0 11.0 11.0 10.0 11.0 21 May 19.5 -20.1 ----11-12 June 22.9 22.8 22.5 22.5 20.0 20.0 21.5 9 July 22.2 -----6-7 August 29.0 28.0 28.0 28.0 26.4 28.5 27.8 8-9 October 16.7 20.0 19.8 19.0 12.0 12.0 ,c 10-11 December 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 8.0 9.0 11.2 Larval Fish 10 April 10.0 24 April 17.0 9 May 20.0 24 May 19.0 6 June 23.6 21 June 25.6 5 July 25.0 19 July 25.0 a b c Wolf Creek was ice covered.Sampling not scheduled. Station was dry.134 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I.1 I Table 7.2.Number and relative abundance of fish collected by electro-shocking and seining in the Neosho River and Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979.19-20 8-9 Species Feb Apr Sampling Periods 21 11-12 9 6-7 May Jun Jul Aug 8-9 10-11 Total Relative Oct Dec Number Abundance (M)I Longnose gar Shortnose gar Gizzard shad Carp Goldfish Stoneroller Ghost shiner Red shiner Golden shiner Sand shiner Fathead minnow Bluntnose minnow Bullhead minnow Slim minnow Suckermouth minnow Blue sucker River carpsucker BigmouLF. buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Black buffalo Shorthead redhorse Golden redhorse Black bullhead Channel catfish Flathead catfish Neosho madtom Blackstripe topminnow Mosquitofish Brook silverside White bass Largmouth bass Spotted bass Green sunfish Longear sunfish Orangespotted sunfish White crappie Orangethroat darter Slenderhead darter Logperch Walleye Freshwater drum 1 1 11 49 26 68 2 69 1 1073 3 12 35 2 72 130 5 2 25 1 3 3 3 3 2 2 46 26 146 17 32 5 4 3 16 10 I 2 6 8 78 37 65 50 37 149 944 1 7 4 40 I 2 2 17 3 1 2 8 3 4 150 2 15 3 4 1 42 10 2 3 5 2 17 22 29 4 12 4 21 7 2 1 3 5 11 29 2 1 2 8 1 7 9 95 422 17 149 1 1 3 61 261 470 2789 52 1 2 3 30 6 29 192 25 27 2 3 21 8 328 10 36 3 67 1 9 3 1 9 1 121 11 1 12 1 1 1 2 14 1 123 6 14 8 71 5 59 168 8 262 1 5 7 1 8 19 197 24 41 803 5478 0.1 0.2 7.7 2.7<0.1 0.1 4.8 50.9 0.9<0.1 0.5 0.5 3.5 0.5 0.1 0.4 6.0 0.7 1.2 0.2 0.1<0.1 0.2 2.2 0.2 0.2<0.1<0.1 0.3 2.2 0.1 0.3 1.3 0.1 3.1 4.8 0.1 0.1<0.1 0.1 3.6 U I I I I@1 I I I 5 5 36 17 2 5 1 22 1 2 96 4 7 2 18 9 3 7 7 10 1 7 2 22 1 3 19 48 149 9 3 5 2 3 67 11 2 1 14 2 7 34 2 10 2 7 1 2 3 61 5 20 3 12 20 59 No. species Total no. fish 9 23 135 1729 22 21 17 27 31 206 204 310 577 1514 I I I I I 135 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.3.Checklist of fish species collected by all sampling methods near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Family and Scientific Namea Common Name Lepisosteidae (gars)Lepisosteus platostomus Lepisosteus osseus Clupeidae (herrings) Dorosoma cepedianum Cyprinidae (carps and minnows)Cyprinus carpio Carassius auratus Campostoma anomalum Notropis buchanani Notropis lutrensis Notropois stamineus Phenacobius mirabilis Pimephales notatus Pimephales promelas Pimephales tenellus Pimephales vigilax Catostomidae (suckers)Carpiodes carpio Ictiobus bubalus Ictiobus cyprinellas Ictiobus niger Moxostoma macrolepidotum Moxostoma erythrurum Cycleptus elongatus Ictaluridae (freshwater catfishes) Ictalurus melas Ictalurus punctatus Pylodictis olivaris Noturus placidus Cyprinodontidae Fundulus notatus Poeciliidae Gambusia affinis Shortnose gar Longnose gar Gizzard shad Carp Goldfish Stoneroller Ghost shiner Red shiner Sand shiner Suckermouth minnow Bluntnose minnow Fathead minnow Slim minnow Bullhead minnow River carpsucker Smallmouth buffalo Bigmouth buffalo Black buffalo Shorthead redhorse Golden redhorse Blue sucker Black bullhead Channel catfish Flathead catfish Neosho madtom Blackstripe topminnow Mosquitofish Atherinidae (silversides) Labidesthes sicculus Brook silverside 136 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.3.(continued) .1 I Common Name I Family and Scientific Name Percichthyidae (temperate bass~s)Morone chrysops Centrarchidae (sunfishes) Lepomis cyanellus Lepomis humilis Lepomis megalotis Micropterus salmoides Micropterus punctulatus Pomoxis annularis Percidae (perches)Etheostoma spectabile Percina caprodes Percina phoxocephala Stizostedion vitreum Sciaenidae (drums)Aplodinotus grunniens White bass Green sunfish Orangespotted sunfish Longear sunfish Largemouth bass Spotted bass White crappie Orangethroat darter Logperch Slenderhead darter Walleye Freshwater drum I I I.I I a According to Bailey (1970).I I I I I I: 137 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.4.Age and growth of selected game species collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979.Age Year Class Class Sampling Period May June July Total Number Species February April August October December Blue sucker White bass III IV V VI VII Ix 0 I II III IV 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 1970 1979 1978 1977 1976 1975 5 5 0 (i)a 612(2)608(2) 609(2)641(10)668(2)595(0)622(1)663(1)1 2 4 11 3 15 10 1 8 107(1)206(9)303(3)358(1)343(2) 376(3)218(2) 125(1)190(2) 212(3)198(3)337(1)354(3)Largemouth bass Spotted bass White crappie III 1976 VII 1972 I 1978 III 1976 IV 1974 203(1)372(1)315(1)330(1)468(1)167(1)205(1)1 1 I 2 2 I II III IV VI Wal leye I II IV 1978 1977 1976 1975 1973 1978 1977 1974 1978 1977 1976 1975 1974 1973 1972 262(1)100(1)254(9)298(2)304(5)102(1)268(1)Freshwater drum I.III Ivl V VI VII 193(4)245(7)273(4)285(1)368(2)315(4)307(1)423(1)258(1)269(1)370(2)423(1)134(5)252(1)385(1)266(1)416(1)110(1)173(3)232(1)295(1)315(1)162(2) 172(4) 180(6)319(2)364(1)157(3)303(1)260(1)334(1) 337(1)394(3)292(2)312(6)337(4)461(3)158(1)20 12 3 6 1 4 2 1 4 7 12 13 8 7 6 407(1)a Number of individuals aged.138 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I0 Table 7.5. Number and relative abundance in the Neosho River near Wolf Kansas, 1977-1979. of fish collected by electroshocking Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Year Collected 1977 1978 1979 Species No. Percent No. Percent No. Percent Longnose gar Shortnose gar Gizzard shad Carp Goldfish Red shiner Sand shiner Ghost shiner Blue sucker River carpsucker Bigmouth buffalo Smallmouth buffalo Black buffalo Shorthead redhorse Golden redhorse Channel catfish Flathead catfish Brook silverside Mosquitofish White bass Largemouth bass Spotted bass Bluegill Green sunfish Longear sunfish Orangespotted sunfish White crappie Walleye Freshwater drum 6 2 457 116 4 1 1 33 199 73 79 1 1 3 93 14 15 48 1 8 2 26 11 2 83 0.4 0.1 31.1 7.9 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.2 13.5 5.0 5.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 6.3 1.0 1.0 3.3 0.1 0.5 0.1 1.8 0.7 0.1 5.7 7 3 563 101 0.5 0.2 36.7 6.6 2 0.1 38 139 28 63 5 3 1 78 17 1 54 1 6 153 9 3 31 5 221 24 1532 2.5 9.1 1.8 4.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 5.1 1.1 0.1 3.5 0.1 0.4 10.0 0.6 0.2 2.0 0.3 14.4 9 9 271 149 1 7 21 323 36 58 9 I 1 93 11 120 2 9 52 4 1 75 8 192 24 1462 0.6 0.6 18.5 10.2 0.1 0.5 1.4 22.1 2.5 4.0 0.6 0.1 0.1 6.4 0.8 I I I I I I al 8.2 0.1 0.6 3.6 0.3 0.1 5.1 0.5 13.1 1 I I I I 190 12.9 No. species Total no. fish 26 1469 I I I 139 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.6. Number and average CPEa of each fish species collected by electro-shocking at sampling locations in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas 1979.Sampling Location 1 10 4 Total Percent Species Number CPE Number CPE Number CPE Number Occurrence Longnose gar 4 0.5 4 0.8 1 0.2 9 0.6 Shortnose gar 5 0.6 1 0.2 3 0.6 9 0.6 Gizzard shad 228 28.5 32 6.4 11 2.2 271 18.5 Carp 92 11.5 19 3.8 38 7.6 149 10.2 Goldfish 0 1 0.2 1 0.1 Red shiner 3 0.4 0 -4 0.8 7 0.5 Blue sucker 9 11 6 1.2 6 1.2 21 1.4 River carpsucker 286 35.8 17 3.4 20 4.0 323 22.1 Bigmouth buffalo 16 2.0 15 3.0 5 1.0 36 2.5 Smallmouth buffalo 30 3.8 20 4.0 8 1.6 58 4.0 Black buffalo 2 0.2 5 1.0 2 0.4 9 0.6 Shorthead redhorse 1 0.1 0 1 0.1 Golden redhorse 0 -1 0.2 0 -1 0.1 Channel catfish 52 6.5 22 4.4 19 3.8 93 6.4 Flathead catfish 8 1.0 2 0.4 1 0.2 11 0.8 White bass 114 14.2 3 0.6 3 0.6 120 8.2 Largemouth bass 1 0.1 1 0.2 0 -2 0.1 Spotted bass 5 0.6 3 0.6 1 0.2 9 0.6 Green sunfish 51 6.4 0 -1 0.2 52 3.6 Longear sunfish 4 0.5 0 4 0.3 Orangespotted sunfish 1 0.1 0 1 0.1 White crappie 65 8.1 8 1.6 2 0.4 75 5.1 Walleye 6 0.8 2 0.4 0 -8 0.5 Freshwater drum 78 9.8 79 15.8 35 7.0 192 13.1 No. species 22 18 18 24 Total no. fish 1061 240 161 1462 Total CPE 132.6 48.0 32.2 a Defined as number of fish collected per 30 min of electroshocking. 140 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.I River near Wolf Creek 3 February-December, 1979.Table 7.7. Fish collected by seining in the Neosho Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, Sampling Location Relative Species la 10b j1c 45 Total Abundance (%)Gizzard shad 148 1 149 4.3 Golden shiner -- 5 5 0.1 Red shiner 153 1068 14 1301 2536 72.6 Ghost shiner-, 165 16 83 264 7.6 Sand shiner 1 1 2 0.1 Fathead minnow 6 1 2 9 0.3 Bluntnose minnow 12 1 16 29 0.8 Bullhead minnow 26 3 159 188 5.4 Slim minnow. 5 17 22 0.6 River carpsucker 1 1 <0.1 Smallmouth buffalo 9 9 0.3 Channel catfish- 2 10 6 6 24 0.7 Neosho madtom 10 2 12 0.3 Blackstripe topminnow 1 1 <0.1 Mosquitofish 1 1 2 0 1 Brook silverside 13 1 14 0.4 White bass 2 1 3 0.1 Spotted bass -1 1 <0.1 Green sunfish 4 1 1 6 0.2 Orangespotted sunfish- 3 1 11 15 0.4 White crappie -174 7 4 185 5.3 Orangethroat darter- 1 2 3 0.1 Slenderhead darter 7 7 0.2 Freshwater drum- 1 2 4 0.1 Total 683 1156 44 1608 3491 Percent of total 19.6 33.1 1.3 46.1 No. species 13 17 8 16 24 a Sampled on seven sampling dates.Sampled on four sampling dates.c Sampled on five sampling dates.I I I I I I@1 I I I I 1 I isI 141 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.8.Number of fish collected by seining in Wolf Creek near the Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979.Sampling Locations Relative Species 7a 3 a 57 Total Abundance Stoneroller 2 1 3 0.6 Golden shiner _ 46 1 47 8.8 Red shiner -- 83 143 19 245 45.9 Ghost shiner-- 3 3 6 1.1 Fathead minnow 9 3 9 21 3.9 Bullhead minnow- 4 4 0.7 Slim minnow 1 4 5 0.9 Suckermouth minnow 3 3 0.6 River carpsucker-- 3 1 4 0.7 Shorthead redhorse 1 1 2 0.4 Black bullhead 6 2 1 9 1.7 Channel catfish 1 3 4 0.7 Largemouth bass 4 4 0.7 Spotted bass 1 3 4 0.7 Green sunfish 1 8 5 14 2.6 Longear sunfish 1 1 0.2 Orangespotted sunfish 137 6 9 152 28.5 White crappie -1 1 0.2 Orangethroat darter 2 2 0.4 Logperch 1 1 0.2 Freshwater drum- 2 2 0.4 Total no. 289 188 57 534 Percent of total 54.1 35.2 10.7 No. species 9 19 10 21 a Sampled on five sampling dates.b Sampled on three sampling dates.142 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.9.Average size by age class of selected game species collected Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, 1976-79.in the Kansas, Age Year Species Class 1976 1977 1978 1979 White Bass 0 107( )a I 183(11) 176(2) 201(15)II 204(11) 227(3) 246(10)II! 238(4) 305(4) 358(0)IV 342(2) 360(8)V 350(2)VI 423(1)White Crappie I 194(46) 168(29) 177(4) 156(20)II 170(33) 167(32) 219(12) 265(12)III 196(9) 198(9) 224(1) 288(3)IV 290(0) 244(8) 314(6)V VI 385(0)Freshwater Drum I 152(2) 145(12) 120(5) 145(4)II 190(35) 205(9) 184(7)III 490(0) 211(17) 244(16) 277(12)IV 233(19) 289(8) 291(13)V 287(17) 316(10) 327(8)VI 299(7) 346(8) 408(7)VII 313(8) 411(4) 348(6)VIII 371(3) 451(3)IX 406(5)X 460(l)XVIII 750(l)a Number of individuals. I I I I I I I I@1 I I I I I I 143 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 7.10.Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected fish collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, February-December 1979.Volume No. of Stomachs Percent Species Empty With Food Food Item Occurrence ml of Total Channel Catfish 3 44 Algae 15.9 7.5 16.2 Bryozoa 2.3 <0.1 Ta Zooplankton 22.7 0.1 0.2 Gordian worm 2.3 0.1 0.2 Aquatic insects 84.1 2.8 6.0 Terrestrial insects 18.2 2.6 5.6 Crayfish 11.4 3.1 6.7 Fish 40.9 24.0 51.8 Plant fragments 11.4 1.5 3.2 Unrecognizable 22.7 4.6 9.9 Flathead Catfish 0 2 Crayfish 100.0 2.6 100.0 White Bass 0 12 Zooplankton 25.0 0.1 0.6 Aquatic insects 33.3 1.0 6.1 Fish 83.3 15.1 92.6 Unrecognizable 8.3 0.1 0.6 Spotted Bass 0 1 Aquatic insects 100.0 1.1 42.3 Crayfish 100.0 1.5 57.7 White Crappie 2 16 Zooplankton 43.8 0.1 1.1 Aquatic insects 31.2 <0.1 T Fish 75.0 9.0 96.7 Unrecognizable 12.5 0.2 2.2 Freshwater Drum 6 20 Aquatic insects 80.0 0.6 2.8 Crayfish 25.0 18.4 86.4 Fish 35.0 2.0 9.4 Unrecognizable 5.0 0.3 1.4 a T = Trace.144 Table 7.11.Relative importance of major food items in the stomachs of selected species collected in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1977-79.1977 Majnr Food No. of Occurrence Percent of Species Items Stomachs (M) Volume 1978 No. of Occurrence Percent of Stomachs (%) Volume 1979 No. of Occurrence Percent of Stomachs (%) Volume Channel catfish Flathead catfish Algae Aquatic insects Terrestrial insects Crayfish Fish Plant fragments Crayfish Fish Zooplankton Aquatic insects Fish Aquatic insects Crayfish Fish 36 33.3 50.0 19.4 5.6 25.0 3 33.3 100.0 17 29.4 17.6 64.7 White bass Spotted Bass 33.3 1.5 1.5 6.1 56.1 33.3 66.7 0.4 0.4 99.2 93.7 6.3 13.6 14.0 72.5 97. 7 2.3 29 31.0 72.4 6.9 13.8 13.8 3 33.3 100.0 7 28.6 71.4 57.1 17.6 32.4 0.7 21.2 28.1 5.6 94.4 Ta 5.9 94. 1 44 15.9 84. I 18.2 11.4 40.9 2 100.0 100.0 16.2 6.0 5.6 6.7 51.8 12 25.0 0.6 33.3 6.1 83.3 92.6 5 60.0 60.0 100.0 1010.0 I-, p.'-Il White Crappie Freshwater Drum Zooplankton Aquatic insects Fish Aquatic insects Crayfish Fish 54 40.7 53.7 37.0 40 95.0 5.0 16 50.0 62.5 62.5 29 86.2 13.8 48.3 11.6 11.6.76.8 34.8 37.2 28.1 16 43.8 31.7 12.5 20 80.0 25.0 35.0 42.3 57.7 1.1 T 96.7 2.8 4.4 9.,, N r-4 0 z z z z-I F z Cl MI Mi Pm. -o_ _... -..... .... --- --- ---5 M M M M M M -M " Table 7.12.Number, density, and taxa of larval fish collected at Location 1 in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.UDurnal Samples Nocturnal Samples Volume of Water Number of Density per Date Sampled (m 3) Larvae 100 m 3 a Percent of Volume of Water Total Sampled (m 3)Number of Density per Larvae 100 m 3 a Taxa Collected Taxa Collected Percent of Total 10 April 24 April 9 May 24 may 99.8 193.9 147.8 186.6 0-I-.6 June 21 June 5 July 19 July 116.2 192.0 179.4 137 70.7 Carp Catostomidae(suckers) White bass Unidentified 28 18.9 Carp Catostomidae(suckers) White bass Pomoxis sp. (crappie)Freshwater drum 131 70.2 Gizzard shad Carp White bass Pomoxis sp. (crappie)Freshwater drum 28 24.1 Gizzard shad Carp Freshwater drum Unidentified 35 18.2 Carp Pomoxis sp. (crappie)Freshwater drum 39 21.8 Gizzard shad Cyprinidae (minnows)Freshwater drum 2 1.9 Carp Freshwater drum 2.2 92.0 3.6 2.2 28.6 21.4 7.1 39.3 3.6 53.4 21.4 12.2 6.9 6.1 46.4 10.7 35.7 7.1 20.0 2.9 77.1 43.6 20.5 35.9 50.0 50.0 114.2 200.0 55.4 187.9 117.6 143.3 186.0 139 69.5 Carp Catostomidae(suckers) White bass Unidentified 40 72.2 Carp Catostomidae(suckers) White bass Pomoxis sp. (crappie)Unidentified 101 53.8 Gizzard shad Carp White bass Pomoxia sp. (crappie)Freshwater drum Unidentified 146 124.1 Gizzard shad Freshwater drum Unidentified 61 42.6 Gizzard shad Carp Catostomidae (suckers)Freshwater drum Unidentified 115 61.8 Gizzard shad Cyprinidae (minnows)Carp Percldae (darters)Freshwater drum Unidentified 0 1.4 84.2 9.4 5.0 27.5 17.5 15.0 35.0 5.0 58.4 15.8 13.9 5.0 4.0 3.0 78.8 17.1 4.1 21.3 3.3 1.6 72.1 1.6 10.4 28.7 0.9 1.7 56.5 1.7 100.0 N r m-4 0 z 0 z r U, Z a z to 105.0 113.0 3.5 Freshwater drum a Average of two replicates. Table 7.13.Number of larval fish collected during diurnal and nocturnal sampling in the Neosho River near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Diurnal Nocturnal Total Relative Average Relative Average Relative Average Abundance Density Abundance Density Abundance Density Taxa Number (%) (No./100 M 3) Number (%) (No./100 m 3) Number (%) (No./100 m3)Gizzard shad 100 25.0 8.2 199 32.8 17.8 299 29.7 12.8 Cyprinidae (minnows) H 2.0 0.7 33 5.4 3.0 41 4.1 1.8 Carp 50 12.5 4.1 32 5.3 2.g 82 8.2 3.5 Catostomidae (suckers) 132 33.0 10.8 125 20.6 11.2 257 25.5 11.0 White bass 23 5.8 1.9 33 5.4 3.0 56 5.6 2.4 Pomoxis sp. (crappie) 21 5.2 1.7 19 3.1 1.7 40 4.0 1.7 Percidae (darters) 2 0.3 0.2 2 0.2 0.1 Freshwater drum 61 15.2 5.0 142 23.4 12.7 203 20.2 8.7 Unidentified 5 1.2 0.4 21 3.5 1.9 26 2.6 1.1 Total no. taxa 7 8 8 Total no. larvae 400 32.8 606 54.2 1006 43.0 N.4 a z 0 z-0 r Z C)M A. ~m M I M -A. - HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 8 VEGETATION MONITORING AND LAND USE DISTURBANCES By Edward W. Uhlemann 148 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Construction phase monitoring of vegetation in 1979 near Wolf Creek Genera-ting Station (WCGS), Burlington, Kansas, was conducted in three representative plant community types: 1. North floodplain woods (upper Wolf Creek), Community 1;2. Abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2; and 3. South floodplain woods (lower Wolf Creek), Community 8.Community I has been monitored since 1975, Community 2 since 1977, and Community 8 since 1976. Monitoring of these three communities has provided comparative data from which changes in community vegetation can be detected.Field sampling for the 1979 vegetation monitoring program was conducted in April, June, and September. The purpose of the terrestrial environmental monitoring program was to establish a reference framework for assessing environmental effects on vege-tation attributable to site preparation, plant construction, reservoir filling, and subsequent station operation. Specific objectives of the program were to: 1. Evaluate vegetational changes since the 1973 baseline study;2. Provide additional data for comparison with subsequent monitoring studies;3. Evaluate any relationships between phytosociological changes and construction activities; and 4. Record total 1978-79 construction related land-use disturbance at the WCGS site.II. Field and Analytical Procedures Community composition and structure in two floodplain woods and an aban-doned railroad right-of-way were determined; productivity was quantified for the railroad right-of-way. Locations of the three communities sampled in 1979 are shown in Figure 8.1.A. Field Procedures All vegetational strata within the three plant communities were sampl~d by the quadrat method (Oosting 1956; Wiegert 1962). Six permanent 400-m circular plots were systematically distributed in each floodplain woods community to sample trees (stems greater than 10 cT dbh) and saplings (stems 2.5-10.0 cm dbh). Five ýircular plots, each 10 m , were nested within the circumference of each 4 0 0-m plot to sample the shrub stratum (Figure 8.2). Herbaceouý vegetation and woody seedlings less than 30 cm tall were sampled with 1-m plots centered within each 10-mi plot. 4 The ground layer in the abandoned railroad right-of-way was sampled 149 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES using 25 0.-m.2 circular plots distributed at 10-m intervals along one transect. The abandoned railroad right-of-way was also sampled using the point-quadrat method; 200 point-quadrats were used to determine cover by species (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). Productivity in the abandoned railroad right-of-way was determined by the harvest method (Ovington et al. 1963).Site land-use disturbances were mapped through on-site inspection, aerial photo interpretation, and consultation with personnel from KG&E and Daniels Construction Company.B. Analytical Procedures Community composition and structure were quantified by community for each of the three sampling locations. Absolute and relative values of fre-quency, density, and dominance were computed for species in the overstory, understory, and shrub strata. Importance values were determined as the sum of the relative values (Curtis and McIntosh 1951). Absolute and relative fre-quency, and average community ground layer coverage were calculated for ground layer vegetation in each community sampled. In addition, percent cover by species was calculated for the abandoned railroad right-of-way, based on point-quadrat sampling (Mueller-Dombois and Ellenberg 1974). Densities of trees and saplings were calculated for nine stem diameter classes. All data summaries were performed on a Data General NOVA computer using standard equations (Curtis and Cottam 1962). Tables were constructed from computer printouts. Numerals in the bodies of tables are rounded values, whereas the totals are sums of un-rounded values.Primary productivity of the abandoned railroad right-of-way was calculated using equations of Kelly et al. (1974).Plant voucher specimens of previously unrecorded species were collect-ed, dried, processed for permanent preservation, and deposited in the Hazleton herbarium for future reference. Botanical nomenclature followed Gleason and Cronquist (1963). A phylogenetic list of species sampled during 1979 was compiled (Appendix F, Table F.1).The coefficient of community was used to quantify similarity between 1979 community data and those of previous years. Because community change occurs most rapidly in the lower strata, only data from the ground layer and shrub stratum were used in computing coefficients. Values of absolute frequency were used for ground layer comparisons, and importance values were used for shrub stratum comparisons. The coefficient of community (Cox 1972) was computed as: 2W a + b aa where W = the suz of the lower of the two values of a species occuring in both years, a = the sum of species values for the 1979 sample, and b = the sum of species values for the sample year compared.An index of shrub stratum flood susceptibility (Uhlemann 1979) was calculated for each of the floodplain woods. The index is of the weighted average type (Whittaker 1973) and was calculated by multiplying species I 150 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES importance values by species' flood suceptibility weights, summing the weighted values, and dividing the total weighted values by the sum of the importance values considered; species with importance values of 5 or less, and species that show no distributional affinities (e.g., Smilax hispida; Bell 1974 a,b, 1975a,b)were not considered in the index calculation. Species weighting values are the same as those prescribed in the 1978-1979 WCGS monitoring report (Uhlemann 1979).III. Results and Discussion A. North Floodplain Woods (Community 1)1. Present Status 3 The north floodplain woods occupies a terrace above Wolf Creek and is located upstream from the WCGS cooling lake, near the approximate high water level for the cooling lake. The community is subject to periodic flooding I and, due to community topography, some portions of tile woods are inundated more frequently than others. The elevational gradient of the woods is not visually discernible, although the community slopes gently to the south and drops off steeply into the creek bed. In April, Community 1 showed no evidence of having been flooded since the previous growing season, and Wolf Creek was unseasonably low. One week prior to the June vegetation sampling survey, heavy rains caused extensive community flooding. Water marks on community trees indicated that the water surface had been as high as 2 m above the banks of Wolf Creek.Humus and much of the A soil horizon had been removed. Many saplings and shrubs were leveled by large logs and flood waters moving through the community.

a. Composition The topographic location of the north floodplain woods I between creek bottom and upland was reflected in the community composition; floristic elements of both the northern floodplain forest and the oak-hickory forest of Kansas described by Kuchler (1974) were present. Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) and bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa) co-dominated the overstory (Table 8.1). Both species occurred at 100% frequency; the high relative density and high relative dominance of hackberry and bur oak, respectively, accounted for their high community importance.

Black walnut (Juglans nigra), bitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis), Shumard's oak (Quercus shumardii), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica) were of intermediate importance, and red bud (Cercis canadensis), Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus dioica), American elm (Ulmus americana), red mulberry (Morus rubra), and osage orange (Maclura pomifera) were minor overstory components. I All overstory members, with the exception of black walnut, bur oak, Shumard's oak and Kentucky coffee-tree, were present as saplings in the understory (Table 8.2). Hackberry was by far the most important species of the eight recorded (importance value 163.7); red bud and green ash were frequent stratum components. In June, when the shrub stratum was sampled, many of the I shrubs and tree seedlings of the community were still flattened and weighed down by flood-deposited debris. Seven tree, two shrub, and one vine species were re- W corded in the shrub stratum (Table 8.3). Coralberry (Symphoricarpos orbiculatus) 151 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES was the obvious stratum dominant (importance value 153.9). By the September survey, many coralberry plants had lost their leaves, and some were experiencing mortality while others were developing shoots of new growth. Missouri gooseberry (Ribes missouriense) was the only other shrub species recorded. Hackberry and green ash were the most important tree species recorded from the shrub stratum.All tree species, with the exception of box elder (Acer negundo), represented reproduction of canopy species.The ground layer was composed of 16 identifiable species in April, 23 in June, and 12 in September (Table 8.4); only five species were present during all sampling periods. Dominant species in April were spreading chervil (Chaerophyllum procumbens) and cleavers (Galium aparine); Virginia wild rye (Elymus virginicus), wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), wingstem (Verbesina alternifolia), coralberry, and black sanicle (Sanicula gregaria) were common associates. Virginia wild rye and wood nettle were dominant in June, and wingstem, black sanicle, Virginia creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia) and the sedge Carex rosea were common ground layer components. In September, wood nettle associated with Virginia wild rye dominated; the latter species frequent-ly showed new growth at its base. New growth at the end of the growing season is generally atypical of this species and was probably related to a growth recovery following the June flooding. Other frequently occurring species in September were black snakeroot, wingstem, clearweed (Pilea pumila), and Virginia smartweed (Polygonum virginianum).

b. Structure 2 Total basal area of the floodplain woods canopy was 30.3 m /ha (Tables 8.1 and 8.2). Canopy density was 750.0 saplings and 283.3 trees/ha (Table 8.5); all sapling and tree size classes were represented.

The shrub stratum, with a density of 9533 stems/ha, provided 19.2% ground cover (lable 8.3); coralberry provided the greatest density and cover.Ground layer cover ranged from 45% in April to 30% in June and September (Table 8.4).2. Comparisons with Previous Studies a. Composition Little community change has occurred since 1975. Canopy composition has remained nearly unchanged with only minor differences in the ranking of species by importance. Likewise, little change has occurred in the shrub stratum, as demonstrated by the remarkably high similarity indices of 92, 87, 90, and 88%, respectively, for the 1979/1978, 1979/1977, 1979/1976, and 1979/1975 data comparisons (Table 8.6). Cox (1972) found that sample similarity for replicate samples in a plant community seldom exceeds 85%, and Whittaker and Woodwell (1973) suggested that 60% is a common value. Continued high sample similarity in 1980 will depend upon the recovery of flood-damaged species such as coralberry. The 1979 ground layer data were also similar to those of pre-vious years, as indicated by the similarity indices (Table 8.6). Community 152 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES ground layer dominants in 1979 were generally the same as in previous years, although species frequencies have varied from year to year.b. Structure The structural data from Community I were generally similar to those of previous years, although the effects of flooding were 9pparent. The basal area of the overstory increased markedly from 24.1 to 28.1 m /ha.Although some of this increase represents annual tree growth and the addition of basal area to the canopy by the ingrowth of saplings from the understory, the major portion of this increase apparently represented bark swelling caused by prolonged submersion of tree trunks in the flood waters of Wolf Creek.B. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way (Community 2)1. Present Status Vegetation of the abandoned railroad right-of-way was representa-tive of prairie of the Kansas Osage plains. Community 2 has been protected from grazing, mowing, and fire since 1975; such prairie communities with protection from anthropogenic disturbances are uncommon in the WCGS area.a. Composition Species composition of Community 2 was similar to that of regional prairies described by Weaver (1968) and Kuchler (1974). A total of 48 @taxa was recorded during the 1979 sampling program (Tables 8.7 and 8.8). Due to the seasonal immaturity of the vegetation, only eight species were identi-fiable to the species level in April. Immature grasses (Gramineae) were domi-nant. The grass family was also the most frequent taxon recorded in June;common associates were Virginia wild rye, Scribner's panicum (Panicum scribnerianum), sedge (Carex sp.), and Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). By September, most grasses were flowering and/or fruiting and were identifiable to the species level. Community dominants were big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi), little bluestem (A. scoparius), and Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans); grass-leaved goldenrod (Solidago graminifolia) was a common forb. 1 b. Structure Community ground layer cover, as determined by the point U quadrat method, agreed closely with the ground cover values estimated during plot sampling. The ground layer cover, consisting primarily of grasses, in-creased rapidly from 20.5% in April to 95.0% in June; September cover was 96.0% U (Table 8.8). Mean canopy height was greatest in September (7.9 dm).c. Productivity j Productivity in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, as determined in September by peak standing crop, was 5780 kg.ha.yr. This is relatively close to the average value (5080 kg.hayr) reported by Koelling and Kucera (1965) for tall-grass prairie in southwestern Missouri.153 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 2. Comparison with Previous Studies a. Composition Major species components of Community 2 have generally remained similar over the 1974-79 monitoring period, although the relative importance of these species has fluctuated from year to year. One notable compositional variation is the present co-dominance of big bluestem versus its low importance in surveys prior to 1977, a probable result of range recovery after protection from grazing. The yearly fluctuations in species frequency and the addition or deletion of minor species resulted in moderate to relatively low similarity indices for year-to-year data comparisons (Table 8.6). The 1979/1974 data comparisons yielded the lowest similarity index of 18%; causes for such a low value include: (1) dominants of the 1979 September survey (big bluestem, little bluestem, and Indian grass) were most likely present in 1974; however, because of drought, they had not developed sufficiently to allow specific identification and, therefore, were not recorded; (2) the influence of grazing in the early years of post-grazing succession; and (3) the location of many sampling plots in 1974 near railroad ballast, which resulted in sampling dis-turbed habitat dominated by several weedy species.b. Structure The maximum ground layer cover recorded for Community 2 in 1979 was within the 90.5 to 100% range established in previous surveys, whereas the 1979 average canopy height (7.9 dm) was slightly higher than the previous high of 7.0 dm recorded in 1975.c. Productivity Productivity estimates from the previous five years of sampling averaged 5203 kg.ha.yr and have ranged from 2990 kg.ha.yr in 1974 to 7446 kg'ha'yr in 1975; the 1980 estimate lies medially between these two extremes and very close to the five-year average. Extreme fluctuations are primarily a result of variations in summer precipitation. C. South Floodplain Woods (Community 8)1. Present Status The south floodplain woods is located approximately 6 km down-stream from the cooling lake dam on Wolf Creek. Community topography is irreg-ular and portions of the community are periodically inundated. The locations of vegetation sampling plots vary from depressions on the first terrace of Wolf Creek to well-drained sites on the second terrace of the floodplain. In June, one week prior to the vegetation survey, extremely heavy rains caused extensive community flooding. The depth of community inundation ranged from 0 to 2 m, as indicated by the high water marks on tree trunks.154 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES a. Composition Community composition reflected the varied topography and moisture conditions of the south floodplain woods. The overstory was composed of species common to both the northern floodplain forest and the oak-hickory forest of Kansas as described by Kuchler (1974). The overstory was codominated by a number of species (Table 8.9), including silver maple (Acer saccharinum), American elm, Shumard's oak, hackberry, and pin oak (Quercus palustris). Bur oak (Quercus macrocarpa), green ash, and shellbark hickory (Carya laciniosa) were frequent species, and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), red mulberry (Morus rubra), black walnut, Kentucky coffee-tree, honey locust (Gleditsia triacanthos), and redbud were of minor importance. The distribution of tree species within the overstory was heterogeneous. Silver maple was entirely restricted to the first terrace of Wolf Creek and to the basin of its tributaries; sycamore was noted only along the banks of Wolf Creek; green ash was most frequent in the depressions on the first terrace; American elm was most common in the transi- I tional area between the first and second terraces; the oaks and hickories were most common on higher, well-drained sites; and hackberry was common both in transitional areas and on the well-drained sites. Further discussion of the physiographic distribution of the tree species in this community was presented. in Uhlemann et al. (1978).Hackberry associated with American elm dominated the under- I story of Community 8; other commonly occurring species were green ash, red mulberry, and red bud (Table 8.10). Species distribution patterns in the understory were similar to those described for the overstory. The shrub stratum was composed of 2 shrub, 4 vine, and 10 tree species (Table 8.11); poison ivy (Rhus radicans) associated with coral-berry dominated. Stratum sub-dominants included hackberry, shellbark hickory, green ash, and American elm. Poison ivy was primarily restricted in occurrence to the more frequently flooded locations and transitional areas, whereas coral-berry was restricted to the well-drained locations. The distribution of tree species in this stratum was similar to that in the overstory. Ground layer vegetation was composed of 21 identifiable species in April, 25 in June, 10 in September; six species were common to all sampling periods (Table 8.12). Species composition was similar to that of Community

1. In May, cleavers and wild chervil, associated with Virginia wild rye, dominated.

Virginia wild rye, wood nettle, poison ivy, and Virginia creeper were common in all 1979 surveys. Several tree, shrub, and woody vine species were present as seedlings in the ground layer. I b. Structure The combined basal2area of the trees and saplings forming the canopy of Community 8 was 30.5 m /ha (Tables 8.9 and 8.10); densities of trees and saplings were 333.3 and 441.7 stems/ha, respectively (Table 8.13).Ground cover of the shrub stratum was relatively high I (35.8%), and total shrub density was 16,367 stems/ha. Poison ivy made up approximately 42% of the shrub density (Table 8.11).155 n HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Ground layer cover in April, June, and September was 28, 29, and 26%, respectively (Table 8.12).2. Comparison with Previous Studies Community 8 has been sampled for four successive years during the construction-phase monitoring program. Such a period is generally insuf-ficient for definitive delineation of successional trends in mature wooded communities, although trends may be inferred by comparison of individual strata.In 1978, a missing plot center-point marker was replaced; approximation of the original location of the center point may have resulted in a slight variance between 1978 and 1979 data and those of earlier surveys.a. Composition Little compositional change has occurred in the south floodplain woods since the initial vegetation survey in 1976. The 1979 over-story and understory compositions were similar to those of previous surveys.Very high similarity values (86-87%) were calculated for the 1979/1978, 1979/1977, and 1979/1976 shrub stratum data comparisons (Table 8.6). Ground layer data were also similar, and compositional differences from year to year involved only species occurring at a relatively low frequency during any year.b. Structure The structural data of Community 8 were slightly different from those of previous years. In the overstory, although total densities were relatively unchanged, elm mortality has resulted in a gradual decrease from 100 American elms/ha in 1976 to 58 3 American elms/ha in 1979. Elm mortality was the major cause of a 1.5 m /ha drop in overstory basal area from 1978 to 1979.In the shrub stratum, total stem density and percent ground cover declined from 1978 to 1979; much of the decline was due to a 20% decline in the density of poison ivy. Because poison ivy was located in those parts of the community that were most severely flooded, it was the species that experi-enced the greatest flooding impact. However, due to poison ivy's relatively high flood tolerance, it should rapidly recover to its former level of impor-tance.Ground layer cover was similar to that of previous years.D. Gradient Analysis of Floodplain Woods In 1976 and 1977, gradient analysis was applied to phytosociological data from the north floodplain woods and the south floodplain woods to relate variance in the vegetation to flood susceptibility prior to the construction of the WCGS cooling lake (Uhlemann and Talaber 1977; Uhlemann et al. 1978).The relative elevation of the plots varied so little, and the degree of drainage varied so greatly from plot to plot, that the use of elevation as the sole criterion for delimiting the flooding gradient was not satisfactory. Therefore, rather than establishing an ordination of vegetation plots along a predetermined 156 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES flooding gradient, the gradient of flooding intensity was hypothesized based on known tree species behavior in response to flooding (Lindsey et al. 1961). 3 Gradient analysis of 1976 and 1977 tree and sapling data showed a distinct gradient of moderate ecological amplitude in the south floodplain woods and a more subtle gradient of lower amplitude in the north floodplain woods. I Flood susceptibility indices reported in 1978 were as low (frequently flooded)as 490 (in the south floodplain-woods) and as high (seldom flooded) as 756 (in the north floodplain woods). Stand locations with comparable indices were U described by Lindsey et al. (1961) as poorly-drained first bottom and well-drained second bottom sites, respectively. Although a gradient of relatively broad ecological amplitude was inferred by the distribution of tree species within the north and south flood plain woods, trees are not especially sensitive monitors of changing environmen-tal conditions in the short-term because of their longevity. The overstory may I reflect previous, rather than current, environmental conditions (Schnell et al.1977); shrub stratum vegetation is a more sensitive indicator of recent environ-mental changes. I The 1976-78 shrub stratum data from Communities I and 8 were examined and shrub stratum plots were ordinated to ascertain whether species distribu-tions in the shrub stratum would verify the environmental gradient inferred by the canopy flood susceptibility indices. Shrub stratum plot data from the two wooded communities were amalgamated to provide a broader data base representing A*vegetation over a wide range of environmental conditions; this 12-plot shrub stratum ordination correlated well with the 12-plot canopy ordination (Uhlemann 1979). The correlation between the ordination established by the flooding susceptibility indices and the phytosociological ordination of shrub stratum I plots was directly related to the amplitude of the ecological gradient represen-ted by the sampling plots. This positive relationship between the degree of ordination correlation to an environmental gradient and the range of the envi-ronmental extremes represented by the gradient has been documented by Rochow (1972).Because of the positive correlation of the shrub stratum plot ordi- I nation with the flood susceptibility continuum ordination, it was assumed that the gradient depicted by this ordination represents the flooding gradient, and a method of calculating a shrub stratum flood susceptibility index was developed I to detect the effect of changes in flooding intensity on community vegetation (Uhlemann 1979). To date, the preoperational shrub stratum flood susceptibility indices range from 8.14 to 8.84 for the north floodplain woods and from 6.19 to 6.70 for the south floodplain woods; these ranges are relatively small, consider-i ing that both communities have species with weighting values ranging from four to ten. The 1979 index for Community I was 8.42 (Table 8.14); this was relatively close to the average of the previous four years. The 1979 index for Community 8 (6.7) was the highest value calculated to date for that community (Table 8.14).The slight increase in the shrub stratum flood susceptibility index from 1978 to 1979 was due to the flooding that occurred in the low area of the comnmmunity where poison ivy was the most important species, and thus, was the species sustaining the greatest impact. Poison ivy has a low species weighting value, 157 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and a reduction in the relative community importance of this species was respon-sible for the increase in the shrub stratum flood susceptibility index. Poison ivy is relatively flood tolerant, and although it sustained significant flood damage, it will not likely experience significant mortality. The community index will probably decline during the next year, as poison ivy recovers.The relatively small ranges in the shrub stratum flooding susceptibil-ity indices calculated for the two floodplain woods communities imply that the vegetation of these communities is relatively stable, having adapted to the preoperational flooding patterns of Wolf Creek. Creation and maintenance of the WCGS cooling lake will modify the flooding intensity and periodicity of Wolf Creek; it is expected that flooding intensity will decrease in the south flood-plain woods and increase in the north floodplain woods. If flooding patterns are altered as predicted, the relative importance of flood tolerant vegetation will increase in Community 8 and decrease in Community 1, and the relative importance of flood susceptible vegetation will decrease in Community 1 and decrease in Community 8.These trends in vegetation change would be detected as a decrease in the shrub stratum flooding susceptibility index of Community 1 and an increase in that of Community 8.F. Land Use Disturbance An estimated 2170 acres have been disturbed within the WCGS site boundary through 1979, representing 22% of the 9818-acre WCGS site and 41% of the 5285 acres that were predicted to be disturbed by station construction and lake filling. Based on the inspection of April 1979 site aerial photography, a total of 1410 acres was estimated to have been disturbed prior to 1979.This pre-1979 acreage estimate is approximately 12% lower than the disturbance estimate reported in Chapter 8 of the 1978-79 WCGS monitoring report (Uhlemann 1979); land disturbance estimates in 1978 were made without up-to-date aerial photography, and consequently were underestimated. Habitat losses and the effects on wildlife produced by disturbances prior to 1979 have been discussed by Uhlemann (1979). The distribution of disturbance is shown in Figure 8.3.An estimated 760 additional acres were disturbed during 1979.The majority of 1979 disturbance resulted from the removal of riparian forest lining Wolf Creek and from the grubbing of trees from large parcels of woody pasture and range land. Smaller parcels of land were disturbed by quarrying, spoil and rip-rap storage, and lime slurry pond and saddle dam construction. The area disturbed in 1979 was approximately equally divided among the following community types: (1) riparian woodland, (2) woody pasture and range, and (3)abandoned cropland and range. This distribution of disturbance by habitat differed from previous years when the majority of habitat disturbed was aban-doned cropland and rangeland with little destruction of important wildlife habitat.In addition to direct vegetation removal, other construction-related effects to vegetation were noted. Diversions of natural drainage courses created impoundments which, at some locations, caused vegetation mortality; vegetation mortality was particularly evident in wooded communities. Weed 158 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES communities were common in areas that had been disturbed prior to 1979.These areas were dominated by annual sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and giant ragweed (Ambrosia trifida).No changes in wildlife species composition or abundance in the two monitoring communities or along the wildlife survey route directly attributable to construction activities were observed during the 1979-80 monitoring program.Changes in avian and mammalian community characteristics were noted, but these were within the range of variations previously reported and probably reflect natural population fluctuations. The communities monitored were not located within major construction zones, and no impact was noted on the small faunal species known to occur in the abandoned railroad right-of-way and north flood-plain woods. No changes in species composition or abundance were detected along i the wildlife survey route.Local wildlife populations were undoubtedly affected by habitat losses associated with construction activities in 1979. Habitat destruction and i land-use disturbances at the plant site and dam construction areas have either displaced or destroyed wildlife species occurring in these areas. As an example, approximately 20 Great Blue Herons (Ardea herodias) were displaced when a roost tree was removed during clearing for the reservoir. The loss of wooded riparian vegetation in 1979 will have a greater relative impact on wildlife populations than the previous loss of cropland, pasture, and rangeland because wooded I riparian vegetation is much less extensive, and alternate cover for wildlife species associated with wooded areas is limited.Direct habitat disturbance and secondary impacts associated with noise and human presence have reduced local wildlife populations, particularly those of larger or more sensitive species. Filling of the cooling lake will cause further population reductions in terrestrial wildlife species now inhabit-ing the area. The new aquatic habitat will attract some species not currently found at the site and will alter local wildlife populations by creating aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats that may support populations of waterfowl, waterbirds, I reptiles, amphibians, and furbearers. IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. No adverse construction-related effects on vegetation were inferred from the 1979 data from communities 1, 2, or 8.2. Vegetation of the north floodplain woods consisted of species typical of both the oak-hickory and northern floodplain forest types, due to the community's topographic position above Wolf Creek. Hackberry and I bur oak were dominant in the overstory; hackberry and other lowland species were common in the lower strata. The intense community flooding that occurred in June 1979 did not appear to immediately alter the community composition, and the 1979 structural and compositional data were similar to those of previous years.The effects of the flooding, as evidenced by vegetation data, may become more apparent in 1980.3. Vegetation of the abandoned railroad right-of-way was typical of bluestem prairies of the region; tall-grass species dominated.

Composition was similar to that of previous years, and structure and productivity 159 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES data were within the ranges established in previous surveys. The primary productivity estimate was relatively close to productivity estimates for tall-grass prairie in Missouri.4. Vegetation of the south floodplain woods was composed of species common to the northern floodplain and oak-hickory forest types. Community dominants were silver maple, American elm, Shumards' oak, and pin oak;hackberry and American elm were reproducing well in the lower strata. Woody species were generally well sorted according to topography. Poison ivy, the shrub stratum dominant, was primarily restricted to the lower areas of the community, and therefore suffered notable damage from the June flooding.Compositional and structural data were similar to those of previous years.5. Shrub stratum flooding susceptability indices for the north flood-plain woods and south floodplain woods were very close to those calculated for previous years, providing a stable data base for operational monitoring.

6. An estimated 760 acres were disturbed by construction activities within the WCGS site boundary during 1979; to date, total on-site disturbance is estimated at 2170 acres. In 1979, the majority of disturbed habitat was riparian woodland and woody range; riparian woodland is of high local value to wildlife.

Although habitat destruction and indirect disturbance undoubtedly reduced wildlife populations in the construction area, no impacts to wildlife were discernible from data collected during community surveys or along the 20-mile route.160 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I V. References Cited Bell, D. T. 1974a. Studies on the ecology of the streamside forest: Compo-sition and distribution of vegetation beneath the canopy. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club. 101:14-20. 1974b. Tree stratum composition and distribution in the streamside forest. Am. Midl. Natur. 92:35-46.1975a. The streamside vegetation of the upper Sangamon River valley. Pages 151-164 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds. The upper Sangamon River basin: Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dep. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. Illinois, Urbana. 3 1975b. Understory vegetation in the streamside forest. Pages 165-172 in D. T. Bell and F. L. Johnson, eds. The Upper Sangamon River basin: Final report for the Springer-Sangamon Environmental Research Program. Dep. Forestry and Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn., Univ. Illinois, Urbana.Cox, G. W. 1972. Laboratory manual of general ecology. Win. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 195 pp.Curtis, J. T., and G. Cottam. 1962. Plant ecology workbook. Burgess Publishing

• Co., Minneapolis.

193 pp., and R. P. McIntosh. 1951. An upland forest continuum in the prairie forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology 32:476-493. Gleason, H. A., and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of vascular plants of north-eastern United States and adjacent Canada. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York. 810 pp.Kelly, J. M., G. M. Van Dyke, and W. F. Harris. 1974. Comparison of three methods of assessing grassland productivity and biomass dynamics. Am.Midi. Nat. 92:357-369. Koelling, M. R., and C. L. Kucera. 1965. Productivity and turnover relationships in native tallgrass prairie. Iowa State J. Sci. 39:387-392. Kuchler, A. W. 1974. A new vegetation map of Kansas. Ecology 55:586-604. Lindsey, A. A., R. 0. Petty, D. K. Sterling, and W. Van Asdall. 1961.Vegetation and environment along the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers. Ecol.Monogr. 31:105-156. Mueller-Dombois, D., and H. Ellenberg. 1974. Aims and methods of vegetation ecology. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 547 pp. I Oosting, H. J. 1956. The study of plant communities. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 440 pp.161 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Ovington, J. D., D. Heitkamp, and D. B. Lawrence. 1963. Plant biomass and producitivity of prairie, savanna, oakwood, and maize field ecosystems in central Minnesota. Ecology 44:52-63.Rochow, J. J. 1972. A vegetational description of a mid-Missouri forest using gradient analysis techniaues. Am. Midi. Nat. 87:377-396. Schnell, G. D., P. G. Risser, and J. F. Helsel. 1977. Factor analysis of tree distribution patterns in Oklahoma. Ecology 58:1345-1355. Uhlemann, E. W. 1979. Vegetation monitoring and land use disturbances. Pages 165-183 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1978-February 1979. (Project No.5001-08917). Report by Hazleton Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans., A. K. Evans, and J. L. Suchecki. 1978. Vegetation and land use disturbances. Pages 168-216 in Final report of construction environmental monitoring program, Wolf Creek Generating Station, March 1977-February 1978 (Project No. 5501-08796). Report by NALCO Environmental Sciences for Kansas Gas and Electric Co., Wichita, Kans.Weaver, J. E. 1968. Prairie plants and their environment. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebr. 276 pp.Weigert, R. G. 1962. The selection of an optimum quadrant size for sampling the standing crop of grasses and forbs. Ecology 43:125-129. Whittaker, R. H., and G. M. Woodwell. 1973. Retrogression and coenocline distance.Pages 53-73 in R. H. Whittaker, ed. Handbook of vegetation science, Part V, ordination and classification of communities. Dr. W. Junk.b.v. -Publishers, The Hague.162 .aa E':1 i Cooaling Lake S"SCALE IN MILES'A IF 0 2 N.7 KANSAS.0 -: Strown JOHN~ R~EDMOND DAM a RESERVOIR IhFofWt.N 71 F i g u r e 8 ..Vea.%*' %10M?ECK 3'St __ ___ -*~I D7* Tersra Sampling Loca tionis Burlington 1 North Floodplain Woods UM 2 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way 8 South Floodplain Woods Figure 8.1. Vegetation sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES S Figure 8.2.Schematic representation of nested quadrat layout for sampling floodplain woods vegetation near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979. HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I I I i I I U I I I I I I If I Figure 8.3. Construction-related land-use disturbances at Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, through 1979.165 n---n m -mm-m m-m- m --m -m m -Table 8. 1.Phytosociological data summary of trees in the north floodplain woods, near Wolf Creek Cenerating Station, Burlington, Kansas, ,June 1979.Community 1, Relative Trees/ Relative Basal Area Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m 2/Hectare) Dominance Value Celtis occidentalis 100.0 21.4 129.2 45.6 2.9 10.2 77.2 Quercus macrocarpa 100.0 21.4 29.2 10.3 12.0 42.8 74., Juglans nigr 66.7 14.3 37.5 13.2 3.7 13.1 40.6 Carya cordiformis 66.7 14.3 25.0 8.8 2.8 9.8 33.0 Quercus shumardii 16.7 3.6 8.3 2.9 4.0 14.3 20.8 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 33.3 7.1 20.8 7.3 1.7 5.9 20.4 Cercis canadensis 1.6.7 3.6 12.5 4.4 0.2 0.6 8.5 Gymnocladus dioica 16.7 3.6 8.3 2.9 0.5 1.9 8.4 Ulmus americana 16.7 3.6 4.2 1.5 0.3 0.9 6.0 Morus rubra 16.7 3.6 4.2 1.5 0.0 0.3 5.3 Maclura pomifera 16.7 3.6 4.2 1.5 0.0 0.2 5.2 Total 28.1 N r-4 0 z m z 0 z m z z C)m M) Table 8.2.Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the north floodplain near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979.woods, Community 1, Relative Saplings/ Relative Basal Area Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m 2/Hectare) Dominance Value Celtis occidentalis 100.0 20.7 512.5 68.3 1.6 74.7 163.7 Cercis canadensis 83.3 17.2 87.5 11.7 0.2 10.3 39.2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 83.3 17.2 62.5 8.3 0.0 4.1 29.6 Ulmus americana 50.0 10.3 33.3 4.4 0.0 2.9 17.7 Ulmus rubra 50.0 10.3 20.8 2.8 0.0 2.9 16.1 Carya cordiformis 50.0 10.3 16.7 2.2 0.0 3.2 15.7 Morus rubra 50.0 10.3 12.5 1.7 0.0 1.8 13.8 Maclura pomifera 16.7 3.4 4.2 0.6 0.0 0.2 4.2 Total 2.2 N r m-4 0 z m z 0 z z z n)m (0 m 0 -* m -m --i -mm" --"" -m m -m -"- " ""---Table 8.3.Phytosociological data summary of species in the shrub stratum of the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979.Re lat ive Stemis/ Relative % Ground Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hlectare Density Cover Dominance Value Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 76.7 36.5 7067 74.1 8.2 43.3 153.9 Celtis occidentalis 40.0 19.0 733 7.6 5.7 29.6 56.3 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 30.0 14.3 633 6.6 2.8 14.5 35.4 Ribes missouriense 20.0 9.5 600 6.2 0.3 1.4 17.2 Cercis canadensis 6.6 3.2 67 0.7 1.2 6.3 10.2 Ulmus americana 13.3 6.3 167 1.7 0.3 1.5 9.6 Ulmus rubra 10.0 4.8 133 1.4 0.6 2.9 9.0 Rhus radicans 6.6 3.2 67 0.7 0.0 0.3 4.1 Juglans nigra 3.3 1.6 33 0.3 0.0 0.1 2.1 Acer negundo 3.3 1.6 33 0.3 0.0 0.1 2.1 Total 9533 19.2 N-4 0 z m z 0 z K z F r'z 0, m (n HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.4. Frequency of species in the ground laver and average ground layer cover in the north floodplain woods, Community 1, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979.A T pr______ _ u_ _ _ Lep uiue Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Galium aparine 100.0 19.4 6.6 1.9 Chaerophyllum procumbens 100.0 19.4 Elymus virginicus 66.7 12.9 63.3 18.4 43.3 15.1 Laportea canadensis 36.7 7.1 66.7 19.4 63.3 22.1 Verbesina alternifolia 26.7 5.2 30.0 8.7 20.0 6.9 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 26.7 5.2 3.3 0.9 Sanicula gregaria 23.3 4.5 23.3 6.8 30.0 10.5 Carex sp. 20.0 3.9 10.0 2.9 26.7 9.3 Urtica dioica 16.7 3.2 3.3 0.9 Viola eriocarpa 16.7 3.2 10.0 2.9 Phlox divaricata 16.7 3.2 3.3 0.9 Viola papilionacea 16.7 3.2 3.3 0.9 Polygonum sp. 10.0 1.9 6.6 1.9 3.3 1.2 Ribes missouriense 10.0 1.9 3.3 0.9 Quercus sp. 6.6 1.3 3.3 0.9 3.3 1.2 Allium sp. 3.3 0.6 Ellisia nyctelea 3.3 0.6 Ranunculus abortivus 3.3 0.6 Rhus radicans 3.3 0.6 3.3 0.9 Ulmus sp. 3.3 0.6 Geum canadense 3.3 0.6 10.0 2.9 3.3 1.2 Graumineae 3.3 0.6 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 20.0 5.8 16.7 5.8 Carex rosea 20.0 5.8 Pilea pumila 13.3 3.9 33.3 11.6 Polygonum virginianum 10.0 2.9 16.7 5.8 Polygonatum biflorum 3.3 0.9 Chenopodium sp. 3.3 0.9 Parietaria pensylvanica 3.3 0.9 Festuca obtusa 3.3 0.9 3.3 1.2 Menispermum canadense 3.3 0.9 Eupatorium rugosum 3.3 0.9 Ruellia strepens 3.3 0.9 Viola sp. 6.6 2.3 Compositae 3.3 1.2 Cercis canadensis 3.3 1.2 Cinna arundinacea 3.3 1.2 Carya sp. 3.3 1.2 Celtis occidentalis 3.3 1.2 Average Community Ground Layer 45% 30% 30%169 I I U I I*1 I I I I I I I 0 I U --- ----m m -m m m --m Table 8.5.Density (stems/ha) of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the north floodplain woods, Community I, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979.Diameter Classes dbh (cm)Sapling Class Tree Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub- 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6- 40.1- 47.6- > Sub-Species 6.2 10.0 Total 17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 47.5 55.0 55.1 Total Totals Celtis occidentalis 266.7 245.8 512.5 95.8 16.7 12.5 4.2 129.2 641.7 Cercis canadensis 54.2 33.3 87.5 12.5 12.5 100.0 Fraxtnus pennsylvanlca 54.2 8.3 62.5 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 20.8 83.3 S= cordIformis 8.3 8.3 16.7 8.3 4.2 4.2 8.3 25.0 141.7 Ulmus americana 29.2 4.2 33.3 4.2 4.2 37.5 Jugla nigra 0.0 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 37.5 37.5 Quercus macrocarpa 0.0 4.2 4.2 20.8 29.2 29.2 Ulmus rubra 12.5 8.3 20.8 0.0 20.8 Morus rubra 8.3 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 16.7 Gymnocladus dioica 0.0 4.2 4.2 8.3 8.3 Maclura pomifera 4.2 4.2 4.2 4.2 8.3 Quercus shumardii 0.0 4.2 4.2 8.3 8.3 Total 437.5 312.5 750.0 137.5 41.7 29.2 16.7 12.5 12.5 33.3 283.3 1033.3 D-N r-4 0 z m z 0 z m M-I F-Fn'C)0 M C) I Table 8.6.Year-to-year data comparisons expressed as percent similarity for three plant communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas.I@1l Cominun ity 1Strat ur Years Compared Similarity(%) Community/Stratum North floodplain woods Shrub Stratum Ground layer 1979/1978 1979/1977 1979/1976 1979/1975 1979/1978 1979/1977 1979/1976 1979/1975 92 87 90 88 76 76 74 54 I I I I I I Abandoned railroad right-of-way Ground layer 1979/1978 1979/1977 1979/1976 1979/1975 1979/1974 65 48 48 47 18 South floodplain woods 4M Shrub stratum Ground layer 1979/1978 1979/1977 1979/1976 1979/1978 1979/1977 1979/1976 87 87 86 83 78 79 I I I I I I I 171 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.7. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layer cover in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Gramineae 88.0 35.5 100.0 25.5 Carex sp. 36.0 14.5 28.0 7.1 Compositae 28.0 11.3 8.0 2.0 Claytonia virginica 20.0 8.0 Galium sp. 16.0 6.4 Oxalis violacea 16.0 6.4 8.0 2.0 Galium aparine 8.0 3.2 12.0 3.1 Tradescantia ohioensis 8.0 3.2 16.0 4.1 Poa pratensis 4.0 1.6 24.0 6.2 Achillea millefolium 4.0 1.6 4.0 1.0 Fragaria virginiana 4.0 1.6 4.0 1.0 Prunus sp. 4.0 1.6 4.0 1.0 4.0 1.4 Solidago sp. 4.0 1.6 Nothoscordum bivalve 4.0 1.6 Labiatae 4.0 1.6 Elymus virginicus 44.0 11.2 8.0 2.8 Panicum scribnerianum 36.0 9.1 Oxalis sp. 20.0 5.1 Acalypha gracilens 12.0 3.1 Solidago graminifolia 12.0 3.1 20.0 7.0 Solidago canadensis 8.0 2.0 8.0 2.8 Panicum sp. 8.0 2.0 4.0 1.4 Solanum carolinense 8.0 2.0 Delphinium virescens 4.0 1.0 Koeleria cristata 4.0 1.0 Eragrostis spectabilis 4.0 1.0 4.0 1.4 Antennaria neglecta 4.0 1.0 Phalaris caroliniana 4.0 1.0 Apocynum sp. 4.0 1.0 Asclepias verticillata 4.0 1.0 Euphorbia corollata 4.0 1.0 4.0 1.4 Juncus interior 4.0 1.0 Andropogon gerardi 68.0 23.9 Andropogan scoparius 40.0 14.1 Panicum virgatum 40.0 14.1 Sorghastrum nutans 40.0 14.1 Elymus canadensis 16.0 5.6 Aster ericoides 8.0 2.8 Aster sp. 4.0 1.4 Salvia reflexa 4.0 1.4 Sporobolus heterolepis 4.0 1.4 Conyza canadensis 4.0 1.4 Physalis sp. 4.0 1.4 Average Community Ground Laver 19% 89% 96%172 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I Table 8.8.Percent cover of species in the ground layer, community ground layer cover, and mean canopy height in the abandoned railroad right-of-way, Community 2, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Gramineae 10.0 48.8 70.0 73.7 Compositae 3.5 17.1 Carex sp. 3.5 17.1 3.5 3.7 Poa pratensis 2.0 9.7 0.5 0.5 Claytonia virginica 1.0 4.9 Oxalis violaceae 0.5 2.4 Solidago sp. 4.5 4.7 Elymus virginicus 4.5 4.7 0.5 0.5 Solidago graminifolia 3.0 3.2 4.5 4.7 Helianthus sp. 3.0 3.2 Tradescantia ohioensis 1.0 1.1 Galium aparine 1.0 1.i Cornus sp. 7.0 1.1 Asciepias viridis 0.5 0.5 Physalis sp. 0.5 0.5 Panicum scribnerianum 0.5 0.5 Prunus serotina 0.5 0.5 Fragaria virginiana 0.5 0.5 Euphorbia corollata 0.5 0.5 1.5 1.6 Andropogon gerardi 33.5 34.9 Panicum virgatum 27.0 28.1 Andropogon scoparius 15.0 15.6 Sorghastrum nutans 8.0 8.3 Aster sp. 2.5 2.6 Solidago canadensis 2.0 2.1 Sporobolus heterolepis 1.0 1.0 Apocynum sibericum 0.5 0.5 Community Ground Layer Cover 20.5 95.0% 96.0%Mean Canopy Height 1.0dm 4.9dm 7.9dm I*1 I I I I I I@1 I I I I I I I] 73 I -m -n -m m -m -- n -m m -m-m m m- m Table 8.9.Phytosociological data summary of trees in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979.Relative Trees/ Relative Basal Area Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m 2/11ectare) Dominance Value Acer saccharinum 33.3 6.4 50.0 15.0 5.4 18.6 40.0 Ulmus americana 83.3 16.1 58.3 17.5 1.7 5.8 39.4 Quercus shumardil 33.3 6.4 41.7 12.5 5.2 17.8 36.7 Celtis occidentalis 83.3 16.1 45.8 13.7 1.6 5.6 35.5 Quercus palustris 33.3 6.4 37.5 11.3 4.5 15.4 33.1 Quercus macrocarpa 50.0 9.6 25.0 7.5 2.2 7.5 24.8 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 50.0 9.6 25.0 7.5 1.8 6.1 23.3 Carya laciniosa 50.0 9.6 25.0 7.5 0.6 1.9 19.1 Platanus occidentalis 16.7 3.2 4.2 1.2 4.0 13.8 18.3 Morus rubra 16.7 3.2 4.2 1.2 0.7 2.4 6.8 Juglans 1 lga 16.7 3.2 4.2 1.2 0.5 1.8 6.2 Gymnocladus dioica 16.7 3.2 4.2 1.2 0.5 1.0 6.1 Gleditsia triacanthos 16.7 3.2 4.2 1.2 0.5 1.6 6.1 Cercis canadensis 16.7 3.2 4.2 1.2 0.0 0.1 4.6 Tot al 29.3 N-4 0 z m z 0 z z rn z 0)m (n) Ta{ble 8.]10.Phytosociological data summary of saplings in the south floodplain near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979.woods, Community 8, Relative Saplings/ Relative Basal Area Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density (m 2/Hectare) Dominance Value Celtis occidentalis 100.0 23.1 179.2 40.6 0.5 43.1 106.7 Ulmus americana 100.0 23.1 120.8 27.4 0.4 32.1 82.5 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 50.0 11.5 66.7 15.1 0.1 10.3 37.0 Morus rubra 50.0 11.5 16.7 3.8 0.0 2.6 17.9 Cercis canadensis 50.0 11.5 12.5 2.8 0.0 3.0 17.3 Carya laciniosa 33.3 7.6 16.7 3.8 0.1 4.5 16.0 Gymnocladus dioica 16.7 3.8 20.8 4.7 0.0 1.2 9.7 Ulmus rubra 16.7 3.8 4.2 0.9 0.0 2.5 7.3 Crataegus sp. 16.7 3.8 4.2 0.9 0.0 0.6 5.4 Total 1.2 N r m-4 0 z m z 0 z m z z 0 m MA-2-p m ..-.. .-........-.-

e.

_ M --M M M M ._ M iM -Table 8.11.Phytosociological data plain woods, Community June 1979.summary of species in the shrub stratum of the south flood-8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, Relative Stems/ Relative % Ground Relative Importance Species Frequency Frequency Hectare Density Cover Dominance Value Rhus radicans 53.3 19.5 6833 41.8 8.2 23.1 84.4 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 30.0 11.0 5433 33.2 6.5 18.4 62.5 Celtis occldentalis 50.0 18.3 1067 6.5 7.2 20.4 45.2 Carya laciniosa 20.0 7.3 233 1.4 5.2 14.5 23.2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 26.7 9.7 867 5.3 2.1 5.8 20.8 Ulmus americana 20.0 7.3 533 3.3 2.4 6.8 17.4 Euonymus atropurpureus 20.0 7.3 667 4.1 0.8 2.3 13.7 Smilax hispida 13.3 4.9 200 1.2 0.3 0.9 7.0 Gymnocladus dioica 10.0 3.7 100 0.6 0.8 2.3 6.6 Morus rubra 10.0 3.7 100 0.6 0.4 0.9 5.2 Ulmus rubra 3.3 1.2 167 1.0 0.7 2.0 4.2 Acer saccharinum 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.4 1.1 2.5 Vitis sp. 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.2 0.6 2.0 Sambucus canadensis 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.2 0.6 2.0 Quercus macrocarpa 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.1 0.2 1.6 Menispermum canadense 3.3 1.2 33 0.2 0.0 0.0 1.5 Total 16367 35.8-I N-I 0 z m z M 0 z m z fi z 0 M MA HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.12. Frequency of species in the ground layer and average ground layerr cover in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, April, June, and September 1979.April June September Relative Relative Relative Species Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Galium aparine 96.7 19.2 10.0 2.5 Chaerophyllum procumbens 93.3 18.5 Elymus virginicus 60.0 11.9 73.3 18.5 53.3 23.5 Laportea canadensis 33.3 6.6 36.6 9.2 33.3 14.7 Rhus radicans 30.0 6.0 33.3 8.4 33.3 14.7 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 23.3 4.6 43.3 10.9 43.3 19.1 Allium sp. 23.3 4.6 Carex sp. 20.0 4.0 30.0 7.5 3.3 1.5 Geum canadense 16.7 3.3 26.7 6.7 10.0 4.4 Phlox divaricata 16.7 3.3 16.7 4.2 Viola eriocarpa 13.3 2.6 6.6 1.7 Ellisia nyctelea 13.3 2.6 3.3 0.8 Symphoricarpos orbiculatus 10.0 2.0 13.3 3.4 Viola papilionacea 6.6 1.3 20.0 5.0 Euonymus atropurpureus 6.6 1.3 Menispermum canadense 6.6 1.3 10.0 2.5 Compositae 3.3 0.6 10.0 2.5 Ambrosia trifida 3.3 0.6 3.3 0.8 Sanicula gregaria 3.3 0.6 6.6 1.7 6.6 2.9 Quercus sp. 3.3 0.6 Ranunculus abortivus 3.3 0.6 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 3.3 0.6 3.3 0.8 Ulmus sp. 3.3 0.6 Sambucus canadensis 3.3 0.6 Urtica dioica 3.3 0.6 Celtis occidentalis 3.3 0.6 3.3 0.8 Ruellia strepens 13.3 3.4 13.3 5.9 Festuca obtusa 6.6 1.7 Pilea pumila 6.6 1.7 Smilax hispida 3.3 0.8 Eupatorium rugosum 3.3 0.8 3.3 1.5 Parietaria pensylvanica 3.3 0.8 Acer saccharinum 3.3 0.8 Quercus shumardii 3.3 0.8 Prenanthes alba 3.3 0.8 Campanula americana 16.7 7.3 Viola sp. 3.3 1.5 Sicyos angulata 3.3 1.5 Quercus sp. 3.3 1.5 Average Community Ground Layer 28% 29% 26%177 I U I I I 0I I I I I I I I I I Table 8.13.Density (stems/ha) of saplings and trees by diameter classes in the south floodplain woods, Community 8, near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, June 1979.Diameter Classes dbh (cm)Sapling Class Tree Class 2.5- 6.3- Sub- 10.1- 17.6- 25.1- 32.6- 40.1- 47.6- > Sub-Species 6.2 10.0 Total 17.5 25.0 32.5 40.0 47.5 55.0 55.1 Total Totals Celtis occidentalis 104.2 75.0 179.2 29.2 4.2 8.3 4.2 45.8 225.0 Ulmus americana 58.3 62.5 120.8 41.7 4.2 8.3 4.2 58.3 179.2 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 50.0 16.7 66.7 4.2 8.3 4.2 4.2 4.2 25.0 91.7 Acer saccharinum 0.0 8.3 8.3 12.5 16.7 4.2 50.0 50.0 Quercus shumardii 0.0 8.3 12.5 12.5 8.3 41.7 41.7 Carya laciniosa 8.3 8.3 16.7 16.7 8.3 25.0 41.7 Quercus palustris 0.0 16.7 12.5 4.2 4.2 37.5 37.5 Gymnocladus dioica 20.8 20.8 4.2 4.2 25.0 Quercus macrocarpa 0.0 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 25.0 25.0 Morus rubra 12.5 4.2 16.7 4.2 4.2 20.8 Cercis canadensis 8.3 4.2 12.5 4.2 4.2 16.7 Crataegus sp. 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 Platanus occidentalis 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Ulmus rubra 4.2 4.2 0.0 4.2 Gleditsia triacanthos 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Juglans nigra 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 Total 266.7 175.0 441.7 104.2 29.2 66.7 62.5 41.7 20.8 8.3 333.3 775.0-4 N-I 0 z m z 0 z m z 0 MR z 0 m M)-M-I-.-.- 2 -----A. - HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 8.14.Shrub stratum flood susceptibility index, for all years sampled, of the north and south floodplain woods (Communities 1 and 8, respectively), near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas.Location/Years Flood Susceptibility North Floodplain Woods: 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Ave rage South Floodplain Woods: 1976 1977 1978 1979 Ave rage 8.14 8.46 8.84 8.71 8.42 8.51 6.54 6.60 6.19 6.70 6.51 179 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Chapter 9 WILDLIFE MONITORING By Julie K. Meents and Joseph L. Suchecki 180 I I I I I I I I I I i I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Construction phase monitoring of terrestrial wildlife occurred near Wolf Creek Generating Station (WCGS) on 14-16 May, 18-22 June, 11-14 September, 18-20 November 1979, and 16-18 January 1980. Avifauna, medium and large-sized mammals, and herpetofauna were censused along a 20-mile wildlife survey route and within two communities (north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way; Figure 9.1). Small mammals also were censused in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way communities. The 1979 monitoring program was designed to determine:

1. Species composition and abundance of game and non-game wildlife;2. Naturally occurring variations in species composition and abun-dance; and 3. Faunal changes that may have resulted from construction activi-ties associated with WCGS.II. Field and Analytical Procedures A. Study Areas Wildlife populations were censused in two communities and along a 2 0-mile wildlife survey route during the 1979 monitoring study near WCGS (Figure 9.1).The north floodplain woods (Community

1) was initially sampled during the 1973 baseline study and during all monitoring studies subsequent to November 1974. This wooded community was located along Wolf Creek and had not been recently disturbed by logging.The abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community

2) was selected for study in May 1974 and has been sampled during all subsequent monitoring studies.The community is typical of abandoned railroad rights-of-way in that there are relatively low areas parallel to the former track bed that are scattered with debris, beyond which lies a generally flat sod of prairie grasses. The tenant of an adjacent farm pastured cattle up to the perimeter of this commmunity and during 1976 removed a fence along one edge, thus reducing the extent of neighbor-ing undisturbed habitat.B. Mammals Mammal surveys conducted in 1979 included trapping studies at two communities, observations along the 20-mile wildlife survey route, pitfall trapping, and incidental observations during other field activities.

1. Small Mammal Trapping Grids of 50 Sherman live traps (8 x 9 x 23 cm) were established 181 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES in the abandoned railroad right-of-way and north floodplain woods communities (Figure 9.1) to determine small mammal species composition and abundance during the June and September sampling periods. One trap was placed at each station, with stations spaced at 10 m intervals along lines 10 m apart (abandoned railroad right-of-way:

two rows, 12 traps each, two rows, 13 traps each; north floodplain woods: five rows, 10 traps each). Traps were set and baited with a mixture of peanut butter and rolled oats for four consecutive nights and checked daily. Captured animals were toe-clipped for identification and their sex, weight, and reproductive condition were recorded. In communities where suffi-cient capture data were available, the modified Peterson index (Seber 1973) was used to calculate population estimates, and density estimates were determined by dividing the population estimate by the trapping gr!d's area of influence. This area equals the area of the trapping grid plus the area inside a line around the perimeter of the grid "n" meters from the grid boundary (where "n" equals the radius of a species' mean home range).2. Eastern Cottontail Census Eastern cottontail rabbits (Sylvilagus floridanus) were censused by standard roadside counts along the 20-mile survey route during June and September 1979. Each cottontail observed was recorded, and abundance indices were calculated.

3. Supplemental Data In addition to the described surveys, records were kept of all observations of mammals and/or their signs that were noted during all field activities.

These observations provided information on the species composition and relative abundance of large mammals near the site.4. Nomenclature Identification and/or nomenclature followed Murie (1954), Burt and Grossenheider (1964), and Jones et al. (1975).C. Avifauna Avian surveys were conducted seasonally to ensure that both summer and winter resident populations, as well as those using the area during migration, were identified. Species lists and estimates of relative densities of game and nongame species that occur near WCGS were derived from the censuses. Seasons were represented by May (spring), June (summer), September (fall), and January (winter).1. Transect Counts Species composition and relative population estimates of birds in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way (Figure 9.1) were derived from transect counts (Kendeigh 1944); three censuses were conducted in each community during each sampling period. Sight observations and auditory censuses were used for species identification. The species, numbers observed, I 182 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES and duration of each count were recorded. Raw data were converted to number of birds per hour to provide a basis for direct comparisons. Relative frequen-cies were calculated for each species.The bird species diversity index (BSD), a derivative of information theory (Shannon and Weaver 1949) and a measure of biotic diversity (MacArthur 1965), was calculated for each community. The equation: S BSD = 1/N (N log N -n. log n.)e E 1 e i i=l (Lloyd et al. 1968), where N = total population, n. = number of species observa-tions, and s = total number of species in the aggregation, was used to calculate diversity.

2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route A 2rn-mile wildlife survey route, established along roads near the site area (Figure 9.1), was driven twice during each sampling period. All species of wildlife were recorded with observations listed by mile segment along the route.Bobwhite (Colinus virginianus) were censused during the early morning hours on two successive days in May and June. The number of Bobwhite heard calling during 2-minute periods at stops located at one-mile intervals along the route was recorded (Preno and Labisky 1971).3. Supplemental Data In addition to the described surveys, records were kept of all observations of birds during all field activities; a separate species list was compiled for birds observed near John Redmond Reservoir.

4. Nomenclature Nomenclature followed the American Ornithologists' Union (1957, 1973, 1976). Avian identification was aided by reference to Peterson (1947) and Robbins et al. (1966).D. Reptiles and Amphibians Reptiles and amphibians were qualitatively surveyed in May, June, and September by pitfall trapping, community inventories, a night driving survey, and searches in special habitats.

These censuses provide information on the species composition, relative abundance, and distribution of reptiles and amphibians observed during the study. A species list of all reptiles and amphibians observed, indicating their habitat preferences, was compiled.1. Community Studies Pitfall traps consisting of two, one-gallon containers and a 3 m drift fence of hardware cloth were established in each community. Pitfall 183 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES traps were checked for captures on the nights of mammal trapping. Reptiles and amphibians were also surveyed through intensive community searches. An ecologist walked through each community turning over debris and examining appropriate habitat; all observations of reptiles and amphibians were recorded.2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route The 20-mile wildlife survey route was driven once during the late evening or early night hours in May, June, and September to document reptile and amphibian activity. All herptiles observed or heard were recorded.3. Supplemental Data Additional herptile observations were obtained by searching aquatic habitats near the site. Species observed near John Redmond Reservoir were also recorded. I 4. Nomenclature Identification and nomenclature followed Conant (1975).E. Rare and Endangered Species All species lists were checked against official lists of threatened and endangered species (Kansas Fish and Game Comm. 1978; U.S. Dep. Interior 1979).III. Results and Discussion A. Mammals I 1. Small Mammals Three species of small mammals were captured on the two sampling grids during an 800 trapnight effort. The short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) and the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus) were captured in the north floodplain woods community in 1979 (Table 9.1). The white-footed mouse was the most abundant species in both sampling periods, representing 96% of the individuals captured in the north floodplain woods in 1979. Density estimates of the white-footed mouse were 22.0/ha in June and 15.0/ha in September. One I short-tailed shrew was captured in June, and none was caught in September. Total trap success was highest in the north floodplain woods (Table 9.1).One deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) was captured in the abandoned railroad right-of-way. This individual was caught on two consecutive nights during June. No small mammals were captured in September. 3 Because of sampling technique and location changes, the data collected during the 1973 baseline study were not directly comparable to data collected during the subsequent monitoring studies. There were additional I alterations in study sites and sampling schedules after the 1974 monitoring 184 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES study that made comparisons between portions of the 1974 and the later monitoring studies invalid. However, comparisons between the subsequent studies were feasible.The seasonal trend of white-footed mouse densities in the north floodplain woods during 1979 was similar to that observed in the 1975-77 studies but opposite the trend noted during 1978 (Table 9.2). June 1979 den-sities were similar to those observed in June of the previous years. The September 1979 white-footed mouse density was about 25% lower than the previous four years' average (21.8/ha) but within the observed range of annual variation. The calculated short-tailed shrew density was very low in the north floodplain woods during 1979. Evidence from previous years indicates that the population may be cyclic, with low densities in alternate years (Table 9.2).The deer mouse is the only species that has been consistently captured in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community in the past four years. Deer mouse populations appear to fluctuate widely between years and seasons (Table 9.2).Other small mammal species previously caught in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community also have cyclic population trends. Most notable are hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) populations which tend to alternate years of high density with years of very low density or absence.No hispid cotton rats were captured in 1979 although they were common in 1978.A comparison of estimated mammal densities in each community indicated lower populations in 1979 than in 1978 (Table 9.2). Population trends appear to be cyclic in both communities. Higher numbers of individuals and species were caught in 1976 and 1978, whereas relatively low numbers and fewer species were present in the alternate years of 1975, 1977, and 1979.There were no apparent community disturbances attributable to construction of WCGS and associated facilities. Lower small mammal population levels in 1979 can probably be ascribed to natural variation.

2. Eastern Cottontail Census The average number of eastern cottontail rabbits recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route in June 1979 was 0.1/mi. This is 40% less than the mean number of cottontails observed on the route in the previous six years. No cottontails were observed in September 1979. The September 1978 average was 0.05/mi.Data from the Kansas Fish and Game Commission (personal communi-cation, Kent Montei) confirm the observed decrease in cottontail populations.

In the southeastern survey region, 1979 cottontail counts declined 27% in July and 14% in October, compared to 1978. The average number of cottontails recorded in Coffey County in 1979 was 0.02/mi in July and 0.09/mi in October.These data reflect the seasonal and yearly fluctuations typical of eastern cottontail populations. No trend is indicated by these fluctuations. 185 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES.1 3. Incidental Observations-

a. North Floodplain Woods Three species of larger mammals were recorded in the north floodplain woods community (Table 9.3). The fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) was observed in May, September, and November.

Tracks of a raccoon (Procyon lotor)were noted in June. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were relatively common in the area and tracks were observed in June, September, and January.b. Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Two species of mammals were observed in this community (Table 9.3). A coyote (Canis latrans) scat was observed on 19 June and two coyotes, an adult and pup, were seen nearby on 20 June. Tracks of a raccoon were noted in January.c. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route I The eastern cottontail and fox squirrel were observed along the 20-mile survey route. Cottontails were seen in June and fox squirrels were I observed in September, November, and January.4. Rare and Endangered Species @1 No rare or endangered species of mammals were observed during the 1979-80 study period. 3 B. Avifauna A total of 87 avian species was observed in the two communities and 3 along the 20-mile wildlife survey route during the May 1979 to January 1980 monitoring study. This total included 12 migrant, 36 summer, 8 winter, and 31 permanent resident species (Table 9.4). Several species were observed only in a specific community; however, the majority of avian species were recorded along I the 20-mile wildlife survey route. Forty-nine species were noted at John Redmond Reservoir (Table 9.5).Johnston (1965) has examined the distribution of birds in Kansas. He reported that 383 species occur in the state; 184 of these species are known to breed in Kansas. The Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge, which is several 3 miles west of WCGS, has compiled a list of 183 species (U.S. Dep. Interior 1970).Waterfowl and waterbird populations at the refuge have been documented by the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Service for the period between October 1978 and September 1979 (Appendix G). A total of 145 avian species has been documented at the WCGS site I since the monitoring program began in 1974. Wetland habitat, which attracts approximately 60 aquatic species at the Flint Hills refuge, is not present near WCGS, accounting for the lower number of observed species. Aquatic and wetland I habitat will become available when the WCGS cooling lake is complete and utili-zation by species new to the site is expected. W 186 A HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Community Surveys a. Transects A total of 34 species was observed in the north floodplain woods (Community

1) during the 7979-80 monitoring program (Table 9.6). Permanent residents included the Red-bellied Woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata), Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus), and Tufted Titmouse (Parus bicolor).

The most abundant breeding species were the House Wren (Troglodytes aedon), Blue Jay, Black-capped Chickadee, and Tufted Titmouse.Some species, including the Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceous) and several warblers, were recorded only in this community. The Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica) was observed in May 1979 for the first time at the WCGS site.The number of species observed in the north floodplain woods was highest in May (19) and September (19), indicating that observations in these months coincided with migration periods. The lowest number of species observed occurred in January (11).Thirty-one avian species were recorded in the abandoned railroad right-of-way (Community

2) during the 1979-80 monitoring program (Table 9.7). The Eastern Meadowlark (Sturnella magna) was the most common resident species. The most abundant breeding species observed in June were the Common Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), American Robin (Turdus migratorius), and Dickcissel (Spiza americana) (Table 9.7). The high numbers of species (18) and individuals (72.8/hr) which occurred in May indicate spring migration.

The lowest number of species (6) occurred in November, and the lowest number of individuals was tabulated in June (22.7/hr).

b. Bird Species Diversity Bird species diversity (BSD) reflects the total number of species in an area and the relative importance of species within an aggregation.

Seasonal BSD values usually peak in the fall and spring because of the presence of migrants. Values are also usually higher in more structurally complex habitats.Bird species diversity was calculated for each community and sampling period (Table 9.8). BSD values for the north floodplain woods followed the expected seasonal pattern and ranged from a high of 2.79 in May to a low of 2.12 in January. The bird species diversity of the abandoned railroad right-of-way community also generally followed the expected seasonal pattern with a high of 2.53 in May and a low of 1.35 in November. The lowest value should occur in January when few species and individuals are in the area. The lower value in November resulted from the presence of a relatively high number of Mourning Doves (Zenaida macroura); a predominance of one species tends to lower species diversity values. A similar pattern was observed in 1978 when Red-winged Blackbirds dominated the abandoned railroad right-of-way community in November.BSD values were generally higher in the north floodplain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community. This is to be 187 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES expected because more structurally complex communities generally have higher species diversity (Karr 1968). In comparison to forests, grasslands are I structurally simple and have low BSD (Shugart and James 1973). The wooded north floodplain community had a greater structural diversity than the grassland dominated abandoned railroad right-of-way, and calculated BSD values followed this vegetation complexity gradient.c. Comparison With Previous Studies 3 Data collected prior to November 1974 in a floodplain woods community represented a different location and direct comparisons are not valid.Comparisons are possible for the north floodplain woods community studied after November 1974 and for all data collected in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community. Data collected in the north floodplain woods in 1979 indi- I cated that there were no consistent changes in avian community components from the previous years (Table 9.8). Comparisons between 1979 observations and long-term averages of the numbers of species, birds/hour, and species diversity I were also mixed.In the abandoned railroad right-of-way, the numbers of birds per hour in June and November 1979 were the lowest recorded during monitoring studies. However, other avian community characteristics showed no trends in changes from the previous year or from the average values obtained from the previous five years of monitoring. In general, the six years' data from both communities show large fluctuations when annual species numbers and populations are compared I (Table 9.8). No trends are indicated by these fluctuations.

2. 20-Mile Wildlife Survey Route 5 a. Seasonal Analysis A total of 75 avian species was observed along the 20-mile 3 wildlife survey route during the 1979-80 monitoring study (Table 9.4). The number of species observed was highest in May and lowest in November and January.The number of individuals fluctuated seasonally with the highest number occurring in January.Fifty-one species and 1382 individuals were recorded in May.The most abundant species were the House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) and Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus).

The number of species observed in June (49) decreased but 3 the number of individuals (1588) increased compared to May. The House Sparrow, Red-winged Blackbird, and Dickcissel were the most abundant species. Other common species observed included Mourning Dove and Common Grackle. 3 In September, totals of 43 species and 870 individuals were 188 U HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES recorded along the 20-mile survey route. Mourning Doves were the most abundant species observed, accounting for almost 30% of all birds seen. The Water Pipit (Anthus spinoletta) was noted on the survey route for the first time.Although the number of species observed in November (33)showed a decline from the previous survey, the number of individuals (1714) was nearly doubled. Large numbers of House Sparrows and Tree Sparrows (Spizella arborea) accounted for much of the increase in number of individuals. Meadow-larks (Sturnella spp.), Red-winged Blackbirds, and Horned Larks (Eremophila alpestris) were also abundant.In January the number of species remained constant (33), but the number of individuals censused increased to the highest total of the year (2279). The high population levels were probably the result of an extremely mild early winter. Red-winged Blackbirds were the most abundant species present, occurring in small and large flocks throughout the area. House Sparrows and Mallards (Anas platyrhynhos) were also common.b. Comparison With Previous Studies The 75 avian species recorded along the 20-mile wildlife survey route in 1979-80 are slightly less than the average number of species observed in the previous six years of study. The total number of individuals observed decreased from 1978 but was within the range of variation observed in previous years (Table 9.9). No trends are indicated by the data collected along the wildlife survey route.3. Game Species a. Bobwhite Bobwhite were observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route. Bobwhite prefer a mixture of wooded, edge, and open field habitats (Edminster 1954). Areas representative of these habitats are traversed by the 20-mile wildlife survey route. An average of 2.5 calls/20 mi was recorded in May 1979. In June, the average increased to 5.0 calls/20 mi (Table 9.10). These averages represent the lowest numbers of Bobwhite censused on the survey route during the baseline and subsequent monitoring studies. In September, an average of 0.5/20 mi was seen on the survey route, and 2.0/20 mi were observed in November.Data from the Kansas Fish and Game Commission (personal communication, Kent Montei) also indicate a sharp decrease in quail populations in the area between 1978 and 1979. In the southeast survey region, Bobwhite were found to have declined 16, 30, and 62 percent from 1978 in April, July, and October, respectively. The average number of quail recorded in Coffey County during 1979 was .01/mi in April, .02/mi in July, and .0 2/mi in October.There was apparently a severe decline in Bobwhite popula-tions near WCCS during the winter and spring of 1979 since populations observed 189 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES N in 1978 were relatively high. Fluctuations in Bobwhite populations may be in response to various factors (e.g., hunting pressure, weather, habitat quality, U parasites, and disease).b. Mourning Dove 3 Mourning Dove counts in May 1979 averaged 41.5/20 mi. In June, the average was 57.5/20 mi (Table 9.11). The June level represents a decrease from the average of 70.5/20 mi observed in 1978 and is lower than the I numbers recorded in 1977 (64.0/20 mi) and 1976 (80.0/20 mi). Counts in June 1975 and 1974 were significantly lower (37.5 and 29.5/20 mi, respectively). These fluctuations represent natural cycles in Mourning Dove populations. I 4. Rare and Endangered Species The endangered Bald Eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) was observed I at John Redmond Reservoir during January 1980 field studies. The Bald Eagle was also observed near WCGS in 1976 and 1977 and eagles probably winter annually at the nearby Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge. Filling of the WCGS cooling lake will create suitable habitat for wintering Bald Eagles, and eagle use of the site is expected to increase.No other rare or endangered avian species were observed during the May 1979 to January 1980 monitoring study.C. Reptiles and Amphibians @1 1. Community Distribution 3 Four species of herpetofauna were observed in the WCGS area during the 1979-80 monitoring program (Table 9.12). Several species observed in previous years were not observed in 1979. This was probably due to variable I weather conditions and the secretive nature of most species.The ornate box turtle (Terrapene ornata) was the most common species observed. Individuals were frequently present in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community during June and September. The species was also observed on the 20-mile wildlife survey route in June and September. 3 The plains leopard frog (Rana blairi) was recorded in the abandoned railroad right-of-way during September. Species observed on the 20-mile survey route included Blanchard's cricket frog (Acris crepitans) in May and a snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) in June. No herptiles were observed in the flood-plain woods community.

2. Rare and Endangered Species I No herptile species listed as rare or endangered by the U.S.Dep. of Interior (1979) or the Kansas Fish and Game Comvission (1978) were I observed near WCGS during the 1979 monitoring study.190 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES D. Relationships Between Wildlife and the Environment

1. Mammals Mammal distributions near WCGS are governed by the presence of appropriate habitat and food availability.

Some species, such as the eastern cottontail, have generalized habitat requirements and are widely distributed near the site. The fox squirrel and other species with specific habitat prefer-ences are more restricted in their distributions. Small mammal sampling in grassland habitats has indicated cyclic population trends from 1974 through 1979. The numbers of individuals and species captured have shown decreases and increases in alternate years (Table 9.2).Possible factors influencing these fluctuations include: (1) land use changes affecting the sampling community, (2) drought conditions in the summer of 1974, (3) return of more favorable conditions in 1976 and 1978 compared to 1974, (4)weather conditions at the time of trapping, (5) higher rate of mortality as a result of severe winter conditions in 1977 and 1978, and (6) naturally occurring population cycles.Small mammal captures in woodland habitats also indicated cyclic patterns although these were not as sharply defined as those noted in grasslands. Similar variables probably affect both communities.

2. Avifauna Avian relationships with the environment parallel those described for mammals; vegetative cover and structure, and food availability usually determine bird distribution and abundance.

Some avian species are generalists and occur in a wide variety of habitats, whereas others have more rigid habitat requirements and occur in specific areas such as forest, marsh, etc.Data on bird abundance collected in 1979 indicate the variability in species numbers and populations generally expected from seasonal influences. Annual variations observed from 1974 through 1979 were probably caused by such factors as weather, disease, and land use changes, and apparently represent normal population fluctuations.

3. Herpetofauna Herptiles, especially amphibians, usually have more specific habitat requirements than mammals and birds. As poikilotherms (cold-blooded), they are more sensitive to extreme conditions and severe weather may signifi-cantly affect populations and breeding activity.E. Construction Impacts 1. Sampling Communities The sampling communities were not located within the construction zones or areas of land disturbance; therefore, no impact was observed on the smaller, short-ranging faunal species that occur in the north floodplain woods and abandoned railroad right-of-way communities.

Larger and more mobile species 191 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES U.'may have altered their ranges or activities to avoid construction in the vicinity 3 of WCGS. Data collected during community surveys and along the wildlife survey route indicated no meaningful changes in wildlife populations compared to previous monitoring studies. 3 2. Site Wildlife populations in the vicinity of WCGS were undoubtedly i affected by construction-related activities associated with station construction in 1979. Direct disturbance at the plant site and dam construction area have either destroyed or displaced species formerly inhabiting these areas. Because I of their mobility, larger mammals and birds were probably displaced and smaller mammals and herpetofauna were probably destroyed. Temporarily disturbed habitats include gravel pits, quarries, borrow excavations, roadsides, and spoil areas. Most of these areas should eventually revegetate or become aquatic habitat, and thus again provide natural habitats for wildlife species.The loss of bottomland woods in 1979 will probably have a greater i relative effect on local wildlife populations than the destruction of cropland, pasture, or range land. Forested habitat is of limited extent on the site and generally supports more diverse fauna.The greatest impact on terrestrial wildlife will occur when the cooling lake is filled. Inundated areas will be transformed to aquatic habitats and a significant change in species composition will occur. Waterfowl, water-birds, and aquatic mammals and herptiles should become relatively more common;the species present will probably be similar to those now found near John Redmond Reservoir. Through 1979, construction disturbance has been of limited I extent relative to the total planned disturbance. Filling of the cooling lake will have a greater impact and more widespread effects on wildlife populations in the vicinity of WCGS.IV. Summary and Conclusions

1. Three species of small mammals were captured during live-trapping in two I communities near WCGS. The white-footed mouse was the most common species cap-tured, representing 93% of all individuals caught. i 2. Small mammal trap success was higher in the north floodplain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way.

3. Density estimates for the white-footed mouse decreased from June to i September, similar to the pattern of summer-fall decline observed in most previous years. 3 4. Small mammal populations in both communities decreased from 1978 to 1979. Population trends appear to be cyclic.5. The average number of eastern cottontails observed on the wildlife survey route in June was 40% lower than the mean observed on the route during the previous six years.192 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 6. A total of 87 avian species was recorded during the 1979-80 monitoring study compared to 88 species in 1978, 97 in 1977, 99 in 1976, 90 in 1975, and 83 in 1974; 49 species were observed at John Redmond Reservoir in 1979-80.7. The annual total number of avian species censused was higher in the north floodplain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way.

The floodplain woods also supported a greater number of species and individuals in every month except January.8. Bird species diversity values were generally higher in the north flood-plain woods than in the abandoned railroad right-of-way because of greater vege-tational stratification and complexity in the woodland habitat.9. Seventy-five avian species were recorded on the 20-mile wildlife survey route during the 1979-80 monitoring study.10. Bobwhite censuses in 1979 indicated a sharp decline in populations from 1978. Similar declines apparently occurred throughout Coffey County.11. Mourning Dove populations also exhibited a decrease from 1978; however, June 1979 levels were within the limits of fluctuations observed in previous years of the monitoring study.12. Four species of herpetofauna were recorded near WCGS in 1979. The ornate box turtle was the most commonly observed species.13. The Bald Eagle, observed at John Redmond Reservoir, was the only threatened or endangered species observed during the May 1979 to January 1980 monitoring study.14. No construction-related effects on wildlife populations were discern-able from data collected to date. Wildlife were undoubtedly affected by direct disturbance, but no meaningful changes in wildlife species composition or abundance have been observed.193 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. References Cited American Ornithologists' Union. 1957. Check-list of North American birds.5th ed. A.O.U., Baltimore. 691 pp..1973. Thirty-second supplement to the American Ornithologists, I Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 90:411-419.

• 1976. Thirty-third supplement to the American Ornithologists' 5 Union check-list of North American birds. Auk 93:875-879.

Burt, W. H., and R. P. Grossenheider. 1964. A field guide to the mammals.Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 284 pp. I Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 429 pp.Edminster, E. F. 1954. American game birds of field and forest. Castle Books, New York. 490 pp.Fitch, H. S. 1958. Home ranges, territories and seasonal movement of verte-brates of the natural history reservation. Univ. Kans. Pub!. Mus. Nat.Hist. Vol. II, No. 3:64-326.Johnston, R. F. 1965. A directory to the birds of Kansas. Univ. Kans. Mus.Nat. Hist. Misc. Publ. 41. 67 pp.Jones, J. K., Jr., D. C. Carter, and H. H. Genoways. 1975. Revised checklist of North American mammals north of Mexico. Occas. Pap. Mus. Texas Tech. I Univ. 28:1-14.i Kansas Fish and Game Commission. 1978. Nongame, threatened and endangered species. Mimeo.Karr, J. R. 1968. Habitat and avian diversity on strip-mined land in east-central Illinois. Condor 70:348-357. I Kendeigh, S. C. 1944. Measurement of bird populations. Ecol. Monogr.14:67-106. 3 Lloyd, M. J., H. Zar, and J. R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of infor-mation-theoretical measures of diversity. Am. Midl. Nat. 79:257-272. 3 MacArthur, R. H. 1965. Patterns of species diversity. Biol. Rev. 40:510-533. Murie, 0. J. 1954. A field guide to animal tracks. Houghton Mifflin Co., 3 Boston. 374 pp.Peterson, R. T. 1947. A field guide to the birds. 2nd ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 230 pp. I Preno, W. L., and R. F. Labisky. 1971. Abundance and harvest of doves, pheasants, bobwhites, squirrels, and cottontails in Illinois, 1956-69. Ill. Dep.Conserv. Tech. Bull. No. 4. 76 pp.194 3 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Robbins, C. S., B. Bruun, and H. S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Golden Press, New York. 340 pp.Seber, G. A. 1973. The estimation of animal abundance and related parameters. 3Harper Press, New York. 506 pp.Shannon, C. E., and W. Weaver. 1949. The mathematical theory of communication. 5 University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 117 pp.Shugart, H. H., and D. James. 1973. Ecological succession of breeding bird populations in northwestern Arkansas. Auk 90:62-77.U.S. Department of Interior. 1970. Birds of the Flint Hills National Wildlife Refuge. Refuge Leaflet 242.1979. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants. Fed. Reg.43: 3635-3654. I I I.I I I I I IQ 195 F.-1.0 O's* TerrestHrcj! Sampling Laca tions I North Floodplain Woods 2 Abandoned Railroad Right 8 South Floodplain Woods 9 Wet mudflat 10 Dry mudflht------ mile V!Wdlfe Survey Route Figure 9.1.Wildlife sampling locations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979-80.M M M. 0 'al)be 9.1. Seasonal capture data of small mammals from two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.l)e 11s i L y Samp I Ing Tot a l Total Tot a l Number of Percent Estintat e Location/Specles Period Captured Marked Recaptured Individuals Composition (No./ha))a North I- 1 ,w),.10a.Ilain Wiods Mi art na brcv ivcatda Pt rontyscus leticopus AbandonLt. i I road k i.ht -of-Way.J'eroIuuyscu]s [all cull atus Jun Sep Jun Sep ,Jun Sep 1 0 11 29 1 0 11 15 0 0 0 14 I 0 11 15 8.0 0.0 92.0 100. 0 100.0 0.0 o. 8 b 0.0 22.0 15.0 1 .0b 0. U 2 ()I 0 I 0 1 0 lli(u,,e range after Fitelh (1958).BI nsuul Ic i Ceut data ; der I ved f rum the actual number of I N r m-4 0 z<z 0 z K m z-I F to z 0)In W)animals captuired. Table 9 .2.Simimary of sma-1l mammal densities 6o./hia) in two communities near Wolf Creek (;Gneratinfg Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1974-1979. 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Locati on/Species Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep Jun Sep North Floodplain Woods Iidhelph is_ vi riniana NSa NS -b .... .03C ---Blarina brevicauida NS NS --1.5 14.6 --1.5c 1.5C 0.8c -Peromyscus leucopus NS NS 23.0 7.0 34.0 25.0 25.0 17.0 23.0 38.0 22.0 15.0 Nicrotus pinetorum NS NS -------.bt6 --Abandoned Railroad Hight-of-Way Blarina brevicauda 0.7c ---0.4c ].3 --1.3c ---tlicrotus ochrogaster .- 7.5 1. 3C --2.5 --ncuis maniculatus ....- 0.7 2.9 2.9 0.7c 11.4 6.4 1.4 -PerOnmyscus lI'ICOpuS -.. --0.9 0.9c --1.8 --Sgtmodon Iuspidus 13.0 2.0 -0.5 16.0 23.0 --20.0 11.0 --N-4 0 z m z~3 0 z K z Fn z 0 m Mn"Not sampled.bNone captured.clnsufficiet data; derived from the actual number of animals captured.-A. -I m m -~mm HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.3.Incidental mammal observations near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979-80.Location/Species Date Observation Number North Floodplain Woods Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) 15 May Sight 1 12 Sep Sight 2 13 Sep Sight 1 18 Nov Sight 2 Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 20 Jun Tracks 1 White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) 19 Jun Tracks Several 20 Jun Tracks Many 11 Sep Tracks Several 16 Jan Tracks Several Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way Coyote (Canis latrans) 19 Jun Scat 1 20 Jun Sight 2 Raccoon (Procyon lotor) 16 Jan Tracks 1 20-Mile Route Eastern Cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) 19 Jun Sight 2 20 Jun Sight 2 Fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) 12 Sep Sight 1 19 Nov Sight 2 17 Jan Sight 1 199 Table 9.4. Species list, residency status, and community and monthly occurrence of avian species near Wolf Creek Generating Station, May 1979 -January 1980.20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Ardea herodias Great Blue Heron S X X X Butorides striatus Green Heron S X X Branta canadensis Canada Goose M X X Anatidae Duck sp. X X X X Anas platyrhynchos Mallard P X X X Anas discors Blue-winged Teal M X X Aythya affinis Lesser Scaup M X X Mergus serrator Red-breasted Merganser M X X Cathartes aura Turkey Vulture S X X X Accipitridae Hawk sp. X X Accipiter striatus Sharp-shinned Hawk S X X Buteo jamaicensis Red-tailed Hawk P X X X X X X X X Buteo lagopus Rough-legged Hawk W X X X Circus cyaneus Marsh Hawk W X X X Falco sparverius American Kestrel P X X X X X Colinus virginianus Bobwhite P X X X X X Charadrius vociferus Killdeer S X X X X X X Bartramia longicauda Upland Sandpiper S X X Laridae Gull sp. X X Larus delawarensis Ring-billed Gull M X X Columba livia Rock Dove P X X X X Zenaida macroura Mourning Dove P X X X X X X X Coccyzus americanus Yellow-billed Cuckoo S X X X X X X Bubo virginianus Great Horned Owl P X X X X Chaetura pelagica Chimney Swift S X X X Megaceryle alcyon Belted Kingfisher P X X Colaptes auratus Common Flicker P X X X X X X X X Melanerpes carolinus Red-bellied Woodpecker P X X X X X X X Melanerpes Red-headed Woodpecker P X X X X X erythrocephalus Picoides villosus Hairy Woodpecker P X X X X Picoides pubescens Downy Woodpecker P X X X X X X I N r m-4 0 z m 0 m r z r 0 0 z (n1 m.,D.. M mmm MM M M AM -m m m m o t nued)TIlf)1L*'. (Continued)V0 20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Tyrannus tyrannus Eastern Kingbird S X X X X X Tyrannus verticalis Western Kingbird S X X Muscivora forficata Scissor-tailed Flycatcher S X X X X X Mylarchus crinitus Great Crested Flycatcher S X X X X Sayornis phoebe Eastern Phoebe S X X X Empidonax minimus Least Flycatcher M X X X Empidonax sp. Empidonax sp. X X Contopus virens Eastern Wood Pewee S X X X X X Eremophila alpestris Horned Lark P X X X X X Iridoprocne bicolor Tree Swallow D X X X Stelgidopteryx Rough-winged Swallow S X X ruficollis llirundo rustica Barn Swallow S X X X X X Cyanocitta cristata Blue Jay P X X X X X X X X Corvus brachyrhyncos Common Crow P X X X X X X X Parus atricapillus Black-capped Chickadee P X X X X X X X X Parus bicolor Tufted Titmouse P X X X X X X X Sitta carolinensis White-breasted Nuthatch P X X X X X X X Certhia famillaris Brown Creeper W X X X X Troglodytes aedon Hlouse Wren S X X X X Mimus polyglottos Mockingbird P X X X X X Dumetella carolinensis Gray Catbird S X X X X Toxostoma rufum Brown Thrasher S X X X X X Turdus migratorius American Robin S X X X X X X X Sialia sialls Eastern Bluebird P X X X Polioptila caerulea Blue-gray Gnatcatcher S X X Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned Kinglet M X X Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned Kinglet W X X Anthus spinoletta Water Pipit M X X Lanius ludovicianus Loggerhead Shrike P X X X X X X X Sturnus vulsaris Starling P X X X X X K X N r m-4 0 z M z 0 z m z 0 m (n 'rable 9.4. (Continued) 20-Residencya Community Mile Month Scientific Name Common Name Status 1 2 Survey May Jun Sep Nov Jan Vireo olivaceus Vireo gilvus Parulidae Dendroica petechia Dendroica pensylvanica Oporornis formosus Selurus aurocapillus Geothlypis trichas Setophaga ruticilla Passer domesticus Sturnella spp.Sturnella magna Sturnella neglecta Agelaius phoeniceus Icterus spurius Icterus galbula Piranga rubra Quiscalus quiscula Molothrus ater Cardinalis cardinalls Passerina cvanea Spiza americana Carduelis tristis Ammodramus savannarum Chondestes grammacus Junco hyemalis Spizella arborea Spizella passerina Spizella pusilla Zonotrichia querula Zonotrichia leucophrys Melospiza melodia Red-eyed Vireo Warbling Vireo Warbler sp.Yellow Warbler Chestnut-sided Warbler Kentucky Warbler Ovenbird Common Yellowthroat American Redstart House Sparrow Meadowlark spp.Eastern Meadowlark Western Meadowlark Red-winged Blackbird Orchard Oriole Northern Oriole Summer Tanager Common Grackle Brown-headed Cowbird Cardinal Indigo Bunting Dickcissel American Goldfinch Grasshopper Sparrow Lark Sparrow Dark-eyed Junco Tree Sparrow Chipping Sparrow Field Sparrow Harris' Sparrow White-crowned Sparrow Song Sparrow S S S M S M S S P P P P S S S S P P S S P S S M W S P W W W x x x x x x X x x x x x x V x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x N-4 0 z in z 0 z z r z 0 in U)x x x x x x X x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x a M = Migrant, S = Summer resident, W = Winter resident, P = permanent resident.oP.. mmm = I m m mim HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES' Table 9.5. Bird species observed near John Redmond Reservoir, Burlington, I Kansas, May 1979 -January 1980.Scientific Name Common Name Pelecanus erythrorhyncos I Casmerodius albus Ardea herodias Butorides striatus I Chen caerulescens Anas platyrhyncos Aras discors I Bucephala clangula Cathartes aura Buteo jamaicensis Haliaeetus leucocephalus Circus cyaneus Fulica americana Charadrius vociferus I Tringa solitaria Actitis macularia Calidris minutilla I Tringa melanoleucus W Tringa flavipes Calidris pusillus Steganopus tricolor Larus argentatus Larus delawarensis Chlidonias niger E Zenaida macroura Megaceryle alcyon Colaptes auratus Melanerpes erythrocephalus Picoides villosus Picoides pubescens Tyrannus tyrannus Tyrannus verticalis Muscivora forficata Hirundo rustica Petrochelidon pvrrhonota Cyanocitta cristata Corvus brachyrhyncos Parus atricapillus Mimus poly$1ottos Turdus migratorius I Sturnus vulgaris Dendroica petechia*@ Passer dcmesticus White Pelican Great Egret Great Blue Heron Green Heron Snow Goose Mallard Blue-winged Teal Common Goldeneye Turkey Vulture Red-tailed Hawk Bald Eagle Marsh Hawk American Coot Killdeer Solitary Sandpiper Spotted Sandpiper Least Sandpiper Greater Yellowlegs Lesser Yellowlegs Semipalmated Sandpiper Wilson's Phalarope Herring Gull Ring-billed Gull Black Tern Mourning Dove Belted Kingfisher Common Flicker Red-headed Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker Downy Woodpecker Eastern Kingbird Western Kingbird Scissor-tailed Flycatcher Barn Swallow Cliff Swallow Blue Jay Common Crow Black-capped Chickadee Mockingbird American Robin Starling Yellow Warbler House Sparrow 203 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I Table 9.5. (Continued) Scientific Name Common Name Sturnella spp. Meadowlark Sturnella magna Eastern Meadowlark Agelaius phoeniceus Red-winged Blackbird Icterus galbula Northern Oriole Quiscalus quiscula Common Grackle Molothrus ater Brown-headed Cowbird Spiza americana Dickcissel I I I I I I.II a I I I.I I 204 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.6. The number of birds observed per hour in the north floodplain woods community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1979 -January 1980.Numbers per Hour Species May Jun Sep Nov Jan Red-tailed Hawk ---1.0 -Sharp-shinned Hawk ---1.0 -Yellow-billed Cuckoo 5.3 1.8 ---Great Horned Owl ---2.0 -Comrjon Flicker --2.3 11.8 1.1 Red-bellied Woodpecker 6.0 2.6 10.1 12.8 -Red-headed Woodpecker 1.5 -3.1 --Hairy Woodpecker --0.8 --Downy Woodpecker --7.0 8.9 3.3 Great Crested Flycatcher 8.3 5.3 ---Least Flycatcher 9.0 ---Eastern Wood Pewee 6.0 5.3 4.7 --Blue Jay 4.5 8.8 12.5 1.0 4.4 Common Crow 3.8 3.5 3.9 4.9 3.3 Black-capped Chickadee 4.5 7.9 7.0 12.8 13.1 Tufted Titmouse 1.5 7.9 6.2 6.9 4.4 I. White-breasted Nuthatch 1.5 3.5 3.9 4.9 5.5 Brown Creeper ---13.8 7.6 House Wren 11.3 9.7 ---American Robin --3.1 8.9 -Eastern Bluebird --1.6 --Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 2.3 .- -Golden-crowned Kinglet ---1.0 -Ruby-crowned Kinglet .- -2.2 Starling --0.8 5.9 1.1 Red-eyed Vire.- 2.3 3.5 1.6 --Warbler sp. --1.6 --Chestnut-sided Warbler 0.8 ----Ovenbird --0.8 --Kentucky Warbler 5.3 ----American Redstart 1.5 ----Summer Tanager --0.8 --Cardinal 2.3 1.8 3.1 1.0 1.1 Indigo Bunting 4.5 0.9 ---Song Sparrow ---1.0 -Total 81.7 62.6 74.8 99.3 46.9 205 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.7. The number of birds observed per hour in the abandoned railroad right-of-way community near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, .1 Kansas, May 1979 -January 1980.i Number Per Hour Species May Jun Sep Nov Jan Red-tailed Hawk 0.8 0.6 1.0 --Killdeer 4.0 1.3 ---Upland Sandpiper 0.8 ---Mourning Dove 3.2 -6.7 19.1 -Yellow-billed Cuckoo 0.8 ----Common Flicker 1.6 ---1.2 Downy Woodpecker --1.9 --Eastern Kingbird 1.3 2.9 --Scissor-tailed Flycatcher --1.0 --Barn Swallow 2.4 ---Blue Jay 4.8 --1.3 -Black-capped Chickadee --1.0 --Gray Catbird 2.4 --.Brown Thrasher 4.8 1.9 1.9 --American Robin -2.5 ---Loggerhead Shrike --1.0 --Common Yellowthroat 1.6 ---House Sparrow -- -6.4 4.8 Meadowlark spp. ---2.6 -Eastern Meadowlark 9.6 0.6 17.1 -14.4 Western Meadowlark .- -. 3.6 Red-winged Blackbird 8.8 1.3 --40.8 Common Grackle 12.0 5.7 ---Brown-headed Cowbird 10.4 1.9 1.9 --Cardinal 0.8 ---Dickcissel -3.2 ---American Goldfinch 3.2 0.6 --1.2 Lark Sparrow -1.3 ---Dark-eyed Junco ---1.2 Tree Sparrow ---5.1 24.0 Field Sparrow -0.6 1.9 -7.2 Song Sparrow 0.8 --1.3 -Total 72.8 22.7 38.1 35.7 98.4 206 U I I I U I*1 I I I I I I I*1 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.8. Number of species, birds per hour, and species diversity of avifauna recorded in two communities near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1974 -January 1980.Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan North Floodplain Woods Number of Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 18 23 26 16 15 19 12 9 20 18 16 13 12 11 15 16 10 19 9 11 17 12 15 17 10 20 14 12 10 11 Birds per Hour 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Species Diversity 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way 37.3 72.6 58.0 48.0 40.0 81.7 22.7 8.0 110.8 90.0 67.0 62.6 26.0 15.7 71.9 68.0 21.5 74.8 18.7 39.2 441.3 60.0 89.5 99.3 17.3 97.9 143.3 51.9 52.0 46.9 2.63 2.74 2.91 2.57 2.39 2.79 2.35 2.11 2.56 2.45 2.35 2.39 2.30 2.09 2.32 2.35 2.16 2.64 1.89 2.21 0.98 2.33 2.36 2.49 1.96 2.67 2.25 2.21 1.93 2.12 Number of Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 21 14 14 13 19 18 17 11 19 16 13 13 13 3 17 14 17 11 15 5 10 12 12 6 12 15 2 12 9 9 207 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.8. (continued) I Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan Abandoned Railroad Right-of-Way (continued) Birds per Hour 1974 69.6 63.3 239.0 176.0 274.0 1975 68.7 29.6 11.4 82.4 157.8 1976 75.0 122.0 88.7 139.0 7.5 1977 82.8 76.3 84.8 56.5 141.0 1978 49.4 60.9 136.8 426.1 43.0 1979 72.8 22.7 38.1 35.7 98.4 Species Diversity 1974 2.66 2.62 1.53 1.98 1.47 1975 2.13 2.14 1.01 0.85 1.81 1976 2.20 2.45 2.16 1.50 0.45 1977 2.20 2.22 1.65 2.04 1.82 1978 2.49 2.20 2.03 1.54 1.60 1979 2.53 2.32 1.83 1.35 1.61 I I I I I , I I I I 208 I HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.9. Number of avian species and individuals observed along the 20-mile wildlife survey route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, May 1973 -January 1980.V b Month Variable May Jun Sep Nov Jan 3 Number of Species 1973 37 a 27 37 a 1974 42 45 43 35 31 1975 45 41 42 34 33 1976 55 55 46 40 26b 1977 50 53 34 52 35 1978 50 48 35 40 23b 1979 51 48 43 33 33 3 Number of Individuals 1973 471 a 530 1806 a 1974 837 955 1288 2104 5218 1975 1452 1065 678 2568 2242 1976 1146 1198 768 1618 530b 1977 931 788 388 2905 1712 1978 1792 2247 550 2692 1063b i. 1979 1382 1588 870 1714 2279 aNot censused.bPartial census, several miles not included.209 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I Table 9.10.Quail call counts along the 20-mile census routc ;c-ar Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.I I May June Mile 15 16 19 20 I 2 3 4 5 6 1 7 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 2 15 16 17 1 18 19 31 20 Total 2 3 2 8 i I I I I I 210 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.11.Mourning Dove counts along the 20-mile census route near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.May June Mile 15 16 19 20 1 2 1 2 4 2 3 7 1 4 1 1 5 7 13 3 6 3 9 10 12 7 1 1 6 8 3 3 1 10 9 18 1 2 10 2 11 2 12 2 2 1 13 2 3 2 10 14 1 3 6 15 2 16 3 10 6 5 17 3 7 18 1 2 19 1 20 Total 51 32 48 67 211 HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 9.12. Composite species list of herpetofauna observed near Wolf Creek Generating Station, Burlington, Kansas, 1979.Scientific Name Common Name Chelydra serpentina Snapping turtle Terapene ornata Ornate box turtle Rana blairi Plains leopard frog Acris crepitans Blanchard's cricket frog I I I I!I I I I@I I I I I 212 I}}