ML20236V481
| ML20236V481 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 09/21/1987 |
| From: | Greeves J NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR MATERIAL SAFETY & SAFEGUARDS (NMSS) |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20236V375 | List:
|
| References | |
| FOIA-87-773 NUDOCS 8712040329 | |
| Download: ML20236V481 (29) | |
Text
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LOW-LEVEL WASTE
SUMMARY
g_
PRESENTED
.' _BY JOHN T. GREEVES l
l-L l
l-i MEXICO CITY, MEXICO SEPTEMBER 21, 1987 8712040329 871202 "
PDR-FOIA PDR.
(
- RESNIKD87.-773 - - /
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.7
2 i
LOW-LEVEL WASTE
SUMMARY
i l
Low-Level Radioactive Waste -(LLW) is genereted in the United States-by_ more than i
23,000 Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or Agreement State licensees, including nuclear reactor operators, hospitals, research laboratories, universities, I
industry, and the government (Source:
NRC 1986 Annual Report).
In 1986, these licensees generated more than 1,800,000 cubic feet of LLW which contained roughly 234,000 curies of radioactivity. LLW is disposed of today by near-surface I
disposal at three sites, Barnwell, South Carolina; Richland, Washington; and Beatty, Nevada.
Typical materials comprising LLW include ion exchange resins and activated metals from reactors, solidified and absorbed liquids, failed equipment, compac.ed trash, contaminated protective clothing, animal carcasses, and decontamination wastes.
By volume, roughly 57 percent of disposed LLW is generated by reactors, 9 percent from industrial sources, 32 percent from institutional sources, and 2 percerat from the government and military. The corresponding radioactivity (curies) l l
distribution is 65 percent reactors, 32 percent industrial. 0.4 percent institu-tional, and 'l percent government and military (Source: DOE /RW-006, Rev. 1, Dec. 1985).
L The NRC has developed and codified in its LLW regulation,10 CFR Part 61, using a classification system for LLW. Three classes have been established, and are, I
in ascending order of hazard, Class A, Class B, and Class C.
For each class, concentration limits of both short-lived and long-lived radionuclides are set in u
1 3
These limits are actually formulas that reflect both the half-lives and the hazards of the radionuclides'in each class. A rule of thumb for the classes is that Class A waste is intended to be relatively safe after 100 years, Class B after 300 years, and Class C after 500 years. Table 1 shows the classification of 1986 LLW.
TABLE 1 Waste Class Volume Activity FT3 1
Curies
}
Class A 1,740,000 96 23,000 10 Class B 50,000 3
84,000 36 Class C 14,000 1
127,000 54 1,804,000 234,000 NRC uses the waste classification system to implement the performance objectives of 10 CFR Part 61, as discussed below.
10 CFR Part 61 established four performance objectives for the near-surface disposal of LLW, which are:
Protection of the general population from releases of radioactivity.
Protection of individuals from inadvertent intrusion, Protection of individuals during operations, and Stability of the site after closure.
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In more detail, protection of the general population from releases cf c
radioactivity is accomplished by requiring that the concentrations cf radioactive material released to the general environment shall not exceed and arnual dose equivalent' to 25 mrem to the whole body, 75 mrem to. the thyroid, anc 25 ' mrem to any other. organ of any member of the public, and, beyond that, doses are to be kept as low as rt Msenably achievable.
(10CFRPart61.41)
Protection of individuals from inadvertent intrusion is accomplished by requiring the the design, operation, and closure of the site must ensure protection of any individual inadvertently intruding'into the disposal facility after active institution 41' controls after the facility have been removed.
Protection of individuals during operations is accomplished by requiring that, except for offsite releases.(which 'are limited by 10 CFR Part 61.41 above),
operations at the disposal facility shall be conducted in compliance with the standards for radiation protection set out in 10 CFR Part 20, and bejond that, kept as low as reasonably achievable. (10 CFR Part 61.43)
Stability of the site after closure is accomplished by requiring that the disposal facility shall be sited, designed, utilized, operated, and closed to achieve long-term stability of the site and to eliminate, to the extent practicable, the need for ongoing active maintenance following closure, so that only surveillance, monitoring, or minor custodial care are required. (10 CFR Part 61.44)
-(There are, of course, additional requirements in 10 CFR Part 61, which address such items as technical requirements, financial assurance, licensing procedures, and state and tribal participation in the licensing process.)
4 i
-+1 5-The waste classification system is used to implement'the performance objectives through establishing different criteria for the disposal of each class of waste. These are:
- Class A Waste is segregated from other waste at the disposal site and disposed
'of with minimum requirements on waste form and characteristics.
Class B Waste must meet both minimum and stability requirements on fonn and
- characteristics.
Class C Waste'must meet both minimum and stability requirements and must be protected from inadvertent intrusion by deeper burial or other barriers.
These requirements are also shown in Table 2 below.
l Table 2 Site, Design and Institutional Waste Intruder Operations Controls Form Barrier Class A X
X Class B X
X X
Class C X
X X
X l --
The intended performance of a LLW disposal facility that conforms to these
,l criteria is shown in Figures 1, 2, and 3, and discussed below.
l 1
l
6 As seen in Figure 1, during operations, Class A waste is segregated from Class B and C waste, and Class C waste is placed at the bottom of its disposal unit, so that it is' separated from the surface by a distance of at least 5 meters.
During the closure period, at least 2 meters of cover is placed over the top of the disposal unit, and if so designed, an intruder barrier is placed over the portion of the unit containing Class C waste as an alternative burying it at least 5 meters below the surface. After a post-closure monitoring period of about 5 years, the license is transferred to a state or federal agency.
In Figure 2, during the next 100 years, the Class A waste consolidates and begins to merge with the surrounding soil.
Class B and C waste res:ain stable.
Active institutional controls may be used to prevent inadvertent intrusion and for minor maintenance on Class A disposal units. After 100 years, Class A wastes may be consolidated and unrecognizable; it is safe to intrude into these wastes. Class B and C wastes continue to maintain their integrity, and remain recognizable, thus reducing the likelihood of inadvertent intrusion, for up to 300 years after closure. Inadvertent intrusion is also inhibited through the use of such passive controls as monuments, markers, and land ownership records.
)
Figure 3 begins at 300 years. At this time, it is expected that the Class B and C wastes will begin disintegrating.
It will be safe to intrude into Class B wastes: The additional depth or barriers associated with Class C wastes are expected to provide intruder protection between 300 and 500 years after closure. After 500 years, all wastes are presumed to be consolidated and unrecognizable, and intrusion will be acceptable.
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