ML20246A391
| ML20246A391 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | University of Wisconsin |
| Issue date: | 06/30/1989 |
| From: | Cashwell R WISCONSIN, UNIV. OF, MADISON, WI |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IRM) |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8908220450 | |
| Download: ML20246A391 (17) | |
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'O~< University of Wisconsin
' NUCLEAR REACTOR LABORATORY - ADDi(ES5:
DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERN40 AND ENGINEERING PHYSICS MECHANICAL ENGINEERING BUILD'NG
' FHONE (608) 262 3392 '- 1613 Uf.tlVERSITY AVENUE MADISON 53706 1642 l
Tech Specs August 16, 1989 U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission ATTN: Document Control Desk-
~ Washington,.D.'C. 20555
Dear Sir:
' Enclosed herewith is a copy of the Annual Report' for the fiscal year 1988-89 for the University of Wisconsin Nuclear Reactor Laboratory as required by our Technical Specifications.
- Very truly yours,
..a/W
. J. Cashwell
. Reactor. Director Enc. ;(Annual Report)
XC: Region III Administrator i
89082204D0 896 AINL PDR ADOCK 0500 156 ;
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UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN NUCLEAR REACTOR
- ANNUAL'0PERATING REPORT FOR LICENSE R-74 THE UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION FOR FISCAL YEAR 1988-1989 Prepared by:
R. J. Cashwell Department of i Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics
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I UWNR Annual Report 1988-89 1 V
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN NUCLEAR REACTOR LABORATORY ANNUAL REPORT Fiscal Year 1988-1989 A.
SUMMARY
OF OPERATIONS
- 1. INSTRUCTIONAL USE - UW-MADISON FORMAL CLASSES Five ~ Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics
= Department classes made use of the reactor. Forty-two students enrolled in NEEP 231 participated in a two-hour laboratory ,
session introducing students to reactor behavior )
characteristics.- Twelve hours of reactor operating time were !
devoted to this session. NEEP 427 was offered in the fall and spring semesters and had an enrollment of twenty-five.
Several NEEP 427 experiments use materials that are activated in the reactor. One experiment entitled " Radiation Survey" '
requires that students make measurements of radiation levels in and around the reactor laboratory. The irradiations in support of NEEP 427 and the radiation survey take place during normal isotope production runs, so no reactor time is specifically devoted to NEEP 427. The enrollment in NEEP 428 was eighteen as it was offered in both semesters. Three experiments in NEEP 428 require exclusive use of the reactor.
Each of these experiments (" Critical Experiment", " Control Element Calibration", and " Pulsing") was repeated three times during the year requiring a total of fifty-eight hours of exclusive reactor use. Other NEEP 428 laboratory sessions use material that has been irradiated in the reactor (" Fast Neutron Flux Measurements by Threshold Foil Techniques" and " Resonance Absorption"). These two experiments were repeated six times during the year. Thirty-four NEEP 305 students used the reactor _to irradiate samples for a half-life measurement and for an experiment to measure the half-life of the longer-lived delayed neutron emitters. A class of six students completed the facility Reactor Operator Training program, which was taught during the spring semester as a four semester-hour formal course (NEEP 699/602). Each student performed reactor startups (11 each), shutdowns (11 each), and other significant reactivity changes. Three of these students have taken and passed the NRC examination and are currently serving as Reactor Operators. The other three students could not be certified as needing a NRC license, since their expected tenure at the University was not long enough. Individual one-to two-hour sessions in the reactor laboratory were also held for other classes.
lUWNR Annual Report 1988-89 2 Two groups of high school-science teachers (total attendance of twenty-three) attending a one-week short course on Nuclear Energy, Energy. Resources, . Electrical Power Generation--
Comparative' Risks and- Benefits participated in a four-hour laboratory session on reactor operating characteristics. The laboratory experience.was intended to give the teachers a basic understanding of reactor operating characteristics, including reactivity' feedback mechanisms which terminate power excursions.
A group of eight students from the Kewaunee Nuclear Power plant completed a two-week Research Reactor Training program. This program provides reinforcement of information learned in operator training programs, particularly in the area of reactor theory. Students perform at least 10 startup/ shutdown cycles on the reactor, in addition to completing laboratory sessions on: instrumentation and radiation measurements.
2.- REACTOR SHARING PROGRAM User institutions participated in the program as detailed in othe following paragraphs:
Principal Number.of Staff /
. Participating' Institution Investigator Students Involved Beloit'(WI) College D. Dobsen 1/10 4 operation demonstration, neutron activation analysis Reactor demonstration. l Beloit (WI) College Senstrom 1/1 Neutron activation of water samples for determination of impurity {
j levels.
Colorado College E. Hendrickson 1/12 NAA of rocks samples for geology classes.
Cudahay (WI) High School N. Mimmier 1/18 Reactor laboratory tour and nuclear power discussion.
Edgewood College (WI) E. Olson 1/8 Reactor laboratory tour and laboratory session on Neutron Activation I Analysis Milwaukee School of Engineering J. Diebold 1/5 Reactor operation demonstration High School women considering careers in non-conventional fields. l' 1/17
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UWNR Annual Report 1988-89 3 Reactor tour and discussion of careers. in nuclear engineering and allied fields.
High School Science Teachers Workshop 23/0 ,
Reactor operation demonstration to familiarize teachers with basic I behavior of nuclear reactors. Lecture / discussion on reactor operating ;
characteristics and any other subjects of concern to teachers. l New Glarus (WI) High School- S. Worley 1/18 Tour of laboratory and nuclear power discussion .
Lakeshore Technical Institute Gossen 1/9 Laboratory tour, neutron activation analysis demonstration, demonstration / lecture on use of neutron radiation survey instruments, ;
at-power radiation survey for class of radiation safety technicians.
Lawrence University J. Palmquist 1/0 NAA of geological samples for origin determination.
Middleton (WI) High School Leutswager 1/20 Preparation of activated sources for laboratory experiments on determination of half-life.
Monona Grove (WI) School District 6/35 Students in " Future Problem Solvers" groups studying problems of electric power production toured the facility and were given answers to their questions specific to nuclear power plants.
University of Minnesota-Duluth Prof. Rapp 3/3 Continuation of NAA investigation of copper and pottery artifacts for determination of origin.
Univ. of WI-Eau Claire Prof. Gleiter 1/0 NhA of trace elements in water samples.
Univ. of WI-Stevens Point Chandra 2/12 Reactor operation demonstration laboratory to familiarize students in a modern physics class with reactor operation characteristics.
Univ. of WI-Stevens Point Lokken 1/0 Testing and calibration of radiation survey instruments for use at Stevens point. ,
Verona (WI) High School R. Marks 1/8 Reactor tour and nuclear power discussion.
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UWNR: Annual Report.1988-89 4 3.. SAMPLE IRRADIATIONS AND NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS SERVICES
-There'were 2044 individual samples irradiated during the year.
1318.of these samples were' irradiated for 15 minutes or less.
The remaining-. samples accumulated 202.79 irradiation space hours.and 2168 sample hours. Many samples were irradiated and then counted at;the Reactor Laboratory as part of our neutron activation analysis servico. In the listing below the notation
'(NAA) indicates.that the samples were processed by our neutron activation analysis service, while RSP listed as source of support indicates work done under the DOE Reactor Sharing Program.
Beloit College (NAA) 248 samples, 136 less than 15 minutes, 242 sample hours, 19.2 irradiation space hours.
Prof. Senstrom and 1 student used NAA to study mineral levels in' water samples. Supported by RSP.
Chen,istry Department, UW-Madison (NAA) 31 samples,-17 less than 15 minutes, 8.91 sample hours, 0.58 irradiation. space hours.
Professor Thomas Record and one graduate student used the NAA service to' measure sodium concentrations in DNA solutions in order to quantify ion /DNA reactions. Supported by NIH and NSF.
13 samples, 6.U sample hours, 5 irradiation space hours.
Professor John Wright and one graduate student used the NAA service to measure rare earth concentrations in crystals. .
Supported by NSF.
Chemical Engineering Department-UW-Madison (NAA) 4 r
15 samples, all less than 15 minutes, 3.75 sample hours, 3.75 irradiation' space hours.
Professor Stanley H. Langer and one graduate student used NAA to . determine composition of deposits building up on heat !
exchange surfaces of a milk product heat exchanger. Supported {
by an industrial grant. j Civil and Environmental Engineering Department UW-Madison (NAA) 265 Samples,119 less than 15 minutes, 272 sample hours,16.93 irradiation space hours l
l Professor R. Hamm, one additional staff member, and 1 graduate student use NAA to measure metal content of garbage in a L reclamation project using material that would otherwise go into sanitary landfills. Supported by industrial grant.
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- UWNR Annual Report-1988-89 5 1 34 samples,'68 sample hours, 2 irradiation space hours
-Professor R; Hamm and 1 graduate student used the NAA service in an evaluation of the use of foundry wastes for highway fill material. Supported by Wisconsin Depts of Transportation and Natural Resources.
Colorado College (NAA) 41 samples, 23 less than 15 minutes, 41.75 sample hours, 4.1 irradiation space hour.
Professor Henrickson and 12' students used the NAA sarvice for i investigation of trace element concentrations in rocks and rock systems.- Supported by-RSP.
Edgewood College, Madison, Wi (NAA) 3 samples, all less than 15 minutes, 0.75 sample hours, 0.28 irradiation space hours.
Prof. Olson and'8 students participated in a laboratory session on neutron activation analysis. Supported by RSP.
Food Research Instituute- UW-Madison (NAA)-
5 samples,.all less than 15 minutes, 11.25 sample hours,-2.42 irradiation space hours
' Professor H Suguyama and 1 graduate student used the NAA service in measurements of structure and functional relations in bacterial ~ toxins. Supported by Graduate School and Food
'Research Institute.
Forestry /Home Economics UW-Madison (NAA)
- 66 samples, 65 less than 15' minutes, 16.5 sample hours, 5.5 irradiation space hours.
Professor Young'and one' graduate student used the NAA service to measure the amount of flourocarbon coating left on cloth as a function of number of washings. Support unknown.
Johnson Controls Corp., Milwaukee (NAA) 23 samples, 11 less than .15 minutes, 24 sample hours, 2.92 irradiation space hours. Analysis of trace element concentrations in polypropylene. Industrial support.
KEWAUNEE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT 9 sanples, all less than 15 minutes, 2.25 sample hours, 0.74 4 irrarkiation space hours Irradiations in support of operator training program, mostly demonstrations of activities produced during reactor operations. Industrial support.
Lawrence University, Appleton (NAA) 19' samples, 9 less than 15 minutes, 20 sample hours, 2.83 irradiation space hours.
Professor Palmquist. NAA of fullerite samples to determine composition. Supported by RSP.
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UWNR Annual Report 1988-89 6 i
Mechanical' Engineering Department, UW-Madison 4 samples, all'less than 15 minutes, 1 sample hour, 0.33 irradiation space hours.
Prof. Ragland and 1 graduate student used the NAA service to l measure residue from combustion of refuse burned in power !
production. Support unknown.
Middleton High School 2 samples, one less than 15 minutes, 0.37 sample hour, 0.37 irradiation space hour.
Production of license exempt short-lived sources for laboratory demonstrations and half-life measurement. Supported by RSP.
Minerals and 1:etals Engineering Dept. , UW-Madison (NAA) 36 samples, all less than 15 m'autes, 18 sample hours, 9.17 irradiation space hours.
Prof. Eric Helstrom and one graduate student used NAA to determine the extent and the kinetics of ion exchange in ionic compounds. Supported by UW-Madison Graduate School.
111 samples, all less than 15 minutes, 23.7 sample hours,17.68 irradiation space hours.
Prof. John H. Perepezko, 3 additional staff members and 5 students are using the NAA service for analysis of Nb-Ti-Al alloys. The analyses are then used to accurately determine the phase diagram of the elloy system. Supported by DARPA through the Office of Naval Research.
Nuclear Engineering and Engineering Physics-UW-Madison NEEP 427 Laboratory 104 samples, 97 less than 15 minutes, 43.94 sample hours, 8.63 irradiation space hours.
Irradiations in support of teaching laboratory.
NEEP 428 Laboratory 95 samples, 41 less than 15 minutes, 100.3 sample hours, 43.38 irradiation space hours.
Irradiations in support of teaching laboratory.
Phaedrus Project (NAA) 2 samples, both less than 15 minutes, 0.5 sample hours, 0.1 irradiation space hours Visiting Scientist M. Kishneusky used the NAA service to measure impurities in palladium samples. Departmental support.
Reactor Laboratory 18 samples, 9 less than 15 minutes, 75.75 sample hours, 5.57 irradiation space hours.
Irradiations for measurements and instrument calibrations.
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- 'UWNR Annual Report 1988-89 7 3
Pharmacy Department UW-Madison (NAA) 23 samples, all less than 15 minutes, 5.75 sample hours, 0.18 irradiation space hours Professor Burnette and 1 graduate student used the NAA service to determine K, C1, and Na in electrochemical cells. Support unknown.
RMT, Incorporated (Madison, Wi) (NAA) 34 Samples, 17 'less than 15 minutes, 34 sample hours, 3.6 irradiation space hours.
Soil samples from sites previously used for disposal of foundry wastes were investigated for studies of transport and cleaning of such sites.. Industrial support.
Department of soil science - UW-Madison 215 samples all less than 15 minutes, 63.5 sample hours, 2.64 irradiation space hours.
Prof. Helmke and three graduate students. NAA and tracer
. production to study element behavior in soil-water-plant systems. Support by Hatch Act and EPA.
University of Minnesota-Duluth (NAA) 89 samples, 446.2 sample hours,18.13 irradiation space hours.
Professor Rapp and associates continued their research of native cepper sampics of U.S. origin to establish a data base for determining provenance of copper artifacts. Supported by RSP.
University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire (NAA) 14 samples, 8 less than 15 minutes, 12 sample hours, 2.65 irradiation space hours.
Professor Gleiter used the NAA service for measuring trace element concentration in water samples. Supported by RSP.
University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Dept. of Geosciences (NAA) 36 samples, 79.2 sample hours, 2.2 irradiation space hours.
Prof. Mursky, one additional staff member, and 2 students are using NAA of well log samples to attempt to predict high radium concentrations in water. Supported by Wisconsin DNR.
Veterinary Science - UW-Madison (NAA) 167 samples, 498 sample hours, 2.2 irradiation space hours.
Prof. O. J. Ginther and one graduate student are using gold as a stable tracer to trace the fate of follicular fluid after ovulation. Supported by UW Foundation.
1 sample hour, 1.1 6 samples, 3 less than 15 minutes, irradiation space hour.
Professor B. Bavister and one graduate student used NAA to l
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. UWNR,' Annual Report 1988-89. 8 measure - ef fect : of zinc and other metals on sperm motility.
Support by NIH..
Department of Boology -UW-Madison (NAA) 36 samples, 36 sample hours, 1 irradiation space hour.
Professors W. Porter and staff member B. Grant used the NAA service in an attempt to model the potassium budget.of a lizard scaloporns merriam (Iguanidiae). Support by~ DOE.
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UWNR: Annual Report 1988-89 9
'4. CHANGES IN PERSONNEL,-FACILITY AND PROCEDURES LChanges reportable _under 10 CFR.50.59 are indicated in-section E of this report.
L Licensed . operators Steve ' Zawalick and . Ken Schroeder completed requirements for degrees and left the university;for employment elsewhere. Three _ students, .
Dave Dueno, Joe Kettner, and Eric-Loewen, were trained-and licensed during the year.
There - were - no significant changes to the facility or procedures during the year.
- 5. .'RESULTS OF SURVEII1 WCE TESTS-No significant problems ,were found in the program of inspection and testing' of reactor components.
Inspection' of underwater components showed no deterioration or wear.
B. OPERATING STATISTICS AND FUEL EXPOSURE Critical Operatina Period Startuos Hours MW Hours Pulses
'FY 88-89 266- 674.50 521.41 35 Total PresentLCore '1973 7135.16 5654.79 405 Total TRIGA Cores 4007 ~14317.94 10724.57 1766 Excess' reactivity of. core 123-R12 increased by 0.021% reactivity over the year to 4.338%.
C. EMERGENCY SHUTDOWNS AND INADVERTENT SCRANS
- There'were no emergency shutdowns during the year. There were 11 scrams.during the year distributed as follows.
7/5/88 Core Inlet Temperature recorder relay scram- electronic failure in recorder amplifier caused upscale movement. Tubes replaced.-
7/12/88 Period relay scram. During adjustment of period limit of ' servo amplifier for automatic control channel the limit potentiometer was turned in the wrong direction, resulting in a transient period of less than 5 seconds.
7)'29/88 Relay and electronic scram from picoammeter #1.
Trainee turned range switch wrong direction.
__ _ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . ._
UWNR Annual Report 1988-89 10 8/4/88 Period relay scram._ Trainee pulled control elements too rapidly early jn startup..
8/4/88 Period relay and electronic scram from AC power disturbance that accurred during full power operation. The power surge was long enough that lights were observed to blink.
8/5/88 Relay and electronic scram. from picoammeter #2.
Trainee became too concerned with period indication and failed to observe power rise to trip point on picoammeter while on a low power range.
9-27-88 High Voltage Monitor relay scram. High voltage monitor properly responded to loss of high voltage from inadvertent disconnection of power cord to high voltage power supply during reactor operation.
9/27/88 Relay scram from loss of AC power to building. A squirrel shorted a power switch at the generating plant.
11/8/88 Relay and electronic period scrams. During startup the Log N channel had not come on scale with power at 0.2 Watts. (Procedures require instrument on-scale at 0.5 watts.)
Log N section was paralyzed by checkout activities, but appeared to have recovered.
3/7/89 Relay and electronic scrams from picoammeter #2e Trainee failed to uprange appropriately during a power increase, obtaining a trip at 125% on a low power range.
3/9/89 ' Relay and electronic scram from picoammeter #2.
Trainee withdraw a control rod when he intended to insert it, causing a power increase at a rate too fast for the trainee to upscale both picoammeters in time to prevent a scram.
l D. MAINTENANCE Routine preventive maintenance continued to maintain operability of equipment. No major maintenance problems occurred.
E. CHANGE 8 IN THE FACILITY OR PROCEDURES REPORTABLE UNDER 10 CFR 50.59 There were no reportable changes to the facility or pr'ocedures.
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.UWNR Annual Report 1988-89 11 F. RADIOACTIVE WASTE DISPOSAL I
- 1. SLIAD WASTE One shipment of radioactive solid wtste was made during the year. The shipment consisted of 9.5 cubic feet of demineralized resins containing a total of 334 4C1. The material was transferred .to the University Health Physics office on 3/30/89 and transferred to ADCO Services for off-site shipment on 4/3/89.
- 2. LIQUID WASTE There was one discharge of liquid radioactive waste to the . sewer system during the year. Concentrations discharged were below MPC without considering dilution by the sewage discharge flow. Table 1 details the discharges to the sewer system.
- 3. PARTICULATE AND GASEOUS ACTIVITY RELEASED TO THE ATMOSPHERE Table 2 presents information on stack discharges during the year.
~ ~ _ _ - _ _ _ _ . _ -_ . _ _ _ . . . .___ . _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ . . . _ . . _ . _ . _
UWNR Annual Report 12 TABLE 1 LIQUID WASTE > SANITARY SEWER l DATE 12-28-88 Total Total pCi 1121 1121 GALLONS 1300 1300 1
Co-57 MPC Used 2E-2 pCi 0.339 0.339 4Ci/ml 7.0E-6 ;
4Ci 0.1636 0.1636 pCi/ml 3.3E-7 Cr-51 MPC Used SE-2 pCi pCi/ml Na-24 MPC Used 6E-3 pCi pCi/ml Mn-54 MPC Used 4E-3 pCi 1.18 1.184 pCi/ml 3.8E-7 Zn-65 MPC Used 3E-3 pCi 5.503 5.503 pCi/ml 1.1E-6 Fe-59 MPC Used 2E-3 pCi 20.22 20.22 pCi/ml 4.0E-6 Fe-55 MPC Used 2E-2 pCi 1091 1091 yCi/ml 2.2E-4 Average concentration at point of release to sewer =1.2E-4 pCi/ml.
Fraction of release limit without dilution = 0.014 Average daily sewage flow for dilution = 2.37E4 gallons.
Fraction of daily release limit including dilution = 0.00076 Average yearly concentration = 3.4E-8 pCi/ml.
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UWNR Annual Report 13 L
1 TABLE 2 EFFLUENT FROM STACK
- 1. Particulate Activity There was no discharge of particulate radioactivity above background levels.
- 2. Gaseous Activity -- All Argon 41 Activity Maximum Instantaneous Average Discharged Concentration Concentration _g
-6 Month (Curies) 4Ci/ml x 10 gCi/mlx10 July 88 0.2204 4.0 0.12 August 0.3429 20.0 0.19 September 0.1890 6.0 0.11 October 0.2252 4.0 0.13 November. 0.1622 2.8 0.10 December 0.1277 2.0 0.07 January 89 0.0718 1.5 0.04 February 0.0797 1.4 0.05 March 0.1393 2.0 0.08 April 0.1042 0.5 0.06 May 0.1145 1.2 0.06 June 0.2015 1.3 0.12 TOTAL 1.9784 20.0 (Maximum) 0.094 (Average)
Maximum Instantaneous Concentration = 0.833 of MPC Average Concentration = 0.094 of MPC 1
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-UWNR Annual-Report 14 G. SUNNARY OF RADIATION EXPOSURE OF PERSONNEL (15 June 1988 -- 1 July 1989)
No personnel-received any significant radiation dose during the year.
The highest doses recorded were 20 mrem whole body, 40 mrem skin dose, and.20 mrem extremity dose. Radiation doses continue to be low enough that-10 CFR Part 20 does not require wearing of dosimetry even though
-facility policy requires dosimetry.
Routine radiation and contamination surveys of the facility revealed no problem areas, consistent with personnel exposure data cited above.
H. RESULTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEYS The environmental monitoring program at Wisconsin uses Eberline TLD area monitors located in areas surrounding the reactor laboratory.
The table below indicates dose rates a person would have received if continuously present in the indicated area for the full year.
I Annual Dose Data -- Environmental Monitors Location Averace Dose Rate-mrem / week Inside Wall of Reactor Laboratory 4.76 Inside Reactor Laboratory Stack 1.72 Highest Dose Outside Reactor Labor-atory (Reactor Lab roof entrance window:
monitor adjacent to stone surface) 2.99 Highest Dose in Occupied Nonrestricted Area (third floor classroom) Room #323 1.28 Average Dose in all Nonrestricted Areas (27 Monitor Points) 1.93 Lowest Dose Reported in Nonrestricted Area .82
I UWNR Annual Report 15
-I. PUBLICATIONS AND PRESENTATIONS ON WORK BASED ON REACTOR USE Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Univ. of Wisconsin-Madison S. M. Park and E. E. He11strom, " Preparation of Hg p"-Alumina by Reflux \
I Exchange". Article submitted to Solid State Ionics, 1989.
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J. C. Mishurda, J. C. Lin, Y. A. Chang, and J. H. Perepezko, ,
" Titanium-Aluminide Alloys Between the Compositions Ti,Al and TiAl". MRS l Symposium Proceedings on High Temperature Ordered Intermetallic ;
Alloys, In press.
D. J. Thoma, " Structural Evolution in the Drop Tube Processing of Se-Ni Alloys". M. S. Thesis. (1988).
Metallurgical and Mineral Engineering J. A. Graves, " Rapid Solidification of High Temperature Aluminide Compounds". PhD Thesis. (1987)
Department of Soil Science P. A. Helmke and R. B. Corey, " Physical and Chemical Considerations for the Development " Lunar-derived soils". Included in Lunar Base Agriculture; v S1s for Plant Growth, American Society of Agronomy. In press. (1989)
Department of Geosciences, Univ. of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Bernice A. Aument, " Radium in Ground Water: Parent Radionuclides Concentration in the Cambro-Ordovician Sandstone Aquifer, Milwaukee and Waukesha Counties, #fsconsin". M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, -100 p. (1989)
Mark A. Rutkowski, "A Geophysical Study of the Radioactive Contamination in the Sandstone Aquifer of Eastern Wisconsin". M.S. Thesis, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, ~168 p. (1989)