ML20151Z039
| ML20151Z039 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Seabrook  |
| Issue date: | 04/28/1988 |
| From: | Mcgonigle D PUBLIC SERVICE CO. OF NEW HAMPSHIRE |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20151Y818 | List: |
| References | |
| RTR-NUREG-CR-3054 IEB-81-03, IEB-81-3, OL-1, NUDOCS 8805050183 | |
| Download: ML20151Z039 (187) | |
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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION before the ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING COARD
)
In the Matter of
)
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PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY
)
Docket Nos. 50-443 OL-1 NEW HAMPSHIRE, et al.
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50-444 OL-1
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(Seabrook Station, Units 1
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(On-site Emergency and 2)
)
Planning Issues)
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AFFIDAVIT OF DAVID J.
McGONIGLE, JR.
I, DAVID J. McGONIGLE, JR., being on oath, depose and say as follows:
1.
I am a staff engineer in the Plant Engineering Department of Seabrook Station.
A statement of my professional qualifications is attached and marked as Attachment "A".
2.
NECNP's Contention IV does not identify specific cooling systems.
Rather, the contention refers to several GDCs for which design compliance to would be required.
3.
NUREG 0800 contains the Standard Review Plans (SRP) Which identify the relevant GDCs which are evaluated to judge system acceptability.
4.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 30.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GDC 30.
5.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 32.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or conponent which must comply with GDC 32.
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6 6.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 33.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GDC 33.
7.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 34.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GDC 34.
8.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 35.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrepe B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GDC 35.
9.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 36.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GDC 36.
10.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 38.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GDC 38.
11.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 39.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GDC 39.
12.
I have reviewed NUREG 0800 to identify what systems and components are required to meet GDC 4.
As a result of this review, I conclude the discussion provided in Affidavit of Winthrope B.
Leland for closed loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) or that provided in Affidavit of Minthrope B. <
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's Lel2nd for open loop cooling systems (Paragraph 9) would be applicable to any fluid system or component which must comply with GD' Y" P4 $
AU' David J( McGohigle, Jr.
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STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE Rockingham ss.
April 28, 1988 The above-subscribed David J. McGonigle, Jr. appeared before me and made oath that he had read the foregoing affidavit and that the statements set forth therein are true to the best of his knowledge.
Before me,
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S edu O.
N%w Notary Rublic J
My Commission Expires: March 6, 1990 s
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-. 6 STATEMENT OF PROFESSIONAL QUALIFICATIONS DAVID J.
McGONIGLE, JR.
I received a Bachelor of Science degree in Chemical Engineering from the University of Notre Dame in 1981 and a Master of Science degree in Metallurgy from Rensselaer
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Polytechnic. Institute in 1984.
I have seven years of
-experience as an engineer in nuclear power systems design.
I have been employed by New Hampshire Yankee since 198S in various engineering positions.
Prior to 1985, I worked for Combustion Engineering in the NSSS Auxiliary Systems design group.
My current postion involves responstoility for Engineering interfaces on chemical, metallurgical and mechanical systems operation and design criteria.
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SENK0( STAT Engineeria9 C 1671 Worceste July 8,1981 r mning h, m
$3N 168 T.F. 34.2.5 U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Coenission Ragion I 631 Fark Avenue K.ing of Prus sia, Pennsylvania 19406 Attention:
Mr. Boyce E. Grier, Director Refere2ces: (a) Construction Fermits CFFR-135 and CFFR-136, Docket Nos.
50-443 and 50-444 (b) NRC IE Bulletin 81-03, dated April 10, 1981 Sub je ct: Response to IE Bulletin $1-03; "Flow Bleckage of Cooling Vater to Safety System Components by Corbicula sp. ( Asiatic Clas) and Mytilua sp. (Mussel)"
Dear Sir:
The following information has been prepared in response to your specific request contained in 'taference (b) for holders of :enstruction permits.
1.
Extensive sampling of the marine environ:sent that will be used for Seabrook Station source and receiving veter shows that Mytilus sp. is f ound there; Corbicula, sp., a f resh water bivalve is not. The planned method of Mytilus control vill be a combination of thermal treatment for the asin circulating water and lov level chlorination f o r se rvice wa ter s ys t aas. Implementation date for datection and prevention of system flow blockage vill be concurrent with system flooding. Because the intake structures are near mid-level in about 50 feet of water, the eff ect of veter level (tidst amplitude of about 8 feet) should not influence the potential for intrusion of Mytilus into the sys tes, The ef tactiveness of the planned methods for detection and prevention of Mytilus f ouling is adequate judged from enpirical inf atas tion.
2.
Presently, there are no cooling water systems flooded.
3.
The 1.icensee has conducted a comprehensive environmental sonitoring program beginning in 1969 and continuing through to the present.
Th-.
collectica of subtidal and intertidal hard substratee benthic organisms assures us of the presence cf Mytilus,. Mon *hly samples taken in May of 1981 showed Mytilus to be prese nt.
I
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U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission A t t':2 t ion :
Mr. Soyce H. Crior, Director Jd y 8,1931 Paso 2 Items 3 (b), (c), (d), and (e) are not perttient because no cooling wa ter sys ters have been flooded.
to the Seabrook case ne unnpower expended in the conduct of the review and preparation of this report was ten hours.
PSNH has been aware of the presence of Mytilus in the source and receiv;ng water for Seabrook Station since the inception of its environmental monitoring program in 1969 and therefore did not require additional aanpower to take corrective action vis-a-vis It Bulletin 81-03.
If you desire additional information regarding this response, please this office.
con tact Ve ry t rul y you r s,
H.
John DeVincentis Project Manager Director, Office of Inspection and Enforcement cc:
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C.
20555 CCMHONVEALTE OF MASSAGUSETTS)
)ss MIt0LESEX COUNTY
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T' ten personally appeared before :se, J. DeVincentis, who, being duly sworn.
did state that he is a Project Manager of Yankee Atomic Electric Company, that he is duly authorized to execute and file the foregoing request in the name and on the beoalf of Yankee Atomic Electric Coeps'sy, and that t'.ie s t a t ese n t s therein are true to th"e bes t of his kncvledge and belief.
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Robert H. Groce Sota ry Publ. :
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L' i,5 My Commission Expires September II.,
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possibly requiring continuous chlorine appitcation to these systems year rownc, The resulting total residual exidant concentration in the sta'. ton discharge is proposed to to iteited to 0.2 og/l by the draft NPOE5 permit.
In accision, this permit would require the applicant to perfore a biocide application einimization study, approved by the EPA Regional Aasinistrator and by the NHW54PCC Executive Of rector (NPOES Part I.4.e) that would determine tne einimal discharge of eto-cide to the environment consistent with asintenance of suitable biofouling con-trol in the intake cooling water system, condensers, and service water heat ex-changers. This requirement would tend to etnialze both the amount and duration of blocide discharges to the environment. The detailed progras description ano specifications for the minimization progran have not yet been prepared by the applicant. The proposed program will be submitted to the EPA for approval be-fore implementation. A description of the general approach for such progree.s is appended to the Stone Elec*.ric Power Plant Effluent Lieftations Guicelines (40 CFR 423) and is included in Appendix ! of this statement.
- 4. 2. 6 Power Transmission System The Seabrook transmission lines are described in the ER CP (Section 3.9), in the FEPCP (Section 3.8 and 4.1.2), in the ER OL (Section 3.9), and in tne response to staf f's questions (Questien 310.2, ER 5ection 3.9).
Discussions of transmission line rights of way, land use, and impacts are in Sections 4.3.1, 5.2, and 5.5.1 of this statement. The transmission lines are divided into snree corridors: the Seabrook Newingi,on line; the Seabrook Tewksbury line; and the Seabrook Scotte Pond line.
The Seabrook-Newington line, as noted in the construction permit, was relocated near the Packer log to avoid a st,and of Atlantic cedars. South of this goint and on the west side of I-95, tne route was rel::eted to more nearly paraitel I 95.
Except for these changes, the corridor re. dins essentially the saae as that outlined in tht FES-CP.
The Seabrook-Tewksbury and the Seabrook-SceMe P:nd lines, as proposed by t e applicant and outlined in the FES CP, would share a cosmon corridor west,e t y from Seabrook for approximately 8 ta (5 miles).
Then the seatroat Tewas:. j line would head south to Teviseury.
The Seabrook Scobie Pond line from the end of the joint corriece to its te - i-tion near Scobie Pond has undergone one location change to date:
a relocatt:-
around Cedar Swamp, as ordered in the coristruction permit (see also FEPCP
- 3. 8. 5, 4.1. 2, and 9. 2.4 ).
Seth the Seabroot Tewtsbury line and P e Sections Seabrook Scobis Pond line are awaiting final alignments as a. result of res:'.-
tions pendi.g before state hearing boards and/or court cases (Question 310.2.
ER Section 3.9).
The Seabroot mewington line has be<n constructed and ene ; :e :
Presently, the applicant indicates a schedule of completion of the Seabroc e
Tewksbury line for August 1983 and Seabrook Scobie Pond for November 1985.
there are any changes in alignments along the NRC-approved corridors that.:v :
result in a significant adverse impact that was not evaluated by the staff :-
that is significantly greater than that which is evaluated in this statement, the applicant will provide proper notificatien of such activities to the st.a
for its evaluation.
4*13 Seabrook FE5 i
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l 4.3.3 Terrestrial and Aquatic Resources 4.3.3.1 Terrestrial Resources The ecological cosinunities are described in detail in the (R-CP (Sectien 2.7.1),
Construction of the the FE5 CP (Section 2.7.1) and tha ER OL (Section 2.2.1).
station has resulted in the altaination of portions of the terrestrial bi4U c The site still centsins terrestrist fee-communities stescribed in the FES CP.
tures undisturbed by construction activities. In addition, certain' plant ccm-munities have been protected by fencing or other means to preserve their unique-The surrounding Spectina ness as judged by the applicant (ER OL p. 2.2.1).
marsh has received special attention, and it appears that construction activi-ties have not harwed it.
4 J. 3. 2 Aquatic Resources This section reviews briefly the aquatic resources of the 5estroot site anc vicinity relative to station operation that have not been evaluated previcusly or that are related to areas of concern that are new since t.he puolication of the FES CP.
The ispects to estuerine and marine tiota and fisheries from operation of the cooling systems (intake and discharge) have been assessed and f acceptable.
Section 5.5.2 sum-will not be reevaluated in this environ-ental statement.
sarites t.he previous assessments and fincings of the NRC and the U.S. Ensiron-mental Protection Agency.
Descriptions of aquatic resources inclucec in this environmental statement are relatec t.o the following eatters hat re.ain to be disclosed and assessec:
The availability of recent inf:rmat, ion on the ac.atic environment of the (1)
Seatrook site and vicinity.
Changes in the aquatic environetnt that affact previous decisions.
(2) 1 by the applicar,t to use continwows low level chlorination of pe cooling system (applied at the of f shore intate structures) for tiof owlie; A prop 354 (3)
Thereal tactflushing wowie ce control, rather than theraal tactf1wsning.
used, as necessary, to supplement lo. level chlorination.
upcating of recrea*ional afd coemercial fishery inforeation, for use in c
l (4) assessments of socioeconomic impacts and the consequences of accicen'.s updating of inferisation on endangered and threatened specie's (inc1wce
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l Section 4.3.5 that follows)
Available information on the Seat. cot Site and parine environs in the vicinity of the Seat con The ecology of the estuarint The aquatic resources are.
site was ecscribed in the FES-CP (Section 2.7.2). fisheries The applicant anc sunsarized in the NEC Alternative Site Stucy for Sentrook.
4*2?
5eatrock FIS l
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his censultaots have been studying the aquatic environs nea esfy deCument that describes the aquatic anvironment through Deceeder 1 1969.
A listing of sur-(Mormandeau, December 1977) were prs.wred by the applicant.
voys of aquatic biota and marine environmental conditions conducted since The appli-simmary document was publisi.ed appears at the end of this chapter.
cant's consultants have published several papers th The (R OL sunarizes the aquatic biological at the end of this chapter.
resources (Section 2.2.2) and recreational and commerical 2.1.3.4) of the site vicinity and the marine waters within an 80 lun (5 radius of the Seabrook site.environeent that are being conducted by Hampshire, Maine, and Massachusetts (Section 6.3).
The Marine feesystem There have been no significant changes in the ma ments discussed above that affect or alter previous conclusions.
81ofoulino Organisms.
The biofouling organisms of concern are those with the potential for or clogging of cooling system components, principally aussels (Myti and barnacles (Salanus spp.), and to a lesser e and arthropod species, and scre species of sacrea'gae.
Entry into the cooling systen will occur with the cooling water at t The plan e intake structures by the planktonic forms of the f ouling organisms.ll, tonic larvae of the principal foulers are prese n during spring throug i
nd settle
- with summer and early* fall the periods of test aC'.ive reproduct on a8 sent for the majority of organisms.and April, and mussel larve+
The eethod of biofouling control considered in the assessrents an l
discussed above was taarmel backflushing.be approximatel The prestat c :-
November, and pefhad less of ten during the remaining months.
posal is to use continuous low-level chlorinat. ion applied at the intake structures (see Section 4.2.3 4Dowei, esplemented, as' nec It say not be neces 'ry to continuously chlorinate tre entire intake side of the circulating water system year round thermal backflushing.
is a seasonal phenomenon.
In September 1940. Artensas Nuclear One, Unit 2, was shut covery that the unit f ailed to meet requirteents for minimu ling ey rate through the containment cooling units as a result "Flow llockage of Cooling water to Safety System Components freshwater bivalve class.
(Asiatic Clem) and Ngtilus sp. (Mussel)." to 4 23 Seatron FE5
en the krwan occurrence of fouling solluscs in the vicinity of nuclear power plants and on inspections of plant etuipment for fouling, as well as a oescrio.
tion of mothe<,s (in use or planned) for preventing and detecting fouling, The applicant responded to the bulletin on July 8,1941 (letter free J. Devincentis USNRC Region !) and acknowledged the presence of Mvtilus p5NM, to 8, M. Grier,ite vicinity. Although the safety related espects of
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sp. in the Seabrook s tiefeeling at Seabrook will be addressed in the safety evaluation report, the environmental impacts of biofouling control measures on receiving water quality and. aquatic biota are addressed in 1,his environmental statement (Sections 5.3.1 and 5.5.2).
Fisheries Fisheries of the Seabrook site vicinity were briefly discussed in the FES CP and in sore detail in the NRC Alternative Site Study for Seatrook. The ER OL (Section 2.1.3.4) and ER OL Revision 1 provide updated and det, ailed discussions of fisheries resources and harvests within an 80-ba (50 mi) radius of Seneroes.
The following discussion summarizes the recent information.
The coastal fishery resources within to km of Seabrook include harvests of fin-fishes, solluscs, crustaceans, and seaweeds free several counties within three states==New Hampshire (Rockingham Co.), Maine (York Co.), and Massachusetts (Essem and Suffolk Cow.ities, and portions of Morfolk and Plymouth Counties).
Marine recreational fishing occurs throughout the region within 80 km 0f Sea-Estimated harvests during recent years are showr. in Table 4.5.
The brook.
principal finfishes harvested have been cod, flounder, sackerel, pollock, smelt, cunner, herring, scup, and tomcod.
Soft shell class are harvested in all thres Lobsters are harvested recreationally in Ne-Hampshire and Massa:m usetts.
states.
Within New Hamtshire.
Lobstering in Maine is restricted to coupercial harvasting.
recreational harvests of finfish nuetered 1,375,000 in 1979 (Table 4.5) ans The principal species taken were pollock, eacte el, 744,923 in 1980 (Table 4.6).
The es',imated flounder, cod, haddock, smelt, and others (New Hampinire 1981).
harvests from Hampton Marcor are shown in Table 4.7.
Fish stocking programs are conducted by the State of New Hampshire for the purpose of managing and enhanc-ing the stocks of coastal anadromous fishes, such as American shad, como saimen, About 1157 coho saison were estimated to have oeer and eninook stimon (ibid).
caught by anglers in tidal waters during 1980, com;ared with 31a during 1975 Harvesting of soft shell clans is restrict.eo to recreational fishing in New The number of recreational Itcense holders was 2215 in 1979 and Maeoshire.
l An estimated 5000 bushels of class were harvested from Ham:t,:-
5062 in 1980.
Harbor during September 1980 through May 1981 (ER OL Revist)n 1. Table 291.3 2).
l During the period 1971 to 1976, recreational harvesting of class in HamptonThe spetfall Harbor was inte'ise and the stock was nearly depleted (Lindsay).
eensity of soft shell cleas in Hampton Marbor during 1976 was large and in-During 1977 through 1980, the scat-creased 20 fold above that. of 1975 (ibid).
fall density has been lower than in 1976, but improved compared with the leanea 1973 1975 (Normandeau R 353). Similarly, the densities of juvenile years of The and adult class have steadily increased through 1980 (Normandeau R-365).
spetfall during 1981 also was good, and the cles stock of Mrapton Harbor does
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a 24 5eatrook F(5
- 5. 3 Water Use end Wydrolonic Iscaets 5.3.1 trater quality The {spects of station chemical discharges on the quality of the waters in tne vicinity of the discharge structure in the Gulf of Maine wore discussed'in the Fis-CP. The staf f did not identify any adverse impacts on water quality nor any tapettet violations of the water quality standards established for the waters by the State of New Hampshire as a result of the discharge of sanitary systes wastes or industrial wastes (such as desineraliter regeneration solw-tiens, reactor coolant chemicals, secondary coolant feepwater treatment chemi-cels, and preoperational cleaning solutions). Secause the was, treatment, and discharge of these cheetcals has not changad since the FES CP was puolishes, the assessment therein remains unchanged.
As indicated in Section 4.2.5, the proposed treatment of the condenser and service cooling waters has changed significantly from that presented in tne FES CP.
The potential for this revised treatment scheme to adversely im;act site water quality is discussed below.
The addition of chlorine to the station cooling waters will likely reswis in several organic and inorganic halogenated compounds being discharged to the waters of the Gulf of Maine. The enact composition of the station discharge will be af fected both ey the water quality of the intake water primarily the pH, salinity, and annonia content and by the level to which the cooling waters are chlorinated (the halogen to arrnonia ratio achieved in the waters).
It is possible, then, that the discharge co*;osition froa the station will vary in both types of compounds fotaed and their concentraf en, depending on whePer the station escloys booster doses of Diccide or is sele to operate only on tne continwows low-level biocide application.
i Studies of the site waters performed for the applicant indicate generally f
stable water quality conditions in the Seabroot area, but with some seasonal Teeperature is the most oevious of these varia-cycling of parameter valves.
tions and is incertant in determining the onset of spawning and the subseowe-t settling of sarine fouling organisms at the site. Thus, water temperature is likely to be the determining f actor in tne initiation and termination of t e i
The applicant has cited the etwe continwows phase of biocide application.
aussel, Mytilus edulis, as the major fouling organism for the Seabroot site.
The identified setting perles for this organism is May through October vnen Setting has caen reportec ir water tesseratures range between 10*C to 15'C.
New England, according to the appitcant, at temperatures as low aa 8 to 9'C.
The appilcant, therefore, anticipates a need to continvowsly chier -
nate station cooling waters when the water temperature rises above 7.2*C (a5'F) however.
until the water temperatures fall below this value in the fall of the yese (response to staff question 292.19). This vow 1d typicelly correspond to the May through October time f rame (FE5 CP Section 2.5.1.3 and response to staf f twestion 291.19).
Continwows application of Diccide during these Uses is designed to provide suf ficient blecide presence in the cooling waters 80 that ar. environeemt hos-tile to aussel larvae attachment would esist throwCnout the station cooling With an initial concentration of 2 og/l total residwal osidam l
water system.
(based on four chlorinators irjecting a total of 385.5 kg/nr (848 le/ne) c' l
52 5eneroon Fis l
t 1
equivalent chlorine into a cooling water flow of 3119 m3/ min (B24,000 gpm)),
mussel setting is not likely to occur in the station intake piping.
The degree and spe ad with which this initial biocide concentration is re'duced in the sys-tem piping are dependent on the initial cospounds formed from chlorination anc (The entire demand of the intake water the chlorine demand of the intake water.
is not immediately satisfied by the station chlorinators because they utilize a sidestream of the intake waters and then mix this treated wattr with the rem ing intake water.) The type of chlorination products formed in the intake sys-tee may be deduced f-oa the amount of chlorine added, the salinity. ammonia Using the average values provided by the typlicant, concentration, and pH.
studies by Innan and Johnson (1978) and Sugam and Helt (1980) would predict that the oxidants formed would be comprised nearly entirely by hypobromous acic and brosamines (that is, in excess of 95 97% of the total oxidant formed).
Monochloramine formation would be extremely limited, if at all.
Assuming complete sizing at the initial injection locations (f.he station in-takes), residual oxidant concentration degradation during the transit of the cooling waters from the offshore intakes to the intake tran reduction) for one unit operation, and 35 to 405 (i.e., 0.7 to 1.2 og/l reduc-tion) for two-unit operation, using values available in the literature (Vong and Davidson, 1977, and Wong, 1980).
Seabrook site specific studies by the 1 24 ag/1,
. applicant (ER 0L Section 5.3.1) indicate values ranging fros 0.8 to.The applica with an average of 1.0 mg/l over & 1 year period.
the chlorine demand experienced during station operation will exceed 1.0 mg/1.
Based on the values given above and the fact that these studies were conducted in seawater alone and, therefore. do not account for any additional demand that.
say be encountered in the station ciDing from bicfilms surviving, the staf f concludes that the applicant's characterization of the system oxidant demanc This demand would seem to negate the need for booster doses of chlorine on the intake side of the cooling water system (at either the intake is reasonable.
transition structure or the circulating and service water pum Figure 4.5). oxidant demand occurs in two distinct phases of greatly differing l the division in times between rates occurring at about I h l
rate is known to be considera 1y more vigorous because of the increased te*: era introduction.
tures experienced in the station concenters and service water heat exchange 1 addition, biocide exposure to the heat transfer surfaces is short (for exa 16 see in the sain condenser) and cerrational exp through exposu*e of the biofouling film to free available oxidant as a The free of its greater oxidizing capacity over combined availa service wrter heat exchangers from a booster dose applied at the pump hous Thus, during the period of the year that continuou During the rtisinger of the year, biocide aedition would occur at these stee points for the reasons cited above, unless thermal bac at the pump houses.
Booster dose oxidant concentrations h flushing is employed.
estimated by the applicant.
- However, the injection rate will be controlled so that the samlaus tota' residu at the discharge transition structure will be 0.2 mg/l or less.
b'3 Sentract Fts i
t Over the remaining 43 ein travel tise* from the discharge transition structure to the station diffuser, additional decomposition of oxidant residual may occur.
Oxidant demand appears to be continuous and cont,inually cianging in este ov,
the t,ime period experienced in station cooling system passage. Additionally, Wong's,1Mo study showed an increase in oxidant desar.d with both water tempera-ture and initial oxidant concentration. The higher the water temper 4ture for a given oxidant concentration, the greater the change in oxidant deaana over ties.
On this basis, the staff concludes that there is likely to be a decrease in the tetti residual oxidant concent ation in the station discharge line from sne levd maintained at the discharge transition structure. The concentration at the station diffuser would Itkely be below 0.2 ag/l but a more precise estimate of this concentration cannot be made on the balls of currently available inf omation.
In addition to the presence of the active residual oxidant species in the sta-tion discharge sentioned earlier in this section, other halogenated cocoounds say be formed and discharged as a result of cooling water chlorination at the station. Studies conducted by Bean, et al. (NUREG/CR-1301) indicate that the principal haloforn found in chlorinated seawater is brosofora.
In saeples of Pacific Ocean water collected near San Onofre with a pH of 8.3 and a calculatec applied chlorine concentration of free 2.9 og/l to 3.2 og/1, brosofore concen-trations of 13.0 pg/l and 17.0 pg/l were seasured. Trace amounts (that is, less than 0.5 pg/1) of chlorodieroecrethane were also sensured.
(This latter com-pound, along with dichlorebromoesthans and chlorofore, wts found in chlorinated estuarine samples comprised of about 50% fresh water.) Other volatile organic compounds, trichloroethylene, and toluene were also detected but their concen-trations were not noted. Similar sampling (Bean, Wann, and Neitzel, 1980) at the Millstone Nuclear Power Station (intake water ;H = 8; chlorine injection concentration = 2 mg/1) indicated brosoform concentrations averaging 3.7 pg/l in the station discharge; chlorodibronomethane concentrations averaged 0.4 ug/l (that is "trace" amounts similar to San Onofre sae: ling). The staff concluces from this field sampling that brosoform will likely be the principal halogenatec organic compound present in the Seabrook Station discharge. Available cata support an estieste of about 15 wg/l fo-the concentration at the discharge structure.
Discharge of station cooling waters will be through a submerged offshore multi-pie port diffuser ($ection 4.2.3).
Japacts to the water quality and acuatic biota in the vic.inity of the discharge will be sitigated by the high dischar;e velocity and the troid mixing of the effluent with unchlorinated water entrainec in the discharge pluse. The applicant reports (ER-01. Section 5.'3) that the dilution afforded the effluent in the receiving waters is 10 to 1 by the time the plume reaches the ocean surface. Expected total residual oxidant concentra-tion at this point in the plume is 0.02 ag/l or less, depending on the amount of degradation of oxidant residual occurring in the cooling water system beyond the last booster cose addition point or the discharge transition structure anc on the amount of reduction of residual through chemical interaction with the oxidant demand of the entrained ambient water. In a study (Norsandeau Assc*
ciates,1977) of the characteristics of the circulating water system aiid its perforsance under normal two unit operation, en approximate 8-fold dilution of the discharge is projected to occur within 32 see of discharge. The estimatec volume of water in the plume to this point in time and dilution is 3700 m3
- 0uring two unit one ation. Pavel tire for one unit oceration is 85 min Seabrook FE5 54
(3 acre-f t).
Ignoring demand reactions, this represents a residual oxidant cen.
centration of about 0.025 mg/1 at the sdge of this plume volume, geyone sngs point, concentrati n of residual oxidant would continue to decrease as 'a result of dilution, time-related natural decomposition, and reaction with oxidant-demanding substances in the entrained ambient waters in the discharge pluee.
The staff evaulated the applicant's far-field thermal plume predictions and estimated the centerline time of travel of the plume for weak ambient southern and weak aablent northern currente (0.15 knot) and moderate anetent nortne current (0.(0 knot), with average heat transfer rates in all cases.
The 0.01 og/l and 0.004 og/l total residual oxidant isopleths at the plume center-line were calculated to exist at the isothere locations identified in the appli-cant's study, ignoring oxidant reduction by cheatcal reaction.
When these coatinations of residual oxidant concentration are plotted against their flow time from the point of discharge, the resulting locus of points would indicate that entrained organisms in the discharge plume would asperience exposures below both the acute and chronic toxicity thresholds identified by Mattice ane However, this time-exposure assessment would only apply to Zittel, 1976.
organisms captive to f he plurie. Mobile organisas, such as fish, would be free to move in and out sf the p1 wee.
Studies have shown (WREG/CA-1350) that fisn have the ability to detect and in fact, given the opportunity, will avoid areas containing residual exida'sts at values as low as 2 pg/l total residual oxidant (coho salmon).
Studies by Gibson, et al. (NVREG/CR-1297) on the eastern hard clan (Mercenari mercenaria) and th? Atlantic senhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) indicated tnat the inresholes for acute effects for these species from Drosofora exposure are very such greater t.han the arounts t'at have been obser ed to be produced in powe*
Sublethal e/ facts were noted, but also at concentratiers plant chlorination.
The discharge of halogeaste; above those observed in power plant chlorir.ation.
organics f rom Seabrook Station is not believed likely to cause adverse ef f on aquatic biota in the site vicinity.
Hydrologic Alterations and Floodplain Effects 5.3.2 Construction at the site had already begun at the time Executive Order 11986 It is therefore t.he staff's Ficocolain Management, was signed in May 1977.
conclusion that consideration of alternative locations fo The floodplain is defined as the lowland and relativ For the Seabrook site, the floodplain is in the low lying salt marshes surrour' ding the tidal zone in the estuary of Hasaton Har given year.
l nort.h, east, and south of the site.either heavy precipitation or a s l
The 100 yese flood was conservatively estimated by the applicant to b sean sea level (M5L), using the Federal Insurance Administra for Salisbury, Massachusetts.
location 23 km (la siles) from the Seabrook site, the water level is higher i
than that of the predicted 100 year floods at the site, at Portland, ME, a Table 5.1 snows a comparison between the applicant's estimatec I
Boston, MA.
5*5 Seebroot fE5
291.19 During the OL Stage Environmental Review site visit. the applicant indicated that a continuous low level chlorination system say be proposed f or biof ouling control in the station circulating water systas. Provision for such a system is being sade during the station's construction. This systes would be used instead of the I
l thermal back. flushing systes currently described as the biof ouling l
control sethod in the ER.
Provide a description of this ch.'orination systes, as proposed, includias:
frequency of biocide application o
o application points expected duration of application o
enount of blocide to be used during each application o
concentration of biocide to be attained in the systes o
expected total residual oxidant to be present at the point of o
discharge if interaittent application of irregular (e.g., seasonal) o applications are anticipe.ted, so describe describe any supplements 1 biof ouling control schemes (e.g.,
o periodic shock chlorination of all or part of the systsa)
Provide a discussion and bases, therefore, of the expected environmental ispect that this chlorinati:n systes would have during station operation.
i KISPONSE:
System Desetiption The pref erred biofouling control methsd f or the Seabrook Station circulating water systes is continuous low-level chlorination.
Seabrook Station is designed with the ability to control A cost biofouling by either thermal back. flushing or chlorination.
analysis f or both generati:q units indicates that backflushing on a schedule of twice a sonth during the ?ouling season and once a
~
seeth during the rest of the year would cost approstaately $3 If a schedule of backflushing only once a sonth siillion per fear.
during the biof ouling season is possible, the cost will be reduced Continuous low level to apprestaately $1.5 million per year.
l chlorination during a similar f ouling sessen at sa injection level
(
of 2.0 mg/l will cost approminately $1 4 million per year.
While the costs f or back. flushing and chlorination are similar f or the einiste expected treatment, beckflushing poses the potential of a such greater economic loss. The procedure to reverse the circulating water flow is complex and has the potential of inducing hydraulic and thermal transients which could result in a The resulting loss of electrical generation could plant shutdown.
be considerable, apptcaching $1 sillion just to bring the two units back to 1001 power. Addittomal losses could also be
.t.
incurred tecluding the delay required to realign sec5anical and electrical systems bef ore the plant could resume f uli power operation.
Sodium hypochlorite solution, the biocide to bu utilised in chlorination, will be produced on-site by four hypochlogite generators using 1,200 sps of saavater taken f rom the circulating veter systes. These generator 6 are capable of producing a total of about 848 pounds of equivalent chlorine per hour in e hypochlorite solution. This will be injected at a dosage of about 2.0 mg/l of equivalent chlorine into the circuleting water A block diagram showing water usage, chlorication systes.
injection points and residence times is provideo in Figure 291.19-1.
The main injectica point of the hypochlorite solution will be at the throats of the three of f shore intakes apprestaately three sil.a from the site. In addition, other injertion points are available in the intake transition structure, the circulating water pump house, the service water pump house and the discharge transition structure should it be necessary to inject booster doses of hypochlorite solution to maintain the chlorise residual high enough to prevent biof ouling of circulating and service water systems.
There is the possibility that the injection of 2 0 mg/l of equivalent chlorine to a sodium hypochlorite solution continuously at the intake structures say not be suf ficient to prevent f ouling The decay in some areas of the cooling and service water systess.
of chlorine in ambisot seavster could reduce residual levels below As a result, the those required f or ef fective biofouling control.
addition of booster "shock" doses at the circulating and service water pumps may be Tequired to maintain these portions of the While the frequency and system f ree of f oultag organisms.
duration of booster dosage will be dependent an operational erperience, it is expected that these will occur primarily during the vara water months when settling of fouling organises is A chlorine sinteisation progree is eryocted to be highest.
Here the level of oxidant will be conduered at Seabrook Station.
sonitored to provide ef f ective control of f ouling organisms within the cooling water systems with einimal release of oxidant co the If it is determined that ch.orisaties is not receiving waters.
completely ef f ective in the control of fouling in the intake twenel, backflushing will be utilised occasionally to provide additional f outies control.
t a concentration of Chloriae will be tsjected at a rate such 0.2 as/1 total residual oxidant and seasortw as equivalset C12 Duries the is not escoeded in the discharge transities structure.
43-etaute transit time (f or one unit operation, transit time is apprerinately twice sa long) f rom the discharge transition j
structure to the discharge dif f user, the total residual oxidant vill contieve to decrease through tocreased decay at elevated
(
The total residual oxidant concentration water temperatures.
release will thec be diluted by the dif f user flow, approatmately l f
1 l
10 to 1. and f urther reduced through additional cheatcal reactions with ambient water.
Chlorination Cheelstry The chlorination of seawater results to ao tenediate conversion of hypochlorous acid (WOC)) to both hypobronous acid (M0lt) and hypoiodous acid (WOI), yielding-chloride ions (CL'). This results is no loss of oxidising capacity. Etti (1980), reviewed literature ref erencing the reactions of chlorine la seawater.
Were, Johnson (1977), reported thi6 initial reaction to proceed to SCI cosplation withis 0.01 einutes while Susas and Wels (1977) indicated it to be essentially 99% complete within 10 seconde.
Ref arences by EPRI to Sugawara and Terada (1958) and Carpenter and Macaldy (1976) revealed that iodine in seawater is to an oxidized state, as todate, and unavailable to react with hypochlorous acid. Broside, on the other hand, is described as being to saple supply, escinated at 68 as/1, and able te consuse more than 27 ag/l of ch1 cries according to Lewis (1966).
Eypobronous acid under the conditions found at Seabrook, partic11y dissociates iato hypobroatte toes (Otr"). Both itene are considered to 'oe the f ree available or residual osidant. Free residual bromine is more reactive than free residual chlorine, yet enters into the same type reactions.
The decay of chloriae in natural esswater is extrastly <erlable.
Goldsan, et al. (1978) indicated that losses dut to r41erine demand occurred in two stages; a first very rapid r<.d significant demand followed by a continuous loss at a redua,et eate They indicated that in natural seawater, the two siosts chlorine demand ranged f rom 0.42 - 0.50 mg/l f ollowing an isittal chlorine dose of 1 02 ag/l and 2.88 as/1, respectively. Mostgaard-Jensen (1977 )
indicated that in De nma rk, esavater reduced so initial chlorine dose of 2.0 mg/l to 0.5 ag/l within 10 minutes, and to 0 2 ss/1 Tava and Theads (1977) described recent studies after 60 minutes.
on enlorine demand, giving a value f or the demand in clean seawater of 1 5 mg/l in 10 minutes, and values fros 0.035 to 0.41 f
ag/l with a $-minute contact tism to values of 0.50 to 5 0 mg/l with a 3-hour contact time in coastal vattre.
Frederick (1979) eastined the decay rate of equivalent chlorine in saavater essples at Seabrook.
It was f ound that the decayed taount at any ties appeared to vary f rom month to sonth over a narrow range and that the amount of equivalent chlorine decayed, rose with either t.de or an increased innoculation. Indicating Essed en a that there say not be a fixed chlorias demand level.
2 0 mg/l injection dose, the data indicates that the chlorine decay in seawater after a 120-sinute period averages 1 0 mg/l over a twelve-oonth period. Values ranged f rom 0.8 as/1 to 1.24 as/1 s.iecay of 40 to 62%. respectively. Further decay at Seabrook Station is erpected to occur due to the elevated toeparatures within the cooling water systes. Operational esperience. however, In will allcw quaniifttation of the chlorine decay in seawater.
any case, the chiorine injection rate will be such that 0.2 as/1 3
I or less total residuai oxidant will be mainsained at the discharge treesition structure.
The products f rom chlorination depend upon pH. salinity. the concentration of ammonia-nitrogen and organic carbon in the cooling water, tosperature, pressure, and the concentration of the applied chlorine. Worsally, the conversion of hypochlorite to hypobrosite prevents the production of chlorantsee, yielding brosamine analogs.
With the exception of traperature, the physical and chemical parameters of the Atlantic Ocean at the intake and discharge structures do not vary significantly throughout the year (Table 291.19-1).
In the marine environment. pH generally remains constant due to natural buf f ering capacitiest however, even within the narrow range of pH values at Seabrook (roughly 7.8-8.4), the proportions of hypobronous acid and hypobrosite ions can be affected.
The presence of ansonia in chlorinated seawater has a significant effect on the concentration of residual oxidants. Sugas and Wel:
(1977) as ref erenced in EPRI (1980). determined that 6t pg 3 0 and with a 35 ppt salinity. seavster containing 0.15 mg/l annonia dosed at C.5 as/1 chlorine. would result in an equal f ormation of chlor amine s and hypobronous acid-hypobrosite. A decrease in either pH or ammonia-nitrogen reduces the rate of chlottaine production. Sugas and Hel also found that in seawater with annonia coucentratious of 0.01 as/1. tribre asine is the only combined brosine residual f ormed. At asser.ia concentrations of 1.0 mg/l and a pH of 8.0. the residual was computed to be entirely that of combined brasine (70% dibrosamine. 251 sonobrosasine and l
5% trierosamine). In normal stavater, the major residual oxidants l
f rom chlorination would be either f ree bresine and tribrosamine or dibrosanime and sonochlorasine depending upon the assonia concer.tration and halogen-to-nitrogen ratios.
l At Seebrook Station, f rJe brasine and tribrosamine will dominate as amannia-nitrogen levels ars. relatively low. 0.01 ag/l to 0.09 as/1 (Traderick. 1979). Both dibrosasine and tribrosasine are unstable, detemposing to nitrogen gas and broside ions or nitrogen gas, brealde ions and hypobronous acid, respectively.
Decesposition f rom tribosasine results is roughly 901 decay in approximately 30 minutes depending upon environmental conditions.
4 l
Based on the chemical reactivity of residual bromine, the oxidation of organic carben (asino acids) with f ree bromine to f orm organic brosasines is another possible reaction.
Enviroephere (1981) indicated that eatinity and the tosicity to chlorinated seawater were positively correlated, described as a lower 24-hour and 48-hour LC50 (the concentration at which there to 301 sortality of a species over a 24-or 48-hout exposure p er i od. The causes of these lower values are unknown but suspected to be related to the chemical interactions at higher salinities and the physiology of the species. EPt! (1980) also reviewed data pertinent to salinity and toaicity. It was
.s.
i
\\
indicated that an evaluation between the two was complicated by the f act that the chemical form, concentration and duration of residual oxidant species are also affected by salinity. At Seabrook Station, the salinity is relatively high and stable, however, the dilution and cheatcal reactious of biocides with ambien
- vaters upos discharge and the subsequent limited period of exposus. reduces these effects.
Wong (1940) indicated that f or a given dosage and contact time, residual chlorine concentrations were seen to decrease systematically with tacreased temperatures. Migher temperatures were feund to yield higher chlorine desends. Me suggested that this increase in demand represente reactions with organic compounds that normally do not react at lower temperatures.
Various affects of temperature on the toxicity of chlorinated cooling water have also been reported. Irvestigations have found temperature ef f etto to range f rom producing no change in toxicity to where increased temperatures have incroseed toxicity. 3PRI (1930) suggests that the synergistic interaction between tasperature and chlorinated cootic4 water would not be great f or species residing in the erse of the thermal pluna.
The halogenated compounds expected to be released include small concentrations of hypobronous acid, hypobrosite ions, tribrosamine, dibrosamine and moecchlorastne. The actual concentrations are espected to be extremely small and the percentages are orpected to vary depending upon the environmental conditions, chemical reacticos through receved ambient demands, dilution and pho:ochanical conversions.
I Biocides entering the receiving waters via the Seabrook Station discharge are diluted by a f actor of 10 to 1, as described in
$ actions 51 and 5.3 of the st-0ts. Aa previously sentioned, a total residual oxidant concentration of 0.2 as/1, measured at the discharge trans1*, ion structure, will f urther decay during the 43-sinute transit ties through the discharge tunnel. Additional reductica through the decay of oridant is espected to occur upon the release f rom the cooling system into the receiving waters.
Losses of total residuala are attacted through renewed. sabient chloriae decay throughout the water coluan and reacticas between the onidaat and ultraviolet light which results to a light induced onidation of hypobrosite to bromate reducing the concentration of free bresias.
Thus, La consideratico of the total dilution f actor and the J
reductions associated with chemical interactions within the receivtag water, an equivalent chlorine centestration of 0.02 mg/l r'
is orpected at the surf ace apprestaately 70 seconde af ter d ischa rg e.
beyond this area, the concentrations would steadily drop off with increased dilution. Chemical and photocheatcal i
reactione promoted by solar irradiance will further reduce oxidant concentration in the receiving water.
5-1 i
Fout ina consunity_
Marine f ouling organisse can be divided into two general categories, macrof oulers and microf oulers.
Macrofoulers are those that cause substantial hydraulic-restrictions to cooling water flow (priserily the blue aussel, Mytilus edulist the horse aussel, Modiolus mediolus; barmacies, Balanus_ spp.; and hydroids, Tubularia spp.).
The microfoulers are those organisse which f ors sats or films on heat ekchange surf aces. In the New gagland region, the bive aussel is generally regarded as the sacrof ouling organtes of greatest concern.
Kicrof oulers, microscopic organic and inorganic particles, microbas and sacroscopic ar.imals and plants are also of concern, especially in condansers and heat eschangers.
Mytilus, the major microf ouling organism f ound at Seabrook Station, is present as a planktonic settling larvas f rom early Kay through late October. Heavy sets of larvae in yebruary, however, have been reported north of yortland, Maise. As with all biological components, the f requency and sagnitude of larval set is dependent on the previously sentioned physical parameters of the aquatic environment (sost notably temperature).
Mytilus_ spawns prisar11y when the water temperature rises to b e t we e n 10' a nd 15'C.
Af ter spawning, they remain as planktonic larvas f or 2 to 3 veeks or as ;ong as 3 sooths during cold water periods. Settling generally occurs at this tesperature range, but can be seen at tesperatures as low as s' to 90C.
Also, resettlement has been f ound to occur af ter detachment f rom a surface. Control of f ouling is usually initiaasd in the spring when temperatures rise above 7.20C and continues until water temperatures drop below this value in the f all.
Environmental Assesssent A level of 0.2 ag/l total residual oxidant or less will be While the
)
saintained at the discharge transition structure.
concentration of chlorine injected to maintain this level depends upon organies settling and the chlorine detend of ambient water, it is essential that the systen be maintained free of'fou11ag c
organtaas. The concentration of chlorine et the lip of the diffuser is espected to be lower than the 0.2 as/1 sessured at the An immediate reduction in discharge transition structure.
concentration due to discharge dilution f urther reduces the toxicity of the chlorine is sabient waters.
Tc avaluate the effect of this discherst on the biota it the vicinity of Seabroek Station, a review of toutet*v data f ro= open literature f or local species was perf ormed (Tails 291.19-4). An evaluation of this data has determined that the ioatisuous release of total residual oxidants at concentrations of 0.2 as/1 or less at the discharge transition structure will not preseot unsanageable stress or alter the local indigenous marine populations. Table 291 19-3 and Figure 291.19-2 provided in the 6-
Final Environmental Statement f or Seabrook Station, summartie additiemal chlertae toxicity data on marine life. The lines enclosing the data points were arbitrarily drawn by the NLC etaf f and depict the short duration and chronic tosicity thresholds f or the species reviewed.
The orposure time suet be considered in order to evaluate the toxicity of released chlorine to marine organisms. At the lip of the dif fuser, esposure time is extreeely limited. Bere, rapidly 8
entrained ambient seawater and a discharge velocity of 15 f eet per second (7.5 f eet per second f or 1 unit operation) will prevent organisse f res tahabiting this location. Estraised phytoplankton, sooplankton and ichthyoplankton, are unable to maintata thesselves withis the discharge plume or at the dif fuser lip over estended periods of time. Larger marine lif e casser saistata thanaelves adjacent to the discharle la the direct path of the plume due to high current velocities. Theref ore, a combination of very low concentrations and limited exposure periods prevents toxic ef f ects f rom occurring as a result of biocide discharge. Organisms l
entrained into the plume will be carried away f rom the discharge structures where chloriae concentrations will be continually lowered through dilution and chemical reaction.
The cona.estrat'on of total residual oxidant released by Seabrook Station is expected to be below that required to produce lethal j
effects (Tables 291.19-2 and 291.19-3). Rapid sintag, dilution and chemical reaction of released biocide with ambient water will further reduce any possible toxic concentrations. With tacreased l
distance f rom the discharge, chlories concentratica will drop as additional sizing, dilution and reactions occur. Planktonic j
organisms which passively drif t into the discharge plume will not be subjected to Lethal concentrations f or long enough dutations to be affected. With rapid dilution and a dif f user designed to avoid bottoa tapact, benthic organisms will not be exposed to continuous
(
levels of chlorine. Tish species are espected to be subjected to limited exposure times and sinimal concentration which will l
attigste possible ef f ects to discharged biocides.
Mattice and tittel report that aussel attachment is prevented at concentrations of 0.02 to 0.05 mg/l of chlorine, however so oesties is made as to the method of analysis which cesad allow f or considerable variation. Since the integrity of both the cooling and service water systess depend upea then renaistag f ree of obstructions, organisms entering the intake tanael should not be allowed to settle. A consideration of the power plant estrainment time, the ambient chlorine decay and the delta-teeperature which enhances halogen dissociation, allows f or the injection of 2 0 mg/l of equivalent chlorine to ef f ectively control bieteuling while releastas minimal non-toxic levels of exidaat late the environment.
It is comeluded that the environmental Lapact of the coattsuous er Seabrook Station will not adversely affect release of oxidant the local indigert.s marine populations. Operating eryerience s
c:vpled with a consideratico of the cyclic sature of f ou11ag l
7
erganisms may miniaise the use of biocides during periods when is not as siguificant a probles. Sections 3.6, 5 3 and biof ouling 10 5 et the seabrook Station ER-OLS have been revised accordingly to reflect the above inf ormation.
References to 211.19 1.
Socker, C. D. sad T. O. Thatcher, 1973. Toxicities of Power Flaat chemicals to Aquatic Lif e.
Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories f or U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Electric Power Basearch Institute,1980. Review of Open Literature on 2.
EPRI LA-1691, Frojse.t 077.
Ef f ects of Chlorine on Aquatic Organisms.
Power Plant Chlorination - A 3.
Electric Power Raesarch Institute, 1981.1FRI LA-1750, Project 1312-1, Final Biological and Chemical 4asessment.
taport, December 1981.
Chlorice Toxicity as a Function of Enviroephere Company,1981.
4.
Environmental Variables and Species Tolerance f or Edision Electric
!astitute.
Use of Chlorine f or Antif ouling on 5.
Fava, J. A. and D. L. Thomas, (197 7 ).
Proceedings of the Ocean Thermal toergy Conversion (OTEC) Power Plants.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Biof ouling and Corrosion Sraposius, August 1978.
6.
Frederick, L.
C., 1979. Chlories Cecay in Seavster. Public Service of New Maapahiree Goldman, J. C., e t al. (197 8). Chlorine Disappearance in Seavster.
7.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Water Rasearch, Volume 13, pp.
315-323.
Chlorine Decay in Cooling Vater and Mostgaard-Jenseu, P., et al. (1977).
8.
Discharge into Seawater, Journal WFCF, August 1977, pp. 1832-1861.
The Effect of Temperature and Ichthyological Associates, Inc.,1974.
9.
Cheatcal Follutsats on the Behavior of Several Estuarine Organisse.
Sulletin No. 11.
Effects of chlorebroataated and Chlorinated
- 10. Lidos L.
E.,
et al.,1980.
Journal of Water Follution Coeling Waters on Estuarine organisms.
Control, Vol. 52, No.l.
Chlorise and Temperature Stress on tatuarine
- 11. McLean, R. I., 1973.
Journal of Water Follution Control, Vol. 45, No. 5.
lavertebrates.
Mattice, J. S. and M. E. Zittel. Site Specific Eva12ation of Power Plant A Proposal (1976) Environmental Sciences Divisten, OtXL.
12.
Chlorisatioat
(
- 13. Mattice, J.
S., 1977.
Power Fleet Discharges: Toward More taasemable 4
Na :1 e a r Sa f e t y, V ol. 18 N o. 6, Nov. -De c.
Ef fluent Limits on Chlorine.
.g.
16.
Middaugh, D. F., et al.,19 7 7.
Responses of Early Lif e History Stages of the Striped Lass, 'Morone Senatilis', to Chlorination. Environmental Research Lab, Gulf Breese, Florida.
- 15. Radian Corporation (1980) Development Document f or Proposed Ef fluent Limitations Guidelines, New Source Perf ormance Standards and Featreatment Standards f or the Stasa Electric Point Source Category, prepared f or EFA.
16.
Robe rt s, M. M., e t al., 19 7 9.
Ef f ects of Chlorinated Seawater on Decapod Crustaceans and Mulinia Larvae. Virginia Institute of Karine Science.
EPA-600/ 3-7 9 -031.
17.
T1W, Inc., 1978. Assessment of the Ef f ects of chlorinated Seawater f rom Power Flants on Aquatic Organisse. Industrial Environmental 14 search Lab., NC.
Prepared f or the Environmental Protection Agency; EPA-600/ 7 2 21.
18.
U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Directorate of Licensing (1974). Final Environmental Statement Ratated to the Proposed Seabrook Station Units 1 sad 2 Public Service Company of New Easpshire. Docket Nos. 50-443 and 50-444.
- 19. Vong, C. T.
F., (1979-1981). The-Fate of Chlorine in Seavater; Progress I
Raport f or the Period November 1,1979 - January 31, 1981. Department of Oceanography Old Desirion University, Virginia. Prepared for the U.S.
Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-A$05-77EvC!!72.
l l
l l
t
.g.
TABLE 291.19-1 Seawater Saeple Persecters
. Total Kjeldahl-N Temp.
Salinity Ansonia-N orsanic Carbon Date (as N/1) -
10C),
met d
(ma N/1)
(as C/1) 6/29/76
.12 15 00 32.16 8.4
.09 1.0 7/29/76
.17 9 71 33 34 8.3
.07 1.0 8/26/76
.11 14.92 33.87 8 15
.04 4.5 9/28/76
.11 12.42 33 61 8.3
.07 24.0 10/26/76
.16 8.54 34.42 8.0
.08 18.0 11/30/76
.12 6.92 35.13 7.4
.09 25 12/30/76
.09 2.34 35.12 7.9
.07 7.0 1/26/77
.16 0.50 36.06 7.4
.09 30 2/23/77
.09 0.00 34.76 8.35
.05 1.0 3/29/77
.05 1.80 33.70 7.95
.01 1.0 4/27/77
.07 5.68 34.16 81
.02 16 0 5/26/77
.07 1 99 33.34 8.2
.01 3.5 6/30/77
.06 10.99 33 24 7.85
.04 9.0 Sou:ce: Frederick. 1979 t
s.. __
=
TABt.E 291.19-2 Tonicity of Chlorinated Seeweter to Aquatic 31sta (Sheet I of II)
Concentration *** Deretton Temp.
Species Stege**
(eg/1)
(eta) i'Cl Effect Reference Phytoplankten 0.095 1,440 20 50% decresee TRW (1978)/ Centile, Skelegences coetates in growth et al. (1976)*
0.6 1.7 501 decresee 13W (1970)/Cestile.
In growth et al. (1976)*
0.4-0.65 5
medeced growth tecker & Thatcher (1973) 0.34 1.440 50% decrease TRW (1978)
Cheetoceros dicipiene in growth 0.325 1.440 10 SOE decresee Centile, et al. (1976)*
Chaetoceres didyeum in growth 0.195 1.440 50% decrease TRW (1978)
Thelsestoetre eerdenskioldt!
in growth 0.310 1.440 10 SOE decrease TRW (1978)/Cestile.
Thelsesteatre recule In growth et al. (1976)*
- Reference es cited in Ertl (1980)
- Adult a valese othervloe meted.
- Ceecentrattee me f ree reeldwale valees ottierwise noted.
3 Total Reeldeel Outdant 2 Coebtned Reeldeele (chloreatmes) 31
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TABLE. _.19-2
\\
(Sheet 3 of II)
Concentration ***- Diration Temp.
)
Species stage **
(ag/1)
(mia) j'Cl Effect Reference C rwet acea ns Copepede 0.75 2
20 301 mortality Dressel (1971)*
r l
Acertia tomes 0.'5 2
25 70I mortality Dressel (1971)*
]
1.35 2
20 1001 mortality Dressel (1971)*
[
0.11-0.44 20 65 21 morta11t; Lanza, et s1. (1575)*
0.11-0.44 1,440 1001 mortality Lanza, et al. (1975)*
2.5 5
> 901 mortality McLesa (1973)
Ro' erte, et al. (1979) 0.03 2.880 50Z mortality o
l 0.02t-0.175
> 10,000 15 50I mortality meints & seseen (1577)*
l 1.0 120 50Z mortality Cent 11e, et al. (1976)*
2.5 5
50Z mortality Cent 11e, et al. (1976)*
{
0.75 2
20 30Z mortality TRW (1978) 0.75 2
25 701 mortality TRW (1978) i l
1.0 120 50Z mortality TRW (1978) 10.0
.07 50Z mortality TRW (1978) i
}
2.5 5
901 mortality TRW (1978) 0.12 2,880 20 SGI mortality Roberts & Cleeson (1978) 0.13 2.880 25 S0Z mortality Roberts & Cleceen (1978) 0.067 2,880 20 SGI mortality Roberts & Cleeson (1978) 0.029 2.880 25
$01 mortality Roberte & Cleeson (1978) l
- Reference se cited in EPRI (1980) l
- Adulte malese etberwise meted.
- Concentrattee ao f ree reeldmate unless otherwtae noted.
J I Total Reeldmal Omidaat 2 Combined Reeldmale (chloramines) 4 i
r*
r m
TABLE 293.19-2 (Sheet 4 of II)
Conce nt ra t ion * *
- Duration Temp.
Species Stage **
(og/1)
(min) i'CJ Effect Reference Copepods (coet'd) 0.11-0.44 1,440 TOI mortality Lassa, et al. (1975)*
Euryteeora affinie 1.0 360 501 mortality Centile, et al. (1976)'
2.5 9
501 mortality Centile,et al. (1976)*
Amphipode 2.5 5
41 mortality McLean (1973)
Melite nitida 2.5 180 97.21 mortality McLean (1973) 2.5 180 251 mortality McLean (1973)/TEW (1578)
Comearue op.
10.0 410 01 mortality Mclean (1973)/TRU (1978)
Coropi.lian op.
isa r nacle s j
i NaupIti 2.5 5
80Z eortality McLean (1973)/TRW (1978)
Balanus op.
- Meterence se cited in EFRI (1980)
- Muita velees otherwise noted.
- Concentrattoa se f ree reeldecle unless otherwise mored.
~
I Total Eeefdeos Oateent 2 Combined Reeldeste (c.hlereeines)
=
p TABLE li
.19-2 (sheet 6 of 11)
Conce nt ra t ion * ** Duration Temp.
Spectee Stage **
(eg/1)
(ein) 1*Cl Effect Reference I
Flah i
)
Oseerus morden 3.27 30 501 mortality seegert & Brooke (1978)*
i Aloes peeedebarangue 2.15 30 10 501 martelity Seegert & Brooke (1978)*
1 E.70 30 20 S0Z eartality Seegert & Breske (1978)'
O.297 30 30 50Z mortality Seegert & steeke (1978)*
i Aless seativelle Egg 0.57 100Z mortality Mersen & Frince (1977)*
Egg 0.33 4,800 501 mortality Morgea & Frince (1977)*
I day C.28 1,440 50Z oortality Morgae & Frince (1977)*
1 larvae 1 day 0.24 2.88C 50Z mortality Morgau & Frince (1977)*
]
Iarvae 2 day 0.32 1,440 50Z eortality Moriten & Frince (1977)*
l 1ervee 2 day 0.25 2.880 50 mortality Morgen & Friace (1977)*
j larvae 3.20 15 501 mortality Engstroe & Kirkwood (197 4
1 0.56 120 501 mortality Engstroe & Kirkwood (197 0.67 60 50Z eertality Tau (1978) j 1.20 15 501 mortality TRW (1978) i I
- Reference se cited in EPRI (1980,)
- Adulte unless otherwise noted.
- Concentrattee as f ree reefdeste unIcos otherwise nezed.
i 1 ToteI ReeIdeal Guidant i
2 Combined Besteuela (chloroetneo)
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TABLE... 19-2 (Sheet 9 of II)
Concentratioe*** Duration Temp.
Species Stage **
(eg/I)
(min) 1*Cl Effect Reference Floh (coet'd)
E ntdie meeldte (coet'd)
Young 0.13 5
631 mortality Mees, et al. (1977)*
Young 0.13 7
SOE mortelity nees, et al. (1977)*
2-br. Egg 0.38 I I,440 SOE mortality Mersee & Frimee (1977)*
2-hc. Egg 0.M 3 2,880 SC2 mortality Morgae & Frince (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.12 I,440 31 mortality Morges & Frimee (1977)*
2-br. Egg I.23 1,440 951 mortality brase & Frimee (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.16 2,880 SI mortality Merges & Frince (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.56 2,380 951 mortality Merges & Frince (1977)*
0.08-0.25 Freference
!chthyelegical Aseec.
(1974) 0.5*
Death Ichthyelegical Aseec.
(1974) 0.58 90 50Z eartelity TRW (1978) 1.20 30 50Z eortality TRW (1978)
Morone esset!Its I week O.50 I,440 501 mortality Nughee (1970)*
Istvec I month 0.30 1,440 50% mortality Must.ee (1970)*
fingesIIng 0.04-0.16 60 AT
> 50Z mortality Lemme, et al. (1975)*
l 6.9*
l l
- Reference se cited la EFRI (1980)
- Adulta volese otherwise meted.
- Concentrattee'es free reefdeste unless otherwise noted.
3 Total Reeldmel Ostdest 2 Combined Reefdmale (chloroetees) l e
(
TABLE ~4ea.19-2 (Sheet 10 of II)
Concentration *** Duration Temp.
Species Stage **
(eg/1)
(min) i'CJ Effect Reference Fish (cont'd)
Norose senat111e (coct'd)
Imbrye 0.07 I 3.51 hatched Middeush, et al. (f977) 501 mortality Middaugh, et al. (1977) 2 day 0.04 prolervee SOE mortality Middengh. et al. (1977) 12 day
<0.07 larvae 50Z mortality-Middaugh,et al. (1977) 30 day 0.04 J,r entle
< 13 hour1.50463e-4 days <br />0.00361 hours <br />2.149471e-5 weeks <br />4.9465e-6 months <br /> 0.20 2.860 501 mortality Morgan & Frince (1977)*
1ervee 24-40 hour U.22 2.880 50Z mortality Morgse & Prince (1977)*
1ervee 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> O.20 1.440 50Z mortsItty Merger & Frince (1977)*
Istvec 70 hour8.101852e-4 days <br />0.0194 hours <br />1.157407e-4 weeks <br />2.6635e-5 months <br /> 0.19 1.440 50Z mortality Morgan & Frince (1977)*
larvae
( 30Z mortality Cina & 0' Conner (1978)*
l Larvae 0-2.47 AT 60-852 mortality Cina & 0' Conner (1978)*
14 rvae 0-2.47 Eng 0.3 2 4.8 AT 50Z eortality Berton, et al. (1979)*
2 120 AT 50% mortality Burton, et al. (1979)*
Egg 0.22 Egg 0.14
- 240 AT 50% mortality Burts;. et al. (1979)*
l
- Reference se cited la eft 1 (1980)*
- Adulte unless otherwtoe meted. -
- Concent rattoa se f ree realdeslo unless otherwise noted.
I 3 Total acetdoel Guidaat I Combined Reeldeste (chlormeleco) i
i a.
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SB 14 2 E R-C L3 3.4 EEAT DIS $1FATION SYSTEM 3.4.1 Systee Concept and Reasons For Selection The taformation presented in the Seabrook Station 14 2 ER-CPS regarding the ence-through systes concept and reasons for salection is unchanged.
gene changes, however, have been made te systne specifications resulting f rom regulatory actions (9,10,11] and are described below.
3.4.2 Description of Heat Dissipation Systes 3.4.2.1 General Specifications The quantity of heat dissipated by each of the two uutts at Seabrook Station.
the resultant circulating water condensor toeperature rise, and the quantity of ocess water provided to each unit, including the additional flow for the service water heat exchanger, are the same as originally proposed (ER-CPS, Section 3,4.2).
The location of the intake and discharge structures, as well as the tunnel diameters, however, have changed.
As illustrated in Figure 3.4-1, the intake and discharge tunnels, each with a 19 foot inside disseter, extend to about 7,000 and 5,500 feet of f shore from Esapton leech, respectively. Travel time through the 17.160 foot long intake tunnel f ree the intake structure to the pumphouse is 44 minutes at the nominal flow rate of about 6.5 f t/see, which is 612,000 spe for each unit, including 22,000 spe per unit for the service water (124,000 sps total). The seminal discharge tunnel travel time is 42 minutes from the condenser to the discharge structure 16,500 feet away at 6.5 f t/sec. Travel time across the condenser is only 16 seconds.
A crose-sectional profile of both the intake and discharge systees is shown in Figure 3.4-2.
Each tunnel is constructed with a 0.5 percent slope toward the land to allow for gravity flow of water seepage toward the plant during construction and, if accessary, during dewatering of the tunnel. The intake and discharge tunnels, for example, have centerline elevations of -175 and
-163 feet below mean sea level (MSL) respectively at the ocent end, whereas the respective centerline elevations at the plant for the intake and discharge tunnels are -248 and -250 feet MSL. Each tunnel is ceanected to the outf ace at the plant by a vertical riser shaf t.
3.4.2.2 Intake Systee
.l The *weloeity cap
- concept originally proposed in the ER-CPS has been saintained, and was chosen because of its low potential for fish entrapsent l
as experienced for steller coastal structures (1, 2, 3, ej.
Figuie 3.4-1 illustratas the general layout of the intake strvetures in 3.4-1
551'42 ER-CLJ 1
l relattenship to the discharge structure, whereas Figure 3.4-3 presents the 1
dimensions as well as the elevatten and plan views of the structures.
The saattal flev rate et the outer edge of the "velocity cap" is 1.0 (pe.
Each of the three intake structures is connected to the 19 foot ID intake tunnel by a 10 feet ID riser shaf t.
The pumphouse circulating water pumps, eneral layout, etc., are unchanged f ree that outlined in ER-CPS Section
.4.2.2.
3.4.2.3 Discherme Systes Various hydrothersal model studies (6, 7, 3) Nave resulted in the selection of a submerged eultiport dif fuser as the dischstge structure. Figure 3.4-1 shows the general layout of the discharge systen and its relationshi, to the intake systee, whereas Figure 3.4-4 illustrates the dif fuser design.
As shown, the 1000 feet long dif fuser is connected to the 19 foot 10 discharge tueeel by eleven vertical riser shaf ts, each 4.5 feet in diameter, s paced about 100 f eet apart. Atop each riser shaf t are two 2.65 feet ID nessles, which in turn are approminately 7 to 10 f eet above the ses fleer in depths of water from 50 to 60 feet. The dischstge flow rate through each of the 22 nossles is 15 fys.
3.4.2.4 Mintelsation of Thermal Shock to Marine Life Refer to ER-OL3 section 5.1, Effects of operation of the Most Dis sipa tico System.
3.4.2.5 Control of Marine Fou11nd and Debris Removal Refer to ER-OLS Section 3.6 for a. complete description of earine fouling control; debris removal is unchanged from that presented in the ER-CPS.
3.4.2.6 Disposal of Debris Collecte,d in the Circulating Water Systes Information for this section is unchanged free that presented in the same section of the ER-CPS.
i 3.4.2.7 Service Water System During normal operation, the service water systee operation is unchanged f ree tha t de scribed in the ER-CPS. Newever, during heat treatment (backflushing) operetten, the service water is valved to perfore l
independently of the circulating water systee as a completely closed systee FSAR Sections 9.2.1 utilising a mechanical draf t evaporative cooling tower.
and 9.2.5 e.entain a complete description of the coo 11ng tower and its i
o pe re t tee.
1, i
k 3.6-2 i
l l
SR1&2 ER cu 3.4.3 Wydrearashic Survey and Mydrothermal Model Studtee Refer to El-Ou Settlesa 2.4.1 and 6.1.1 1 for a description of hydrographic resulte and surveye conducted for the heat diestpation system, and Section 3.1.2 for a descripties of hydrethermal model resulte and studine performed.
J I
3.6-3
SB142 E R-O LS 3.4.4 References 1.
Weight, Robert R., "Ocean Cooling Water Systee for 800 MW Poser Braties", Journal of the Fewer Division Proceedings of the American Sectety of Civil Engineers - Proceedings Paper No.1888, Decembdr 1958.
2.
Downs, D. D. and Heddoek, R.
R., "Engineering Application of Fish Behavior Studies in the Design of Intake Systees for Coastal Generating Stations", Paper delivered to Amer. Soc. of Chem. Eng. Conf erence, January 1974.
3.
Schuler, V. J. and Larson, L.
E., *Experteental Studiaa Evaluating Aspects of Fish behavior as Parseeters in the Design of Cenerating Station Intake Systess*, Paper delivered to the Amer. Soc. Chee. Eng.
Conf erence, January 1974.
4.
Schuler, V. J. and Larson, L. E., *Ispreved Fish Protection at Intake Systems", Jour, tav. Eng. Div. ASCE. 101(EEC), 1975.
3.
March, Patrick A. and Nyquist, Roger C., *Experisental Study of Intake Structures, Public Service Company of New Hampshire Seebrook Station.
Units 1 and 2", Alden Research Laboratories Report 131-76/M296DF, November 1976.
6.
Tey s sandle r, R. C., Durgin, W. W., and He cke r, C. E., *Myd rothe rmal Studies of Dif fuser Discharge in the coastal Environment: Seabrook Station *, Alden Research Laboratory Report 86-74/M2525 August 1974 7.
March, Patrick A. and Seith, Peter J., "Experimental Study of Discharge Structures. Public Service Coepany of New Hampshire Seabrook Station, Units 1 and 2*, Alden Research Laboratory Report 130-76/M296CT, November 1976.
Roge r C., Durgin William W., and Hecker, George E.,
Nyquist.
8.
"Hydrothermal Studies of lif urcated Dif f user Nossles and Thermal lackwashing: Seabrook Station *, Alden Research Laboratory Report 101-j 77/K296BF, July 1977.
l U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
- Decision of the Administrator, 9.
Ca se No. 76-7, Public Service Coepany of New Maspshire, el al.*,
Douglas Castle, /Jetatstrator, Wa shington, D.C., June 10, 1977.
U.S. Environmental Fratection Agency,
- Modifications of Deterutnations, 10.
Case No. 76-7, Public Service Company of New Hampshire, el al.", Douglas Cestle, Adelnistrator, Washington, D.C., November 7,1977.
U.S. Environmental Protectics Agency, "Decision on Resand, Case No.
11.
76-7, Public Service Company of New Hampshire, si al.*, Douglas Castle.
Administrater, Wa shington, D.C., August 4, 1978 4
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EA-OLS June 1932 3.6 CtfDr! CAL AJr0 g!0 CIDE SYSTEMS i
361 Circulatina and Service Water Systees j
h e informatten in this subsection is changed from that presented in the Seabreek Statica El-CPS as seted below.
The preferred blefoultas control method for the Seabrook Statten circulating and service water systees is coattauous low-level ch?.orination. Seabrook Station is designed with the ability to control biofoultag by either thermal backflushing et chierination.
Sodium hypochlorite solutica, the blecide to be utilised la chlottaation, will be produced es-ette by four hypochlorite generators using 1,200 sps of weawater taken free the circulattag water systes. These generators are capable of productas a total of about 663 pounds of equivalent chierine per l
hour la a hypochlorite solution. This will be injected at a dosage of about 2 as/1 of equivalent ahlerine into the circulating water systes. A block diagram showing water usage, chlottoction injection points and residence times is provided la Figure 3.6-1.
The esta injectica point of the hypochlorite solutten will be at Lt.e throats of the three offshore intakes apprestaately three siles from the site. In addition, other injecties points are avaliable la the 1 stake tranettias
(
atructure, the circulating water pump house, tne service water pump house and the discharge transition structure should it be necessary to inject booster doets of hypochlorite solution to meintain the chlertoe reeldual high enough to prevent biofouling of circulating and service water systess.
There is the possibility that the injecties of 2.0 eg/l of equivalent chlorine in a sedian hypochlorite solution continuously at the intake structures any not be sufficient to prevent fouling ta sees areas of the cooling and service water systess. The decay of chlottaa in sentent sesvater could reduce residual levels W1ev those required f or ef fective biofouling control.
As a resalt, the additica er beester doses at the circulating and service water pumps say be required to maintata these portiong of the systes f ree of fouling j
organisese While the frequency and duration of beester dosage will be dependent en operational esperience. it is espected that these will occur primarily during the were water sonths when settling of fouling organtess is highest. A ahlertae sintelsatten program to espected to be conducted at Seabreak Staties. Bere the level of outdant will be senttered to provide effective costret of feeling organises withis the cooling water systosa with stataal release of esidant to the receiving waters. If it is I
deterstaed that chlorimetten is set coepletely effective la the control of fouling to the 1 stake tunnel, backflushing v111 be utilised occastenally to provide addittenal foultas contes 1.
I Chiertoe will be 1sjected at a rate such that a concestraties of 0.2 og/l total residual esidaat and measured as equivalent (12 to not esteeded in the l
dischstge transitica structure. During the 43-staute tranett ties (one unit eperation transit time approstaately twice as loog) f rom the discharge transitica structure to the discharge diffuser, the total residual osident L
I 3.6-1 1
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$51&2 Revisicn 2 ER-OLS June 1982 will soettave to decrease through tactsased decay at elevated water t oepe ra ture s.
The total residual esidant concentration will thou be d11uted by the diffuser flow, apprestaately 10 to 1, and further reduced through addittomal cheetcal reactions with aablest water.
t Aettfeeling peist has been applied to the intake structures and accespanytag vertical riser skaf ts to reduce biofoultas prior to plant operaties. These strustates will set be subject to fouling until they are opened near the designated staties start-up.
The estreme dilution and the slow leachang rats of the copper tens f ree the estifouling peint will produce very low concentrations.
Biofouling control for the esterior of the of fshore tatake structure has been provided by the use of copper-sichel sheathing. As with the copper based palats, the leaching rate of sepper taas free the Cu-Ni sheathing te set espected to produce any detrimental environsestal effects. The discharge sessies will aise be saistained free of sarine foulias; the control method.
however, has set yet been estabitehed.
Informaties en the chemicals dischstged during the preeperational and operettenal stages of the Seabrook Stattet and their effects en the environment can be found in Sections 3 6 and 5 5 2.3 of the ytaal Environseatal Statement (yES) and Settina S.3 of the ER-OLS for the Seabrook Jtation.
(
).4.2 Industrial Vaste Systes The information la this subsection reestas unchanged from inforsation presented ta the Seabreek Statica El-CPS.
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55162 Reviston 2 ER-OLS June 1982 4
EFFECTS OF CMIXICAL AND 310CtDE DISCMARCES 5.3 The informaties in this secties to changed f ree that presented in Sectier, ).6 et the Seabrook Statten ER-CPS as neced below.
5.3 1 cheetcal and niecide Dischernes The effecte of time cheetcal cesstituents betas discharged through the cirevlettag water systes were discussed La the ER-CPS Section S.4 for Sestrook Addittomal informaties en the discharge concentrations of these Stattee.
cheatcals as well as their effects is available in the Seabrook Station Final Enviremmental stateneet Secties 3.6 and 5setton 5 5.2.3 respectively.
Discharge of all chemicals will be la accordance with applicable regulatory agency permits.
The chlertsattes of seawater results la sa tamediate converstes of hypochlereus acid (50C1) to both hypobreseus acid (509r) and hypetodeus acid This results la no less of emidistas (WOI), yielding chloride teas (Cl*).EPRI (1940) reviewed literature ref erencing the ca pac ity.
Bere. Johnson (1977) reported this reacties to proceed chlorine is seawater.
to 503 complettos within 0.01 minutes wttle Sugas and Eels (19??) Ladicated it References by IFt! to to be essentially 991 complete within 10 seconds.
Sugavara and Terada (1958) and Carpenter and Macaldy (1976) revealed that todine la seavster is la ao oxidised state, as ledate, and unavailable to Broside on the other hand is described as being react with hypochlorous acid.
in ample supply, estimated at 60 mg/1, and able to conswas more than 27 ag/l of chlertaa accordias to Lavis (1966).
Eypobroseus acid under the egedittens found at Seabreek, partially dissociates inte hypebroeite lose (obr"). Seth items are considered to be f ree Free residust bromine is sore reactive than available er residual osident.
f ree residual chlertae, yet enters into the smee type reactions.
J. C.
The decay of chlertae in natural seawater is entremely variable.
Goldsan, et al. (1978) indicated that lesses due to chlorine demand occurred in two stages; a first very rapid and significant demand fo11 owed by a They tedicated that in natural seavster, continuous lese at a reduced rate.
0.42 - 0.50 es/1 fellowing an the 2-stoute chlertoe demand ranged free tettial thiertoe dose of 102 as/1 and 2 88 agil, respectively.
Bestgestd-Jensee (1977) Indicated that la Denmark, seawater reduced as tattial chiertne deee of 2.0 et/1 to 0.5 as/1 withis 10 stoutes, and to 0.1 as/1 af ter Fava and Thomas (1977) described recent studies on chlorine demand, giving a yelve for the demand la clean seawater of 15 mg/l ta 10 40 minutes.
stautes, sed values tree 0.035 as/1 to 0.41 og/l for a 5-minute contact tite te values of 0.50 to 5 0 as/1 with a 3-hour contact time la coastal waters.
i Frederick (1979) enseined the decay rate of equivalent chlorise la oesvater It was found that the decayed noeunt at any time saeples at Se abraek,
appeared te vary f ree senth to oesti over a narrow range and that the amount of equivalent chlertne decayed ress with either time or an increased i
innoculotten level. Indicating that there may not be a fised chlertne demand i
1 ll S.3-1 l
sg162 Revision,
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s I
but suspected to be related to the cheetcal 1steractiosa at higher salinistes i
EPRI (1980) also reviewed data pertinent and the physiology of the species.It was indicated that as evaluatten between the two to salinity and testetty.
one complicated by the fact that the chasical fors, concentratten and duration At leabreek et reeldual esidaat species are sise af fected by salinity.is relatively high and s l
stattee the es11 sit) cheetcal reactiees of biocides with ambient waters upos discharge and the esbeequat limited period of espesure reduces these ef fects.
Vong (1980) tedicated that fer a gives desage and contact l
Eigher toeperatures were found to yield higher chiertne Es suggested that this tecrease la demand represents reactions with tespe ra ture s.
demand s.
organic compounds that eersally de set react at lower toeperatures.
Various af fects of toeperature sa the tonicity of chieria4ted coeltag water 1svestigat13aa have found temperature effects to have aise been reported.
f range f ree produrias es change to tomatity to where tacreased temperatures eft 1 (1930) suggests that the sysertistic have increased tonicity. interaction between temperature and chiertaated coolin for species residtag ta the area of the thermal plume.
great The halogensted coepounde espected to be released include small concentrati of hypobronous acid, hypotrosite tone, tribrossetee, dibromaatn and the pertestages are espected te very depending u sonochloresine.
photocheetcal converstens.
l Biocides entering the receiving waters via the seabreek Station discharge are diluted by a f acter of 10 to 1, as described la Sections 0.2 og/1. sessured at the discharge transition structure, will further decay ER-01,$.
Ad ditional duttag the O-staute transit time through the discharge from the cooling systes into the receivtag waters.
the water are espected threwsh renewed astient chlorise decay throughout coluna and react 1*ea between the saidant and ultravioint light which resul 1s a light-induced esidattes af hypebroette to breaste reducing the l
coecentratise of free breetne.
Thus, la ceneideretten of the total dilutten f acter and the eeductions assectated with chemical lateractions withis the receiving water, se equivaleet chartae concentrattee of 0.02 as/1 is espected at the surf ac Beyond this area, the appresimately 70 vecende after discharge.
Cheetcal and concentratises would staadily dror of f with tacreased diluttes.
phetecheetcal reactions preeeted by solar irradiance will further reduce estdent concentration la the receivtag water.
tettestee of other effluent concestrations at various distances f discharge structure are derived is the same f eehtoa se those for thermal 5.3-3 l
t
$516 2 Revision 2 E1-OLS June 1982 To evaluate the ef fect of biocides en the biota la the vicinity of Seabrook Station, a review of tunicity data f ree open literature for local species was perfereed (Table 5.3-2).
An evaluation of this data has detereetoed that the continuevo release of total residual outdants at concentrations of *0.2 as/1 or less at the discharge transitten structure will not present unsanageable stress or alter the local indigenous populations upon release to sabient Table S.3-3 and Figure 5 3-1 provided la the Final savirensestal waters.
Statement for Seabreek Staties, summarise addittotal chierine toxicity data on marine life. The lines enclosing the data points were arbitrarily drava by the rtC etef f and depict the short duration and chronic tosicity thresholds f or the spectea reviewed.
To evaluete the tonicity of released chlorine to sarine organists, the espesure time must be considered. At the lip of the dit fuser, espesure time to estremely lietted. Were, rapidly entrained ambient seavster and a discharge velocity of 15 feet per second (7.5 feet per second for 1 unit getrained operation) e111 prevent organises free tahabittas this locaties.
phytoplanktes, aeoplankton and ichthyoplankton, are unable to maletate themselves withis the discharge plume or at the dif fuser lip ever esteeded Larger marine lif e cannot natntain thessolves adjacent to perleds of time.
the discharge in the direct path of the plume. Therefore, a combination of very low concentrations, and limited esposure periode prevents tesic ef fects f ree occurring as : result of biecide discharge. Organians entrataed 1sto the plume will be carried away f rom the discharge structures where chierine concentrations will be continually lowered through dilutica and chesitel reacties.
The concentratten of total residual outdant released by Seabrook Station is espected to be below that required to produce lethal ef fects (Tables 3.3-2 and Rapid etsina, dilution and cheetcal reaction of released biocide with
- 3. 3-3).
With sekteet water will further reduce any possible toxic concentrations.
increased distance free the discharge, chlorine concentration will drop as Planktonic organises which additional sizing, dilutten and reactions occur.
late the discharge plume will not be subjected to lethal i
passively drift With rapid dilution j
concentrations for long enough durations to be af fected.
benthic organissa vill not be and a dif fuser designed to avoid bottoa tepact, Fish species are espected to be esposed to continuous levels of chlorine.
subjected to limited espesure times and sintaal concentration which will sitigate possible ef fects to discharged blocides.
Mattice and tittel report that aussel attachment to prevented at i
l concestrattene of 0 02 to 0.03 es/1 et chlorine, however no oesties is made as Stace to the method of analysis which could allow for ceasiderable variatten.
the integrity of both the cooling and service water systens dependa spen thee i
remaintag free of obstructions, organisse entering the intake tvanel should A consideration of the power plant entralmeent est be allowed to settle.
time, the ambient chlorine decay, and the delta-teeperature which enhances helegen dissociatten, allows f or the injection of 2.0 st/1 et equivalent chlorine to effectively control biof ouling while releasing statmal non-totic I
levele of enidant into the environment.
I is concluded that the environmental lepect of the continuous release of It l'
5.)-S I
$31&2 Revision 2 LA-OLS June 1932 2.
tiestric Fever Basearch Institute. 1980. Laview of Open Literature on
]
Effects of Chlorine en Aquatic Organises. 1F11 EA-1491. f reject 877.
3.
Electric Fever Research Institute.1981. Power Plant Chlertsation - A 51elegical and Cheetcal Assessment. EF11 LA-1750. Freject 1312-1. Final tapert. December,1931.
4.
Revitesphere Ceepany, 1981. Chlorine Toxicity as a functica of Savironmental Variables and Species tolerance for Edison tiestric lastitJte.
5.
Fava, J. A. and D. L. Theses (197 7). Use of Chlertne for Antifouling on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power Plants. Proceedtags of the Ocean Thermal toergy Conversion (OTEC) Biofouling and Correston S ympo s t us. Augus t. 1978.
6.
Frederick, t. C.
1979. Chlortoe Decay la Seawater. Public Service Ceepany of New Maspshire.
7.
Goldman, J. C., e t al. (1974). Chlorine Disappearance to Seawater.
Woods Mole Oceanographic Institution; Water Basearch Volume 13. pp.
313-323.
8.
Ro stg aa rd-Jens en. F., e t al. (197 7 ). Chlorine Decay in Cooling Water and Discharge into Seavster. Journal VFCT. August, 1977 pp. 1832-1341.
9.
Ichthyological As sociates. Inc.,1974 The Ef fect of Temperature and Cheetcal Fellutants on the behavior of Several tatuarine Organisse.
i Bulletin No. 11.
i 10.
Ltdan. L. W., et al., 1980. Effects of Chlorebreatnated and Chlottested Cooling Vaters en Estuarine Organises. Journal of Water Follution Control. Vol. 52. No. 1.
11.
McLean
- 1. !.
1973. Chlertse and Teeperature Stress on tatuarine Journal of Water Folluttes centrol. Vol. 45. No. 5.
1 Invertebrates.
Mattice. J. 8. sad M. E. tittel. Site Specific Evaluation of Fever Plant 12.
Chierimetteet & Freposal (1976) Environeestal $ctences Divisten. CLNL.
- 13. Mat tice J. S.
197 7.
Fever Plant 01schargest Toward More lessonable Ef flueet Liette sa Chlertee. Du c l e a r Sa f e t y. Vo l. 18. No. 6. No v. -De c.
t
- 14. Middaugh. D.
F., et al., 1977. Responses of Early Life Mistory Stages of tavirenseet si the Striped Sass. 'Merene Sanat111s'. to Chlorinaties.
l tasearch Lab. Oulf Sresse. Florida.
l
- 15. Radian Carperetten (1980). Development Document for Proposed Ef fluent Liestations Guidelines New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatsent I
Standards for the Stese Electric Fotnt Source Category prepared for EFA.
5.)-7 t
I i
58L62
- a. vision 2 ER-OLS Jun ggag l
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Total Ejeldehl N T.sp.
Salinity Amment.-N Ortanta C4rbon Cate (ma W/1)
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.11
-.92 33 87 S.15
.06 8.5 9/28/76
.11 12.62 33.61 8.3
.07 26.0 10/26/76
.16 8.56 36.62 8.0
.08 1A.0 11/30/76
.12 6 92 35 13 7,9
.09 2.5 12/30/76
.09 2.36 35 12 7.'
.07 7.0 1/26/77
.16 0.50 36.06 7.8
.09 3.0 2/23/77
.09 0.00 36.76 8.35
.05 10 3/29/77
.05 1 80 33.70 7.95
.01 10 6/27/77
.07 5.68 36 16 81
.02 16.0 5/26/77
.07 5.lt 33.36 8.2
.01 3.5 6/30/77
.06 10.99 33 26 7.85
.04
9.0 Source
Frederick, 1979
$81&2 Revision 2 EA-CLS June 1982 1 1 1 L.'
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Source:
Seabrook Station FI5; 1974 PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE Suuu ARY OF CHLORINE ToxlCITY SE.ABROOK STATION. UNITS 1 & 2 OATA QN WARINE LIFE ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT OPERATING LICENSE STAGE l FIGUAE 531
SR1&2 se,Leton 2 ZR-OLS Juns 1982 10.S S10 CIDE SYSTDt3 The information la this section has changed from that presented la the Seabroek Station 1 and 2 ER-CPS, es seted below.
The method of biofeeling centrol selected for the circulatias and service f
As sater systems for Saabroek Station is continuous low-level chlorisation.
)
described la secties 3.6 of the ER-OLS for the Seabrook Staties, sediaa hypochlorice solution will be produced on site by four hypochlorite generators asing 1,200 spe of osawater takes free the circulating water system.
j Injecties of about 2 as/1 of equivalent chloriae as hypochlorite solution at the threats of the three offshare intake structures will provide for the saia Additiemal injection pelats are located in the transition injecties points.
structure, the circulattag water pump house, the service water pop house and the discharge transition scructure should it be necessary to inject beester deoes to maintata as effective antifoulant chlorina residual.
A cast analysis for both generatius units indicates that backflushing on a schedule of twice a neath during the fouling season and esce a meeth during If a the rest of the year would cost approminately $3 million per year.
schedule of backflashing only once a month during the biofouling seases is possible, the cost will be reduced to approminately $1.5 millies per year.
Continuous low-level chlorisation during a stallar fouling season at so lajection level of 2.0 mg/l will cost approtisately $1.4 million per year.such a rate as to Sodium hypochlorf te will be injected at it the 0.2 as/1 er less of total residual osidaat measured as equivalent C12 discharge transition structure.
While the costs for backflushing and chlorination are staller for the stairua espected treatment, backflushing poses the potential of a auch gr f
and has the potential of f aducing hydraulic and thermal transiests w econceic less.
I result is a plaat shutdown.
to bring the two units back to be considerable, approaching J1 millica justAddittomal lesses could also be f required to realiga eschastest and electrical systems before the plant could 1002 power.
resume full power operation.
Additiemal informaties is presented ta Sections 3.6 and 5 3 of the El-OLS for Saabreek Staties.
1 t
10.5-1 i
"9T...
J
s st 1 & 2 FSAA When all the valves are out of service, the stees r,enerator safety valves provide the relieving rapacity required to maintain the stees systes within the design limits.
no effects of pipe breaks are considered, since all piping is located in the turbine building where the effect of pipe breaks will not jaopardise the safe shutdown of the plant.
10.4.4.4 Tests and Inspections During preoperational and initial startup testing, the steam dump systes will be tested to verify proper valve performance and overall system dynamic response as described in Chapter 14.
j 10.4.4.5 Instrumentation Requi?esents The steam dump system is controlled by a systes which compares turbine power to reactor power by means of toeperature and pressure inputs. The specific mode of operation (T.ovg or steam pressure) can be selected through a selector switch sounted at the sain control board (MCB). Valve position insications are also available at the MC3. The steam dep control system is discussed in Subsection 7.7.1.4, and is analysed for the following control modes t a.
Load rejection
(
b.
Flant trip c.
Steam header pressure Interlocks are provided to block steam dap operations on low-low Tavg to prevent excessive cooldown of the primary plant and to protect secondary plant equipoent if the condenser is unavailable, as sensed by the condenser pressure switches and the circulating water pump breaker positions. Figure 7.2-1 (Sheet 10) shows the functional details and the interlocks pertaining I
to the steam dump control system.
10.4.5 circulatian Water Systes The circulating water systes provides cooling water to the main condensers to remove the heat rejected by the turbine cycle and auxiliary systems.
Discussiosa pertaining to the interface between the circulating water systee, the service water system and the ultimate heat sink are found in Subsections 9.2.1 and 9.2.5.
j 10.4.5.1 Desirn Bas g a.
The cirevlating water systes design is based on sa average ocean water toeperature of $50F, a combined condenser heat lead for the 1
l two units of 1.6 1010 Stu/hr during normal full-load operating
)
conditions, and an average discharge water temperature increase of 39oF for normal operation with both units.
10.4-11
$51&2 Amend:ent &$
FSAR June 1982 b.
The design of the system also includes the capability for furnish-ing cooling water to the service water systes, and returning it to the cirevlating water discharge flow.
c.
The circulating water systes is designed to operate safely at.
estrose high tide and minisus predicted tide (see Subsection 2.4.11.2), and to permit operation of the turbine generatot during condenser steau dwsp conditions without occurrence of a condenser low vacuus trip.
d.
Provisions for continuous low-level chlorination (as shown on Figure 10.4.3A), and heat treatment of the tunnels are included for control of fouling by marine organisms.
e.
The design of the circulating water systes structures is non-seismic Category 1, with its components also non-seismic Category I and non-safety related.
10.4.5.2 systen Description The general arrangements of the various structures and components comprising thea circulating water systes are shown in Figures 1.2-46 through 1.2-44 and 1.2-52 through 1.2-55.
The circulating water system consists of the following principal structures.
1)
Two tunnels connecting the plant site with three submerged offshore
(
intakes and a sultiport discharge diffuser.
2)
An intake transition structure.
3)
A purphouse.
1 l
4)
A pair of fluses which join the intake transition structure to the pusphouse.
l l
5)
A discharge transition structure.
1 6)
An underground piping systes, interconnecting the pumps in the pumphouse, the condensets, and the transition structures.
i The flow diagras of the circulating water systes is shown in Figure 10.4-3.
l During normal operatiosa, the circulating water systes provides a continuous flow of ap;rosisately 390,000 sps to the condensers of each unit and 21.000 sps per unit for the service water systes.
l
)
Starting 260 font below the riant level (240 feet below mean sea level), at the bottom of vertical 19'-0" finished dienster land shafts, two tunnels estend out under the ocean at an ascending grade of about 0.5% until they reach their respective of fshore terminus locations about 160 feet below the ocean's surface. The tunnels, which are eachine bored through bedrock to a 22'-0" dieseter, are concreto-lined to provide the finished 19 foot dieseter.
l 10.4=12 1
l 1
o WW !&2 Amendment 45 IIAE Just 1932 8
e i
e The intake tvanel is approximately 17,000 feet long, and is connected to the ocess by means of three 9'-10%" finished disseter concrete-lined shaf ts, spaced between 103 and 110 feet apart and located approximately 7000 feet 1
of f the shore 1 Lee in 40 feet of water. A submerged 30'-4" diameter concrete intake structure ("velocity,;ap") is mounted on the top of each shaf t to alaisise fish entrapeent by reducir,g the intake velocity.
The discharge tunnel is approximatiety 16,500 feet long, and is soosected to the essas by means of eleven, S'-1" finished inside dieseter concreto-lined shaf te, spaced about 100 feet apart, located approximately $000 feet off the Seabreek sesch shoreline in water up to 70 feet deep. A double-nomale fixture is attached to the top of each shaft to increase the discharge velocity and diffuse the heated water.
The circulating water portion of the pumphouse encloses six 14' wide cituu-lating water traveling screens (3 per unit) and six circulating water pumps (3 per unit). A seismic Category I reinforced concrete well separates the circulating water portion frem the service water portion of the pumphouse structure. The water is pumped through two 11 f t diameter pipes (1 per unit) leading to the condensers, and in returned through two 10 ft diameter dis-charge pipes (1 pet unit) cosaec:ed with the tunnel tranpities structures.
Water to the service water section of the pumphouse is supplied by two pipe-lines branching of f each of the tunnel transition servetures.
Fouling by growth of marine organisms is espected to occur from the point where the sea water enters the i.ntake structures up into the condenser. Con-trol of fouling in the intake structures and inlet tunnel will be by con-tinuous low-level chlorination. In addition, heet treetsent, where the direction of flow in the tunnels is temporarily reversed, and the discharge 4+
temperature raised by recirculation is also available as a means of control-ling marine growth. In this acde, the warm water from the condenser is returned to the ecean through t.he intake tunnel, while the discharge tunnel is used to supply ocean watet"t;o the plant. To heat treat the discharge pipes and tunnel, tre temperstyre of the condenser outlet water is temporarily raised by racirculating sees of the discharge water back to the condensers through the pumphouer.
The pumphouse, pipes leading to the condensers, and the condensers can ba i
dewatere4, inspected, and clenned as required to control fouling.
I 10.4.5.3 Safety Evaluation p
i Since the cirew1 sting water systes is considered non-safety related, the safety evaluaties, therefore, concerns itself with the ef fect of a f ailure of this system or any of its components on safety related systema or eesposeaea.
If the circulating water flev rate falls below the minious required amount due to a aalfunction la the systes, the sein condenser may no toeger be able te adequatoly condense main steas, but there will be no effect en the safe shutdown capability of the plant.
10.4-13 l
~
g
$4AaRoce( 57ATICW v
1 gngmeedne Omes.
1071 Wenmow teod Pub 8c SeMce of New HompsNro Mask 8a. W68*ehwne* 017o 14171. g72 8100 Ma rc h 7, 1983 SRN-4RA T.F. B4.2.5 United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, D. C. 20555 l
Attention:
Mr. Edwa rd L. Jorda n.
Director Division of Engineering and Quality Assurance Office of Inspection and Enforcement
References:
(a) Construc tion Pe rmi t s CPPR-13 5 and CPPR-136, Docke t Nos. 50-443 and 50-444 (b) USNRC Letter, dated April 10, 1981, "It Mulletin 81-03, Flow Blockage of Cooling Water to Safety System Components l
by CORBICULA SP. (Asiatic Clam) and SfYTILUS SP. (Mussel),"
B. H. Grier to V. C. Ta llma n (c)
PSNH Le t ter, da ted July 8,1981,
"'e sponse to IE Mulle t t a 81-03; Flow Blockage of Cooling Water to Safety System Components by CORBICULA SP. (Asiatic Clam) and FYTILUS SP.
(Mussel)," J. Oe'vincentis to B. H. Crier (d) USNRC Letter, dated January 24, 1943, "!E Bulletin No.
81-03; Flow Blockage of Cooling Water to Safety Components by CORBICULA SP. ( Asiatic Clam) and MYTILUS SP. (Pussel),"
E. L. Jordan to J. DeVincentis Su bjec t :
Additional Response to IE Bulletin 81-03; Flow Riockage of Cooling Vater to Safety System Components by CORBICULA SP.
(Asiatic Clam) and NYTILUS SP. (Mussel)
Dear Sir:
In response to your request for inf ormation (Reference (d)], the materials relevant to the description of planned thermal treatment and chlorination practices, as well as inf ormation identifying all saf ety-related systems affected at Seabrook Station. have beeri presented in the follnwing Uer document:
N11RF.C-o A9 5, Final Envi ro nment a l te s t ement related to the enerattnn of Seabronk Station. Unter 1.ind 2. Oneket No s. 50-44 3 m ed 50-444, Public Service Company of New I8A90 shire, et 41..
IPCember 19R2, Sectinnt 4.7.$,
4.3.3.2. 5.3.1 l
l r
l cc:!-s, e c e.no v : eve.-:r:. e e: : e 2:2 to.::::.... :::: tn l
tinited States Nuclear Regulatory enmmission
.irrh 7, lor)
W w
Attention:
Mr. Edward L. Jordan Pace 2 Additional information has also been provided in the followinP, documents prepared by PSNH:
Response to RAI:
291.19, Seabrook Station Fnvironmental Report Operating License State, January 19R2 Seahrook Station Applicants Fnvirnnmental Panort - Opera t in: 1.t e e r...
Stage, Public Service Company of New Hampshi re, Volume 1, Sections 1.4, 3.6 5.3, 10.5 Seabrook Station Final Safety Analysis Report, Public Service Company o' New Hampshire, Volume ll, Sec tion 10.4.5 copies of the previnus tv sub-itted maaerials listed above are enclosed f or your inf orr.a t i on.
Very truly vours, YANKEF. ATOMIC F.LEC*RIC COMPANY
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' Pro jec t "a n a r e r ALL/fsf Enclosures cc:
Atemic tafety and Licensing Board tervice List l
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i.1 January 1983. The quantities of radioactive material that the NPC staff calculates will be released from the plant during normal operations, incluc,ng anticipated operational occurrences, are presented in Appendix 0 of this state-eent, along with examples of the calculated doses to individual members of sne public and to the general population resulting from these effluent quantities.
The staff's detailed evaluation of the solid radwaste systen and its capability to accoseodate the solid wastes expected during normal operations, inclucing anticipated operational occurrences, will be presented in Chapter 11 of sne
$ER.
As part of the operating license for this facility, the NRC will require Tecn-nical Specifications limiting release rates for radioactive saterial in liquid and gaseous effluents and requiring routine monitoring and mensurement of all principal release points to ensure that tne facility operates in confermance with the radiation-dose design objactives of Appendix 1.
4.2.5 Nonradioactivs Waste Treatment Systees With the exception of the applicant's planned method for control of biofouling l
in the station cooling systems, there have been no Changes to the nonradioactive waste treatment systems of Seabrook Station from those presented in the FES-CP.
The proposed biofouling control procedures are discussed below. As was indi-cated in the FES CP, all station westewaters, except stars water runoff and a portion of the nonradioactive floer drainage, will be routed to the station discharge tunnels for discharge oi'f shore with the station cooling water (respons to questions 291,20 and 240.20).
Store water runoff and nonradioactive floor drainage from the diesel generator building and the fire pumpheuse will oe routed, after treatmer.t, to the Browns River. Table 4.3 is a summary of expecte:
nonradioactive wastes. There will be no discharge of wastes to grounewater in the site vicinity.
In the FES-CP, the applicant identified severs) eensures to control biofoulin; in the station cooling water systems. These were thermal backflushing, periccic shock chlorination of the circulating and service rater systems, and stenanical cleaning and antifoulant paint applications. The first two methods would be employed while the station is operating; the third method would be performec The pro-while one or both units were shut down (see FES CP Section 3.4.5).
posed procedure was to have employed circulating water-system flow-reversal heat treatment, producing temperatures at the system exits (that is, station intake strue.tures) of about 110*F (a3'C) for 1 to 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br />. This procacure =as projected to be used twice a ser.th for the period June through October anc ence Shock chlorination of the cooling every 2 months for the remaining months.
water systems was to supplement the thereal treatments. Sequential treatrent of the station condensers was pisnned, with applications of sodium hypochlorite solutions not exceeding 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day. Expected saxteve free available cai-The staff recosaendation was that the dant was 0.25 mg/l at the diffuser.
station discharge be sonitored for total residual oxidant and that the maxime concentration at the dif fuser outlet be contre 11ed to 0.1 og/1.
The applicant has proposed' in the NPOE5 permit application that continuous lo-level chlorination of the circulating water system be used to control Diofoulte;
' Letter f rom B. B. Beckley. P5u to T. Landay, EPA, dated January 30.19M (NPOES permit appiscation).
l
'*9 Seabroot F(5 t
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Table 4.3 Cheetcals added to discharge i
4 Maxieue estimated Yearly discharge concentration in -
Chemical (total Ib) effluent (ppa)
Ooerational 1
l
- 5.5 x 108 Chlorine (Cla) l oxidant 0.2 Total residua Sulfuric acid (50.8-)
1.9 x 105" 0.1 Sodium hydroxide (Na+)
1.7 x 10
O.1 3.6 x 108 Hy1regine (N H.)
Morpholine (C.N,N0) 1.2 x 108 0.000007 i
l Preoperational Hydroxyacetic acid 1.9 x 108 4.6 x 108 Formic acid 7 x 102 Trisodium phosphate 3 x 108 Monosodium phosphate 6 x 103 Disodium phosphate Sodium nitrite 2.4 x 10*
Citric acid 1.2 x 10'
'Sased on regeneration of one train per day.
(response to question 291.19), with supplementation, as necessary, by thermal The applicant cites (1stter of January 30, 1981 and response backflushing.
to question 291.19) the following economic, tecnical, environmental, and safety-related reasons for preferring biocide application (supplemented by thermal backflushing on an as needed basis) for biofouling control in station systems over full reliance on thersal backflushing:
The cost of continuous low-level chlorination during the fouling season at an injection level of 2.0 mg/l is estimated to be about $1.4 million per (1) year, while thermal backflushing is estimated to c The use of continuous low-level chlorination does not involve adjustments to station power level, cooling system flowrates, or alternatives inAll of these (2) station cooling water flow paths or directions.
Seabrook Station operation would be affected by thermal backflushing.
Thus, the use of continuous low-level chlorination is judged by the applicant to be a sispler and more readily employable procedure for biofouling control at Seabrook Station than thermal backflushing.
The use of continuous low-level chlorination s't the (3) under the NPDES permit is not espected to result in significant adverse effects on receiving water quality such that designated uses for th waters would be jeopardized.
4*10
$eserook FE5
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limited to the vicinity of the discharge diffuser and, to a lesser exteng*
the station thermal plume. Use of thersal backflushin; would introduce periodic thermal stresses to the area around the intake strwtures in addition to the area already af facted by the normal station discharge.
the use of thermal backflushing, unlike use of continuous Finally,l chlorination, has the potential for introducing hydraulic ano (4) low-leve thersal gradients within the station cooling systes that could adversely affect normal station operation. The return of both units to full power operation could incur costs approaching 51 million plus the loss of full station generating capacity during the period of repair and power level increase.
Concurrent use of biocide application and thermal treatment is not plannec ey the applicant. Infrequent thersal backflushing may be performed at too station for operator training and systes test purposes.
Provisions have been sade during the construction of the station for biocide injection into the cooling water flow at the three offshore intakes and at tne intake transition structure, the circulating water pump house, the service water Sodium hypochlorite solu-pump house, and the discharge transition structure.
tion would be added to the cooling water flow primarily at the intake structures, with the other injection points available for booster dosage should the offshore locations not provide a suf ficiently high dose in the system heat exchangers Figure 4.5 is a block to control biofouling (response to Question 291.19).
diagram of the system, showing system structures, biocide injection points, water flow rates, and travel times.
The applicant has stated (letter of January 30,1981) that no measurable resid-ual exidants are expected to be present at the station discharge. Althcugn the applicant does not state a reference minimum detectable oxidant residual, fer chlorine the minimum detectable concentration for compliance purposes is usually taken as 0.1 og/) total residual oxidant.
The preliminary draft NPDES permit for Seabrook Station (Appendix H) would re-evire that the use of biocide for biofouling control at the station be limitec to chlorine only, unless approval from the EPA Regional Administrator and tne New Hampshire Water Supply and Pollution Control Conseission (NWS&PCC) Execut.e Director is obtained for use of any other Diocide(s).
In addition, this permit would restrict total residual oxidant discharges from the condenser and service cooling waters during station operation to 0.2 og/l saximum at.apoint prior te where the chlorinated streams six with any other discharge. The applicant plans to control total residual oxidant concentration in station cooling waters to this marious value at the discharge transition structure (response to Question 291.19).
There is no limitation in the proposed draft MPDES permit on the duration of in-dividual applications or time of year that biocides may be used at the station.
Howtver, the applicant asserts, and the staf f concurs, that biofouling is likely to be a seasonal probles such that treatment of the entire intake side of the station cooling system with blocide say not be required throughout the year Control of slime buildup in station concenters (response to Question 291.19).
and heat enchangers is anticipated to be a recurring need throughout the year.
4 11 Seabrook F(5
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possibly requiring continuous chlorine application to these systems year round.
The resulting total residual oxidant corcentration in the station discharge is proposed to be limited to 0.2 ag/l by the draft NPDES permit. In accition, inis permit would require the applicant to piirform a biocide application einimization study, approved by the EPA Regional Aasinistrator and by the ms&PCC Executive Director (NPOES Part I.4.e) that would detersine the minimal discharge of rio-cide to the environment consistent with saintenance of suitable biofouling con-trol in the intake cooling water systesi, condensers, and service water heat ex-changers. This requirement would tend to sinimize both the amount and duration of biocide discharges to the environment. The detailed progran description ano specif
- cations for the minimization pr> gram have not yet been prepared by the a;plicant. The proposed program will be submitted to the EPA for approval be-fore implementation. A description of the general approach for such programs is appended to the Steam Electric Power Plant Effluent Limitations Guicelines (40 CFR 423) and is included in Appendix ! of this statement.
4.2.6 Power Transmission System The Seabrook transmission lines are c:escribed in the ER-CP (Section 3.9) in the FES CP (Section 3.8, and 4.1.2), in the ER OL (Section 3.9), and in the 1
response to staff's questions (Question 310.2, ER 5ection 3.9).
Discussions of transmission line rights of-way, land use, and impacts are in Sections 4.3.1.
5.2, and 5.5.1 of this statement. The transmission lines are divided into snree corridors: the Seabrook Newington line; the Seabrook Tewksbury line; and the Seabrook-Scobie Pond line.
The Seabrook Newington line, as noted in the construction permit, was relocated near the Packer Bog to avoid a stand of Atlantic cedars. South of this point and on the west side of I 95, the route was rele:ated to more nearly paraitel I-95.
Except for these changes, the corridar re ains essentially the same as that outlined in the FES-CP.
The Seabrook-Tewksbury and the Seabrook Scobie Pond lines, as proposed by the applicant and outlinec in the FES CP, would share a cosamon corridor weste t y from Seabrook for approximately 8 ave (5 miles). Then the Seabrook-Te=ts:. y line would head south to Tewksbury.
The Seabrook-Scobie Pond line free the end of the joint corridor to its te -
e-tion near Scobie Pond has undergone one location change t.o date:
a relo:ati:-
around Cedar Swamp, as ordered ir, the construc+, ion permit (see also FES-CP Sections 3.8.5, 4.1.2, and 9.2.4).
Seth the Seabrook-Tewksbury line and *.ae Seabrook-Scobie Pond line are avaiting final alignaants as a. result of res:'.-
tiens per4ing before state heari % boards and/or court casts (Question 310.2.
ER Section 3.9).
The Seabroot Mevington line has been constructed and ene*g :e:
Presently, the applicant indicates a schedule of completion of the Seabroot-j' Tewisbury line for August 1983 end Seabrook Scobie Pond for November 1985 there are any changes in aligruNints along the NRC approved corridors that =oi :
result in a significant adverse impact that was not evaluated by the staf f o-that is significantly greater than that which is evaluated in this statereat, the applicant will provide proper notification of such activities to the si,a
for its evaluation.
Seabroot FE5 4 13
l 4.3.3 Terrestrial and Aquatic Resources 4.3.3.1 Terrestrial Rescurces The ecological communities are described in detail in the EL CP (Section 2.7.1).
Construction of the the FES-CP (Section 2.7.1), and the ER-OL (section 2.2.1).
station has resulted in the elimination of portions of the terrestrial biotic The site still contains terrestrial fea-communities described in the FES-CP.
tures undisturbed by construction activities. In addition, certain' plant com-munities have been protected by fencing or other means to preserve their uniewe-The surrounding Spartina ness as judged by the applicant (ER OL p. 2.2.1).
marsh has received special attention, and it appears that construction activi-ties have not har)ed it.
4.3.3.2 Aquatic Resources This section reviews briefly the acuatic resources of the Seabrook site one vicinity relative to station operation that have not been evaluated previews 1y or that are related to areas of concern that are new since the publication of the FES CP.
The impacts to estuarine and marine biota and fisheries from operation of the cooling systems (intake and discharge) have been assessed and found to be Secause environmental concitions have not changed, the impacts acceptable.
Section 5.5.2 swe.-
will not be reevaluated in this envirensental statement.
sarites the previews assessments and fincings of the NRC and the U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency.
Descriptions of squatic resowaces included in this environmental statement are relatec to the following eatters that remain to be disclosed and assessec:
The availability of recent inf ore.ation on the acuatic environment of the (1)
Se4Drook site anc vicinity.
Changes in the aquatic environment that affect previous decisions.
(2)
A proposal by the applic8nt to use continwows low-level chlorination of tse cooling system (applied at the offsnore intate structures) for biofowlir; (3)
Thereal bactflushing wowic ce control, rather than thereal bactf1 wining.
usec 45 necessary, to supplement low level chlorination.
updating of recreational and con =ercial fishery inforestion, for use in assessments of socioeconomic impacts and the consequences of accicents (4) updating of information on endangered and threatened species (included im (5)
Section 4.3.5 that fo11ews)
Available Information on the 5eatacek Site The ecology of the estuarine and marine environs in the vicinity of the 5es: oca The aquatic resources and site was described in the FES-CP (Section 2.7.2).Hampinire waters of the Gulf of Maine w fisheries of Nespton Harbor and New The applicant anc summarized in the NRC Alternative Site Study f or Seabrook.
4 22 5eserook FE5
his consultant 3 have been studying the aquatic environs nea eary document that describes the aquatic anvironment through December 1 1969.
A listing of sur-l (Normandeau, December 1977) were prepared by the applicant.
voys of equatic biots and serine environmental conditions conducted since The appli-suesnary document was published appears at the end of this chapter.
cant's consultants have published several papers th The ER OL summarizes the aquatic biological at the er.d of this chapter.
resources (Section 2.2.2) and recreational and commerical f 2.1.3.4) of the site vicinity and the marine waters within an 80 ka (5 radius of the Seabrook site. environment that are being conducted by Maapshire, Maine, and Massachusetts (Section 6.3).
The Marine Ecosystem There have been no significant changes in the ma ments discussed above that affect or alter previous conclusions.
81ofoulino Oecanisms The biofouling organisms of concern are those with the potential fo or clogging of cooling system components, principally aussels (Myt and barnacles (Balanus spp.), and to a lesser extent polychaete ver exae;1e, Spircrbis spp.), tunicates (for example, Melcu1_a spp.),
and arthropod species, and ser:e species of sacrea*gae.
Entry into the cooling system will occur with the cooling water a The plane intake structures by the planktonic forms of the fouling organisms.
- fall, tonic larvae of the principal foviers are prestat during spring through i
and settle-with suener and early~ fall the periods of aest active reproduct on Barnacle larvae are present during Maren sent for the majority of organisss.and April, and aussel larvae a The method of biofouling control considered in the assesstents discussed above was thermal backflushing.
be approxiestely twice per sonth during the wareer sonths of April t The presen ; :-
November, and pefhaps less often during the remaining months.
posal is ta use continuous low-level chlorination applied at the intake structures (see Section 4.2.3 above), stcoteetnted, as'.nece It. say not be necessary t.o continuously chierinate tre 1
entirt intake side of the circulating water systes year round, b thermal backflushing.
is a seasonal phenomenon.
In September 1980 Arkansas Nuclear One, Unit 2, was sh covery that the unit f ailtd to oest requirements for minisu ling ey rate through the containment cooling units as a resu "Flow Blockage of Cooling water to Safety System Co freshwater bivalve class.
l (Asiatic Clan) and Mytilu_s sp.The bulletin required the submittal to NRC of construction permits.
l 4* U Statrook FES l
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on the known occurrence of fouling solluses in the vicinity of nuclear power plants and on inspections of plant equipment for fouting, as well as a coscrip-tien of methoc,a (in use or pier.ried) for preventing and detecting fouling. The applicant responded to the bu11stin on July 8,19t1 (letter free J. Devincentis p5NH, to S. M. Grier, USNRC Region !) and acknowledged the presence of Mytilus sp. in the Seabrook site vicinity. Although the safety related aspects of biofouling at Seabrook will be addressed in the safety evaluation report, the environmental impacts of biofouling control seasures on receiving water quality and aquatic biota are addressed in this environmental statement (Sections 5.3.1 end 5.5.2).
Fisheries
)
Fisheries of the Seabrook site vicinity were briefly discussed in the FES CP and in more detail in the NRC Alternative Site Study for Seabrook. The ER OL (Section 2.1.3.4) and ER OL Revision 1 provide updated and dotatted discussions of fisheries resources and harvests within en 80-km (50 mi) radius of sentroom.
The following discussion summarizes the recent information.
The coastal fishery resources within 80 ta of Seabrook include harvests of fin-fishes, so116ses, crustaceans, and seaweeds free several counties within three states-New Hampshire (Rockingham Co.), Maine (York Co.), and Massachusetts (Essen and Suffolk Counties, and portions of Norfolk and Plymouth Counties).
Marine recreational fishing occurs throughout the region within 80 na of Sea-Estimated harvests during recent years are shown in Table 4.5.
The brook.
principal finfishes harvested have been coc, flounder, sackerel, pollock, smelt, cur.ner, herring, scup, and temcod.
Sof t shell clams are harvested in all three Lobsters are harvestec recreationally in We-Hampshire and Hassachusetts.
s tate s.
Within New Hamoshire, Lobstering in Maine is restricted to coereercial harvasting.
recreational harvests of finfish nuebe*ed 1,375,000 in 1979 (Table 4.5) anc 744,923 in 1980 (Table 4.6).
The principal species taken were pollock, eacte el, The estimatec flounder, cod, haddock, smelt, and others (New Hampsnire 1981).
Fish stocking programs are harvests from Hampton Harbor are shown in Table 4.7.
conducted by the State of New Hampshire for the purpose of sanaging and enhanc-ing the stocks of coastal anadromous fishes, such as American shad, como salmer.
About 1157 coho salmon were estimated to have over and chinook saleon (ibid).
caught by anglers in tidal waters du ing 1980, comoared with 314 during 1979.
r Marvesting of sof t shell class is restricted to recreational fishing in New l
The number of recreational license holders was 2215 in 1979 and l
Hampshire.
5062 in 1980. An estimated 5000 bushels of class were harvested from Nam: ton Harbor during September 1940 through May 1981 (ER OL Revision 1. Table 291.3 2).
During the period 1971 to 1976, recreational harvesting of class in HamptonThe spatf411 Martier was intense and the stock was nearly depleted (Lindsay),
density of soft shell class in Hampton Harbor during 1976 was isrge and in-During 1977 through 1980, the spat-creased 20 fold above that of 1975 (ibid).
i f all density has been lower than in 1976, but improved compared with the leanee i
1973 1975 (Normandeau R 353). Similarly, the densities of juvenile years of The and adult class have steadily increased through 1980 (Normandeau R 366).
spatf all during 1981 also was good, and the clea stock of N#366 ton Narbor does l
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l.3 Water Use end Rydrolocie locacts l
S.3.1 tiater Quality l
The impacts of station chemical discharges on the quality of the waters in the vicinity of the discharge structure in the Gulf of Maine were discussed'in the F($ CP. The staf f did not identify any edverse focacts on water quality nor any ag ected violations of the water quality standards established for the waters by the State of New Hampshire as a result of tl.e discharge of sanitary systes wastes or industrial wastes (suct, as desineralizkr regeneration solw-tions, reactor coolant chemicals, secondary coolant feedwater treatment chemi-cals, and preoperational cleaning solutions). Because the use, treatment, anc discharge of these chemicals has not changed since the FES CP was publishec, the assessment therein remains unchanged.
As indicated in Section 4.2.5, the proposed treatment of the cendenser an:
service cooling waters has changed significantly from that presented in the FES CP.
The potential for t,his revised treatment scheme to adversely impact site water quality is discussed below.
The addition of chlorine to the station cooling waters will likely result in several organic and inorganic halogensted compounds being discharged to the waters of the Gulf of Maine. The exact composition of the station discharge will be af fected both by the water quality of the intake water--primarily the pH, salinity, and annonia content -and by the level to which the cooling waters are chlorinated (the halogen-to-arva.cnia ratio achieved in the waters).
It is the station will vae) in possible, then, that the discharge com;osition froa both types of compounds forned and their concentration, depending on whetter the station employs booster doses of biocide or is able to operate only on tne continuous low-level Diccide application.
Studies of the site waters performed for the applicant indicate generally stable water quality conditions in the Seabroot area, but with some seasonal Temperature is the sost obvious of these varia-cycling of parameter valves.
tions and is important in deterinining the onset of spawning and the subseawe-t settling of marine fouling organisms at the site. Thus, water temperature is likely to be the determining f actor in the initiation and termination of t*e The applicant has cited the blue continwows phase of biocide application.
aussel, Mytilus edulis, as the major fouling organism for the Seabrook site.
The identstied setting period for this organism is May through October wnem Setting has been.reportec in water temperatures range between 10*C to 15'C.
New England, according to the applicant, at temperatures as low 44 8 to 9'C.
The applicant, therefore, anticipates a need to continuously chio"-
nate station cooling waters when the water temperature rises above 7.2*C (a5'F) however.
until the water temperatures f all below this valwe in t,he f all of t,he year (response to staff question 291.19). This would typically correspond to t,ne tLay through October time f rame (FE5 CP Section 2.5.1.3 and response to staf f question 291.19).
Continwows application of biocide during f.hese times is designed to provide suf ficient blecide presence in the cooling wat,ers so that an environment hos-tile to aussel larvae attachment vowld exist throughout the station coolin; With an initial concentration of 2 og/l total residwal osidan'.
water system.
(based on f evr chlorinators irjecmg a total of 385.5 kg/hr (848 lb/nt) of 52 Seatroos rgs l
l equivalent chlorine into a cooling water flow of 3119 m*/ sin (824,000 gem)),
aussel setting is not likely to occur in the station intake piping. The cegree and spe ad with which this initial biocide concentration is re,duced in the sys-tem piping are dependent ca the initial coacounds formed free chlorination anc the chlorine demand of the intake water.
(The entire desand of the intake water la not immediately satisfied by the station chlorinators because they utilize a sidestream of the intake waters and then six this treated wateLP with the remain-i ing intake water,) The type of chlorination products fomed in the intake sys-tee may be deduced from the amount of chlorine added, the salinity, ammonia concentration, and pH.
Using the average values provided by the applicant, studies by Innan and Johnson (1978) and Sugam and Heiz (1980) weuld predict that the oxidants formed would be comprised nearly entirely by hypobroecus acic and brosamines (that is, in excess of 95 97% of the total oxidant formed).
Monochloramine formation would be extremely limited, if at all.
Assuming complett mixing at the initial injection locations (the station in-takes), residual oxidant concentration degradation during the transit of the cooling waters frca the offshore intakes to the intake transition structure at the station wuuld be expected to range between 60 to 705. (i.e.,1.2 to 1.a eg/1 reduction) for one-unit operation, and 35 to 40% (i.e., 0.7 to 1.2 og/l reduc-tion) for two-unit operation, using values available in the literature (Wong and Davidson, 1977, and Wong, 1980), Seabrook site-specific studies by the
. applicant (ER-OL Section 5.3.1) indicate values ranging ft:a 0.e to-1.24 ag/1, The applicant expects that with an average of 1.0 sag /l over a 1 year period.
the chierine demand experienced during station operation will exceed 1.0 mg/1.
Bastd on the values given above and the f act that these studies were ecnducted in seawater alone and, therefore, do not account for any additional demand that say be encoun*ered in the station piping from biefiles surviving, the staf f concludes that the applicant's characterization of the system oxidant demanc This demand would seem to negate the need for booster doses is reasonable.
of chlorine on the intake side of the cooling water system (at eithtr the intake transition structure or the circulating and service water pump houses; see However, the studies by wong and Davidson, 1977, indicate that Figure 4.5).
oxidant demand occurs in two distinct phases of greatly differing rates, with the division in times between rates occurring at aeout I hr after oxidant Also, at this point in the cooling water system, biofouling gec t-introduction.
rate is known to be considerably more vigorous because of the increased tenera- :
tures experienced in the station corcensers and service water heat exchange-s.
addition, biocide expcsure to the heat transfer surfaces is short (for exa-:'e, 16 see in the main condenser) and cperational experience (ANL/ES-12,1972) na snown that the greatest effectiveness in this portion of tne, system is attaiate through exposure of tre biofouling film to free available oxidant as a resul The free of its greater oxidizing capacity over com'ined available a
service water heat exchangers from a booster dose applied at the pump houses.
Thus, during the period of the year that continuous c During the remainder of the year, biocide addition would I
occur at these same points for the reasons cited above, unless thereal bact-at the pump houses.
Booster dose oxidant concentrations have not been However, it is stated (ER OL $ection 5.3.1) that flushing is employed.
estimated by the applicant.the injection rate will be controlled so that t at the discharge transition structure will be 0.2 ag/l or less.
5'3 Seatreet FES
Over the remaining 43 min travel tise* free the discharge transition structure to the station diffuser, additional decomposition of oxidant resicual may occur.
Oxidant demand appears to be continuous and cont,inually cianging in rate over the Lies period experienced in station cooling system passage. Additionally, Wong's 1940 study showed an increase in oxidant demand with both water tempera-ture and initial oxidant concentratien. The higher the water temperature for a given oxidant concentration, the greater the change f ri oxidant demand over time.
On t.his basis, the staff concludes that there is likely to be a decrease in the total nsidual oxidant concentration in the station discharge line from sne level maintained at the discharge transition structure. The concentration at the station diffuser would likely be below 0.2 mg/l but a more precise estimate of this concentration cannot be made on the basis of currently available inforsation.
In addition to the presence of the active residaal oxidant species in tne sta-tion discharge sentioned earlier in this section, other halogenated compounds may be formed and discharged as a result of cooling water chlorination at the station. Studies conducted by Sean, et al. (NUREG/CR-1301) indicate that tne principal halofern fcund in chlorinated seawater is brosoform.
In sarples of Pacific Ocean water collected near San Onofre with a pH of 4.3 and a calculatec applied chlorine concentration of free 2.9 og/l to 3.2 og/1, brosoform concen-trations of 13.0 pg/l and 17.0 pg/l were measured. Trace amounts (that is, less than 0.5 pg/1) of chlorodibromomethane were also sensured.
(This latter com-pound, along with dichlorocrocemethane and chloroform, was found in chlorinated estuarine samples comprised of about 50% fresh water.) Other volatile organic cor. pounds, trichloroethylene, and toluene were also detected but their concen-trations were not noted. Similar sampling (Bean, Mann, and Neitzel, 1980) at the Millstone Nucletr Power Station (intake water pH = 8; chlorine injection concentration = 2 mg/1) indicated broeoform concentrations averaging 3.7 pg/l in the station discharge; chlorodibrosomethane concentrations averaged 0.4 ug/l l
(that is "trace" amounts similar to San Onofre sar;11ng). The staff concluces l
from this field saepling that brosoform will liLely be the principal halogenatec organic corrpound present in the Seabrook Station discharge. Available data support an estimate of secut 15 pg/l for the concentration at the discharge l
structure.
l l
Discharge of station cooling waters will be througn a subierged offsnore ruit'-
pie port diffuser (Section 4.2.3).
Ispacts to the water quality and acustic biota in tha vicinity of the discharge will be sitigated by the high dischaa;e velocity and the rapid sizing of the effluent with unchlorinated wcter entrainec in the discharge plume. The applicant reports (ER-OL Section 5.'3) that the dilution afforded the effluent in the receiving waters is 10 to 1 by the time the plume reaches the ocean surface. Expected total residual oxidant concentra-tion at this point in the plume is 0.02 og/l or less, depending on the amount of degradation of oxidant residual occurring in the cooling water system beyond the last booster dose addition point or the discharge transition structure ano on the amount of reduction of residual through chemical interaction witn the I
oxidant demand of the entrained ambient water.
In a study (Norsandeau Asso-ciates, 1977) of the characteristics of the circulating water systen and its performance under normal two unit operation, en approximate 8 fold dilution of the discharge is projected to occur within 32 set of discharge. The esti-atec volume of water in the plume to this point in time and dilution is 3700 m3
'Ouring two unit oceration, t avel tire fo' one unit oceration is 85 m Seatroot FES 54 l
1 l
(3 acre-f t).
Ignoring demand reactions, this represents a residual oxidant cen.
centration of aa>out 0.025 mg/l at the edge of this plume volume. geyonc tais point, concentratiin of residual oxidant would continue to decrease as 'a result of dilution, time-related natural decomposition, and reaction with exicant-demanding substances in the entrained ambient waters in the discharge plume.
The staf f evaulated the applicant's far-field thermal plume prerdictions and estimated the centerline time of travel of the plume for weak, sabient southern and weak ambient northern currents (0.15 knot) and moderate ambient northern The current (0.40 knot), with average heat transfer rates in all cases.
0.01 og/l and 0.008 og/l total residual oxidant isopleths at the plume center-line were calculated to exist at the isothers locations identified in the accli-cant's study, ignoring oxidant reduction by chemical reaction.
When these combinations of residual oxidant concentration are plotted against their flow time from the point of discharge, the resulting locus of points would indicate that entrained organises in the dischargs pitme would asperience exposures below both the acute and chronic toxicity thresholds identified by Mattice anc Zittel, 1976. However, this time exposure assessment would only apply to organisms captive to the plume. Mobile organisas, such as fish, would be free Studies have shown (NUREG/CR 1350) that fisn to move in and out of the plume.
have the ability to detect and in fact, given the opportunity, will avoid areas containing residual exidants at values as low as 2 pg/l total residual exicant (coho saloon).
Studies by Gibson, et al. (NUREG/CR 1297) on the eastern hard clea (Mercenaria mercenaria) and the Atlantic senhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) indicatec that sne threshoics for acute effects for these species from brosofors exposure are very such greater than the arounts that have been obten ed to be produced in po e-Sublethal effects were notec, but also at concentrations plant enlorination.
The discharge of halogenatec above those observed in power plant chlorination.
organics f res Seabrook Station is not believed likely to cause adverse ef fec on aquatic biota in the site vicinity.
5.3.2 Hydrologic Alterations and Floodplain Effects Construction at the site had already begun at the time (secutive Order 11985.
It is therefore tne staff's Floocplain Management, was signed in May 1977.
conclusion that consideration of alternative locations for The floodplain is defined as the lowland and relative For the Seabrook site, the floodplain is in the low lying salt
(
tarshes surrounding the tidal tone in the estuary of Hampton Harbo given year.
(
north, east, and sout.h of the site.either heavy precipitation or a s The 100 yese flood was conservatively estimated by the applicant to b mean sea level (M5L), using the Federal Insurance Administr location 23 ka (14 siles) from the Seabrook site, the water level is higne for Salisbury, Massachusetts.
than that of the predicted 100 year floods at the site, at Portland, ME, Table 5.1 shows a comparison between the applicant's estimatec loston, MA.
- I Seabrook Fl$
l 1
l l
1 l
291.19 During the OL Stage Environmental Raview sita visit. the etpite.ng indicated that a continuous low level chlotinst;on system gay oe proposed f or biofouling control in the stacion circulating watwr systes. Provision for such a systen to bsing made during the station's construction. This systes would be used instead of the thermal backflushing systes currently described as the biof ouling control sethod in the ER.
Provide a description of this chlorination systes, as proposed. including s frequency of biocide application o
o application points expected duration of application o
amount of biocide to be used during each application o
concentration of biocide to be attained in the system o
expected total residual oxidant to be present at the point of o
discharg e if intermittent application of irregular (e.g., seasonal) o applications are anticipated so describe describe any supplemental biof ouling control schases (e.g..
o periodic shock chlorination of all or part of the system)
Provide a discussion and bases, theref ore. of the expected environmental ispect that this chlorinatien system would have l
during station operation.
l 1
j RISPONSE:
Systes Description The pref erred biofouling control method f or the Seabrook Station circulating water systes is continuous low-level chlorination.
Seabrook Station is designed with the ability to control A cost biofouling by either thermal backflushing or chlorination.
analysis f or both generating units indicates that backflushing on f
a schedule of twice a sooth during the f ouling season and once a oonth during the rest of the year would cost approximately $3 If a schedule of backflushing only once a month j
sillies per year.
l durius the biof ouling season is possible, the cost will be reduced Continuous low level to approximately $1.5 stilion per year.
chlorination during a similar f ouling season at an injection level of 2.0 mg/l will cost approximately $1.4 million per year.
While the costs f or backflushias and chlorination are sis 11st f or the sinists expected trcatsent, backflushing poses the potential of a much greater economic loss. The procedure to rewarse the circulating water flow is complex and has the potential of inducing hydraulic and thermal transients which could result in a The resulting loss of electrical generation could plant shutdown.
be considerable. epproaching $1 million just to bring the two units back to 1001 power. Additional losses could also be 1
Locurred including the delay required to realign sechanical and electrical systees bef ore the plant could resume f uli power operation.
Sodium hypochlorite solution, the biocide to be utilised in chlorination, will be produced on-site by four hypochlotite generators using 1,200 spa of seawater taken f rom the circulating water systes. These generators are capable of producing a total of about 343 pounds of equivalent chlorine per hour in a hypochlorite solution. This will be injected at a dosage of about 2.0 mg/l of equivalent chlorine into the circulating water A block diagram showing water usage, chlorination system.
injection points and residence times is provided in Figure 291.19-1.
The sain injection point of the hypochlorite solution will be at the throats of the three of f shore intakes approximately three siles f rom the site. In additios, other injection points are available in the intake transition structure, the circulating i
water pump house, the service water pump house and the discharge transition structure should it be necessary to inject booster doses of hypochlorite solution to maintain the chlorise residua high enough to prevent biof ouling of circulating and service water systems.
There is the possibility that the injection of 2.0 as/1 of equivalent chlorine in a sodius hypochlorite solution continuously the intake structures may not be sufficient to prevent f ouling at The decay in some areas of the cooling and service water systems.
of chlorine in ambient seawater could reduce residual levels below As a result, th:
those required f or ef f ective biofouling control.
addition of booster "shock" deses at the circulating and service water pumps may be taquired to maintain these portions of the While the f requency and systes f ree of f ouling organisms.
duration of booster dosage will be dependent on operational is expected that these will occur primarily during erperience, it the wars water months when settling of fouling organisse is A chlorine miniaisation progree is expected to be highest.
Here the level of oxidant will be conducted at Seabrook Station.
sonitored to provide ef f ective control of f ouling organisms within the cooling water systems with einimal release of oxidant, to the If it is deternised that chlorisation is not receivtag waters.
completely ef f ective in the control of fouling to the intake tuseel, backflushing will be utilised occasionally to provide addittoa41 f ou11rg control.
Chlorise will be injected at a rate such that a concentration of 0 2 as/1 total residual oxidant and sessured as equivalent C1 2 During the te not escoeded is the discharga transition structure.
43-einute transit time (f or one unit operation, transit time is approximately twice as long) f rom the discharge transittoa structure to the discharge dif f user, the total residual oxidant vill continue to decrease through increased decay at elevated
(
The total residual oxidant concentratico water temperatures.
release will then be diluted by the diffuser flow, app rominately 2-
' ' - - - - - -.-.. _ ~. _. _ _..,, _ _ _ _ _
10 to 1. and f urther reduced through additional chemical reactions with ambient water.
Chlorination Chemistry The chlorination of seswater results in an insediate conversion of hypochlorous acid (HOC 1) to both hypobronous acid (MC&r) and hypoiodous acid (H01), yielding. chloride ions (C1~). This results in no loss of oxidising cape. city. EP11 (1980), reviewed literature ref erencing the reactions of chlorine in seawater.
Here, Johnson (1977), reported this initial reaction to proceed to 50% completion within 0.01 minutes while Susse and Hals (1977) indicated it to be essentially 991 complete within 10 seconds.
Ref erences by EPRI to Sugawara and Terada (1958) and Carpenter and Macaldy (1976) revealed that iodine in seawateg to in an oxidized state, as todate, and unavailable to react with hypochlorous acid. Broside, on the other hand, is described as being in ample supply, estimated at 68 ag/1, and able to consuas more than 27 l
ag/l of chlorine according to Lavis (1966).
Hypobronous acid under the conditions found at Seabrook, partially dissociates into hypobrosite ions (Chr"). Both itees are considered to be the f ree available or residual omidant. Free residual bromine is more reactive than f ree residual chlorine, yet enters into the same type reactions.
The decay of chlorine in natural seawater is extrasely variable.
Goldman, et al. (1978) indicated that losses due to chlorine demand occurred in two stages; a first very rapid and significant demand followed by a continuous loss at a reduced rate. They indicated that in astural seawater, the two sic.ute chlorine demsed ranged f ros 0.42 - 0.50 es/1 f ollowing an initial chlorine dose of 1.02 as/1 and 2 88 as/1, respectively. Mostgaard-Jensen (1977) indicated that in De nma rk, seawater reduced an initial chlorine dose of 2.0 mg/l to 0.5 mg/l within 10 minutes, and to 0.2 as/1 after 60 minutes. Tava and Thomas (1977) described recent studies on enlorine demand, giving a value f or the demand in clean i
seawater of 1 5 mg/l in 10 minutes, and values from 0.035 to 0 41 as/1 with a 5-ainute contact time to values of 0.50 to 5 0 mg/l with a 3-hour contact time in coasts 1 waters.
Frederick (1979) eassined the decay rate of equivalent chlorine in saavater samples at Seabrook. It was f ound that the decayed amount at any time appeared to vary f ree sonth to month over a J
narrow range and that the amount of equivalent chlorine decayed, l
rose with either tims or an increased innoculation, indicating j
there say not be a fixed chlorine demand level. Based on a that 2 0 mg/l injection dose, the data indicates that the chlorine l
decay in seawat6r af ter a 120-sinute period averages 10 mg/l over a twelve-sonth period. Values ranged f res 0.8 ag/L to 124 as/1.
a decay of 40 to 621, respectively. Further decay at Seabrook Station is expected to occur due to the elevated tesperatures within the cooling water systes. Operational enyertence, however, In will allow quantification of the chlorine decay in seawater.
any case, the chlorine injection rete will be such that 0.2 as/1 3
or less total residual oxidant 'will be maintained at tne discharge l
transition structure.
j The products f rom chlorinatiou depend upon pH, salinity, the concentration of ansonia-nitrogen and organic cerbon to the cooling water, temperatura, pressure, and the concentre41on of the applied chlorine. Normally, the conversion of hypochtorite to hypobrosite prevents the production of chloraminas, yitidiad brosamine analogs.
With the exception of temperature, the physical and ch6aical parameters of the Atlantic Ocean at the intake and discharge structures do not vary significantly throughout the yodt (Table 291.19-11.
In the marine environment, pH genwrally rCaates constant due to natural buf f ering capacities; however, even pithin the narrow range of pH values at Seabrook (roughly 7.g-8 6),#the proportions of hypobronous acid and hypobrosite ions can be i
affected.
The presence of assonia in chlorinated asawater has a significant effect on the concentration of residu6l oxidants. Sugas and Hel (1977) as ref erenced in EPRI (1980), determined that at pt 3 0 and with a 35 ppt salinity, seawater containing 0.15 mg/l annonia dosed at 0.5 mg/l chlorine, would result in an equal f ormation of chloramine s and hypobronous acid-hypobrosite. A decrease in either pH or ammonia-nitrogen reduces the rate of chloramine production. Sugas and Hel also f ound that in seawater with ansonia concentrations of 0 01 as/1, tribrensnine is the only combined bromine residual formed. At ansonia concentrations of 1.0 mg/l and a pH of 8 0, the residual was computed to be entirely l
that of combined brosine (70% dibrosamine, 251 sonobrosamine and 5% tribrosasine). Is normal 6savater, the major residual oxidants f rom chlorination would be either f ree brosine and tribromasine or dibrosasine and sonochloramine depending upon the ansonia concentration and halogen-to-nitrogen ratios.
At Seabrook Station, f ree bromine and tribrosamine will desinate as ansonia-nitrogen levels are relatively low 0.01 as/1 to 0.09 i
l as/1 (yrederick, 1979). Both dibrosasine and tribrosamine are f
unstable, decomposing to nitrogen gas and broside ions or nitrogen gas, breside tens and hypobrosous acid, respectively.
l Decesposition f rom tribonasine results in roughly 90% decay in 1
approminately 30 minutes depeading upon environmental conditions.
Based on the chemical reactivity of residual bromine, the oxidation of organic carbon (asino acide) with f ree brosine to f orm organic brosamines is ansther possible reaction.
Envirorphere (1981) indicated that salisity and the tesicity to chlorinated seawater were positively correlated, described as a lower 24-hour and 48-hour LC50 (the concentration at which there is 501 mortality of a species over a 24-or 48-hour espesure period. The causes of these lower values are unknown but suspected ta be related to the chemical interactions at higher salinities and the physiology of the species. EPRI (1930) also reviewed data pertinent to salinity and toxicity. It was
.t.
~
r Indicated that an evaluation between the two was cosplicated by the f act that the chemical f ors, concentration and duration og residual oxidant species are also affected by salinity. At Seabrook Station, the salinity is relatively high and stable, however, the dilution and cheatcal reactions of biocides with i
ambient waters upon discharge and the subsequent limited period of exposure reduces these ef f ects.
Wong (1980) indicated that f or a given dosage and contact time, residual chlorine concentrations were seen to decrease systematically with increased temperatures. Migher temperatures were found to yield higher chlorine demands. He suggested that this increase in demand represents reactions with organic compounds that normally do not react at lower temperatures.
Various af f ects of temperature on the toxicity of chlorinated cooling water have also been reported. Investigations have found temperature ef f ects to range f rom producing no change in toxicity to where increased temperatures have increased toxicity. EPRI (1980) suggests that the synergistic interaction between temperature and chlorinated cooling water would not be great f or species residing in the area of the thermal plume.
The halogensted ecapounds expected to be released include asall concentrations of P,7?bronous acid, hypobrosite ions, tribromasine, dibresamine and sonochlorasine. The actual concentrations are emneteed to be extremely small and the percentages are Supacted to vary depending upon the environmental conditions, chealcal reactions through receved ambient demands, dilution and photochemicci conversionr.
t l
Biocides estering the receiving watere via the Seabrook Station discharge are diluted by a f actor of 10 to 1, as described in Sections 5 1 and 5 3 of the Et-Ots. As previously sentioned, a total residual oxidant concentration of 0.2 as/1, sessured at the discharge transition structure, will f urther decay during the 43-minute transit ties through the discharge tunnel. Additional reduction through the decay of oxidant is expected to occur upon the release f rom the cooling systes into the receiving *aters.
Lasses of total residuals are expected through renewed aabient chlorine decay throughout the water coluan and reactions between the oxidaat and ultraviolet light which results it a light induced oxidation of hypobronite to bromate reducing the concentration of free breeine.
Thus, is consideration of the total dilution f actor and the reductions associated with chemical interactions within the receiving water, an equivalent chlorine concentration of 0 02 mg/l is expected at the surf ace approximately 70 seconde af ter discharg e. Beyond this ares, the concenttations would steadily drop off with increased dilution. Chen14a1 and photochemical reactions promoted by solar irradiance will further reduce oxidant concentratten in the receiving water.
Foutina Consuelty Marlee f ouling organises can be divided into two general categories, macrofoulers and microfoulers.
Macrof oulers are those that cause substantial hydraulic-restrictions to cooling water flow (primarily the blue aussel, Mytilus_ edulis; the horse aussel, Modiolus sodiolus; b.tenacles, gatanus opp.; and hydroids. Tubularia spp.).
The microf oulers are those organises which f ors sats or filma on heat enchange surf aces. In the New England region, ths blue aussel is generally regarded as the escrofouling organise of greatest concern.
Microf oulers, sieroscopic organic and inorganic particles, sterobes and microscopic animals and plante are also of concern, especially in condensers and heat exchangers.
Mytilus, the sajor ascrof ouling organtes f ound at Seabrook Station, is present as a planktonic settling larvae free early Kay through late Octooer. Heavy sets of larvae in yebruary, however, have been reported north of Fortland, Maine. As with all biological components, the f requency and magnitude of larval set is dependent on the previously sentioned physical parameters of the aquatic environment (sost notably temperature).
Mytilus spawns primarily when the water temperature rises to 0 and 15'C.
Af ter spawning, they remain es between 10 planktonic larvas f or 2 to 3 weeks or as long as 3 sooths during Settlica generally c: curs at this temperature cold water periods.
ranse, but can be seen at temperatures as low as 8' to 9'C.
Also, resettlement has been f ound to occur af ter detachment f rom a Control of foulica is usually initiated in the spring surface.
when temperatures rise above 7.20C and continues until water temperatures drop below this value in the fall.
Environmental Assessment A level of 0.2 ag/l totsi residual oxidant or less will be While the maintained at the discharge transition structure.
concentration of chlorine injected to asintain this level depends upon orgamies settling and the chlorine demand of ambient water, it is essential that the systes be asistained f ree of' f ouling The concentration of chlorine at the lip of the organisms.
dif fuser is expected to be lower than the 0.2 ag/l sessured at the An immediate reduction in discharge transition structure.
concentration due to discharge dilution f urther reduces the toxicity of the chlorine in ambient waters.
la the To evaluate the eff ect of this discharge on s's vicinity of Seabrook Station, a review of to...cy esta free open literature f or local species was performed (Table 261 12-2). An evaluation of this dets has determined that the continuevo relasse of total residual oxidants at concentratioca of 0.2 ag/l or 1sse the discharge transition structure will not present atunmanageable stress or alter the local indigenous serine populations. Table 291.19-3 and Figure 291.19-2 provided in che 6-
Final Environmental Statement f or Seabrook Station. summarise additional chlorine toxicity data on marini life. The lines enclosing the data points were arbitrarily drawn by the Mt; staf f and depict the short duration and chronic tonicity thresholds f or the species reviewed.
The exposure time must be considered in order to evaluate the toxicity of relsased chlorine to marine organisms. At the lip of the dif f user, orposure time is extremely limited. Bere, rapidly entrained ambient seawater and a discharge velocity of 15 f eet per second (7.5 f eet per second f or 1 unit operation) will prevent organisse f ree inhabiting this location. Eattained phytoplankton, sooplankton and ichthyoplanktet, are unable to maintain themselves within the discharge plume or et the dif fuser lip over extended periods of time. Larger mariae lif e cannot maintata thanaelves adjacent to the discharge is the direct path of the plume due to high current velocities. Theref ore, a combination of very low concentrations and limited exposure periode presents toxic effects f rom occurring as a result of biocide discharga. Organissa entrained into the plume will be carried away f rom the discharge structures where chlorine concentrations will be continually lowered through dilution and chemical reaction.
The concentration of total residual oxidant released by Seabrook Station is expected to be below that required to produce lethal effects (Tables 291.19-2 and 291.19-3). Rapid mixing, dilution and chemical reaction of released biocide with ambient water will further reduce any possible toxic concentrations. With tacreased distance f rom the discharge, chlorine concentration will drop as additional sizing, dilution and reactions occur. Pisaktonic organisse which passively drif t into the discharge plume will not be subjected to Lethat concentrations f or long enough durations to be affected. With rapid dilution and a diffuser designed to avoid botton impact, benthic organissa vill not be orposed to continuous levels of chlorine. Fish species are orpected to be subjected to limited exposure times and minimal concentration which will sitigate possible ef f ects to discharged biocides.
Mattice and Zittel report that aussel attachseat is prevented at concentrations of 0.02 to 0.05 as/1 of chlorine, however no seation is made as to t.be method of analysis which could allow f or considerable variation. Since the integrity of both the cooling and service water systess depend upon thes rematains f ree of obstructions, organisse satorias the intake tunnel should not be allowed to settle. A consideration of the power plant entrainment time, the ambient chlorine decay and the delta-temperature which enhances halogen dissociation, allows for the injection of 2 0 mg/l of equivalent chlorine to ef f ectively costrel biofouling while releastag minimal non-toxic levels of exidaat into the environment, It is concluded that the environmental impact of the costisuous Seabrook Station will not adversely af f ect release of oxidant at the local indigenous eatine populations. Operatf g esperience s
coupled with a consideration of the cyclic asture of f ouling --
_______________s
organtees may ministne the use of biocides during periods when biof ouling is not as signif icant a probles. Sections 3.6. S.3 and 10.5 of the seabrook Station ER-OLS have been revised accordingly to reflect the above Laf ormation.
References to 291 19 1.
Becker, C. D. and T. C. Thatcher. 1973. Toxicities of Power Flant Chasicals to Aquatic Lif e.
Battelle Facific Northwest Laboratories f or U.S. Atomic Energy Commission.
Electric Pow.r Rasearch Isotitute. 1980. Raview of Open Literature on 2.
Ef f ects of Chlorine on Aquatic Organisms. EPRI EA-1691, Project 877.
3.
Electric Power Research Institute, 1981. Power Flant Chlorination - A EFR1 EA-1750, Project 1312-1 Final Biological and Chemical Assessment.
Esport, December 1981.
Envirorpaere Company,1981. Chlorine Toxicity as a Function of 4.
Environmental Variables and Species Tolerance f or Edision Electric Institute.
5.
Tava, J. A. and D. L. Thomas. (1977). Use of Chlorine f or Antif ouling on Proceedings of the Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power Plants.
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTE ) 81of ou11mg and Corrosion Symposius, August 1978.
6.
Frederick. L.
C., 1979. Chlorine Decay in Seavater. Public Service of New M4SPshire e Goldman, J. C., e t al. (1978). Chlorice Disappearance in Seavster.
7.
Woods Mole Oceanegraphic Institution; Water Rasearch, Volume 13. pp.
315-323.
8.
Hostgaard-Jensen, F., et al. (1977). Chlorine Decay in Cooling Water and 1977 pp. 1332-1861.
Discharge into Seavs ter, Journal WFCT. August The Effect of Temperature and schth/ological Associates, Inc.,1976.
9.
Chemical Pollutanto on the behavior of Several Estuarine Organians.
Su11stin No. 11.
Effects of Chlorobrosisated sad Chlorinated
- 10. Lides, L. E., et al.,1980.
Journal of Water ?c11ution Cooling Waters en Estuarine Organisse.
Control, Vol. 52, No.l.
Chlorise and Temperature Stress on Estuarine
- 11. McLean, R. I.,1973. Journal of Water Pollution Control, Vol. 45, No. 5.
Invertebrates.
Mattice, J. S. and M. E. Zittel, Site Specific Evaluation of Power Plant A Proposal (1976) Environmental Sciences Division. 01NL.
12.
Chlorisation:
(
- 13. Mattice, J.
S., 1977. Power Plant Dis cha rg e s t toward More Laassaable Nucle a r Sa f e t y, Vol.18, No. 6. Nov.-De c.
Effluent Limits on Chlorine.
.g.
14.
Middaugh, D.
F., et al., 1977. Responses of Early Lif e History States of the Striped Essa, 'Morone Sanat111s', to Chlorination. Environmental Basearch Lab, Calf Bresse, Florida.
15 Radian Corporation (1980), Development Document f or Proposed Ef fluent Limitations Guidelines, New Source Performance Standards and Featreatment Standards f or the Staan Electric Point Source Category, prepared f or EPA.
16.
Robe rt s, M. H., e t al., 197 9.
Ef f ects of Chlorinated Seawater on Decapod Crustaceans and Mulinia Larvae. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, EPA-600/ 3-7 9 -031.
17.
T1W, Inc., 1978. Assessment of the Effects of Chlorinated Seawater from Fower Plants on Aquatic Organissa. Industrial Environmental Basaarch Lab., NC.
Prepared f or the Environmental Protection Agency; EPA-600 / 7 -7 8-2 21.
18.
U.S. Atomic Energy Consission Directorate of Licensing (1974). Final Environmental Statement Ralated to the Proposed Seabrook Station Units 1 and 2 Public Service Company of New Easpehire. Docket Nos. 50-443 and 50-444.
- 19. Wong, C. T. F., (197 9-19 81). The Tate of chlorine is Seavster; Frogress taport f or the Period November 1,1979 - January 31, 1981. Department of Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Virginia. Prepared for the U.S.
Department of Energy, Contract No. DE-AS05-77EvC!!72.
l l
I l
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.g.
TABLE 291.19-1 Seewater Sample Persesters
. Total Kjeldahl-N Temp.
Salinity Anso nia-N Organic Carbon Date (as W/1) i'$,
not 8
(ma W/1)
(as C/1) 6/29/76
.12 15.00 32.16 8.4
.09
'1.0 7/29/76
.17 9.71 33.34 8.3
.07 1.0 8/26/76
.11 14.92 33.87 8.15
.04 8.5 9/28/76
.11 12.42 33.61 8.3
.07 24.0 10/26/76
.16 8.54 34.42 8.0
.08 18.0 11/30/76
.12 6.92 35 13 7.8
.09 2.5 12/30/76
.09 2.34 35.12 7.9
.07 7.0 1/26/77
.16 0.50 36.06 7.8
.09 3.0 2/23/77
.09 0.00 34.76 8.35
.05 1.0 i
3/19/77
.05 1 80 33.70 7.95
.01 1.0 4/27/77
.07 5 68 34.16 8.1
.02 16.0 5/26/77
.07 5.99 33.34 8.2
.01 35 6/30/77
.06 10.99 33.24 7.85
.04
9.0 Source
Frederick. 1979 4
r-TAst.E 291.19-2 Tomicity of Chlorinated Seewater to Aquatic Biota (Sheet I of II)
Conce nt ra t ion * ** Duration Temp.
Species Stage **
(og/1)
(eta) i'Q Effect Esference rhytoplenktoe 0.095 1,440 20 501 decrease TRW (1978)/ Centile, Skeletences coetetum la growth et al. (1976)*
0.6 1.7 501 decresee TRW (1978)/Cestile, in growth et al. (1976)*
0.4-0.65 5
Reduced growth Becker & Thatcher (1973) 0.14 1,440 501 decrease TRW (1978)
Cheetoceros dicipiene in growth 0.125 1,440 10 501 decresee Cencile,et al. (1976)*
Cheetoceros didymme in growth 0.195 1,440 501 decrease TRW (1978)
Thelsestoeira mordeoektoldt!
in growth 0.330 1,440 10 501 decrease TRW (1978)/Cestile, Thalaseteatre retulo la growth et al. (1976)*
- Reference se cited to Ept1 (1990)
- Adulte unlese otherwfoe noted.
- Concentrattee ms f ree realdwele unless otherwise noted.
3 Total Reeldeel Outdant 2 Combined Residuelo (chlorseines)
_11
TABLE ~
.19-2 (Sheet 2 of II)
Concentration *** Duration Temp.
)
Effect Reference Species Stage **
(eg/I)
(min) i'C),
senthic Algae 1.0 1,440 30 51takt mortality Better & Knott (1969)'*
Cladophora sp.
1.0 4,320 30 Sitght mortality Better & Knott (1969)*
3.0 2,880 30 901 mortality metaer & Knott (1969)*
5.0 4,320 30 1001 mortality Better & Emett (1%9)*
10.0 2
30 1001 sortality setser & Knott (1969)*
l Abundant Betser & Knott (1969)*
Enteramorphs inteettnello 0.3, f
Elvelvee I
J,200 100Z oortality Turner,et al. (1948)*/
2.5 Mytflue edelle TRW (1978) 3 21,600 1001 mortality Turner,et al. (1948)*/
1.0 TRW (1978) rrevented Turner,et al. (1948)*/
0.25 attachment f TRW (1978) 0.4 e/sec velocities Embryos 0.01 2
!S-28 50Z eertelity Roberte,et al. (1979) 0.01-0.10 2,880 18-28 501 mortality Roberto,et al. (1979)
Mulinie laterelle l
- Reference as cited in EPRI (1980)
- Adulte unless otherwise noted.
- Concentrattee se f ree reef deels unless otherwise noted.
3 Total Beeldwal Outdant I Combined Reelduals (chloroetnes)
TABt.E. _.29-2 (Sheet 3 of 11) i Concentration *** Duration Temp.
Spectee Ste8e**
(eg/I)
(min) i'Q Effect Reference Crveteceane Copepede 0.75 2
20 30Z mortality Dreseel (1971)*
Acartie tomes 0.75 2
25 70Z oortality Dreseel (1971)*
1.15 2
20 1001 mortality Dressel (1971)*
0.11-0.44 20 65.2Z eertality Lanza, et al. (1975)*
0.11-0.44 1,440 1001 mortality Lanza, et al. (1975)*
2.5 5
> 901 eortality i4 clean (1973) 0.03 2,860 501 mortality Roberts, et al. (1979)
/
0.028-0.175
> 10,000 15 50Z eortality Metale & Beeven (1977)*
1.0 120 50Z mortality Centile, et al. (1976)*
2.5 5
50I mortality Centi:e, et al. (1976)*
0.75 2
20 30I mortality TRW (1978) 0.75 2
25 701 mortality TRW (1978)
I 1.0 120 50Z oortality TRW (1978) 1 10.0
.01 50Z eortality Teu (1578) 2.5 5
901 mortality TRW (1978) 0.12 2.880 20 50I mortality Roberts & Cleeson (1978) 0.11 2.880 25 502 mortality Roberts & Cleeson (1978) 0.067 2,880 20 50Z mortality Roberte & Clee oc (1978) l 0.029 2,883 25 501 mortality Roberts & Cleeson (1978)
- Reference es cited in EFRI (1940)
- Adulte unless otherwise meted.
- Concentraties se f ree reef duale unless otherwtee acted.
I Total Reeldeal Ouldent 2 Combined Reeldeals (chloroetnee) t
,r -
e TABLE 291.19-2 (Sheet 4 of 11)
Concentration *** Duration Temp.
Species Stage **
(ag/1)
(min) l'Q Effect Reference Copepede (cont'd)
Euryte. ore affinto 0.11-0.44 1,440 70Z mortality Lanza, et al. (1975)*
1.0 360 50Z mortality Centile,et al. (1976)*
2.5 9
S0Z mortality Cent 11e, et al. (1976)*
Amphtpode MelIte nitide 2.5 5
41 mortality McLean (1973) 2.5 180 97.2Z eortality McLean (1973) 2.5 180 25Z oortality McLess (1973)/TRv (1978)
Commerus sp.
10.0 410 01 mortality McLeen (1973)/TRU (1978)
Corophium op.
CarnacIce Belenue op.
NaupIti 2.5 5
80Z mortality McLesa (1973)/TRU (1978)
- Reference se cited in EPRI (1980)
- Adulte malese otherwise meted.
- Concentrattee se Cras reefdeste unless otherwtoe noted.
I Total Beeldeel emident 2 Combined Reeldeste (chloreatmee)
4 r
~
n TABLE 1
.19-2 (Sheet 6 of II)
Concentration *** Duretfoe Temp.
Spectee Stage **
(eg/I)
(ein) 1*Q Effect Reference Fish 1.27 30 501 mortality Seegert & Brooks (1978).
Oeserve eerden l
2.15 30
- 10 501 mortality Seegert & Brooks (1978)*
Aloes peeedeherangue 3.70 30 20 501 acrtality Seegert & Brooke (1978)*
O.297 30 30 501 mortality Seegert & Brooks (1978)*
Aloos aeottwelle Egg 0.57 100Z eortality Morges & Frince (1977)*
Egg 0.33 4,800 501 mortality Moraes & Frince (1977)*
I day 0.28 1,440 50% mortality Morges & FrInce (1977)*
l l
larvae 1 day 0.24 2,880 50Z mortality Morges & Fr1nce (1977)*
Istvoe 2 day 0.32 1,440 501 mortality Morgan & Frince (1977)*
Isrvac l
2 day 0.25 2,880 50Z mortality Morgan & Frince (1977)*
larvae 1.20 15 501 mortality Engstroe & Kirkwood (197 0.56 120 50% mortality Engetroe & Kirkwood (197 0.67 60 50I mortality TRW (1978) 1.20 15 501 morte11ty TRW (1978)
- Reference se cited in EFRI (1980,)
- Adulte unless otherwise noted.
- Concentrattee se f ree reeldwelo unless otherwise noted.
I Total Reeldeel Ostdant I Combleed Reeldeste (chloroetnes) _
e ~ P=
m 1
.m
.~
-~
AAmAAm
++neAA 3 t
t J. J. a
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TABLE 1,.
19-2 (Sheet 8 of II)
Concentration *** Duration Tem.
Species Stege**
(eg/1)
(eta)
(Cl Effect Reference Floh (coet'd) reeudopleuronectee emericeses Juvenile 0.20 I Strees Capuano, et al. (1977)*
I 100Z eartelity Capusse, et al. (1977)*
Juvenile 0.55 I
Juvenile 1.50 Strees Cepvare, et al. (1977)*
Juvenile 2.55 I 1001 mortality Capusse, et al. (1977)*
2.5 15 501 morte11ty TRu (1978)/ Cent 11e, et al. (1976)*
10.C 0.3 501 mortality Tau (1978)/ Centile, et al. (1976)*
Egg 10.0 20 0% sertality TRW (1978)/ Centile, et al. (1976)*
0.20 1.440 501 mortality Cestile, et al. (1976)*
Lisande ferrugtmes 0.10 1,440 5OE eortality Centile, et al. (1976)*
2.5 1,440 50Z mortality TRW (1978) 0.095 1,440 501 <ertelity Roberto, et al. (1975)*
Mentdte semidte 0.037 5,760 50Z mortality Roberte, et al. (1??S)*
1.20 30 501 mortality Engstroe & Kirkwood (197 0.55 120 50Z mortality Engstroe & Kirkwood (197 Young 0.13 1
41 mortality Nose, e t al. (1977)*
Young 0.13 3
46Z eortality Moo s, e t al. (1977)*
- Reference se cited in EPRI (1980)
- Adulte unless otherwise noted.
- Concentrattee se free residuele unless otherwise noted.
I Total Reeldeel Omident 2 Combined Resteuelo (chloroetnee) '
m TABLE.._.19-2 (Sheet 9 of II)
Concentration *** Duration Temp.
Species Stege**
(eg/1)
(min) 1*Q Effect Reference Floh (coet'd) k atete mentete (coet'd)
Young 0.13 5
631 mortality Nose, et al. (1977)*
Young 0.13 7
801 mortality Nose, et al. (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.38 I 1,440 50Z mortality Morgan & Prioce (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.30 I 2.880 501 mortality Morgan & Frince (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.12 I.440 51 mortality Morgan & Friace (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 3.23 1,440 951 mortality Morgan & Frf nce (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.16 2,880 51 mortality Morgae & Frisce (1977)*
2-hr. Egg 0.56 2,880 951 mortality k rgea & Frfnce (1977)*
0.08-0 25 Freference Ichthyological Assoc.
(1974) 0.59 Death Ichthyological Assoc.
(1974) 0.58 90 50Z mortality TRW (1978) 1.20 30 50Z mortality TRW (1978)
Morone senattlis I week O.50 1,440 50Z mortality Mughes (1970)*
larvae I month 0.30 1,440 50% mortality Hughes (1970)*
flagerling 0.04-0.16 60 AT
> 50Z mortality Lanza, et al. (1975)*
6.9*
- Reference se cited is EFRI (1980)
- Adults weless otherwise noted.
a** Concentrattee se free reeldwele unless othervlee noted.
3 Total Reeldual Ouldest 2 Coebtned Residuelo (chloramines)
(
TABLE ins.19-2 (Sheet 50 of II)
Concentration *** Duratioa Temp.
Species stage **
(eg/3)
(ein) 1*Cl Effect Reference Fish (cont'd)
Morose eeustille (coet'd)
Embrye 0.07 I 3.51 hatched Middairah, et al. (1977) 50Z eertality Middaugh, et al. (1977) 2 day 0.04 prelarvae 12 day
<0.07 501 mortality I41ddaugh, et al. (1977)
Iarvae SOZ mortality Middeogh,et al. (1977) 30 day 0.04 juvenile
< 13 heer 0.20 2,880 501 mortality Mergen & Frince (1977)*
1ervee 24-40 heir O.22 2.880 50Z mortality Morges & Fr1nce (1977)*
Istvoe i
24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> 0.20 1,440 50Z eertelity Morgan & France (1977)*
Isrvee 70 hear 0.19 1,440 501 mortality Morgen & Frince (1977)*
1ervee
< 301 mortality Cina & 0' Conner (1978)*
farvae 0-2.47 AT 60-85Z eertelity Cine & 0' Conner (1978)*
Imrvee 0-2.47 Egg 0.3 2 4.8 AT 50Z mortality Berton, et al. (1979)*
2 120 AT 50Z mortality Burtoo, et al. (1979)*
Egg 0.22 Egg 0.14 2 240 AT 50Z mortality Burton, et al. (1979)*
l
- Reference se cited in EPRI (1990)^
- Adulte malese otherwise meted.
l
- Concentrattee se f ree reefdeels unless otherwise noted.
l 3 Total Residual Guldest 2 Combined Reeldeele (chtereelnes)
O noa O nO esmmm
% k
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TAPLE 291e19-3 a.m.e,w sum
.,emm.em Isums amm h
a ftma Rfem ameens Stas -
temWe Cimmen emeAmmi Pinee Samusere 3e sumsses usemens 4LII as to set map yewan e
as emmusummme e iJ 8 ele em Ttmo tus a pose e
efte summons e i enes Chstustre Smummembres 99 Salmmmmme m 0MS H to Weese puse e
36 mammmmme menseum e e-4 63 8as adise esas e e
9886 1J.8J 8 men tune 33 Cvemmes ese 4 all M tr est mas pose e
as Chamaan eauseus e le
> es see une pose e
M 7tmemmmmme amoamanha 6 498 HW aft amp pose e
3 ftmemumma summ
&Jl M to m me pose e
It apansmuss e 4 23 W tr NG ses pose e
W Osamuseespues
& I 18
> hr apt one poenn e
M Domunes sude=amm 8J M to age mas poe*
e N
eseummab p 4e it as apt ses puse e
to CHamas mas eJ ele sus setamopose e
N Se ammme ammenen 4J les em aos see pe=e e
Sumemman samfe=mma 44 8ese as 8st mer pause e
h M
tmPws e il M te me ese red e
^-
N wm 01 84 er est see p *W e
fhnesens 4
genouspes proces pren Ier 8ott I asse leellt 4
gennest astem semanas Salt 8.t enst 89 104 4
gas me eneman sWensa aamma Chiare tames tummee passed 4J
$ Is tems i
to ammanus iA 3 8 empi tems e
h i
3 W Pam ass s Wams i4 19 eses iet mamanss a
I 3J 8 es n Iet mesenae e
14 4 8 este ING meweit e
Csemumme sessue Dres 4 &&
1 Pumane sweems f
la t
am m
/
31 two sexes temas Spee 6J AAe I en amo summag i
1e AAe I as emp om 4
la he sammmme temmerer
&J hupsua m hmmmesany 3
animemes Camemme o tems eeuems ameses 3J 4le sun 6 mammee one e
W to
$J eit aus 6amansetshe e
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ele aus 4 mesmhp eeus l
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Summ e,m 8 mm 48 Gamese esmus anamous EJ 8 tr age estume sto d
es es 1
eensame Osmome i
40 aus 475 assumme iJ 8 aus 19Jt amusse e
84 SJ mas art sensra, a
1 lea 8J em lyt escuest e
TABLE 291.19-3
.--m.e h
teamm emme 8mm
" "man 7tm h
pm.m m u
aes em=
emmens u
em set emm.,
enemm ene
$W pommesessene amamme ens.me iA te er inemas 4
M M em DM esemer a
88 8 aus M musingst 4
16 4 W mus tot amassy a
W
$wemme afham Capumm8 34 300 mus Sie austeamp 4
h emame te a ms GJ 80 em Lam sAma g
Imens Ia 64 aus Itug Immmb g
neymme I3 temmeempomum teemas M
S ans We estamp afts I h Ig temem iA l8 esse heene e
e Cassoms
.true land esume 8
le en fM examm e
le 8em SM esump 4
18 Stemmmmme emps eumm esame W
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sha M er Seussuses a
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Ita to te let estas e
Chaume ameese e
emmye e 1A l esse IWS emsase e
IJ B es, ist ammany e
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Tamuse tempo s it H ts leM menes t Pamm 3
ne thsem Amamm I
El een M esume a
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80 4 I ene let esimet e
II4 0 Il em Sgt assenet 4
h Utme Ammmee 184 4 31 em M esempt 4
que le plausempte sus sus Imrues ftus 9 el eet me
- Weenum, e
o fannsname pawns trums phmus eal 10 em Ist summes i
7_
p es W M8 I hrt M k'un f
41 emnetrasestemme Cman mamms 41 8 en et Ones tend 4
74 ensweresem sesosamme M
4 08 Il as se team had 4
ee Ousestesem pmeuses tal li esri Obed *=8 menus he 8A Ash summa i
nummis
- C 8 Immye. "Te ams, e atmos Summmme of Pass Ommens em Ospn.us Osmomenes e be Dnie.' la _
_ uomune asume. tesumes p
inom teast 6st. siegsma tasse.1991
- s t enssa nas sL e sun w tue, samm* Deansam an6 tot.tsareen vue w cases tems. 3961.
't Ignosens aus EL lbumms *tI6peans SIIngh f ansspun sed iseed Deres et theses fbpteftsaftem/ 40s Sun 9 301.$1)11%Ith 8L L us6me m fsammme eiits temme metseL* teena feenemme Osmanes an iI 8ft.I 3 Ittitk
.ti a e=== a a teemm.m 6 c este,1mem== w emi.e aminemmes=== e. e ent m -iss= a to owe came=*
aus f.e esa e es.stsiroset 4 s ames -Genum er ovess
- v4 no w wenn im asa erie Sa tem em it, m ions es e o.mit.1
- m. em samm e oss-s en 6mme w o,.= ce=.=== u me t e was -.
em.mL*
den dass Seato ass.deitseek si a s.=ss unamamme eu t.em===ss m
=m as-e. tamm mam=== tem, team
.== sauna aa.im E I metama Ttummum aus ?umamenes tem en asesus necemet* A mee 8eest came Fat es It.asa sittu s un-in er 6mm commm -.a e. ame- = to = terms er si mem-senes t.* M sis.lia e as-s asem==
en to a et te e es% ena remit mm m-en 6asi.n===, s eum itst es, a amame. s t in.us a e sm.mmm e t w w.mm amme w mens em==== see-. v tumm an t mma one aus e.= 6 6 tia em e, see.. **ee
%. W Amm. L 8 6 mus D & M "h af W Sasumans to biase 6asuma-a tissus M* meme ift WI.W 419f 9 Source:
Seabrook. Station FIS: 1974 __
1 ee
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FICL't.: 291.19-2.
s,ssu e, o f ent er t ae tea t e t ti es ta sa ea r t ae 1 s te.
4 i
Source: Seabrook Station FES 1974 r 1
i
e SB 1 & 2 E R=0 L3 3.4 EEAT DIS $!pATION SYSTEM 3.4.1 Syst es Concept and Rossens For Seleerion The taformation presented in the Seabreek Station 1 & 2 3R-CPS regarding the once-through systes concept and reasons for selection is unchanged.
Some changes, however, have been made to systes specifications resulting f ree regulatory actions (9,10,11] and are described below.
3.4.2 Descriptiqn of Heat Dissipation Systes 3.4.2.1 General Specifications The quantity of heat dissipated by each of the two waits at Seabrook Station.
the resultant circulating water condensor toeperature rise, and the guantity of ocaan water provided to each unit, including the addittenal flow for the service water heat enchanger, are the same as originally proposed (ER-CPS, Section 3.4.2).
The location of the intake and discharge structures, as well as the tunnel diameters, however, have changed.
As illustrated in Figure 3.4-1, the intake and discharge tunnels, each with a 19 foot inside diameter, extend to about 7,000 and 5,500 feet e f ahore r
f rom tampton teach, respectively. Travel time through the 17.160 foot long intake tunnel f rom the intake structure to the pumpvouse is 44 minutes at the nominal flow rate of about 6.5 f t/sec, which is 612,000 spe for each unit, including 22,C00 sps per unit for the cervice water (124,000 gre total). The assinal discharge tunnel travel time is 62 minutes free the condenser to the discharge structure 16,500 feet away at 6.5 f t/sec. Travel time across the condenser is only 16 seconds.
A crost-sectional profile of both the intake and discharge systees is shown in Figure 3.4-2.
Each tunnel is constructed with a 0.5 percent slope toward the land to allow for gravity flow of water seepage toward the plant during constructica and, if necessary, during devatoring of the tunnel. The intake and discharge tunnels, for esample, have centerline elevattens of -175 and
-163 feet below mean sea level (MSL) respectively at the ocean end, whereas the respective centerline elevations at the plant for the intake and discharge tunnals are -248 and -250 f eet n$t, gach tunnel to connected to the surf ace at the plant by a vertical riser shaf t.
3.4.2.2 Intake Systee
- concept origin 111y proposed in the ER-CPS has been The **elocity esp maintained. and was chosen because of its low potential for fish entrapoent as esperienced for steiler coastal structures (1, 2, 3, 4).
Figure 3.4-1 illustrates the general layout of the intake strwetures in 3.6-1
SB142 E R-C LS relattenship to the discharge structure, whereas Figure 3.4-3 presents the dimenstees as well as the elevatten and plan views of the structures.
The seminal fisw rate at the outer edge of the "velocity cap
- is 1.0 (ps.
Each of the three intake structures is connected to the 19 foot ID 1 stake tuseel by a 10 feet ID riser shaf t.
The pumpheuse circulating water pua e, general layout, etc.. are unchanged f ree that outlined in ER-CPS Section 3.4.2.2.
3.4.2 3 Discherme 51stes Various hydrothermal model studies (6. 7, 41 have resulted in the selection of a submerged multiport dif fuser as the discharge structure. Figure 3.4-1 shows the general layout of the discharge systes and its relattenship to the intake systes, whereas Figure 3.4-4 illustrates the dif fuser design.
As shown, the 1000 foot long dif fuser is connected to the 19 feet ID discharge tussel by eleven vertical riser shaf ts, each 4.5 feet la disseter, e peced about 100 feet apart. Atop each riser shaft are rvo 2.4$ feet ID nessles, which in turn are appresinately 7 to 10 f eet above the sea fleer to depths of water free 50 to 60 feet. The discharge flow rate through each of the 22 nes 1:s is 15 fys.
3.4.2.4 Mintolastion of Thermal Shock to Marine Life t
Ref er to IR-OLJ Section $.1, Ef fects of Operation of the Heat Dissipation Systen.
3.4.2.5 Control of Marine Foulina and Debris Renoval Refer to ER-OLS Section 3.6 for a. complete description of sarine fouling control; debris removal is unchanged f rom that presented in the ER-CPS.
3.4.2.6 Disposal of De\\ris Collected in the Circu1stina Water Systes Inf ormation for this section is unchanged f ree that presented in the same i
section of the El-CPS.
3.4.2.7 Service Water erstee During normal operation, the service water systee operation is unchanged However, during heat treateent f ree that de sc ribed in the SA-CPS.
(backflushing) operetten, the service water is valved to perfore completely closed systee independently of the circulating water systes as 4 FSAR Sections 9.2.1 utilistre a mechanical draf t evaporative cooling tower.
j and 9.2.5 contain a complete description of the cooling tower and its o pe ra t ies.
(
3.6-2 1
.l i
1
i l
381&2 ER-C U 3.6.3 Nydreatenbic Survey end Mydrethermal Model Studies safer to 81-01.8 Sections 2.6.1 and 6.1.1.1 for a description of hydrographic results and surveys ceadacted for the heat diestpation systee, and lection 3.1.2 for a descriptise of hydrethemal model results and studice performed.
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381&2 E R-O L3 I
3.4.4 References 1.
F41ght, Robert R., *Dcess Cooling Water Systes for 300 MW Fever Staties", Journal of the Fewer Division, Proceedings of the American Socinty of Civil Engineers - Proceedings Paper No.1333, Decemb4r 1953.
2.
Downs, D. D. and Meddock, K.
R., "Engineering Application of Fish Drhavior Studies in the Design of Intake Systems for Coastal Cenerating Sta?Aons", Paper delivered to Amer. Soc. of Chem. Eng. Conference, Janues; 1974.
3.
Schuler, V. J. and Larson, L. E., "Esperimental Studies Evaluattag Aspects of Fish behavior as Farsaeters in the Design of Generating Station Intake Systems", Paper delivered to the Amer. Soc. Chem. Eng.
Conf erence, January 1974.
4.
Schuler, V. J. and Larson, L. E., *1mproved Fish Protection St latake Systeme*, Jour. Env. Eng. Div. ASCt. 101(EEC), 1975.
S.
March, Patrick A. and Nyquist, Roger C., *tsperimental Study of Intake Structures. Public Service Company of New Maspshire Seabreek Station, Units 1 and 2*, Alden Research Laboratories Report 131-76/M296DF, November 1976.
6.
Teys sandier, R. C., Durgin, V. W., and He cke r, C. E., *Myd rothe rusi Studies of Dif fuser Discharge in the Coastal Environment: Seabrook Station *, Alden Re search Laboratory Report g6-74 /M2$22, August 1974.
7.
March, Patrick A. and Seith, Peter J., *tsperteental Study of Discharge Structures, Public Service Cospany of New Maspshire Seabrook Station, Units 1 and 2*, Alden Research Laboratory Report 130-76/M296CF, November 1976.
8.
Nyquist, Roge r C., Durgin. W1111ae W.. and Hecke r, George t.,
- Hydrothermal Studies of lifurcated Dif f user Nossles and Thermal lackwashing:
Seabrook Station *, Alden Research Laboratory Report 101-77/M296BF, July 1977.
9.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
- Decision of the Administrator, Ca se No. 76-7, Public Service Coepany of New Maspehire, et al,.*, Douglas Costle, Administrator, Wa shington, D.C., June 10, 1977.
10.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
- Modifications of Determinations, al.*
Douglas Case No. 76-7, Public Service Company of New llampshire, et7, 19777 "",
Cestle, Administ rator, Wa shingt on, D.C., Noveebe r 11.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
- Decision on Resand, Case No.
76-7, Public Service Coepany of New Heapshire, et al.*, Deu;1as Ca stle, Administrator Wa shington, D.C., Astust 4, 1978.
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REFERENCE:
UE AC ORAWING 9763 F 103000 PUBLIC SERvlCE COMPANY OF NEW HAMPSHIRE DIAGRAM SHOWING SEABROOK ST ATION SEABAOOK STATION UNITS 1 & 2 MULTIPORT OlFFUSER E NvlR ONM ENT AL. R EPORT OPERATING LICENSE ST AGE l
FIGUAE 3 d d M,
SR 16 3 Revision 3 ER-OLS June 1981 9
3.6 CHEMICAL AND SIOCIDE SYSTEMS l
3 6.1 Circulating and Service Water Systess The information in this subsection is changed from that presented in the Saabrook Station gt-C?S as noted below.
The preferred biofouling control method for the Seabrook Station circulating and service water systems is continuous low-level chlorination. Seabrook Station is designed with the ability to control biofouling by either thermal l
backflushing or chlorisation.
Sodium hypochlorite solution, the biocide to be utilised in chlorination, will be produced on-site by four hypochlorite generators using 1,200 gpa et seawater taken froe the circulating water system. These generators are capable of producing a total of about 848 pounds of equivalent chierine per hour in a hypochlorite solution. This will be injected at a dosage of about 2 as/1 of equivalent chlories into the circulating water systes. A block diagram showing water usage, chlorination injection potate and residence times is provided in Figure 3.6-1.
The main injection point of the hypochlorite solution will be at the throats of the three of fshora intakes approsisately three siles from the site. In addition, other injection points are available in the intake transition
(
etructure, the circulating water pump house, the service water pump house and the discharge transition structure should it be necessary to inject boestst doses of hypochlorite solution to esintain the chlorine residual high enough to prevent biofouling of circulating and service water systess.
There is the poselbility that the injection of 2.0 mg/l of equivalent chlorine in a sodium hypochlorite solution continuously at the intake structures may not be sufficient to prevent fouling in some areas of the cooling and service water systees. The decay of chlorine in ambient seawater could reduce residual levels below those required for ef fective biofouling control. As a result, the addition of booster doses at the circulating and service water pumps may be required to maintain these portions of the systes free of fouling organissa. While the frequency and duration of booster dosage will be dependent on operational esperience, it is espected that these will occur primarily during the ware water conths when settling of fouling organises is highest. A shlorine steistaation progras is espected to be conducted at Seabrook Staties. Bere the level of oxidant will be sositored to provide effective costrel of fouling organissa withis the cooling water systees with niassal release of oxidant to the receiving waters. If it is determined that chlorinaties te not completely ef fective la the control of fouling te the intak.e tunnel, backflushing will be utilised occasionally to provide additional fouling control.
+
Chierine will be 1ojected at a rate such that a concentraties of D.2 ag/l total residust osidaat and seasured as equivalent C12 is not onceeded in the discharge transition structure. During the 43-staute transit time (one unit operation transit time approximately twice as long) from the discharge transition structure to the itscharge d1!fuser, the total residual oxidant 3.6-1
Sg i & 2 Revis en 2 ER-OLS Jur.e 1932 will continue to decrease through increased decar at elevated water t empe ra ture s.
he totsi residual oxidant concentration will then be diluted by the diffuser flow, approximately 10 to 1, and further reduced through addittomal ebesical reactions with ambient water.
l 1
Antifouling paint has been applied to the intake structures and accompanying vertical riser shaf ts to reduce biofouling t.rior to plant operation. These structures will not be subject to fouitag uscit they are spesed moar the designated station start up.
The sacreme dilution and the slow leaching rate of the copper ions from the antifouling paint will produce very low concentrations.
Biofouling control for the exterior of the offshore intake structure has been provided by the use of copper-sickel sheathing. As with the copper based paints, the teaching rate of copper ions from the Cu-Ni sheathing is not espected to produce any detrimental environaestal effects. The discharge sessies will also be maintained free of matine fouling; the control method, however, has not yet been established.
Information on the cheatcale discharged during the preoperational and operational stages of the Seabrook Station and their effects on the environment can be found in Sections 3.6 and 5.5.2.3 of the Final Environmental Statement (FES) and Section 5.3 of the ER-OLS for the Seabrook Station.
[
3.6.2 Industrial Vaste Systes The information in this subsection reasins unchanged f rom information presented La the Seabrook Station ER-CFS.
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58 1 & 2 Revision 2 ER-OLS June 1982 l
l EFFtcTS OF CHEMICAL AND BIOCIDE DiSCRARCES 5.3 The taformation in this section is changed from that presented in Section 5.4 i
et the Seabrook Station ER-CFS as noted below.
l 5 3.1 chemical and Biocide Discharaes The effects of the chemical canstituents being discharged through the circulating water system were discussed in the ER-CPS Section 5.4 for Seabrook l
Additional information on the discharge concentrations of these Stattoa.
chemicals as well as their ef fects is availatie in the Seabrook Station Final l
section 3.6 and Section 5.5.2.3, respectively.
j Environmental Statement Discharge of all chemicals will be in accordance with applicable regulatory agency permits.
The chlorisaties of seawater results in an immediate conversion of hypochlorous acid (ROC 1) to both hypobronous acid (503r) and hypolodous acid This results in no loss of oxidising (M01), yielding chloride ions (C1"). reviewed literature ref erencing the reactions of c a pet ity. EF11 (1980)
Bere, Johnson (1977) reported this reaction to proceed chlorise is seawater.
(1977) indicated it to 503 completion within 0.01 minutes vntle sugas and Hal References by EPRI to to be essentially 991 complete within 10 seconds.
Sugawara and Terada (1958) and Carpenter and Macaldy (1976) revealed that todine in seawater is in an oxidised state. as todate, and unavailable to i
Broeide on the other hand is described as being react with hypochlorous acid.
in ample supply, estimated at 68 ag/1. and able to consuse more than 27 ag/l of chlorise according to Lewis (1966).
Seabrook, partially dissociates Eypebroseus acid under the egeditions found atSeth items are considerad to be free into hypobroeite ions (0Br").
Free residual bromine is more reactive than available er residual oxidant.
free residual chlorine, yet enters into the same type reactions.
is entremely variable.
J. C.
The decay of chlorine in satural seawatst Goldman, et al. (1974) indicated that losess due to chlorine demand occurred i
in two stages; a first very rapid and significant desand followed by a l
continuous less at a reduced rate. They Ladicated that in natural seawater, 0.42 - 0.50 mg/l following an the 2-sinute chloriae demand ranged free initial chierine dose of 1.02 as/1 and 2 88 as/1, respectively.
Bostgaard-Jesses (1977) indicated that in Denmark, sea studies on chlorine Fava and Thomas (1977) described recent desand, giving a value for the demand la clean seawater of 1.5 ag/l in 10 60 eisutes.
l stoutes, and values from 0.035 mg/l to 0 41 as/1 for a 5-minute contact time to values of 0.30 to 5.0 s111 with a 3-hour contact time in coastal waters l
Frederick (1979) enseined the decay rate of equivalent chlorise is sesvater It was found that the decayed amount at any time s ta ple s s.t Se abrook.
appeared to very free sonth to eenth over a nat row range and that the saount l
j of equivalent chlorine decayed rose with either time or en increased there may not be a fixed chlorine demand innoculotten level, indicating that 1
5.)-1 lu
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SB 1 6 2 Revision 2 EA-OLS June 1982 s
{
but suspected to be related to tbs cheetcal interactions at higher salinistee EPRI (1930) slso reviewed data pertinent and the physiology of the species.It was ladicated that an evaluation between the two to saltaity and toxicity.
use complicated by the fact that the chemical form, concentration and duration At seabrook of residual oxidaat species are also af fected by saltaity.
staties the salinity is relatively high and stable, bewever the dilution and ebesical reactions of biocides with ambient waters upon discharge and the subsequent limited period of exposure reduces these effects.
for a given dosage and contact time, residual Vong (1930) indicated thatchlorine concentrations were seen to decrease syst Eigher temperatures were found to yield higher chlorine Ne suggested that this increase in demand represents reactivas with tem pera ture s.
dema nd s.
organic compounds that normally do act react at lower tosperatures.
Various ef fects of temperature on the toxicity of chlorinated cooling water Investigationa have found temperature ef fects to have also been reported.
range f rom producing no change la comicity to where increased tosperatures EPRI (1930) suggests that the synergistic have lacreased toxicity.
lateraction between temperature and chlorisated seeling water would not be f or species residing in the area of the thermal plume.
great The halogenated compounds expected to be released include taall concentrations of bypobronous acid, hypobrosite ions, tribrosantee, dibromasine and the percentages are expected to very depending up sonochloramine.
photochemical conversions.
Biocides entering the receiving waters via the Seabrook Statico discharge are diluted by a factor of 10 to 1, as described in Sections 5 ER-OLS.
the discharge transition structure, will further decay 0.2 as/1, sessured at Ad di t ional during the 43-minute transit time through the discharge tunnel.is especte reduction through the decay of osidaat Lesses of total residuals from the cooling systes into the receiving waters.
the water are espected through renewed aablest chlorine decay throughout column and reactiosa between the oxidant and ultravtetet light which results la a light-teduced asidation of bypobrosite to breaste reducing the concentration of f ree broetne.
Thus, la consideration of the total dilution f actor and the reductions associated with chemical interactions withis the receivias water, an equivalent chlorine concentration of 0.02 og/l is expected at the surface Seyond this area, the appreminately 70 seconds af ter discharge.
Chemical and concentrations would steadily drop af f with increased dilution.
photochemical reacticas promoted by solar irradiance vill further reduce oxidaat concentration la the receivtag water.
Estimates of other affluent conesotretions at various distances fro discharge structure are derived to the same f ashion as those for thermal 5.3-3
f SB1&2 Revision 2 El-OLS June 1982 To evaluate the ef fect of biocides on the biota in the vicinity of Seabrook Station, a review of toxicity data from open literature for local species was performed (Table 5.3-2). An evaluation of this data has deteresised that the continuous release of total residual oxidants at concentrations of *0.2 ag/l or less at the discharge transition structure will not present unsanageable stresa er alter the local indigenous populations upon release to sabient waters. Table 5.3-3 and Figure 5.3-1 provided in the Final Environmental Statement for Seabrook Station, summartre additional chlorine toxicity data on esigne life. The lines enclosing the data points were arbitrarily drawn by the NRC staff and depict the short duration and chronic toxicity threeholds for the species reviewed.
To evaluate the toxicity of released chlorine to sarine organises, the exposure time must be considered. At the lip of the dif fuser, exposure time is extremely lietted. Here, rapidly entrained ambient seawater and a discharge velocity of 15 feet per second (7.5 feat per second for 1 unit operation) will prevent organises free inhabiting this location. Entrained phytoplankton, sooplankton and ichthyoplankton, are unable to maintain thraselves within the discharge plume or at the diffuser lip over extended l
periods of time. Larger marine lif e cannot maintain themselves adjacent to I
the discharge in the direct path of the plume. Therefore, a combination of l
very low concentrations, and limited exposure periods prevents toxic ef fects free occurring as a result of blocide discharge. Organisms entrained into the plume will be carried away from the discharge structures where chlorine concentrations will be continually lowered through dilution and chemical reaction.
The concentration of total residual oxidant released by Seabrook Station is expected to be below that required to produce lethal ef fects (Tables 5.3-2 and 5.3-3). Lapid mixing, dilution and cheetcal reaction of released biocide with ambient water will further reduce any possible toxic concentrations. With increased distance from the discharge, chlorine concentration will drop as additional sizing, dilution and reactions occur. Planktonic organises which passively drift into the discharge pluse will not be subjected to lethal concentrations for long enough durations to be affected. With rapid dilution and a dif fuser designed to avoid bottos impact, benthic organissa will not be exposed to continuous levels of chlorine. Fish species are expected to be subjected to lialted exposure tLaes and minimal concentration which will sitigate possible effects to discharged blocides.
Mattice and Zittel report that aussel attachment is prevented at i
concentrations of 0.02 to 0.05 eg/l of chlorine, however no sention is made as to the method of analysis which could allow for considerable variation. Since the integrity of both the cooling and service water systees depends upon thes remaining f ree of obstructions, organises entering the intake tuenel should l
eet be allowed to settle. A consideration of the power plant entrainment time, the ambient chlorine decay, and the delta-teeperature which enhances halogen dissociation, allows for the injection of 2.0 eg/l of equivalent l
chlorine to ef fectively control biof ouling while releasing sista41 non-toxic levels of oxidant into the environment.
j It is concluded that the environmental tapact of the continuous release of g
L S.3-5 l
l
i SB 1 & 2 Revision 2 ER-OLS June 1982 2.
Electric Power Rassarch Institute,1980. Review of open Literature on 1
g Ef fects of Chlorine on Aquatic Organissa. eft 1 LA-1491, f roject 377.
3.
Electric Fower 14 search Institute. 1981. Power Plant Chlorination - A Biological and Chemical Assessment. EPRI LA-1750, Project 1312-1, Final Esport, December,1981.
4.
Envirosphere Company 1981. Chlorine Toxicity as a Function of Environmental Variables and Species Tolerance for Edison Electric Institute.
5.
Fava, J. A. a nd D. L. Th esa s (197 7 ). Use of Chlorine for Antifouling on Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Power Plants. Proceedings of the Ocean Thersel Energy Conversion (OTEC) Biofouling and Corrosion Sympo s t ua, August, 1978.
6.
Frederick, L.
C., 1979. Chlorine Decay in Seawater. Public Service Coepany of New Maapshire.
7.
Goldman, J. C., e t al. (197 8). Chlorine Disappearance in Seawater.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Water Basearch, Volume 13. pp.
315-323.
8.
Ro s tgaa rd-Jensen, P., e t al. (1977). Chlorine Decay in Cooling Water and Discha rge into Seawa ter, Journal WFCT, August, 1977, pp. 1832-1841.
9.
Ichthyological As sociates. Inc.,1974 The Ef fect of Temperature and Chemical Follutants on the behavior of Several Estuarine organisms.
Bulletin No. 11.
10.
Liden, L.
H., et al., 1980. Ef fects of Chlorobrosinated and Chlorinated l
Cooling Waters on Estuarine Organisms. Journal of Water Follution Control, Vol. 52. No. 1.
- 11. McLean, t.
I., 1973. Chlorise and Temperature Stress on Estuarine Journal of Water Follution Control, Vol. 45, No. 5.
Invertebrates.
I 12.
Mattice, J. S. and M. E.11ttel, Site Specific Evaluation of Power Plant Chierination s & Proposal (1976) Environmental Sciences Divistoa, ORNL.
- 13. Mattice, J.
S., 1977. Power Plant Discharges: Toward More Reasonable Ef flueet Limits on Chlorine. Nuc le a r Sa f e t y, Vo l. 18, No. 6. No v. -De c.
- 14. Middaugh, D. F., et al.,1977.
Responses of Early Life Mistory Stages of the Striped & ass, 'Morone Saxatilis', to Chlorination. Environmental Research Lab, Gulf Breese, Florida.
15.
I.edian Corporation (1980), Development Document for Proposed Ef fluent Limitations Cuidelines. New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Steam Electric Point Source Category, prepared for EPA.
t 5.)-7
SB1&2 Revision 2 ER-OLS Jun, 1982 I
TABLE 5.3-1 Seawater Saeple Parameters Total Kjeldahl-N Temp.
Salinity Acoonia-N Or8anic Carbon Date (as N/1)
(OC) ppt gM (si N/1)__
(as C/t) 6/29/76
.12 15.00 32.16 8.4
.09 1.0 7/29/76
.17 9.71 33.34 8.3
.07 1.0 8/26/76
.11 14.92 33.87 4.15
.04 8.5 9/28/76
.11 12.42 33.61 8.3
.07 24.0 f
10/26/76
.16 8.56 34.62 8.0
.08 18.0 11/30/76
.12 6.92 35.13 7.8
.09 2.5 12/30/76
.09 2.34 35.12 7.9
.07 7.0 1/26/77
.16 0.50 36.06 7.8
.09 3.0 2/23/77
.09 0.00 34.76 8.35
.05 1.0 3/29/77
.05 1.80 33.70 7.95
.01 1.0 4/27/77
.C7 5.68 34.16 8.1
.02 16.0 5/26/77
.07 5.99 33.36 8.2
.01 3.5 6/30/77
.06 10.99 33.24 7.85
.04 9.0 Source: Frederick, 1979 l
i I
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~ --- ----
I TABLE 3.1-2 85heet 2 ef II) i Ceecent rat tee * ** Ihstet tee Temp.
l Spectee Stage **
(es/I)
(ese)
Effect Beforeece l
i seethte Algae 3.0 1.440 30 SIsshe mortality setser & Reett (1969)*
Clodephere op.
3.0 4.320 30 Siteht mercelity toteer & Reest (1969)*
3.0 2.880 30 901 mortality setser & Emett (1969)*
%.0 4.320 30 1901 mortality Setser & Emett (1949)*
10.0 2
30 1901 mortality Betser & Emott (I969)*
)
reterseerphe toteetteette 0.1 Absedent Setser & Emott (1969)*
steelvee en 2.3 3 F.200 3001 eertelity Tereer, et al. (1944)*/
g as j
saystIme edelle TRtf (1978) g-3.0 I 21.600 100I mortality Tereer,et al. (1944)*/
ta Tau (1970) 0.21 Frevented Tereer,et al. (1948)*/
i e t t ec hneet f TRW (1978) 0.A eleet velocities seeltete Interette Embryee 0.07 2
10-28 SOI mettellty Sebette, et al. (1979) 0.03-0.10 2.000 15-28 SOE eartelity Roberts, et al. (1979) j l
- Seference os etted to EPRI (1990)
- Adulte salese otheretoe ested.
- Ceecentret tee se f ree resteest e==less otherwise meted.
%,se I Total Beeldeel Geldent e<
2 Ceebleed Beeldeele (chterentese) 4
- i s.
HH i
TA08.2 S.3-2 (het 4 of !!)
Concwetrettee*** hrottee Temp.
Species Stage **
(ma/I)
(ete)
Effect Reference
_t;,_fr (cent'd) 0.13-0.44 I,440 FOR mortality I.eese, et al. (1973)*
gegygeesee egglese I.0 Me SGI merteltty Caetile,et et. (1976)*
2.3 9
SOI mortality Geettle et al. (19F6)*
Anehtpede 2.5 5
AI mortality sect.ees (1973) 2.3 ISO 97.2I mortality IncLees (1973) scritte ettles 2.5 100 231 eertelity IIcLees (1973)/TW (1978) e.
Ceemerse op.
E" 30.0 480 OI mortality SecLene (1973)/TWf (1970) e=
Corophlee op.
u termoelee Itsept li 2.1 S
SOE mortality lecimes (1973)/Tser (1978) gelesee op.
- Seference es cI! sed to Epst (1940)
- Adotte seleos otherwtoe meted.
- Concestrattee es free ree8deale entese otherwise noted.
3 Total meesdeel caldest 2 Combteed Seeldeele (chterentees) bo!!
- 8
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t PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY OF NEW HAMPSMIRE SUMM ARY OF CHLORINE TOXICITY SEABROOK STATION UNITS 1 & 2 DATA ON WARINE LIFE ENvlRONMENTAL REPORT OPERATING LICENSE STAGE l FIGURE
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l SR 16 2 Revisica 2 E1-01.5 June 1982 10.5 3IocIDE STSTots he information la this section has changed from that presented la the Seabreek Station 1 and 2 E1-CPS, as noted below.
he mothsd of biefeeling centrol selected for the circulattag and service enter systees for Saabroek Station is continuous low-level chlorisation.
As described la Section 3.6 of the ER-CLS for the Seabrook Station, sodius hypochlorite solution will be produced et site by four hypochlorite generators estag 1,200 spe of seawater taken from the circulating water system.
Isjecties of about 2 as/1 of equivalent chlorine as hypochlorite celution at the threats of the three of fshore intake structures will provide for the main Additiemal injection potats are located in the tramaition lajesties points.
structure, the circulating water pump house, the service water pump house and the discharge transition structure should it bs necessary to taject booster doses to maintain an effective antifoulant chlorias residual.
I A cost analysis for both generattag units indicates that backfisehlag on a schedule of twice a sosth during the fouling season and esce a meath during If a the rest of the year would cost approximately $3 millica per year.
echedule of backflashing only o*ce a month during the biofouling sesses is possible, the cost will be re.;uced to approminately $1.5 millies per year.
Continuous low-level chlorisation during a similar fouling season at an approximately $1.4 million per year.
injection level of 2.0 mg/l will costSodium hypochlorite will be injected at such I* "h*
0.2 ag/l or less of total residual oxidant measured as equivalent C12 discharge transittoa structure.
While the costs for backflushing cad chlorinatios are similar for the minimus expected treatment. bckflushing poses the potantial of a much great econceit loss.
and has the potential of laducing hydraulic and thermal traasiente which could The resulting loss of electrical generation cosid result is a plant shutdova.
to bring the two units 'aaek to be considerabia, approaching $1 million justAdditieaal leases could slao be tacu required to rea1.13a mechantesi and electrical systems before the plant could 1001 power.
ree me full power operattoa.
Additieaal information is pressated to Sections 3.6 and 5 3 of the Et-CLS for Seabreek Staties.
2.
I
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10.5-1 l
l SB142 FSAA When all the valves are out of service, the steen generator safety valves provide the relieving capacity required to maintain the steam systes within the design limits.
no effects of pipe breaks are considered, since all piping is located in the turbine building where the ef fect of pipe breaks will not jeopardise the safe shutdown of the plant.
10.4.4.4 Tests and Inspections During preoperational and initial startup testing, the steen dump system will be tested to verify proper valve performance and overall systes dynamic response as described in Chapter 14.
10.4.4.5 Ins t rumentation Requirement s l
l The steam dump system is controlled by a system which compares turbine power to reactor power by means of temperature and pressure inputs. The specific mode of operation (Tavs or steam pressure) can be selected through a selector switch mounted at the main centrol board (MCB). Valve position indications are also available at the MC3. The steem dump control systen is discussed in Subsection 7.7.1.8, and is analysed for the following control modes:
a.
Lead rejection
[
b.
plant trip c.
Steam headtr pressure Interlecks ars providad to block steca dump operatiens on ?cw-law Tavg to proveet excessive cooldown of the primary plant and to protect secondary plant equipeent if the condenser is unavailabic, as sensed by the condenser pressure switchss and the circulating water pump breaker positions. Figure 7.2-1 (theet 10) shnws the functional details and the interlocks pertaining to the steam dump control system.
10.4.5 circu!stian water sync,gs The circulating water systes provides cooling water to the main condensers to remove the heat re}ected by the turbine cycle and auxiliary systems.
Discussions pertaining to the laterface between the cirevlating water systre, l
the service water systes and the ultimate heat sink are found in Subsections 9.2.1 and 9.2.5.
10.4.5.1 De s ian Ba s e s a.
The circulating water systes design is based on as average ocean water temperature of 550F, a combined condenser heat load for the two units of 1.6 x 1010 Stu/hr during normel full-load operating conditions, and an average discharge water temperature increase of 390F for normal operation with both units.
r 10.4-11 l
SB 1 & 2 Amendsent 45 FSAR June 1982 e
b.
The design of the systes also includes the capability for furnish-i ing cooling water to the service water system, and returning it to the circulating water disearse flow.
c.
De circulating water system is designed to operate safely at.
estreme high tide and minisua predicted tide (see Subsection 2.4.11.2), and to permit operation of the turbine generator during condenser staan dump conditions without occurrence of a condenser low vacuum trip.
d.
Provisions for continuous low-level chlorination (as shown on Figure 10.4.3A), and heat treatment of the tunnels are included for control of fouling by marine organisms.
o e.
The design of the circulating water systen structures is non-seismic Category I, with its components also non-seismic Category 1 sad non-safety related.
10.4.5.2 system Description The general arrangements of the various structures and components comprising the circulating water system are shown in Figures 1.2-46 through 1.2-48 and 1.2-52 through 1.2-55.
n e circulating water system consists of the following principal structures.
1)
Two tunnels connecting the plant site with three submerged offshore
(
intakes and a multiport discharge dif fuser.
2)
An intake transition structure.
3)
A pusphouse.
4)
A pair of flumes which join the intake transition structure to the pumphouse.
5)
A discharge transition structure.
6)
An underground piping system, interconnecting the pumps in the pumphouse, the condensers, and the transition structures.
the flow disgree of the circulating water system is shown in Figure 10.4-3.
During normal operations, the circulating water systes provides a continuous f
flow of approsisately 390,000 spe to the condensers of each unit and 21,000 sps per unit for the service water systes.
I Starting 260 feet below the plant level (240 feet below mean ses level), at the bottom of vertical 19'-0" finished disseter land shaf ts, two tunnels estend out under the ocean at an ascending grade of about 0.5% until they reach their respective offshore terminus locations about 160 feet below the ocean's surface. The tuneels, which are machine bored through bedrock to a 22'-0" diameter, are concrete-lined to provide the finished 19 foot diameter.
(
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s1 62 Amendment 65 FSAR June 1932 e
The intake tvanel is approminately 17,000 feet long, and is connected to.the eseas by means of three 9'-10%" finished diameter concrete-lined shaf ts, spaced between 103 and 11C feet apart and located approximately 7000 feet off the shoreline la 60 feet of water. A submerged 30'-4" diameter concrete intake structure ("velocity cap") is mounted on the top of each obaf t to minimise fish entrapoent by reducing the intake velocity.
The discharge tussel is approximately 16,500 feet long, and is connected to the eseas by means of eleven, S'-1" finished inside diameter concreto-lined shaf ts, spaced about 100 feet apart, located apprusisately 5000 feet off the Seabroek Beach shoreline in water up to 70 feet deep. A double-sonale fixture is attached to the top of each shaf t to increase the discharge velocity and diffuse the heated water.
j The circulating water portion of the pumphouse encloses sin 14' wide circu-lating water traveling screens (3 per unit) and sin circulating water pumps (3 per unit). A seismic Category I reinforced concrete well separates the circulating water portion from the service water portion of the pumphouse structure. The water is pumped through two 11 f t diameter pipes (1 per unit) leading to the condensers, and is returned through two 10 ft diameter dis-charge pipes (1 per unit) connected with the tunnel transition structures.
Water to the service water section of the pumphouse is supplied by two pipe-lines branching off each of the tunnel transition structures.
Fouling by growth of marine organisse is espected to occur from the point where the sea water enters the intake structures up into the condenser. Con-trol of fouling in the intake structures and intet tunnel will be by con-tinuous low-level chlorination.
In addition, heat treatment, where the direction of flow in the tunnels is temporarily reversed, and the discharge u
temperature raised by recirculation is also available as a means of control-ling marine Stowth. In this mode, the waru we,ter from the condeasst is j
returned to the ocean through the intake tunnel, while the discharge tunnel 4
is used to supply ocean water to the plant. To heat treat the discharge
~
pipes and tunnel, the temperature of the condenser outlet water le tesperarily raised by recirculating essa of the dischstge water back to the condensers l
through the pumphouse.
The pumphourt, pipes leading to the condeasart, sed the condensars can f.e dewatered, inspected, and cleaned as required to control fouling.
10.4.5.3 Safety Evaluation u
Since the circulating water system is considered non-esfety related, the l
safety evaluaties, therefore, concerns itself with the ef fect of a failure l
ef this systes er say of its cosponents on safety related systems or I
eespeseats.
If the circulating water flow rate falls below the minious required amount I
due to a malfunction la the systes, the main condenser say no longer be able te edequately seedense main stese, but there will be no effect on the safe shutdown capability of the plant.
10,4-13 l
l
NUREG/CR-3054 PARAMETER IE-138 T
Closecut of IE Bulletin 81-03:
Flow Blockage of Cooling Water to Safety System Comaonents by Corbicu/a sp. (Asiatic ClamD and Myti/us sp. (Mussel)
Manuscript Completed: May 1984 Date Published: June 1984 i
Prepared by J. H. Rains, W. J. Foley. A. Hennick PAR AMETER. Inc.
Elm Grose. WI E3122 Prepared for Division of Emergency Preparedness and Engineering Response Offico of Inspection and Enforcement U.S. Nuclear Reguletory Commission Washington, D.C. 20555 NRC FIN B1013 l
s.
0 e
ABSTRACT On April 10, 1981, the Office of Inspection and Enforcement (IE) 1 of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) issued Bulletin e
I 81-03 requiring all nuclear generating unit licensees to assess the potential for biofouling of safety-related system components as a result of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) and marine mussels (Mytilus sp.).
Issuance of the Bulletin was prompted by the shutdown of Arkansas Nuclear One, Unit 2 on September 3,
- 1980, as a result of flow blockage of safety systems by Asiatic clams.
Licensee responses to Bulletin 81-03 have been compiled and evaluated to determine the magnitude of existing biofouling problems and potential for future problems.
An assessment of the areal extent of Asiatic clam and marine mussel infestation has been made along with an evaluation of detection and control procedures currently in use by licensees.
Recommendations are provided with regard to adequacy of detection, inspection and prevention practices currently in use, biocidal treatment programs, and additional areas of concern.
Safety implications and licensee responsibilities are discussed.
Of 79 facilities licensed to operate, 17 have reported biofou'ing problems, 21 are judged to have high biofouling potential. 17 are judged to have low or future potential, and 24 are jud ed to have little or no. potential.
For 49 facilities under co: struction, the number of units for matching conditions of b ofouling are 3, 25, 15, and 6 in the same decreasing order of severity.
The Bulletin har been closed out for 85 of 129 current facilities.
~
Followup needed to close out the Bulletin for 21 operatinF facilities and 23 facilities under construction is p r o p o s r:d in Appendix C.
I 4
4 i
iii A
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f TABLE OF CONTENTS Pane Abstract..................................................
111 1.0 Introduction...........................................
I 2.0 Assessment Rationale...................................
2 3.0 Summary.................................................
5 3.1 Biofouling Stater, Summary..........
6 3.2 Detection and Control Practices....................
8 4.0 Conclusions............................................
11 5.0 Recommendations........................................
12 6.0 Remaining Areas of Concern.............................
13 7.0 Definitions............................................
13 8.0 References C1ted.......................................
14 Appendix A IE Bulletin 81-03 Back8round Informatian IE Information Notice 81-21 Appendix B Documentation of Bulletin Closeout Appendix C Proposed Followup Items Appendix D Abbreviations l
l 4
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s CLOSEOUT OF IE BULLETIN 81-03:
Flow Blockage of Cooling Water to Safety System Components by Corbicula sp.
(Asiatic Clam) and Mytilus sp. (Hussel)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
in accordance with the Statement of Work in Task Order 15 under Contract NRC-05-80-251 and Task Order 34 under Contract NRC-05-82-249, this report provides documentation for the closeout stato.; of IE Bulletin 81-03.
The following documentation is based on the records obtained from the IE File, the NRC Document Control System and the Cognizant Engineer's File.
On April 10, 1981, of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commissionthe Office of Inspection and Enforce (NRC) issued Bulletin 81-03, requiring all nuclear generating unit licensees to assess the potential for biofouling of safety-related component at their systems facilities and to describe actions taken to detect and mitigate flow blockage as a result of fouling by Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) and the marine mussel (MYtilus sp.).
Issuance of the bulletin was prompted by the shutdown on September 3, 1980, of Arkansas Nuclear One, Unit 2 because service water flow through the containment cooling units was partially blocked by extensive fouling by Asiatic clams.
Simila: occurrences of flow blockage to cooling and safety-related systems also have occurred at nuclear facilities utilizing carine cooling water sources, resulting from the mussel MYtilus sp.
Since Bulletin 81-03 was issued, numerous other licensee event reports (I,ER )
have been filed regarding flow blockage resulting from clam or mussel fouling.
The significence of these events is explained in the following excerpt from Page 3 of IEB 82-03:
"The event at ANO is cignificant to reactor safety because (1) the foaling represented an actual common cause failure, i.e.,
inability of safety system redundant components to perform their intended safety functions, and (2) the licensee was not aware that safety system components were fouled.
Although the fouling at ANO-2 developed over a number of months, neither the licensee management control system nor periodic maintenance or surveillance program detected the failure."
1 All utilities holding operating licenses er construction permits were required to make an assessment of biofouling problems at their respective facilities in accordance with specific actions detailed in Bulletin 81-03 (see Appendix A).
The variety and appropriateness of utility responses ranged considerably as a result of individual because of the interpretation of actions required and necessary generic wording of the Bulletin which did not always apply precisely to each power plant.
1
I i
6 the Bulletin 4
Consequently, a majority of licensee responses to to be deficient in one or more items and those were judged respondents were required to provide clarification or additional information.
This report represents an assessment of the biofouling problem as it affects nuclear generating facilities throughout the United States based on licensee responses to Bulletin 81-03 and review of technical literature pertinent to the problem.
The contents of this assessment are in response to Task Orders 15 a
and 34 issued by IE for the performance of the following specific objectives:
licensee responses to the Bulletin and arrive
- 1. To review a final evaluation of each licensee's response atbased on initial and supplemental replies and Bulletin closeout criteria;
- 2. To develop a complete list of followup actions which will be necessary to bring deficient licensees up to acceptable closeout status;
- 3. To prepare a summarization of the extent of the pro-blem including a detail of facilities presently having either species in their vicinity, facilities reporting and facilities where fouling of safety-related systems, potential infestation exists;
- 4. To summarize detection and control practice currently proposed by licensees; and
- 5. To provide recommendations for insuring tha-detection and preventicr programs are properly carrie out by licen-sees, and te evaluate detection and control technology considered effective is prevention of biofouling due to Asiatic clams or marine mussels.
i
2.0 ASSESSMENT
RATIONALE Evaluation cf licensee responses, both initial and supplemental, was condacted individually in consideration of the fact that conditions and modes cf operation differ greatly for each facility.
Final disposition for each generating unit was i
arrived at through careful consideration of several ju'dgment factors developed in direct response to Bulletin closeout criteria established by IE.
Each licensee's response to Bulletin 81-03 was assessed and a fiaal disposition status determined based on the following Bulletin closeout criteria:
- 1. Facilities which have been cancelled, indefinitely deferred, or indefinitely closed.
- 2. Facilities which have submitted an acceptable pro-flow block-gram for detecting and preventing future or degradation due to clams or mussels or shell age debris and which meet one of the following:
2 kl
6 g.
Facilities which do not have either Cor-a.
bicula sp. or Mytilus sp. in the vicinity of the station in either the source or receiving water bodies.
- b. Facilities which have either Corbicula sp.
or Mytilus sp. present.in the vicinity in either the source or re of the station ceiving water bodies and which have per-formed an acceptable sampling of compon-ents which verifies that the station is not infected, Facilities which are infested.with either c.
_Corbicula sp. or Mytilus sp. and which have performed an acceptable program to confirm adequate flow rates in the safety-related systems.
Judgment factors utilized in arriving at final disposition for a
each licensee varied depending on mode of operation (open or closed cycle), source of service water, operational status (operational, low power testing, construction phase, construction halted, cancelled), and the likelihood of the presence of either Asiatic clams or marine r,sels in the source water.
The adequacy of licensee programs for detere:.ing the presence of either species in their vicinity was basec primarily on whether or not environmental monitoring programs included sampling for benthic macreinvertebrates and mussels.
Those licensees acknowledging the presence of either Asiatic clams or marine mussels in their vicinity were considered responsive to the Bulletin without environmental monitoring.providing descriptive detail regarding i
In the case of those facilities where neither species was reported to occur, descriptions of the specific to mussel or macroinvertebrate communitiesfield monitoring programs should have been provided, as well as the date of last sampling.
In the absence of this information, a licensee could be considered not to satisfy closeout criterion 2(a).
Evaluating the adequacy of licensee inspection and flow performance programs was considerably more subjective, depending on operational status, mode of operation, and relative abundance of fouling clams or mussels insource water supply, the vicinity.
Minimal inspection programs (annual inspection of selected components, inspections during refueling outages) of safety-related systems were considered adequate for those facilities which do not presently have either species in their vicinity; however, such a minimal program was considered inadequate for a facility having a history of clam or mussel 3
infestation, or a facility under construction where service water supply was densely populated by either species.
A similar distinction was used in evaluating licensee flow performance testing procedures.
Subjectivity came into play most commonly for those facilities where the present or future probability for fouling problems was perceived to be intermediate between these two extremes.
Although no minimum acceptable inspection or flow performance programs were established, reviewers took into consideration the existing or potential future level of infestation at a given facility in arriving at an assessment.
Judgment factors used to evaluate the adequacy of licensee programs for detection and prevention of future flow blockage or degradation due to clams or mussels were also somewhat subjective based on the perceived severity of past fouling programs and the potential for future complications.
Detection programs typically consisted of maintenance inspections of various safety system components and routine performance monitoring of differential pressure or temperature.
Acceptance or rejection of a licensee's detection program was primarily based on existing or potential future fouling and the frequency and intensity of component inspections and performance monitoring.
Those facilities free from clams or mussels in their vicinity were not expected to adopt a r gorous detection program; however, facilities having a history of biofouling or a high potential for future infestation were ev luated as described above.
Due to the considerable amount of research and technical literature available on'the control of Asiatic clams and mussels, assessments of licensee prevention programs were far more objective.
Conventional biocide applications for control of algal and bacterial growth vere generally considered unacceptable for clam or mussel control.
Such applications are usually at too low a dcse level or too infrequent to adequately control clams and mussels.
However, several biocide treatment programs have been developed by researchers and licensees which are specific for clam and mussel control, and appear' effective in preventing flow blockage to safety system components.
These programs were given careful consideration and are discussed in Section 3.2 of this report.
Scheduled manual cleaning of fouled system components, adopted by several licensees, was not viewed as a preventive procedure but rather corrective maintenance after the fact.
Final disposition of each licensee's response to Bulletin 81-03 is tabulated and presented in Appendix B.
No further explanation is provided for those facilities whose status is classified as "closed".
Facilities classified as "closed" have satisfied all requirements of the Bulletin, with particular 4
-, e-grarnosd
o reference to the closeout criterion identified for each.
Those facilities whose status is classified as "open" have not satisfied all Eu13etin requirements.
An "open" classification generally indicates that a licensee response was deficient in some area, or that the final assessment was in disagreement with the licensee's evaluation of biofouling problems or his proposed control / prevention practices.
All facilities whose Bulletin status has remained "open" have proposed followup items described in Appendix C.
Within Appendix C, followup items are grouped by NRC region and listed alphabetically by plant within each region.
Each followup item identifies the deficiency or disagreement in the licensee's response and describes the followup needed for bulletin closeout.
3.0
SUMMARY
The principal objective of this summary is to assess the extent of biofouling of safety-related systems attributable to Asiatic clams or marine mussels and to evaluate the potential for future fouling problems at both operational and construction-phase facilities.
The second objective is to summarize and evaluate existing and proposed detection and control practices for all facilities responding to Bulletin 81-03.
Inasmuch asBulletin 81-03 was issued specifically with regard to Asiatic clams and marine mussels, it is beyond the scope of this task to assess existing and potential biofouling problems associated with other fouling organisms.
Background information relating to range, ades of infestation and controlling environmental factors for siatic clams and marine cussels is provided in Appendix A.
While both organisms generally interact with nuclear facilities in the same manner (i.e. through entraincent of larvae), there are several obvious distinctions between the two.
Marine mussels (Mvtilus sp.) are indigenous to both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States and limited in distribution to cool, carine environments.
Nuclear generating facilities sited along the uppet east ccast and along the west coast, which utilize sea water as their primary service water source, have generally taken biofouling by marine mussels into close consideration during plant design.
Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.), in contrast, are exotic to North America and highly adaptable to a wide variety of aquatic environments.
Following their introduction into the Columbia River in 1938, Asiatic clams have expanded their range to include all major drainages on the west coast. Gulf coast, east coast northward to the Delaware River and extensively throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River drainages.
Recent accounts of Asiatic clam distribution throughout the United States are reviewed by Isom (1983) and McMahon (1982).
Unlike other fresh-water mussels, Asiatic clams do not require an intermediate fish host for transformation of larvae into adults and typically dominate mussel communities 5
-h
,w,,
-__......-e a -
r d
where conditions are favorable.
Asiatic clams have received considerably more attention from the utility industry than marine mussels by virtue of the facto that they are greatly expanding their range and are not easily controlled.by conventional biocidal treatments.
While marine mussels have a well defined range, Asiatic clams continue to invade new aquatic systems and in some instances where only marginally present now, populations may expand to problem levels in subsequent years.
Biofouling of safety-related systems at nuclear generating facilities typically occurs in widely varying degrees in essential service water system components and fire protection Essential service water systems are further broken systems.
down into emergency cooling water systems, service water or essential raw cooling water systems.
Because design
- systems, specifications differ widely between individual nuclear 9
facilities, the opportunity for and severity of biofouling range considerably.
An extensive examination of engineering factors affecting biofouling of nuclear facilities has recently been completed by Johnson et al.(1983) and is not reviewed within this text.
Suffice it to say that individual facility design, service water supply, and existing population levels of Asiatic assessment clams or marine mussels necessitated an indepeedent of biofouling potential for cach facility cove ed under this Bulletin.
3.1 BIOFOULING STATUS
SUMMARY
A total of 163 nuclear generating units were requested to respond to Bulletin 81-03.
Seventy-nine of these units are operational as of this writing, 49 are under construction and 1 is licensed for law power testing.
The remaining 34 units were I
closed out from the Bulletin because their status is either "cancelled", "construction halted", or "shut down indefinitely".
Consequently, the following summary concerns only those 129 facilities considered active at this time.
Individual facility bulletin closeout status is provided in B for all 163 nuclear units.
A closed Bulletin status Appendix was selected for 85 units and an "open" status for 44 units.
All units whose status has remained "open" have been r/rovided a listed in Appendix C.
Tris final proposed followup action as to Dulletin 81-03 abould not disposition of licensee responses l
be interpreted to infer that a "closed" classification is indicative of no fouling problems or potential.
Likewise, an automatically indicate an "open" classification does not immediate fouling problem.
The generel location, operational status and presence of fouling clams or mussels for all 129 current facilities is presented in of either Asiatic clacs or marine FiEure 1.
While the presence mussels at any given facility does not necessarily indicate 6
m
s e
existing fouling problems, it is readily apparent from this figure why a majority of active nuclear generating units have documented the presence of either Asiatic clams or marine mussels in their source water supplies.
The Asiatic clam was the most commonly reported fouling organism, due primarily to the fact that the majority of all nuclear facilities utilize freshwater as their principle cooling source and that Asiatic clams have successfully invaded most major river systems within the United States.
Final evaluations of biofouling status for operational and construction-phase facilities are summarized in Tables 1 and 2, respectively.
Seventeen operational units have experienced varying degrees of flow degradation in safety-related systems at one time or another, 9 due to Asiatic clams and 8 due to marine mussels (Table 1).
An additional 21 operational units were considered to have a high potential for fouling, 19 due to Asiatic clams and 2 due to marine mussels.
Seventeen operational units were ranked as low or future potential fouling due either to a very low incidence of occurrence of Asiatic clams or marine mussels or the fact that Asiatic clams are likely to become established in the source water supply in the near future.
Those 24 operational units rar.ked as having little or no fouling potential were so designated
.cause it appeared unlikely that either fouling species would
- cur in the near future.
i Facilities under construction were also evaluated and categorized with respect to existing or potential fouling i
problems (Table 2).
Only three construction-phase units reported existing fouling problems; however, 25 units under construction were considered to have a high potential for fouling when they became operational.
The relatively low number of units reporting existing fouling was assumed to be related to the degree to which construction had advanced.
If a plant had no safety Systems completed and filled with water, they could not have a fouling problem.
As construction advances and systems are filled with raw water for a sufficient len9th of time to allow infestation of fouling organisns, a unit s fouling i
status may change.
Fifteen units under construction were considered to have low or future fouling potential for the same reasons cited for operational units, while only six units were ranked as having little or no fouling potential.
Although only 20 units (15.5 percent) of all 129 current facilities have actually reported flow degradation of safety system components due to Asiatic clams or marine mussels, these 20 units combined with those facilities believed to have a high i
probability for fouling problems represents a total of 66 generating units.
Based on this assessmant, 51 percent of all 129 current nuclear generating units have a high potential for 7
l i
i
degradation in safety-related systems es a experiencing flow of biofouling from Asiatic clams or marine direct result This figure is further compounded by the possibility mussels.
Asiatic clams will broaden their range and increase their that several facilities presently rated a having only populations at low or future potential fouling problems.
Bulletin 81-03 was l
issued specifically with regard to Asiatic clams and marine mussels; however, it must also be recognized that several 2
facilities have experienced substantial fouling problems due to j
other organisms not = overed by the Bulletin.
Results of this indicate that biofouling of safety system components assessment number by Asiatic clams and marine mussels affects a significant i
the United States, and of nuclear generating units throughout precautionary and corrective actions are warranted to ensure l
reactor safety and reliability.
3.2 DETECTION AND CONTROL PRACTICES l
Bulletin 81-03 included a variety of Licensee responses to for the detection of biofouling in safety system procedures of components both in direct reply to the Bulletin and as part Virtually all licensees their routine performance monitoring. monitoring of safety-related I
indicated adherence to performance systems equipped with differential pressure or temperature instrumentation.
However, several licensees st.ed that se systems most additional instrumentation would be added to thof inspectic: s perf ormed in i
result susceptible to fouling as a Bulletin.
Most licensees utili ed visual response to the f,r detection of inspections as well as performance monitoringfrequency and intensity of visual l
biofouling; however, the Yarying inspection efforts at inspections ranged widely. facilities were to some degree based on recognition 1
l operational severity of the problem and historic records of of the potential In a few J
system performance and maintenance inspections.was expended in the performanc i
instances, little effort for the detection l
visual inspections of safety system components of biofouling.
Detection practices at construction-phase l
facilities were limited by the stage of completion and the i
Planned detection practices number of safety systems filled.to those adopted by sister units currently f
were oft-n parallel in operation.
l from simply Detection practices proposed by licensees ranged checking with downstream facilities to determine any advance in to a rigorous Asiatic clams in a particular drainage area, daily performance checks and l
program involving frequent quarterly visual inspections of key safety system components.
detection practices would licensees indicated that routine performance checks and visual inspections Numerous or refueling outages.
The consist of performed during required maintenance 8
._ sm.
s acceptability of a licensee's detection program was assessed individually and deficiencies noted as followup actions in Appendix C.
Biofouling control practices proposed by licensees were-considerably more diverse than detection procedures.
Again, the acceptability of a licensee's control procedu-s was assessed 4
individually based on the perceived probability of fouling problems at a particular facility.
For example, several licensees stated that no control practices were in effect at present but that appropriate methods would be considered when and if necessary.
In the absence of Asiatic clams or marine 4
mussels and the~unlikely probability of their occurrence in the near future, such responses were considered acceptable and no followup actions were recommended.
However, numerous facilities-i affected by Asiatic clams or marine mussels inhabiting their source water or occurring only occasionally within plant systems failed to adopt any specific actions for biofouling control.
Several other affected facilities appear to have taken a "wait and see" attitude to biofouling rather than developing effective e
control methods to avert a potential fouling problem.
In these cases, specific follovup actions have been proposed in an effort to emphasize the potential severity of the p oblem.
The most commonly referenced control method mployed by utilities was chlorination, which was to be xpected since most facilities were equipped for chlorination as a biocidal treatment for other fouling agents.
Other control methods utilized included heat treatment, backflushing, manual and mechanical cleaning, frne mesh strainers and asphixiation.
Virtually every unit specifying an existing or planned biofouling control program utilized more than one technique.
For purposes of this evaluation, manual or mechanical cleaning of fouled safety systems was not cons!
ed a control technique, but simply corrective maintenance.
i The relative effectiveness of various clam and mussel control j
programs has received considerable attention from ut'ility personnel in recent years.
The control method which has undergone the greatest amount of changes is chlorination.
It has become generally accepted that conventional chlorination
]
procedures, which usually consist of intermittent applications for short time periods (less than 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day) at varying dosages have been proven to be relatively ineffective as a biocidal treatment for clams or mussels.
Most fouling organisms are able to endure these dosages by minimizing feeding and
)
respiratory functions and by burrowing into the sediments.
I Regulatory restrictions have also played a major role in modifying chlorination procedures.
Effluent limitation for steam electric power plants established by EPA (40 CFR Parts 125 9
I and 423, Vol. 25, No. 200, October 14, 1980) proposed that total residual chlorine (TRC) shall not exceed 0.14 ppm at the point of discharge and that TRC may not be discharged from any point source for more than 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day.
However, power plants that can demonstrate the need for chlorine to control biofouling may discharge the minimum amount.of TRC necessary to effectively control fouling as determined through a chlorine rinimization study.
Several licensees have performed these studies and it may well be in the best interest of other licensees to do so, as there appear to be chlorination procedures which are effective in controling biofouling from clams and mussels, i
l Boston Edison Company has initiated a mussel control program at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station which has nearly eliminated j'
serious mussel fouling problems (Marine Research Inc. 1983).
The program basically consists of continuous chlorination of the salt service water system at 250 ppb TRC coupled with periodic heat-treated backwashes of the intake structure and traveling screens using temperatures of about 40'C for 0.5 hours5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br /> duration.
TVA has also developed a program for control of Asiatic clams which has met witn apparent success at Bellefonte 1 and 2, Watts Bar 1 and 2 and Sequoyah I and 2.
TVA's clam control program includes straining of all rat service water through 1.26 mm media, continuous chlorinati n using sodium hypochlorite injection in all safety-related systems at concentrations of 0.6 to 0.8 ppm TRC during the entire clam spawning season (inlet temperature above 15.5'C) and frequent monitoring of TRC concentrations throughout each system.
Other minor considerations have also been included into TVA's clam control program (Isom et al. 1983).
One of the most effective means of clam and mussel control appears to be heated water backflushing.
Numerous experiments on Asiatic clams performed by TVA concluded that exposure of veligers and adults to 47'C water for 2 minutes resulted in 100 percent mortality (Goss et al. 1979).
Recent studies by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (Mattice et al. 1982) further concluded that heated water was equally as effective in killing Asiatic clams as combined exposure to heated water and short term chlorination.
Northeast Utilities reported in their response to the Bulletin that thermal backflushing with water heated to 45'C for 20-minute periods has apparently been successful in controlling mussel fouling at Millstone Power Plant.
Several marine facilities have incorporated heat treatment capabilities in the design of their cooling water systems for mussel control, but few nuclear facilities utilizing freshwater appear to have such capabilities.
Several other fouling control methods also show promise for the control of clams and mussels.
Recent studies by Mussalli et al.
10
l I
l i
(1983) indicated that fine mesh strainers in conjunction with controlled releases of Tributyl Tin Fluoride (TBTF) may be an a
economical means of controlling biofouling by Asiatic clams and mussels.
Asphixiation of Asiatic clams, through application of sodium-meta-bisulfite as an oxygen scavenger, has been used successfully by Illinois Power Company at their fossil-fueled Baldwin Station (Smithson 1981).
Along this same line, Commonwealth Edison Company (1983) is experimenting with carbon dioxide injection as a means of Asiatic clam control.
Preliminary results indicated that exposure of clams to C0 concentration of 500 mg/l for over 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> causes mortalities in excess of 50 percent.
It has become obvious during this assessment that biofouling control of safety-related systems due to Asiatic clams or marine mussels can be accocplished through a variety of methods, either alone or in combination.
Numerous licensees appear keenly aware of potential safety problems that could result from ineffective control programs and some have implemented extensive biofouling control procedures.
However, a large number of licensees have not adopted any firm plans or procedures for effective biofouling control.
In view of the high percentage of facilities having strong possibilities for fouling problems, the lack of specificity towards clam or mussel control was unacceptable.
Implementation of effective biofouling cont:
programs at any given facility undoubtedly necessitates cons deration of existing problems, environmental limitation >
system adaptability for retrofitting and economic c sts of retrofitting and operation.
Nevertheless, failure to effectively control biofouling of safety-related systems could result in serious reactor safety problems and incur economic costs far in excess of appropriate control technology.
4.0 CONCLUSION
S NRC's issuance of Bulletin 61-03, following events at Arkansas Nuclear One, has effectively alerted the nuclear power industry to a potentially serious problem in reactor safety.
Biofouling of safety system components by Asiatic clams and marine mussels is a recurring problem affecting nuclear generating units throughout the United States.
Biofouling represents a potential common cause (or common mode) failure of safety systems which may go undetected until the systems are inoperable.
A careful assessment of licensee responses to the Bulletin has indicated that existing and potential fouling problems are generally unique to each facility.
Surprisingly, 51 percent of all active nuclear generating units were considered to have a 11 wM rw
=m~--w
'M w
high potential for biofouling of safety-related systems due to 6
Asiatic clams or marine mussels.
It is concluded that the I
potential for biofouling affects a significant number of i
facilities across the country and that appropriate precautionary i
and corrective actions are warranted to ensure reactor safety and reliability.
Licensee activities for biofouling detection and control ranged widely and, in many instances, were judged inappropriate to ensure safety system reliability.
Effective methods for control of clam and muss,tl iouling have been devised and other promising techniques are is various stages of development.
However, too few facilities hari g a high potential for biofouling have adopted effective control prograes.
Those facilities with existing fouling problems and those with a high potential for fouling should develop and implement effective clam or mussel control programs as soon as practicably possible.
It is recognized that cost for retrofitting and implementation of such control programs could be considerable; however, concern for reactor safety and reliability far outweigh the cost for effective control programs.
Marine mussels have a well defined range and can easily be q
accounted for; however, Asiatic clam populat; ns are expanding 4
their range into new stream systems.
Consequ nely, these f-ilities judged as having lov or future fot.ing potential saould be urged to adopt effective detection,rograms to ensure i
that corrective actions can be taken before fouling problems develop.
I 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS I
Inasmuch as the majority of all 129 current nuclear generating facilities have reported the occurrence of either Asiatic clams or marine mussels and the fact that 51 percent of these units have been judged to have a high probability for fouling problems, the question of reactor scfety and system reliability should not be taken lightly.
It is recommended that each of the 44 follovup items listed in Appendix C be addressed accordingly and that final disposition for these licensees should be acceptable to the Office of Inspection and Enforcement before licensee status is considered "closed".
It is further recommended that NRC develop a compulsory inspection / detection program for all owners of operational and construction-phase units.
Such programs should be of sufficient magnitude and frequency to ensure early detection of potential fouling problems and i=plementation of appropriate control procedures.
The magnitude of this program should vary relative l
12 I
(
r I
4 to each facility, based upon historical pro 51 ems, presence of either fouling organism and whether the unit As operational or under construction.
For example, periodic sampling of the source water body or annual inspections of safety systems may be judged adequate for a facility where fouling orgar,$sms are not currently present; however, for those facilities having existing problems or high potential, NRC should consider an extensive quarterly inspection program that covers all safety-related I
systems including fire protection systems.
6.0 REMAINING AREAS OF CONCERN The only remaining area of concern not previously addressed in this report relates to the specificity of Bulletin 81-03 as originally issued.
Bulletin 81-03 r'equested all licensees to r
assess potential fouling of safety-related systems by Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.) and marine mussels (Mytilus sp.); however, during this assessment it was apparent that a number of j
facilities located in estuarine environments and semi-tropical marine areas were not affected by either Asiatic clams or marine mussels.
They were, however, affected by other fouling j
organisms such as oysters, barnacles, bloodarks, etc., for which no assessment was required.
Concern rises from the fact that since rather extensive fouling from these organisms has occurred at some facilities, perhaps it has also occurred at other facilities but was not reported in response a Bulletin 81-03.
In the interest of reactor safety, NRC shoul request that these licensees perform a sicilar assessment of fc. ling problems attributed to organisms not originally coverci under Bulletin 81-03.
In this regard, on July 21, 1981, IE Information Notice 81-21, "Potential Loss of Direct Access t o L'l tima t e Hea t Sink",
was issued to advise nuclear power plants of other examples of fouling problems, d
7.0 DEFINITIONS i
I Indigenous - an organism which is native to a designated area, Exotic - an organism which is not native to a designated area.
i I
Ecosystem - a community of animal and plant life along with non-I living elements of the environment which function together to support life.
3 Density - the number of organisus living within a given area.
Habitat a specific combination of environmental qualities in which a given organism or plant is typically found, i.e.
ter-restrial, aquatic, freshwater, saltwater, temperate, trop-ical.
13
High biofouling potential fouling organisms are present in the environment adjacent to a unit and may be found in low numbers within plant systems.
Severe fouling could occur with a large increase in density of fouling organisms or with a breakdown in control mechanisms.
Low or future fouling - fouling organisms are not in the immedi-ate vicinity of the plant but could possibly become established in the near future..thereby posing a threat for severe fouling if left unchecked; or fouling organisms are present in the environment and may be in the plant, but the fouling organisms do not appear to be dense enough to pose a serious biofouling threat.
Little or no fouling potential - fouling organisms are not pre-sently found in the environment of the plant, nor are they likely to occur in the future.
Plankton - minute animal and plant life suspended in the water column which are incapable of removing themselves from suspension and are, therefore, susceptible to prevailing currents, temperature and other water quality parameters.
Entrained - to be indiscriminate 1y drawn into a facility as a part of the intake water.
8.0 REFERENCES
CITED Commonwealth Edison Company. 1983. Additional nformation concerning IE Bulletin No. 81 Attachment, Part I: 3 pp.
eimeo.
- Goss, L.
B., J.
M.
Jackson, H.
B.
Flora, B. G.
- Isom, C. Gooch, S.
A.
Murray, C. G.
Burton, and W.
S. Bain. 1979. Control studies on Corbicula for steam-electric generating plants. pp.
l 139-151. In J.
C.
Britton, J.
S. Mattice, C.
E. Murphy, and L.
l W.
Newland (eds.), Proc. First International Corbicula Symposium. Texas Christian University Research Foundation, Fort Worth, Texas.
- Isom, B. G. 1983. Historical review of Asiatic clam (Corbicula) invasion and biofouling of waters and industries in the Americas. 23 pp. mimeo. Draft report presented at the Second International Corbicula Symposium, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1983.
- Isom, B.
G.,
C.
F. Bowman, J.
T. Johnson, and E.
B.
Rodgers.
l 1983. A conceptual plan for controlling Corbicula manilensis l
Phillippi in complex power plant and indestrial water systems.
l 9 pp. mimeo. Draft report presented at the Second International l
Corbicula Symposium, Little Rock, Arkansas. June 1983, 14 l
l l
1
i Johnson, K.
I., C. H. Henager, T. L. Page, P. F. Hayes. 1983.
Engineering factors influencing Corbicula fouling in nuclear service water systems. 25 pp, mimeo. Draft report presented-at the Second International Corbicula Symposium, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1983, r
Marine Research, Inc. 1983. Biof'ouling control studies at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, April 1981-April 1982. Final Report prepared for Boston Edison Company, Boston, Massachusetts. 24 pp. plus appendices.
Mattice, J.
S.,
R. B. McLean, M. B. Burch, 1982. Evaluation of short-term exposure to heated water and chlorine for control of the Asiatic clam (Corbicula fluminea). Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Environmental Sciences Division, Pub. No. 1748.
ORNL/TM-7808. 34 pp.
- McMahon, R. F.
1982. The occurrence and spread of the introduced Asiatic freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea (Muller), in North America: 1924-1982. Nautilus 96(4):134-141.
- Mussalli, Y.
G.,
I.
A.
Diaz-Tous, and J. B. Sickel, 1983.
Asiatic clams control by mechanical strainin and organotin toxicants. 13 pp. cimeo. Draft report preser. ed at the Second International Corbicil a Symposium, Little Rc;s, Arkansas, June l
1983.
Smithson, J.
A.
1981. Control and treatment of Asiatic clams in power plant intakes. Proc. American Power Conference. Vol. 43:
1146-1151.
Environmental Protection Agency, Protection of Environment.
Title 40 Parts 125 and 423, Vol. 25, No. 200 Code of Federal Regulations, 10-14-80, 15
I
?
5 NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS
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I Table 1.
Biofouling Status of Seventy-Nine Nuclear Power Plants Licensed to Operate in the United States Units Which llave Units with liigh Units with Low or Units with Little or
[
Experienced Biofouling Future Biofouling No Biofouling I
fli o f ou l i nn Pro bi cas Potential Potential Patential i
l Corbicula Corsicula Corhicula 8
Arkansas 1,2 lica v e r Valley I Cooper Station liig Rock Point I llrowns Ferry 1,2,3 Farley 1,2 Davis-itesse 1 Cook 1,2 Dresden 2,3 llatch 1,2 Duane Arnold Crystal River 3 Sequoyah 1,2 LaSalle I Fort Calhoun 1 Fitzpatrick McGuire 1,2 I.aGrosse Fort St. Vrain Mytilus North Anna 1,2 Monticello Cinna Brunswick I,2 Oconee 1,2,3 Peach Itottom 2,3 Iladdas Neck Millstone 1,2 Prairie Island 1.2 Ranche Seco 1 Indian Point 2,3 Pilgrim 1 Quad Cities 1,2 Susquehanna 1 Kewaunee San Onofre 1,2,3 Summer 1 Three Mile Island 1 Nine Mile Point 1 Trojan Palisades Mytilus Point Beach 1,2 Mytilus Calvert Cliffs 1,2*
Robinson 2 Maine Yankee Salem 1,2*
St. Lucie l' Oyster Creek Surry 1,2*
St. Lucie 2*
Turkey Point 3,4*
Vermont Yankee 1 Yankee-Rowe 1 Zion 1,2 Total 17 21 17 24 Percent 21.5 26.6 21.5 30.4 Fouling organisms other than Corbicula or Mytilus may be a problem l
Note: Grand Gulf 1, which is licensed for low power testing, has low or future biofouling potential.
I 7
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- + - - - -
- - ^ - - - - - -
Table 2. Biofouling Status of Forty-Nine Nuclear Power Plants Under Construction in the United States Units Which Have Units with liigh Units with 1.o w or Units with Little or Experienced Biofouling Future Biofouling No Biofouling Hiofouling Problems Potent t al Potentfal Potentia ^i Corbicula Corbicula Corbicula Catawba 1,2 lit a ver Valley 2 Byron 1.2 Midland 1,2 Bellef ont e 1,2 Callaway 1-Nine Mile Point 2 Mytilus Braidwood 1,2 Clinton I Palo Verde 1,2,3 Millstone 3 lia r r i s 1,2 Comanche Peak 1,2 LaSalle 2 Fermi 2 Mar ble 11111 1,2 1.i me r i c le 1,2 River llend 1 Perry 1,2 South Texas 1,2 Susquehanna 2 Vogtle 1,2 Waterford 3 WNP 1.2.3 Wolf Creek I Watts lia r 1,2 Nytilus Ilope Creek 1 Mytilus Diablo Canyon 1,2 Scabrook 1,2 Shoreham Total 3
25 15 6
Percent 6.1 51.0 30.6 12.2 1
)
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SSINS No.: 6820 Accession No.:
8011040289 g
IEB 81-03 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 0FFICE OF INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT WASHINGTON, D.C.
20555 April 10, 1981 IE Bulletin 81-03 :
FLOW BLOCKAGE OF COOLING WATER TO SAFETY CYSTEM COMPONENTS BY CORBICULA SP. (ASIATIC CLAM) AND MYTILUS SP. (MUSSEL)
Description of Circumstances:
On Septe.nber 3, 1980, Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO), Unit 2, was shut down after the NRC Resident Inspector discovered that Unit 2 had failed to meet the technical specification requirements for minimum service water flow rate through the containment cooling units (CCUs).
Af ter plant shutdown, Arkansas Power and Light Company, the licensee, determined that the inadequate flo was due to extensive plugging of the CCUs by Asiatic clams (Corbicula species, a non-native fresh water bivalve mollusk).
The licensee disassemoled the service water piping at the coolers.
Clams were found in the 3-inch diameter supply piping at the inlet to the CCUs and in the cooler inlet water boxes.
Some of the clams found were alive, but most of the debris consisted of shells.
The size of the clams varied from the larvae stage up to one inch.
The service water, which is taken from the Dardanelle Reserved, is filtered before it is pumped through the system.
The strainers on the urvice water pump discharges were examined and found to be intact.
Since these strainers have a 3/16-inch mesh, much smaller than some of the shells found, t appears that clams had i
been growing in the system.
Following the discovery of Asiatic clams in the containment coolers of Unit 2, the licensee examined other equipment cooled by service water in both Units 1 and 2.
Inspection of other heat exchangers in the Unit 2 service water system revealed some fouling or plugging of additional coolers (seal water coolers for both redundant containment spray pumps and one low pressure safety injec-tion pump) due to a buildup of silt, corrosion products, and debris (mostly clam shell pieces).
The high pressure safety injection (HPSI) pump bearing and seal coolers were found to have substantial plugging in the 1/2-!nch pipe service water supply lines.
The plugging resultea from an accumulation of silt and corrosion products.
Clam shells were found in some auxiliary building room coolers and in the auxiliary cooling water system which serves non-safety-related equipment.
Flow rates measured during surveillance testing through the CCUs at ANO-2 had deteriorated over a number of months.
Flushing after plant shutdown initially resulted in a further reduction in flow.
Proper flow rates were restored only after the clam debris had been removed manually from the CCUs.
The examination of the Unit 1 service water system revealed that the "C" and "0" containment coolers were clogged by clams.
Clams were found in the 3-inch inlet headers and in the inlet water boxes.
However, no clams were found A-1
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7 APPENDIX A IE Bulletin 81-03 Background Information IE Information Notice 81-21 On April 10, 1981, the Office of Inspection and Enforcement of the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission issued IE Bulletin 81-03 titled: "Flow Blockage of Cooling Water to Safety System Components by Corbicula sp. (Asiatic Clam) and Mytilus sp. (Mussel)."
A copy of this Bulletin and its included "Description of Circumstances" follows.
Supplementary background information is provided to_ describe distribution, mode of inf estation and saf ety systems af fected.
On July 21, 1981, NRC/IE issued following IE Information Notice 81-21 to inform utilities about biofouling situations not discussed explicitly in IEB 81-03.
IEB 81-03 April 10, 1981 Page 2 of 5 j
in the "A" and "B" coolers.
This fouling was not discovered during surveillance testing because there was no flow instrumentation on these coolers.
The service water system in Unit 1 was not fouled other than stated above, and the licensee attributed this to the fact that the service water pump suctions are located behind the main condenser circulating pumps in the intake structure It was thought that Silt and clams entering the intake bays would be swept through the condenser by the main circulating pumps and would not accumulate in the back of the intake bays.
In contrast, Unit 2 has no main circulating pumps in its intake structure because condenser heat is rejected through a cooling tower via a closed cooling system.
As a result of lower flowrates of water through the Unit 2 intake structure, silt and clams could have a tendency to accumulate more rapidly in Unit 2 than in Unit 1.
During the September i
l outage, clams and shells were found to have accumulated to depths of 3 to 4-1/2 feet in certain areas of the intake bays for Unit 2.
g 4
The Asiatic clam was first found in the United States in 1938 in the Columbia River near Knappton, Washington.
Since then, Corbicula sp. has spread across 1
the country and is now reported in at least 33 states.
The Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) power plants also have experienced fouling caused by these clams.
They were first found in the condenser 5 and service water systems at i
the Shawnee Steam Plant in 1957.
Asiatic clams were later found in the Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant in October 1974 only a few months after it went into operation.
This initial clam infestation at Browns terry was enhanced by the i
fact that, during the final stages of construction, the cooling water systems were allowed to remain filled with water for long p-riods of time while the systems were not in use.
This condition was conduc ve to the growth and accumulation of clams.
Since that time, the Asiati: clam has spread across the Tennessee Valley region and is found at virtually all the TVA steam-electric and hydroelectric generating stations, Present control procedures for Asiatic clams vary from station to station and in their degree of effectiveness.
The use of shock chlorination during surveil-lance testing as the only method of controlling biofouling by this organism appears to be ineffective.
The level of fouling has been reduced to acceptable levels at TVA stations by using continuous chlorination during peak spawning periods, clam traps, and mechanical cleaning during station cutages.
The results of a series of tests on mollusks perforn,ed at the Savaanah River facility showed that mature Corbicula sp. had as much as a 10 percent survival rate after being exposed to high concentrations of free residual chlorine (10 to 40 pom) for up to 54 hours6.25e-4 days <br />0.015 hours <br />8.928571e-5 weeks <br />2.0547e-5 months <br />.
When the clams were allowed to remain buried in a couple of inches of mud, their survival rates were as high as 65 percent.
In studies on shelled larvae, approximately 200 microns in size, TVA report >td preliminary results indicating that a total chlorine residual of 0.30 to 0.40 ppm for 9t to 108 hours0.00125 days <br />0.03 hours <br />1.785714e-4 weeks <br />4.1094e-5 months <br /> would be required to achieve 100 percent control of the Asiatic clam larvae.
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1 IEB 81-03 April 10, 1981 Page 3 of 5 l
Corbicula sp. has also shown an amazing ability to survive even when removed from the water.
Average times to death when left in the air have been reported I
for low relative humidity as 6.7 days at 30*C (86*F) and 13.9 days at 20*C (68'F) and for high relative humidity as 8.3 days at 30'C and 26.8 days at 20'C.
Corbicula sp. on the other hand, has shown a much greater sensitivity to heat.
Tests performed by TVA resulted in 100 percent mortality of clam larvae, very l
young clams, and 2mm clams when they were exposed to 47'C (117'F) water for 2 l
minutes.
Mature clams, up to 14mm, were also tested and all died at 47'C following a 2 minute exposure.
A statistical analysis of the 2 minute exposure test data revealed that a temperature of 49'C (120'F) was necessary to reach the 99 percent confidence level of mortality for clams of the size tested.
To date, heat has been shown to be the most effective way of producing 100 percent mortality for the Asiatic clam.
At ANO, the service water system was flushed with 77'C (170'F) water obtained from the auxiliary boiler for approx-imately one half hour; 100 percent mortality was expected.
A similar problem has occurred with mussels (Mytilus sp.).
Infestations of mussels have caused flow blockage of cooling water to safety-related equipment at nuclear plants such as Pilgrim and Millstone.
Unlike the Asiatic clam, mussels cause biofouling in salt water cooling systems.
The event at ANO is significant to reactor safety to:ause (1) the fouling represented an actual common cause failure, i.e. inacility of safety system redundant components to perform their intended safeij functions, and (2) the licensee was not aware that safety system componenti were fouled Although the fouling at ANO-2 developed over a number of montns, neither the licensee management control system nor periodic maintenance or surveillance program detected the failure.
ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN BY LICENSEES Holders of Operating Licenses:
1.
Determine whether Corbicula sp. or Mytilus sp. is present in the vicinity of the station (local environment) in either the source or receiving water body.
If the results of current field monitoring programs provide reason-able evidence that neither of these species is present in the local environment, no further action is necessary except for items 4 and 5 in this section for holders of operating licenses.
2.
If it is unknown whether either of these species is present in the local enviri nment or is confirmed that either is present, determine whether fire )rotection or safety-related systems that directly circulate water from the station source or receiving water body are fouled by clams or mussels or debris consisting of their shells.
An acceptable method of confirming the absence of organisms or shell debris consists of opening and visually examining a representative sample of components in potentially affected safety systems and a sample of locations in potentially affected A-3 u.
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IEB 89 03 April 10, 1981 Page 4 of 5 fire protection systems.
The sample shall have included a distribution of components with supply and return piping of various diameters which exist in the potentially affected systems.
This inspection shall have been conducted since the last clam or mussel spawning season or within j
the nine month period preceding the date of this bulletin.
If the absence of organisms or shell debris has been confirmed by such an inspection or i
another method which the licensee shall describe in the response (subject to NRC evaluation and acceptance), no further action is necessary except for items 4 and 5 of actions applicable to holders of an operating license.
3.
If clams, mussels or shells were found in potentially affected systems or their absence was not confirmed by action in item 2 above, measure the flow rates through individual components in potentially affected systems to confirm adequate flow rates i.e., flow blockage or degradation to an unacceptably low flow rate has not occurred.
To be acceptable for this determination, these measurements shall have been made within six months of the date of this bulletin using Calibrated flow instruments.
Di f f e r-ential pressure (DP) measurements between supply and return lines for an individual component and OP or flow measurements for parallel connected individual coolers or components are not acceptable if flow blockage or degradation could cause the observed DP or be masked in parallel flow paths.
Other retn0ds may be used which give conclusive evidence that flow blockIge or degradation to unacceptably low flow rates 9as not occurred. If another method is used, the basis of its acceptance f;r this determination shall be incluced in the response to this bulletin.
If the above flow rates cannot be measured or indicate significant flow degradation, potenti)lly affected systems shall be inspected according to item 2 above or by an acceptable alternative method and cleaned as necessary.
This action snall be taken within t.te time period prescribed for submittal of the report to NRC.
4.
Describe methods either in use or planned (including implementation date)
{
for preventing and detecting future flow blockage or degradation due to clams or mussels or shell debris.
Include the following information in this description:
a.
Evaluation of the potential for intrusion of the organisms into these systems due to low water level and high velocities in the intake structure expected during worst case concitions, b.
Evaluation of effectiveness of prevention and detection methods used in the past or present or planned for future use.
S.
Desc ibe the actions taken in items 1 through 3 above and include the following information:
a.
Applicable portions of the environmental monitoring program including last sample cate and results.
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April 10, 1981 Page 5 of 5 b.
Components and systems affected.
c.
Extent of fouling if any existed, d.
How and when fouling was discovered.
e.
Corrective and preventive actions.
Holders of Construction Permits:
1.
Determine whether Corbicula sp. or Mytilus sp. is present in the vicinity of the station by completing items 1 and 4 above that apply to operating licenses (0L).
2.
If these organisms are present in the local environment and potentially affected systems have been filled from the station source or receiving water body, determine whether infestation has occurred.
3.
Describe the actions taken in items 1 and 2 abcVe for construction permit holders and include the following information:
Applicable portions of the environmental monitoring program including a.
last sample date and results, b.
Components and systems affected, c.
Extent of fouling if any existed.
d.
How and when fouling was discovered, e.
Corrective and* preventive actions.
Licensees of facilities with operating ifcenses shall provide the requested report within 45 days of the date of this bulletin.
Licensees of facilities with construction permits shall provide the report within 90 days.
Provide written reports as required above, signed under oath or affirmation, under the provisions of Section 182a of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.
Reports shall be submitted to the Director of the appropriate Regio'nal Office and a copy forwarded to the Director, Office of Inspection and Enforcement, NRC, Washington, D.C.
20555.
This request for information was approved by GA0 under a blanket clearance number R0072 which expires November 30, 1983.
Comments on burden and dupli-cation should be directed to Office of Management and Budget, Room 3201, New Executive Office Building, Washington, D.C.
20503.
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BACKGROUND INFORMATION The circumstances prompting the issuance of Bulletin 81-03 are of a biological nature.
This requires an entirely different set of investigative procedures than normally utilized when investigating mechanical failures of nuclear power plants, d
Mechanical problems are usually more easily identified, described, and rcsolved because they are based on specific physical qualities.
The Corbicula/Mytilus biofouling problem, however, deals with living organisms which are capable of g
responding to a Fiven situation in a multitude of ways, l
depending on numerous factors which can influence their i
reactions.
The following discussion details some pertinent aspects of power plant fouling with either Corbicula or Mytilus.
1.0 Distribution i
Corbicula is found only in freshwater and therefore would not be I
capable of infesting a power plant which utilizes saltwater.
An interesting aspect of Corbicula's distribution is that it is still spreading to new areas where it has not been previously reported.
Corbicula is fairly widespread in the United States (Figure A-1, Page A-9), although it has only been known to exist in the continental United States since 1938 when it was discovered in the Columbia River along the west coast of 4
Since then it has spread southward, eastward and northward until m'st states have reported ne presence of Corbicula.
Only north Atlantic, northern lains and northern Rocky Mountain states do not have Corbicu:
yet.
Comprehensive historical reviews of the invasion of Cort cula into the United States are presented by Isom (1983) and Mc?:ahon (1982).
Two interesting facts about Corbicula's distribution in the freshwater habitats of the United States are particularly pertinent to power plant fouling.
First, Corbicula is no doubt still extending its range.
Therefore, power plants which presently do not have Corbicula in natural freshwaters adjacent to the facility may encounter its presence in the future.
Second, Corbicula may increase its density several magnitudes in just a few years in areas where it has recently become established.
Corbicula will continue to expand its range and increase its population density until it has reached the extent of its lietting environmental factors and until it has reached a balanced population within the ecosystem in which it becomes established.
These facts become quite significant when attempting to determine the extent of Corbicula fouling in the future.
History proves that any prediction as to the exact extent of Corbicula's rance can only be an estimate ef reality, at best.
l When evaluating the potential for fouling, a cautious approach is warranted, as this may lead to the prevention of a serious, unsuspected fouling problem.
A-6
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In contrast to Corbicula, the marine mussel Mytilus is a native of North American saltwater habitats and its range is well established.
It is distributed along the Atlantic seacoast from i
Maine south to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina.
South of Cape Hatteras, summertime maximum temperature may exceed the 27'C thermal limit of Mytilus.
Mytilus is found along the entirs Pacific coast where the maximum summer temperature is cooler.
l Since the range of Mytilus is well established, it can be predicted accurately whether or not there is a fouling potential at a given site.
4 2.0 Mode of Infestation i
4 Corbicula and Mvtilus release numerous (thousands per mature adult) larvae during the spawning season in the warmer months.
These larvae are less than 200 microns long and become planktonic, or suspended in the water column, when released by the adult.
Because they are planktonic, they are transported by water currenta and are therefore susceptible to entrainment
[
(indiscriminate 1y being swept into a power plant as part of the intake water).
It is during this larval life stage that most fouling individuals enter a power plant.
4 Once carried into a power plant, the larvae would easily be
)
swept through the entire system and discharged back into the environment, except for a unique feature c ~ these larvae.
Corbicula and Mytilus larvae have the abil ty to lay down a byssol thread which is a sticky threadlike structure extending beyond the opening of the developing shel;.
Once inside the j
power plant, the larvae can settle out in
.n area of low flow and attach themselves to a firm substrate by means of the byssol l
thread.
There they continue to grow and develop their calcareous, hard shell, filtering their food and oxygen from the i
passing water.
At this point they become dangerous threats to fouling.
If they begin to be transported along the system, eventually their shells may become lodged in a constricted area and begin to clog the system.
Corbicula larvae do not normally settle out and attach themselves in the area where they eventually cause fouling and then begin to grow until they clog l
the pipes, bre rather they attach themselves upstream from a critical area.
Eventually living or dead shells are swept into critical areas and begin to foul the system (Corbicula 6
)
Newsletter 8(2)1983).
i 3.0 Safety Systems Affected i
Once established within a power plant, Corbt.ula and Mytilus are
?
capable of infesting non-safety as well as safety-related areas of the plant.
However, for the purposes of evaluating responses 1
to Bulletin 81-03, it is necessary to identify only those areas 3
l that are safety-related.
Corbicula and Mytilus have the l
potential of fouling any safety system which utilizes raw water l
I I
A-:
i i
I 1
i
i inhabited by these organisms.
.is described by Johnson et a l '.
(1983), these systems include the essential service water system and the fire protection system.
The essential service water system cools components within the reactor building which are required for safe shutdown.
The fire protection system is used infrequently and is, therefore, a basically stagnant system.
The fire-protection system normally draws its water directly from the service water system or from the same intake structure.
In order for Corbicula and Mytilus to infest the essential service water system or the fire protection system, the I
artificial environment within these systems must simulate a natural environment capa ble of supporting clam or mussel life.
This requires a suitable combination of critical environmental
,~
factors within the tolerance range of the organisms.
These factors include: 1) flow velocity, 2) food availability, 3) oxygen, 4) substrate, 5) water temperature, and 6) chemical water quality.
Flow velocity is most conducive to clam growth when it is at a steady, low rate of flow.
This usually provides adequate oxygen and food, and allows particulate matter to settle out, providing substrate material for the burrowing l
instinct of these crganisms.
Water temperature can vary considerably and still pereiit clam or mussel growth.
4 Temperatures between 18 and 25'C are most conducive to l
settlement and growth, while prolonged temperatures above 35'C would kill most clams or mussels.
Chemical e ter quality is usually suitable for clam or mussel growth if raw water is drawn directly into the systems without any inject; n of biofouling control agencies, such as chlorine.
A more d tailed discussion of some of these environmental factors and hc. nuclear power plant engineering design affects these factors is presented by Johnson et al.(1953).
l References l
Isom, B. G. 1983. Historical review of Asiatic clam (Corbicula)
]
invasion and biofouling of waters and industries in the Americas. 23 pp. mimeo. Draft report presented at the Second International Corbicula Symposium, Little Rock, Arkansas, June 1983.
1 McMahon, R. F. 1982. The occurrence and spread of the introduced Asiatic freshwater clam, Corbicula fluminea (Muller), in North i
America: 1924-1962. Nautilus 96(4): 134-141.
Johnson, K.
I.,
C. H. Henager, T. L. Page, and P. F. Hayes, i
1983.
Engineering factors influencing Corbicula fouling in nuclear service water systems. 25 pp. mimeo. Draft report j
presented to the Second International Corbicula Symposium, j
Little Rock. Arkansas, June 1983.
i A-8
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NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS
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Therat etwaal 3 wit h f rust arvj orspens e f
g [ esttunA foularw3 organeses
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rewest res t aswv
&.ith frnal ntwj organan s A.ithmA e organisms Corbicula Range Mytilus Range
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Figure A-1.
Corbicula and Mytilus ranges and themr relationship to nuclear power reactors in the United States 1983. On?y f acilities actively operating or under construct son are shown.
SSIN No.: 6835 Accession No.:
810330402 IN 81-21 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COM ISSION 0FFICE OF INSPECTION AND ENFORCEMENT WASHINGTON, D.C.
20555 July 21, 1981 IE INFORMATION NOTICE NO. 81-21:
POTENTIAL LOSS OF DIRECT ACCESS TO ULTIMATE HEAT SINK Descriotion of circumstances:
IE Bulletin 81-03, issued April 10, 1981, requested licensees to take certain actions to prevent and detect flow blockage caused by Asiatic clams and mussels.
Since then, one event at San Onofre Unit 1 and two events at the Brunswick Station have indicated that situations not explicity discussed in Bulletin 81-03 may occur and result in a loss of direct access to the ultimate heat sink.
These situations are:
1.
Debris from shell fish other than Asiatic clams and mussels may cause flow blockage problems e:sentially identical to those described in the bulletin.
2.
Flow blockage in heat exchangers e n cause high pressure drops that, in turn, defem baf fles, allowing bypass flow and reducing the pressure drop to near normal values.
Once this occurs, heat exchanger flow blockage may not be detectable by pressure drop measu-ements.
3.
Change in operating conditions.
(A lengthy outage with no flow through seawater systems appears to,have permitted a buildup of mussels in systems where previous periodic inspections over more than a ten year period showed no appreciable problem.)
We are currently reviewing these events and the responses of the licensees to l
IEB 81-03. We expect licensees are performing the actions specified in IEB 81-03 such that cooling water flow blockage from any shell fish is prevented or minimized, and is detected before safety components become inoperable.
On June 9, 1981, San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station Unit No. 1 r'eported that as a result of a low saltwater coolant flow rate indication and an apparent need for valve meintenance; a piping elbow on the saltwater discharge line from component cooling heat exchanger E-20A was removed by tne licensee just upstrear. of butterfly valve 12"-50-415 to permit visual inspection. An examination revealed growth of some form of sea mollusk such that the cross-sectional diameter of the piping was reduced.
The movement of the butterfly valve was impaired and some blockage of the heat exchanger tube sheet had occurred.
Evaluation of the event at San Onofre is continuing.
t However, the prolonged (since April 1980) reactor shutdown for refueling i
and steam generator repair is believed to have caused the problem since previous routine inspections conducted since 1968 at 18 month intervals had l
not revealed mollusks during normal periods of operation.
A.10 l
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IN 81-21 July 21, 1981 Page 2 of 3 Two events at Brunswick involved service water flow blockage and inoperability of redundant residual heat removal (RHR) heat exchangers, primarily due to oyster shells blocking the service water flow through the heat exchanger tubes.
On April 25, 1981, at Brunswick Unit 1, while in cold shutdown during a maintenar;ce outage, the normal decay heat removal system was lost when the single RHR heat exchanger in service failed.
The failure occurred when the starting of a second RHR service water pump caused the failure of a baffle in the waterbox of the RHR heat exchanger, allowing cooling water to bypass the tube bundle.
The heat exchanger is U-tube type, with the service water inlet and outlet separated by a baffle.
The copper-nickel baffle which was welded to the copper-nickel tubesheet deflected and failed when increased pressure was produced by starting the second service water pump.
The redundant heat exchanger was inoperable due to maintenance in progress to repair its baffle which had previously deflected (LER 1-81-32, dated May 19, 1981).
The licensee promptly established an alternate heat removal alignment using the spent fuel pool pumps and heat exchangers.
As a result of the problems discovered with Unit 1 RHR heat exchangers, a special inspection of the Unit 2 RHR heat exchangers was perfortted while Unit 2 was at power.
Examination of RHR heat exctsnger 2A using ultrasonic techniques indicated no baffle displacement but flow testing indicated an excessive pressure drop across the heat exchanger.
This heat exchanger was declared inoperable.
Examination of the 2B RHR heat exchanger using ultrasorde and differential pressure measurements indicated tMt the baffle plate was damaged.
The licensee initiated a shutdown using ne 2A RHR heat exchanger at reduced capreity (LER 2-81-49, dated May 20, 19il).
The failure of the baffle was attributed to excess <e differential pressure caused by blockage of the heat exchanger tubes.
Tne blockage was caused by the shells of oysters with minor amounts of other types of shells which were swept into the heads of the heat exchangers since they are the low point in the service water system.
The shells resulted frvm an infestation of oysters growing primarily in the 30" header from the intake structure to the reactor building.
As the oysters died their upper shells detached and were swept into the RHR heat exchangers where they collected.
Small amounts of shells were found in other heat exchangers cooled by service water.
Most of the operating BWRs use U tube heat exchangers in the RHR system.
(The heat exchangers used at Brunswick were manufactured by Perflex Corporation and are identified as type CEU, size 52-8-144.)
The observed failures raise a question on the adeauacy of the baffle design to withstand differential pressures that could reasonably be expected during long term post accident operation.
However, it should be noted that since the baffle' at Brunswick are solid copper-nickel as are the tubesheets and the water ooxes are copper-nickel clad, the strength of the baffles and the baffle we'ds is somewhat less than similar heat exchangers made from carbon steel.
Taerefore, heat exchangers in other BWR's may be able to tolerate higher differential pressure than that at Brunswick without baffle deflection.
(Brunswick opted for copper-nickel due to its high corrosion and fouling resistance in a salt water environment.)
A ll
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APPENDIX B Documentation of Bulletin Closeout e
e
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TN 81-21 July 21, 1981 Page 3 of 3 1
Tha use of differential pressure (Q) sensing between inlet and outlet to determine heat exchanger operability should consider that baffle failure could give an acceptable dp and flow indications and thereby mask incapability for heat removal.
However, it is noted that shell blockage in a single pass, straight-through heat exchanger can readily be detected by flow and dp measurement.
Evaluation of the events at Brunswick is still continuing.
Under conditions of an inoperable RHR system, heat rejection to the ultimate heat sink is typically through the main condenser or through the spent fuel pool coolers.
This latter path consists of the spent fuel pool pumps and heat exchanger with the reactor building closed cooling water system as an intermediate system which transfers the heat to the service water system via a single pass heat exchanger.
These two means (i.e., main condenser or spent fuel pool) are not considered to be reliable long term system alignewnts under accident conditions.
This information is provided as a notification of a possibly significant matter that is still uncer review by the NRC staff, The events at Brunswick and San Onofre emphasize the need for licensees to 'nitie.te appropriate actions as requested by IEB 81-03 for any credible type of shell fish og other marine organisms; e.g., fresh water sponges, (not only asiatic clams and mussels).
In case the continuing NRC review find; that specific licensee actions would be appropriate, a suoplement to IEB Bulletin 81-03 may be issued.
In the interim, l
we expect that licensees will review this information for applicability to their facilities.
i No written response to this information is requirec If you need additional information regarcing this matter, please contact t e Director of the appro-priate NRC Regional Office.
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Tal>1e D.I Bulletin Cloncout Status Utility Docket Faci 1ity NRC
Response
Closcout Status Fac ilit y lit a l ig N u mlie r Status Region Date and Criterion
- Arkansas 1 Al*KI.
50-313 O I.
IV 05-22-81 Open 03-22-83 Arkansas 2 A PK l.
50- % 8 01.
IV 05-22-81 Open 03-22-83 lia i l 1 y 1 NIPSCO 50- % 7 CD III 07-07-81 Closed I lica ve r Valley 1 DI.
50-334 OI.
1 05-26-81 Open 02-14-83 11 caver Valley 2 DI.
50-412 CP I
07-09-81 Open 02-09-83 lic l i c i o n t e 1 TVA 50-438 CP 11 07-08-81 Closed 2(c) 02-17-83 licliefonte 2 TVA 50-439 CP II 07-08-81 Closed 2(c) 02-17-83 to lii g Rock Point 1 CP 50-155 OI.
III 05-26-31 Closed 2(a) lirai4 wood 1 CECO 50-456 CP III 07-09-81 Opcn 02-08-83 03-28-83 Hraidwood 2 CECO 50-457 CP 111 07-09-81 Open 02-08-83 03-28-83 Itrowns Ferry 1 TVA 5 0 - 2 ",9 o.
II 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) 03-21-83 lirowns Ferry 2 TVA 50-260 01.
II 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) 8 03-21-83 I
11rowns Ferry 3 TVA 50-296 01.
II 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) l 03-21-83 Brunswick 1 C PF. I.
50-325 01.
II 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) 02-10-83 Brunswick 2 C PA I.
50-324 OL II 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) 02-10-83
- Criteria are descril>cd on Pages 2, 3 and 11 - 9.
I e
e i
i
r Table B.1 (contd.)
Utility Docket Facility NRC
Response
Closeout Status Facility Utility Number Status Region Date and Criterion Byron 1 CECO 50-454 CP III 07-09-81 Open 02-08-83 03-28-83 Byron 2 CECO 50-455 CP III 07-09-81 Open 02-08-83 03-28-83 Callaway 1 UE 50-483 CP III 07-07-81 Open Ca11away 2 UE 50-4H6 CD III 07-07-81 Closed 1 Calvert Cliffs 1 BG8E 50-3'17 01.
I 05-07-81 Closed 2(a) 01-27-83 Calvert Cliffs 2 BC&E 50-318 01.
I 05-07-81 Closed 2(a) 01-27-83 Catawba 1 DUPCO 50-413 CP II 07-08-81 Open 03-17-83 i
09-16-83 Catawba 2 DUPCO 50-414 CP II 07-08-81 Open 03-17-83 09-16-83 Cherokee 1 DUPCO 50-491 Cill II 07-08-81 Closed 1 01-17-83 Cherokee 2 DUPCO 50-492 rit i II 07-08-81 Closed 1 01-17-83 Cherokee 3 DUPCO 50-493 Clll II 01-17-83 Closed 1 Clinton 1 IP 50-461 CP III 07-14-81 Clo, sed 2(a)
Clinton 2 IP 50-462 CllI III 07-14-81 Closed 1 Comanche Peak 1 TUCCO 50-445 CP IV 06-26-81 Closed 2(a)
{
03-22-83 3
Comanche Peak 2 TUGC0 50-446 CP IV 06-26-81 Closed 2(a) i 03-22-83 Cook 1 IMECO 50-315 OL III 05-28-81 Closed 2(a)
Cook 2 IMECO 50-316 OL III 05-28-81 Closed 2(a)
Cooper Station NPPD 50-298 OL IV 05-29-81 Open Crystal River 3 FP 50-302 OL II 05-26-81 Closed 2(a) 4 Davis-Besse I TECO 50-346 01.
III 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
t Table H.1 (contd.)
Utility Docket Faci 1ity NRC
Response
Closcout Status Facility Utility Nunber Status Region Date and Criterion Diablo Canyon 1 PG&E 50-275 CP V
07-21-81 Open Diablo Canyon 2 PG&E 50-321 CP V
07-21-81 Open i
Dresden 1 CECO 50-010 SDI III 05-26-81 Closed 1 08-23-82 02-08-83 Dresden 2 CECO 50-217 01.
III 05-26-81 Open 08-23-82 02-08-83 03-28-83 Dresden 3 CECO 50-249 OL III 05-26-81 Open 08-23-82 02-08-83 03-28-83 Duane Arnold 1ELPCO 50-331 OL III 05-18-81 Closed 2(a) u, 03-28-83 Farley 1 APCO 50-348 OL II 05-26-81 Open 10-29-82 03-22-83 Farley 2 APCO 50-364 OL II 05-26-81 Open 03-22-83 Fermi 2 DECO 50-341 e'r III 07-07-81 Open 02-08-83 FitzPatrick PASNY 50-333 01.
I 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
~
Forked River JCP&L 50-363 CD I
Closed 1 l.
Fort Calhoun 1 OPPD 50-285 OL IV 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
Fort St. Vrain PSCC 50-267 OL IV 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
Ginna RC&E 50-244 01.
I 06-02-81 Closed 2(a)
{#
Crand Gulf 1 MP&L 50-416 LPTL II 06-05-81 Closed 2(c) 03-22-83 Crand Gulf 2 MP&L 50-417 CIII II 06-05-81 Closed 1 03-22-83 liaddam Neck CYAPCO 50-213 OL I
05-22-81 Closed 2(a) 04-04-83
Table B.1 (contd.)
Utility Docket Facility NRC
Response
Closcout Status Facility Utility Number Status Region Date and Criterion llarris 1 CP& I.
50-400 CP II 07-10-81 Closed 2(b) 03-25-83 Ilarris 2 C P& l.
50-401 CP II 07-10-81 Closed 2(b) 03-25-83 Ilarris 3 CPal.
50-402 CD II 07-10-81 Closed 1 Ilarris 4 CPal.
50-403 CD 11 07-10-81 Closed 1 Ila r t s v i ll e A-1 TVA 50-518 Clll II 07-08-81 Closed 1 Ila r t s v i l l e A-2 TVA 50-519 Clil II 07-08-81 Closed I lia r t s v i 1 l e B-1 TVA 50-520 Cill 1I 07-08-81 Closed I lia r t s v i 11 e B-2 TVA 50-521 Cil1 11 07-08-81 Closed 1 Ilatch I GP 50-321 01.
l'I 05-22-81 Closed 2(b) 06-15-82 01-18-83 06-02-83 llatch 2 GP 50-366 01.
II 05-22-81 Closed 2(b) 06-15-82 m
01-18-83 i
e-06-02-83 llope Creek 1 PSE&G 50-354 CP I
06-24-81 Closed 2(a) llope Creek 2 PSE&C 50-355 CD I
06-24-81 Closed 1 Ilu m b o l d t Bay 3 PGRE 50-133 S i> l V
06-09-81 Closed 1 Indian Point 2 Coned 50-247 OL I
05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
Indian Point 3 PASNY 50-286 01.
1 05-29-81 Closed 2(a)
Jamesport 1
- 1. I I.C 0 50-516 CD I
Closed 1 Jamesport 2 1.I1.00 50-517 ris I
Closed 1 Kewaunce WPS 50-305 01.
III 05-26-81 Closed 2(a) 1.a C r o ss e DP 50-409 01.
III 05-18-81 Open 03-15-83 I.aSalle 1 CECO 50-373 01.
Ill 07-09-81 Open 02-08-83 03-28-83 1.aSalle 2 CECO 50-374 CP I1I 07-09-81 Open 02-08-83 03-28-83 1.imerick 1 PECO 50-352 CP I
06-04-81 Open 03-18-83 l.imerick 2 PECO 50-353 CP I
06-04-81 Open s
03-18-83
I I
i.
Table B.1 (contd.)
)
Utility i
Docket Facility NRC
Response
Closeout Status Facility Utility Number Status Region Date and Criterion Maine Yankee MYAPCO 50-309 OL I
05-21-81 Closed 2(bac) k 03-30-83 Marble 11i I 1 1 PSI 50-546 CP III 07-03-81 Open 08-20-81 Marble 11 i 1 1 2 PSI 50-547 CP 1II 07-03-81 Open j
j 08-20-81 i
McGuire i DUPCO 50-369 01.
II 05-22-81 Open d
02-11-83 l
McGuire 2 DUPCO 50-370 01.
II 05-22-81 Open 02-11-83 MidIand 1 CPC 50-329 CP 1II 06-30-81 Closed 2(a)
Midland 2 CPC 50-330 CP 111 06-30-81 Closed 2(a)
Millstone 1 NU 50-245 01.
I 05-22-81 Closed 2(c)
MiiIstone 2 NU 50-336 OL I
05-22-81 Closed 2(c)
Millstone 3 NU 50-423 CP I
05-22-81 Closed 2(c)
Monticello NSP 50-263 OL III 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
T 03-21-83 Nine Mile Point 1 NMP 50-220 01.
I 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
Nine Mile Point 2 NMP 50-410 CP I
07-09-81 Closed 2(a)
North Anna 1 VEPCO 50-338 OL II 05-22-81 Open 03-22-83 03-24-83 North Anna 2 VEPGO 50-339 vi.
II 05-22-81 Open 03-22-83 03-24-83 North Anna 3 VEPCO 50-404 CD II 07-08-81 Closed 1 North Anna 4 VEPCO 50-405 CD II Closed 1
]
Oconee 1 DUPCO 50-269 OL II 05-22-81 Closed 2(b) 07-09-81 03-21-83 Oconee 2 DUPCO 50-270 OL II 05-22-81 Closed 2(b) 07-09-81 03-21-83 Oconee 3 DUPCO 50-287 OL II 05-22-81 Closed 2(b) b 07-09-81 03-21-83 f
.1
.i Table B.1 (contd.)
Utility Docket Facility NRC
Response
Closeout Status Facility Utility Number Status Region Date and Criterion Oyster Creek 1 JCPal.
50-219 01.
I 05-29-81 Open 02-24-83 Pa1isades CPC 50-255 01.
III 05-26-81 Closed 2(a)
Palo Verde 1 APSCO 50-528 CP V
06-03-81 Open 03-18-83 Palo Verde 2 APSCO 50-529 CP V
00-03-81 Open 03-18-83 Palo Verde 3 APSCO 50-530 CP V
06-03-81 Open 03-18-83 Peach llot t om 2 PECO 50-277 01.
I 05-22-81 Closed 2(a) 03-17-83 Peach llottom 3 PECO 50-278 01.
I 05-22-81 Closed 2(a) 03-17-83 Perkins 1 DUPCO 50-488 CD 1I 07-08-81 Closed I n,
a Perkins 2 DUPCO 50-489 CD 11 07-08-81 Closed 1 Perkins 3 DUPCO 50-490 CD 1I 07-08-81 Closed 1 Perry 1 CEI 50-440 CP III 06-18-81 Closed 2(a)
Perry 2 CEI 50-441 CP 111 06-18-81 Closed 2(a)
Phipps lle n d 1 TVA 50-553 Clll II 07-08-81 Closed l'
Phipps lle n d 2 TVA 50-554 Cill II 07-08-81 Closed 1 Pilgrim 1 BECO 50-293 01.
I 10-15-81 Closed 2(c) 02-28-83
'0-266 us.
III 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
Point lleach I W El'L O Point Beach 2 WEPCO 50-301 01.
III 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
Prairie Island 1 NSP 50-282 01.
III 05-22-81 Open 03-22-83 Prairie Island 2 NSP 50-306 01.
III 05-22-81 Open 03-22-83 Quad Cities 1 CECO 50-254 01.
III 05-26-81 Open 02-08-83 03-28-83 Quad Cities 2 CECO 50-265 01.
III 05-26-81 Open 02-08-83 p
03-28-83 b
t
.I' t
1 Table 11. 1 (contd.)
Utility Docket Facility NRC
Response
Closeout Status
'o Facility Utility Number Status Region _ Date and Criterion Rancho Seco 1 SMUD 50-312 OL V
04-29-81 Closed 2(b) 02-18-83 i
River llend 1 GSU 50-458 CP IV 07-10-81 Open
}
09-14-81 02-14-83 10-26-83 River Bend 2 GSU 50-459 Cl!I IV 07-10-81 Closed 1 09-14-81 f,
02-14-83 10-26-83 Robinson 7 C P& l.
50-261 01.
1I 05-22-81 Closed 2(a) 02-08-83 Salem 1 PSE&G 50-272 01.
I 05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
Salem 2 PSE&G 50-311 01, 1
05-22-81 Closed 2(a)
06-04-81 Closed 2(c)
07-07-81 Closed 2(c) e San Onofre 3 SCE 50-362 01.
V 07-07-81 Closed 2(c) l' L
Seabrook 1 PS Nil 50-443 CP I
07-08-81 Closed 2(c) 03-07-83 l
Seabrook 2 PSNil 50-444 CP I
07-08-81 Closed 2(c) 03-07-83 Sequoyah 1 TVA 50-327 OL II 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) 03-21-83 g
Sequoyah 2 TVA 50-32M 01.
II 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) 1 03-21-83 a
Shoreham 1.ILCO 50-322 CP I
07-07-81 Open 1
03-30-82 04-21-83 South Texas 1 IIL& P 50-498 CP IV 07-09-81 Open 02-11-83 South Texas 2 ilL& P 50-499 CP IV 07-09-81 Open 02-11-83 St. 1ucie 1 FPL 50-335 OL II 06-01-81 Closed 2(a)
St. Lucie 2 FPL 50-389 OL II 07-08-81 Closed 2(a) l 4
02-08-83 i
Sterling RGKE 50-485 CD I
Closed 1 l
5 I
~
' O.9L a_ ; b-J Table B.1 (contd.)
Utility Docket Facility NRC
Response
Closeout Status Facility Utility Number Status Region Date and Criterion Summer 1 SLE&G 50-395 OL 11 07-09-81 Closed 2(b) 09-02-81 02-07-83 Surry 1 VEPCO 50-280 OL II 35-22-81 Open Surry 2 VEPCO 50-281 OL II 05-22-81 Open Susquehanna 1 PP&L 50-387 OL I
06-17-81 Closed 2(a)
Susquehanna 2 PP&l.
50-388 CP I
06-17-81 Closed 2(a)
TM1 1 Met-Ed 50-289 01.
I 06-12-81 Closed 2(a) 02-07-83 TML 2 Met-Ed 50-320 SDI I
05-29-81 Closed Trojan PGE 50-3.44 01.
V 05-26-81 Closed 2(c) 07-20-81 Turkey Point 3 FPL 50-250 01.
I1 05-28-81 Closed 2(a) 2 Turkey Point 4 FPL 50-251 01.
II 05-28-81 Closed 2(a)
Vermont Yankee 1 VYNP 50-271 OL I
05-15-81 Closed 2(a)
'I 06-04-81 T
Vogtle 1 GP 50-424 CP II 07-18-81 Closed 2(c)
)
Vogtle 2 GP 50-425 CP ll 07-18-81 Closed 2(c)
07-07-81 Closed 2(c)
07-06-81 Closed 2(c)
07-08-81 Closed 2(c)
07-07-81 Closed 1 i
07-08-81 Closed 1 I
Waterford 3 LP&l.
50-382 t.1 IV 07-07-81 Closed 2(c) a 11-23-82 Watts Bar 1 TVA 50-390 CP II 07-21-81 Closed 2(c) l 03-21-83 t
Watts Bar 2 TVA 50-391 CP II 07-21-81 Closed 2(c) 03-21-83 Wolf Creek 1 KG&E 50-482 CP IV 07-09-81 Closed 2(a) 03-21-83 Yankee-Rowe 1 YAECO 50-029 OL I
05-26-81 Closed 2(a)
Yellow Creek 1 TVA 50-566 CIII II 07-08-81 Closed 1 Yellow Creek 2 TVA 50-567 Cill II 07-08-81 Closed 1 Zimmer 1 CGME 50-358 CD III 06-17-81 Closed 1
if Table B.1 (contd.)
Utility Docket Facility NRC
Response
Closeout Status Facility Utility Number
_ Status Region Date and Criterion Zion 1 CECO 50-295 01.
III 05-26-81 Closed 2(a) j 06-04-81 02-08-83 03-28-83 Zion 2 CECO S0-304 01.
III 05-26-81 Closed 2(a) 06-04-81 02-08-83 03-18-83 f
Facility st atus noted in Table B.1 is based on the following NRC reports:
[
1.
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, I.icensed Operating Reactors, Status Summary Report, Data as of 11-30-83, NUREG-OO20, Vol.
7, No. 12, December 1983 i
2.
United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Nuclear Power Plants, Construction i
Status Report, Data as of 06/30/82, NUREG-0030, Vol.
6, No.
2, Published October 1982
?
Criteria for Bulletin Closcout The Bulletin is closed for a facility to which one of the following criteria applies:
I 1.
Facilities which have been cancelled, indefinitely deferred, or indefinitely closed.
g 2.
Facilities which have submitted an acceptable program for detecting and preventing future flow blockage or degradation due to clams or mussels or shell debris and which meet one of the following:
j a.
Facilities which do not have either Corbicula sp. or Mytilus sp. in the vicinity of the station in either the source or receiving water bodies.
- b. Facilities which have either Corbicula sp. or Mytilus sp. present in the vicinity of the station in either the source or receiving water bodies and which have per-r formed an acceptabic sampling of components which verifies that the station is not infected.
c.
Facilities which are infested with either Cor bi cu la sp. or Mytilus sp. and which have performed an
.ir i e pt a b l e pr ogram to confirm adequate flow rates in the safety-related system..
l
.[
APPENDIX C Proposed Followup Items Region I
- 1. Beaver Valley 1 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 26, 1981 and February 14, 1983, indicating that detection and prevention of Corbicula fouling would be accomplished through periodic flow performance tests and visual inspection, with no mention of any biocide application.
Followup is suggested to verify that planned performance testing and visual inspections are performed with sufficient frequency to adequately detect and prevent fouling by Corbicula.
2.
Beaver Valley.2 Utility personnel responded
- .o Bulletin 03 on July 9, 1981 and February 9, 1983, indicating that detection and preven-tion of Corbicula fouling would be acco.glished through periodic flow performance tests and visual inspection, with no mention of any biocide application.
Followup is suggested to verify that planned performance testing and visual inspections are performed with sufficient frequency to adequately detect and prevent fouling by Corbicula.
3.
Limerick 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on June 4, 1981 and March 18, 1983, indicating that recent benthic studies in the vicinity of the plant had confirmed the pres'ence of Cor-bicula.
No mention was made of inspection or detection pro-cedures to be implemented as a result of these recent find-ings.
Followup is suggested to verify that procedures have been developed for routine inspection and performance testing of safety-related systems prior to and following plant operation.
C-1
. j,,,. e 8'
4 Oyster Creek 1 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 29, 1981 and February 24, 1983, indicating that some fouling due to Mytilus had been detected and that an effective inspection program was being developed along with a chlorination feasi-bility study.
Followup is suggested to verify that a comprehensiva inspection / monitoring program has been implemented and that provisions for effective biocidal treatment have been addressed.
- 5. Shoreham Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on July 7, 1981, March 30, 1982 and April 21, 1983, indicating that mussel control would be accomplished through hypochlorite application.
Followup is suggested to verify that an effective hypo-chlorite treatment program has been developed and to obtain details of the program.
Region II
- 1. Catawba 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-3 on July 8, 1981 March 17, 1983, and September 16, 19e2, indicating that Corbicula fouling had occurred in some syst.ms inspected but that preventive maintenance would conslat only of period-ic inspections and backflushing.
No biocide application was in effect at that time other than in the fire protection systems.
Followup is suggested to verify that performance testing and inspections are conducted on an adequate number of system components frequently enough to preclude blockage due to biofouling; and, in the event Corbicula fouling becomes a significant problem, followup is needed to verify that adequate clam fouling preventive measures, such as biocide application, are implemented.
2.
Farlev 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 26, 1981, October 29, 1982 and March 22, 1983, indicating that an extensive examination of mainly non-safety-related heat ex-changers in Unit 1 found no evidence of Corbiculq fouling and that flow performance tests for Unit 2 were sufficient due to its similarities to Unit 1.
C-2
>=
-,w wi.___
7.
4 p aus.n.
.. 1 [,
Followup is suggested to verify that additional repre-sentative safety-system components for both Units 1 and 2 have been inspected and performance tested, and that such inspections and performance tests will continue to be performed with sufficient frequency to preclyde any incidence of flow blockage.
- 3. McGuire 1 a r. d 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 22, 1981 and February 11, 1983, indicating that Corbicula were present in the Stand-by Nuclear Service Water Pond but that no formal program existed for inspection and no biocide treatment of the Nuclear Service Water System was planned to be imple-mented.
Followup is suggested to verify that the licensee has taken appropriate action with respect to potential fouling of the Nuclear Service Water System.
Fouling may have a high potential in this system in light of the moderate fouling in the Fire Protection System and the presence of Corbicula in the service water pond.
4 North Anna 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 22, 1981, March 22, 1983 and March 24, 1983. indicating that, while Corbicula were present in Lake An: i and the Service Water Reservoir, no evidence of fouling,ad occurred within safety systems. No mention was made of
,y existing or planned biocide treatments or other con.rol procedures should Corbicula infest s,afety systems in the future.
Followup is suggested to verify that the licensee has developed contingency plans for clam fouling control for safety systems receiving raw service water.
5.
Surry 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 51-03 on May 22, 1981, indicating that (a) salinity is too low for Mytilus, (b) salinity is too high for Corbicula except during periods of high rainfall in the James River Basin, (c) no Corbicula fouling had been observed at the plant and (d) additional en-vironmental sampling and observations would be performed during periods of extensive rainfall.
Followup is suggested to obtain and evaluate a description of the safety system visual inspection program, including all components examined and scheduled inspection frequency.
This additional information was requested by NRC/IE January 21, 1983.
C-3 m
.-a m. n
O Region III
- 1. Braidwood 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on July 9, 1981, February 8, 1983 and March 28, 1983, indicating that no significant population of Corbicula existed in the Braid-wood Cooling Lake.
Followup is suggested to verify that continued monitoring of the cooling Jake adequately addresses Corbicula infestation and that effective biofouling preventatives are included in safety-system plans for each unit.
2.
Byron 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on July 9, 1981, February 8, 1983 and March 28, 1983, indicating that no known populction of Corbicula existed in the Rock River in the vicinity of the Byron facilities.
Followup is suggested to verify that monitoring of the river for possible future Corbicula infestation is continuing and that appropriate provisions for biofouling control are in-cluded in safety system plans for each unit.
- 3. Callaway 1 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-33 on July 7, 1981, indicating that flow performance for the Fire Sup-ression Water System (FWS) would be tested monthly, with no mention of testing frequency for the Essen.ial Service Water System (ESWS).
Followup is suggested to verify that performance testing for for the ESWS is of sufficient frequency to preclude fouling by Corbicula and that appropriate provisions for biofouling control are included in the FWS and ESWS plans.
4 Dresden 2 and 3 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 26, 1981, August 23, 1982, February 8, 1983 and March 28, 1983, indicating that Corbicula fouling of several heat exchangers had occurred but that control through annual cleaning, in-termittent hypochlorite injection and periodic flow reversal had precluded any performance problems.
l Follovup is suggested to verify that installation of all pressure gauges has been completed; that performance test-ing and biocidal treatments are of sufficient frequency to preclude flow blockage to any safety-related system; and that vacuum dredging of intake bays during down time is l
carried out.
C-4 i
g
- - = * *=== = 4 w w.
m,
5.
Fermi 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on July 7,
1981 and February 8, 1983, indicating that a quarterly detection program for Corbicula infestation was being developed, with-out mention of any source water body or cooling tower basin sampling.
Followup is suggested to verify that the planned detection program has been implemented and that selected sampling locations include the source water body and the cooling tower basin.
6.
Lacrosse Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 18, 1981 and March 15, 1983, indicating that no known population of Corbicula had occurred upstream of the facility and that routine monitoring in the plant vicinity would note any oc-currence of Corbicula.
No mention was made of sampling methodology for determination of Corbicula presence.
Because Corbicula have been reported upstream from Lacrosse, followup is suggested to verify that monitoring activities include appropriate sampling techniques for determining the presence of Corbicula in the plant vicinity.
7.
LaSalle 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 1-03 on July 9, 1981, February 8, 1963 and March 28, 19-indicating that Corbicula had been found in the cooling ake and that a further assessment of their infestation.ould be conducted during Spring 1983 to determine the extent of the population.
Followup is suggested to verify that this assessment has been performed and to determine if followup actions (in-plant inspections / performance testing) are warranted.
8.
Marble Hill 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin el-03 on July 3, 1981 and August 20, 1981, indicating that Corbicula were present in the source water body but that firm plans for biocide treatment and detection had not been developed.
Followup is suggested to verify that the permit holder has implemented a program for routine flow performance testing and inspection, and that provisions for biocide application have been made.
9.
Prairie Island I and 2 Uti_ity personnel responded to Bulletin S1-03 on May 22, 1981 C-5 m
r Mme.v 4 *
- 4. _
...m-
4 and March 22, 1981, indicating that since their initial re-sponse to the bulletin Corbicula had been encountered at the plant.
Followup is suggested to verify that chlorination practices and annual in-place inspections are sufficient to detect and prevent possible future fouling of safety systems by Corbicula,
- 10. Quad Cities 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 26, 1981, February 8, 1983 and March 28, 1983, indicating that evidence of cinor Corbicula fouling had occurred in some.
non-safety-related systems but that no fouling was observed in any safety-related system components.
No provision had been made for biocide treatment of any systems not already so equipped.
Followup is suggested to verify that inspection schedules and performance testing of safety system components are per-formed frequently enough to detect and prevent flow S'.ock-age by Corbicula and that planned biocide applications are adequate for Corbicula control.
The potential for more serious fouling appears si8nificant enough to warrant care-ful examination of detection procedures.
Region IV
- 1. Arkansas Nuclear One-Units 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 22, 1981 and March 22, 1983, indicatin3 that chlorination for control of Corbicula in service water systems would be performed orce every 14 days when service water is between 60'F and 80*F.
Followup is suggested to verify that such chlorination practices have been effective in control of Corbicula fouling.
2.
Cooper Station Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on May 29, 1981, indicating that no environmental monitoring to detect the presence of Corbicula has been performed since 1979.
Followup is suggested to determine whether monitoring of the Missouri River for the presence of Corbicula should be renewed.
3.
River Bend 1 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on July 10, 1981, September 14, 1981 and February 14, 1983, indicating C-6 2
~
6 e
that a routine surveillance schedule was being developed which would be designed to detect flow blockage by Corbicula in potentially affected systems.
Followup is suggested to verify the details of this program and document its implementation.
- 4. South Texas 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on July 9, 1981 and February 11, 1983, indicating that only portions of the Essential Cooling Water System (ECWS) were subject to pos-sible fouling by Corbicula but that quarterly flow monitoring and intermittent chlorination would be utilized to detect and prevent flow degradation.
Followup is suggested to verify that planned performance monitoring and chlorination practices are adequate for detection and prevention of possible future clam fouling of the ECWS.
Region V
- 1. Diablo Canyon 1 and 2 Utility personnel responded to Bulletin 81-03 on July 21, 1981, indicating that Mytilus fouling was controlled by using rejected condenser heat on a monthly basi-; however, no de-tailed description of the heat treatment -rogram was pro-vided as requested by NRC/IE January 21,
.983.
Followup is suggested to verify specific details of the mussel heat treatmen't procedures including all safety-related systems receiving such application.
2.
Palo Verde 1,
2 and 3 Utility personnel reponded to Bulletin 81-03 on June 3, 1981 and March 18, 1983, indicating that no monitoring effort or inspection program had oeen or would be initiated to deter-cine the presence of Corbicula in the storage res.ervoir, due to the fact that all cooling water used at the plant was treated sewage effluent and as such Corbicula would not be able to survive in such an environment.
Followup is suggested to verify that the aquatic environment of the storage reservoir is presently free of Corbicula and and that opportunities for future colonization are monitored.
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APPENDIX D Abbreviations ANO Arkansas Nuclear One APC0 Alabama Power Company AP&L Arkansas Power & Light Company APSCO Arizona Public Service Company BECO Boston Edison Company BG&E Baltimore Gas and Electric Company C
Centigrade CCU Containment Cooling Unit CD Cancelled CECO Commonwealth Edison Company CEI Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company CFR Code of Federal Regulations CG&E Cincinnati Gas and Electric Company CHI Construction Halted Indefinitely CO Carbon Dioxide Coned Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc.
CP Construction Permit CPC Consumers Power Company CP&L Carolina Power & Light Company CR Contractor's Report CYAPCO Connecticut Yankee Atomic Power Company DECO Detroit Edison
- Company DL Duquesne Light Company DP Differential Pressure DPC Dairyland Power Cooperative DUPC0 Duke Power Company ECWS Essential Cooling Water System EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESWS Essential Service Water System FP Florida Power Corporation FPL Florida Power & Light Company FWS Fire Suppression Water System GAO Government Accounting Office GP Georgia Power Company GSU Gulf States Utilities Company HL&P Houston Lighting & Power Company HPSI High-Pressure Safety Injection HQ Headquarters IEB Inspection / Enforcement Bulletin IELPC0 Iowa Electric Light and Power Company D-1
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VYNP Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation WEPCO Wisconsin Electric Power Company WNP Washington Nuclear Project WPPSS Warhington Public Power _ Supply System WPS Wisconsin Public Service Corporation YAECO Yankee Atomic Electric Company a
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NRC Ponu 336 U s. NUCLE AR REGULATORY COWDON 1 REP 007 Nuv8ER IAu reaav OOC /
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET NUREG/CR-3054 o
a TITLE AN O Su8 TITLE LA ccs vor mo No. s norcer,orel PARAMETER IE-138 u
2 ILehr Oses)
Closecut of IE Bulletin 81-03: Flow Blockage of Cooling Water to Saf ety System Components by Corbicula sp.(Asiatic Clam) and Mytilus sp. (Muss,3,,c,,,E N r S Aces Ssicw NO el) 7 AUTHOR (S) 5 OATE REPORT cowPLE TED J.
H.
Rains, W.
J.
Foley, A. Hennick u oa. r
[vt..
May 1984 9 PE RFORMING ORGANIZATION N AYE AND M AILING ADORESS tivvor la Coors D ATE' AE PORT ISSVE O PARAMETER, Inc.
- ""June I[984 13380 Watertown Plank Road Elm Grove, Wisconsin 53122 s It,,,,..,
a ILent. Vel 12 SPONSORING O AG AN12 ATION N AYE ANO V AILING ADO AE SS trac, woe la cooes 10 P AOJE CT T A50 WORK VNiT NO Div. of Erergency Preparedness and Engineering Response Task order No. 34 l
Office of Inspection and Enforcement i, nN No U.S. tbclear Regulatory Carnission Washington, DC 20555 B-1013 13 Tv PE OF REPOR T
'E A + 00 C o v E mE o Itac#wo.e ca rest Technical September 18, 1981 - May 25, 1984 15 SUPPLE YE N T A A v N OTE S l a It r** 0 r 81 16 A BS TR Act a00
- o os or,e s o On April 10, 1981, the Of fice of Inspection and Enforcement (IE) of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission (NRC) Assued Balletin 81-03 requiring all nuclear generating unit licensees to assess the potential for biofouling of safety-related system cor'9onents as a result of Asiatic clams (Corbicula sp.)
and marine mussels (Mvt ilus sp. ).
Issuance of the Bulletin mas prompte" Sy the shutd>n of Arkansas Nuclear One, Unit 2 on September 3,1980, as a result of flon blockage of safet systems by Asiatic clams. Licensee responses to Bulletin 81-03 have been compiled and evaluated to determi-the magnitude of existing biofoularO problems trad potential for future problems. An assessment of the areal utent of Asiatic clam and marine mussel infestation has been made along alth an ebaluation of detection 1 control procedures currently in se '
by li c e nsee s.
Reccrvendations are presided with regard to adequacy of utection, inspection and presentic,n practices currently in use, blocidal treatment programs, and additional areas of concern. Safety arclicatim i and licensee responsibila t tes are discussed. Of 79 faellities licensed to operate,17 have reported biofoul-ang problems, 21 are judged to have high biofouling potential,17 are Juc;ed to ha e loa or future poten*aa.
and 24 are judged to hase little or no potential. For 49 f acilities uncer construction, the number of un:'
for matching conditions of biofoulang are 3, 25,15, and 6 in th sate cecreasing order of severity. ine rolloave neeced to close out the Bulletin
'~
Bulletin has been closed out for 85 of 129 current f acilities.
21 operating facilities and 2's facilities under construction as proposec in Appendix C.
17 n,E Y v O A OS AND OOCvYE NT AN ALY S S 174 OE SC R.P T O a 5 17e iOE NTIF E AS OPE N EN CE O TE avS
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4 CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE I, Deborah S. Steenland, one of the attorneys for the Applicants herein, hereby certify that on April 29, 1982 M -2 P2 :08 made service of the within document by mailing copies thereof, postage prepaid to:
Administrative Judge Sheloon J.
Stephen E. Merrill, N h INcf Wolfe, Esquire, Chairman Attorney General Atomic Safety and Licensing George Dana Bisbee, Esquire Board Panel Assistant Attorney General U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Office of the Attorney General Commission 25 Capitol Street Washington, DC 20555 Concord, NH 03301-6397 Judge Emmeth A.
Luebke Dr. Jerry Harbour Atomic Safety and Licensing Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel Board Panel 5500 Friendship Boulevard U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Apartment 1923N Commission Chevy Chase, Maryland 20815 Washington, DC 20555 Robert Carrigg, Chairman Diane Curran, Esquire Board of Selectmen Andrea C.
Ferster, Esquire Town Office Harmon & Weiss Atlantic Avenue Suite 430 North Hampton, NH 03862 2001 S Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20009 Adjudicatory File Sherwin E. Turk, Esquire Atomic Safety and Licensing Of fice of the Executive Legal Board Panel Docket (2 copies)
Director U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission Commission Washington, DC 20555 Washington, DC 20555 i
Atomic Safety and Licensing Robert A.
Backus, Esquire Appeal Board Panel Backus, Meyer & Solomon U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory 116 Lowell Street Commission P.O.
Box 516 Washington, DC 20555 Manchester, NH 03105 Philip Ahrens, Esquire Mr. J.
P.
Nadeau Assistant Attorney General Selectmen's Office Department of the Attorney 10 Central Road General Rye, NH 03870 Augusta, ME 04333
Paul McEachern, Esquire Carol S.
Sneider, Esquire Matthew T.
Brock, Esquire Assistant Attorney General Shaines & McEachern Department of the Attorney 25 Maplewood Avenue General P.O.
Box 360 One Ashburton Place, 19th Fir.
Portsmouth NH 03801 Boston, MA 02108 Mrs. Sandra Gavutis Mr. Calvin A.
Canney Chairman, Board of Selectmen City Manager RFD 1 - Box 1154.
City Hall Kensington, NH 03827 126 Daniel Street Portsmouth, NH 03801 Senator Gordon J.
Humphrey R.
Scott Hill-Whilton, Esquire U.S.
Senate Lagoulis, Clark, Hill-Washington, DC 20510 Whilton & McGuire (Attn:
Tom Burack) 79 State St'eet Newburyport, MA 01950 Senator Gordon J. Humphrey Mr. Peter S.
Matthews One Eagle Square, Suite 507 Mayor Concord, NH 03301 City Hall (Attn:
Herb Boynton)
Newburyport, MA OS$0 Mr. Thomas F.
Powers, III Mr. William S.
Lord Town Manager Board of Selectmen Town of Exeter Town Hall - Friend Street 10 Front Street Amesbuly, MA 01913 Exeter, NH 03833 H. Joseph Flynn, Esquire Brentwood Board of Selectmen Office of General Counsel RFD Dalton Road Federal Emergency Management Brentwood, NH 03833 Agency 500 C Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20472 Gary W.
Holmes, Esquire Richard A. Hampe, Esquire Holmes & Ells Hampe and McNicholas 47 Winnacunnet Road 35 Pleasant Street Hamptoli, NH 03841 Concord, NH 03301 Mr. Ed Thomas Judith H. Mizner, Esquire FEMA, Region I 79 State Street, 2nd Floor 442 John W. McCormack Post Newburyport, MA 01950 Office and Court House Post Office Square Boston, MA 02109
>i Charles'P. Graham, Esquire Murphy and Graham 33 Low Street Newburyport, MA 01950 d
Deborah S.
Steenland -