ML18018B051

Nine Mile Point Unit 1 - Environmental Pre-Operational Survey

ML18018B051
Person / Time
Site:	Nine Mile Point
Issue date:	12/31/1969
From:	Niagara Mohawk Power Corp
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
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RegulatoryFileCy.Pgs,.',.<gggWd-A>0./~JgwR~lvsdwNr946~EnvironmentalPre-perationalSurveyNineMilePoint(ggg[lJToII[gPIIIIt'yIflI~lIililf)NINEMILEPOINTNUCLEARSTATIONUNITNO.1'NIAGARAMOHAWKPOWERCORPORATIONSYRACUSE,NEWYORK2S4 IIIIIl ENVIRONMENTALPRE-OPERATIONALSURVEYNINEMILEPOINTNUCLEARSTATIONNIAGARAMOHAWKPOWERCORPORATIONDecember,1969

TABLEOFCONTENTSIntroductionPre-Operational'urvey-LandProgramA.B.ProgramDevelopmentProgramOperationandResultsRadioanalysisofAquaticSamples-LakeProgramAppendixA-SummaryofLakeOntarioecologicalstudiesrelativetotheNineMilePointNuclearPowerStationAppendixB-.EcologicalBenthicStudy,August,1968AppendixC-FishDistributionStudy,June,1968

EnvironmentalPre-OperationalSurvey-NineMilePointI.IntroductionThisreportsummarizesthe.preoperational'environmentalsurveysconductedinthevicinityof'theNineMilePointNuclearStationNo.1byNiagaraMohawkPowerCorporation.Surveyresultsandotherpertinentdataarepresentedforboththelandandlake(underwater)programsasdescribedintheFinalSafetyAnalysisReport(VolumeII,AppendixD).

III II,Pre-0erationalSurve-LandProramA.ProramDevelomentElevenenvironmentalstationsweresetbpin1968inaccordancewiththeplansspecifiedintheNineMilePointNuclearStationFinalSafetyAnalysisReport-AppendixD,pageD-26.Thelocationsofthefiveon-site,andsixoff-sitemonitoringstationsareillustratedinFigures1and2,respectively.Allstationsareequippedwithanairsamplingpump,arainandsnowfalloutcollector,andadosimeter(filmbadge)forintegrateddosereadings,inaddi:tion,eachoftheon-sitestationsandtheSectorCoff-sitestationincludearecordinggammaradiationmonitor.Figure3isaphotographofatypicalon-sitestationanditsassociatedequipment.Thesestationswereoperatedintermittentlyforapproximately18months.Thefollowingobjectiveswererealizedduringthisperiod:1.Thelocationsselectedwerefoundtobeaccessibleinallweatherconditions.2.Noradiationanomalieswereobservedatanyofthelocations,sononeofthestationshadtobemoved.3.Theequipmentwasoperatedundervaryingweatherconditionsandoperatedasdesignedwiththefollowingexceptions:a~b.Theelapsedtimemetersontwooftheairsamplersweredamagedbythevibrationofthepump.Alltheelapsedtimemetersweremovedfromamountingonthepumptoamountingonthebaseplate.Noadditionalproblemshavebeenencounteredinovertenmonthsofoperation.Thesoftrubberhosesusedtoconnecttheairsampleholderstothepumpsdevelopedcracksafteroneyearofoperation.Thesehoseswerereplacedwithharder-wallhoseswhichperformedsatisfactorily.

I c~d.e.Thecellulosemembranefiltersusedforcollectingairsamplesprovedtobetoofragileandwerefrequentlybrokenwhenchangingsamplesonwindydays.Glassfiberfilterswithacomparableefficiencyweresubstitutedandhaveeliminat'edthehandlingproblem.Theprecipitationcollectorswerecollectingmorepre-cipitationthancouldbeaccountedforbytheonesquarefootopeningonthecabinet.Itwasrealizedthatsomeofthewaterstrikingthetopofthemonitorboxwasdraini'ngintotheprecipitationdevice.Siliconerubberwasusedtobuildadamaroundtheprecipitationcollectoropenings.andinthesubsequentsevenmonthsofoperation,thesedeviceshaveoperatedsatisfactorily.Radiationlevelsweresolowthattherecordersonthegammamonitorsweredrivingdownscale.Topreventdamagetotherecorders,smallCs-137"bugs"wereinstalledinthedetectorstomakethemindicateslightlyupscale(between0;Oland0.02mR/hr),Thedoorlatchesonthecabinetsbrokefrequentlyandwerereplacedwithsturdierlatches.4.Personnelweretrainedinservicingtheequipmentinthemonitoringstations.B.ProramerationandResultsDuringthemonthsofAugustandSeptember,1969,thestationswereoperatedcontinuouslyandthesampleswereanalyzed.Thisprogramaccomplishedthefollowing:a)b)Reiteratedthatnoradiationanomalieswereobservedatanyofthestations.Trainedpersonnelintheroutineanalysisoftheenvironmentalsamples.Resultsoftheanalysesperformedduringthepre-operationalperiodaresummarizedbelow.Filmbadges(sealedwithdessicanttopreventexposuretomoisture)wereinstalledonallelevenmonitoringstationsinJanuaryof1968.Thesebadgeshavebeenchangedmonthlyandhaveallshownstatisticallyinsignificant(lessthan10mR)exposuresforeachmonthlyperiod.

I4~>I L2.GammaMonitorsThecontinuouslyrecordinggammamonitorswereoperated.Thechartsshowtlittlevariationfromtheexpected"bugged"backgroundlevels.SeveralofthemonitorsdiddevelopelectronicproblemsduringthisperiodandindicatedupscaleLreadings.ThesemalfunctioningmonitorswererepairedassoonastheconditionLwasobserved.Withtheexceptionoftheseobviousmalfunctions,themonitorsindicatedtheradiationlevelsshowninTablel.(RadiationlevelsareinmR/hr)TableID-1On-SiteSectorsD-20f-SiteSector*0.0120.0120.0120.0120@0120.012Max.AugustAvg.t"Bued"Bkd.Max.0.0150.03Avg.0:0120.012"Bued"Bkd.0.0120.0120.0.0150.0150.0250.0150.0150.030.0150.0150.00.0160.0150.50.050.020.00.030.020.0160.016'.0160.0160.0160.0163.PreciitationSlestThemonitoringstationsareequippedwithaprecipitationcollectorwhichhasaone-squarefootopening.,Theinteriorofthestationisheatedtopreventithecollectedprecipitationfromfreezinginwinter.Precipitationiscollectedivoraone-monthperiodandthenbroughttothelabforanalysis.ThegrossbetaresultsforthreemonthsarepresentedinTable2.(ActivitiesareinunitsofTable2MonthOn-SiteSectorsD-1D-2EGOff-SiteSectorsCD-1D-2EFGtJulyAugustSetember5.413.40.22.214.01.0437812915.114.422.71.60.70.38.15.25.120.210.310.52.418.114.613.415.45.05.11.42.21.11.0 11I'IJ'lE1:I1~I'ITI4C Gammaspectrumswererunontypicalprecipitationsamplesduringthisperiod.Therewerenodiscerniblepeaks.4.AirSamlesAirsampleswerecollectedatatypicalflowrateof2cfmandweretchangedonaweeklybasis.Thegrossbetaactivitydetected24hoursafterthesampleswereremovedisshowninTable3.(Activitiesareinunitsof10uCi/cc.)Table3D-1On-SiteSectorsD-2EFGOff-SiteSectorsCD-1D-2EFt7/28-8/48/4-8/11E8/11-8/188/18-8/258/25-9/29/2-9/8i9/8-9/159/15-9/229/22-9/294,14.24.33.64.3~5.24.54.13.13.13.42.93.64.13.83.93.13.43'3.02.6---2.02.42.83.03.02.32.3---2.92.51.3---1.51.43.84.12.64.13.32.73.12.81.42.93.52.33.03.22.52.52,51.63.54.24.62.54.44.74.24.82.74.03.4---3.31.73.14.64.65.43.84.14.24.44.33.03.73.83.74.83.32.83.33.73.53.02.92.93.23.93.42.52.12.01.91.51.4Forcomparison,.thesamplestakeninthe45weeksofsamplingpriortoAugustof1969showedthatinwetorwinterweeks,thegrossbetaactivityrangedfrom0.4to1.0X10uCi/cc,whileindryerweather,theactivityocurredover-13arangeof1.5X10to5.0X10uCi/cc.Forfurthercomparison,thesectortaveragesforthis45-weekperiodarepresentedinTable4.(Activitiesareinunitsof1013uCi/cc.')Table4I1.28D-21.81On-SiteSectorsEF1.621701.62Off-SiteSectorsCD-1D-2E1.541.831.771.91FG1.501.84 IIIIIIII ItisinterestingtonotethattheStateofNewYorkDepartmentofPublicHealthdetectedaveragegrossbetaactivitiesof0.9X10to2.0X1013uCi/ccin-13differentlocationsinNewYorkStateduringtheyearof1968.1Gammaspectrumswererunontypicalairsamplesduringthetwo-monthperiod.Thesespectrumsshownoclearlydiscerniblepeaksexceptwhenthesixoff-sitesampleswereanalyzedasagroup.Thisanalysisshowedtracequantitiesofmembersoftheuraniumdecayseries.Duringthetwo-monthperiod,homogenizedstoremilkwaspurchasedandthetechnicianstrainedintheanalysisofmilkforgrossbeta,strontiumandiodine.Rawmilksampleswerenotobtainedduringthistwo-monthperiod,butwereobtainedthroughtheStateDepartmentofPublicHealthinOctoberandNovember.ThesampleswerefromfourfarmsaroundtheNineMilePointsite.TheresultsoftheseanalysesarepresentedinTableS.(ActivitiesareinunitsofpCi/1.)Table5October,1970November,1970GrossBeta1)IodineStrontiumGrossBeta1IodineStrontium1.61X10169X101.72X101.55X10(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)(2)1.55X10NotDetectable301.87X10NotDetectable251.61X10NotDetectable61.24X10NotDetectable151)IncludesbetafromnaturallyoccurringK-40.2)Sampleslostwhenrawmilkcoagulatedonionexchangecolumns.Chemicalformofionexchangeresinschangedtoovercomeproblem.From:"EnvironmentalRadioactivityinNewYorkState-1968",dated7-14-692Spikedtestsampleswereusedtorefinetheanalyticalprocedures IIIIIIIIII TheStateDepartmentofPublicHealthhasbeensamplingmilkfromthesesamefarmsforapproximately2years.Theiraverageresultsfortheyearof1968are3presentedinTable6.(ActivitiesareinunitsofpCi/1.)Table6FarmIodine-131Strontium-90¹1¹2¹3¹4NotDetectableNotDetectableNotDetectableNotDetectable13141612III.RadioanalsisofAuaticSles-LakePror'amInJune,1969,asurveywasconductedtoobservefishpopulationandobserveunderwatergrowthofftheNineMilePointshoreline..SevenspecimensoffishwereS'ollectedinconjunctionwiththefishnet"population"survey.Thenetsweresetoutneartheeasternboundaryofthesiteinalineperpendiculartotheshore.Theshallowestnetwaslocatedatadepthofabouttenfeet,fiftyfeetoutfromshorewhilethedeepestnetwaspositioned700feetfromshoreatadepthof30feet.Mostofthefishobtainedwerefromtheshallownet.ThesamplespecimenswerefrozenandshippedtoEberlineInstrumentationCorporationforradioanalysis.ResultsarepresentedinTable7.TheJuneLakebottomsurveyindicatedthegreatestabundanceofalgae(primarilycladophora)occurredatadepthofabouttenfeet.Acompositesamplewascollectedfromtwelvelocationslocatedabout1,000feetapartalongtheten-footdepthcontourandparalleltotheshoreline.Thissamplewasevaluatedbyradio-analysisalongwithspecimensofclams(mussels)andgammarus(freshwatershrimp)collectedfromsimilarlocations.SampleresultsarealsotabluatedinTable7.Duetoinsufficientsampleweightandlowradioactivityofthegammarus,thissamplewasanalyzedforgrossbetaactivityonly.3From:"EnvironmentalRadioactivityinNewYorkState-1968",dated7-14-69 IIIIII Table7NineMilePointAquaticSamples-June,1969ResultsofRadioanalysisbyEberlineInst.Corp.SleWeightgms)PicocuriesCiersle(d)SpeciesWetDryGrossBetaCs137SCoZnGrossGammaNorthernPikeNorthernBrownBullhead2170482481.105950+30435+1272+10,.-438+244.2+2.1..77+60.0+9.6,164+100.0+2.19.5+2.1492+5398+10SmallMouthBassWhitePerchYellowPerchNorthernRedhorseSucker385273200973906649225135+6144+5355+1836+17.8+1.00.0+4.5325+98+2105+2746+3102+574+70.0+1.80.0+1.83.9+1.32.0+1.300+1015+090.0+4.56.8+4.S151+17.125+14100+11183+20Pomolobus(Alewives)398.534+21.6+0.117+40,0+0.22.0+0.922+2Clams*AlgaeGammarus68918200.0833636155+1813*0.53+0.2258+70.2+0.01*167+1518+7105+7167+182.41+0.12*0.03+0.02*0.07+0.02*35.6+5.9*"NoteAlgaeresultsareinpCi/gm(dry)ratherthanpCi/sample.

peal OFF-SITEMONITORINGSTATIONLOCATIONS4~4PULASKI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~';':j("':MEXICOQge44eeo105MILESGRAPHICSCALEB4404~tA~~~SITEo0~~~~OSWEGO04>:4440~1~400p0444044oMONITORSTATIONFigure2 I(",('I ON-SITEMONITORINGSTATIONLOCATIONS~e~0/5~0QD.'C@Yb?ProposedJamesA.Fitzpatrickf4~o!D2NuclearPowerPlantI~(QQJt~guc(eaLi0~cPE0rC'rJ/a'Ogr~armrf\zBjIIg.-ti0/,,+llxfvltl~'I)Q),.r'g0pIlI'Io'y,I;if,'P'IQIi1jp(i0el~0'cIq~y0~fgv~at~lOltlYCOINCI'-JFigure1 MMWWWWWWWWMWWWWW Figure3l.PrecipitationCollectorRecordingGammaRadiationMonitorAirSamplingPumpAirSampleFilterg)rl

APPENDIXASENARYOFLAKEONTARIOECOLOGICALSTUDIESRELATIVETOTHENINEMILEPOINTNUCLEARPONERSTATION III SummaryofecologicalandecologicallyrelatedstudiesinLakeOntarioofftheNineMilePointNuclearPowerStationA.GeneralThefirstecologicallyorientedstudieswerebegunintheSpringof1963.Aswithanyecologicallyorientedstudies,thefirsteffortsweredirectedtowardestablishingthephysicalbackgroundforecologicalconsiderations.Graduallythesestudiesramifiedandeventuallyinvolvedaprimarystudyontheecologyofthebenthicorganismswhichmightbeaffectedbythethermaldischarge.Thestudiescarriedoutin1963-64wereconcernedwiththestudyofthecurrentsinthelakeandanestimateofthediffusionanddilutionfactorofthedischargeplumeitself.Inall,almost120cruisedayswerespentinthistwo-yearperiodonthisandotheraspectsofthestudy.Becauseofthemanyaspectsofthisstudy,thevariousphasesaretreatedseparatelybelow.1.DiffusionStudiesBecauseoftheclosesimilarityinseveralaspectsbetweentheexpectedthermaldischargeandtheflowoftheOswegoRiver,theeffluentoftheriverwasusedasadiffusionmodel.Therivercarriesasubstantialchlorideconcentrationwhichwaseasilymeasuredbytitrationmethodsaboardtheboat.Theboatcourseplancouldthusbemodifiedasthedayprogressedandthedirectionandextentoftheriver'seffluenttracedoutintothelake.ItwasalsopossibletodeterminethemovementofthewateralongtheshoreoftheNineMilePointpromontory,the:diffusioncharacteristicsinthatarea,andotherfeaturessuchasupwelling.Thisbasicmethodwassupplementedbyestablishingaseriesofstationsalongtheboat'scourseandcollectingseveralwater IIIIIIII samplesatpre-determineddepthsforchlorideanalysisandtemperaturemeasure-ment.Capturedroguetechniqueswereusedtoestablishthedirectionandspeedofthewatercurrentatthesurfaceandata20-footdepth.ThemostmeaningfulofthesecurrentpatternsusingboththechloridediffusioncomparisonandtemperatureprofileswerepresentedinAppendixB,Limnology,NineMilePoint,NuclearStationPreliminaryHazardsSummaryReport,VolumeII.Ingeneral,thesestudiesindicatedhighdiffusionratesintheshallowareasofthelakeandanalmostconstantcurrentmovementinthearea.2.CurrentMeterStudiesSupplementaltotheabove,twopermanentcurrentmeterswereanchoredin35and55feetofwateroffthewesternendofthepromontorytorecordcurrentvelocitiesataboutthe25and45footdepthsoveraperiodofseveralmonths,Inboththeabovestudiestherewasclosecorrelationmadetothewindpatternsandthecalms.Directionofcurrentflowanddurationofcurrentsofvariousspeedswerecalculated.Thepercentageofcalmsisestimatedasbeinglow,whilethedistribu-tionofeastandwestcurrentsisaboutequal.Thiscurrentdatawasalsousedtocalculatediffusionparameters.3.TemeratureStudiesInadditiontotakingthetemperatureofthewaterofeachofthesamplescollected,bathythermographrecordsweremadeataseriesofstationsthroughoutthefirsttwoyearsofstudy.Theprimaryuseoftheserecordingswastorecordthegradualchangeindepthofthethermoclinethroughtouttheseason.Itwasfoundthatthroughouttheearlysummer,theisothermsslopedownwardtowardtheeastwithdeepmixingtakingplaceinAugust,loweringthesurfacetemperature.

IIIIIII Thisstudyalsosuppliedmaterialtoaidincalculatingdilution.4.TheoreticalStudofInitialDilutionoftheEffluentThedilutionfactorsresultingfromturbulentmixingofthedischargeoftheeffluent,theeffectoftherisingoftheplumetothesurfacefroma15-footdepthandtheeffectofmixingduetocurrentsresultingfromdensitybalanceintheenvironmentwerecalculatedand/orotherwisestudied.Itwascalculatedthat2Xto2.5Xdilutionwouldbeachieved.Modelstudieslaterindicateddilutionofabout3Xdueinpartbytheinducedcircula-tionbytheentrainmentofbottomwaterandtheriseandspreadofthewarmerwater.ThedilutioncalculationswerereportedinAppendixB,Limnology,NineMilePointNuclearStationFinalSafetyAnalysisReport,VolumeII.5,DisersionStudiesDuring1963-1964,about1,200driftcardswerereleasedintheareaoffNineMilePoint.Ofthese,about600(morethanhalf)werereturnedwiththerequestedinformation.ThestudyindicatedthattheeffluentfromthestationmightbedispersedasfarwestasRochester(62miles)andasfarnortheastasCapeSt.Vincent(28miles).Presumably,somecardswentdowntheSt.LawrenceRiver.Dispersionappearstobewidespreadwhichwouldresultinlargedilutions.6.PlanktonStudiesDuring1964planktonsampleswerecollectedovera5-monthperiodinthesummeratthreepre-determinedpoints,twoalongthepromontoryandoneoutintheopenlake.ItwasconcludedfromtheveryerraticresultsinthesesamplesthattheareaofftheNineMilePointpromontoryisoneofconsiderablechangegoingfromperiodsofsomeconcentrationofplanktonwithon-shorewindstoperiodsofalmostcompleteabsenceoftheplanktonintheareabyoff-shorewindsor II\II upwellings,particularlyinthatareaattheeasternendofthepromontory.Theinformationfromthestudywasinterestingfromanacademicpointofviewastotheseasonaldistributionofthelargerzooplanktonbutofverylittleapplicablevalue.7.Seiches,Tides,andWavesTheseparameterswereexaminedprimarilyonahistoricalandtheoreticalbasis.Someseichesandinternalwaveeffectswereobserveddirectlybutappeartobeofratherinfrequentocurrencealthoughtheinternalwavesmay"beofparticularviolenceattimes.Inanycase,theydonotappeartoplayanymajorrolerelatedtotheecologyexceptinmodifyingsurfacetemperatureconditioninlatesummer.Tidesarealmostnon-existent,.Waveactivitydoesplayamajorroleintheecologyofthearea.Almoste.alltheareaisheavilyscouredandkeptreasonablyfreeofsandandsilt.Wavebyabrasionandbreakingoffofthelongerstrands.8.FathometricStudiesAprogramofevaluationoftheaquaticpopulationwasbeguninthesummerof1968.Toevaluatethefishpopulation,aseriesoftransectsusingarecordingfinelinefathometerwasmadeoftheNineMilePointpromontoryat100-footinter-vals.ThetransducerofthefathometerscansaSarcdirectlyundertheboat0astheboatmovesalong.Fromthisscanthenumberoffishper1,000feetwas2calculated,Fishspeciesweredeterminedbynetting.Inall,theareaissparcelyinhabitedbyanyfishusefulcommerciallyorforsportsfishing.Theonlyrealconcentrationoffishwasobservedatadepthof60-80feet.Repeatedattemptstoidentifythesefishindeeperwaterfailed.Inanyevent,theywouldnotbeaffectedbythedischarge.

IWI 9.EcoloicalBenthicStudiesAlongthesametransectsindicatedabove,samplesofbottomalgawerecollectedoveruniformareas(25x25cm.)ataseriesofdepthsto20feet,themaximumdepthoftheattachedalgalgrowth.Thesesampleswereanalyzedformembersofeachmajorbiologicalspeciespresent.Thebiologicalmaterialappearedtobefairlysparceoratleastlessabundantthaninotherareasofthelake,Thesurveyedlakebottomarea,lessthan20feetindepth,liesinanarrowbandvaryingupto500feetwidealongtheshore.Greatestalgalconcentrationappearsatthe10-footdepthsinceinshallowerwaterthelongeralgalstrandstendtobreakoff.Theeffluentmayraisethetemperatureofthenear-shorewaterbyasmuchas56Finashallowlayerrapidlydecreasingintemperaturetotheeastorwestascarriedbythecurrent.-Sucharisewouldnotappeartohavemucheffectonthegeneralbenthicpopulationsincethebottomareaaffectedwouldbequitelimited.Inanycase,watertemperaturesabove65Fwouldprobablydepressthe*""relationsofthisalgaisbeingcarriedoutunderthesupervisionofDr.J.F.Storr,UniversityofBuffaloBiologyDepartment.B.SummaryThestudieswereextensiveandplannedsoastoexploreavarietyofphysicalandbiologicalfactors.Thethetotalpictureoftheecologyoftheareaisonewhichisheavilywaveswept,keepingthebottomgenerallyfreeofrubbleexceptatspecificdepths(nearshore)andareas.Formuchoftheareatothe20-footdepththereisexposedflatbedrockandlittlesand,particularlyintheareaclosetotheNineMilePointNuclearstationdischarge.Itisnotknownasanareaforsportsfishing,nordothereappeartobeconcentrationsofanyvaluablespecies.Thenear-shorearea,closetothestation,maybemoderatelyinfluencedbythethermaldischarge.Thisaffectwilldiminishrapidlywithdistanceandwill IIIII probablynotbeobservedinthenear-shoreareabeyondthelimitsofthepromon-tory.Thisisduetothefactthatthemajorcurrentsobservedflowedeitherparallelto,orlakewardintheareaandthesecurrentscontinuedoutintotheopenlake,attheeastandwestboundariesofthepromontory.Insummary,theregionisoneoflessthanaveragebenthicgrowth.Theeffectofthethermalinputuponthebiotaisexpectedtoberestrictedtoarelativelylimitedarea.Benthicandfathometricstudiesareplannedinthepost-operationalperiodtoattempttomeasuretheactualeffectofthethermaldischarge.

IIIIIIIIII APPENDIXBECOLOGICALBENTHICSTUDYOFFNINEMILEPOINTpLAKEONTARIOAUGUSTA1968 IIIIII JOHNF.STORR,P}I.D.ContultantinOceanographyandLimnology51MzAvowLsADarvzBvFF~m,NmrY0RK142263)ec.15,1969.Mr.R.clancy,Manager,Environment-Engineering,N1agaraMohawkPowerOorp.,300ZrieBlvd.,liest,Syracuse,N.Y.1320$.CRZ:ZOOLOGIC'ZNTHIOSTUDYOPPNINEMILEPOINT,LAKEONTARIO,AUGUST12-16,1968.IPURPOSE:OPSTUDY:ThiswastheinitialbenthicstudymadeintheNineMilePointareatoestablishabiologicalbackgroundinthepre-operationalperiods.Therehad.beenaprevioussurveyin'.-theregionofaverygeneralnatureconsistingofaseriesofexploratorydives.Thishadestabl1shed,thattheareawasgenerallywavesweptandthebottom,exceptin.lessthan'0'fwateralmostentirelyclearofrockrubbleofanykind,withverylittlebenthiclifepresent.Thisstudywasdirectedtowardaquantitativeevaluationofwhatwaspres-ent.II~PROQEDURE:L.P1eld1fork.4seriesoftransect"lineswereestablishedfromtheshoreout1ntothelake.Sincetheprimarypur-poseofthetransectswasforpurposesofcomparison,theyweretobeofapermanentnatureandalongthesetransectsallofthevariousecologicalstudiesweretobecarriedout.Inallninetransectswereestablishedwithseveralnotbeingused1nthebenthicstudyatthistime.Thoselabelledwithaprefixof$fweretothewestofthedis-charge;thosewiththeprefixZ,eastofthedischarge.W-3waslocated,about5,000'estofthedischargeandabout3,000'romM-2-M-2throughV-3were1,000'partwithZ-1beingfusteastoftheactualdischargestructureasnoactualecologicalworkcould,bedoneintheimmediateareaofthestructurewhichwasundercon-struction.E-6usestheso-calledeasterntargetastheshorebase.Thistargetwasused.intheearlyecologicallakestudies(196$-64)asalocationpointfortheboatwork.4 IIII Itismorethanamileeastofthedischarge.W-3islocateCinsuchapositionthatitisbasedontheSW-NEorientelshorethatisthewesternsileoftheMine$Q.leX'ointPromontory.Itwasfounlthatcurrentsflowingwestward.normallyflowparalleltothealmostEF-3orienteCnorthernshoreofthepromontoryanCthusthesecurrentsactuallyflowoutintotheopenlakeattheHNcornerofthepromontory.TheM-3transectwas,therefore,established.asabaselinecomparisontranseotforthestudy.Z-6isamileeastofthedischargeanditwasbelieved,thatthistransectwouldbeinanareainwhiohtheeffectofthethermaleffluentwould.notbegreatand.this,then,wastheeasternbase-linetransect.Thestudiesin1969contemplat-eCamuchwiderscopeoperationand,thebase-linetransectwasestablished.inMexicoBaya.milefurthereast.Znwork1ngthetransectsforthebenthicsurvey,aseriesof3sampleswastakenrecoveringallthebiologicalmaterialina25X25cm.areawitheachsample.Poursamplingsta-tionswere.usersalongeachtransectat5',10',15',and,20'he20'.epthmarkedthelimitornear-limitofanyattach-eCplantgrowth,andwasalsofelttobebeyondthed.epthofanylikelytemperatureeffect.Thesamplingcanbed.escribed.asselectivesincetheareaclosetoshoreinsomelocationsispartiallycoveredby'arioussizedpiecesofrock.Thisheterogeneoushab-itatcould.notbesamplersaccuratelytoyield,aquantitativesampleforcomparativevalues.Sampleareas,therefore,tithi*I1hiht'h11hasapreference.Thisalgaistheonlyattachedonepres-entinlargeamountsalthoughasubspeciesmay'ccur1nparticularecolog1calniches,butwasnotfoundtooccurinhi1ttM.hh~ht.111thnumberoforganismsfromvariousphylaand.sotheentiresamplerepresentsaverygood,cross-sectionof'hebenthicfloraand,fauna.Variationsintheconcentrationoftheorganismspres>>entisCueinlargeparttothephysicalstructureofthebottom,theslopeofthebottom,(whichdeterminesinpartthewaveeffect)anCthedepthwhichregulatesboththeeffectofthewaveactivityanCthelightintensity.Al-thoughthesamplesweretakenfromflatrockmaterial,theroughnessofthesurroundingbottomalsoplaysama)orrole1nwaveeffectsothatvariationsoccurCuetothisrough-nessfactor.

B.LaboratoryStuC1es.Inthelaboratory,thesamplesvere1nC1viC-ually'eparatedintoplantanCanimalmaterial.TheplantmaterialwasthenthoroughlydrieCanCweighed,,thenashed.,and.theorganicveightCetermined..Asthisprogramprogress-ltfdthtthlf~ldhh,thtparticlesofsiltvereembeddeCorsocloselysurround.ed.by'hehair>>likematerialthatafractionoftheinorganicscouldnotbeseparateCfromthealga.XCCitionalvashingofthealgavoulChaveresulteCintheremovaloflargeamountsofalgalmaterial.Theorganicweightcontentisthusused,forcomparingalgalconcentrationsalthoughbothCryweightand.ashweightarealsogiveninthetable,(Table2).IIIRESULTSMD3ISQUSSIOH:TheCataarepresented.intables3anC2and.graphicallyillustratedinPigures3;4i.l'JBy'theAugustperiod.theamountofalgalmaterialvould.beexpected.toCecline,whiletheanimallifewoulCbeontht.fhlg,~d,hltdfttCuringthemaximumlightperioCinJunewhenboththelightintensityanCnumberofhoursofilluminationareattheirgreatest.TemperatureatthistimeformostoftheJuneperioCisbetveen55PanC60oP.TheoptimumtemperatureforgrowthappearstobeinthemiC60'swithhighertem-peraturescausingslowingofgrowth.Bothlightand.tem-peraturewouldplayma)orrolesonthelesseningamountofgrowthfounCinAugust.InaCdition,observationshavehftltth~hg,tlhthtfcyclesCuringthesummerinwhichthestrandsofalgaleng-thentoamaximumthenbreaksoff,asortofself-mowingprocess.ThisvoulChappenirregularlyand.atnofixed,time,althoughtherevoulCtenCtobeperiodswhichvoulCsuggestcycliceffect.little,ifany,algalgrowthoccurr-eCatthe20'epthand.inthesecasesnosamplevastaken(markeCM.S.T.ontables342).Benthicanimals,ontheotherhand.,aregustintotheperioCofactivereproCuction,inJune,laggingbehind.theplantgrowthasonewould.expectsincethisplantgrovthisthebasicsourceoffood..The,variousanimalsfoundinthe*hlghth'hitf,lpt,ffood..Thisgrazingmayalsoberesponsibleforsomed.eclineinthetotalalgalgrovthfound..Overtheentire.rangeofthetransectsthealgalgrovthisfairlyuniformlyCistributeCwithoneexception III atthe$5'epthatE-"2vhenmorethandoubletheamountofgrowthispresentthanatanyothersimilardepth,andatV>>3vherethealgalgrovth1sconsistentlyless.Itwouldnovappearthatthecomparisontransects,V-3maynotbeasimportantasoncethought.'heecologyofN-'5isd1fferentthantheremainderofthetransectsandwillvaryconsiderablyduetoparticularvinddirections.OnlytheareaalongtheZineK.lePointPromontoryvillhaveacon-sistentecologythroughouttheseasonanditmaywellbethatany'ffectontheecologyimposedbythethermaldis-chargevillhavetobeacomputed.onebased,onthechangesfoundatthevarioustransects.Sincetheentirestudy1,sonedesignedforcomparison,theredoesnotseemtobeanythinginparticularthatneedstobecommentedonordiscussed.atth1stime.Norcananyconclusionsbebased.uponthisonestudywhichrelatestotheparticularpurposeofthestudy.Thestudy,initself,vasrevealingandtheveryconsistentresults(forabio-logicalsituation)verevi,thinacceptablelind.tsandwillprovidecomparativematerial.Theresultspresented,areonlythebasicstatisticalresults,vh1letheoriginal.datavillbeessentialintheoverallanalysisinthepre-oper-ationalperiod.

IIIIIII Table1sBenthicSurveyData-ComparisonofTransectsOswegoAugust,1968transectno,5<M3organicno.ofnoof.no,ofvgt.(gms)-snailssnailssnails(0.Lioplax)(0,Bethnia)(G,Physa)N,S,T,no.ofno.ofamphipodsinsect(G.Gammarus)larvae(GTendipes)MiscellaneousE24,213o913,822,842,860373279247177352flatworms(G.Dugesia)E6~312512,502,681,8100019zJ>61721861591952flatworms(G,Dugesia)1flatworm(0,Dugesia)

IIIIIII Table1:BenthicSurveyData-ComparisonofTransects(cont)OswegoAugust,1968transectorganicno.wgt.(gms)no,ofno,ofsnailssnails(G.Lioplax)(G,Bethnia)no,ofsnails(G.Physa)nogofno,ofamphipods.insect(G,Gammarus)larvae(Q,Tendipes)misce11meous15>~30~64o632,25000035'3flatworms(Q..Dugesia)1,12.96032.52020<E3N,S~T,N,S,TN,S,TN,ST,0040(01flatworm(G,Dugesia)E6N,S,T, IIIIII Table2:BenthicSurveyData-AlgaeDry,Ash,andOrganic>feightsOswegoAugust1968sampledepthgl10t15'0'.transectno~algaedrywgt.(gms)+H.S.T.4.514.243173.40.362.802.742932.502'1.75.862.981.71.95M.S.T.H.S.T.N.S.T.N.S.T.N.S.T.algaeashwgt.(gms)~30.80~42~23~05~29~25.25.69~41F03~12~23~19.5913.08organicwgt.(gms)4.213.913.822.842.86~312.512.492.681.812.40~30.63~631.791'2.82+M.S.T.nosampletaken=noalgagrowth.

20//0rr2il5IOE65W2WIREACTORIIlE25000IQC4NWEMILEPOINTECOLOGICALSURVEYALGALDISTRIBUTION(ORGANICWTINGMS)AUGUST,I968.

/

Figure2:Organicweightofalgaesamplein'ramsvs.depthalongecologicaltransectsNineRileFoint,L.OntarioAugust14,19680E2eIO8000al5AEl20Organic~eightofalgaeingrams IIII MWWWWWWW0Figure3:NumberofGammarus(freshwatershrimp)vs.depthalongecologicaltransectsNineYiilePoint,L.OntarioAustlt1960E0oIO0AAE2l520IOO200300400NumberofGammarus(freshwatershrimp)

III

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II APPENDIXCFISHDISTRIBUTIONSTUDYNINEMlLEPOINTpLAKEONTARIOJULY,1968 IIItIII JOHNF.STORR,Ph.D.Consultan!inOecanograPhyandLimnology51MmmmLsADaevaBvFFALO,NswYORK14226Dec.15,1969.Mr.R.Clancy,Manager,Environment-Engineering,NiagaraMohawkPowerCorp.,300ErieBlvd.,Vest,Syracuse,NewYork13202.RE:PISHDISTRIBUTIONSTUDY,NINEMILEPOINT,JULY27,1968.PurposeofStudy.Thiswasthefirststudymadeofthefishd1str1butionintheareausingarecordingfathometer.Itsprimarypurposewastotrytodeterm1nethequantityoffishpresentintheareabythisparticularmethod.Lssuch,themethod,andtheprocessingofthedatais'somewhatuniqueand,atth1spo1ntwasexperimental.4numberofsimilarsurveyshasrefinedthetechniqueandtheoriginalfathometricrecordingswerenotprocessedindetailuntilrecently.Itwouldappearthatthemethodologyisfairlyexactandtheresultsveryclosetoactuality.Since,however,wearedealingwithfishwhichareprobablyinconstantmotiontheresultscanonlygivethegeneralpatternofdistributionforthedayand,periodCuringwhichthefathometricsweredone.Itmustberealizedthatasecondsetoffathometricstakenevenafewminuteslaterwouldgiveasomewhatdifferentpattern.Thefishcountstakenfromthefathometrictracingsandmathematicallyad)ust-ed,arepresentedintable1.ThedatafortotalfishcountispresentedinPigure1anCbecauseofthemethodused,givesafairlyaccuratepictureofthisCistribut1on1nagraphicform.B.Method.Pi,eldstudy.ThemethodusedingatheringthebasicdatawasbyusingaRossPineL1neRecordingPathometer.Thi,sinstrumentsendsoutahighfrequencypulseat108kcthroughthetransducerheadwhichisinarackinthewateroverthesideofthe16~'oat.Thetransduceralsoreceivestheechofroma5arcand.thisechoisrecordedelectrographicallyonastripchart.Everyob)ectfrommassesofplanktonand,smallfish3-4inchesinsizeandthebottomcontourisrecorded.Relativefishsizeisalsoreoorded.andfromexper1encethebelow6"andabove6"sizehasbeenseparated.Muchwilldepend.uponthe IIIII

~02wexpertiseoftheindividualreadingthetracings.SomevorkhasyettobeConetorefinetheinterpretationofthetrac-ings,sothatsomeerror,parti,cularlyinidentifyingallthesmallerfish,doesoccur.Pishabove6"inlengthCog1veaveryrecognizabletrace.Inmakingthesetracingsthe0'50'epthrangeis'e-cordedonthestripchart.Tracingsveremadefroma4'5'uttoa50'rmoredepthalongeachoftheoriginalecolog-icaltransectsdescribedindetai.linthereportontheben-thicstudies.Inall,9transectsvereruncoveringashorelengthofabouttvomileswiththecentral7transectsonlyabout1000'part(Fig.1).Boatspeedvasbetv'een2-3mph.2.Laboratoryanalysis.Sincethetransducerwasscanninganarcofabout5,thefishcounttakenfromthetracingshadtobetreatedmathemat-icallytogive.auniformresult.1neo$]ectivewastocalcu-latetheapproximatenumberper1000ftinevery200'is-tanceofthetransect.assumingthatthevidthofthebottomscanned.ata50',depthis5'1de,itvasassumed,thatallfishcountedalonga200~distanceinthe40'o50'epthvouldequalthetotalnumberoffishin1000ft2.Successivelyabovethisareaallfi,shcountedina200'istanceveremul-tipl1edbyfactorsasfollovs:30'40'1.2520'$0'1.6610~-2o'2.50'10'5Inthedepthsclosertothesurfacethefishcounted,arebeingmultipli,edbyaweighted,factorwhichtendstoskewtheresult.Heverthelesstheresultstobewithinanacceptablerangeand.inallofthestudi,esmade,givecloselycomparableresults.Cediscussion.Theresultspresentedinthetableand.figurearebelievedtobequiteaccurateforwaterdepths15'rmoreindepth.Intheshallowerwatertheareaofthescanisprobablysome-whatlimiting.Thusthechanceofobtainingatraceofafishinthisshallowerwaterbecomesless.Alsothereissomeprobabilitythat1nveryshallowvaterthatfishvould.tendtomoveawayfromtheboatastheboatapproaches.Onthetablethenumberoffishlargerthan6"isalso IIIIIIIII indicated.Th1saveragesoutsothatabout60$ofthefisharerecordedarelargerthan6".Thesmallerminnowwouldpro-bablynotberecordedbythefathometer.Intheshallowwater,however,nofishcouldbeobservedand,thewaterwasclearenoughtoseefishiftheywerepres-ent.4considerablenumberofdivesweremadeinthisareaaswell,andnofishwereobserved,1nshallowwaterclosetoshoreduringtheday.Laterstudiescarriedoutovera24hourperiodshowedthatasmanyfishweretobenettedinshallowwateratnightasatthe15'nd30'epthsatthebottom.alsothe24hourfathometricstudiedindicatethatinsomeareasand1nsomedepths,asmanyast0timesthenumberoffishwillberecorded.Thisisnotageneralrulebutoververyfavorablebottomwherephysicalconditionssuchascurrent,bottomroughness,.andbottomprofileareofacombinationpreferred.bythef1shthatsuchconcentrationscanoccur.Comparingtheresultsofthisparticularstudytothatofotherareas,thenumberoffishpresentisnotgreat.Infact,thenumberoffishpresent1nthelayerbetween60'-80'ffofthisareais30to40Xthisconcentrationatthistimeofday'eThespeciesoffishpresentintheareainshallowwaterhasdeterminedlaterbyfishnetstudies.Ingreatestabun-dancearethealewives.Yellowperchoutnumberalltheotherbottomfishcaughtinthenetbyafactorof2Xto5X.afewwh1teperchwerecaughtanganumberofm1nnows(E~otroissp.)Inaweek'snettingwithfive6'125'xperimentalnets,lessthananaverageoftofeachperdayoftheredsucker,rockbass,carp,brownbullhead,whitebass,andci,sco,weretakeninwaterdepthsfromshoreto30'..4fewsmeltwerealsocaught.Onespecimen,ofeachofafewotherspecieswasalsotaken.Itwouldappearfromallofthebackgroundinformationavailable,bothfromactualworkatthesiteandscientificreportthatthedischargewillnotaffectthenormalmove-mentof'anyofthefishpresent.Ifanything,morefishvillbeattractedtotheareabothbecauseoftheaddedheatandmodificationand.changeinwatermovement.

IIIII NineNilePointFishDistributi~nStudy(asnumberoffishper1,000ft)July27,1968DepthW->>3:W--2T+L+TLW-1TLE-1TLE-2E-3TLTLE-4TLE-5TLE-6TL0-20070002QO-4002055400<<600221020600-80092100800-100072401000-1200298201200-1400172321400-160081001600-180051800-2000002000-22002200005222977522000000002022222262136X610000000000020500,00025013820034227018112425071300000000000302191611347452177122000050104129ll67'74172231121154023683070.402200-240000Totalfish10828278102518'32465419936018863819285goffishgreaterthan6"oftotal36/+Ttotalfishcounted+L~onlyfishover6"long72%62/3(g IIIII 40-30Q2020IOIO20-20IO0IOE4ESE6El'(REACTOR~~~IE2500'ClOlNINEMILEPOINTFISHDISTRIBUTIONSTUDY<ASNUMBEROFFISHPERl)000FT)JULY27)I968IFlG.I Ik