ML20044B765
| ML20044B765 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 02/26/1993 |
| From: | Selin I, The Chairman NRC COMMISSION (OCM) |
| To: | Dingell J HOUSE OF REP., ENERGY & COMMERCE |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 9303040086 | |
| Download: ML20044B765 (89) | |
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. UNITED STATES
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NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMIST.lON bJ WASHINGTON. D.C. 23565
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February 26, 1993
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CHAtRM AN.
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l The Honorable John Dingell, Chairman Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations Committee on Energy and Commerce U.S. House of Representatives i
Washington, D.C._20515 i
Dear Mr. Chairman:
On February 10, 1993, the Commission responded to your January 15, 1993 letter
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regarding safety concerns about the use of Thermo-Lag. fire barrier systems in nuclear-power plants.
In a subsequent telephore conversation, your staff requested that we respond to 5 additional questions.
-Our detailed responses to your additional questions are enclosed. Please contact us if -you need additional information.
Sincerely, r
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Ivan Selin i
Enclosure:
As stated cc:
Rep. Dan Schaater c20cm 49
'9303040086~930226 "
Ij PDR -COMM3-NRCC
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OUESTION 1.
Page 4 of the IG's report states that, "NRC regnirements state that a fire endurance test on barrier materials must be conducted by a nationally recognized, fire testing laboratory."
Please provide this specific NRC requirement.
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ANS14EL I
While NRC regulations on fire protection do not specifically require that fire endurance tests be conducted by a nationally-recognized testing laboratory, a licensee may commit to follow l
NRC guidance that refers to testing by nationally-recognized testing laboratories.
If a licensee commits to follow this guidance, it must conform to the industry standard referenced therein.
A licensee's fi'co protection program is acceptable if it meets NRC regulations in 10 CFR Part 50, Section 50.48, " Fire Protection," and General De: ign Criteria (GDC) 3,
" Fire Protection," of Appendix A, to 10 CFR Part 50. -Section 9.5-1,
" Fire Protection Program," of NRC's " Standard Review Plan" (NUREG 0800) provides information, staff recommendations, and guidance which may be used by a licensee to meet the requirements of Section 50.48 and GDC 3.
If a licensee commits to f ollcwing this guidance, it must conform to the industry standards referenced in the Standard Review Plan (SRP) unless it subsequently changes its commitments in accordance with the provisions of 10 CFR Part 50,
.sO OUESTION 1.
(Continued)
Section 50.59, " Changes, tests and experiments," or receives staff agreement to change the commitment.
In the SRP, the staff defined " fire barrier" as "those components of construction that are rated by approving laborateries in hours of resistance to fire..."
The staff also' defined
" approved" as " tested and accepted for a specific purpose or application by a nationally recognized testing laboratcry."
Therefore, the staff would find a fire barrier acceptable if it had been tested and found acceptable for a specific application by a nationally-recognized testing laboratory, such as Underwriters Laboratories, Incorporated, without further review.
However, designs and methods different from the guidelines recommended in the SRP can be used by a licensee if the licensee 1
provides suitable bases and justification for its alternative l
approaches and the staff concludes that adequate fire protection is provided by the alternative approaches.
l A copy of 10 CFR Part 50, Sections 50.48 and 50.59; General Design Criteria 3; and Section 9.5-1 of NUREG-0800 are enclosed.
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OUESTION 2.
Page 4 of the same report also. states that, j
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"(A)1though the NRC requires a full scale fire i
endurance test, the tests conducted at TSI were j
"small scale" tests."
Please provide this 4
specific NRC requirement.
i ANSWER.
While NRC regulations on fire protection do not specifically 1.
1 require that fire endurance tests be full-scale, the staff endorses the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) f I
Standard E119, " Standard for Fire Resistance of Building i
Materials," as guidance for determining the fire resistance ratings of fire barriers.
ASTM E119 states that the fire test
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i specimen shall be representative of the construction for which a l
fire resistance rating is desired with respect to materials, j
workmanship, and details, such as dimensions of parts.
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I The answer to Question 3 also addresses ASTM E119 requirements.
A copy of ASTM E119 is enclosed.
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OUESTION 3.
Page 4 cf the report also states that, "the test furnace and temperature measuring devices used by TSI did not meet the standards."
Please provide these specific standards.
ANSWER.
The standard referred to on page 4 is ASTM E119.
A ccpy of this standard is enclosed.
ASTM E119 specifies minimum test specimen dimensions for barriers such as walls, floor / ceiling assemblies, and columns.
Furnace sizes must be chosen to accommodate the specific specimen.
The standard does not provide specific criteria for furnace sizes and design.
Section 4,
" Furnace Thermocouples," of ASTM E119 specif'.es that i
furnace thermocouples use No. 18 gage Chromel-Alumel wires and I
that they be enclosed in standard weight iron, steel, or Inconel i
pipe, or that they be verified to have the same time constant as i
do these standard thermoccuples.
Section 4 also specifies the' guadelines for the locations of furnace thernoccuples, including the required distance of thermocouples from the furnace wall and test specimen.
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4 CUESTION 4.
What infor ation do we have on which utilities plan to fight fires with a fog nozzle and which will use a hose stream?
ANSWER.
The staff does not have specific data on the-types of nozzles available at each nuclear power plant.
However, the staff has inspected fire protection programs and features at all plants.
l During its reviews and inspections of nuclear utility fire protection programs, the staff has found that the in-plant hose stations, which are used for manual fire fighting, are generally equipped with electrically-safe fog nozzles.
For life safety
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l considerations, a universally accepted fire-fighting practice relies on nozzles that deliver fog spray patterns in areas that contain energized electrical equipment.
These nozzles are I
1 considered fog nozzles, which provide variable discharges and 1
l patterns with adjustments from shutoff to a fixed fog pattern ranging from 30' to 90' and cannot be adjusted to apply a straight stream.
In addition to the in-plant hose stations, in-plant fire brigades generally carry special fire-fighting nozzles.
These include:
open nozzles having a fixed stream spray pattern that are controlled by shutoff valves; nonadjustable spray nozzles (electrically-safe nozzles) with fixed angles of spray that are controlled by shutoff valves; adjustable spray nozzles which provide variable discharges and patterne with adjustments from shutoff to straight stream, and from narrow to wide-angle spray;
OUEST!ON 4.
/Centinued) and ccmbination nozzles in which either a solid strea: Or a fixed cr adjustable spray and snutef f are selected by a control valve.
The choice of the particular nozzles to be used by the fire brigade, under actual fire situations, is based on the type of material burning, the hazards of the burning material ifor example, high voltage electrical equipment), and the size and location of the fire in the compartment.
The decisien of nozzle choice is left to the individual nuclear power plant fire brigade leader at the scene of the fire.
Based on the preplanning, training, and requalification provided to nuclear plant fire brigades, the staff believes that the brigades are prepared to apply the proper fire fighting technique using the appropriate equipment to control and suppress the fire threats-at their individual facilities.
The :RC plans to inspect all plants with Therno-Lag barriers after the licensees have completed their Thermo-Lag testing programs and have either demonstrated by test that the barriers are acceptable or have upgraded the barriers.
As part of its review, the staff will ensure that the proposed 11RC position is applied to appropriate conditions.
That is, where licensees plan to use fog nozzles as a fire-fighting technique in the facility, they may use fcg nozzles in testing.
CUESTION 5.
Describe the differences between a fog nozzle and a fixed solid stream nozzle.
ANSWER A solid stream nozzle produces a solid, compact stream of water from the nozzle tip, with little spray.
Solid streams are used to reach long distances and can penetrate areas and materials.
Solid stream nozzles are identified by size, with the size being taken from the inside diameter of the top of the nozzle.
The standard i 1/8-inch playpipe nozzle is the nozzle specified in NFPA 251 for hose stream tests.
NFPA 251 prescribes a water i
pressure of 30 psi at the base of the nozzle for the test.
l A fog, or spray nczzle produces broken streams of water particles in a definite pattern that is determined by the specific nozzle used.
A fog nozzle, depending on whether it is adjustable or fixed, can supply a fog pattern of up to 90a.
Fog nozzles are used near live electrical equipment to reduce the likelihood of firefighters' experiencing electrical shocks.
The standpipe systems (fire water piping) in nuclear power plants are designed in accordance with NFPA 14.
This standard requires l
that the flow pressures at the hose valve where the hose station's manual fire fighting hose (100 feet) connects to the standpipe te restricted to 100 psi.
The friction loss in 100
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feet of 1 1/2-inch quality fire hose is approximately 25 psi at a nozzle flow rate of 86 gpm, yielding a nozzle pressure at the hose station of 75 psi.
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OUESTION 5 (Continued)
Additional information on hose stream test requirements are j
i provided on page 9 of the proposed position in our letter of February 10, 1993.
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10 Crlt Ch. I WW Edalen)
Haleer llegulatory Commission g go,4g l 50.48 Hndina is made by Nuc that there h rem (b) Appendix It to this part estab-Appendix H to this part or directly af-and AppendlR 11 to this part. Licensees sonatne anurance that adequate proteruve lishes fire protection features required fected by such requirements shall be shall submit design descriptions of messures can and om be taken in the event to satisfy Criterion 3 of Appendix A to completed on the following schedule:
modifications needed to satisfy sec.
of a radioloskat emergen4 this part with respect to certain gener-(1) Those fire protertion features tion !!I.O 3 of Appendix It to this part ic issues for nuclear power plants 11-that involve revisions of administra-within 30 days af ter the the effective censed to operate prior to January 1 tive controls. manpower changes and date of this rtection and Appendix It to 1979. Except for the requirementa of training. shall be implemented within this part.
8 $0.19 l' ire prMeen.
Sections 111.0. III.J. and III.O. the 30 days after the effective date of this (6) In the event that a request for ta) Each operating nuclear power provisions of Appendix It to this part section and Appendix R to this part.
exemption from a requirement to i
tant must have a fire protection plan shall ncet be applicable to nuclear (2) Those fire protection features comply with one or more of the provi-hat satisfles Critetton 3 of Appendix power plants licensed to operate prior that involve installation of modifica-slons of Appendix 11 filed within 30 f this part This fire protection to January 1.1979 to the extent that tions that do not regulre prior NitC days of the effective date of this rule t
ist describe the overall fire pro-fire protection features proposed or approval or plant shutdown shall be is based on an assertion by the licens-ram for the facility, iden-Implemented by the licensee have implemented within 9 months af ter ce that such required modifications i
the var ous positions within the 11-been accepted by the NitC staff as sat.
the effective date of this section and would not enhance fire protection censee a or anization that are respon-Isfying the prc*.lslons of Appendix A Appendix R to this part.
safety in the facility or that such a
t ram state the au-to Branch Technical Position DTP (3) Those fire protection features, modificattom may be detrimertial to 1
it s that are delegated to each of APCSH 9.5.l* reflected in staff fire except for those requiring prior NltC overall facility safety, the schedule re-i lti ns to implement those re-protection safety evaluation reports approvsl by paraursph (cH5) of this quirements of paragraph (c) shall be NI$tles and outline the plans issued prior to the effective date of section, that involve installation of tolled until final Commission action thtlon. fire detection and this rule, or to the extent that fire modifications that do require plant on the exemption request upon a de-billt and limitation protection features were accepted by shutdown. the need for whleh is justi-termination by the Director of Nucle-e he p an must also de-the staff in comprehensive fire protec.
fled in the plans and schedules re-ar itesclor Itcaulation that the licens-fic' features necessary to tion safety evaluation reports issued quired by the provisions of paragraph ee has provided a sound tecimical the program described before Appendia A to Branch Technt.
(cH5) of this section, shall be imple-basis for such assertion that warrants mented before startup after the earil-further staff review of the request.
- 'uch as administrative controls cal Pos1 tion HTP APCSD 9.5-1 was Ir utrements for fire published in August 1976. With re.
est of the following eventa commene-(d) Fire protection features accepted In 180 days or more after the effec-by the NRC staff in Fire Protection d
ual fire suppres-t to all other fire protection fee.
on ac IV ties au o stic and manual-fu s covered by Appendix R. all nu.
ve date of ttyls section and Appendix Safety Evaluation Iteporta referred to in paragraph (b) of this section and I
rated fire detection and suppres-clear power plants licensed to operate W The &st tefueling outage.-
supplementa to such reports. Other t
and the means to limit rior to January 1.1979 shall satisfy ife da to structures, systems, or fhe applicable requirementa of Appen-A ot,he a ned outage that an f at res covered by paragraph as y
g9 I asb d*Ys ht e capa i t s le Y 8 0
the requ re o
for tl n aecu ly 1
i the plant is ensured.' The licensee III.J. and Ill.O.
(4) Those fire protection features conditions or techni specifica o shall retain the fire protection p an tcp All fire protection modiff that require prior NRC approval by for such f acility, or the date deter-or r
record until the Comm o
, required to satisfy the provisions og paragraph (cH5) of this section. shall mined by paragraphs (dHI) through and each change to th plan a
be implemented within the following (dH4) of this section. whichever is nates the reactor license an
- Clarificauon and auldance with respect schedule: Dedicated shutdown sys-sooner, unless the Director of Nuclear retain each superseded rev on ofthe to perrnMble alternauves to antisfy Appen-tems-30 months af ter NRC approval; Iteactor Rrgulation determines, upon procedures for three years from the diz A to HTP APCan 9 5-1 has been prov8d mod!fleations requiring plant shut-a showing by the licensee, that there date it was superseded.
ed in four other NRC documents.
down-before startup after the earliest is good cause for extending such date
" Supplementary Gul e n of the events given in paragraph (cH3) and that the public health and safety t-a s paste fire protection guldance for twie-Han,,Needed for r
commencing 180 days after NRC ap-ts not adversely af fected by such ex-tion d Droval; modifications not requiring tefulon. Extensions of such date shall ar power plants is contained in two NHC m
T hnical Specificadon,- dated plant shutdown-6 months after NRC not exceed the dates determined by documents, m J 2 19T8Nucient hant Fire Protecuon runction-approval-paragraphs (CHI) through (cM4) of 1
. Hranch Technical Position Ausu power Conversion System Branch at Respons bilities. Administrative Control (5) Licensees shall make any modifi-this section.
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and Quality Assurance" dated June 14-cations necessary to comply with these (1) Those fire protection features APCSU 9 5-1.
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requirements in accordance with the that involve revisions of administra-dock 7ted after July t.1918. dated 1971.
. Manpower Requiremen,,, gp,,, tins above schedule without prior review tive controls, manpower changes. and plant Appendts A to HTP APCSH 95-1, Reactors." dated M y ll. lgafdy Dah'* tion and approval by NRC except for modl-training shall be Implemented within 4
~Guldettnes for Fire Protecuon for Nuclear as been issued for each oper Ilcallons required by Section III.G.3 of months after the date of the NRC A
Power Plants Docketed Prior to July 1 Repor t
w punes were Appendix R to this part. Licensees staff Fire Protection Evaluation 1916." for plants that were operaung or at 9,s f aciHty and identitles open shall submit plans and schedules for Report accepting or requiring such to cae under various atases of design or construe',
protection issues that will be resMve meeting the provisions of paragraphs features.
tion before July 1.191s. dated August 23 g
ta" g,,,,,,, s
,coui,ements o Appendis n io ta'a = -
(cH2). tcH3), and tcH4) within 30 days (2) Those fire protection features in-n a e farmty asustles the appr after the effective date of inis section voivin, insiaiiation of modifications m m m
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50.49 10 CFR Ch. I (1 1-92 Edition) kleet Regulatory Commission
$ 50.49
>t requiring prior approval or plant upon to remain functional during and (d) The applicant or licensee shall (4) Raddaffon. The radiation enyl-
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intdown shall be implemented within following design basis events to ensure prepare a list of electric equipment im-ronment must be based on the type of I months after the date of the NitC (1) the Integrity of the reactor coolant portant to safety covered by this sec-radiation. the total dose expected aff Fire Protection Safety Evalua-prensure boundary (11) the capability tion. In addition the applicant or ll-during normal operation over the in-
>n Report accepting or requiring to shut down the reactor and maintain censee shall include the information in etalled life of the equipment, and the ich features-it in a safe shutdown condition and paragraphs (dMI), (2), and (3) of this radiation environment associated with I
(3) Those fire protection features. (till the capability to prevent or miti.
section for this electric equipment Im.
the most severe design basis accident cluding alternative shutdown capa-gate the consequences of accidents portant to safety in a qualification during or following which the equip-lity, involving installation of modift-that could result in potential offsite file. The applicant or licensee shall ment is required to remain functional, tions requiring plant shutdown shall exposures comparable to the 10 CFIt keep the list and information in the including the radiation resulting from t implemented before the startup Part 100 guidelines. Design basis file current and retain the file in audi-recirculating fluids for equipment 10-ter the earliest of the following events are defined as conditions of table form for the entire period during cated near the recirculating lines and ents commencing 9 months or more which the covered item is Installed in including dose-rate effects.
norma l operation, including anticipat.
ter the date of the NltC staff Fire the nuclear power plant or is stored (5) Agtna. Equipment quallfled by ed operational occurrences, design stection Safety Evaluation Iteport for future use to permit verification test must be preconditioned by natural cepting or requiring such features:
basis accidents, external events, and that each. tem of electric equipment is or artificial (accelerated) aging to its (1)The first refueling outage; iniportant to safely meet the require. end-of-installed life condition. Consid-I' natural phenomena for which the plant must be designed to ensure func' 1
(11) Another planned outage that ments of paragraph (j) of this section. erstion must be given to all significant tioas (1) through (Ill) of this pars-(1) The performance speelfications types of degradation which can have l
sts for at least 60 days; or graph.
till) An unplanned outage that lasts under conditions existing during and an effect on the functional capability I
r at least 120 days.
(2) Nonsafety-related electric equip-following design basis accidents.
of the equipment. If preconditioning ment whose failure under postulated (2) The voltage, frequency, load, and to an end-of-Installed life condition is (O Those fire protection features in-Iving dedicated shutdown capability environmental conditions could pre.
other electrical characteristics for not practicable, the equipment may be outring new buildings and systems vent satisfactory accomplishment of which the performance speelfled in ac-preconditioned to a shorter designated l
all be implemented within 30 safety functions speelfled in subpara-cordance with paragraph (dMI) of this life The equipment must be replaced 1
onths of NRC approval. Other modg. graphs (1) through (Ill) of paragraph section can be ensured.
or refurbished at the end of this desig-
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ations requiring NitC approval prior (bX t) of this section by the safety re-(2) The environmental conditions, nated life unless ongoing qualification Installation shall be implemented lated equipment.
Including temperature, pressure. hu-demonstrates that the item has addl-thin 6 months after NRC soproval.
(3) Certain post accident monitoring mldity, radiation, chemicals, and sub-tional life.
te) Nuclear power plants lleensed to equipment.*
mergence at the location where the (6) Submergence (if subject to being ierate after January 1,1979, shall (c) Requirements for (1) dynamle equipment must perform as specified submerged).
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mplete all fire protection modifica-and selsmic qualification of electric in accordance with paragraphs (dMI)
(7) synergistic effects. Synergistic ef.
l ms needed to satisfy Criterion 3 of equipment important to safety (2) ar.d (2) of this section.
fects must be considered when these
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spendix A to this part in accordance protection of electric equipment Im.
(e)The electric equipment qualifica-effects are believed to have a signifi-j th the provisions of their licenses.
portant to safety against other natural tion program must include and be cant effect on equipment performance.
1 phenomena and external events and based on the following:
(8) Afarvins. Margins must be ap-6 F1116610. Nov.19.1980, as amended at (3) environmental qualification of clec.
(1) Temperature and pressure. The piled to account for unquantified un-FTt 19250. May 21.19851 nt Wttant to safety 10 time-dependent temperature and pres-certainty, such as the effects of pro-sure at the location of the electric duction variations and inaccuracles in 4.49 Environmental qualification of cated in a mild environment are not
% ment important to safety must test instruments. These margins are in electrie equipment impartent to safetT included within the scope of this sec.
be established for the most severe addition to any conservatisms appliad for nuclear pawer plants.
tion. A mild environment is an enyg-design basis accident during or follow-during the derivation of local environ-ronment that would at no time be sig a) Each holder of or each applicant Ing which this equipment Is required mental conditions of the equipment ra license to operate a nuclear nificantly more severe than the env -
g gg wer plant shall establish a program ronment that would occur during st) Namidity. Ilumidit y during quantified and shnwn to contain ap-t qualifying the electric equipment nonnal plant operation, including an-design basis accidents must be consid-propriate margins.
fined in paragraph (b) of this sec.
ticipated operational occurrences.
ered.
(f) Each item of electric equipment
.n.
(2) Chemical c//ects. The compost-important to safety must be quellffed b) Electric equipment important to
- Specifle suidance concernine the tyyn tion of chemicals used must be at least by one of the following methods:
fety covered by this section is:
of variables to be monitored is provided in as severe as that resulting from the (1) Testing an identical item of l) - Safety-related electric equip-Itevision 2 of Itegulatory Oulde 197. -In most limiting mode of plant operation equfpment under identical conditions mt? This equipment is that relled strumentation for IJaht. Water-Cooled Ng te s containment spray, emergency or under similar conditions with a sup-clear Power I'lants to Assess Plant and core cooling, or recirculation from con-porting analysis to show that the nmen s p) If the com 11 of e ufpment to be qualified is accepta-Safety related electrie equipment is re-Accdent op e fthe Itesu tt O,
red to as " Class IE" equipment in IEEE may tw purchased throush the LLS. 00 equg ment malfunctions, the most (2) Testing a almilar item of equip-l-1974 Copies of this standard may be ob-ment Println Office by calling 202-275 p
ned from the Institute of Electrical and 2060 or by writing to the 118. Government severe chemical spray environment ment with a supporting analysis to artronics Enstneers. Inc. 34S East 47th Print 6na Office. P.O. tion 37082. Washtes-thtt results from a single failure in show that the equipment to be quall.
eet, New York, NY 10017.
ton, DC 20013 7082.
the spray system must be assumed.
fled is acceptable.
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slon with respect to the contested ac.
a mawisttivn twinnt or operattna u stian rei.uire'd"thyl EIEtta3 d2Y tjj-NH d.
e imialona of the Act, i
1M e. la ette r.
sand the rules and regulitiona of the livity sou:ht to be authortred. The Ol-conse without a hnrin2. upon 30 drys' Cortmission; End rector of Nuclear fletetor llegulttlon notice :.nd publication once in the nn-sid1nce for quzitty aroup clIssiffre.
of con'ponents trhkh tre to be includ.
(3) There is reason 1bl2 assurtnce til will m ke findings on all of her matters Enr.L It s utstra of it: Intent to do so.
the sarety en;lyds reports purwant to th t th2 activities tuthorized by the tpecifftd in partgr ph (a) of this sec-(31 It the Commisalon finds. In tn stas and 150.34sbi may be found in operating Ilcense can be conducted tion. If no party opposes the motion. emergency situation, as defined in latory Guide 1.76. " Quality Group without endansering the health and the presiding officer will issue an 150.91. that no significant hazards Ifksttorie and standards for water safety of the public, and ths that auch order pursuant to l 2/130te) of this consideration is presented by an appil-Ha ka nste aln "4
activilles will be conducted in comptl.
chapter, authorizing the Directcr of cation for an amendment to an operst.
,g rtion 3.2.2 of NUitEO-0800. ' Standard ance with the regulations in this chap-Nuclear Reactor Regulation to make Ing Ilcense, it may dispense with public ter;and appropriate findings on the matters notice and comment and may issue the w Plan for iteview of Refety Analysis rts for Nuclear Power I'lants.-
M) The applicant is technically a.nd specified in paragraph tal of this sec-amendment. If the Commission finds II"8nClally 9Unllfled to engage in the Lion and to issue a license for the re-that culgent circumstances exist, as it 11424' June 13.19711 activities authorized by the operating quested operation.
described in 9 50.91, it may reduce the period provided for public notice and off I t ee sh t$ e iirense In accordance with the regula-135 FTt 5318. Mar. St.1970. et smended at gg In chaptn. IloweMr. no 35 FH e644. Apr. 25.1970. 37 F'f? I1s73. June comment, Rections Affected in the Finding Aids finding of financial qualification is 15.1972; 37 Fit 15142. July 28.1972. 49 FTt (4) 110th in an emergency situation n of this volume.
necessary for an electric utility appil.
35753, Sept.12.1984. St FTt 7765, Mar. 8.
and in the case cf exigent circum.
I Converelen of construction permit cant fw an operating lleense for a utl-19861 stances, the Commission will provide e licenses or amendment of fleenee, lization facility of the type described 30 days notlee of opportunity for a in l 50.21(b) or I 50.22.
ase3n HeeHage and nport of the Adelen.
hearing, though this notice may be m com lett (5) The applicable provisions of Part ry Commlun on Hmtar SeWark published after issuance of the amend-teration of a sci i y in 140 f this chapter have been satisfied; (a) Each application for a construc-ment if the Commission determines with the terms and conditions of nd tion permit or an operating liceme for that no significant hazards consider-sustruction permit and subject to (6) The issuance of the license will I
a facility which is of a type described ation is involved.
1eeessary testing of the facillt not be inimical to the common defense in I $0.21tb) or l 50.22. or for a testing (5) The Commission will use the tenith or safety pu th and security or to the health and facility, shall be referred to the Advi-standards in 5 50.92 to determine i
nission will in the ence o safety I the public.
sory Committee on Reactor Safe-whether a significant hazards consid.
tsuse shoh to the contrary (b) Each operating Ilcenne will in.
guards for a review and report. An ap-eration is presented by an amendment a license of the class for which clude appropriate provtstons with re.
j plication for an amendment to such a to an operating Ilcense for a facility of anstruction permit was issued or any unamWeted Rems of construeden pmnn M opnaung II.
the type described in 6 50.28th) or
'propriate amendment of the ll-cense may be referred to the Advisory 150.22. or which is a testing facility.
c m rucUon and such limitations or
, as the case may be-conditions as are required to assure Committee on Reactor Safeguards for and may make the amendment imme.
t355 Jan.19.1956, as amended at 3$ that operation during the period of review and report. Any report shall be dtately effective. notwithstanding the Ist. July 17.19701 the completion of such items will not made part of the record of the applica. pendency before it of a request for a endanger public health and amfety, tion and available to the public. except heuring from any person. In advance
,nuence of operating license >
(c) An applicant may, in a case to the extent that security classifica-of the holding and completion of any Pursuant to $ 50.56 an operating where a hearing to held in connection tion prevents disclosure, required hearing, where it han deter-e may be issued by the Commis. with a pendlns proceeding under this
- bMI) The Commission will hold a mined that no slanificant harards con-sp to the full term authortred by section make a motion in writing pur.
hearing after at least 30-days' notice sideration is involved.
- l. upon finding that:
suant to this paragraph (c). for an op.
and publication once in the Ptermat.
(61 No petition or other request for Construction of the facility has erating Ilcense authorizing low-power Rectsrta on each application for a review of or hearing on the staff's sis-substantially completed. In con.
testing (operation at not more than 1 construction pennit for a production nlricant hazards consideration deter.
.y with the construction permig percent of full power for the purpone or utilization facility which is of a mination will be entertained by the ne appilcation as amended, the of testing the facility). and further op.
type described in 150.21(b) or I 50.22.
Commission. The staff's determination lons of the Act. snd the rules erstions short of full power overstion.
or for a testing f acility, is final subject only to the Commis-egulations of the Commission; Action on such a motion by the preald.
(2) When a construction permit has sion's discretion. on its own initiative.
been issued for auch a facility fotbw',
ing officer shall be taken with due to review the determination.
Ins the holding of a pubtle hearing l'he facility will operate in con. regard to the rights of the parties to y with the appilcation as the proceeding, including the right of and an application is made for an op.
(27 FTt 12186 the. 8,th2. as amended at 35 any party to be heard to the extent ersting license or for an amendment FTt liest. July 17. Isto; 29 77410555. Mar.
that his contentions are relevant to to a construction permit or operating
- 21. Isle. Se rit 7765. Mar. s. tesel
[*
the activity to be authorized. Prior to license, the Commission may hold a g
_g i
pursuan to t taking any action on such a motion hearing after at least 30-days, notice i thfe part in effect en March 30 ir any feetmr for which a notice of which any party opposes. the presid.
and publication once in the Frwant taMil The holder of a license au-en an opptlestion for a provtsional ing officer shall make findings on the RectsTER. or, in the absence of a re-thorizing operation of a production or is license or a notice of propneed is.
matters spMlfled in paragtsph (a) of quest therefor by any person who=e in-utilization facility may (D make
>f a provtvenet operettne fleense has this section as to which there is a con, terest may be affected. may issue an changes in the f acility as described in Niehed on or twfore that date.
troversy. In the form of an initial deel.
operating license or an amendment to the safety analysts report, fill make 736 737
s wau ni un pomuum n uss eius.:
tre a tie noide, et a inceme authoriz-t 3) "Heattor venci lleltline" men, be nutimH tml by IMernber Iq.11 l'1 the safety analysis report, and 1110 ing ope /ation of e production or utfll-the region of the reartor veuel (shill Otherwine, thlm assenment must conduct testa or extwrtments not de.
r.ation f acility who desires (Il a change material including welds, heat atfccts.1 submitted with the next update of '
scribed in the safety analysis report. in technical specifications or (2) to r.ones, and plates or forgingo that dt.
pressure temperature limita, or without prior Commission approval, make a change in the facility or the rectly surrounds the ef fective height next reactor vennel material suri unless the proposed change, test or ex.
procedures described in the safety of the active core and adjacent regions lance report, or 5 years from the et pertment involves a change in the analysis report or to conduct testa or of the reactor vessel that are predicted tive date of this rule, whichever coi technical speelflentions incorporated experimenta not described in the to expertence sufficient neutron radi-first. These submittals must be up.
In the license or an unteviewed safety safety analysis report, which involve atton damage to be considered in the ed whenever there la a signifie question.
an unreviewed amfety question or a selection of the most lim! ting material change in projected values of RT,,,
(2) A proposed change, test. or ex.
change in technical speelfications.
with regard to redletion damage.
upon a request for a change in the l periment shall be deemed to involve shall submit an appliention for amend-(4) " Initial IITm" means t he refer-piration date for operation of the an unreviewed safety question (1) If ment of his license pursuant to I SO 90.
ence temperature for a reactor veuel cility.
the probability of occurrence or the (39 nt t0555. Mar. 31.1974. as amended at material as defined in the ASME (2) The pressurtred thermal sh consequences of an accident or mal-41 F74 Istes. Apr.19. Ette 41 F'R 18302.
Code. Paragraph N H-2331.
- RTw, (I'TS) screening critetton is 270*P function of equipment important to Mar 3.197s. 43 F74 2 osse. Apr. te.1977; si means the reference temperature as plates. forgings, and axial weld mat safety previously evaluated in the IH 4030s. ffov.8 Issel adjusted for the effects of neutron ra-als. or 300*P for circumferential y safety analysts report may be in-dlation for the period of service in materials. Phr the purpone of comr creased; or til) if a pomstbility for an 85888 A'C'Ptance critetta for frwtuM question.
son with this criterion the value acrident or malfunction of a different P"""il*" ***** fa' light **ier no-t$1"HTm** means the reference tem-RTm for the reactor vessel must type than any evaluated previously in clear pmr netters fee acemal oper-perature calculated by the method calculated as follows. except as pro the safety analysis report may be cre.
- t l'a-given in paragraph (bM2) of this sec.
ed in paragraph (bM3) of this sect sted; or till) if the margin of safety as (a) Except as providad in paragraph tion for une as a screening critetton.
The calculation must be made for e defined in the basis for any technical (b) of thLs section, all lightwater nucle.
Ib) Requirecients.
weld and pinte, or forging, in the r speelfleation is reduced.
ar power reactors must meet the frac.
(1) For each pressurtzed water nucle-tor venel beltline.
tbMI) The lleensee shall maintain ture toughness and material survell.
ar power reactor for which an opernt-Equation I. RTm I + M + AR~Im records of changes in the facility and lance prostram requirements for the Ing license has been issued, the licens-d) **1" means the initial refert of changes in procedures made pursu. reactor coolant pressure boundary set ce shall submit projected values of temperature titT,,s of the tmirrar ant to this section. to the entent that forth in Append!ces O and It to thts RTm for reactor vessel beltline mate-ed material measured an defined in these changen constitute changes in part.
rials by giving values for the time of ASM E Code. Paragraph N D-2 the facility as described in the safety (M Proposed alternatives to the de.
submittal, the expiration date of the Measured values must be used if et analysis report or to the extent that settbed requirements in Appendlees O operating license, the projected expt-ble values are available;lf not, the they constitute changes in procedures and II of this part or portions thereof ration date if a change in the operat-lowing generic mean values mus as described in the safety analysis may be und when an exemption is ins lleense has been requested, and g g.P for welds made with IJnd report. The licensee shall also maln. granted by the Commisston under the projected espiration date of a re' flux, and - 56*P for welds made '
tain records of testa and experiments 1 50.12.
newal term if a request for license fe' IJnde 0091.1092 and 124 and AR'
[c*nt earried out pursuant to paragtsph (a) tes F112400s. Mar 27. Iss3. as amendad at 5 weld guxn.
st se the e e la ep of this section. These records must in-50 77150711. twe.12. Isssi dures given in paragraph tbM2) of this added to cover uncertainties In clude a written safety evaluation muon. W assnsment must sWy which providas the bases for the deter. t 58.61 Fredere towshnese requirements values of Initial RT. coptwr t
u nickel contents, fluence and the es mination that the change, test. or ex.
fee preAceHon against peteserised thee.
g hor o d-n pt ter ing patterns. The submittal must list I"U"'.tal pmudurn. In R,uaUon,
periment does not involve an unre.
met shoek evente, is e6 P for welds and 48 P for viewed safety question.
(a) Definitions. Por the purpones of the copper and nickel contents, and
'I" '"I""
I I "" '
""I N ".'P for welds and 34*P (2) The licensee shall submit, as this section:
the fluence values used in the calcula-and M ls 56 speelfled in 150.4. a report containing (1)"ASME Code" means the Ameri-tion for each beltline material. if base enetal If measured values of I a brief description of any changes, can Society of Mechanical Engineers.
these quantitles differ from those sub-tests. and experiments, including
- Doller and Pvtasure Vewel Cede. Bee
- mitted in response to the orfalnal MS e ARTm is tM mean value of summary of the safety evaluation of tion III. " Rules for the Construction rule and accepted by the NRC. Justift.
adjustment in reference tempera each. The report must be submitted of Nuclear Power Plant Componente.**
cation must be provided. If the value caused by irradiation and shouk annually or at such shorter Intervals edition and addenda as speelfled by of IITm for any material in the best-calculated as follows.
as may be specified in the license.
I 50.55a. Codes and Standards.
Ilne is projected to exceed the MS (3I The records of changes in the fa-(2) "Pressurtzed Thermal Shock screening criterson before the expira.
Equation 2: altTm-(CP)f'"""
cility shall be maintained until the Event" means an event or translent in tion date of the operating license or tiv) CP(*P)is the chemirtry facte date of termination of the license, and precurized water reactors (PWits) the proposed expiration date if a function of copper and nickel cont records of changes in procedures and causing severe overcooling (thermal change in the license has been re-CP is given in table I for welds an records of tests and experiments shall shock) Uswuiin.t with or followed by quested, or the end of a renewal term table 2 for base metal tplates and I be maintained for a period of five slenificarft pressure in the reactor If a request for Ilcense renewal has inest t.inear Interpolation is per years.
vessel.
been submitted, this assessment must ted In Tables I and 2 "Wt % copt 738 739
w a
Pt. 50, App. A 10 CFR Ch. I (1 192 Ection) kleer aguistsey Cammissisn Pt. 50, App. A formed. Where generally recognitrd rodes against dynamic effects, includent the et emted. and tested so as to have att es.
Provistuna shall be 6erluded to minimize and stamtartis are used, they shall be identi-tects of missiles. ptpe ahtoping, and sta tremely low probability of abnorreal lesk-t he probabihty of losina electric power f rom (6ed and evaluated to determine their appil-chargina flu 6ds, that may tenutt from equip nee, of rapid:y propagating f ailure. and of any of the remainina suppl 6es as a remit of.
esbility, adequacy, and suf fletency and shall ment f ailures and from events and cone gens rupture.
or coinrMent alth. the loss of power gener-be supplemented or modified as necessary to tions outside 'he tsurlear power unst. Het Cnterms f 5 - Rearfor coola nt s ystem ated by the emctear power unit the loss of assure a quality product in keeping with the ever, dynamic effects associated with pnsta dresyt The reactor roolant system and asso-power from the transmission network, or required safety function A quality assur.
lated pipe ruptures in nuclear power unna claied ausiltary, control. and peotection sys-the loss of power frem the onsite electric ance program shall be established and im-may be escluded from the destso basis when tems shall be designed alth sufIklent coact supplies plemented in order to provlde adequate as-analyses reviewed and approved by the margm to assure that the design conditums Crtierson 14-In s pecting and festing of surance that these structures, systems, and Commission demonstrate that the probabtB
,[ the reactor coolant pressure boundsty eferfric poavr systems Dectric power sys-components will satisfactorily perform their ty of fluid system piping rupture is estreme are not esceeded during any condition of tems important to safety at all be designed safety functions Appropriate records of the By low under conditions conslatent eith the eurmst epersuosi. Including anticipated to permit appropriate periodic fnspection destgrt fabrication, erection and testing of design basis for the piping.
operational creurtences and testing of important areas and features.
structures, systema, and components impof*
Crtiertog 5-ShsNat of struciares, sys CnicHos 164nfotammt desyn. Wac-such as wiring, insulat6on. connections. and tant to safety shall be maintained by or fens, and components. Structures. systema ter containment and associated systems settchboards, to assess the continuity of the under the control of the nuclear power unit and components important to safety sbad shall be provided to estabitsh an essentialtF systems and the cond6 Hon of their compo.
lleensee throughout the life of the unit-not be shared among nuclear power units kst tight barrier against the uncontrolled nents. The systems shall be designed with a Crtfertos 2-Destps bases /cr profecitog unless it can be shown that such shsrtng release of radioactivity to the environment capability to test periodically til the oper.
egef ast notaraf phenomena. Structures sys-will not significantly impatr their abihty te and to assure that the containment design ability and funettonal performance of the tems, and components important to safety shall be designed to withstand the effects of perform their safety funcuens. Including en nindens knputant to saMy an not &
ceponents of the systems, such as onsite the event of an accident in one unft, an or.
c'eded for as long as postulated accident power sources, nisys, switches, and buses, natural phenomena such an earthquakes. derly shutdown and cooldown of the re road'ttora tequire.
and t2) the operabihty of the systems as a tornadoes. hurtleanes floods tsunaml. and maining tmits.
Crtferton f y-FlerfHe power systems An w hole e nd. under rundttions as close to selches without loss of capabittly to perform ensite electric power system and an of fsite deslen as practical, the full r.peration se-their safety functions. The desten bases for ff. Pro &citog by Mattiple Ftss6on Produrg eiertric power system shall be provided to quence that brings the systems into oper.
these structures, systema, and components Ba rriers Frmit functioning of structures. systems-atton. Includina operation of appurable pot-shall reflect fil Appropriate consideration and components important to safety. The Lions of the protection system. and the of the most severe of the natural phenom-CHierton IP-Reector desten The reert" safety function for each system tessuming transfer of twwer among the nuclear power enn that have been historically reported for con and assoelated coolant. control. end the other system is not functiontrial shat! be unit the offsite power system, and the the site and surrounding area, with suffi, protection systems shall be destaned with ta provide suf fletent capactly and capability onsite poser system elent margin for the limited accuracy, que,,,
appropriate margin to assure that specthed
,e sssure that til spectfled acceptable fuel Crtferion 19-Con f rtd roont. A control tity, and period of time in which the histort. meceptable fuel design limits are not enreed deusn limits and design condido a of the
- . h cal data have been actumulated. (Il appro-ed durtny any conditlen of normel op*
reerter coolant pressure boundary are not priate combinations of the effects of normal atton, including the ef fects of antsetrated enreeded as a result of antletpated oper-un t afely un er r r at adt and accident conditions with the effects of operational occurrences.
,,Mnet occurrences and (2) the core is maintain h in a sak mnMon Wn ad the natural phenomena and t3D the impor.
Crtierden if-ftestfor f eherent proferfeo*
renled and containment Integrity and other dent conditions, includina loss of enolant ac.
tance of the safety functions to be per.
The reactor core and associated coolent sys
,,tal funcuens are maintained in the event
- formed, tems shall be designed so that in the pow" e4 postulated accidents be provided to perm 6t actess and errupancy Crtferfos J-Mee profecisom Structures. opeesting ranse the net elfeet of the The onsite etertree poact supplies. includ-m M tM mnud mn unh sent me F
systems, and components important to prompt inherent nuclear feedback therse es the batteries, and the onsite electrle dis-tl ns =ithout perstmnel recching radiatlon safety shall be destaned and located to mini.
tertsdes tends to compensate foe a rapklin ntmthin systenu shall base auffielent inde-e nposures in nnss M S mn *Me W. M
- f mize, consistent with other safety require. crease in reactivlty.
Fndence, redundancy and testability to ments the probability and effect of fires CHierton 12-Sappression of reacle' perform the6r safety functions assumtng a II8 '4"h*!'"I I" " U E*'I I h' d"U"" 'I " h' ""#'d'"I' and emplosions. Noncombustible and heat Poerer osctifeffens. The reactor core and as wate failure.
resistant materials shall be used wherever sociated coolant. control, and protection srs i
Dettric power from the transmission net.
quipment at appmpdate aHons e practical throughout the unit. particularly tems shall be destened to assure that power s ort to the onsite electrte distribution sW the control room shall be provided t16 in locations such as the rentainment and omet!!stions which can result in condttlom mtem shall be suppl 6cd by two physically with a design capabstity for prompt hot control room. Mre detecuen and fighting exceeding speelfled acceptable fuel dest:n edrpendent circuits (not newssarily on sep.
shutdown of the rearlor. Includina twees-systems of appropriate espnelty and capabil.
limits are not posalble ce can be rettabit and arete rishts of wayI destened and incated so sary instrumentatkm and rentrois to main.
Ity small be provided and designed to mtnl.
readliy detected and suppressed.
at to minimize to the entent practical the tain the unit in a safe cond60cn durins hot mite the adverse effects of fires on strue.
Crtfedom fJ-fusfrwmenfeffen and con terfahond of their simultaneous failure shutdown. and t 2p with a potential capabit-tures, systems, and m..-..ts 6mportant frol. Instrumentation shall be provided te under operating and postuieted artident ity for subsequent culd shutdown of the re.
to safety. Mrefighting systems shall be de.
monitor vartables and systems over their an and environmental condiOons. A sultchyard artw thrmsch the use of suitable pruce-dures signed to assure that their rupture or lnad.
tktosted ranges for normal operation. for enmmon to both cirevits is acceptable. Each vertent operation does not signif6cantly anticipated operational occurrences, and for of these circuits shall be destaned to be fff. Protecteam and Reactto efe Confmf irrpair the safety capability of these strue.
ertioent conditions as appropriate to assure aseitable in aufficient time following a loss g,,gg,,
tures. systems, and compcnents-adequate safety. Including those sartsbies at all enstte alternating curreret power sup-Critertog 4-Eneironmental end dynamic arsd systems that can affect the fission pror.
phes and the other offsite electric power cir.
Craferton t#-l'rolerf 6an sysfem funcfinns.
effects design bases. Strsactures, systema, ess the Integrity of the reactee core. the re-e..t. i. assure that specified acceptabie fuei The protection system shaii de deinned ii>
and mr+aets important to safety shall actor coolant pressure botmdary, and the artisn ilmits and design conditions cf the to in6 Hate automatically the operaOon of be designed to h.a-date the effects of containment and its associated systems At reactor coolant pressure tnundary are not appropriate systema including the reactivity and to be compatible with the environmen. propriate controls shall be prodded W
'seeeded. One of these cereutts shall be de-control systems. to assure that specified ac.
tal condluons associated with normal oper.
maintain these variables and systems eith6n utned to be asenlable within a few seconds ceptable fuel design ilmtts are not exceeded allon. maintenance. tesung and postulated presetibed operating fantes.
Wng a loss of coolant accident to assure as a result of anticipated opernt6onal occur.
axidents, including loss-of-coolant acci-Cr1ferfog if-lteector coofemi Presrerr ttsat fore cooling. cont ainment integrity, rences and (2) to sense accident conditions dents. These structures, systems, and com.
Bou nda ry. The reactor coolant pressure and other vital safety functions are matra-and to initiate the operation of systems and ponents shall be appropriately protected boundary shall be designed. fahrtreted, tamed.
compiments important to ssfety.
't # r' n--
. ~. -.,,,, -, - - -. - -.
l s
l t.
NU REG-0800 (Formerly NUREG-75/0671 f
TE cu U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION f,
s (QQ<f] STANDARD REVIEW PLAN E,, '
OFRCE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REGULATION l
t 9.5.1 FIRE PROTECTION PROGRAM REVIEW RESPONSIBILITIES Primary - Chemical Engineering Branch (CPEB) i decondary - None i
I.
AREAS OF REVIEW 1
The purpose of the fire protection program (FPP) is to provide assurance, through I
r a defense-in-depth design, that a fire will not prevent the performance of necessary safe plant shutdown functions and will not significantly increase the risk of radioactive releases to the environment in accordance with General Design Criteria 3 and 5.
The fire protection program consists of fire cetection and l'
extinguishing systems and equipment, administrative controls and procedures, and trained personnel.
The CHEB review of the fire protection program includes a review of the evaluation of potential fire hazards described in the appifcant's Safety Analysis Report (SAR), and a review of the description of the fire protection sgstem design showing the system characteristics and layout which define the fire prevention"
{
and " fire protection" portions of the program.
?
1 The CMEB reviews the total fire protection program described in the applicant's Safety Analysis Report (SAR) with respect to the criteria of Branch Technical Position CMEB 9.5-1 attached to this SRP section, specifically with respect to the following:
l 1.
Overall fire protection program requirements including the degree of j
s involvement and assigned responsibility of management; fire protection 4
administrative controls and quality assurance program; fire brigade training activities and coordination with offsite fire fighting organizations,
]
including their capability in assisting in the extinguishment of plant fires.
J i
2.
Evaluation of potential fire hazards for safety-related areas throughout the plant and the effect of postulated fires relative to maintaining the ability 1
i Rev. 3 - July 1981 USNRC STANDARD REVIEW PLAN 1
Star,dard review plans are prepared for the guidance of the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation staff responsible for the review of
)
applications to construct and operate nucteer poweer stants. These documents are made ovadable to the pubtse as part of the CommessioFs pobey to enf a*.* the. nucieer :..dustry s.no the generet pubhc of roguantory procedures and policies. Standard rev ew f ant e e act subnetu.6. int e:Jul.*torv gusde s os.no Cc.mmession's reguteHons and cc, mph sace w:th them 4 aat **cuire** The i
standsed to..s Maan sections are be,ed to tne Stande,i format and Content of Safety Analysse Hoports for Nuclear Power P4...t:
l sf ot all sections of the Ste.aer** Foernet t=>v* *..sesponding reveew plan.
Pubhshed standard review plans wdl be revised penodically, as appropriate. to accommodete comments and to reflect new enforms.
tson and sapereence.
Comments and suggestsons for emprovemont wdt be considered and should be sent to the U S. Nutteer Regulatory Commesseort.
Offece of Nuclear Hoector Regulatoon. Wash $ngton. D C. 20Mi6.
J
l 1
design analyses, procedures, and criteria used for seismic Category I supporting l
structures for the FPP., and for externally imposed system loads resulting from less severe natural phenomena.
The Mechanical Engineering Branch (MEB) will, upon reouest, review that portion of the hose standpipe system which should remain functional following a postulated SSE, and confirm that systems compo-i nents, piping, and structures are designed in accordance with applicable seismic design criteria.
The Instrumentation and Control Systems Branch (ICSB) verifies, on request, the adequacy of the fire protection instrumentation and controls.
l For those areas of review identified above as being reviewed as part of the l
j primary responsibility of other branches, the acceptance criteria necessary l
for the review and their methods of application are contained in the referenced t
j SRP section of the corresponding primary branch.
II.
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA The applicant's fire protection program is acceptable if it is in accordance with the following criteria.
i 1.
10 CFR Part 50 950.48, and General Design Criterion 3, as related to fire prevention, the design and operation of fire detection and protection I
i systems, and administrative controls provided to protect safety-related structures, systems, and components of the reactor facility.
I 2.
General Design Criterion 5, as related to fire protection for shared i
j safety-related structures, systems, and components to assure the ability i
1 to perform their intended safety function.
l 3
i l
The following specific criteria provide information, recommendations, and guidance and in general describe a basis acceptable to the staff that may be l
i 1
used to meet the requirements of 550.48, GDC 3 and 5-j Branch Technical Position (BTP) CMEB 9.5-1 as it relates to the i
a.
design provisions given to implement the fire protection program.
l b.
Regulatory Guide 1.78 as it relates to habitable areas such as the control room and to the use of specific fire extinguishing agents.
j g
Regulattery Guide 1.101, as it relates to fire protection emergency c.
planning.
j j
III. REVIEW PROCEDURES l
1 The secondary and coordinated review branches will provide input for the areas l
of review stated in subsection I of this SRP section.
The primary reviewer i
obtains and uses such input as required to assure that this review procedure j
is complete.
i The reviewer will select and emphasize material from this SRP section as may be appropriate for a particular case.
i 1.
CMEB reviews the SAR to determire that the appropriate levels of management 1
and trained, experienced personnel are responsible for the design and j
implementation of the fire protection program in accordance with BTP l
l CMEB 9.5-1.
j i
9.5.1-3 Rev. 3 - July 1981 j
I i
~
V.
IMPLEMENTATION e
The following is intended to provide guidance to applicants and licensees regarding the NRC staff's plans for using this SRP section.
(
)
I Except in those cases in which the applicant proposes an acceptable alternative l
method for complying with specified portions of the Commission's regulations, l
the methcc described herein will be used by the staff in its evaluation of I
conformance with Commission regulations.
Implementation schedules for conformance to parts of the method discussed herein are contained in the referenced regulatory guides.
VI REFERENCES 1.
10 CFR Part 50, Appendix A, General Design Criterion 3, " Fire Protection."
i 2.
10 CFR Part 50, Appendix A, General Design Criterion 5, " Sharing of i
Structures, Systems, and Components."
j 4
3.
Regulatory Guide 1.78, " Assumptions for Evaluating the Habitability of a l
Nuclear Power Plant Control Room During a Postulated Hazardous Chemical i
l Release."
4.
Regulatory Guide 1.101, " Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants."
-l l
i
]
5.
Branch Technical Position CMEB 9.5-1, " Guidelines for Fire Protection for i
Nuclear Power Plants."
6.
10 CFR Part 50, s 50.48, " Fire Protection."
7.
Appendix R to 10 CFR Part 50, " Fire Protection Program for Nuclear Power Facilities Operating Prior to January 1,1979."
{
i I
1 I
l l
i i
1 1
i i
i 4
d 9.5.1-5 Rev. 3 - July 1981
TABLE OF CONTENTS A.
INTRODUCTION...........................................
9.5.1 B.
DISCUSSION.........
9.5.1-9 1.
Defense-in-Depth......................................
9.5.1-10 2.
Use of Water on Electrical Cable Fires.................
3.5.1-11 3.
Establish.?,t and Use of Fire Areas...................
9.5.1-11 4.
Definitions............................................
9.5.1-12 C.
POSITION..................................................
9.5.1-14 1.
Fire Protection Program Requirements.................
9.5.1-14 a.
Fire Protection Program...........................
9.5.1-14 b.
Fire Hazards Analysis..................
9.5.1-18 c.
Fire Suppression System Design Basis.............
9.5.1-19 d.
Alternative or Dedicated Shutdown..................
9.5.1-20 e.
Implementation of Fire Protection Programs.........
9.5.1-20 2.
Administrative Controls................................
9.5.1-20 l
3.
Fire Brigade........................................
9.5.1-23 4.
Quality Assurance Program.
9.5.1-27 a.
Design and Procurement Document Control............
9.5.1-27 b.
Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings.............
9.5.1-27 c.
Control of Purchased Material Equipment, and i
5ervices.........................................
9.5.1-27 d.
Inspection.........................................
9.5.1-27 e.
Test and Test Contro1..............................
9.5.1-28 f.
Inspection, Test, and Operating Status.............
9.5.1-28 g.
Nonconforming Items................................
9.5.1-28 h.
Corrective Action................................
9.5.1-28 i.
Records....................
9.5.1-28 J.
Audits.............................................
9.5.1-28 5.
General Plant Guidelines.............................
9.5.1-28 a.
Building Design........
9.5.1-28 b.
Safe Shutdown Capability...........................
9.5.1-31 c.
Alternative or Dedicated Shutdown Capability....
9.5.1-32 d.
Control of Combustibles...
9.5.1-33 e.
Electrical Cable Construction, Cable Trays, and Cable Penetrations.............................
9.5.1-34 f.
Ventilation...............................
9.5.1-36 g.
Lighting and Communication.......................
9.5.1-36 6.
Fire Detection and Suppression.....................
9.5.1-37 a.
Fire Detection......................
9.5.1-37 b.
Fire Protection Water Supply Systems..........
9.5.1-38 c.
Water Sprinkler and Hose Standpipe Systems.
9.5.I-40 d.
Halon Suppression Systems.............
9.5.1-41 c.
Carbon Dioxide Suppression Systems...........
9.5.1-42 f.
Portable Extinguishers....................
9.5.1-42 9.5.1-7 Rev. 2 - July 1981 I
___----._m-_-
1 l
l.
t l
A.
INTRODUCTION General Design Criterion 3, " Fire Protection," of Appendix A. " General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants," to 10 CFR Part 50, " Licensing of Production i
and Utilization Facilities," requires that structures, systems, and components important to safety be designeo and located to minimize, consistent with other l
i safety requirements, the probability and effect of fires and explosions.
Noncombustible and heat-resistant materials are required to be used wherever l
practical throughout the unit, particularly in locations such as the containment and control room.
Criterion 3 also requires that fire detection and suppression systems of appropriate capacity and capability be provided and designed to i
minimize the adverse effect of fires on structures, systems, and components l
important to safety and that firefighting systems be designed to ensure that their failure, rupture or inadvertent operation does not significantly impair i
l l
the safety capability of these structures, systems, and components.
This Branch Technical Position (BTP) presents guidelines acceptable to the NRC staff for implementing this criterion in the development of a fire protection These revised guidelines include the accept-program for nuclear power plants.
ance criteria listed in a number of documents, including Appendix R.to 10 CFR Part 50 and 10 CFR Part 50, S 50.48.
The purpose of the fire protection program is to ensure the capability to shat down the reactor and maintain it in a safe shutdown condition and to minimize radioactive releases to the environment in i
the event of a fire.
It implements the philosophy of defense-in-depth protec-tion against the hazards of fire and its associated effects on safety-related If designs or methods different from the guidelines recommended i
equipment.
Suitable bases herein are used, they must provide equivalent fire protection.
and justification should be provided for alternative approaches to establish acceptable implementation of General Design Criterion 3.
4 This BTP addresses fire protection programs for safety-related systems and-equipment and for other plant areas containing fire hazards that could adversely
)
affect safety-related systems.
It does not give guidance for protecting the i
life or safety of the site personnel or for protection against economic or
)
i This document supplements Regulatory Guide 1.75, " Physical property loss.
Independence of Electrical Systems," in determining the fire protection for i
redundant cable systems.
B.
DISCUSSION There have been numerous fires in operating U.S. nuclear power plants through December 1975 of which 32 were important enough to report.
Of these, the fire on March 22, 1975 at Browns Ferry nuclear plant was the most severe. With approximately 250 operating reactor years of experience, one may infer a frequency on the order of one fire per 10 reactor years.
Thus, on the average, a nuclear power plant may experience one or more fires of varying severity during its operating life.
Although WASH-1400, " Reactor Safety Study - An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants," dated October 1975, concluded that the Browns Ferry fire did not affect the validity of the overall risk assessment, the staff concluded that cost-effective fire protection measures should be instituted to significantly decrease the frequency and severity of fires and consequently initiated the development of this BTP.
In this develop-i ment, the staff made use of m nv nitional standards and other publications related to fire protection.
The documents discussed below were particularly useful I
9.5.1-9 Rev. 2 - July 1981
I The primary objective of the fire protection program is to minimize both the proDability and consequences of postulated fires.
In spite of steps taken to t
reduce the probability of fire, fires are expected to occur..
Therefore, means are needed to detect and suppress fires with particular emphasis on providing passive and active fire protection of appropriate capability and adequate capacity for the systems necessary to achieve and maintain safe plant shutdown with or without offsite power.
For other safety-related systems, the fire protection should ensure that a fire will not cause the loss of function of such systems, even though loss of redundancy within a system may occur as a result of the fire.
Generally, in plant areas where the potential fire damage may jeopardize safe plant shutdown, the primary means of fire protection should consist of r
fire barriers and fixed automatic fire detection and suppression systems.
- Also, a backup manual firefighting capability should be provided throughout the plant to limit the extent of fire damage.
Portable equipment consisting of hoses,
}
i nozzles, portable extinguishers, complete personnel protective equipment, and air breathing equipment should be provided for use by properly trained firefight-1 ing personnel.
Access for effective manual application of fire extinguishing i
agents to combustibles should be provided.
The adecuacy of fire protection l
for any particular plant safety system or area should be determinea by analysis I
of the effects of the postulated fire relative to maintaining the ability to l
safely shut down the plant and minimize radioactive releases to the environment in the event of a fire.
Fire protection starts with design and must be carried through all phases of l
construction and operation.
A quality assurance (QA) program is needed to l
identify and rectify errors in design, construction, and operation and is an essential part of defense-in-depth.
j 2.
Use of Water on Electrical Cable Fires Experience with major electrical cable fires shows that water will promptly extinguish such fires.
Since prompt extinguishing cf the fire is vital to reactor safety, fire and water damage to safety systems is reduced by the more i
efficient application of water from fixed systems spraying directly on the fire rather than by manual application with fire hoses., Appropriate firefighting procedures and fire training should provide the techniques, equipment, and skills for the use of water in fighting electrical cable fires in nuclear plants, particularly in areas containing a high concentration of electric cables with l
plastic insulation.
This is not to say that fixed water systems should be installed everywhere.
Equipment that may be damaged by water should be shielded or relocated away from the fire hazard and the water.
Drains should be provided to remove any water used for fire suppression and extinguishment to ensure that water accumu-i lation does not incapacitate safety-related equipment.
j 3.
Establishment and Use of Fire Areas
\\
Separate fire areas for each division of safety-related systems will reduce the possibility of fire-related damage to redundant safety-related equipment.
f ire areas should be established to separate reduridant safety divisions and isolate safety-related systems from fire hazards in nonsafety-related areas.
Particular design attention to the use of sepactc icoisted fhe ar*35 for j
redundant cables will help to avoid loss of redundant safety-related cdbles.
Separate fire areas should also be employed to limit the spread at fires between components that are major fire hazards within a safety division.
Where redundant I
9.5.1-11 Rev. 2 - July 1981 e
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c m
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-x-.--,re
,--w
i Fire Barrier - those components of construction (walls, floors, and ttvir supports), including beams, joists, columns, penetration seals or closures, fire doors, and fire dampers that are rated by approving laboratories in hours of resistance to fire and are used to prevent the spread of fire.
Fire Stop - a feature of construction that prevents fire propagation along the length of cables or prevents spreading of fire to nearby combustibles within a i
given fire area or fire zone.
[
Fire Brigade - the team of plant personnel assigned to firefighting and who are equipped for and trained in the fighting of fires.
j Fire Detectors - a device designed to automatically detect the presence of fire I
and initiate an alarm system and other appropriate action (see NFPA 72E,
" Automatic Fire Detectors").
Some typical fire detectors are classified as i
follows:
Heat Detector - a device that detects a predetermined (fixed) temperature l
or rate of temperature rise.
j i
Smoke Detector - a device that detects the visible or invisible products J
of comoustion.
j 4
Flame Detector - a device that detects the infrared, ultraviolet, or visible radiation produced by a fire.
l t
Line-Type Detector - a device in which detection is continuous along a path, e.g., fixed-temperature, heat-sensitive cable and rate-of-rise l
pneumatic tubing detectors.
Fire Protection Program - the integrated effort involving components, procedures, and personnel utilized in carrying out all activities of fire protection.
It I
includes system and facility design, fire prevention, fire detection, annuncia-tion, confinement, suppression, administrative controls, fire brigade organization, i
inspection and maintenance, training, quality assurance, and testing.
i i
Fire Resistance Rating - The time that materials or assemblies have withstood a fire exposure as established in accordance with the test procedures of
" Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials" (NFPA 251).
l Fire fuopression - control and extinguishing of fires (firefighting).
Manual l
i fire suppression is the use of hoses, portable extinguishers, or manually-actuated fixed systems by plant personnel.
Automatic fire suppression is the use of l
automatically actuated fixed systems such as water, Halon, or carbon dioxide systems.
Fire Zones - the subdivisions of fire areas in which the fire suppression systems I
are aesigned to combat particular types of fires.
j i
Noncombustible Material a.
A material which in the form in which it is used and under the conditions anticipated. will not ignite, burn, :;upport combustion, or release flammable vapors when s,ojected to fire or heat.
i i
+
9.5.1-13 Rev. 2 - July 1981 i
i
of the position and who has available staff personnel knowledgeable in both fire protection and nuclear safety.
(2) The fire protection program should extend the concept of defense-in-depth to fire protection in fire areas important to safety, with the following objectives:
1 to prevent fires from starting, j
to detect rapidly, control, and extinguish promptly those fires that do occur; l
to provide protection for structures, systems, and components imprtant l
to safety so that a fire that is not promptly extinguished by the j
fire suppression activities will not prevent the safe shutdown of i
the plant.
(3) Responsibility for the overall fire protection program should be assigned to a person who has management control over all organizations involved in fire protection activities.
Formulation and assurance of program implemen-tation may be delegated to a staff composed of personnel prepared by train-ing and experience in fire protection and personnel prepared by training and experience in nuclear plant safety to provide a balanced approach in directing the fire protection program for the nuclear power plant.
The staff should be responsible for:
(a) Fire protection program requirements, including consideration of potential hazards associated with postulated fires, with knowledge of building layout and systems design.
(b) Post-fire shutdown capability.
~
(c) Design, maintenance, surveillance, and quality assurance of all fire protection features (e.g., detection systems, suppression systems, barriers, dampers, doors, penetration seals, and fire brigade equipment).
(d) Fire prevention activities (administrative controls and training).
(e) Fire brigade organization and training.
(f) Prefire planning.
(4) The organizational responsibilities and lines of communication pertaining to fire protection should be defined between the various positions through the use of organizational charts and functional descriptions of each posi-I tion's responsibilities.
The following positions / organizations should be designated:
(a)
The upper level offsite managment position which has management responsibility for the formulation, implementation, and assessment of the effectiveness of the nuclear plant fire protection program.
(b) The offsite management position (s) directly responsible for formu-lating, implementing,andperiodicallyassessingtheeffectiveness of the fire protection program for the licensee s nuclear power plant 9.5.1-15 Rev. 2 - July 1981
l
^
ii.
The responsibilities of each fire brigade position should correspond
?
with the actions required by the fire fighting procedures.
i iii.
The responsibilities of the fire brigade members under normal plant i
conditions should not conflict with their responsibilities during a j
fire emergency.
iv.
The minimum number of trained fire brigade members available onsite for each operating shift should be consistent with the activities required to combat the most significant fire.
The size of the fire brigade should be based upon the functions required to fight fires with adequate allowance for injuries.
l J
The recommendations for organization, training, and equipment of l
v.
"Ptivate Fire Brigades" as specified in NFPA No. 27-1975, including i
the applicable NFPA publications listed in the appendix to NFPA No. 27, are considered appropriate criteria for organizing, training, and operating a plant fire brigade.
2 (5) Personnel Qualifications j
(a) The position responsible for formulation and implementation of the fire i
protection program should have within his organization or as a consultant a fire protection engineer who is a graduate of an engineering curriculum of accepted standing and shall have completed not less than 6 years of engineering attainment indicative of growth in engineering competency and achievement, 3 years of which shall have been in responsible charge of fire protection engineering work.
These requirements are the eligibility requirements as a Member in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers.
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4 j
(b) The fire brigade members' qualifications should include satisfactory i
completion of a physical examination for performing' strenuous activity, and of the fire brigade training described in Position C.3.d.
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(c) The personnel responsible for the maintenance and testing of the fire protection systems should be qualified by training and experience for such l
work.
l (d) The personnel responsible for the training of the fire brigade should be qualified by training and experience for such work.
l 1
(6) The following NFPA publications should be used for guidance to develop the fire protection program l
No. 4
" Organization for Fire Services" t
i No. 4A
" Organization of a Fire Department" No. 6
" Industrial Fire Loss Prevention" No. 7
" Management of Fire Emergencies" No. 8
" Management Responsibilities for Effects of Fire on Operations" No. 27
" Private Fire Brigades" (7) On sites where there is an operating reactor and construction or i
modification of other units is unde m y, the tuperintendent of the a
operating plant should have the lead responsibility for site fire protection.
j i
9.5.1-17 Rev. 2 - July 1981 j
l.
The fire hazards analysis should separately identify hazards and provide appropriate protection in locations where safety-related losses can occur as a result of:
t (1) Concentrations of combustible contents, including transient fire loads due to combustibles expected to be used in normal operations such as refueling, maintenance, and modifications; I
(2) Continuity of combustible contents, furnishings, building materials, or combinations thereof in conf'gurations conducive to fire spread, p
(3) Exposure fire, heat, smoke, or water exposure, including those that may i
necessitate evacuation from areas that are required to be attended for safe shutdown-(4) Fire in control rooms or other locations having critical safety-related l
functions; (5) Lack of adequate access or smoke removal facilities that impede fire extinguishment in safety-related areas-(6) Lack of explosion prevention measures; (7) Loss of electric power or control circuits; l
(8) Inadvertent operation of fire suppression systems.
The fire hazards analysis should verify that the NRC fire protection program guidelines have been met.
The analysis should list applicable elements of the i
program, with explanatory statements as needed to identify location, type of l
system, and design criteria.
The analysis should identify and justify any i
deviations from the regulatory guidelines.
Justification for deviations from the regulatory guidelines should show that an equivalent level of protection will be achieved.
Deletion of a protective feature without compensating alter-native protection measures will not be acceptable, unless it is clearly demonstrated that the protective measure is not needed because of the design j
and arrangement of the particular plant.
l
/
c.
Fire Suppression System Desion Basis (1) Total reliance should not be placed on a single fire suppression system.
Appropriate backup fire suppression capability should be provided.
l (2) A single active failure or a crack in a moderate-energy line (pipe) in the fire suppression system should not impair both the primary and backup-fire suppression capability.
For example, neither the failure of a fire pump, its power supply or controls, nor a crack in a moderate-energy line I
in the fire suppression system, should result in loss of function of both sprinkler and hose standpipe systems in an area protected by such primary and backup systems.
i (3) As a minimum, the fire suppression system should be capable of delivering water te manual hose stations located within nose reach of are: containing, eauipment reouired for safe plant shutdown following the safe snutdown eartnauake (SSE).
In areas of high seismic activity, the staff will 9.5.1-19 Rev. 2 - July 1981
particulate air and charcoal filters, dry ion exch6nge resins, or other combustible supplies in safety-related areas.
c.
Govern the handling of and limit transient fire loads such as combustible and flammable liquids, wood and plastic products, or other combustible materials in buildings containing safety-related systems or equipment during all phases of eperating, and especially during maintenance, modification, or refueling operations.
d.
Designate the onsite staff memben responsible for the inplant fire protec-tion review of proposed work activities to identify potential transient fire hazards and specify required additional fire protection in the work act'. ity procedure, e.
Govern the use of ignition sources by use of a flame permit system to control welding, flame cutting, brazing, or soldering operations.
A separate permit should be issued for each area where work is to be done.
If work continues over more than one shift, the permit should be valid for not riore than 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> when the plant is operating or for the duration of a particular job during plant shutdown.
f.
Control the removal from the area of all waste, debris, scrap, oil spills, or other combustibles resulting from the work activity immediately following completion of the activity, or at the end of each work shift, whichever comes first.
g.
Govern leak testing; similar procedures such as airflow determination should use one of the commercially available techniques.
Open flames or combustion generated smoke should not be permitted.
h.
Maintain the periodic housekeeping inspections to ensure continued compli-ance with these administrative controls.
i.
Control the use of specific combustibles in safety-related areas.
All wood used in safety-related areas during maintenance, modification, or i
refueling operation (such as lay-down blocks or scaffolding) should be treated with a flame retardant.
Equipment or supplies (such as r.ew fuel) shipped in untreated combustible packing containers may be unpacked in safety related areas if required for valid operating reasons.
- However, l
all combustible materials should be removed from the area immediately l
following unpacking.
Such transient combustible material, unless stored in approved containers, should not be left unattended during lunch breaks, I
shift changes, or other similar periods.
Loose combustible packing material such as wood or paper excelsior, or polyethylene sheeting should be placed I
in metal containers with tight-fitting self-closing metal covers.
j.
Disarming of fire detection or fire suppression systems should be controlled by a permit system.
Fire watches should be established in areas where 4
systems are so disarmed.
k.
Successful fire protection requires testing and maintenance of the fire protection equipment and the emergency lighting and communication.
A test nlant that lists the individuals ard their responsibilities in connect 5 with routine tests and inspections of the fire detection and protection systems should be developed.
The test plan should contain the types, frequency, and detailed procedures for testing.
Procedures should also 9.5.1-21 Rev. 2 - July 1981
1 to the fire, communication with the control room, and coordination with outside fire departments.
(7) Potential radiological and toxic hazards in fire zones.
i (8) Ventilation system operation that ensures desired plant air distribu-tion when the ventilation flow is modified for fire containment or smuke clearing operation.
(9) Operations requiring control room and shif t engineer coordination or
+
authorization.
l (10) Instructions for plant operators and general plant personnel during fire.
3.
Fire Bricade j
a.
The need for good organization, training, and equipping of fire brigades at nuclear power plant sites requires that effective measures be implemented to ensure proper discharge of these functions.
The guidance in Regulatory Guide 1.101, " Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants," should be followed as applicable.
b.
A site fire brigade trained and equipped for fire fighting should be estab-lished to ensure adequate manual fire fighting capability for all areas of the plant containing structures, systems, or components important to safety.
The fire brigade should be at least five members on each shift.
The brigade leader and at least two brigade members should have sufficient training in or knowledge of plant safety-related systems to understand the effects of fire and fire suppressants on safe shutdown capability.
The qualification of fire brigade members should include an annual physical examination to determine their ability to perform strenuous fire fighting l
activities.
The shif t supervisor should not be a member of the fire brigade.
The brigade leader shall be competent to assess the potential safety conse-quences of a fire and advise control room personnel.
Such competence by the brigade leader may be evidenced by possession of an operator's license or equivalent knowledge of plant safety related systems.
c.
The mi"imum equipment provided for the brigade should consist of personal protective equipment such as turnout coats, boots, gloves, hard hats, emergency communications equipment, portable lights, portable ventilation equipment, and portable extinguishers.
Self-contained breathing apparatus using full-face positive pressure masks approved by NIOSH (National Insti-tute for Occupational Safety and Health--approval formerly given by the U.S. Bureau of Mines) should be provided for fire brigade, damage control, and control room personnel.
At least 10 masks shall be available for fire brigade personnel.
Control room personnel may be furnished breathing air by a manifold system piped from a storage reservoir if practical.
Service or rated operating life shall be a minimum of one-half hour for the self-contained units.
{
At least two extra air bottles should be located onsite for each self-l unit.
In addition, an on3ite 6-hour supply of reserve centained breathir.;ded and arranged to permit quick and complete replenish-air should be provi ment of exhausted supply air bottles as they are returned.
If compressors are used as a source of breathing air, only units approved for breathing 9.5.1-23 Rev. 2 - July 1981
--.r
i
.I Note:
Items (i) and (j) may be deleted from the training of no more than two of the nonoperations personnel who may be assigned to the
)
fire brigade.
4 (2) The instruction should be provided by qualified individuals who are knowledgeable, experienced, and suitably trained in fighting the types of fires that could occur in the plant and in using the types of equipment available in the nuclear power plant.
(3)
Instruction should be provided to all fire brigade memoers and fire brigade leaders.
(4) Regular planned meetings should be held at least every 3 months for all brigade members to review changes in the fire protection program l
and other subjects as necessary.
j (5) Periodic refresher training sessions shall be held to repeat the classroom instruction program for all brigade members over a 2 year period.
These sessions may be concurrent with the regular planned meetings.
(6) Practice (a) Practice sessions should be held for each shift fire brigade on the proper method of fighting the various types of fires that could occur in a nuclear power plant.
These sessions shall provide brigade members with experience in actual fire extinguishment and the use of emergency l
breathing apparatus under strenuous conditions encountered in fire fighting.
(b) These practice sessions should be provided at least once per year i
for each fire brigade member.
l (7) Drills (a) Fire brigade drills should be performed in the plant so that the fire I
brigade can practice as a team.
(b) Drills should be performed at regular intervals not to exceed 3 months i
for each shift fire brigade.
Each fire brigade member should partici-pate in each drill, but must participate in at least two drills per
{
year.
l A sufficient number of these drills, but not less than one for each shift fire brigade per year, should be unannounced to determine the i
fire fighting readiness of the plant fire brigade, brigade leader, and fire protection systems and equipment.
Persons planning and authorizing an unannounced drill should er.sure that the responding i
shift fire brigade members are not aware that a drill is being plannad r
until it is begun.
Unannounced drills should not be scheduled closer than 4 weeks.
l At least one drill per year should be performed on a "back shift" for each shift fire brigade.
y i
i 9.5.1-25 Rev. 2 - July 1981
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(9) Guidance Documents NFPA 27, " Private Fire Brigade," should be followed in organization, training, and fire drills.
This standard also is applicable for the inspection and maintenance of fire fighting equipment.
Among the standards referenced in this document, NFPA 197, " Training Standard on Initial fire Attacks," should be utilized as applicable.
NFPA booklets and pamphlets listed in NFPA 27 may be used as applicable for training references.
In addition, courses in fire prevention and fire suppression that are recognized or sponsored by the fire protection industry should be utilized.
s i
4.
Quality Assurance Program The quality assurance (QA) programs of applicants and contractors should ensure that the guidelines for design, procurement, installation, and testing and the l
administrative controls for the fire protection systems for safety-related areas l
~
are satisfied.
The QA program should be under the management control of the j
QA organization.
This control consists of (1) formulating a fire protection i
QA program that incorporates suitable requirements and is acceptable to the i
management responsible for fire protection or verifying that the program incar-l porates suitable requirements and is acceptable to the management responsible for fire protection, and (2) verifying the effectiveness of the QA program for i
4 fire protection through review, surveillance, and audits.
Performance of other QA program functions for meeting the fire protection program requirements'may be performed by personnel outside of the QA organization.
The QA program for i
fire protection should be part of the overall plant QA program.
It should t
satisfy the specific criteria listed below.
Design and Procurement Document Control a.
)
Measures should be established to ensure that,the guidelines of the regulatory position of this guide are included in design and procurement documents and that deviations therefrom are controlled.
b.
Instructions, Procedures, and Drawings l
Inspections, tests, administrative controls, fire drills, and training that govern the fire protection program should be prescribed by documented instruc-2 tions, procedures, or drawings and should be accomplished in accordance with these documents.
Control of Purchased Material. Eauipment, and Services c.
Measures should be established to ensure that purchased material, equipment, and services conform to the procurement documents.
l i
d.
Inspection
?
A program for independent inspection of activities affecting fire protection j
should be established and executed by or for the organization performing the
-l activity to verify conformance with documented installation drawings and test procedures for accomplishing the activities.
l l
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9.5.1-27 Rev. 2 - July 1981 l
components or high concentrations of safety-related cables within that division.
1 (3) Openings through fire barr ers for pipe, conduit, and cable trays which separate fire areas should be sealed or closed to provide a fire resistance i
rating at least equal to that required of the barrier itself.
Openings inside conduit larger than 4 inches in diameter should be sealed at the fire barrier penetration.
Openings inside conduit 4 inches or less in
.iameter should be sealed at the fire barrier unless the conduit extends at least 5 feet on each side of the fire barrier and is sealed either at both enas or at the fire barrier with noncombustible material to prevent the passage of smoke and hot gases, Fire barrier penetrations that must maintain environmental isolation or pressure differentials should be qualified by test to maintain the barrier integrity under such conditions.
Penetration designs should utilize only noncombustible materials and should i
be qualified by tests.
The penetration qualification tests saoul? use the time-temperature exposure curve specified by ASTM E-119, " Fire Test l
of Building Construction and Materials."
The acceptance criteria for the test should require that:
l
'3)
The fire barrier penetration has withstood the fire endurance test without passage of flame or ignition of cables on the unexposed side for a period of time equivalent to the fire resistance rating required of the barrier.
j i
I (b) The temperature levels recorded for the unexposed side are analyzed and demonstrate that the maximum temperature does not exceed 325 F.
4 I
(c) The fire barrier penetration remains intact and does not allow projec-tion of water beyond the unexposed surface during the hose stream J
test.
The stream shall be delivered through a 1-1/2-inch nozzle set i
j at a discharge angle of 30% with a nozzle pressure of 75 psi and a minimum discharge of 75 gpm with the tip of the nozzle a maximum of 4
i 5 ft from the exposed face; or the stream shall be delivered through a 1-1/2-inch nozzle set at a discharge angle of 15% with a noule pressure of 75 psi and a minimum discharge of 75 gpm with the tip of the nozzle a maximum of 10 ft from the exposed face; or the stream shall be delivered through a 2-1/2-inch national standard playpipe equipped with 1-1/8-inch tip, nozzle pressure of 30 psi, located 20 ft from the exposed face.
j i
(4) Penetration openings for ventilation systems should be protected by fire dampers having a rating equivalent to that required of the barrier (see NFPA-90A, " Air Conditioning and Ventilating Systems").
Flexible air duct coupling in ventilation and filter systems should be noncombustible.
(5) Door openings in fire barriers should be protected with equivalently rated l
doors, frames, and hardware that have been tested and approved by a nation-I ally recognized laboratory.
Such doors should be self-closing or provided i
with closing mechanisms and should be inspected semiannually to verify that automatic hold-open, release, and closing mechanisms and latches are operable.
(See NFPA 80, " Fire Doors aad Wincows.')
One of the following measures snuald be providsJ to ensure they will protect a
the opening as required in case of fire:
4 9.5.1-29 Pev. 2 - July 1981
~
(10) Metal deck roof construction should be noncombustible and listed as
" acceptable for fire" in the UL Building Materials Directory, or listed as Class I in the Factory Mutual System Approval Guide.
i (II) Suspended ceiling and their supports should be of noncombustible
~
construction.
Conceaied spaces should be devoid of combustibles except as noted in Position C.6.b.
l (12) Transformers installed inside fire areas containing safety-related systems should be of the dry type or insulated and cooled with noncombustible liquid.
Transformers filled with combustible fluid that are located indoors should be enclosed in a transformer vault (see Section 450(c) of NFPA 70, " National l
Electrical Code").
(13) Outdoor oil-filled transformers should have oil spill confinement features
(
or drainage away from the buildings.
Such transformers should be located at least 50 feet distant from the building, or by ensuring that such build-l ing walls within 50 feet of oil-filled transformers are without openings and have a fire resistance rating of at least 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />.
j (14) Floor drains sized to remove expected firefighting waterflow without flood-ing safety-related equipment should be provided in those areas where fixed water fire suppression systems are installed.
Floor drains should also be provided in other areas where hand hose lines may be used if such fire-fighting water could cause unacceptable damage to safety-related equipment in the area (see NFPA-92, " Waterproofing and Draining of Floors"). Where gas suppression systems are installed, the drains should be provided with i
adequate se31s or the gas suppression system should be sized to compensate for the loss of the suppression agent through the drains.
Drains in areas containing combustible liquids should have provisions for preventing the l
backflow of combustible liquids to safety-related areas through the inter-connected drain systems.
Water drainage from areas that may contain radio-l activity should be collected, sampled, and analyzed before discharge to the environment.
iI b.
Safe Shutdown Caoability (1) Fire protection features should be provided for structures, systems, and components important to safe shutdown.
These features should be capable of limiting fire damage so that.
(a) One train of systems necessary to achieve and maintain hot shutdown j
conditions from either the control room or emergency control station (s) l is free of fire damage; and
(
(b) Systems necessary to achieve and maintain cold shutdown from either the control room or emergency control station (s) can be repaired within 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br />.
(2) To meet the guidelines of Positio.i C5.b.1, one of the following means of l
ensuring that one of the redundant trains is free of fire damage should be provided:
(a) Separation of cables and equipment and associated circuits of redundr.r.t trains by a fire barrier having a 3-hour rating.
Structural steel 9.5.1-31 Rev. 2 - July 1981
(3) The shutdown capability for specific fire areas may be unique for each such area, or it may be one unique combination of systems for all such areas.
In either case, the alternative shutdown capability shall be independent of the specific fire area (s) and shall accommodate postfire conditions where offsite power is available and where offsite power is not available for 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br />.
Procedures shall be in effect to implement this capability.
(4) If the capability to achieve and maintain cold shutdown will not be avail-able because of fire damage, the equipment and systems comprising the means t
to achieve and maintu the hot standby or hot shutdown condition shall be capable of maintaining such conditions until cold shutdown can be achieved.
If such equipment and systems will not be capable of being powered by both onsite and offsite electric power systems because of fire damage, an independent onsite power system shall be provided.
The number of operating shif t personnel, exclusive of fire brigade members, required to operate such equipment and systems shall be onsite at all times.
(5) Equipment and systems comprising the means to achieve and maintain cold shutdown conditions should not be damaged by fire; or the fire damage to such equipment and systems should be limited so that the systems can be made operable and cold shutdown achieved within 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br />.
Materials for such repairs shall be readily available onsite and procedures shall be in effect to implement such repairs.
If such equipment and systems used prior t
to 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br /> after the fire will not be capable of being powered by both onsite and offsite electric power systems because of fire damage, an independent onsite power system should be provided.
Equipment and systems used after 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br /> may be powered by offsite power only.
~
1 (6) Shutdown systems installed to ensure postfire shutdown capability need not be designed to meet seismic Category I criteria, single failure criteria, i
or other design basis accident criteria, except where required for other reasons, e.g., because of interface with or impact on existing safety systems, or because of adverse valve actions due to fire damage.
(7) The safe shutdown equipment and systems for each fire area should be known to be isolated from associated circuits in the fire area so that hot shorts, open circuits, or shorts to ground in the associated circuits will not i
prevent operation of the safe shutdown equipment.
The separation and i
barriers between trays and conduits containing associated circuits of one safe shutdown division and trays and conduits containing associated circuits or safe shutdown cables from the redundant division, or the isolation of these associated circuits from the safe shutdown equipment, should be such that a postulated fire involving associated circuits will not prevent safe shutdown.
d.
Control of Combustibles (1) Safety-related systems should be isolated or separated from combustible materials.
When this is not possible because of the nature of the safety-system or the combustible material, special protection should be provided to prevent a fire from defeating the safety system function.
Such protec-tien may invcive a combination of automatic fire suppression, and construc-tion capable of withstanding and containing a fire that consumes all combustibles present.
Examples of such ';ombustible materials that may not be separable from the remainder of its system are:
9.5.1-33 Rev. 2 - July 1981
and are normally accessible for manual firefighting should be protected from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing automatic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur.
Automatic area protection, where provided, should consider cable tray arrangements and possible transient combustibles to ensure adequate water coverage for areas that could present an exposure hazard to the cable system.
Manual hose standpipe systems may be relied upon to provide the primary fire suppression (in lieu of automatic water seppression systems) for safety-related cable trays of a single division that are separated from redundant safety divisions by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> and are normally acces-sible for manual firefighting if all of the following conditions are met:
(a) The number of equivalent
- standard 24-inch-wide cable trays (both i
safety-related and nonsafety-related) in a given fire area is six or less; l
(b) The cabling does not provide instrumentation, control or power te systems required to achieve and maintain hot shutdown; and (c) Smoke detectors are provided in the area of these cable routings, and continuous line-type heat detectors are provide in the cable trays.
t Safety-related cable trays that are not accessible for manual fire fighting should be protected by a zoned automatic water system with open-head deluge or open directional spray nozzles arranged so that adequate water coverage is provided for each cable tray.
Such cable trays should also be protected i
from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing automatic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur.
l r
In other areas where it may not be possible because of other overriding design features necessary for reasons of nuclear safety to separate redundant safety-related cable systems by 3-hour-rated fire barriers, cable l
trays should be protected by an automatic water system with open-head deluge i
or open directional spray nozzles arranged so that adequate water coverage is provided for each cable tray.
Such cable trays should also be protected a
from the effects of a potential exposure fire by providing automatic water suppression in the area where such a fire could occur.
The capability to i
achieve and maintain safe shutdown considering the effects of a fire j
involving fixed and potential transient combustibles should be evaluated with and without actuation of the automatic suppression system and should be justified on a suitably defined basis.
l (3) Electric cable construction should, as a minimum, pass the flame test in the current IEEE Std 383.
(This does not imply that cables passing this test will not require fire protection.)
(4) Cable raceways should be used only for cables, i
(5) Miscellaneous storage and piping for flammable or combustible liquids or gases should not c m te a potential exposure hazard to safety-related j
systems.
' Trays exceeding 24 incnes should be counted as tw trays; trays exceeding 48 inches should be counted as three trays, regardless of tray fill.
9.5.1-35 Rev. 2 - July 1981
and egress routes to and from all fire areas.
Safe shutdown areas include those required to be manned if the control room must be evacuated.
(2) Suitable sealed-beam battery powered portable hand lights should be provided for emergency use by the fire brigade and other operations personnel required to achieve safe plant shutdown.
(3) Fixed emergency communications independent of the normal plant communication system should be installed at preselected stations.
(4) A portable radio communications system should be provided for use by the fire brigade and other operations personnel required to achieve safe plant shutdown.
This system should not interfere with the communications capa-bilities of the plant security force.
Fixed repeaters installed to permit use of portable radio communication units should be protected from exposure fire damage.
Preoperational and periodic testing should demonstrate that the frequencies used for portable radio communication will not affect the actuation of protective relays.
6.
Fire Detection and Suppression a.
Fire Detection (1) Detection systems should be provided for all areas that contain or present a fire exposure to safety-related equipment.
(2) Fire detection systems should comply with the requirements of Class A l
systems as defined in NFPA 72D, " Standard for the Installation, Maintenance, f
and Use of Proprietary Protective Signaling Systems," and Class I circuits as defined in NFPA 70, " National Electrical Code."
(3) Fire detectors should be selected and installed in accordance with NFPA 72E,
" Automatic Fire Detectors."
Preoperational and periodic testing of pulsed line-type heat detectors should demonstrate that the frequencies used will not affect the actuation of protective relays in other plant systems.
l (4) Fire detection systems should give audible and visual alarm and annuncia-tion in the control room. Where zoned detection systems are used in a given fire area, local means should be provided to identify which detector zone has actuated.
Local audible alarms should sound in the fire area.
(5) Fire alarms should be distinctive anc unique so they will not be confused with any other plant system alarms.
(6) Primary and secondary power supplies :,hould be provided for the fire detec-tion system and for electrically operated control valves for automatic suppression systems.
Such primary and secondary power supplies should satisfy provisions of Section 2220 of NFPA 720.
This can be accomplished by using normal offsite power as the primary supply with a 4-hour battery supply as secondary supply; and by providing capability for manual connec-tion to the Class IE emergency power bus within 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> of loss of offsite Such connection should follow the applicable guidelines in Regula-power.
tory Guides 1.6, 1.32, and 1.75.
9.5.1-37 Rev. 2 - July 1981
Outside manual hose installation should be sufficient to provide an effec-(7) tive hose stream to any onsite location where fixed or transient combustibles could jeopardize safety-related equipment.
Hydrants should be installed approximately every 250 ft on the yard main system.
A hose house equipped with hose and combination nozzle and other auxiliary equipment recommended i
I in NFPA 24, "Outside Protection," should be provided as needed, but at least every 1,000 ft.
Alternatively, mobile means of providing hose and associated equip:nent, such as hose carts or trucks, may be used. When provided, such mobile equipment should be equivalent to the equipment supplied by three hose houses.
(8) Threads compatible with those used by local fire departments should be provided on all hydrants, hose couplings, and standpipe risers.
(9) Two separate, reliable freshwater supplies should be provided.
Saltwater or brackish water should not be used unless all freshwater supplies have been exhausted.
If tanks are used, two 100% (minimum of 300,000 gallons each) system capacity tanks should be installed.
They should be so inter-connected that pumps can take suction from either or both.
However, a failure in one tank or its piping should not cause both tanks to drain.
Water supply capacity should be capable of refilling either tank in 8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br /> or less.
t (10) Common tanks are permitted for fire and sanitary or service water storage.
When this is done, however, minimum fire water storage requirements should be dedicated by passive means, for example, use of a vertical standpipe for other water services.
Administrative controls, including locks for tank outlet valves, are unacceptable as the only means to ensure minimum water volume.
(11) The fire water supply should be calculated on the basis of the largest expected flow rate for a period of 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br />, but not less than 300,000 gallons.
This flow rate shou'd be based (conservatively) on 500 gpm for manual hose streams plus the la. gest design demand of any sprinkler or deluge system as determined in accordance with NFPA 13 or NFPA 15.
The fire water supply should be capable of delivering this design demand over the longest route of the water supply system.
(12) Freshwater lakes or ponds of sufficient size may qualify as sole source of water for fire protection but require separate redundant suctions in one or more intake structures.
These supplies should be separated so that a failure of one supply will not result in a failure of the other supply.
(13) When a common water supply is permitted for fire protection and the ultimate heat sink, the following conditions should also be satisfied:
4 (a) The additional fire protection water requirements are designed into the total storage capacity, and (b) Failure of the fire protection system should not degrade the function of the ultimate heat sink.
(14) Other water systems that may be used as one of the two fire water supplies t
should be permanently connected to the fire main systeni and should be capable of automatic alignment to the fire main system.
Pumps, controls, and power supplies in these systems should satisfy the requirements for l
9.5.1-39 Rev. 2 - July 1981
" Power Piping." The water supply for this condition may be obtained by manual operator actuation of valves in a connection to the hose standpipe 4
header from a normal seisnic Category I water system such as the essential service water system.
The cross connection should be (a) capable of providing flow to at least two hose stations (approximately 75 gpm per hose station), and (b) designed to the same standards as the seismic Category I water system; it should not degrade the performance of the seismic Category I water system.
(5) The proper type of hose nozzle to be supplied to each area should be based on the fire hazard analysis.
The usual combination spray / straight-stream nozzle should not be used in areas where the straight stream can cause unacceptable mechanical damage. Fixed fog nozzles should be provided at locations where high-voltage shock hazards exist.
All hose nozzles should 1
have shutoff capability.
(Guidance on safe distances for water application to live electrical equipment may be found in the "NFPA Fire Protection Handbook.")
(6) Fire hose should be hydrostatically tested in accordance with the recom-mendations of NFPA 1962, " Fire Hose - Care, Use, Maintenance." Hosa stored in outside hose houses.,hould be tested annually.
Interior standpipe hose should be tested every 3 years.
(7) Certain fires, such as those involving flammable liquids, respond well to foam suppression.
Consideration should be given to use of mechanical low-expansion foam systems, high-expansion foam generators, or aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) systems, including the AFFF deluge system.
These systems should comply with the requirements of NFPA 11, NFPA 11A, NFPA 118, and NFPA 16, as applicable.
d.
Halon Suppression Systems Halon fire extinguishing systems should comply with the requirements of NFPA 12A and NFPA 128, "Halogenated Fire Extinguishing Agent Systems - Halon 1301 and Halon 1211." Only UL-listed or FM-approved agents should be used.
Provisions for locally disarming automatic Halon systems should be key locked and under strict administrative control.
Automatic Halon extinguishing systems should l
not be disarmed unless controls as described in Position C.2.c. are provided.
In addition to the guidelines of NFPA 12A and 12B, preventive maintenance and l
testing of the systems, including check-weighing of the Halon cylinders, should be done at least quarterly.
i Particular consideration should also be given to:
(1) Minimum required Halon concentration, distribution, soak time, and ventila-tion control; (2) Toxicity of Halon; (3) Toxicity and corrosive characteristics of the thermal decomposition products-i of Halon; and (4) Location and selection of the activating detectors.
t 9.5.1-41 Rev. 2 - July 1981
(b) Inside noninerted containment one of the fire protection means stated in Positions C.5.b.1 and C.5.b.2 or the following fire protection means should be provided:
separation of cables and equipment and associated nonsafety circuits of redundant trains by a noncombustible radiant energy shield having a minimum fire rating of one-half hour.
(c) In primary containment, fire detection systems should be provided for each fire hazard.
The type of detection used and the location of the detectors should be the most suitable for the particular type cf fire hazard identified by the fire hazard analysis.
A general area fire detection capability should be provided in the primary containment as backup for the above described hazard detection.
Tu accomplish this, suitable smoke or heat detectors compatible with the radiation environment should be installed.
(d) Standpipe and hose stations should be inside PWR containments and BWR containments that are not inerted.
Standpipe and hose stations inside containment may be connected to a high quality water supply of sufficient quantity and pressure other than the fire main loop if plant-specific features prevent extending the fire main supply inside containment.
For BWR drywells, standpipe and hose stations should be placed outside the drywell with adequate lengths of hose, no longer than 100 f t, to reach any location inside the drywell with an effective hose stream.
The containment penetration of the standpipe system should meet the isolation requirements of General Design Criterion 56 and should be seismic Category I and Quality Group B.
(e) The reactor coolant pumps should be equipped with an oil collection system if the containment is not inerted during normal operation.
The oil collection system should be so designed, engineered, and l
installed that failure will not lead to fire during normal or design i
basis accident conditions and that there is reasonable assurance that the system will withstand the safe shutdown earthquake.
Such collection systems should be capable of collecting lube oil from a
all potential pressurized and unpressurized leakage sites in the reactor i
coolant pump lube oil systems.
Leakage should be collected and drained to a vented closed container that can hold the entire lube oil system inventory.
A flame arrester is required in the vent if the flash point characteristics of the oil present the hazard of fire flashback, j
Leakage points to be protected should include lift pump and piping overflow lines, lube oil cooler, oil fili and drain lines and plugs, flanged connections on oil lines, and lube oil reservoirs where such features exist on the reactor coolant pumps.
The drain line should be large enough to accommodate the largest potential oil leak.
(f) for secondary containment areas, cable fire hazards that could affect safety should be protected as described in Position C.5.e(2).
The type of detection system for other fire hazards identified by the fire hazards analysis should be the mest suitable for the carticular l
type of fire hazard.
i i
9.5.1-43 Rev. 2 - July 1981-
Venting of smoke produced by fire in the control room by means of the normal ventilation system is acceptable; however, provision should be made to permit isolation of the recirculating portion of the normal ventilation system.
Manually operated venting of the control room should be available to the operators.
All cables that enter the control room should terminate in the control room.
That is, no cabling should be routed through the control room from one area to another.
Cables in underfloor and ceiling spaces should meet the separation criteria necessary for fire protection.
i Air-handling functions should be ducted separately from cable runs in such spaces; i.e., if cables are routed in underfloor or ceiling spaces, these spaces should not be used as air plenums for ventilation of the control room.
Fully enclosed electrical raceways located in such underfloor and ceiling spaces, if over 1 square foot in cross-sectional area, should have automatic fire suppression inside.
Area automatic fire suppression should be provided for underfloor and ceiling spaces if used for cable runs unless all cable is run in 4-inch or smaller steel conduit or the cables are in fully enclosed raceways internally protected by automatic fire suppression.
There should be no carpeting in the control room.
c.
Cable spreading Room The primary fire suppression in the cable spreading room should be an automatic water system such as closed-head sprinklers, open-head deluge system, or open directional water spray system.
Deluge and open spray systems should have provisions for manual operation at a remote station; however, there should be provisions to preclude inadvertent operation.
Location of sprinkler heads or spray nozzles should consider cable tray arrangements and possible transient combustibles to ensure adequate water coverage for areas that could present exposure hazards to the cable system.
Cables should be designed to allow wetting down with water supplied by the fire suppression system without electrical faulting.
Open-head deluge and open directional spray systems should be zoned.
The use of foam is acceptable.
Cable spreading rooms should have:
(1) At least two remote and separate entrances for access by fire brigade personnel; (2) An aisle separation between tray stacks at least 3 feet wide and 8 feet high; (3) Hose stations and portable extinguishers installed immediately outside i
the room; (4) Area smoke detection; and i
(5) Continuous line-type heat detectors for cable trays inside the cabl'e" r
spreading room.
k 9.5.1-45 Rev. 2 - July 1981
should be provided with automatic fire detectors that alarm locally and alarm and annunciate in the control room.
Combustible materials should be controlled and limited to those required for operation.
Portable extinguishers and manual hose stations should be readily available in the general area.
g.
Safety-Related Battery Rooms Safety-related battery rooms should be protected against fires and explosions.
Battery rooms should be separated from each other and other areas of the plant by barriers having a minimum fire rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> inclusive of all penetrations and openings.
DC switchgear and inverters should not be located in these battery Automatic fire detection should be provided to alarm and annunciate in rooms.
the control room and alarm locally.
Ventilation systems in the battery rooms should be capable of maintaining the hydrogen concentration well below 2 vol-%.
Loss of ventilation should be alarmed in the control room.
Standpipe and hose and portable extinguishers should be readily available outside the room.
h.
Turbine Building The turbine building should be separated from adjacent structures containing safety-related equipment by a fire barrier with a minimum rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />.
The fire barriers should be designed so as to maintain structural integrity even in the event of a complete collapse of the turbine structure.
Openings 4
and penetrations in the fire barrier should be minimized and should not be located where the turbine oil system or generator hydrogen cooling system creates a direct fire exposure hazard to the barrier.
Considering the severity of the fire hazards, defense in depth may dictate additional protection to ensure barrier integrity.
i.
Diesel Generator Areas i
Diesel generators should be separated from each other and from other areas of i
the plant by fire barriers having a minimum fire resistance rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />.
Automatic fire suppression should be installed to combat any diesel generator 6
or lubricating oil fires; such systems should be designed for operation when the diesel is running without affecting the diesel.
Automatic fire detection i
should be provided to alarm and annunciate in the control room and alarm locally.
Hose stations and portable extinguishers should be readily available outside the area.
Drainage for firefighting water and means for local manual venting of smoke should be provided.
Day tanks with total capacity up to 1100 gallons are permitted in the diesel generator area under the following conditions:
(1) The day tank is located in a separate enclosure with a minimum fire resist-ance rating of 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />, including doors or penetrations.
These enclosures i
should be capable of containing the entire contents of the day tanks and should be protected by an automatic fire suppression system, or (2) The day tank is located inside the diesel generator room in a diked enclo-sure that has sufficient capacity to hold 110% of the contents of the day tank or is drained to a safe. lor.,ation.
P 9.5.1-47 Rev. 2 - July 1981
o.
Safety-Related Water Tanks
~
Storage tanks that supply water for safe shutdown should be protected from the effects of an exposure fire.
Combustible materials should not be stored next to outdoor tanks.
p.
Records Storage Areas Records storage areas should be so located and protected that a fire in these areas does not expose safety-related systems or equipment (see Regulatory Guide 1.88, " Collection, Storage, and Maintenance of Nuclear Power Quality Assurance Records").
q.
Cooling Towers Cooling towers should be of nncombustible construction or so located and protected that a fire will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.
Cooling towers should be of noncombustible construction when the basins are used for the ultimate heat sink or for the fire protection water supply.
r.
Miscellaneous Areas Miscellaneous areas such as shops, warehouses, auxiliary boiler rooms, fuel oil tanks, and flammable and combustible liquid storage tanks should be so located and protected that a fire or effects of a fire, including smoke, will not adversely affect any safety-related systems or equipment.
8.
Special Protection Guidelines a.
Storage of Acetylene-Oxygen Fuel Gases Gas cylinder storace locations should not be in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment or the fire protection systems that serve those safety-related areas.
A permit system should be required to use this equipment in safety-related areas of the plant (also see Position C.2).
f b.
Storage Areas for Ion Exchange Resins I
Unused ion exchange resins should not be stored in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.
c.
Hazardous Chemicals Hazardous chemicals should not be stored in areas that contain or expose safety-related equipment.
d.
Materials Containing Radioactivity Materials that collect and contain radioactivity such as spent ion exchange resins, charcoal filters, and HEPA filters should be stored in closed metal tanks or containers that are located in areas free from ignition sources or combustibles.
These materials should be protected from exposure to fires in adjacent areas as well.
Consideration should be given to requirements for removal of decay heat from entrained radioactive materiais.
9.5.1-49 Rev. 2 - July 1981
s NFPA 80-1975, " Fire Doors and Windows."
NFPA 92M-1972, " Waterproofing and Draining of Floors."
NFPA 197-1966, " Initial Fire Attack, Training, Standard On."
NFPA 204-1968, " Smoke and Heat Venting Guide."
NFPA 220-1975, " Types of Building Construction."
i NFPA 251-1975, " Fire Tests, Building Construction and Materials."
NFPA 259-1976, " Test Method for Potential Heat of Building Materials."
l NFPA 802-1974, " Recommended Fire Protection Practice for Nuclear Reactors."
U.S. Nuclear Reaulatory Commission Documents NUREG-0050, " Recommendations Related to Browns Ferry Fire," Report by Special l
Review Group, February 1976.
An Assessment of Accident WASH-1400 (NUREG-75/014), " Reactor Safety Study' ctober 1975.
l Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, O NUREG-75/087, " Standard Review Plan for the Review of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants."
l Section 9.5.1, " Fire Protection Program."
I Section 3.6.1, " Plant Design for Protection Against Postulated Piping Failures in Fluid Systems Outside Containment."
Section 6.4, " Habitability Systems."
{
Appendix A, " General Design Criteria for Nuclear Power Plants," to 10 CFR Part 50,
" Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," General Design Criterion 3,
" Fire Protection."
Regulatory Guide 1.6, " Independence Between Redundant Standby (Onsite) Power i
Sources and Between Their Distribution Systems."
Regulatory Guide 1.32, " Criteria for Safety-Related Electric Power Systems for l
Nuclear Power Plants."
Regulatory Guide 1.39, " Housekeeping Ryuirements for Water-Cooled Nuclear Power l
Plants."
i Regulatory Guide 1.52, " Design, Testing and Maintenance Criteria for Engineered Safety Feature Atmosphere Cleanup System Air Filtration and Adsorption Units of Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Plants."
Regulatory Guide 1.75, " Physical Independence of Electrical Systems."
f f
i 9.5.1-51 Rev. 2 - July 1981 f
t
APPENDIX A TO BRANCH TECHNICAL POSITION APCSB 9.5-1
" GUIDELINES FOR FIRE PROTECTION FOR NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS DOCKETED PRIOR TO JULY 1, 1976" (August 23, 1976)
(The guidelines of this appendix have been incorporated into BTP CMEB 9.5-1 and therefore this appendix has been deleted.)
i 1
9.5.1-53 Rev. 2 - July 1981
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I vowuE Building Seals and Sealants; Fire 04.07 Staneares: Buiieing constructions 1
Includes standards of the following committees:
i C-24 on Building Seats and Sealants E-5 on Fire Standards E-6 on Performance of Building Constructions Pumton Cooe Narnter (PCNi 01 040790-10 t
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.... --- 5 ASTM 1916 Race Street. Philadelphia.PA 19103-1187 USA e (215)299-5400 s TWx 710-670-1037 m FAX 215 E77-9679
l i4 Designation: E 119 - 88 0ti J
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n Standard Test Methods for 1*
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Q Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials' sit.
I Ths standard is imed under the fhed desynation E 114. the number immediatch followmg the desgnation mdicain the scar cf enpnai adoption or, in the rate of re mort. the scar of lar.1 renssion A number m parenthnes mdKates the year of last reappronal A I
wpersenpt epsdon h) mdicates an rostonal change smce the last revmon or reapproval.
1hn suwrd has been arterwd h" use h acennes or rne Department et Droense Consuh the dad inars or Armritantms and Lan.was for the mennc irar er mur mnwh mas casprea h the Desurtment er Derense INTRODUCDON 2
I The performance of walls. columns, floors. and other building members under fire exposure conditions is an item of maior imponance in secunng constructions that are safe and that are not a menace to neighbonng structures nor to the public. Recognition of this is registered in the codes d
of many authonties, municipal and other. It is imponant to secure balance of the many umts in a smgle building, and of buildings of like character and use in a community; and also tr promote
[
umformity in requirements of various authonties throughout the country. To do this it.s necessary 3
that the fire-resistive properties of matenals and assemblies be measured and specified according to a common standard expressed in terms that are applicable alike to a wide vanety of matenals.
situations, and conditions of exposure.
~
Such a standard is found in the methods that follow. They presenbe a standard exposing fire of controlled extent and sesenty. Performance is defined as the penod of resistance to standard i
?
exposure clapsing before the first entical point in behavior is observed. Results are reponed in units m which field exposures can be judged and expressed.
j The methods may be cited as the " Standard Fire Tests." and the performance or exposure shall be expressed as "2-h7 ~6-h? "W-h." etc.
When a factor of safety exceeding that inherent in the test conditions is desired. a proponional merease should be made in the specified time-classification penod.
aaval fire conduons. However. resuhs of this test may be t s pe uwd as ekments # a he nsk asussment which takes into
. i These test methods are appheable to assemblies of ewnn units and to composite assemblies of structural axount au & the faqors which are periment to an assessment en thche hazard W a parncular end use.
exmais for buildings, including beanng and other walls r4 ramtions. columns. girders, beams. slabs. and com-Non 1-4 method of fire hazard classificauon based on rate of wit slab and beam assemblies for floors and roofs. They (brne spread is covered m Test Method E 54 re M apphcable to other assemblies and structural umts 1.4 The results of these tests are one factor in assessing fire
- x consutute permanem integral pans of a finished performance of buildmg construction and assemblies. These
- B-test methods presenbe a standard fire exposure for com-
- h is the intent that classifications shall register per-panng the performance of building construction assemblies.
ince dunng the period of exposure and shall not be Application of these test results to predict the performance of mrued as naving determined suitability for use atter fire actual building construcuan requires careful evaluation of test conditions.
twsure.
t Tins standard should be used to measure and descnbe 1.5 This standard mar involve ha:ardous matenals oper-
% reopernes of materials. products. or assembhes m re-anons. and equipment. This standard does not purport to ne to heat and Game under coruroHed laboratorr conds-oddress aH ofIhe sarere problems associated wah its use. It is n and should not be used to descnbe or appraise the tire the resportssbdits of the user of this standard to establish t.wd or_ tire nsk ofmatenals. products. or assembhes under appropriate safety and health pracuces and determine the arphcahhiv of regulatory hmitations pnor to use.
Ne test methods are under the tumdictive. of T.TM commitice E.5 ua 1 Ecistenced Documents E
'* %madros and are the direct rnpcmsibnin ut subcommuter Le? It on b6pnstruction.
ll.lSDf Standards:
eeni edition approved Apnl 29.1W8 Pubhshed Augusi IW8 Ononath C 569 Test Method for indentation Hardness of Pre-yea as c 19 - im T 1.as prewous edman E i14 - U He test methodL of which the present standard represents a rewmon, were formed Thermal Insulations:
Minr0 tw sectirmal Commutee A2 on hre T ests of Matenans and Construction.
her mr unnt sptmso' ship of the Nauonal Bureau of standards. the ANsl fue Nemon Group. and ASTM. funcuomns under the procedure of the Amencan f
2 4nnual EM of 45 Tit Stanaards. Vol 04 06 N tandards insutute
.I
= _ _ _..
F
)
$ E 119
'l r/
l l'
E 84 Test Method for Surface Burning Charactenstics of 2400 less th; t
'X pamite ;
3 Building Matenals neo l
I j i If I structu !
I l gjj;j show 1 {
- 3. Significance and Use fl j
^
j inerme ;
j l maten; 3.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the duration
" 4 00 1" ii I pmtea, for which the types of assemblies noted in 1.1 will contain a I
fire, or retain their structural integnty or exhibit both III IIl II i
,.ng ai '
propenies dependent upon the type of assembly invohed j
l j l l l l 1 4M {
,g j l
during a predetermined test exposure.
E l l t 1 l l j K
! pyrom !
3.2 The test exposes a specimen to a standard fire
{*
g ;
i g F
h ume i !
-400 exposure controlled to achieve specified temperatures r-
=
aura,
throughout a specified time period. In some instances, the I
I II I og
-200 ments. !
fire expc5ure may be followed by the application of a I l l l 1 ! I
! couple i npowj specifed stant'ard fire hose stream. The exposure, however.
1 i 1 ! 1, {
may not be representative of all fire conditions which may "o
a 4
e 6
l Junnt j j '
vary with changes in the amount. nature and distnbution of 7,,,,, 3 3 denect l
- plcs s1 ;
fire loading. ventilation. compartment size and configura-j face o: l tion, and heat sink characteristics of the companment. It FE 1 TimeTempwatwo Cwve does, however, provide a relative measure of fire perform-8 touch!
ance of comparable assemblies under these specified fire CONTROL OF FIRE ITSIS i
exposure conditions. Any variation from the construction or
,nsi,, 6 conditions (that is, size, method of assembly, and materials)
- 4. Time-Temperature Curve ens, '
that are tested may substantially change the performance 4.1 The conduct of fire tests of materials and constructr P'rce18 !
charactenstics of the assembly.
shall be controlled by the standard time-temperature cuN.
"d" !
3.3 The test standard provides for the following:
shown in Fig.1. The points on the curve that determined. $"j {
3.3.1 In walls, panitions and floor or roof assemblies:
character are:
wny,, ;
therm: !
3.3.1.1 Measurement of the transmission of heat.
soorr tswo ai s mm 3.3.1.2 Measurement of the transmission of hot gases 000T (704rn et io nun through the assembly, sufficient to ignite cotton waste.
l5,. y ym*
d
- t 3.3.1.3 For load bearing elements, measurement of the inscrr 00:o 0 ai 2 h im I load carrying ability of the test specimen during the test 200rr oo9ro
.i s h
,3j MorF 026r o at 8 h w om exposure.
thea[
3.3.2 For individual load beanng assemblies such as 4.2 For a closer definition of the time-temperature cunt beams and columns: Measurement of the load carrying see Appendix X1.
10%I ability under the test exposure with some consideration for Norr 2-R,rommendarens for Remrdmg furt flow a f urns,, temp !
the end support conditions (that is, restrained or not Bumers-The foBowmg provides gmdance on the desund charactenso durat !
restrained).
ofinstrumentauon for recording the now of fuel to the furnace burar-, 2 h,; {
3.4 The test standard does not provide the following-Fuel flow data may be useful for a furnace heat hata= analysd l 3.4.1 Full information as to performance of assemblies measunnt the eNect d furnace w mutml changs. and fw megwa j
i constructed with components or lengths other than those the perimmance d auemNes d dderent pmperms a tie k A Ti; endurance test.
.%a tested.
Remrd the integrated (cumulative) How of gas (or other fuel) to
- M I
3.4.2 Evaluation of the degree by which the assembly furnace burners at to min. 20 mm. 30 mm. and every 30 min therimir contributes to the fire hazard by generation of smoke, toxic or more frequently. Total gas consumed dunns the total test penod'
- M
i gases, or other products of combustion.
aim m he determined. A reemding now meter has advantaps og unde 3.4.3 Measurement of the degree of control or limitation P'" d* '***"85 '" *" '"*"'*"* "* " *'*l2 zing now men p, Ann,;
of the passage ofsmoke or products of combustion through
- $.EaNnew mg systein t pede now me nadings accu
- etj the assembly.
Report the type of fuel. its higher (gross) henung value. and the it,3g : j 3.4.4 Simulation of the fire behavior of joints between Gow (conected to standard condmons of 60T (16*Q and 30.0 in. Hg)*
the1I building elements such as floor-wall or wall-wall, etc.,
a funcuen of time.
j
((j!
connecuans.
3.4.5 Measurement of flame spread over surface of tested
- 5. Furnace Temperatures I
element.
5.1 The temperature fixed by the curve shall be deemed E 3.4.6 The effect of fire endurance of conventional open-be the average temperature obtained from the readings of ther ings in the assembly, that is. electrical receptacle outlets.
3
-i
,.]
plumbing pipe, etc., unless speci6cally provided for m the
' H ""*'h' T L 'D*" "' F" h I"'*"'5 ~ TE' Terhotory vet S p
construction tested.
No 2.'May 1969. pp. lef-t 50. seiget. L G -Ulects of rumace Desesn on Fr
~P O Endurance Test Results * /'src Test feriormoner. ASTM STP #4. ASTM.194 l
. pp. 57-6h and wilitamson. Il B., and Buchanan. A. H *A Hemi IW :
ggy
- Anmaal Book ofASTM Standards. Vol 04.07..
Analyus of the $tandard Fire Endurance Test.'
?
l 292 E:
~
IV h E 119 be of the pamal-tmmersion type, with a length of stem, t
an nme thermoccupies for a floor, root. w.iii. between the end of the bulb and the ammersion mar l
3 ;
or le<.s than eight thermoccupies for a
- m. 4 76 mmt The wires for the thermocouple m the length lly disposed and cistnbuted to cmered by the pad shall be not heavier than No M fl & S and not an
.~ctural column s3 mmeincai the temperature near all parts of the sampie. the cage 10 N m > < l 02 mmi and shall be electncally msulated f such
-rmxouples bemg enclosed m protection tubes o with heat-resistant and moisture-teststant coatmgs.
henals and dimensions that the time constant of the 4 M me rese of testms rod esemnhes iN anexposed from wiected thermocouple assembiv hes withm the range W
me sna de cerined,s ine su, e,ysee to amryen,,,7 Nmi st'noer cenam cond.tions a mai be unsate or impecable ter
, ta 12 mm (Note 3t The exposed length of the pyreme x and thermocouple in the furnace chamber shall be not u use inermometers Linan 12 in. (305 mm t Other types of protectmg tubes orbe used that, under test nme points on the surface. Five of these shall be symmetn-h2 Temperature tradmgs shah be taken at not less than mrameters may h hmit of
. ne mdicauons as the above standard withm t e cally disposed. one to be approumately at the centet of the measure-apphes for furTiace-temperature spectmen, and four at approumately the center ofits quaner praa that f the thermo f
secuans. The other four shall be located at the discreti
-rnts. For floors and columns. the juncuon oDOS mm) away from the
?
the testmg authonty to obtain representative information on 3 pies sha!! be placed 12 in.
d nn sed face of the sample at the bepnmng of the test an.unng the te Ihermocouples shall be located nearer to the edges of the test f
the performance of the construction under test. None o thaI gecuen. In the case of walls and pamtions. the thermocou-ecimen than one and one-half times the thickness o d
gs snali be piaeed 6 in t152 mm) away trom the exposeu;e of the sam m those cases where there is an elemem of the construct construction. or 12 m. 005 mm) An excepuon can be made '
gh the sample dunng the test. in the esent of deflecton.
that is not otherwise represented in the remamder of the test specimen. None of the thermocouples shall be located e
meeurs these ume tecal thermocouple assemdhf bncated by fuuon-meldmg the twnted opposite or on top of beams. prders. pilasters. or other vm WA
- sae.t reauirements ma> be aa pge ChromeWumel a,res. mount ng tr e teaas m structural members if temperatures at such @ts wW weam msuutors and mscrtmg the assembn so ine thermocouseu is a m.
N ne of the thermocouples shall be located over fasteners j;
obvioush be lower than at more representative locations.
.a of so such as screws. nails, or staples that will be obviously higher q.
1
?
$dNeti mbt es = rreasur nf m ph saal and lower m temperature than at a more representauve o e 3
msant ma, also be calcuated from knowedge o k> cation if the aggregate area of any part of such fasteners on or w propenies
- the unexposed surface is less than 1 'i of the area within any L2 The temperatures shall be read at mtenals not ex-2 h. and thereatter the 6-m. t152 mm) diameter circle, unless the fasteners extend redmg 5 mm dunng the first through the assembly.ture readmgs shall be taken at intervals sersals may be mcreased to not more than 10 mm.
- 3 The accuracy of the furnace control shall be such that esceedmg 15 mm until a reading exceedmg 212T (100T)
Mh ne area under the time-temperature cune, obtameu by has been obramed at any one pomt. Thereafter the readmgs hin arrapng the results from the pyrometer readmgs. is wit m n be taken more frequenti) at the discreuon of the testmg D'i of the correspondmg area under the standard t me-bodt but the intenals need not be less than 5 min.
~ '
l U Where the condit ons of acceptance place a hmitation
. l mperature curve shown in Iig. I for tire tests of I h or ess branon, within 7.5 9 for those oser 1 h and not more than on the nse of temperature of the unexposed surface, the m,
- s and withm 5 '~c for tests exceedmg 2 h m darauon temperature end pomt of the fire endurance penod shall be nm ar; determmed by the aserage of the measurements taken at i
L lemperatures of Unexposed Surfaces of floors Hoofs, munidual pomts: except that if a temperature nse 30 % m
- pan, Walls and Partitions excess of the specified htmt occurs at anv one of these points
.e H
^ l Temperatures of unexposed surfaces shall be mea-the temamder shall be ignored and the fire endurance penod wed with thermoccupies or thermometers (Note 5) placed hsted m judged as ended
[
- 2. der dn; felted pads meeting the requirements
( Ls55tf IC tliON ts D n 1 RstlNI D fli II.S1 unex A1. The wsre leads of the thermocouple or the stem 01
.s x m thermometer shal! have an immersion under the pad and elem j
f less than N m contact with the unexposed surface or not ccum' 7 hport of Results
- m. 69 mml The hot junction of the thermocouple or
'.! Results shall be reported m accordance with the petformance m the tests presenbed in these test metho mately 7 duib of the thermometer shall be placed approu f
the center of the pad. T he outside dtameter o They shall be expressed m ume penods of resistance. to nearest mtegral mmute. Reports shall melude observations ntectmg or msulatmg tubes. and of thermometer stems.c.a!! be not mo
.nart sigmficant details of the behavior of the Wh mmst the sanace. and shall fit closely about the 1
m-noccupic at thermometer stems Thermometers shau mciucmg mtorm. mon un riefo. nanon. 4a"ing, mcung.
~
J
' "I "
hurnmg of the specimen or its component pans. continuance I
of flammg. and producuon of smoke.
wnei a a regmemt t aarrame of INco 4.hm inc. M herwe o' -
7.2 Reports of tests involvmg wall, floor, beam. or ceilingj construcuons in which restramt is provided agamst expan-Fmuru I,
Ast M uradmnm a
e om f
- t 15^*
aim _ m 293 f
@ E 119 than -
(6.8-Lg) tvpe feh not in excess of 120 lb ($4 kg) per squart sion. contracnon, or rotation of the construction shall 9 mN of hot moppmg asphalt without grasei jeg oi t 100 ft 1 surfacmg. Tests of assemblies with this covenng do not desenbe the method used to provide this restramt.
13 Repons of tests m which other than maumum loadpreclude the field use of other cosenngs with a larger numter,,' p conditions are imposed shall fully denne the condmons of of plys of felt and asphatt or with gravel surfacmg.
Il-loadmg used m the test and shall be designated m the title of 6.4 Roofmg systems designed for othee than the use of m ass the repon of the test as a restncted load condition.
built-up roof covenngs shall be tested usmg matenals and test.
14 When the mdicated resistance penod is W h or oser, details of construction representaine of field application.
strem determmed by the aserage or maximum temperature nse on
!"e C the unexposed surface or withm the test sample, or b) failure CONDt CT or ilRE TESTS m aci under load. a correction shall be applied for vanation of the Il 1-furnace exposure from that presenbed. where it will afTect
- 9. Fire Endurance Test the classification, by multiplying the indicated penod by two RI Contmue the fire endurance test on the specimen with thirds of the difTerence m area between the curve of averageits apphed load if anb until failure occurs. or until the fumace temperature and the standard cune f or the first three specimen has withstood the test conditions for a period equal founhs of the peno:t and dividing the product by the area between the standard cune and a base hne of 68'F (20*C) for to that herem specified in the conditions of acceptance for the gnen type of construction.
the same part of the mdicated penod. the latter area m-U For 'the purpose of obtaming additional performance creased by 54*F h or 30*C h (3240*F mm or IMXTC min)data, the test may be contmued beyo id the time the fire to compensate for the thermal tag of the furnace thermoccu~
pies dunng the first part of the test. For fire exposure in the endurance classification is determmed.
strea spec test higher than standard, the indicated resistance penod shall be mereased by the amount of the conection and be g
g simdarly decreased for fire exposure below standard.
%ri. 6-The correction can be expressed tw the toilomng equaison.
subject a duplicate specimen to a fire exposure test foi a cent of tl penod equal to one half of that mdicated as the resistanc.
C = 2 A 4 - -1,p _M A + L )
penod in the fire endurance test. but not for more than I h.
puri erec immediately after which subject the specimen to the impact w here:
C = correct on in the same units as 1.
erosion. and coolmg etTects of a hose stream directed first a:
resu rela
= mdicated fire-resistance penod, the middle and then at all parts of the exposed face, change 1
con
= area under the curve of indicated average furnace in direction being made slowly.
suci A
temperature for the first three founhs of the mdicated 10.2 Exemption-The hose stream test shall not tv, re.
renstance mgl
- penod, quired in the case of constructions having 11 the
= area under the standard furnace cune for the same penod. indicated in the fire endurance test, of less than I h.
i15 A,
pan of the indicated period, and 10.3 Optional Program-The submitter may elect, with has )
i
= lag correction in the same umts as A and A. (54*F hthe advice and consent of the testing body, to have the hose i'
L or 30'C h (3240*F min or 1800'C min)).
stream test made on the specimen subjected to the fire cat hui 7.5 Unsymmetrical wall assemblies may be tested with endurance test and immediately following the expiration of dri4 either side exposed to the fire, and the repon shall indicate the fire endurance test.
aft <
the side so exposed. Both sides may be tested, and the report 10.4 Sircam Equipment and Detads-The stream shall be H
U the then shall so indicate the fire endurance classification appli-delivered through a 2W-in. (64-mm) hose discharpng drs cable to each side.
through a National Standard Playpipe of corresponding sin U
set equipped with a 1%-in. (28.5-mm) discharge tip of the att,
standard-taper smooth-bore pattern without shoulder at the TEST SPECIMEN sp' 4 onfice. The water pressure and duration of application shall i
- 8. Test Specimen be as prescribed in Table 1.
['
8.1 The test specimen shall be truly representative of the 10.5 No::le Distance-The nozzle onfice shall be ap
- ~
construction for which classification is desired, as to mate-m) from the center of the exposed surface of the tes:
tei sials, workmanship, and details such as dimensions of pans,specimen if the nozzle is so located that when directed at th dt '
and shall be built under conditions representative of those center its axis is normal to the surface of the test specimen. I f
al 7
obtaining as practically applied in building construction and otherwise located, its distance from the center shall be les s
srl operation. The physical propenies of the matenals and in mgredients used in the test specimen shall be determmed and it l waw me m osam a
,; l T e size and dimensions of the test specimen specified p{
8 herein are intended to apply for ratmg constructions of Resistance Pened dimensions within the usual general range employed in weai exposea ares buildings. If the conditions of use limit the construction to as (310) 6 5
i B n anc over s
~
5maDer oimtnsions, a propoluor. ate red.iCl on may be made aw.i 4 n a,e om a es inan e n 2 " "" " ' " ' * * "
30 Ni 24 5
m the dimensions of the speumens for a test qualifying therr, 1 W n and oc d us than 2 n 30(207) v i
30 t207) i for sucn restncted use.
i n a,a o,, n %s man 1w n 8.3 When it is desired to include a built-up roof covenng.
30:207) t tess man i n. 8 ow.c the test specimen shall have a roof covenng of 3-ply.15-lb 9
294 i
4 4
@ E 119 er square un 20 ft by an amount equal to I tt (305 mm t for each 10 oetermme the relative humidity within 6re test specimens made with ther matenais.
.c u*
ml N of deviation from the normal.
e With woal constructions. the moisture meter based on the elecincal
- I resrstance method can be used. when appropnate as an alternatne to mer it. Protection and Conditioning of Test Specimen the relative humidin method to mdicate when wood has attamed the pmper m isture e nient Electneal meth ds are desenbed on pages 320 1 1 Protect the test specimen dunne and sfter fabncation
.he use of-i tenals and t? assure normahty ofits quality and condition at the time 01.
and 321 of the 1955 ediuon of the !! bod Hariabook of she forest t
Pres Wrmon.13.S. Department of Ar.nculture. The relationships
- cation.
test. It shall not be tested until a large poruon of its final between relative humidits and moisture content are given by the raphs g.ength has been attained, and, ifit contams motsture, until in Fig _23 on p. 327. They mdicate that wood has a moisture content of I
., excess has been removed to achieve an air-dry condition 13 % at a relauve humidity of 70 % for a temperature of 70 to 807(21 to 2'Cl accordance with the requirements given in i1.1.' through N"E 8-lf the motsture condition of the fire test assembly is hLefy It1.3. Protect the testing equipment and sample undergoing to change drastically from the 72-h sampimg time pnor to test, the
. e fire test from any condition of wind or weather. that samphng should be made not later than 24 h pnor to the test.
y
. men with mght lead to abnormal results. The ambient air temperature until the at tne begmmng of the test shall be within the range of 50 to
- 12. Precision' equal
[.
grF (10 to 32*C). The velocity of air across the unexposed 12.1 No comprehensive test program has been conducted ce r dace of the sample, measured just before the test begins.
to develop data on which to dente statistical measures of call not exceed 4.4 ft (l.3 m)/s as determmed by an repeatability (within-laboratory vanability) and reproduc-
- '*^[re anemometer placed at nght angles to the unexposed surface.
ibility (among-laboratory variability). The limited data sug-C if mechamcal ventilauon is employed dunng the test, an air gest that there is a degree of repeatability and reproducibility cream shall not be directed across the surface of the for some types of assemblies. Results depend on factors such specimen.
as the type of assembly and materials being tested, the 11.1.1 Prior to fire test. condition constructions with the charactenstics of the furnace, the type and level of applied f
.ceptance, osective of providing, within a reasonable time. a moisturr load, the nature of the boundary conditions (restraint and test for a rondition within the specimen approximately representative end fixity), and details of workmanship during assembly.
resistance of that likely to exist in similar construcuon in buildings. For than I h.
purposes of standardization, this condition is to be consid-TLSTS OF BEARING WAltS AND PARTTT10NS 1e impact.
red as that which would be established at equilibrium ed nrst at resulung from drying in an ambient atmosphere of 50 ei
- 13. Size of Sample
- .. changes relative humidity at 73*F (Note 7). However, with some 13.1 The area exposed to fire shall be not less than 100 ft2 constructions, it may be difficult or impossible to achieve (9 m ), with neither dimension less than 9 ft (2.7 m). The test 2
- o; web uniformity within a reasonable period of time. Accord-specimen shall not be restrained on its vertical edges.
resi m ee egy, where this is the case, specimens may be tested when than I h.
de dampest portion of the structure, the portion at 6-in.
- 14. leading iect. with 152.mmi depth below the surface of massive constructions.
14.1 Throughout the fire endurance and fire and hose the hose tas achieved a moisture content correspondmg to drsing t stream tests apply a constant supenmposed load to si'riutate the fire n;uilibnum with air in the range of 50 to e5 'L relative a maximum load condition. The applied load shall be as 4
ration of humidity at 73 $*F (23 3*C). In the event that specimens nearly as practicable the maximum load allowed by design dned in a heated building fail to meet these requirements under nationally recognized structural design critena. The 7 shall be der a 12. month conditioning period. or in the event that tests may also be conducted by applying to the specimen a scharginF 2e nature of the construction is such that it is evident that load less than the maximum. Such tests shall be ideritified in
<dmg stre Jmng of the specimen intenor will be prevented by hermetic the test repon as having ben conducted under restricted p of the calmg. these requirements may be waived, except as to load conditions. The applied load. and the applied load
- er at the ramment of a large portion of fmal strength. and the expressed as a percentage of the maximum allowable design don shall peamen tested in the condition in which it then exists.
load. shall be included in the report. A double wall assembly 11.L2 If. dunng the conditioning of the specimen it shall be loaded during the test to simulate field use condil e 20 ft te
.epears desirable or is necessary to use accelerated drsing tions, with either side loaded separately or both sides together the test
- edmques, it is the responsibility of the laboratory con-(Note 9). The method used shall be r poned.
ed at the hetmg the test to avoid procedures which will sigmficantly
'imen. If der the structural or fire endurance charactensues of the Nott 9-The choice depends on the miended use. and whether the load on the exposed side. after it has faded. will be transferred to the 1 be less cecimen or both from those produced as the result of drying unesposed side. If. in the intended use. the load from the structure above
- n accordance with procedures given in i1.1.1.
is supported by both walls as a unit and would be or is transferred to the 1L1.3 Within 72 h prior to the fire test information on unexposed side m rase of collapse of the esposed side. both walls should i
me actual mo:sture cortent and distribution within the be loaded in the test by a smgle umt. II. m the mtended use the load
' N peamen shall be obtained. include this informanon in the from the structure above cach wall 15 supponed by each wall separately.
the walls sh uld be loaded separately in tne test by separate load sources.
l 1 Y (9 6
?st repon (Note 8).
If the tntended use of the construction system bemg tested mvolved y,,,,
xmt
-A reccmmended method 6 determmme the rew stuaticns of toth loadmg conditions descnbed above, the walls should
)
.:midity wnhm a hardened concrete spenmen with ciettoc sersme be loaded separa:ch m the test N eparate load sources. In tests y_
..;merts is desenbed m Appendix I of the paper by Menzel C. A.. ' A Method for Determmmg the Moisture Condition of Hardened Concrete t Tenns of Relauve Humidity." Pmceedmrs. ASTM. Vol 55,1955.p.
'supportmg data are avaiiable from ASTM Hea:1guarters. Request RR:
- $ A simdar procedure with electne sensmg elements can be used to E051003.
295
@ E 119 column to fire on all sides and load it in a manner calculater f sure fo conducted mth the wads loaded separate]v the condition of acceptana to develop theoreucally, as nearly as practicable, the workirO average qumng the waas to mamuun the apphed load shall be based on tne me at wnich the first of either of the walls fail to sustain the load.
stresses contemplated by the design. Make provision fod the fou nammin g the load to the exposed ponion of the coham' temper, i
- 15. Conditions of Acceptance without unduly increasing the etTectise column length, sured r 15.1 Regard the test as successful af the followmg cond -
19.2 If the submitter and the testmg body jointly se decide, the column may be subjected to 1% times nn tions are met:
15.1.1 The wa.1 or partition shall have sustained the designed working load before the fire endurance test r
- 26. Ap undertaken. The fact inat such a test has been made shall nou applied load dunng the fire endurance test without pasage be construed as havmg had a deletenous etTect on the fi:ti 26.1 of flame or gases hot enough to ignite cotton waste. for a blies w penod equal to that for which classification is desired.
endurance test performance.
i and ret 15.1.2 The wall or partition shall have sustamed the apphed load during the fire and hose stream test as specified
- 20. Condition of Acceptance the spe in Section 10. without passage of flame. of gases hot enough 20.1 Recard the test as successful if the column sustaimi 26.2 to ignite cotton waste, or of the hose stream. The assembly the applied load during the fire endurance test for a penoci for ass, shall be considered to hase failed the hose stream test if anequal to that for which classification is desired.
strainei 3cp openmg develops that permits a projection of water from the ALTERNATIVE TEST OF PROTTCT10N FOR j
stream beyond the unexposed surface dunng the time of the STRl!CTl'RAL STEEL COLT 3tNS
{TO 13fi hose stream test.
ified in 15.1.3 Transmission of heat through the wall or panttion
- 21. Application I 3j~j dunng the fire endurance test shall not have been such as to 21.1 This test procedure does r.ot require column loadim i
raise the temperature on its unexposed surface more than at any time and may be used at the discrenon of the tesur.:
Noir assisung 250*F t 139*C) abos e its mitial temperature.
laboratory to evaluate steel column protections that are non TESTS OF NONBEARING WALLS AND PARITTIONS required by design to carry any of the column load.
Ij]"f
- 22. Size and Character of Sample 26.3
- 16. Sire of Ssmple from 16.1 The area exposed to fire shall be not less than 100 ft 22.1 The size of the steel column used shall be such 45tc i
expam (9 m ), with neither dimension less than 9 ft (2.7 m).
provide a test specimen that is truly representative ofik m 31.1 2
design, matenals, and workmanship for which classificatiot Restrain the test specimen on all four edges.
is desired. Apply the protection according to the methods a 26.4 oped i acceptable field practice. The length of the protected colume
- 27. Conditions of Acceptance shall be at least 8 ft (2.4 m). The column shall be vertics.
usmg t 17.1 Regard the test as successful if the following condi-during application of the protection and during the fi:t or 39.
tions are met:
j
,7 SI )
17.1.1 The wall or partition shall hase withstood the fire exposure.
22.2 Restrain the applied protection against longitudir.a endurance test without passage of flame or gases hot enough temperature expansion greater than that of the steel columt 27.1 i to ignite cotton waste, for a penod equal to that for which by ngid steel plates or reinforced concrete attached to th (16 m classification is desired.
ends of the steel column before the protection is applied. The Struct:
17.1.2 The wall or partition shall have withstood the fire size of the plates or amount of concrete shall be adequate te shall I and hose stream test as specified in Section 10. without provide direct beanng for the entire transverse area of tk cleara: J passage of flame, of gases hot enough to ignite cotton waste.
27.! ;
or of the hose stream. The assembly shall be considered to protection.
22.3 Provide the ends of the specimen, including the recom hase failed the hose stream test if an opening develops that means for restraint with suTicient thermal insulation te structi permits a projection of water from the stream beyond the prevent appreciable direct heat transfer from the furnace.
classif unexposed surface during the time of the hose stream test.
desire <
17.1.3 Transmission of heat through the wall or partition
- 23. Temperature Measurement which dunng the fire endurance test shall not have been such as to 23.1 Measure the temperature of the steel in the columt ably r raise the temperature on its unexposed surface more than by at least three thermocouples located at each of four leve!5 28 L -
2507 (139'C) above its irut;al temperature, The upper and lower levels shall be 2 ft (0.6 m) from the eni of the steel column. and the two intermediate levels shallle 28. f TESTS OF COLT 3tNS equally spaced. So place the thermocouples at each level a posed
- 18. S.tre of dample to measure significant temperatures of the component cle condi 18.1 The length of the column exposed to fire shall, w hen ments of the steel section.
as pri.
condi '
practicable, approximate the maximum clear length contem-
- 21. Exposure to Fire desig plated by the design, and for building columns shall be not 24.1 Throughout the fire endurance test expose the spe?
apply 3 bs t!.an 9 ft (2.7 m). Apply the contemplated details of connec6cas. and their protection if any, according to the imen to f r m. d sides for its fu" ter.ph..
shall - l maxi?
- 29. -l f methods of accept 2ie field practice.
- 25. Conditions of Acceptance l
a 25.1 Regard the test as successful if the transmission
- 19. leading 19.1 Throughout the fire endurance test expose the heat through the protection dunng the penod of fire exF 29.
296 I
._.........;.1 4
@ E 119 m'*G sure for unich classificanon is desired does not raise the (beams. open-web steel joists. etc.) spaced at more than 4 ft g
verage tanthmencal) temperature of the steel at any one of (1.2 m) on centers. measure the temperature of the steel in is, ar ce four levels abose 1000*F (53S'CL or does not raise the these structural members by thermocouples at three or more
. column
- emperature abose 1200*F M49*C) at any one of the mea-sections spaced along the length of the members with one on.
yred pomts.
secuon preferably located at midspan except that in cases amtly so u here the cover thickness is not uruform along the specimen ames m TGIS OF ft OORS A'%D ROOFS length. at least one of the sections at which temperatures are e test n
- shall not
- 26. Application measured shall include the point of minimum cover.
29.2 For specimens employing structural members a tne fire 26.1 This procedure is appheable to floor and roof assem-tbeams, open-web steel joists, etc.) spaced at 4 9 (1.2 ml on Nies with or without attached. furred, or suspended ceihngs center or less, measure the temperature of the steel in these and requires application of fire exposure to the underside of structural members by four thermocouples placed on each the specimen under test.
a sustains 26.2 Two fire endurance classifications shall be developed member, except that no more than four members shall be so instrumented. Place the thermocouples at significant loca-a period far assemblies estrained against thermal expansion; a re-tions. such as at midspan, over joints in the ceiling, and over i
smuned assembly classification based upon the condtuons of light fixtures. etc.
acceptance specified in 30.1.1 and 30.1.2 in addition t 301.3. 30.1.4, or 30.1.5; and an unrestrained assembly 29.3 For steel structural members there shall be four R
dassification based upon the condiuons of acceptance spec-thermocouples at each section except that where only four thermocouples are required on a member, the thermocou-6ed in 31.1.1 and 31.1.2 m addmon to 31.1.3,31.1.4. 31.1.5 i
or 31.1.6.
ples may be distnbuted along the member at significant n loading locations as prosided for in 29.2; locate two on the bottom of
.e testing Nm lO---See Appendt1 X3. which is miended as a gmde for the bottom flange or chord, one on the web at the center, and it are no, usung the user of tbs test method in determming the conditions of one on the top flange or chord. The recommended thermo-7 the-na) restramt apphcable to floor and roof construcuons and md'-
i caj beams m actual buildmg construcuon.
couple distnbution at each section is shown in Fig. 2.
29.4 For reinforced or prestressed concrete structural
- 6.3 One fire endurance classification shall be developed members, locate thermocouples on each of the tension
-uch as to from terts of assemblies not restramed agamst thermal reinforemg elements, unless there are more than eight such ac of the expansion based upon the conditions of acceptance specified elements, in which case place thermocouples on eight up,,..r n m 31.1.1 and 31.1.2.
elements selected in such a manner as to obtain representa-
- 6.4 Individual unrestrained classifications may be devel-tive temperatures of all the elements.
. e, ld t 0:ed for beams tested in accordance with this test method 29.5 For steel floor or roof units locate four thermocou-n
,e sertica!
usmg the conditions of acceptance srecified in 39.1.1.39.1.2.
ples on each section (a section to comprise the width of one
. the fire n 39.1.3.
umth one on the bottom plane of the unit at an edge joint,
,c.itudma!
- ' Siie and Characteristics of Specimen one on the bottom plane of the umt remote from the edge, 5 column 27.1 The area exposed to fire shall be not less than 1S0 ft-,
one on a side wall of the unit, and one on the top plane of the unit. The thermocouples should be applied, where practi-ed to the d6 m ) with neither dimension less than 12 ft (3.7 mL cable, to the surface of the umts remote from fire and spaced aised. ~Ihe 5:ructural members. if a part of the construction under test.
across the width of the umt. No more than four nor less than
- equate 10 sr.all he within the combustion chamber and hase a side two sections need be so instrumented in each representauve
- ca of the dearance of not less than 8 in. (203 mm) from its walls.
span. I ocate the groups of four thermocouples in represen-27.2 The specimen shall be insta!!ed in accordance with admg the
- erommended fabncation procedures for the type of con.
Jauon ic euction and shall be representative of the design for which mace.
tssification is desired. Where a restrained classification is
- F des
- red specimens representing forms of construction in ubch restraint to thermal expansion occurs shall be reason-e columr.
dy restrained in the furnace, j
aur levels n the end, 1 loading
.s shall bc
- f6.1 Throughout the fire endurance test apply a supenm-
.n level as msed load to the specimen to simulate a maumum load
'nent ele-condition. The maximum load condition shall be as nearly as practicable the maximum load allowed by the hmiting l
tend: tion of design under natonally recogmzed structural y
design enteria. A fire endurance test may b-conducted p
the WN anivmg a restncied %d cc,ndebn to the specimen which
%L- -
shall he ident:6ed for a specific load condition other than the h
taumum allowed load condition.
M
\\
l w.... a
- 29. Temperature Measurement
- e l
- ire exp>
29.1 For specimens employing structural members r:G. 2 Recommerio s Thermocoup6. Distributone 297
@ E 119 tause locauons. Typical thermocouple locauons for a unit of the assembly or I h. whichever is the greater.
x apphca
' tion are snown m Fig. 3
- 14. Size a
- 31. Conditions of Acceptance-l nrestrained Assembly 41 In>
31.1 In obtaimnp an unrestrained assembly classi6 canon
- 30. Conditions of Acceptance--Restrained Ammbly nended ti the followmp conditions shall be met.
30.1 In oMammg a restramed assembh classi6 cation. the 31.1.1 The specimen shall hase sustamed the applied lox j ;t shall b es desired.
tallowing conditions shall be met:
dunng the classi6 cation penod without developing unet, less than i 30.1.1 Tne specimen shall hase sustamed the apphed load posed surface conditions which will igmte cotton waste.
normal h.
dunng the classification penod without deselopmg unex-31.1.2 The transmission of heat through the specimer i Omr or n l posed surface conditions uhich will igmte cotton waste.
dunng the classificauan penod shall not have been such asto j u mmetnc 30.1.2 Transmission of heat through the specimen dunng raise the aserage temperature on its unexposed surface mort included &
the classificauon penod shall not hase been such as to raise than 250T (139"C) above its mitial temperature.
i below. Re the aserage temperature on its unexposed surface more than 31.1.3 For specimens employmg steel structural memben roof elemi 250T i 139'C) abos e its initial temperature.
t beams. open-web steel joists, etc.L spaced more than a p 30.1.3 For specimens empiovmg steel structural members t 1.2 m) on centers. the temperature of the steel shall not have
.:s compm dmal then i i beams. open. web steel joists. etc.) spaced more than 4 ft (l.2 exceeded 1300T G04*C) at any locanon dunng the classifs m the con,
m) en centers. the assembh shall achieve a 6te endurance cation penod nor shall the average temperature recorded 5 four thermocouples at any secuan have exceeded i1007 the penmi i classi6 cation on the basis of the temperature entena speci-cxcept tha fled in 31.1.3 for assembh classi6 canons up to and includmg (593*Cl dunng the classification penod.
31.1.4 For specimens employmg steel structural memben 1 h. For classi6 cations grester than I h. the above tempera.
a beams. open-web steeljoists. etc L spaced 4 ft (l.2 m) or less
- 35. Loads, ture entena shall apply for a penod of one half the on center. the aserage temperature recorded by all joist e-35.1 Tl classi6 canon of the assembly or I h. w hicheser is the greater.
beam thermocouples shall not hase exceeded 1100T (593T posed laa i
30.1.4 For specimens employmg steel structural members dunng the classification penod.
unght of (beam, open-web steel joists. etc.) spaced 4 ft (l.2 m) or less 31.1.5 For specimens employmg convenuonally designec maumum on centers. the assembly shall achiese a fire endurance concrete structural members (excludmg cast-m-place con-nationally classtiication on the basis of the temperature entena speci-crete roof or floor slabs harmg spans eaual to or less that fied in 31.1.4 for assembly c!ar.sifications up to and includmg those testedt the average temperature of the tension steela:
- 36. Condi i h For classifications greater than I h. the abose tempera-any section shall not hase exceeded 500T (42TC) fy b-ture entena shall apply for a penod of one half the cold-drawn prestressing steel or 11007 (593*C) for rein-ssification of the assembly or I h. w hiches er is the greater.
foremg steel dunng the classification penod.
the 0.1.5 For specimens employmg convenuonally designed 31.1.6 For specimens employing steel floor or roof unm
-~~
concrete beams, spaced more than 4 ft (1.2 mi on centers, intended for use in spans greater than those tested. th the assembly shall achieve a fire endurance classi6 canon on average temperature recorded by all thermocouples locatec
" I the basts of the temperature entena specified m 31.1.5 for on any one span of the floor or roof units shall not hatt assembly classifications up to and including i h. For exceeded 1100T (593*C) dunng the classification penod.
classifications greater than I
- h. the above temperature g
entena shall apply for a period of one half the classificauon
- 32. Report of Results 32.1 The fire endurance classification of a restrainec assembly shall be reported as that developed by applymg the
' 3
A PPh-f conditions of acceptance specified in 30.1.1, 30.1.2, ag 37.! In ped for t j
Q/
d C/
dr 30.1.3.
32.2 The fire endurance classification of an unrestrainec desenbed assemHy shall be reponed as that developed by applying ty restramed conditions of acceptance specified in 31.1.1 and 31.1.2 and desenbed
%,o y where applicable. 31.1.3. 31.1.4. and 31.1.5 to a specimes dassificati tested in accordance with this test procedure.
Ined with j
rable or g 1
./
\\
/
W- /
i
/
is, than the TTSIS OF LOADED RESTRAINED BEAMS enduranet 5
not be ap;
- 33. Application 33.1 An mdividual classification of a restrained beam rr,r, M. Temp m,
be obtained by this procedure and based upon the conditi@
M1M of acceptance specified in Section 36. The fire endurata members f
classificanon so denved Shall be applicable to the beam wDff along the 4
ik used with a hoot or roof cmstruction which has a corr.;*
- ated 3;
/
i s
rab!e or greater caracay fca heat dissipation from the beg thick ness than the floor or roof with which it was tested. The f*
e of the On a=-
nG.3 Trpesi Locaten of hrmocoupes endurance classification developed by this method shall D)
'Actude th 298
.t I
@ E 119 3 2ppheaNe to sizes of beams smaller than those tested 38.2 For steel beams. there shall be four thermocouples at each secuen: locate two on the bottom et the bottom flange.
u bite and Characteristics of Specimen one on the web at the center. and one on the bottom of the s
mp Dange.
.1 Install the test speamen m accordance with recom-3S.3 I r remforced or prestressed concrete structural jed fabncation procedures for the tspc of construcuon.
m[sna!! be representante of the design for w hich classificauonmembers. locate thermoccupies on earn of the tension
^]esired. The length of beam exposed to the fire shall be not remforang elements unless there are more than eight such eiements. in which case place thermocouples on eight than 12 it (3.' m) and the member shall be tested m its elements selected m such a manner as to obtam representa-rarmal honzontal position. A section of a representaine uve temperatures of all the clernents.
. imer.
Wr or roof construcuen not more than,, ft L,.! mI wide.
Fnmemcall) located with reference to the beam. may be
- 39. Conditions of Acceptance m ora L W;ied w,th the test specimen and exposed to the fire from 29.1 In obtainmg an unrestramed beam classificaton the Restram the beam mcluding that pan of the Coor or mben m
tollowing conditions shall be met:
f eiement formmg the complete beam as designed (such
, homposite steel or concrete construction) agamst lonptu-29.1.1 The specimen shall have sustamed the applied load i hase dunnc the classification penod.
E. 4 Armal expansion m a manner simulating the restramt Ne [onstrucuon represented. Do not suppon or restram 09.1..,. For steel beams the temperature of the steel shall Nnmeter of the Door or roof element of the speamen, not hase exceeded 1300*F G04 C) at any location dunng the (Npt that pan which forms pan of a beam as designed.
classification penod nor shall the average temperature re-corded by four thermocouples at any section have exceeded emben I 100*F (593*C) dunng this penod.
or less E Loadm.g 39.1.3 For consent onally designed concrete beams, the cis. m 11 Throuthout the fire endurance tests apph a supenm-aserage temperature of the tension steel at any section shall 5 9 3*C.
ped load to the speamen. This load. together wath the not hase esceeded 800*F(427'C1 for cold-drawn prestressing
.ept of the speamen, shall be as nearly as pracucaNe the steel or 1100*F for reinforcmg steel dunng the classification
- signe:
numum theoretical dead and live loads penmtted by penod
.c can.
-monally recogmzed design standards.
ws that ALTERN ATWE TT.SF OF PROTICTION FOR SOLID BEA%t5 AND GIRDERS Ateel C 3e. Conditions of Acceptance T) f*'
il The following conditions shall be met:
- 40. Application 4.11 he speamen shall have sustamed the apphed load 40.1 Where the loading required in Section 28 is not T
}.
Snr.g the classification penod.
feasible this alternatise test procedure may be used to M L: ne speamen shall have achieved a fire endurance evaluate the protecuon of steel beams and g'irders without ass;5 cation on the basis of the temperature enteria spea-applicat on of design load. prosided that the protecuon is not i
$3 ",
fj tn 31.l.3 or 3 LI.4 of one half the classification of the required by design to f unction structurally in resisting
't 3"
ms or I h. whicheser is the greater.
applied loads. The conditions of acceptance of this alterna-ine test are not apphcaNe to tests made under design load as tLTTRN ATis E CLASSIFICATION PROCEDt RE provided under tests for Doors and roofs in Sections 27. 30.
FOR LO ADED BEASTS 3L strame E pl cation
- 41. Size and Character of Sample ik 11 Individual unrestramed classifications may be devel-41.1 The size of the steel beam or prder shall be such as to
.3, 3.g x for beams tested as part of a Goor or roof assemNy as provide a test specimen that is truly representauve of the
- xnced m Sections 26 through 29 texcept 26 3) or for design, matenals, and workmanship for which classification
'trame mmned beams tested in accordance with the procedure is desired. Apply the protection accorcing to the methods of
'. m g the
',3 an; xnced m Sectens 33 through 35. The fire endurance acceptaNe field practice and the projecuon below the ceiling.
sGcanon so densed shall be applicable to beams when d any, shall be representaine of the condinons of intended neamer we mth a Door er roof construcuan which has a compa-use. The length of beam or girder esposed to the fire shall be
- ne or pester capaaty for heat dissipanon from the beam not less than 12 ft (3.7 m) and the rnember shall be tested in m me floor or roof with which it was tested. The are a honzontal position. A section of a representative floor
%:ance classificauon descioped by this test method shall construction not less than 5 ft (1.5 m) wide, symmetrically
~
' ' ne apphcable to stres of beams sma!)er than those tested.
located with reference to the beam or prder and extending its full length, shall be included in the test assembly and exposed A Temperature Measurement to fire from below. The rating of performance shall not be zam ma, indiuore 41 Measure the temperature of the steel m structural applicable to sizes smaller than those tested.
utstan" mrs bv thermocouples at three or more secuons spaced 4L2 Restrair. the applied protect on niinst innptudinal 2m det
. -q ine length of the members with one secuon preferaHv exp.uin peater than inai of We suel beam or girocr by
. cor~v l %d at n.uspan. except that in cases w here the coser npd steel plates or remforced concrete attached to the ends
.h Mr.ess is not umform alcng the specimen length. at least of the member before the protecuon is apphed. The ends of 1
7e of the sections at w hich temperatures are measured shall the member, including the means for restraint. shall be pven shall rm We the point of mmimum cover.
suflicient thermal mse!ation to prevent appreciable direct 299
l l
@ E 119 l '
heat transfer fro'n the furnace to ti e unexposed ends of the than the thickness of sheet metal framing or panel memte mber or from the ends of the member to the outside of to w hich they are attached and in no case greater than No. !.
furnace.
bis gage (0.040 ma (1.02 mmL The leod shall be elecincain insulated with heat-resistant and moisture-resistant coanne I
l
- 42. Temperature Measurement 46.2 For each class of elements being protected tempea 42.1 Measure the temperature of the steel m the beam or ture readmgs shall be taken at not less than five represeca 1
l girder with not less than four thermocouples at each of four tive points. None of the thermocouples shall be locate:
l sections equally spaced along the length of the beam and nearer to the edges of the test assembly than 12 in. (30!
I sy mmetrically disposed and not nearer than 2 ft (0.o m) trom mm) An excepucn can be made in those cases u here therrr A1.1 M l
the inside face of the furnace. Symmetncally place the an element or feature of the construction that is na
.nents of te I
thermocouples at each section so as to measure signincant otherwise represented in the test assembly. None of ik shall be of i
temperatures of the component elements of the steel section.
thermocouples shall be located opposite. on top of a and shall ex adiacent to fasteners such as screws. nails, or st2ples whe-Al.l.1 L
- 43. Conditions of Acceptance such locations are excluded for thermocouple placement c:
A 1.1.2 T l
43.1 Regard the test as successful if the transmission of the unexposed surface of the test assembly in 6.2.
thickness m heat through the protecuon dunng the penod of fire expo-46.3 Thermocouples shall be located to obtain represena a W-in. (13-I l
sure for which classification is desired does not raise the tive tnformation on the temperature of the interface betwee-A1.1.3 D l
aserage tanthmetical) temperature of the steel at any one of the exposed membrane and the substrate or element tm A 1.1.4 T 0027 Btu i l
the four secuons above 1000*F (53S*C). or does not raise the protected.
I temperature above 1200*F (64WC) at any one of the mea.
46 4 Temperature readmgs shall be taken at intervals u A1.1.5 H exceedmg 5 min but the intervals need not be less than.
- t 1.8 mmi sured points.
determined mm.
l
?ERFOR51 ANCE OF PROTTCTIVE %1ES1BRANES iN M ALL (ied Brineil j
PART1T10N. FLOOR. OR ROOF ASSE%1BLIES
- 47. Conditions of Performance gp 47.1 Unless otherwise specified, the perfonnance of pm I
Appbcan.on tecuve membranes shall be determmed as the time at whic 44.1 When it is desired to determine the thermal proteC' the following conditions occur-l tion arTorded by membrane elements in wall partition. floor.
47.1.1 The aserage temperature nse of any set of therre where y = t AI.I.6 T l
or roof assemblies. the nonstructural performance of protec-couples for each class of element being produced is tnr tive membranes shall be obtained by this procedure. The than 250*F (139'C) above the initial temperature. or breakmg. ti rformance of protecuve membranes is supplementary 47.1.2 The temperature rise of any one thermocouple r surface agai Al 2 Re1 1
armation only and is not a substitute for the Fire the set for each class of element being protected is more th
. demonstrat adurance Classification determined by Sections 13 through 325*F (ISl*C) above the initial temperature.
43 of this test method.
- 48. Report of Results
- 45. Charseteristics and Sin of Sample 48.1 The protective membrane performance. for er 45.1 The charactensucs of the sample shall conform to class of element being protected, shall be reported to C l
l 8.1.
nearest integral minute.
45.2 The size of the sample shall conform to 13.1 for 48.2 The test report shall identify each class of elemet bearing walls and parutions.16.1 for nonbeanng walls and being protected and shall show the location of each thers parutions or 27.1 for floors or roofs.
couple.
48.3 The test repon shall show the time-temperature ds
- 46. Temperature Performance of Protecti*e Membranes recorded for each thermocouple and the average temperan-46.1 The temperature performance of protective mem-for the set of thermocouples on each element being F branes shall be measured with thermocouples, the measunng tected.
junctions of which are in intimate contact with the exposed 48.4 The test report shall state any visual observata surface of the elements being protected. The diameter of the recorded that are pertinent to the performance of 0 wires used to form the thermo-juncuan shall not be greater protective membrane.
I I
.00 F
l
Standard Methods of u n.s tst; mR on n *,f c
FIRE TESTS OF DUILDING CONSTRUCTION AND s o e* au a* o n+. o m o m'*M' n'eenda n 1 4.rh2h $h m"'as s
- m. u min, or o'ar'e' ne. i.b. rest aia.m ma r o m. o o o im. o a tim.
MATERIALS, naer an.on. int na; 4 so, s Tet,. on ssi4., to. r 4,rhah o,.
o it ss. Is titsi. o iaat o, t snae.w,, ice, i S.,,,
bl ett Sheet Rt..fmg an.l Shmgtes," have ken sees. Int Standard to: Salciy. tilM A "Maieneh t,,
Ce to comply with the fly,ng beand less require.
Bush-Up Rs. f CovenngC teempty weih flying e...g
%.,,a,a
,a
.,,,.ic, is, e..,J ae..g
.n.
p t e, she m,.%,.. mea,ces, s..th..mg she a,,.g.c mJ ne, ske
.g..
9..e4.J. p m m 'he i s.e i 8 'emma the t'u ed iau reme..a 4 aumM' *a pee.8 hews u*Ja ** H.* yen et lne mit Semit; asadable podeme mdetstes thet sesi eequweenenn uthes maienah abo eshiba.i,
.a I
+el slog, mencest. os sm.=>th ausfoted benlJ up te.eetpliante weih stymg be and test rey.nemenn e.,
Gamstrwspone ut.htmg e.phali and to.1 tar evef-state, trmssete stay inie, and meial rt..fmg h e. I
- Wa.i, ie 4 l',/ a te.ad fe' fewa',t sa 'A' l'.al' f a /
w A sorwe, fe 1,, eg J Menwie ses,e pm
,,y,m.g er,
..o.4,,,
e, p.,,e e.g so. e no.
ne,s.o..e4
, are.=
r*,
w f ee a6.,.
J.,4 4,t,,,,f ene, es ded ne s.p,,,7, ed..,d,,n Jr.,,
,,f,A,.,d,4.,
s lN j $ $ )l)ll("ll$ W B., n.re ftW,te,,og h t, p.J,4,,t4.[ pfes,.g,.e,.t p[ g.g 4,tg ag g, e,,,
,r,,4,,, e. g,,sg s.tariers,,
m d.s n ap.,,.,o w e, e-6,,a,,,,
.,54,,,, s
.s,.
,,, s., e,,,,w.,s,,,,, f,
Ik I M ueMwd Wu b
M 4u MWbmM uWu h E gr e,ewwd ennn e,%er.o#
- 44.
t
,_. a w a,.6,, f.
.if,a., u J s, f,.u car.nure tondirums n an elem of major importante en seturmg construunnis that are
.& a.
e *.ae6,.d*ena,.431w rr,.sp
. t..
w..
ore,,,,,,,,,,f.n
..wo,.c,.
,r+
N, m m=rd aee.
,a o me,.e sf..dede. Ina n.e su. rsa.e,9% r. Ietin..s. s mas., s,u, ufe. and thse aic not a menate tu neighbormg sirutIutes nor io ihe publa Retognition fe,# *, - e -,s.
,,,,,,a.f s,
a of this n tegnieved in the wdes of many authoestics, snunnepal am., other. It is important a v w m nawe r us,.e5ise t e ne, e., so
,4,, a,,.g,,g.,4.g n,.,.
n.,we r.t-g way.n *,,, m n,put e.,*, n r se s d.f t,..
to secure balance of the many umts m a sirigle buddmg. and of buildmgs of hhe sharatter and use m a commumty, and also to promnie umformoy m requirements of varums authonties throughout the sountry lo do thn et is nesessary that the Gre.
remtive properties of matenals and assembbes be measured and spetified accordmg so a common standard empressed in terms that are apphtable ahne to a wide variety of matenals, situatums, and wnd:Imns of esposure Suth a standard is found in the methods that follow They prewribe a standard caposmg hre of omitolled entent and severity Perfoemame is defined as the period of reustame to standard esposure clopsing before the firs critnal punt in behavior is observed Mesults are reported m umts in whnh field cupmures cart be jud cd and 6
em prested The methmis may be tited as the " Standard f ire lests." and the performeme or esposure shall be capressed as "2 h." "Eh," "Wh." etc When a fattor of safety citeedmg that enherent in Ibe sess omdatoms n desned a pmportumalintrense should be made in the specified time (lansfkation perimi 1.'kope wed den nbe they,vye, rues of marernals. pro <Asess.
I I lhese methods
- are appinable to enem.
or enembfrenmp<"ne to Arar ondgame under
'"""'N'd Idh d F '"'d* * ' 8"d 8 h*"#d
bbes of eassonry units and to wmposite assem-bhes of struttural matenals for buddmgt in-be used se dennbe or app,ane the/ ire Aarord er ciud.ng beenng and other walls and partiinms.
columns. guders, beoms, slabs, and composite
'tho,=ch.1. ce n*,
- pn.J=.
4 Astw Z,' "'
on oog...ny n,E,j,, 8h, gy,,,
Ca""*d slab and beam assembhes for thers and roofs They are ahn appinable so other essembhes hed u t av He ri s..a pe
- da'*a E I t' 80 and structural units that wnstitute perrnanent integeal parts of a fimshed buiktmg
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,. n ih, n, n,*,,ni m.a..a n ne w.,n i be.e meed,. et.h.
e
,,,3,
,,,,,m.,,,,,4,,,.
I 2 ft is the entent that slausikstions shall P ne Tea. er Meen.h ed 8 -um e=+
Jee the e.
e
'""'8"d
- ***"***"'**d d
^
5' i
regnier P'ehermarue durin8 the P'riod of en-
.n e"n.nw.'m"'.".p."a.4, he 4.... s.. "e.,'s"o, t "
pmure and shall not be wmirued ss having
.w w.. ems t g.w,, iw p.. ca.n e,w, 4,.,,,
determmed suetabihty for uw after fire esp >-
" ** N"".*n*.l 5'a*c e".d' Ia"w' ad
' s.pt
. npen.
y.a np..s,. w,ce yy,
...a. se i.. s,.- 4 si w as**r..",a im n. si.
1 shst standarJ sh *u!J be used to meamre vs t sest >.. v. svne ne.v e.e n n e m o.o 38 iv
9 w
h E 119
('D L 119
- <>g slu >e neiie i"n aatir seq.,*re nie nti nia s t r latwo No it tateJ b tuwwel bng the i*used inds of 2 ) i 2 Menusement of Ibe tsarisiniwom of giciatuit surve, see Appetidas XI gage < h<oenet Mumet unes n,ounimg ihe teads en fire res4 of murenuls, produe rr, or assemN.cr hot gasn through the aucmbly, suHiuent to N""
I k " ""'*'"d'""*'
I"' " ' '* d"'t
'"d
(#'fulaen ensulatou and m,cHeng de emndJy soibe under arruolfire conduon floneter, remits of g,,,,,uple bead as % m imen site inled end of a "f I ehts test may be used or elements of a fire ruk ignste enUon waste guidan4e on the dewed stiarsuensms of snurumen-unndard.eip sioevonet % m it..n. seed os triw
} } l ) ) pg l pad gganng cgements, measure-sasam fos enoedmg.he h of fuel so the ("'""'
p+pe The time aorusens for ibu and few soeral other assUsment which falef Mr0 a(coufts all of (he ment of the load carrying abihty of the se r bunnen I vel flere elais enay tw useful for a fuenate thernumple muernbhes w as encaiure.be IM De are pertment to an arremnens of doe naa,uneg die eHed of
"'"""""'nt nwy also be utiulated inun keumledge
/ fors w thefire liararJ of a parthfar end use spenmen dunng the test captsure, bni balanic anahut I at al Pu'ren'" See Research 2 3 2 I or endividualload beanng awembhes of H> P '[R te'ad d'umalluol, avedable ftore A31M l
"'"'N"*'"
Nort 1 - A meitwid of Dre heraid stanufkatum suth as beams and columns: Measusement of N """"' "I* * " T " "
g,pn,3 g based on saie of flarne spiced as covered in A5TM the ;t,ad carryang abihty under the test espwure kcowd the mie seied nuno, tan.ep ito ot ras tor q,,,,,,,
the tue endurante ten Method L 84. Test for Sur Burmng Charactens.
hts of Budding Matenals,f ace with some wnsederation for the end supp>rt "I"
conditums tsbat is, restrained or not restramedl
"# "'" E """
"E
~
[,*,"Y,"[.E'YdeIe wd cg tE
- "d *" U " * * '"" 'IS *
- I N'""'**
4 4 The resuhs of these testa are one lettor 2 4 ne test standard does not rovide th ned se m essessing fire performance of budding con.
simetion and assenbhes. Dese methods pre.
fellowing:
meier has eduniagn mer (me readings..a n 2 4 i Fun mformanim as to performante of
'""'*"*"""'*b""E""*"*"5**""*~
' '# *"I saibe a standard fire espomre for comparmg assembbes tonstructed wnh wmponents or
"* 8 ""
'** 8 U""" " I the performante of buddmg cotistruction as-lengths other than those tested ie:
.f i e es, n her age % heatmg hne tune, obtamed by averaging the resula sembhes. Apphtatwo of these test resuhs to 2 4 2 !! valuation of the degree by whnh the
- atue, and the fuel Nw f u,ncoed to standa:J um-IFO'" *' P)torneier acadings, is within If) per-predict the peiforn ante of actual building con-assembly wninbutes to the fire hatard by gen-d"m> of en*f 06*r) and 30 0 in ligt as in f acctwn cent of the wirespmding area undes the stand-struoson requires cattful evaluation of test con-e,,, ion of smoke, tonic gases.or other produos "T" *"" ' " "
- E' utome me tem of I b or kw dur,auon, wden 7 5 4 dnioni bf combustion, W Aug mn I h and not mon man 2 A and 2 4 3 Measurement of the de ice of wntrol
- m or hmitation of rhe patiage of smone or prod.
4 l 1he innpeumre heed h me tune 4 H E
2.1 This standar lis miended to evaluate the utts of combustion through the awembly.
"'"*E*I*"""
of Uneapowd Surf aces eif durshovi for whics the types of assemblics 2 4 4 Simulatson of the fire behavior of pnts
"* M' "E'"I*d
- 5. l a mpt e etuses noted in l.l will omtein a 6re, or retain their between budding elements suth as floor wall
- ""*""P'"'"'*
""'""{**
"'P'"'
mon, g uog., w m, and p.,,,gio,i,
'**'"""E
'"'"* " I '"'
of unctpised surfaces structural mtegnty br eshilnt both proputies or waH wall etc., connedions.
S l.Iemperatuer*
dependent upon the type of assembly involved 2 4 5 Measurement of flame spread over sut.
suudural udunm symmennally desposed a
- '""P"'* " "#
during a piedetenrined test enposure.
face of tested element.
2.2 De test esposes a specimes to a standard 2 4 6 T he effett of fire endurance of umven-
' " I' '" " ' "T
"""*""I'"
"E rure controlled to achieve spenfied honal openings in the assembly, that 5. clettn-
- I" #'"""
I" fire en Ipends X2 Ihe wisc leads of the therrrn. couple
" " * " ' " " " ' ' ' ' "** #"^'"'
temperatures throughout a specified time pc-cal receptatie outlets, plumtung pipe, etc., un-
~
6e followed by the apph(stion of a speepicd less specifically provided for in the comstruction P'"ted shamomuple anernbly hes sshm or W mm of W mennornou daH beve an ned in some sostuces, the fire et are may me range from 5 0 in 7 2 nun Wove 4 he immessmn under the pad and be in umtatt tested standard fire hose stream The esposure, how.
capned length of the pyromnet tubc and ther.with the unenpned sutf ate for not less than 34 ever, may not be res>tesentative of all firc cum-t oNikot op ttat gests rnanuple m the luonate thambes shall be mis sn (W mm) he les gundum of the thermo-ditions which may vary with thanges ivi the icw than 12 m t10$ mml Other typo of pro.
couple or the bulb af the thermometer shall tw smount. natur e ard distnbution of fire loadmg 1.IW""P"'ture Curve kth"8 tubes os pytumese S may f c uwd that.
placed approennately under the centu of the venulatam, compartment site and wnfigura-3 I T he modud of fire tests of maienals and under less wndaiom.give ibe same manamm. pad 1he outude dumeier of proteoin8 "'
pon, and best s.nk theratternocs of the com.
wnskucunn shall be wntroHed by the standard as the abmc stamf ard withm the hnni c( ac.
imulatmg tubes. ami of therrreorneser stenis.
""dO that apphes for furnate temprrature shall be not mote than b in (8 mm) Ibe pad partment. It does, howevet, provide a relauve bme*mperature curve shown in I:6 i The
"* dsuiunau s Ior ll.=ns and wiumns, the shall tw held finnly agamst the suviste, and measure of tire performente of comparable pomis on the curve that determme its charauer assembhes ur.det thoe spenfied fire esposure juntoon of me du tunnoupin shall be pixed shall In timely about the thermocouples or fate of the sample condmons As.y vanation from the wnstnsctwn or wnditmns (that is sire. melluf of essembly' lovF (333*r 3
I in a ay inna me opose
" M ininmon m M a @ W
"""E
""""E"'
and snaterials)'hnt are tested may substandaffy f)orPF (704 0 to WN 1330*F gg4}*C) at 30 min M nm tod da wmpic as a red M m change the perfarmance charactenstics of the I'
3799.p 9yy.c
""*""b""
d"'
S tssembly.
185tPF 1010 Ih
. $N.a,,,,,,,.It,,,,,, 7,,, 6,,,,,,,,,e,,
23 The test standard provedes for the ful-g
'**I s
2000*F (109PC) at 4 h 2300* F (1260*C) at 8 h or over at the begmnmg of the te i, and shall not touth
.,,,g,,,g 4 s r ar v u eu n s n
Iow*8:
~a m e m ' e., v,* ry" " ',#,*d,",**",,,",* 4,, a 2 3.1 In malls, partitions, and floor or roof the simple dutmg the te,r. en the evens of b,,'s,,**',',"f,,,,,,,,,,,,,,a 3,,
{ } For a dosa dernunon of the I me-tem-
, w,
,4 essembhes.
de Hcoon
,,,,,. u.. m i, <
2 31.1 Measu cment of the transmission of m,,,,j u 7 3, 3,,,,,,,,,,n,,
- s.,,, i s.w..nt.o.
.....u
.ie n.m e
hesi h--.
~ ~ ~ ~
^V
' - ^
--n-y
l l
h Elt9 t s m t,,,r, t,,, t s.,,, s, s
,,,mt,,, dm,,. a,,,, lo c e, p,m, e.., m.
im me r,...n... a., i.fi,n m,nn,8 m w,,e, d,, e,,,,,,,, a l,,, t e a m, a,.d,,,c.,,, m, e,,,e,,,,
I los the theemowuple m she length tovered I.y taken at endnedual punis, esi ept that it a st andard g
g,, p.4,,,,m i ng g,,,,,
g,,,,y,, g,,,,,, w,, p,n.ng q 4,
" I ',""hnue 4e hn enh anie W on de the pad shell N r,ot heavice then No it 15 a semperstme rue lin't m estew of the speished S gege t004 m iil 02 mmt and shall be elco hmet ouuss at any one of these p, inn. the s..it m. g e,4...
.n sg,etmwr, with ns apptrd load, if any, uned teKstly insulated weih heat resistent and mms-sememder shat be ignor(d and the hie endur-
- ~ '
I'd"" "u un or untd Die spnunen bei enk i
ture-teststant u c'"6s eme pereod judged as ended sti==1 the test umdmon. for e persod equal to 58 " "ad * ** I ihei herein sgwufied in the (4mditions of ac-
.s,c,e
- mit H'
monaM fue met gmA ceptente for the given type ad umHrudum libes i e u se e
ett i
he g
i
=
8 2 I or the purpier of t4wamtsg additamel sgilate espisev to embeest mir
{' ',""O",
,[,","t 4
he f performenee deta, the te.! may be continueil Note ) ties *er tertem wnJow,es et may be um.
- 6. Repnet of Nesult,
- l the md**ied re"..d.
sof sw imp osinande to inse shernuwnetee' 6 i Resuhs sheH be reputed m sim.edme 8<***""d"'b'"*"d*'d'*""'",i
beyond the time the nre endureau tiensifice-t 5 2 Ten pesature readings shall be taken es with the performante in the testi, presa rihetiin
[,eC,,[.nd4, tionas h rme d
[di.b.u wr h ilWF min nr is*etT-mit less than ame pnnes on the sueface. Five of thoe methods 1 hey shall be espreswd m time g _
these shall be vymmetrually disposed, one to periods of resistente, to the nearest miegral be app *onimately et the center of she speumen, mmute Repwts shall inslude obwevations of 9 I M"' luned by the umdnions a4 ee mmit tepterne, subjed a dupinste spenmen tii e fue and four at opprosimetely the center of its segmfnent details of the behavior of the mase-
"U"
P'5"" S' I"'
- P*"I **luel to one half of quarter setthms T he other four shall be located nel or construoion dunng the test and ef ter the et ti.e dexectam of the testing suikmty to funnete fire as cut off,insludmg mformetum on the upnt shau indnetc the suk so opned that indicated as the resutance petuut in the fire endurance test but not for rnore then I h, obtem representaieve information on the per-deformatism, spalhng. cretkeng. busning of the "U
formenu of the construoion under test. None specimen or its acompment parts. umsmusm e shall so indaete the fire endurente classifica-immediately afler whnh subjett the speurnen
'*" *PP " 8 h I" * * * d*
to the impeu, erosion, and umimg elTects of a of the thermocouples shall be located nester to of flammg and produttum of sm44e I
the edges of the test speumen than one and 6 2 Reports of teus involving well. th=w, l*'e siream duated first at the middle and one heli times the nhuk sess ad she ctmstruoion, beam, or ceilmg construdsons m whnh re-I P' 8 S3* 8 W ihen et all parts of the e sp ed feu.thengesin or 12 in 1105 mmt An encepen ten be made straint is provided against esponsum, contrec, direttom bemg made slawly in those cases where there is an element of the lion, or rotation of the construttum shall de-7* his Wie 9 2 Esenynon 4he hoge penm test shan construction that is not coherwise represented scnbe the method used to provide this resrraint 1 I lk 't$8 siwomm shall be imly upre-not be required in the case of construdeons in the remamder of the nest specimen. None of 6 3 Reports oflesis whnh other than mass-sensessve of the wnstruttmn hw whi(h classi-having a resistante period. indicated in the fire the thermocouples shell be located opposite or mum food condismns are impised shaft fully fi(88mes ts depred. es to materials, woikmen-endurante test, of less then I h 9 3 Opseanaf hogram ~ Ilic submitter may on top of beanas, girden, pdsssers, or other define the wedulons of hadmg used m the test ship, and dessels suth as dimensions of parts, elect, wnh the e6vice and wesent of the testing structosal membess if temperatures et such and shall be designated in the title of the repict and shall be budt under umdations sepsescot-pwnts will otviously be lower then et ernwe of the test as a v'estrated load camdison eleve of thme obtammg as practically apphed tuuly,io have the hose sistem test made ce the represenistive locations. None of the thermo-6 4 When the indnated resisiarne perm =1 is in buddmg omstruoion and operstmn. The specimen subjected to the fire endurena test and immediately fonowin5 the espiration of couples shall tre lasted oppete or on top of % h or oser, determmed by the avenage o, physitel properties of the meterials and ingre-fasteners suth as screws, neds, or sospies that mesimum temperature rise on the unespned dients used in the test spestmen shall te deter-the fire endusence test will be obvu+ sly higher or lower in ternpers-surface or within the test sample. on by failure 9 4 Sarconi Quyment und fleraste - T he mened and reuwded ture then at m*ue representative laations if the under load, a unsetimn shall be appbed tor 7 21he sue and dimenwms of the test spec-stream shall be dehvened ihtouhh a 24in (f 4-aggregetc orca of any part of such fasteners varieten of the furnate espnuse from thag imen speofied herem are intended to apply for mm) h rse dischsiging through a National Standard Playppe el wriespmomg sue protected to th unesposed surfew is less than prescribed. w here it will afico the stamficatum, rating construtisons of dimensions withm the 0 8 percent of the area within any $ in (127-by muheplymg the endnaied period by *wo usual general range employed in buddings if equipped with a 14 in 129 mm) dmherge tip mm) square luth festeners shall ems estend shuds of the ddlescene m eres bei cen the the wndsssons of use hmet the comtruoion to of the siendard tapes smooth hove pattern through she essembly curve of everage furnau temperatuee and the smaller dimensums, e pregurtiocese redustum wohous shoukler et the mifiis The weser pres-sure and dureimm of applusium shell be an 5 ) Temperature readmgs shall be taken at siendeed turve foe the fire three fourths of the may be made in the dimensens of the spets-enicrvals not esucilmg 13 mm untd e readmg period and dividmg the produst by the aves mens for a test quahi e*E them for suth re-pres.nbed in l able I f
escreding 2124 gl00*C) has been ooismed at betwas the panJerd surve and a base ime og 9 5 Nevile theran.. Ibe ooule orifue strured use eny one pnt:t lhereafter the readmgs may be 68'F (20*C) for the same part ut the endnated 71 When it as desned to instude a buih up shell be 20 ft (6 m) from the tenies of the iden more frequently et the discretion of the peinal, the latter area marcawd by 54"I.h o, emi wvering, the test specimen shall have a espisest surfate of t e less specimen if the nonle is so Imated this when dueded et the tesiing body b at she intervals need not be less 30T.h (1140*f.mm or ImufC.o.m, to w....
rmi wvermg of 3 ply,15 th (6 8 63) type felt center ses asis is noeciil to the suefece of the then 5 min.
penssie for the thermal fag of the furnaic the,.
ma m estems of II0 lb %4 kg) per square (Ital l
l 5 4 Where, the conditions of etcepente eranouples during the first pari of the test o,
if (9 m'll of hos moppng esphets withoes test speumen if othemsw knated. its distsene from the center shall be leu than 20 ft by en plate a hmnati.m on the e,se of tenoperature of fue espsure m the test lugher than stanJa,J, gravel surfeung leos of essembbes with ibis amount equal to I fl t'05 mm) for cash 10 deg the onespiscil surfeu, the temperar 2re end the indstaied resisterne perust shah be in, covenng do not pretlade the field aw of other of deve sum fome the sovmel punt of 4hs.iiee enduranu penod shell be tressed by the amount of the toriesium and be buita up md tu.crings 4I 42 s - -
($ E tf 9
($ E tte
- 10. I"retecaban and Condiskinawg of Test. pee-1012 If, Ju'*8 the omdianwieng e.1 the d"'I'""" I h' * " '
- b" h* ' ""d "' " d
"********"b*
NWN bwe sinamers it appears desisable or is neuusry to hy apghing to the synonen a load few than d'c anainnoni Sua teus 44H W Wemihnj in 10 i Proteu the test sptemen dunog and use suelerated drying teshniques, et es the ee-4 N,, ur,,
eAer fabntat:on to assure normatsty ofits qual.
sponsibdny of the latwwstory umdutsmg the Hg no nput as hasnig been iomhnied undo nuented load umdonim I he apphed load.
I4 i 'Ihe seca esgmed to lese shall be not sty and umdskm at the time of test It shall not test to avmd pnnedures whnh =di signifuantly be tessett urtil a lege portioe of in final aher the struttusal os fise endurante thaeauer.
and the apphed hiaJ espnwed as a pertentage leu than 100 h 19 m t woh nenher denunwm of Ha enannnon aHowable deugn head, shall less than 9 fil2 7 ml 14esteam the lest spetimen strength has vece atlaneed, nel (it containa utus of the speumes or t=Hh from these pro-entwsture, until the encess has bece removed to duced am the result of dryingin atowdente with be sniluded m the repna A.hiut.le wall swem on all foui edges at.hieve au s* -dry amdetion in anordante with proitdures given in 101 i bly sh4H k loaded duenig alw int so umutase W " * ' ""d d "'" %
""h '"he' S'Je losJed R $. ( mendithma of A s epteine IU 8 3 W"h'" I2 h P"", to the fiee iest in.
the requirements given in 101.1 through to 1.3 I"'matum on the attual moisture cemsent anil
P*'*sdy or Anh udes together qNote 98 1he IS I flegard she test as sutuufulif the foi Prosett the testirig equepnwns and sasnple us-dergoing the fire test from any condition of distnbutton witbn the specimen shall be og metho. uwd shall be reported towmg uindetums are s.iet N'"'
D ' b II I I I b' **II"' I"""n shall have wnh.
wind or wesiher, that might lead to almormal tamed include this informanon een the test re-
- "J ' h h" ' k' '". 'a ' J' r' *8"* '6' m" "J' J " -
.* the est=ned wJe. etto H has wi==1 the fire endurat te test witN.ut passage results. The embsent air temE'reture as the P"'1 (N"88 8 3 failcJ **tt tw esansicircJ so the inicipined t+Je If,
,,f flame or gases hot enough I.e ignite coiton beginning of the test shall be weihm the range Nots F A reuwnmended methat f.= Jtteem,n.
m she mwnded wse. ihe s..aJ from ihe wemtwee at= e I"'
- I'""I " sual to that for whnh of 50 to 90'l.10 to 12*C) Time velocity of air "8 'h "t*"" b"*nidy wnhm a her&neJ untrete a wpg=wwJ by bish ealls as a emt cad..wkt be e.,
desuination n desited
'Fett'*** *nh eleonc senning elemenes is Jesa r.hed n se...se ned in it., i.ne.g.,cd uJe,a i nw ed ioitap,,
scrius the unasposed surface of the sam $*
in Appendes I ci the reper by Menart. 4' A, "A og the eig=ned ude, t=.sh watis shoutJ be biaJed m 1512 The oallne partiemn shall base enh measurest lus before the test begins, shall not Method foe lienermin,ng the Monsere C.mdsteem ad the ved by a wngle un.t if, en she eneenJrd use the staukl the fire and how stream test as spcified a
esceed 4 4 ft (13 m)/s, as determined by an liardened Canueu sa Tenna of Itelauw lismedeny'"
bisJ 1,..en ik usuitvec at=ive es, h wall o suppsmed
- E #*E'
- *
- E * '"
enemometer plued at nght angles to the unes.
homegt. Am Soc Tesams Mais, As fl-A, wd by es.h.au wpa,.iety, the w. ins should be hieJed pewed su" fate If methanical ventilatice as em-
- P % A hauler gmeden enh etona wg.aeauty en the sese by wgwenic land ionnes If the b"' '"" ugh to ignite meton waste, or ist the
"'"*"**""d'*d"""""'N"'*""
d'd "*
'""""*""'"'h""8"'"d
""'*N^*"*"'"
- "*"[ny e*n*bia fue tess specimens made enh,ahe,
- "..".i eJ.n.'d ""e ".g*hosh b.adeng toeJamns Je-to have faded the bw stream tot if an opening played during the test, an air stream shall not bem
.n
.n.
be directed auo.s the surfue of the speu.men meieruts
,,.heJ,,,,,,,,he..ie,,w,,aa w h,aded wree sute develops that permus a peiyeesum of water 10 I I Pra to fire test, condition construc.
wnh emns ummentimms, ik
.si.n mein on ihe wu by wpae,i, t,,ad.w..es gn seus umJm ted from the sistam beyond the tentspnsed suffsce I
sed on ibe eWncol nsmante metlud t en tie wwJ.
enh ehe enth b aJed nepeestely the umJnam.J tions with the objective of providing, withis a
- 'II"'I"""
- **""*'k"'*""
'"'P'** "'I"" ** '" **"*'" **""*'" ' ' 'I reasonable time. a motsture coednum withte bem Jety meikwl s'c end "cate eben oms has anamed pheJ s..aJ hatt N lawJ on the i.me ei ohnh ik 151 1 l eaniensue<m e4 heat through the wall the spectenen etpprossmaht'y representatsve of she pecpee ammsewee enntens E leurwat meth=h are f.ew os enhes of ilw =atts tad io suwem the hand os partosem during the fue endusame test shall that hkels to esist en samder construction in Jesmbed on p.ga 120 and 321 J ihe sin eJa*.
Ii i wJiske of Ac cepsarue not have been sush as to rene the temperature ofibe N nema.f4,p,,,w m,,ga, bisildtags I or purposes of standseduation,this l
condition is to be considered as that whu.h
" U S ' 8*"*' *' "'.^J 8 '" " h "".u' h' " '* *
- ll I pteEaid the int as suuesolut of the hJ (119 I I shove ets amteal tempesatute l
shps between ntefen hum it anJ mes ure umient would be established at equilabnues resuhing are geven by the gnphs in f.g 21 em p 127 They I"* *$ '"udonins au niet from drying in an ambical atmosphere of 50 '5 ind. case shai wnod has a m. awe u.meni ot i t s. ei 11 I I Ihe oalt a partenon shall have sus w 80*r"Ett w 2W)h"**dd? af 70 % fa'
- tempeesi..e of to inmed the appled load during the hee endur-ItSIS 8'F t 088 51 %
i
- "I'"
relative humidity at 73'F (Note 7) llowever, i
with some constrwtoons, it may be difkull or ame ens onbeut paoage of flame or gnes hot h
M "I h*"'P"'
- "8
" ' k """"" "*d""* "8 ' h h" M *8 enough to egnne o,non wasse, for a pern=1 impnessble to otheeve such unifonmty withm a r7asonable pened of time Accordingly. where
((pi,I,,",
I,",,
' * ",,,',',""h.'
esgual to that for whash slaniDt asuvn is desiee J He i 1he len6th of ebe uJumn eapned to p
g this is the (ase, specimens may be tested when made nos feien ihan 24 h pene m the sus il i 21he well or penethm shall have sus.
fue shall. when psattaable approssmate the the dampest portion of the structure, the por-tamed the applied load dunng the fire and hme manimum clear length umiemplaied by the tion at 6-in (152 mm) depth below the surface
" * " yl,a es e stream test as speufied in Seitem 9. wnkmt deugn. and foe buildene uJumns shall != rmt p
of massive tenserwtions, has atheevej e mots-pmage of Hame, of gases hot em. ugh to eBa'te less than 9 ft (2 7 me Apply the umiempleted ture content coerespondmg to drytng to equdib-Il. %g of Sampee touon wasse.or of the bne sucam he noem deted of umnettsont and then pnwettum of bly shall be umsedered to hi*e failed the hme any, a.ineJing to the me 6=ls of attepeable num wnh air in the range of 30 to 75 % relative 111 1he area opiesu m w u w w hurandsty at 73 e S'F (2313*C) In the event leu than Itio n'(9 m1 wnh nenha demense.m
""**'"I'""I*""'8'"
Ih*'P'"""'
P'**'**
d that specisnees dned in a heated buildmg fad leu than 9 fl (2 7 mi Ihe less speumen shall
- P"1"""""I**'"I'"'""***
I""
17 1,,adw
'* ' d"""8 ' ' " ** "'
to meet these requirements eher a 12-ementh not be resevained on its verinal edgn renditioning penod, or in the event that the hme sucam test li i ihrouyN.ut the toe enJuveme nu es nature of th. construction is such that is is
- 12. Iendleg g ) g i l,,nsnownm ut heal theough the wall pne she tolumn to nec.m all..dn amiload is in a mannes t sh uland h.dentop shcosetu ally.
evident that iJrying of the specimen ineenor wdl 12 i Throughout the fire enduearne and fire
"' P'".'n.m dunng el>e bec endosante se a shall not ha c been suth as so ime the tempressure as nesity a praitnabte_ it.e woeting ssresses be prevented by hermetic seabsg, these require. and hose stream tests apply a consient super.
unnpned suela.e mme than 2SIPI-sonocenplated by the an pt Make psovisawi ments may IM waived, escept as to attainment impned hsad to simulare a masemum load on as of a large poetson of final streogtS. and the umditum The applied load shall be as nearly I I I" I
- h"" "' '"'"'I 1""P" 8""'
I"' "'"'""""'g the low so me o pud pineon speesmca tested in the condnion in whnh et as peactuable the mesimum load allowed by then esists design under natu.nally reti.Enued struttural
(
6
$ 3119 unined agem e thrimel espasion bewd upm tempsetures ese measu ed shall entisJe the a4 the wiemn nhoet unduly insteesing the 28 Tewteveture Mesourement the temanums.4 eueptante *peussed m 29 I I punt of mmemum smo 27 2 l'tw speumm e@yeng umtent eifectne celumn length 21 i Mees.te the temperntuee of the steelin end IV f 2 if 2 If the sutimenet and the testing tudf N uoma l>y H keu the Wnmwvptes ya 4 gnan,a.,necureined stesuenetions members (beams, even weh $snt goests. etc )
yonntly so decide, A wlumn may be sulJetted krated at eeth of fome levels The wpper end may be deveke, few besms teued in ecuad-sNted at 4 n 112 ml rm sento sw less.messure to 19. times 4ts designed werling toed tofme Imres levele shell be 2 0 (0 6 rni from she ends ente ouh thn test methat vung the camdatums the temperature of the steel m these urwcturel N Gee endurance test is endertones. he fact of N met colume, and the two mtermed ete og ettepteme spaireed m 171 1. 17 8 2. m members by foier kn,wunuples placed on eeth member, estept that no more than four mem-thet sub a test has ten snede shell not be levete ehett be equally opeted So piece the 3733 hers shell be en sneerwmented Plue the thes-cc seitwed as hovmg hed a deletertowe effect two N?nmcowplu H utn levd as m musste eg-emxouples ei segniNeet locations setti es et the Dee endurance test pestcmeneoc*
nirmant tempterares of the ternpment ele-3$ 9,e e.d ( heredertuks of *. peel we
'""I',P'"',',e's"nc **** * '868 0"l**S, a nd mn le man of ik med ontum 25 l he eres esI"ned to fire shall be not p g gu it. (.emettemn et Aeuyteere It'$ Wn Iml n'll6 m'l with nenher dunensum 271 Im snel umtent mmben een den 2 L F " P'*"" t ir' tess eben 12 R () ? ml Struderet members. of be bor thermenemples et eeth ecomo estept 18 I Regard the test es suuessfulif h col-ome sustoms the egte ed lood denng the nn 22 I Detsglm One fire enduvente test en-a gm em uran ust een sie that when only four thermat wples are re-
[
endurante 6est kw a permd equel to that for pnee the opuses to Gee ce all edes los ets full g
g
,,g 9,
qwired on a membee the thermocouples may which dessifustion is doened length-ude stenesme of not kss then e en (201 mm) be disanbuted ekmg the member et NB**f'58"8 knesas es geW h in 27 2. hme two m
(
i timen shall be instsucJ in se the tutom of the tutum nenge or chord, one AtilBNATivt if3i OF P90flCTMet FOR STRLUTUR Al. RittL ttROM*ts
- 2) 1 Regard A test en suuessful of the g
g,,gg on the web et the centes, and one ce the top evensmission et heat through the peinettum
,gg
,g
,,g g g flange tw chwd he recommended thesinatew-
[
- 19. Apystre ben dering the perwd rf fire esposwee foe huh M & Jg M M h pae dassnbetion et exh section te shows se f og classefication se desired does not rene the ev-
,ggwg, gg 19 I Di test peticedure dwe oc4 require I
column too long et may time end may be weed e"S* (*"d"nexaf) temposion of W unf e atum is depred, speumens representeag 27 4 bis nelmel a pnunmd moce t
et me dese etion c4 the teetnag lekwescry to 882 *** d M I'
I'"I' 'I"' 'W forms of tsmstrustam in ohnh reureme to ther-umtued mmbens kicsie knncnceptes <>a (138 D 4D"
- "8 "I'* ** *f*'"""
met espensson meurs shell tw reasonably re- """'"'"""*k"""8'***""",}***
eselusie ste I colume protectione thet ere not etwne 12WF 1649'C) et eny one of the snee-J m N fw there ore sense then eight owth eleinents to requeeed by design to cerey eey of the ecomme send pomte Ah taw plete the.moccupke on eight ele-bd 24 imemog Wm h a mm u m hs i
17518 US tl AMteS eNtt StMith 28, i Throughoet the sue caduisme ten e,p-
,cpe,,,ne,i,e a,i,pe,e,,,,es of en & ekseiceu 20 t he itse of k steel cxdeme weed eheH
- 14. AFF8k e'88*
ply e apenmpned to.J to the spunes to 27 $ tw neelihn oe umf me.u imsie fows be oath se so prmede e sent opctmee that is 24 I TMs priwedure is oppinet4e to thir simulate e monimum loed umannm The mes-Arnepics on exh emme 4 eedice to truly rerwevessesve of the desige, metenele, and nad senembhes with ce without etteshed.
emum WJ camdamn shell be as acerly as cornpnee the unhh r.f one waish oise ce the eed worte emelwp foe whnb classification se tuned, or swepended tedmgs and requeres ep-pracineble the menemum load ellowed t*y the g,onoin piene of M unit et en edge goent,oee desired Apply the proteouwt sceerdmg to the psicationi of Ere espeere to the underside of hmmrig condnum e4 dewgn under menonellT on h wom piene of me unit ninde froa f
snesods of ecceptable field practice. De the specumen undee test ntegnued sarvstureldeugn sneene A Grc en-We edp mm on o #de meH of W wmt. and leegth of tle cademe sha!I be et leset 24 2 Two five endurame tissurnstens shell dereme test eney be condmied oppfymg a re-
,,e,,, g e,op pie,e og %,,,, n, gen.o,.
8 A(2 4 m) T colosom shellbe verticaldorms a.teveksped for ensemblies restrained egeinst uncied load camanum to the speumen whnh aiupks Md be appleed. Me prooncebte.
applustion of the preser*e eed dunes the thumJ :.posioe; e resivemed eenemt4y cles-shall be idenufied for a spectra lood cond""*
to the susfate of the units semme frome See med nre espneere.
airitatmo tweed ope the condnions d etcept-other Na the monimurn ello=ed load innds-spued sceoss the midth ut the unit No secte t**
We four mie ks: then s.o scomms need be so i
20 3 Restrain the opplieo,-
1 ion egeutet once speuried m 28 I I end 28 4 2 in addHmm losgituJeeel tereprocure espuseos greete' to 28 8 3,28 I 4.sw 2815, and en unrestrained inserweiwnted in enh upnienienve span Io-thee that of the steel colume t y tigid steel essen.bly stessifuemm bened wpm the umde
- 27. Iempe,si,, Meewrement cete the genups of lour theem.wmoples se rep-poetes or edeforted tencrete ettethed to the tens of euertence spenned en 29 I I and 27 8 l'tw sprumens emphnmg uruttuvel rewaten,e h.ceimms l ypecel thernoiscouple to-
{
vnde ed the seeel colume before the protethon 29 8 2 m addismo to 29 I 1. 2* i 4. 29 4 5 or memNrs Ibeems op ocb Heel p sut ett )
teneons for e unit sesuon en shoen en Fig 2 le sppliet he are of the plates or enment of 2) l 6 spesed et emwe then 4 ft il 2 m) em tenters 2s' r"#'I""' *t A P** ' ~' ut "N 'i"'4 4'~
concrete thell be theate to provide direct Sen 10 M Wades M M ee veeendd s' mnWgmM&MmM
" I bearing for the estere trensetree arts of the e geode $ue enenire ibe uses ed thes ineibed on strustasel enembers by thernmueuples et three a_.
-abe was ed stiermal eesirenne op-sw m.we setmm spescil ehmg the length ed the 28 I iniheinmg e resisemed enemtdy ties' protestsoit Famebte se b end and aerwoaas and momd
'*3 "8*** " *"
" *"" P"I'"
"I l
201 Provide the ende of the speumen, sa-tiedmg the meses for resiteint with owffneent m4 pen enega Au m tows ohne W una ma thermellwoulation to preveet appescieble direct 24 ) One 6:e enJuvente (Inssificatam shell N"I "'" " ""' ""b " * 'I'*8
'P*"*'"
best trenefer frois h forsecs' be doeloped fr wn tests of onsemblies one re-length, et least eme of the settumi et whnh app 4eed WJ dueeng the sinnermeram pevetal 4#
e6 4 ifl I
$ Elm g g g g, wohout developng unesp. sed surface conds-temposture im its unesposed surfete m we dove anJ Ma
.n su o ndinons of my mam m u(IwmHuse retM1Dt'RS: 563R I st4tM19 til AMS then 230*l (139T) ebuve its mmel tempers' anic speuhed m Susum 14 t he inc endurenu emns whnh willistnne cottoo weste
+n w JM shd N eMeuMe to U M * *"'
28 8 2 leensmisnoe of best through the sure2911 l ce speumene employmg steel struc-the twem when used wnh a fl er or rmd wn-33 I Indivuluel uniestroomd tieminetmas specimea Juneg she dasesfication penod shall tural members (beams, open-web steel joests, struoum whnh has a tomparable or greeect may t e developed for beoms tested as part of set have beca such me to essee the oversge tempetesure en its usesposed surface move etc ), spaced more then 4 A (l 2 m) on centers,u outy im Wet dessipetmn from the beam e Omv os em*f essemtdy es dess nbed in Sectmas then 230*F (lWC) above sta initial tempere. the tempereture of the steel shell out have then the floor or roof with whuh it was tested 24 through 21 lescept 24 )) or for restremed escreded 1100*l: (704*C) et any hatum dus-The 6re endosente tissurnetum devdoped by beams tested m accordence wnh the pemedure 28 8.) I or spinmens employing steel struc.
ing the clesaficanoa pcnod nor shall the aves' this method shell not be opplasble to,seces of deuribed in Sconms 31 through 31. The Get f:re.
earsi enembers Ibeams, cree-web eseel joista, ege temperature recinded by four thermocou-twems smeller then ihme neued endurerne demncmion so denved shall be pies et any section have esteeded fl00*F
,pp,c,g, n, twems when used with e ihme or eve ) spaced mtre thes 4 A (1.2 m) ce centers, (393*C) dunng the ettesifnstion period g g g g,
,% g 3g,,,,
g the ensemNy shell achieve a Gee endureece
,,,g u,,unnig,,hich has e compereNe or 29 I 4 For specimene employing sseet strue 12 I lastell the test specimen in occordente g
g desuAcetma on the basie of the eersperature tutel members (beams, open-wch steel gonts, wnh remmmended febenetum prmeduus for gg critene spec 6ed in 29 l.3 for essembly clasei-fications up to end induding I h For closun-etc ) spaced 4 A (1.2 m) or less on center, the the type.4 camsinntuni It shen k npemni-tested he nec endureme classificatum devel-eversge temperature secorded by all goest o, eine of the deugn fos whnh classifnsium is g
catione greener then I h.the above temperature beam thermocouples shell not have esceeded desned I he length of beam enposed to the fire entene shall apply for e perwd of one belf the dessantatum of the essembly ce I h, whnhever 1100*F (393*C) dunng the classirnanon pc.
shall be eme less then 12 ft 117 m) and the tung.
member shall tw tested m its normal hontemiel34. y,,,,,,,,,,,, y,,,,,,,,,,,
b the greeter 28.14 For speumens employing sted estuc-2913 I oe epimens employing umven.
P"on A sectioen of a representative floor or i
N dW dm extel members lbeern, open-web steel joists, teonelly designed comrete structuret members etwf camstructum me nere then 7 A (2 i mi g
g tic ) speted 4 A (1.2 m) or lese on ersters, the (enduding cast-in.plete concrete roof or fim,**de, symmetrketty hated with refereme to g
gg g usembly shall ethieve e Gee enducence densi-misbe having spens equel to or less then those the beam, may be induded with the test speu-g Scesion on the basis of the temperature entene teseed), the aversge temperaturc of the tensen men and upmed to the fue imm twla midspen, escept that is cases where the cover h
sgecined in 29 8 4 for essembly dessificatmas steel et any section shall not have esceeded som the beam indudmg that part of the floor 800* F (427'C) foe cuidafrown prestressmg steel 5 '*f element formmg the complete beem os g
g scp to end ir4indieg I h. For closeiricatione oc Il00*F 1593*Cl for semfoecmg steel durmg designed Isuch es composite sted or conuese g
greater thee I li, the above tempeture cniena shell opply for e period of one half the desei-the classiGcetmn permd
(**"""no egunu legnuend MonM n-point of misur,um cover.
fication of Live ensembly or I h, whichever is the 2916 For speumens ernploying ucd noor pensam en e enennu simuleung the usuemt m 36 2 I:m sted beams, there shall be four of roof vests entsaded for use m spans greates
'h' C'*"'""" 'tr'esented Ito not support
,g greater.
these those tested, the everege tempereture re.
"' "S" tin Ibe genmou of th ner m rmi the tmetom of the honom flenge, one on the 281.5 For speumens ernploying conven.
linently desigee4 concrete besme, speoed incre corded by all thermocouples kneted on anydement of ibe speumen,escept that pett = hoch W
W d
then 4 n (1.2 ta) on centers, the enseasbly shall one span of the floor or roof units shall emt Io'ms part of a beem as designed achieve e nn endurance classaricatsoe on the have esteeded f l00*F l591*Ci during the ties-16 3 I or seinforted or peestrened wmeeve beste of the *eisperature uiteria specsf6ed is sincatmo permd 33.1** dies wg og % %
g,
29.l.5 for es embly dessifications up to end n i 1hroughout the fue enduseme seus eP~
each of the tensmn seinforung elements unless secludmg i im For closenfications greates thee 30 i The fire endurante dessersation of a ply a supeurnpowd load to the speumen 1 hts there are move then e ght suth elements, in I h, the stun e tempesature critena shall opply restruned ensembly shall be reponed as that toed, together with the weight of the speumen. whnh cew plate thern owuples on esght de-foe a period of one half the deseiricat6am of the developed by applymg the condenons of ac-shall be es nearly es pestineMe the mesimum ments selected in suth a mennes es to obeein ensembly or I h, whichever is the greates.
ceptance spiried in 2811. 28 8 2. and 2811 theoretaal dead and hve goods permitted by represenieuwe tempereuses of att the elemente 30 2 lhe Gie endureme tiessifitetson of en n inmally sewgnsied des'En sienderds 37, Candphm, of Accewowe
- 29. Ceedhlerw of Acceptance-Useestrolmed entestrained essembly shall be reponed as thet Aemefdy developed by applying the condiamns of sc.
g ( 4%.g ru,pt.we p,g
,,,,y, g g,
signaisosi the folkiwmg umdumns shall be enet 29.l la abiemmg en unressremed essembly c'Ptence speuned in 29 I l end 29 I 2 and.
141 The following tonditums shall be met 37 I I The speumer shall have sustomeJ the dessifustwo the following coeddums shs3 be where oppl::able. 29.13, 29 I 4 and 29 i $ to 14 I I he spetm+en shall beve sustomed the gled bed dq W dessihtawn pimi a speumen tested in accordeme with this test d bad dm W deuermmi ymd 291 i The sptmen shellhave nusteined she P'**rduse.
HI2 m m M Mvc e&evd a H I 2 N sw W, *M tempshire of
,mg:
f oppbed load donn8 the deseiratetion period fise endusence tiemination on the t esos of the she steci shall not beve wahout devehymg usesposed surface condi-TESTS Ol' ID Ain in set st a AIN9 tl 56 AMN tempesature uiter a speuried m 29 5 3 or 29 I 4 (70cCl et any Imeen a during t lions wheth wiligeste coeus onete.
33 APpancealee inf eme half the (Inwrnetmn of the essembly or teon permd not shell ene everage semperetur rew Jed by tour thermmonples et any scowm 29 l 1 The ?ressmission of beat through the 31 i An mdevnlusi sisminaine of a re.
I h. whnhevu is the gieeiet spmmen dusing the tiessaricatiosi period shell
'"emed beem may be etweined by this proce-not have been sinh as to raise the evere6' 44 48
$ E 119 h E 119 lempenetuic reedmg* shell be tehn et l
44 4 have encett d lHip't (59)*C) durmg shis pc.
senere*ct. Shell be given sullnient thermal m.
mierwels ems es(cedmg 5 mm. hut the intervals 4#
N'"
M "" ""
nod-suleima to prevent appreueble direst heet need rug be less then 2 mm 17 I I li e tonventnmelly deugned someete transfer from the furnue to she unc9ned ends 441 T he tempostute perfoemame of pro twoms, the everage temperature of the tenswei of the memtwr os from the ends of the member testie membeanes shall t e measured with ther-g rag,,,, g perfurweev e steel et ens settion sheH sme have esceeded to the outode of the furnete.
rn.wuples. ihe mesmring lunstums of whnh 45 I Unku otherwsw etwfd ** P"'
IttWl# (42 f f') for cold-drawa rrestressmg ateel ere in intimeic umine with the e spned neslote formance of protective membranes eM be or 1800*l' W rerefoecmg steel dunng the das-4 Tem 9cetere Musurement of the elements being proicoed Tbc diamein rmined es the time as ohnh follo*ieg um-e sincation penal 40 t Measure the temprature of the steel en of the witcs used to I.wm the hemo jundum detsons occur:
the beam or girder wph not less then four shall not be greater then the thnkness of sheet 45 t i The everage 'fmperatuse use of soy Al11RN411VE TEST OF FROTirT10N hemoccuples et tath of four settkms equally metal freming or panel members to wheth they ed d thermoix,vples for cedt dase of element IGR NOLID SiitttCTURAL stut WEAMS spued alo*g the length of the beem and sym-are sinethed *"d * "*'an gr ster then No. IR bewg pruded le soie ha 250*F (139'C) metmsHy doposed and not neerer then 2 h B AS g'ge (0 040 m )(t 02 mm) The need shen above the initial temperatum, or AND GltDERS A m) from the insede fece d W furnme be deontaHy m**W d W ""
4512 The tempenwn noe d W
- h
- 34. A c e, Symmettnetly pine the thermmuuples et euh mmstu'e rmssent u>anngs smwouple of the set fo, enh done of descot 38 i Where the loodmg required in $ccteos
,eg,,,,,,,,e,,,,,,,,,,,,,nc,,,,,pe,..
44 2 I or och tieu d clernenn Wg P betag peosected as mme ens 32W MN 26 is not feenble, this alternative test pixrdere tures of the temponent elements of the steel tetted. temperequee readings shall be teken et g,,, g,,,;,3te, pe, ture.
may be esed to evolusie the proteo,oe of steel sug less Wn Ave representative pman None
,,g beams and enders without oppbcation of de-of the thernmcouptcs shell be lmsted nearer to g,%
sign lond. gweeded thee the potecisim as act
- 41. Co dlalems of Acceptence the edges of the test essembly thee 12 in (305 g,
p,,g, required by de"Sn to functtcas structurally in 4I I Regard the test es susteuful af the snel An enel4H* tan be msJe in clase ca of d meet betsg potedel, a
4 rmsung eyphed loedt The etiodations of ee-transmiuson of heat through the protection
- here there is an element or festen of se curest i.etegral esioote.
ceptance el %s ehermetive test are not opph' durmg the perial of nre espsure for whuh um*"vumm ihet a me <>*"**se uppem 2 The test report thatlidentif'y each dess cable to tests made under design load as prio-cg,,,,fnetion is desired does not reise the ev-in the use asamNy Nne M*e *""N of elements bems poteced sad shall abow the etage (anthmeanal) reaperature of the steel at shall tw incened ivronn. M toPd M 4 "'"
vided undet lessa fue floors med roofs is See-locatme of estb thermomople.
esces 25. 28, and 29.
s emy one of she four eccens above Im0*F to f* 5'e *"' '"* h "*'(*
g th e 1 The test report ehell show the time-
= hen s*(h h*'"*'
['u# surfue d y 3% 4 n,,,g,,g (518*C). or does not resse the :empersiere "a'e*pe'* tere dets tweded for each therm above 1200*F (649'C) et any one of the mee.
ample plusment "
p 39 i The sue of the steel beers ce girder
,,,ed points.
the tesi ensembly m 5 2 en ple, os endi element t.eing per shell be socio es to provide e test specimen that 44 ) Thermociarples **ll t*
pgg,gggg g, p,gg gg tem representetswe enfwmetmin on se tempo-he test report shell state say visual it trisly reprtscotative of the desege, meteriale, and workmenship for =bich clasesnceaice in Mt Men ANIS IN w Atl, PAsititON, sture of the inte,fue between the e' g g,g p,rtteest M M desired Apply the protectine samrdeeg to the ROOR,09 ROOF Asst.Mellt3 membrene end the saintrate or element seg I"'ormance of M FU4'C4"' 'sembrane.
enethods of oceeptable field practics and de protected 41 A rilest3**
P projection below the ceilteg. of any, shall be tepeacetatrve of the coedvisons of inteeded 42 I When it is desered to determine the g
" *' 8 8 tree. The Icogth of beam or gmler esposed to thermal protection efforded by memtwene ele.
~
we.n P,=
[.
the nee shell be mot less than 12 8 (3.7 m) and meets m wall, parution, none. or roof assem.
the enember shell be testui is a boruostal bhes, the nonstructurel performente of prutec-
" Q*" =,=/sen'
,,,,,,,,ma postion A seosim of e espresentatrve floor tive enembrepes shall be obtemed by this pro-
,., o ro i' *[*J, consaruction out less thes 5 ft (15 m) wide, cedure The peiformance of peotective mem-
"'"*4 ryremetncal'y located with referre<* to the brenes as suppiementary informatum only and e e==e -
beeni or girder and estending its full length, is not a sutshoute for the l'ere t;ndurante Clas-
- * **d " d [ [ I Ii[,
tw shell be inttuded es the test seiemNy end en-sarnata.in descemined by Scoises ll ihrmegh 4
, a i ie 3 se t M4 m
pneed to fire from twlow. The rating of per-di of this method e
formana shsil mot be applicable to sues t * "d " d " *" "
seneller thee those tested.
O O *'*"'d'* * **d S3 'I h *"'P '
8
,,,,,,, a 4,s,no m t men a
39 2 Restrain the opplied proteomm egeinst
- 4) 1 The chorecteststu.s of the semple shall
- - ~
longitudteal espeeseon Greater thee that of the camform to 7 l.
[
weet beste or girder by rigui steel plates or 412 W suc uf & sample hliconform io reinforced concrete attached to the ends of the il I for beanng walls and partetams,14 i for member twf we the protection is appaved The nostwarmg walls end partiemms, or 25 i for ends of the tiember, including the sneans Tw floors m =fs so
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x1 M11 i Eine un ut ee,s speumen M358 ml*Jed shell be e siesement to the effnt gg RIQtilREMINg3 pus 4 hat $Ios P404 u 12 One Jeesds of v.emtweldes.ga om.wif.ng Set the u**erm,n.n teely veprewste held a. west.
I setety int.w, W all wentveel memktt m test ensem-H Ae s.mutemm dees me up*mm typtal bly new..m. ~m ~ ~ *,.~.. en ~ ma l
8**
M2 i The esbeeste pede need na meesW'eseente d seeJe under t.he b, ghs LeJ id e % = '" --> +--
u i i im i.* pie.,
..... p..m.pei.,_
X l 3 I 88 u**"wo** '$ m' 8,'ame"= el (bes J*f-a
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=m plw van enseuas es mee&J id slu+ty ferent Jesse on eeth few; t>e sure so mJunic ~
- y;;;e- -r-ae-<-s aere-eeu.a.
e,o r,.f e
"I"leen eddneves Noe X2 2-The bord *een enessuremene ehets be
- 4) 14 Uwe deieds of estechment..f test penet m late espwed ia fue wwh uimmente us fue sensis.ce
,g,gg n{' ** "
speh by gwess,g a g.a. gg3.enald'eawife veel ball 5
we x2 3 g gsegth and width. 6 e ie (152 2 )is e e'"e8
- eample esid ameneems N mdemerson M I I i "* "'a "8 *" * *
- P'e*-
- IIe"*""
'I"'## '"I' i
ge,e mned between a mmce load of 2 tb to a d
- III ""'
I es addee amelou or bed st telb te l'g,esq[' tb t4 :P*U I
- De""N
- *"d '* be ' "e ** 8 'e "
X l 6 3.==acise Rendia. wei 8.de 2 Thalam.tNese Al)0 40 t 905 ne (10 2 c'e'
- *he "' "*dd"
, ei u.a.,','mim x16 I I wennse e ne.
nga)sceall The asenese se atmemeil by & nium,n-x 3 ) e i T ime,
g} g 3 g'*7 **'! t 0 260 t 0 026 lb to 11 a 0 01 sh,p Xl 161 Dwemg sopeg lism 8s wn omptuou.so Mit 2 Neuvre of fedwe end b
l u 6,1 H ime enem ten enufuS.gacuees of se 6gt lie,deese = 2 24/y
% ag 98 0 027 See.in /h.fn'.'F (0 Il t 0 003 W/en.
where p = she defleem is w&m,susi m mhu O 3
- 1 l ',*e 8 ",,,.
.pm..ne re..f.s.sel 06sene,e A1 i en O X2 4 4 Themet ec da,way gu g3o.g g,4.g.g u4,ee
,c X) 8 e rc=Jie Instede sti det nie speofaselty r
M 2 N pode then k,=fr.wmt,,,#t m, then g 3 4 g p ep,,,,,g,eim s, beg...,g enJ e. cry 1213 lleedneis (Nnee All. 30 25 tamd.ried pr,.
wakaan tweet eeg. stwy mey be sbered me, a,m"' N 3mMem@hyd@mh ynd h we ndert hd mid wer och t'eaJ'eg of eene eesults Speuel ebeceveemme foe se%)
gene ohnh by m pte e4 hee end teenpeesiere 8'de*8 "* 'PPonte shoulJ be m appendie Nots X2 4-1N tbakness awumement shu k x14 I I la swnne *r*u-M 9 fa8e'es All talen to,k = mbos caeme be El 4 t 2 On maesped swete.e, e=J co.ned := me ng..n an so elenty R I 4 I 1 Da f*meded fn=*s *c-b", as 99, XI' l Aurrafdy en toastrues.
- 13. St%GESTED stromt pusM' leteJ en Siendud X19 2 l speed fue pean to hee teos f
uno x3g g, n,eson m,wed ige,,mp,e,,,e g y, 3 Ii,,,p,,,4 go, u e,u, g,g
.a go, vbses venaisun m respoed by the 5esadeed,het vief=L eastede ee nedmg esp,pmene hen pseebk ASTM E 119 TITIl'F w E ke seted on she Appendie to the npe, T hese M19 4 linespeed fue si end 4 fue enJveau enal temperstveesam the fue ed fremmg memhen use I
(Pnfuebey re.ng en bot h to gweeeome eeJ when thes voey he re< towed XI 91 i sesed fete et end at sue e=J. onse een XI 9 e linespeed feu en end tif fue eop.6.ee g
by smen Budd*,g 4 odes g g, g,,,,,
gg u 4 2 M epsi afine=.n e n, % rn,e he ~ suu p
XI'I IePaeJ f*'e H ea 8 d fue e'Peee bekae 8se "d ASTM E119(teup 81 men of tus end tlw teu lwive la between. eniy to Xl 9 8 I syned tese elin Awe wee m seis ena 414 I Itep et appeveme osesp srdtete X19 9 linespudlose shes b e stteem one ST ANDARD FIRE ENDUR ANCE iI$I Xl fil 16 en esmemist to b e the fe4b..ag f ew tes. sees, t e
~
R14 I I f tery 85 men.
X l 412 At on, nedse teh4e **ebraiene. give Je-M 1 lti i Dese. led Jeensas of seu eines=bly
( e en g o,g, e.J,,me,,(,,
,,. g, g,, t wsk heg, flemeeg.
X ) 10 2 pasween tMl9l u94 X 3 9 p.
,nJ Dnee Tesse4 _ _.. _ _.. _ _ _ _ _, _
.ms4 c. kan of meterest, ces. and AB9 v) toe eury new repw ep.-.___,____,_____,
basernsa g eehe~e,.g.,,,,' g,y,,,,,,,,,,
00**'**** I**d i **aenwege k ensnesed 32 4 t-
~~
ne 4.t!titt Sqppt get l$ NMININU ( DNingl lute % pt pt Ng p AIN g pa pet p e e pepp 4Ngp ge n pp A%D M81It $6 AND f OR 4Nt'lVIOU41. 3t AM4 Ideesity 4 eese e pers at e vestmech peg.een uwa m.w h a me..n e, io *...e ihe,e -- sin 4444 7obee of t's eeens a.= nro hen...d one wended sifm eisesne u i she n..
.,a.
g bd end.ecote h.ow the les il e.s applaed e>J usandkJ,qU,w J,uJ 6.w ~ Low e.m.e m i e,_,
a x4 A
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. m f..e te,,, e...a u i ti,*
- 8U 7 Tem feed *P-F we-W f,.e e.. e
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e
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w.
e,*em, i c... e.n,, e I.,e,
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ees. a me.em.e e ee,se.
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.o a m..,,,,..ed,
,, s.,,a,, e
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,, - -- - - $~a e*e a
e,y 3d 5%
h E119 h
E'1'
.mtim. et t 4.,~t in n suam " m~ a
,,, n,,,,,t,,et,,,,ua i,~t.....
gg pgg ggNtstle %I:lti At E I.MFf tl41 gimp 31*,5 pos NONSI Afel 4 trit MOl%IllRE ti,e enee, s, a.ee e. e.,, ten,, f..en, es,e,v,ei to s., sent m e, e n,.,eJa,,,,e
- i. tee si,,,ne,m..,
the element An were,tenened undeteen en one no evppms fin fhie end sc.,f etwmM es and enierme.
(tDNI6NI obe.h the h*ed tenying element is feet se eepend deste tieems formeag post s*f the etweiMy in neder eed redese t* l
- espraets een denlop restremi, tawinestume mese edespostely y4, g,,,,9,, I,,,,,,g gn, g,,,,,,, g
,ik X41 Lane diffkulty ve rewgnuedio detenmaing tennefee thermol ehrwus te enh owppvis the rig + day 151 ' o.pe the washuosi cI seettemt glist sney be ent6cereted et ed edgmneng penele ce soretisees skeold be tsme.dceed p g g j g g,g,,a gn, endo,en.e,i che ume a. =
- m.
in essesang the ce ehehty of e esevstuee m ren.:
g,,,,,,,g g,y,,,, p,,,,J g,, geg e,e mpes sio,e e n et eleteted teenpeservies en edual terwcsures Unid e mnn senef.ocey nochmt i. Amhgsese., goede anm.teepeenson [on sespo ho met...e,*s e ie., v.e.,ee, ei. iemseed m.
t.ee te.ca
- ,m e, ihe.eii,e of % e,,
n eue M i prie.ei.'ig a
M)t2 lbsep w We mondsni Nft level g g,,,4,,,,,tw nJ.e ge,ei e rwie eJwee lo amen t rewmenenle that all eenserocseans peonly se beams seteng weteneout.y ovet amee then e o
,g,,,pewntej veste(elpe bwuien alsewfw=0 et esebev eestroemed os verveen ned the esppewts, wel eedwe evoegesmal eens,..at.b.h wett slensketoon will ceable the setbooes, eng*neee, or wometty odd to time flee sesageente of etsweimeal enem-a geg p,J os bino t n,ede leoen eswaneHy II 4 I.* " "
- ben I
w,ne g nieeenett end umdisenned on X) 4 I the owmuora pne eduee part>
.ih the biddag eiheel to amlete the f, ire eedersme time-when aH* Muse u*ient et the esme of test esfksthm, bemil em tredie6ces e reeereima, wuh the X4 6 in Table X4 4 nely the smvamon types of ameefwetam'ype unde ecmsederstice cewiserwetens eve Insed Itavmg these esempse, en M sedes'en et a sunJoed monuvee tent
,cie snm uf en empuuelletw to M&u Ae PH**'
X4 4 t ce see peepces of thee guide, peernest es somd as well se the phA=vyhy especteed en se x g g g g...m em..ng the t. mm.ae en.* genet build skwy at the enoienst es esggested en lebte X11 es. whee th d m, c oh elete od
,he. n.....m..the Wnh fm e.,e,b eonn we.tues o,,n. an
..edy the liyJseted petland sement tiweldmgs se &fi.ned as ik flows. *Dnew end ecot.os.
Cemble, the mee, ebneeld tie eMe to getmastere the m Ln,s.n u t,,,,,,,en,,,,,,e,,,d.,e..n.,,,,,,e_,,,
i e, d,e s* Ime,s fema i nei R in ue p.i
- m. ea er w.ee end in.edueii.eer.ne be,id
.e be es,.nm tvreafwoe,r ~ e lwe Eme,,,,,h 5esta a lo m inae.f ensei bei,.ng i,.e,ee.am e,e e.f.weg'"".1
,,,,,,e,,,,,,. e, y,,,t s u,e e,,,',,
,,,,,numni of emnsie re X4 7 Owene+esee 155 cene.ders de lk ene e
,,e,,,m
,eu e. eie,,..
nt eeremming *e eneenle ed reettein.s cepewe.e surrne""1,en eup.f,ves.m. se eses el ed eties th wa e, e
,e <,e e,c,,, e,e,,e e4evel fue enJesen e time t f f 3on the leti band e ele r.w,mg e.r m
g ge,epenmeniet f,e endann e thergue' engenease theweghnet_ the tange est esseek reseroint sexcretsig to e and deed rif uincewswm d,esw e hne pcellet ni N 6m. to enteeeett the tun
],,,,,n,yu,ygn,g*,,,, D,,,non,.onoceneig en t t
hen 3 volume per to tie e seenpocery es es, eetnury to the tenie-
,,,er,,t,e,, no e,n. e u,e.e J, s. e ise,e re. one reeed ele,stad temC*. eaves t emeerwassem mais cese-g
,i e m riring -,tmee
- m e,e es.m.ed to.e f w to tec c.f d.ei fi,e eu.dwee.useseNe,e.,no i,,, en,,e.
,,,,e,,, p.,, e,,,o e,e. e,,o,,
a am, and rand the weveued fiee enJosence ein the eneste and espne med steelt thereewe be womdened pied that sectende few teshametty pedetermening F E en ole as seeeeeeined "
the degree of rearreent egylusMe to e partwelee five gg 3 evy mt=.as X41 The def n6eicei req = wee the eeetune of en-estdeensee clase Nation ssti tie deveinped es ihe near U 2 l lhe symtiob mJ *n ein AplwaJ e't inesere 2S S laa..neun > uet e t
g needag judyment to deserimine abat wesenwies J,g,n,J e, giap.,
neareent to estetemetal aberwiel espenseen " Re-
.e
. g et i,. e beve.senimg the J, yang u nJ""*
ngl A won nude in n n ieniel *esgM u*"ete (see f *Me M 21.
hee.ng Il 2 *oleme tiesten8 off esie.
- et W"J"'oed lettoe sheemstetun g the pervacebMy ut the c hun i C#1 O end'i pe,*eed N ff untelibe Aff et us b
$jwomen 1*ee I8W M 4 meddepth wee vedmed in 70 poetne is bed a 2 to b a
Ikteemme abe adjoueJ fin endue-que enJuteme of speuenen, h.
fue endosense f eelE MI beseemenee usesetees% Beseenteed see t iureeseemed ff -
uten,e hiemed.ey, 3 pp l teos beeneg en.euws e umtent. wlume fe ette..n it'/It ' os x g g g g 9,p. # ( eh ulate m. es h4to**
spee eed nopey emp9 orwd eed spee ci metapte beye *
,, s,,, e_
,,,, ygp,,,,, y p p,
, mew,e
,4 f
I I oyen Ab eseef psues se esent toe e., seppereeegovervees et b yewees ee.it e me.es de.g.g
,,,uge,
,,y,,, omegna og ieg Speumen.
m.*u2h We IeMe M Il ve,conoceed (Q Caecess eteht eene sv eesseleseeleg e,evege mmuuse umtens ni tement reste,
. noen net eqchtsnem mmuwee uwisevil of te ~ g n y,e, q ggi e, and 5 pstent N ff umJenoemg. fee beye I'*"o'"pr'P*** *I '*eh t
ee emb emed sneel teams se eineel deitieg espyenne, ce.m yeo,w deg enne.ned m,
men, noe foe e gewn Rif tiee TeMe Xi 15
- oemet ees8M uesette 10 Op*e *ob ia"8 en she8 be***ei serre eket Preeses emme se eweel doen *G is*'eere***d
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- I ' * * " Ibe nemtwo end type of snerwete p.&me ansonesed wub tessing and =,th 4 f tsmast thunterusns of & enshwe tesad guerreem weser.'ng devnes are outlineJ in sheRe e f eedseg seterp.ete%n t.f test resuh8 eries Xe 12 Ihwe and wells desageed as Ne sepose.
I Reletm bumsdit of the etmospben eseedsed 5peutu sundeed paines f4w l.instion and X6 5 I f he ed sm(s ne repued en be toe *J tens beve been recognued for seeny years es ef&sent f tw abe peepees of a tesnmenewy. fue se,uuy se
,,e of em umgwesewn musunng desun m el" dunng sees to peovede e ensionese load coedume tools en.eeerwimg Neo to the eres of engie, et deneed as a mene,,e of the Ne intenuty uasyse.
ovis.neJ.n m atendeed flo.ever. no unefoemn a dewevemed by M oppbt.te musonally sea.gnued q
la8*d*a the,e speeed (% d, % 4 7,8, y, 89, ll) Pnos sure) and Gee deveiene is se espreseed en seems ed she tempereewes *nhem the fue themtwo en spes* *ed ges,ge unene Tbia petime ebwe few esore samfi-to 1906, releeve 6te emfety was ec.hseved by needet-mances ce boers of Ne esposure and se Methude X6 6 2 m ste4eid i e serve weed na 64ethals dence to estes teneg sesseeg res he 9 or 4esseem, f.a.oe.. i6 a,i,k of a lhwe spoussem G
ing erets6c metenata By abe yene 1900, the oppese-l' 119 to esseteed to be eqweetent to be deramed by I lit as tsmansmd to npemm e som buddeae mi-e - a" the meaumens i
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nwe. -, te t.he standeed se.isperetore teme lTir) Curve. thea es, o, nee m -- a-r enre of a mulinnde of new meterials and nemo stive
,,,npoi.,,4,,e op,a p,,,,4,a e,,,iegs to much e
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,ve mi se-f amiennusby elene mbanelagentasemne.
- e.ge. ea -ene.ame. e-ie..ed demea ser performance standmeds De.ntish Fire Provemenos ended eg setting ist=weineses, ensureme underon-g,qu p.,,,
Commawt essebtsabed se late, wee the fires to pro-Xk4 kope end 5tgunneesce ten. fue peceedeia enmieu-s.end teshassel emeo X6 8 2 Wbee o ibe os enof esacrebly is designed doce totdes heting nee reenstseg flame,ee leep door, I
" mua
- "*luate ni eien gl,16, 3ep N p e relewed.p of seie test for a speutic une, auth as used is peefsbnceted "I "' " ***"I meibods reprmnas only one En odwatm IMa m houssag unsts, the essemedy esoy te sessed with a med perinaces (3). Tese fureeces ve e teneted staus e,sitete so evelweie the Evinneance of ensembhes restric.ted load.toedmum Tk lood.ieg snedstme were construcssd shool eAer 19t10 ee & Useerwn-
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r g mmb.eneeiernen,s permectog cmobussible frensing tw sestnes fue comanums (9, ll,86,19. H,,.13. 21,29. 38, 323 en en a system of bydesel c rame for flaw eed roof e _,,
X6 4 2 N end poiet cntefie by wbnh the test X6 617 venue presswe is ace spetined end is asociaWes When wifonely distnteused load u sie-N pemen nwy boe stated by point loe.dteLtoeveret. smell sec.e beda)
Eki liteMrel Aspects s'*"n Hy shghdy rageme-~ien-u - ~~ -d e
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asTu - c i,.de E lit wee firse pubbshed by
- ;-"a"- d 6-"'* * = -m6t, nh. weld elesys br carefvily umerotted enteed 23 % of the scialload emi thes the nedsviduel X6 21 heetha en e e im 4 m.mbee a,ense.nes,e en ym 7,,
he,e...d. e, ira, e.e ba ne-wa f e-- ge--a,mJTwia byd.e*
beve been made in the sesederd ener.e that tame.
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ensance amne meene emen.elly eehe6*d D*
withr,eemd restrasmag imes donag k fue testes.iesel, en n-[,."eoe.ei - s. -.-,o +
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. ens and riumw e nostme & opphed test band trered bed w abne tem 4 ewegwebansmmw 4 Te=pevoeures of abe steel undes wune waditions denugme in enduesace and booe esseem sense A of eedy by testieg has been pu%ebed(1)
X6 4 3 le es & estest then tiens katums shell M72 M p unusne q uW m k & Wmm nas M hg e sa peo een r i
- - - - - ~ we-aa.e - c d reg sses G".fcewance denes se Cmd of espeen -a - - - e - e -- -~~ ~r-r.
- w ene. md.es b... n. a mpwgg w and e
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has We Meted ime se sedhod as bemg smak X. 3 i spmme.mo f. me,es ee.,e.g.ie.
e.,,ei,.,,,c,,se e,e, a es se mandar mum sment u m sa sory doce meets ownese to to amaa largelon abe abo4 he samederd. shb,,e,g,h betat :rofec e e, e
e U H 21(l54as'*==u"e=aan=h*h i< "-
- a t-*see res*reaa- ~ ~ kmda d
-
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'aeaed on all endas n.
t X44 m+dar si d=vmp ibe tese f~~r *ey nos se me osand esse.,+.y to i,e to,a. e.
rymed :=
- l'2s wr4 nonaly by lo,+.rg isi,c, o,y to do..,,e,6,ge, s, e e g
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Comesniee 5 bas severet tunes emewed she lood
- a-3* 6**'1"a=
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- dae-truir =pr==teme of me e. bey mw.ded f,,
Eee tested after a 12-euseth toed.emeen persed A dowld eng pmmfune,fw imwl weHe end pendue it was tone of a fire to propwisonal se abe fire b,ednag, that e'elmehoe Du is omseery tienese of me wie gwedes X) *ecubu kw et tem use to, the mass of emsensbee sesenale pw un noot
,enet.no in esse.ne, p,
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be semed enbes weth telculated enesueues doesgo lood cree W nietnoosby beams the seems of asuk*r seems geoevally es not amts6e eteetnc sosesbes and ord enmeisee candstion I)))
X6 7 3 wnh few nure
.naly se intumw fue or wuh e load npr. sed m eaer as precem &
8'ble meteeiele end unto dwreason wee setebliebed on omics, em in ensne den.gms may afM ms re,,sehe, p%, use epmme
.y,,,,
- * "'I I""*""
"'""""'**"'8" g.g,,ce.. y,,,4,,,ge,,,, p,g h,,e,s,,o,r,,,*w,n,e n,d-d"a* a"n".me on,=d ammunna newa is npona" me beew hi bernom tone is striscsosse incorporeams n f p seetenslo beving cakmne er pneestial been eelves X6 8 4 Sm un nent snuso, mb es 4.=e d andPera. *a te, Tom to smo coem.mmm
. co m pien o m tomn h mondeed twe lle, IM hu gwoosu n utmhnd causeJ by creep en{sbnntege se the nll steelf an e9==w w *=8 6 htJ/tg) ne fire loed of so*-
benders are etsokesent to sawne deugas The wmegon the assuropema that the outs.de fue of escenor eis seppwung frame musa be present and the de-3:03 (66) to 1 cellukeet raetenele euch ao este, weses, and flessee-lehorHory w se liest piswoon se pdge % effms
U' " "'d ') swbjected so the same Ibe as the signer should sewgne re these steemes en be emelysse ble legweae een interpreted on the been of the" of mb seem m'erna fue and thet the Gee espuen 34 the uppet I ** *"'" I ' I t"' '" * *"'8 "' d '"' P* 'I '#
eqwiveleet ukin6c eneteet 15. 13, 14, ISO la the
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- Pe*gs euwineg e e p=ms et maces of een load ormpless ese us, the etiove presense sietee ibat IO lb of R6 5 len fureern e8 hiof'be**J""de casseeueuh8. masenale pee egente foot (30 Spai") of X6 5 4 Methods t: lit does ime peo.ede spesets X614 Abbough the siendcJ Jors not wassen beweeg embeeres dse to Jefferennel eenveement m W g=>es Ww y note see A., =en ease, se flane eroe es5 produce e fies of I b dweeue
"""***"" d"M ee fmote p uden em weged senh snune be pedgeog W unrest 4 ansegh onomwsee bas e g found se seesete so emeed M eest 3 612 leaeanseg e phassiceaece se s e teowledge to enneek n$mece documents tsw a more wmpre.
geeen new "p4e ehenwgb deenes, emih as ebetwel e
of eneernein and the flee pevense bee teenhed Feous bens ve ve, ew of fernece desige enJ perf.wmense sw selephone owilets, a showlJ be rece.gnered that b=d on eme see.leMe smeeswo meersh eceivvese (9. 58. 8 3, 84, f 5. 84,47
- se wmpuienu shouki be ostuca wah enpeas M6 81 theth wells g=e a wm3ee pmWm es so baseson Whah weH shoisid tme kesded? Or IIS
- 8",*t**'el pe8 8",', mead **J 'e',"pe'aie H'e e"g'bd heh weHs be toe *J neohencuedyt Com-38,19. It, 21, II. 23, 24, 23, 3(, gy) 3 e so, un, g 4,y go.,,
,,,,,g,g n pen.4 m woo go.
genwoup eneceded that Fire eeverwy es well as the 16 6 kappesen. N ( em mnece 80 ) has dee. sed conenlev eble teme so depone8 f
tempressure tsese relohoestep of a fire depada ce enemtgR6 7 3 i sw ob.m nesnes, symmetntal eens this proMem, and eeuwamends the denosie be made seve ral factore, inshedteg, X6 61 A speunt tempresore. tem erlamh.p seJ putneoni ne seued uely on e ne sede Assym-by the um efter en eaetyus of M loedsag omdd=*s for the sese t're en de6med en the steeJerd and a i Fwe noeJ-emneet and typ a
enciesel etti and pertunes iney t e sequued na t=e sauupened em scevae boek bef.we sad eher a fue 2 thstr betoon of We fire load AppenJes XI he ettut recewded severetaisees se 3 Seerstic eerface cinesecsoneissa of the nee goed l3.
tueeJ wah eithee ne t=sh uJes sedmJestly enPineJ Sue h cieJmg wndsenwes we ao he eeperaf 2 78
- It=e t=,eefese om.he,e se son ** hews rein i ehe te.e et 4 Vecisionas,se determined by M sese end shape eesen e se es. eed et een oppe. die e
sa 6.d al
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No,mel ea re,t u,ent,,et Ceenpe,s.
t, seed enk e Acce a roof assowom ene bn e It>4t?. Fire Aener:4 Vol I 1977/78. pp I19
- 07) lleess,eity. T. Z "A P b..ee.
. -.. earl.se,e,
,,o
. eese r
eae,,.
,se.,
,re re,t
("medvet,for enlemee end poor tw sea ansessbhee
- ,,, ;= g,;',e;<;, reg,*,6ea,,dgr;'g r
In gill Ilumeihy, i /.
in,wg= 4rpeee,4 se fne Vol B. No I and No 4. August med Neember
.eoe c,.orro. oh., ea r l.in,a e-o.
seee den.sge io the foeesco 5.af,er he 8.daags" Pregenove 4er 4ees emee.
If72.pp 8 4 217,126-Ill.
NRf'C 04076. Arni 1974.
52 87 US) Setshee 0, lilemoes lessawee of imhn.4"5 lih p ok sus. Indem,ne,l t'eg. New iwt $sete R escan leewou I hemed nienne ce nsene W9 Csedisim of Tone M6 Il thW thench m g eie,, g g, Ne, y g g,,, g,,id,ng deia enadeoed for tt 5 (kpe of fieet Defemee X 610 t Colemme ere gemeHy wed onb ell fame M6 Il 1 No lueitatice se empeeed on the deine-( cdc. I,e, see p Q,p flaneaiby. T Z-. Drmgeers presom Fee A,sta seda espnee.1 to M esse fles. floweese,it se pose 14e m-c(sine opcunes dones a efter se test gwnnd 14 Fd m e ewe er I aersterk. Tetheecel Papa No 4%,
- I"**'"'""I (lH puhertson. A i, and denes. O, *f we I..ed.
Ihnum of Besidmg Rescorth. Noticeal Re.
to teis e colenes whb three ukles espwed (fcepth side I' " ***"*8 **' ** OU*""usebelny to m y se f ue Seeeniy. end f we Cadwence? f>e Test search teveal of ( enade. Dieses, NRCt egeu et e well) The etendeed requiese that encareene se es==My ta luened uly by P *** I*"O I'wd when openriedt deems M w p,,f,,meme. 4 $Tu 5T f d44. Am 54 leeueg be teu9ed ender camd.euses centesepened is & de-I 1 25 H744 eye The to enes general pacewe et nestang cedemme um. n7o. rr r.ea se,ue,d. sus,t No.
m i, r,e,
,,e= um,6 a. aniea iSneces
.eb r., conneams a top ea beime se ameim r"x"'d6 H 1 ^ e=rl""==d aI *h*=n= donesoo on,dgelones of Standsede. Wsemgem. D C IAnm, Netional t we Protection Amee.Souson.
u, P el to
- elpn8tm tw
% e-an=el==we is se noege, e cn.mie.
f O'w" den m W m es neeks.na At h Mende NobnIN2 Mm, IM X6101 Celemme are required to eesames emaene.
04 Iso /it.WOS Rrpin. Menb 9 fil.19e7 m tlM lat ".eg. 5 II. et et riwrit.eentde rimienes ee fully the desage load deneg the tout pened The
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% *ild e? WS HE Neemel Berne ed Cogwebsges.themert (Swedeo-Sp Febbe 14 emendeed else pwans ademme to be ineded e se 8
's=*e*"*"'I 9"'*""" **I ** '"Ie"us*e'" des smad=*. Wuhmen..o C. say 199 rreinnumey se m
et w wcical med e I
I 9 tunes the desige land pner to the Ere tese of eed meranat
- Pa' daa~
one of the wee resehe.eboeld {. eeported (16) Seigel. 8. G The Jeeerer of ##es a Sarri fos sorticsierale veienen et stie eflat usin aliens fire by me embenie,er s=h ladas he***. Ael8 mes e, I " M*f'F 54*mmery vesmuce of enne+n.se of T # cone foe aesheg enestreed as beving ned a thrleteraces effat ce the
**'d 8"#J*f'an' n.'Pnedmgs of A Sym-down gemet - M ogosa.wi. $we Enh med Pes.
- e. W 8nm the eedorence eene performance lameed e(Ineding.
meet eedebme, wkwe praectice envnetag done eve X6 42 I The seesdord pendes teettem f w e,ete.
p.eeeve br
.e the Fece Reneerib Seetwo.
seewm. O,e Bwehne. i es. Iferts (Englead) ce Jse 24 04 Ryen. I v., and Re.berta.n, A t. " Prop. e4 carey loeid. esebe emigned a fire-eenissaece clumfl_
enng ebe peseoine shee sneesteene elements see IW, PP 19 el t reene los thrones I ped i edce ed teams, b
coince se M et aeseperatete of the esent cesy effe so towelmmeMe frameg and peaelseg foe es.
I bmws. ed Roof foamreowie theneg Fass (871 Uttate. D. ParM 8 era *=f Terre e Omn. mg Some Sen/ 4 pena. cat 1ests /eenal of Aescere4 ef see yardsont so-Whh such eclasses6 the proseceree carmee sheB be e="f e, jeesus, weg mode. and penetuig or bords on u 10. U S d
e -
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roeroused egeasse Icegetydne. les'e.
tk wooceal new ed en egeemMy. and tebn com.
N C*em"n. Newnel senso et $ased-noe of staa. der
.W ubeegice.D C vel 6)C.
4 emos erg sessed fee lead <errywg lehty caly beauNe emnele Th tuuks of Gene we see n-No 2.1939 av 5 ele 29.1967 X4 IO 3 Frees test ewehe. de hee been essebbebed P'"*d 88 F***8"* *'*b's"* **le
~e-eC-i fw-- - d5.a,- M -
on n-~*m.nJerenoe."fbe Tne Jegy. Vel thet eeriences.et rentselet emednicos ese,ie e.re..
o.)isw.M-ee.As-rethanetFeneeNo acender seet end a we f r*"****'. r we R eeretth eu, ior,eems e - a fire,ues en IE U F#'.~
M. Her Mesmy's Seemary Offne, beJoe.
- 2. No I. Fetweary 19%
tog er e wrecouvel eteenient. R estresets are generefly X4 II i A5iM Cosemnsee F-$ ce Fere 5:endede IM (14) Culme. C C. Seingsm $ l.. Gemetena. A beoefwiel to Inre ressessee bowner then e e ae-sbree b 5ebrz.ensentee FDS I t u comunestly eennes H d 8"n enn'"ea'<"e 'o/ d' '8""fre*a*rr 45 d dstime where teetreret ces beoe e dettweestel effets sie Mesbade E li9 Unen e' the oest eieshod I "i "* 'd'" A > M I"*""' U"""""{
en ene the f rummw No 1 Ha er
'* f ' $/ '" 5 *F*'". l medos. Pn teed I eveewide stensfebstese com Speastneece, tr.
ce the performeseo er e epeeseem dereg a flee-en acmenged to u= tat m cmewiee fee fiinhet se o 5"*
- 2
'""'7 ' "'ne. te68 emance we 94. m Th meers ed eue asuka en feformatice pgs ef the Sywipos,em ktd at & Fere p eseenh getenee einee legoog des F l P en Besse-odewed se seedy the nferesco encom cets as well es Seessive, Bocebem Wm.ds. Iterta (Legtend) on othweig. fece 196) Weesbades Bethe.1964, p H
Jee 24. lee 7.pp 19-2?
Ile) Shanceum D, t urnere Terri e=J 7 sre pesswom e.
(3Sp laws. l. A. t auseefuso. A If ( seison, C r.
- l ere f ests id Co**t=ese Memhees As tempeeed sand if Methi,# fue f emnehag 1 bennet Resfreens St.it RINt t.S e tti Urms. H. e=J It..ket.n. A I. f opermee. net o
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Meeriel Appeoe: hee f..e we 1979 Of Deine. C.,H Modere gestatog leepecima, et s7) Komnet I. and l ee. T T. ~tempene_ e Te AST Af 5 f r if81 Ave Sm Tesong Mets.19?I.
seeuw Suedoest Neet? prewmed et Amee.cas el R ( (eillsg med Asenenette. lem Angeles, f*tes tw venuleskm ( ungeotted Fwee, gadg Ce if 1942 bl si
h Elle f
auq tin.in Nain at A5the E 136 - 79 i
518H N D instuus of ( bem tel t ageneers t uns he.enison nea. Vof 4, No 1 Symp eiium, Novemt.es 19 71. rbdedelpbes, re leap lagtwe3.5 II. "The ll..e Sinem less e e l'..e (yo; f rowlev,9 et at."Tese Fecduwstar Edesserwg ce t ue-T e,seg reon edwee." $way..#.a... # 6, the finerme e 't pemme of k4sseriale se the live Tea ain4.ds if MJL dif &# TTr ted. Ara S.n I e.no unei e n
- ef t,ams as ban.
i aeg Mein.In t.pp 37 es Standard Test Method for s.,,, f-re..a u r.
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DEHAVIDH OF MATERIALS IN A VEHTICAL TUDE ra, 4.
- a..
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FURNACE AT 750*C' r
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Jh. reaoJ ene 6,,. rr *.,Jfe..e h ege=.e of,4, in,p.e,.a.,.e of Ibfe..e mJ p.e sure.g e..se 1% D smJe a eif Ve. (b ie.s e.d %c &.ds the inp of the annuler spate between the tubes I Scape and passes to the bottoen of the inner tube Time I I lhes enethod w*ers the deternunatum outes tube rests no e ve rsuncy tuneom and the e
undet speenfied fehoretory umdnums of com, innee tube tests on thete spacet bimbs so es to bestion thesectenstics of building meiensis it afford a total opening unider the enner tube is not sniended to apply to leminated or weied etluel to of gecoter then thet of the annular metenets The refractory tuitiom pleie has e ee-i 2 Thu stanJ,4 s4,idJ 6e uscJ eo meam,,
space Eno'* hit plug for tieemng and Jeu rebe sheper.perrers of materiale, products.
3 5 2 Transraren8 Co'er A te ensparent er assem6tres m rerponse so Aces omd/fanie under mver of heat scstating glass or other transper.
controlleJ iaborosory condneens and AostJ n,,
ens metenal shall be provided over the top of
&c wirJ re Jewr:6e or appresse sAe/ Ire Aarord,,
the sneer tube with e I in (25-enm) equere fire ruA cf materials. pre.Am ts or on,em61.cs under ersvalfere condenons (fo.rever, remtre of opening over the esis of the tubes This co s44: ters may he asied as elements of a fire rise ensy be in two movsble parts 3 3 3 Dennetaf es or other temperature-f enetement she 4 toAes aneo account all of #Ar measuring devotes. pttlevet.ly automatically ee.
farfore m Asa A are pertmens so an assessmens of medmg. shall be gwovided, one for the air in ahefere AararJ cf a portander endose the lower part of the inner tube, another on the
- 2. Signifkance anJ llte speusnen in the appeuumete tensee of the spate, and a thnJ withm the interms of el.c 2 I While eviust buildmg fire espmuse wn.
dissons are esos dupletated. thu method wilg spessmen A thermoumple.T., may be pro-vided. af desired. in the regum of the heating assist m mJneting tiuvse metenets which do
(*nts for bettes ee5ulatum of the temperature i4 not ett to and mmbusteem or odd appecueble the eis in the fuenete spese Thermma.uples T, hest to en ambient fire and Toshall have a name umstant (time to scath 12 Meierials possing ibe ecse ese permuted 612 'In of the furnese sit temperaiute ul 1382* F hmeted flaming and inhcs mdnstums of wm.
(750*C)) of 3 to 10 s busium N.. i t t I f gn.we,Jed n.<ietta shee. bed itses 1APF8"'
no..euples of 4. sun, Jeemeso tieve been fo.nJ so eneet the teme uenene e.qene.nenes 1 i I he appassius, as shna n in i og 1. shall umme pnmerity of the followmg
) I i #rfr.m tur y Tube Iwo f u en 1234 enmil.mg.timtentest, vel:4uory tubes, I and 4 in t76 and ill2 mmt in inside $smetes. moth t wo,,,,s.
,..u,,,6,,,,,,.a.,,. a s s u
.aa* I sa.6ae h h'^
eies vertnet. and enh heat applied by clestnc t = = = w.
op,.n e4 e m.= li ev',s twhh.hed 4.
heating 4 oils outside ot the tergee tube A um-g,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
,,,,,, g,,,,,,,3 g g, teolled slow ol sie h edsnused te"6'"*tly nees
,o eem n (g k i