ML19207B580

Draft Suppl to Fes

ML19207B580
Person / Time
Site:	Palisades, Crane
Issue date:	11/30/1976
From:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
To:
References
NUREG-0125, NUREG-125, NUDOCS 7909040104
Download: ML19207B580 (50)

Text

N U R EG-0125 Draft Addendum to the 7hl@

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BL3!ER1BI4 related to operation of PA;_lSADES MUC;_ EAR GENERATING P:_ ANT CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY N OVEM BER 1976

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NUREG-0125 DRAFT AnDENDUM To THE FINAL ENVIRO:P.' ENTAL STATEMENT PELATED To OPERATION OF PALISADES NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANT CONSUMERS POWER COMPANY Docket No. 50-255 November 1976 0FFICE OF NUCLEAR REACTOR REFULATION UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Washington, D.C.

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TABL E OF CONTENTS PaSR

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS.

ii LIST OF FIGURES.

iv LIST OF TAELES.

v FOREWORD.

Si 1.

INTRODUCTION.

1-1 1.1 Application for iull-Term Operating License.

1-1 1.2 Applications and 1pprovals.

1-1

1.3 Purpose and Scope

of this Addendum 1-1 2.

THE SITE AND RELATED MONITORING RESULTi.

2-1 2.1 Regional Demography 2-1 2.2 Site Ecology and Environs.

2-1 3.

FLANT MJDIFICATIONS.

3-1 3.1 Condenser Cooling System.

3-1 3.2 Chemical Treatrent System Modifications.

3-1 3.3 Radioactive Waste Syster' 3-4 4

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF CONSTRUCTION CF PLANT MODIFICATIONS.

4-1 4.1 Envircnmental Irract of Cooling Tower Construction Activities.

4-1 5.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PLANT OPERATI0d.

5-1 5.1 Ir. pact on Land-Use.

5-1 5.2 IcTact on Water Use.

5-1 5.3 Environmental Impact (Nonradiological).

5-1 5.4 Padiological Irtpact.

5-3 5.5 Environmental Effects of the Uranium fuel Cycle.

5-15 6.

ENVIRONMENTAL I;LA' 5REMUiTS AND MUNITORING.

6-1 6.1 Chemical Effltent Monitoring.

6-1 6.2 Aquatic Monitc-ing.

6-1 6.3 Terrestrial Monitoring.

6-1 6.4 Jeteorological Monitoring.

6-2 6.5 Padiological Manitoring.

6-3 7

kEED FCR ADDITIONAL PCWEP FROM UPRATING.

7-1 7.1 Description of the Systen.

7-1 7.2 Need for Base-Load Generating Capacity.

7-1 8.

EVALUATION OF THE FROPOSED ACTION.

8-1 8.1 Adverse Ef fects Which Cannot Be Avoided.

8-i 8.2 Snort-Term Uses and Long-Term Froductivity.

8-1 8.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Comnitnents of Resources.

8-1 8.4 Deconqissioning and Land Use.

8-1 9.

EENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS.

9-1 9.1 Cost of Alternative Sources of Base-Load Capacity.

9-1 0.2 Other Benefits.

9-2 9.3 Suneary of Benefit-Cost.

9-2 APPENDIX A - Conr;ents on Draf t Adderdum to the Final Ens ronmental Statement.

A-1 AprENDIX B Procedure for Upper-Ecund Estimates.

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SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS This addendum was prepared by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation (the staff) in accordance with 10 CFR 51.23.

The staff's basic evaluation is pre-sented in the Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Palisades Nuclear Generating

_Pl a n t (FES) issued in June 1972. New infonnation and changes in staf f evaluation or plant

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design are addressed in this addendum.

l.

This action is administrative.

2.

The proposed action is issuance of a full-term operating license at an increased power level to Consumtes Power Company for operation of Palisades Nuclear Power Plant U..it Na,1 (the plant), Docket No. 50-255.

The plant is presently operating under Provisional Operating License No. DPP-20 and amendments thereto.

The plant, located on Lake Michigan in Vin Buren County, Michigan, uses a pressurized water reactor to presently produce about 2200 megawatts thermal (MWt) to generate a net electrical output of 686 megawatts electrical (MWe). Under the proposed cction, the plant will operate under 2638 MWT and 7E6 MWe, The steam condenser for the turbine will be cooled by water circulated through mechanicel-draft cooling towers. Make-up water for the cooling towers w;11 be taken from Lake Michigan, and the tower blowdown will be discharged into Lake Michigan.

3.

Surrary of environnental impacts and adverse environmenta! effects:

d.

Ihe modified cooling systen, utilizing nechanical-eraf t cooling towers, significantly reduces anount of lake water drawn into o/d discharged from the plant; thus, impinge-ment, entrainment, and thermal ef fects on aquatic biota are reduced. No significant adverse effects are expected.

b.

The modified radwaste system reduces radiological releases from the plant, c.

The power increase to 2638 MWt will not have a significant irpact on man or biota.

d.

Operation of the plant under the provisional operating license appears to have caused no environmental impacts no e scrious than those predicted in the FES. These are sunnarized in iten 3 of the F ES Sumnary and Conclusions.

4.

The following Federal, State and local agencies have been requested to conrent on the Draft of this addendum:

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation Department of Agriculture Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers Department of Commerce Departeent of Health, Education and Welfare Department of Interior Department of Transporation Environmental Protection Agency Federal Energy Administration Federal Power Connission State of Michigan Departrent of Natural Resources State of Michigan nepartment of Public Health Covert Township Supervisor 5.

This addendum was made available to the public, to the Council on Environmental Quality, and to other specified agencies in Noverter 1976.

6.

On the basis of the analysis and evaluation set forth in this addendum, and after weighing tre envitsncental, economic, technical and other benefits of the plant against environmental costs and considering available alternatives, it is concluded that the action called for

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under NEPA and 10 CFR Part 51, is the issuance of a full-term operating license for the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant at a power level of 2638 PWt, subject to the following conditions for the protection of the environment:

(A) License Conditions:

(1) Before engaging in an operational activity not evaluated by the Commission, the applicant shall prepare and record an environmental evaluation of such activity.

When the evaluation indicates that such activity may result in a significant adverse environmental impact that was not evaluated, or that is significantly greater than that evaluated in the FES as supplemented by '.his addendum, the applicant shall provide a written evaluation of such activities and cbtain prior approval of the Director, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation for the activities.

(2) If unexpected harmful effects or evidences of serious damage are detected during plant operation, the applicant shall provide to the staff an acceptable analysis of the problem and a plan of action te eliminate or significantly redace the hannful ef fects.

(3) The applicant shall follow the precautions, for transmission right-of-way maintenance, prescribed in Section 5.3.3.4 of this addendum and the recommendations, for grounding objects bcreath the 345-kv line, in the same section.

(B) Technical Specification Requirenents:

The present environmental techaical specifications shall be expanded to include the envirorrental monitoring programs recommended in Section 6 of this addendum.

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LIST OF FIGURER D

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2-1 h tne,. Sound Pressure Level Survey Sampling Locations.

2-12 3-1 Palisades Nuclear Plant.

3-2 3-2 Palisades Plant Closed Cycle Coaling Syrtem.

3-3 5-1 Exposure Pathways to Biota Other Thn Man.

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LIST OF TABLES Table Pa9e 2.1 Significant Changes in Eenthic Population.

2-4 2.2 Total Number of Fish Collected from Traveling Screens fran 23 January 1972 to 25 October 1973.

2-7 2.3 Maximum Concentration in Parts per Million of Chemicals in Circulating Water Discharge Canal.

2 '9 2.4 Ambient Sound Pressure Levels at and Eeyond Site Boundary on 3/17/75.

2-13 2.5 Comparison of Ambient Sound Press ;re Lesels in Two Site Surveys.

2-13 2.6 Radioactivity Releases in Liquid and Gaseous Effluents During Power Operation.

2-14 a.1 Principal Parameters and Conditions Used in Calculating Releases of Radioactive Material in Liquid and Gaseous Effluents from Palisades Nuclear Plant.

3-5 3.2 Calculated Releases of Radioactive Materials in Liquid Effluents from Palisades Nuclemr Statio 3-6 3.3 Calculated Releases of Radioactive Materials in Gaseous Ef fluents from Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant.

3-7 5.1 Chlorine Toxicity - Fresh W3ters.

5-lb b.l.a Operational Sound Level Surveys.

5-3 5.2 Operativ.,al Sound Les is at Ecundary and Offsite Locations.

5-4 5.3 Actual and Forecast Tax Payments on the Palisades Plant by Consumers Power Company to Covert Township - 1972 through 1980.

5-7 5.4 Freshwater Bioactu ulation Factors 5-10 5.5 Annual Integrated Cose to U.S. Population.

5-12 5.6 Ornary of Annual Doses to the U.S. Population.

5-13 5.7 Environmental Impact of Transportation of Fuel and Waste to and fron One Light-Water-Cooled Nuclear Power Peactor.

5-14 5.8 Sunmary of Environrental Considerations for Uranium Fuel Cycle.

5-16 7.1 Historic and Projected Etak Loads and Generation Requirements 19E S-1980.

7-2 9.1 Fuel and Operation and Maintenance Costs for Apolicant's Ease load Unit-9-1 h

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FOREWOPD This addendum was prepared by the U.S. Nuclear Pequlatory Connission, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, in accordance with the Connission's rcgulation, 10 CFR Part 51, which impler ents tne requirerents of the National Environmental Policy Act of 1963 (NEPA).

The f, EPA states, among other things, that it is the continuing responsibility of tne Federal Governnent to use all practicable reans, consistent with other essential considerations of national policy, to improve and coordinate Federal plans, functions, proarams, and resources to the end that the Nation may:

Fulfill the responsibilities of each generation as trustee of the environnent for succeeding generations.

Assure for all Americans safe, healthful, productive, and aesthetically and culturally pleasing surroundings.

Attain the widest r**ge of beneficial uses of the environrent without degradation, risk to health or saf;sy other undesirable and unintendad consequences.

'r Preserve impcetant histor c, cultural, and natural aspects of our nat'onal heritage, i

and maintain, wherever pos.ible, an environrent which supports diversity and variety of individual choice.

Achis ve a balance between population and resu cce use which will pen,it high standards of 1.ving and a wide sharing of life's a enities.

Enhar;e the gaality of renewable resources and approach the maximun attainable recyclinq of

'etable resources.

Further, with respect to rajor Federal dCtions sicnificantly affecting the quality of the human environrent, Section lC2(2)(C) of the NEPA calls for preparation of a detailed statement on:

(4)

• ne environnental irpact of the preposed action.

(ii) any adverse environrental ef fects which cannot te avoided shcu'd the proposal be implerented, (iii) alternative; to the proposed action, (iv) the relationship between local short-term uses of man's environ ent and the raintenance and enhanterent of long-tern productivity, and (v) any irreversible and irretrievable corritrents of reso;rces which would be involved in the proposed action should it be imple-ented.

An environmental report accorpanies each application for a construction pen,it or a full-power operating license. A public announcement of the availability of the report is made. Any com-rents by interested persons on the report are considered by the staff. In conducting the required NEPA review, the staff reets with the applicant to oiscuss iters of inforration in the environrental report, to seek new information from the applicant that nicht be needed for an adequate assessnent, and generally to ensure that the staff ha; a thorough.nderstanding of the proposed project. In addition, the staff seeks inforr:ation from other sources that will assist in the evaluation, and visits and inspects the project site and surrounding vicinity. Ve-bers of the staf f ray reet with State and local officials who are charged witn proter ting State and local interests. On the basis of all the foregoing and other such activities or inquiries as are deered useful and appropriate, the staff nakes an independent assessment of the considerations specified in Section 102(2)(C) of the NEPA and 10 CFR 51.

This evaluation leads to the publication of a draf t environnental statement, prepared by the Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, which is then circulated to Federal, State, and local r \\ c, -

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goverreent agencies f or corrent. A sunriary notice is published in the fede al Register of the availability of the applicant's enviror. mental report and the draft environnental staterent.

Interested persons are also invited to corrent on the draf t statement. Corr:ents should be addressed to the Director Divisiun of Reactor Licensing, at the address shown in the last paragraph of this Foreword.

Af ter receipt and consideration of comments on the draf t statenent, the staff prepares final environmental statement, which includes a discussion of questions and objections raised by the co< rents and the disposition thereof; a final Lenefit-cost analysis, which considers and balances the environmental effects of the facility ar.d the alternatives available for reducing or avoiding adverse environnental effects with the environrental, economic, technical, and other benefits of the facility; and a conclu! ion as to whether--after the environmental, econonic, technical, and other Lenefits ar e weighed against environmental costs and af ter available alternatives have been considereJ, the action called for, with respect to environtental issues, is the issuance or denial of tFe proposed permit er license, or its appropriate conditioning to protect environ-mental values.

It e Final Environr: ental Staterert Related to Op~eration of the Palisades Naclear Generatiro Plart

[th'e IEsl wa s is sued in June 19/2.

In SepterterlM2 the Provisional Operating License for Palisades (Crp-20) was issued. On January 22, 1974, Consumers Power Cor'pany requested conversion of CPR-20 to a f ull-Tern Operating license and applied for an increase in naxirun authorized steady-state core power level f ron 2200 reg 3 watts therrna! (MWt) to 2638 MWt.

This addendfi supplements the FES by addressing new information and changes in staff evaluation or plant design.

The FES and this addendo togetter constitute the environmental impact staterent for the license conversion and power increase, satisfying the requirements of 10 CFR 351.5.

Effective January 19, 1975, activ. ties under the U.S. Atonic Energy Cornission regulatory program were assur ed by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Corrission in accor13nce with the Energy Reorganiza-tion Act of 1974, Any ref erences to the Atomic Energy Comission (AEC) contained herein should be interpreted as haclear Regulate y Corrissicn N C).

Single copies of this adder.dum nay t.e obtained f rom and corrents should be addressed to the Office of '.uclear Reactor Pegulation, Nuclear Regulatory to nission, Washington, D.C. 20555. If there are any questions regarding the contents of this addendum, tne *.RC Environrental Project Manager, Lc P. C. Cota, r ay te contacted (301-443-050).

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INTRODUCTION 1.1 APPLICATION FOR FULL-TERM CPERATING LICENSE On January 22, 1974, Ccnsumers Fewer Company (the applicant) requested conversion of Provisir I

Operating License No. DPR-20 for Palisades N; clear Power Plant Unit No. I to a Full-Ten, 0 ing License (FTOL). At the sare time, the applicant arplied for an increase in r:aximum aut ;ized steady-state core power level to 2638 regawatts thermal (MWt).

1.2 APPLICATIONS AND APPROVALS Since issuance of the Final Environmental Stater ent Related to _ Operation of Palisades Nuclear GNT y r 3_t ir3_P l arLt (FES) in June 1972, several applications have teen filed by the applicant.

?ollowing is a history of these applications and approvals received.

Fermit Status Provisionai Operating License Issued on 9/1/72, amended (U.S. Nucle 3r Regulatory Cennission) 16 times thereafter.

Full-Term Opera ting License (US'6C)

Pending Building Fenr.it fcr Cooling Towers Issued (Covert Township)

National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System Pennit Issued 8/2/76 (Michigan Departcent of Natural Resources)

Fermit to Place Offshore Riprap rending (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers) 1.3 FURiCSE AND SC0FE OF THIS AJDENDLM The FES analyses of radiological impact, need for power, and alternatives assure a rated power of 2200 MWt (corresponding to an electric output of approximately 700 MWe). The applicant seeks to operate the plant at up to 2633 PWt, corresponding to an incraase of 100 MW in electric power output. This addendum revises those portions of the FES that do not reflect the increased power levels.

As three years have elapsed since publication of the FES, thi3 addendum also considers infornation not available when the FE' was prepared, and revises the analyses as appropriate.

Based on the revised analvses in this addendum, appropriate agency action is recorrended.

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THE SITE AND RELATED MONITORING RESULTS R E SL'ME The staf f has revisited the site to deternire if there have been any significant changes at the Palisades site which would alter the staff's evaluation presented in the FES. New land use infonaation and monitoring results have been evaluated by the staff since issuance of the FES and are addressed in this addendum. Otherwise, the Section II discussion in the FES is still valid.

Due to the limited operation of the plant thus f ar, data gathered in the environmental monitoring program have been insufficient to establish whether adverse impacts would have resulted fran operation nf the plant. Results of monitoring that has been conducted are discussed in this section.

2.1 REGIONAL DEMOCRAPHY The sections in the FES pertinent to regional demography are comple'.e and require no additions or changes.

2.2 SITE ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONS 2.2.1 Aguatic Biota This section summarizes the results of the monitoring programs conducted during the time that the plant was operating with once-through cooling. The results cf the pre-operational sampling which was conducted fron 1968 to 1971 are conpared with datu obtained during the operational years 1972 and 1973. Fredictions were nade in the FESI concerning the results of operational monitoring p rog rams. Dif ferences in environmental ef fects fro:n those predicted in the FES are evaluated.

Preoper0tional lake studies were begun in May 1968 and conducted four tines a year (May, June, August and Octcber) until Octoher 1971. Lake sampling was conducted twice in 1972 (June and October), but was returned to preoperational frequencies in 1973. Sampling was conducted during June and August in 1974. An 2ditional survey was scheduled for October 1974, but was abandoned due to adverse lake conditions Surveys relating to plant operation were conducted more frequently during the period of once-through cooling. The overall biological sampling station grid is shown in Figure V-4 of the FES.

The primary biological parameters neasured during the study were benthos diversity and density; plankton species density, productivity and nortality; fish abundance by species; and impingement on the traveling screens of the power p' ant.

Studies were also rade of psarrolittoral organisms inhabiting the shoreline and periphyton growth on artificial substrates.

Plant operation was not continuous nor at log; power during the operational mcnitoring programs.

The applicant sunmarized the work at the plant in "Suonary of the Effects of Once-Through Cooling at the r'alisades Nuclear Power Plant."

Additional data were provided in the Environuental Report for the Full-Term Operating License,$ Progress Reports on Pre-Operational Biological Studies of Lake Michigan in Connection with Consumers Power Corpany Palisades Plant near South Haven, Michigan,' and Semiannual Operating Reports 4 - 8.5-13 flyloplankton Phytoplankton standing Crop was sar pled throughout the study period by deterr:ining packed cell volume (PCV). The average packed cell solumes fron 1968 through 1974 showed substantial varia-tions. Even Lefere station operation, in August 1968 and May 1971, significant differences in standing crcp already had occurred between the Palisades and control sarpling stations. Powever, overall seasonal trends were similar at the Palisades and the control stations. Variations of FCV at both control and heated plume stations increased as the average PCV increased. Spatial and temporal variations in t CV were such that they could not be attributed to plant operation.

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The phytcplankton co" position was dominated by diatoes. Blue-green and creen algae were not abundant. Tatellaria, Asterionella, f ragilaria, Cyclotella, Pelosira, and Synedra, were dor:inant qenera at ciHiWcr another. Other corvTcnl) occurring genera were N_1vicula,]Tgosolqnia, Scenedesr.us, Pediastrum Dinobryco, and Oscillatoria.

Collections of phytoplankton were rade at the intake and discharge tc detern17e entrainment effects. Felative photosynthetic rates were reasured by the C h rethod. Fifty-two sets of experirents were perforced on 25 separate occasions from May 24, 1972 to August 27, 1973.

The effects of condenser pissage on productivity rate were highiv variable. In rany instances productivity increased af ter passage. However, if the samples ars analyzed collectively for the entire study period productivity decreased 33" in the heated discharges and 18s in the nonneated discharges. Large decreases in photosynthetic activity and no increases were seen during surrer nonths when the discharge terperature exceeded 90 F.

The Palisades FES predicted that shif t' in phytoplankton species composition to undesirable blue-green algae were unlibely. Subsequent monitoring bears this out and only occasional and ninor changes in SEecies corposition were seen in the discharge canal sar ples. The same aroups were dominant at contrcl and discharge stations.

De FES further predicted that a srall percentage of cells would be killed by rechanical danige during plant passage and that photosynthesis would be decreased during ar.bient terperatures. As indicated above approxirately 18 of the phytoplankton were killed by mechanical damage during plant passage. Redxtions in photosynthetic activity were coercn in the discharqe canal during t h e s u"une r.

In sumary, the results of the ronitoring program verify the FE5 prediction that distribution, aturdance, and productivity of the phytcplankton of Lake Michigan wnuld suffer no significant impic t tecause of the once-through operation of the Palisades Plant.

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Periphyten sampler' were installed in 15 f t of water at the north and south boundaries of the plant and cpposite the outfall. Crcath rate of periphyton was low ranqing fron 0.1 to 5.33 ; q/cn / day during 1970 to 1971. Little relevant infornatico resulted from the study because J

natural hard substrates are unconron near the site. Hard surfaces are provided by the intake and outfall structures. This study was terminated tefore plant operation because of the difficulty in raintaining and retrieving the sa plers.

Attached Sloae and Pooted Aquatics The lake botton near the plant was surveyed for attached algae and rooted aquatics in Octcber 1972, and Septer t;er and Octeter 1973. Surveys were corducted by divers swirrir) transects perperdicular to the shoreline.

No algae or rooted plants c e observed on the substrate. The site area is predoninatt;ly sandy gravel which is too unstable to allow plaats to attach and root. Large arounts of free-floatinq filarentous algae tecare entangled in the seine nets during June 1971 and in qill cets during Auqust 1971. However, on both occasions it was apparent that the raterial did not oriqinate in the plant vicinity.

No irrpact of once-through cooling on filrentous algae was predicted in the FES. However, it was indicated that plant induced patterns of water circulation could cror:ote accumulations ci rasses of detached filamentous algae, rinarily Cladogbra, on nearby beaches. No larqe accurelations were noted during shoreline surveys, looplankton Field samples of zooplankton were taken concurrently with the phytoplankton samples. Zooplankton were collected fron depths of 15 to 5 feet and filtered through a $25 plankton net.

The rost abundant grcups were the cyclopoid and calanoid copepods and the Bosnina cladocerans.

Cosnina was particularly dominant in the sunrer Ponths. Other dominant cladocerans were Diaptorus, ITenocalanus, Asplanchna and Daphnia.

Population densities of the various aroups fluctuated little fron year to year. Zooplankton density typically increased in the fall and spring. Zooplankton density was greater in June 1974 than in June of the previous two years.

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Samples were collected from the intake and citfall to determine passage nortliity. The intake bay was sarpled and approximatly 90 seconds later the discharge was sarpled. It was assumed that the intale and discharce samples represented the same water raass. Sarpling consisted of pouring 50 to 200 quarts of water f rom the intake or discharge thrcuch a n10 resh Wisconsin plarkton net while the net was subrerged in a bucket of water. The zooplankton were incubated for 4-1/2 hour' at the intake terperature.

Staining was used to distinguish live from dead organisms. Ratios were then calculated for live to dead organisms at the intake and at the discharge locations.

Entrainrent mortalities were determined for dominant groups of zooplankton organisms. Large variations are usuilly encountered when c'nocting this type of sarpling. Plankton patchiness, sa"pling variability, mortality errors, and many other factors allow only qross estimates.

Calanoid copepods experienced an average cortality of 151, of which approxirately 6 was due to rechanical effects. Cyclcpoid copepods had an average nortality of 7 of which 6. was due to rechanical effects. The cladoceran Bosnine had an entrainnent rortality of 61, which was prirarily fro"1 rechanical damage. Rotifers suffered 12 rortality of which mcre than half was nech3nical danage. Discharge teneratures exceeding 90^F ctuse rearly 100 mortality, indicating that this is the upper lethal terperature level for entrained zoonlankton.

Analytically valid compariscns between the field srpling and the entrairrent mortality data are impossible tecause sampline schedules were not coordinated, dif ferent mesh net sizes were used.

and different depths were sa~ pled.

The population densitics of Bosnina and the rotifers were different in the two studies. Both craanisms were nore abundant i~n th-field sarples than in the intake samples It appears that the difference was caused by a variation in density with depth.

The FES for Palisades indicc*.ed that possibly about 30 cf the zooplankton would be killed by passage throu@ the power,lant.

The ronitoring progran indicated that 1:ss than 15 were killed. The renitoring study. however, did not examne any ef fects more than 4.5 hours5.787037e-5 days <br />0.00139 hours <br />8.267196e-6 weeks <br />1.9025e-6 months <br /> af ter passage. Portality after two or three days could be greater.

The FES stated that changes ir species corpcsition were possible if ;here were selectively areater r ortality to sore forrs, particularly the larger species. As previously stated, the field and entrainment studies are not corparable so this questian cannot te answered definitively. Over-all, ho c ver, the FES considered the impact on zocplankton in Lake "ichigan to te insignificant.

Information developed by the ronitorin? progran dces not indicate otFersise.

Psarolittoral Croanisrs The study of osarrolittoral organisms (those living at the water's edge) n3s undertaken in June and Octoter, i972 and 1973. Nine cores, three taken an shore 'ao feet a h o the waterline, t r.re e at the watorline, and three at tno foot water depth, were t3 ken at each of tre 12 stations situated along the beach north and south of the plant discharge. Total ccunts of org3nis s indicated greatest abundance in the cores taken f ro-above the 9,aterline. The highest cnr ts were in June 1972 and October 1973. The darirant organisirs which could t;e identified were fiators, other algie, protozo3ns, rotifers, oligochaetes and recatodes Corparison of croanis density at the various stations did not reveal anj relationsSips with distance r& the plant or eny plant f

related abnorral variability.

Eenthos Seples of the uotton f aun were obtained by reans of a 0.54 f t-Fcnar arab.

Peplicate sa ples were taken at each -tation on the fixed sa pling grid (Figure V - cf the FES).

Initially, six sarples were taken at each station, tut this was reLced to three in 1:59, #en statistically iustified on the tasis of population means and diversity.

Samples vere taken four tires a year (Pay, June, August and Octater) fro-190 thrc a 1971.

AdJitional staticns were included at the 20- and 10-foot depths north and south of tne plant and at the north and south controls as a result of rcco-r.endations of the Ato"c Energy Comission.'

Sa pling occurred only in June and October in 1972 but previous frequencies were resu~ed in 1973.

The 1974 survey for benthos was smaller tnan the full scale surveys of previous years Only stations nhere changes in population densities had been found were sampled, and nnly those organisns insolved in the changes were studied.

The applicant sumrarized the fcur years of preoperational ccnditions in its fourth seriannual operating report.

The findings of the preoperational studies were in acree-ent with work cy 2-3

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other authors on the benthic organisms to be f ound in the shallower regions of Lake Michigan. !!~l '

four na;or groups of organisms encountered were: Chirononidae (midges), Sphaeriidae (fingernail clams), A.1phipods (scuds, represented by one species, Pont_op.opeia_ boy i), and Oligochaeta (sege-rented worms).

As the other groups of organisr:s were represented ty only a few individuals and were usually founJ infrequently, only the four groups were used in the nathe:"atical analysis of the data.

The inshom wave disturbed, areas were very sparsely pcpulated; the dominant organisms were nidles The midges in the study area were in the Subf amily Chironominae (Chironor:vs Cryp,to-chironomus and Cryptotendipes) with sut4 dominants in S.F. Orthocladinr.ae (Psectrotladius and heterotrissocladius and S.F. Tanypodinae (Procladius). Occasionally clans, snails, worns, leeches and a'phipods were also present.

The dor.inant genera within the nidges changed with depth; Chironomus was dominant to 15 f t.,

Chir opomus and Crytochironorus to-Jaminant to 30 f t. and the latter to 50 ft.

Ceyond this depth, Frodian e;e Froc Gdius a'n'd Heterotrissocladius were dominant to 93 f t.

Samples taben from deeper water show the depth dependence of the other organisms. The cla-s, repre:ented by Pisidium and Sp&riuri and an amphipod, Pontopor_e_ia hoyi_ becar:e r. ore numerous with increasing depth.

P.

i hol was co-doninant with the worrs at the deepest stations sampled.

Seasonal fluctuations in tha benthic pepulations were found at all stations. ho definite trend was evident for any specific group based on total counts, average nur bers per square f oot, or diversity indices. Diversity indices for the whole stud / area ranjed between 0.189 for Station A-1 in October 1971, to 2.2E6 at the :ame station in June 1969, indicating a fcirly u-diversified benthic population typical of sandy sediments which are norN lly low in produttivity. The lcw Values Csuld alSo be caused by large numbers of one group in the population. T ht indices did rot necessarily increase with depth nor were they all greatest in June or in October.

A novel statistical a; proach was used to cunpare pre-operational conditions to opera cional cor.di-tions. The method uses " control charts", in combination with bivariate distributions.' The bivariate di tribution uses the data f ror; areas cutside tr e irredi?te influence of the dischar ge to cancel the ef M or normal population variations. Operational results are plotted on the bivariate control char'_s to compare the densities and bionass of the four major tenthic groups and the total divers.ty of all organise.s to these parameters befo, lant start p.

lte control char ts are tsised on the premise that four years of baseline surveys adequately descrite the biolcaical variability of the benthos. The mcntM of Jur.e ar,d October _f or the years 1968 through 1974 were used f or the cccpariscos As noted r.reviously, the distrit;ution of centhos in the lake is significantly depth dependent.

Thus, only stations at similar depths were used as contro! and "affected" stations in the analysis.

The control charts indicated that many stations may have been af fected by the thermal discharge.

Table 2.1 sucrarizes the significant changes in density ard diversity as shown by the bivariate control charts. Little correlation is shown tetween the nur.ber of stations affected and the distante f rom the discharge. If the discharge was directly related to tre co"nunity changes, the nunber of stations af fected shuuld increase as the distance f rom the discharge decreased. It should be noted that only f our 5-o ile stations were sampled and changes occurred at all of trem even though the plure normally would not exteno that far and tnat deep ( 50 f t).

TABLE 2-12 S;rMIFICANT CHANGES IN BENTHIC POPULATION Un ber of Stations with bistance from Significant Char,qes in Total No.

Di sc ha r":e Ml ep Ine Eenthic Population of Stations

>b 3

4 5

4 4

2 6

6 1

5 6

0.5 6

7 24 m '.f M

• stso

The contral chart method detected significant changes in the banthos that further investigation proved to be due to unusually wide natural variations. This fact demonstrates the invalidity of the major premise that the four years of baseline surveys adequately describe the natural vari-ability. The benthos in the lake are is a continuous state of change and alteration even under conditions free of man-induced environc. ental stress. This extrene variability has also been found at the Cook Plant about 30 miles south of Palisades. Investigators there estinated that the ratio of average population at the inner stations (near the discharge) to the average of the control station! would have to change by a factor greater than 5 to be attributable to plant operation. h Some changes were noted in the innediate distnarge area. These decreases were believed to have resulted from silt deposition during construction and initial plume scour rather than increased temperature alone.

The FES predicted that af f ects on benthic invertebrates from therral discharges and plume scouring would be localized in tne irrediate area of E'e outf all and would have negligible impact on the overall benthic populations.

The conclusion of the benthic sampling p; 3 ram is that few direct discernible thermal effects were detected in the sampled conrunities. Scre significant increases and decreases have cccurred in sone major groups but they are not concentrated in the discharge area and prob 3bly are attrib-utable to the general instability of the benthic corrunities in this region.

Fish The Michig3n Departrent of Natural Resources conducted preoperational surveys of the fish stocks in Lake Michigan near the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant beginning in the sunrer of 1964 until October 1973. These surveys continued when the plant was operational. Corparative da.a fron within and outside the heated discharge plume were obtained only five tlmes; incluaing only two at 1001 powcr.

A total of forty species of fish were captured using gill net, seine, and trawl techniques The dominant species in the gill nr+ catch were alewives (53.2 percent) and perch (40.0 percent).

The seine catch was doninated b.

alewives, spottail shiners, longnose dace, and trout-perch, ard the trawl catch by smelt (shallow zones) and bloaters (deeper zones).

Gill net catches of perch and alewives, tr e two ncst numerous species, were compared statisti-cally for the periods before and after plant startup. No significant aifference could be denon-strated at the 90 percent level of ccnfidence. In an attempt to determine the effect of the thermal plu e en species distribution, a paried

't' test was usec to corpare catches of the four r=ost numerous species caujht both in and out of the plu"e.

No sig. 'ficant dif ferenco: enuld te demonstrated. Species tested were yellow perch, alewife, longrcse s. ker, and white sucker.

Seine catches of spottail shiners, Icngnose dace, and trout-perch were e so statistically (paired

't' test) cor pared to detertire if a change in the inshore populations had occurred following the introduction of the thernal discharge in 1972. No significant differences were found in the mean catches. Ch3nges in catch had cccurred, but variability was such that a change of 50 to 60 percent was required in order to be sigaificant.

Sre.t. alewife, dnd trout-perch domin3ted the trawl cat:5es; however, the data were not suffic + t for the results to be related directly to plant operation.

The spawnir; period for approximately 1/3 of the perch collected in gill nets

'n the vicinity of the plant in 1973 appeared to have been advanced by as much as three to four weeks, f rom the normal early-June period, to nid-May.

It was suggested that this advanced spawnira period was a reflection of the warr.er spring water temperatures due to the therral discharge f rom the plant.

hcwever, sr ple sizes for all years w(re very small and May sa~ples were not collected in 1971 and 1972. The 17 fish which had spawned in May 1973 nay not be representative of the uverall population and could hcve core from inshore areas where spawning is known to occur earlier.

Wells (1973) in nis collections of fry in 1972 along the roarshore waters of southeestern Lake Michigan found perch fry as early as May 6.

He indicated that these fry came from perch which had spawned earlier in the tributaries to Lake Michigan. He postulated that fry collected iorth of the Palisades site nay have core fron early spawning in the nearby Kalrnazoo River. The spawned fish at Palisades, therefore, may have been fish which had spawned in inshore tributaries rather than in the thermal plume.

Sa~ples of salmonids taken in and out of the plune indicated that lake trout and bronn trout ray have been attracted to the plume, whereas salncn were not.

Samp13 numbers, however, were very sna11. Due to the seasonal nature of the sampling progran, the presence or absence of fish species bet-een late October and early May was not coritored.

2-5 m

(3m 4

' / cs

Water temperatures alnng the beach, as monitored by the Michigan Departrent of Natural Resources Nring their seining operations over the six year period, were not noticeably greater during plant operation in 1972. Data indicate that all 1972 seinirg temperatures were equalled or c/ceeded in preoperational years at comparable tires of the year. On the other hand, 1973 night-time temperature maximums along the t;each seining area did exceed previous maximums by C to 9'F (2.2" to 5' C).

Consun rs Power Surveys, Consurers Power Company fishery surveys during 1972 and 1973 included seine, trawl and gill net sampling.

Seining operations were performed at five areas along the shoreline. Seining operations at stations in heated water yielded consideraoly higher catches than at stations in nor-heated zrnes It was concluded that the warm discharge water attracted and concentrated aiewives, carp, spottail shiner, trout, sal un, and various centrachids. Large numbers of alewife, carp and spottail shiner were seen in the discharge canal. Fish left the discharge as tenerature pre-ferenda were exceeded.

Largest catches were obtained directly of f the discharge point, whenever there was a discharge, either heated or non-heated. Smelt and alewives were the prominent species. Tr.wls were at the 10-foot depth, under the direct influence of the plume. The largest trawl collections were obtained where the water was more turoid, indicating this nethod of fish collection may not have captured representative samples of the fish populations. Seining similarly inay not capture representa tive samples.

Additional gill net data were collected dJring 1973 from the general discharge area and the imrediate vicinity of tne discharge. The data were organized according to species caught and the water temperature a t the time of fishing. Nets set in different temperature ranges indicated that perch were tolerant of temperatures up to 90 F (32.3 C) and possibly higher. The range up to about 70-F (16-C) appeared to be the maximun tolerable limit f or the salmonios, which indicated a pref erente f or the 50' to 60'F (10' to 16~ C) range. The gill net data, together with seine and trawl data, indicate that rany fish species which normally occur in the a-ea of f the Palisades Plant inhabited the area of the discharge at some time during the year. The reason for the attraction of these fish to the discharge tray have been tenperature and/or current, but the attraction seemed definite.

The discharne, because of its attractiveness to fish, provided an active sport fishery during spring, early su:rer and f all. The effects of the plant on the life cyclcs of 16 important fish at the Palisades site are contained in the applicant's "Surrary of the Effect of Once-Through Cooling at the Palisades Nuclear Power Plant.

There were no indications that the plant operatica was having a detrimental influence on the local populations of th?se species.

Iginjement, Fish and crayfish impinged on the plant intake traveling screens have been monitored at least once per day since January 23, 1972. The basic procedure was to run the screens automatically every 12 hours1.388889e-4 days <br />0.00333 hours <br />1.984127e-5 weeks <br />4.566e-6 months <br /> and count the organisms that are washed of f the screens and sluiced into a collec-tion basket. Fish were identified, counted, and weighed.

Cetween January 23, 1972 and Octoter 25, 1973, a total of 653,890 fish were impinged. This nur ter of fish weighed approximately 43,806 lbs. Alewives made up 58.6 percent of the total; si Hy sculp:ns, 27.5 percent; spottail shiners 7.2 percent; and perch 4.2 percent. Fron June 30, 1973 to October 25, 1975, 3,508 crayfish were impinged, the largest number during any semiannual reporting period.

The total nurbers and percentages of each species and the periods of greatest impingement are shcwn in Table 2.2.

Few game fish were impinged: 158 salmonids, 553 coregonids, 7,633 smelt and 18 pike. Over 50 percent of the fish were physically damaged af ter inpingenent.2 Major impinger ent of adult alewives occurred in the sping and f all at the times of their s7asonal inshore-of f shore migrations. The slimy sculpin was the second most abundant fish impinged on the traveling screens. The rip-rap around the base of the intake crib provided good habitat which nay account for the presence of these fish on the screens. Very few sculpins were taken by seine, trawl or gill net.

The peak abundance during March, April and May is probably related to their inshore spring spawning period.

The Palisades FES prediction that spottail shiner would be impinged because of its normal dis-tribution near the intake crib was verified. Peaks occurred during early spring and late fall.

2-6 g 4{

TAELE 2.22 TOTAL NUMCER OF CISH COLLECTED FROM TRAVELI'a SCREE',5 FFOM 23 JANUARY 1972 TO 25 OCTOBER 1973 TOTAL NUMBER PERICD GF SPECIES

(;)

GREATEST IMPINGEMENT Sea lampre/

1

(<1.0)

Gizzard sbad 9

(<1.0)

Ale,vife - young 42,565

( 6.5)

Octcber, 1972; Octcber, 1973

- adult 340,774 (52.1)

April, 1973 Cisco 3

(<l.0)

Steelhead 16

( 1.0)

Spring Coha sainon 26

( l.0)

May-June, 1972 and 1973 Chinock salmon 29

(.l.0)

June-Jul y,1973 (young)

Lake trout E6 g<l.0)

January-March, 1973 Lake whitefish 28

(-

J) f r:ust, 1973 Round whitefish 1

(<l.0)

Erewn trout 1

(<i.0)

Bloater 521

(<1 0)

May-August, 1972 and 1973 Srelt - voung 874

(<l.0)

June-August, 1973

- adult 6,759

( l.0)

April 'tay, 1373 Nortnern pike 18

(<l.0)

October, 1973 Central rudminnow 1

( 1.0)

Carp 17

(<l.0)

Winter Lonarose dace

(<l.C)

Spotfin shiner 1

(<l.0)

Spott3il shiner 46,897

( 7.2)

October ' ril, 1973; *Dec.(esp.'

Lake cLb 3

(<l.0)

River ch;b 2

( 1.0)

NJrthern redncese 1

(<1.01 White sucker 395

(<1.0)

"cce-ber-January, 1973 Loncrose sucker 1,294

(<l.0)

June, 1973 Chanrel catfish 163

(<l.0)

Cecerber-Janu3rf, 1973 r

< c '" 'i e s. 4 / i, -

2-7

TABLE 2.2 (Continued)

TOTAL NUMBER FERIOD Cf SPECIES (t)

GRE ATEST IMi>I'.GEMENT Yellow bullhead 2

(<1.0)

Black bullhud 76

( 1.0)

April-June, 1972 Trcut-perch 3,435

(-I 0)

April-June, 1973; May, 1972 Burbet 513

(<1.0)

Decer ber " arch, 1973 Nine-spine stic61r'uck 409

(<1.0)

April-June, 1972, 1973 Slin/ sculpin 130,303 (27.5)

March-April-May Rock t; ass 1

(- 1. 0)

Pumpkinseed 2

(<l.0)

Bluegill 5

(<l.0)

Perch - joun';

1,034

(<l.0)

Ucteter-Decerber, esp. Dec. 1972

- adult 27,433

( 4.1)

May-June, 1972, 1973 Logperch I

(-1.0)

Johnny darter 27

(<l.0)

May, 1972, 1973 Cowfin 54

(<l.0)

February-Pay, 1972 Total C53,890 e., t, y,' "-

E h

i 2-3

Assuming a t.niform fish density of 25 pounds / acre, the FES predicted that abaut 60,000 pounds of fish would te impinged per year.

In the screen nonitoring program the maximum 12 ronth period resulted in a ccllection of less than 37,000 pounds. However, during the three months of March, April and May about 2f;,000 pounds were impinged even though plant operation duriig this period was at slightly less than 100:

DurirJ c:uch of the rest of the year the plant operated at much less than full power, the nurters impinged during the rest of the year are extrapolated to i

full-power (tlow) operation, then the original estimate r;ay be a reasonable reaximum Entra!ruient of fish Ey;s and Larvae The intake water was f eriodically r.onitored in 1972 and 1973 for fish eggs and larvae using plankton nets and pumps. Of the eggs collected, nost were unfertilized. It is possible that sone of 'he eggs were expelled by fish entrapped in the intake. Thirty-six larvae were collected from the intake and represented the f ollowing siecies: scelt (!3), sculpin (9), alewife (12),

and perch (2). During one sa"pling period over 4 eggs /m i were collected at the intake. The identity of tr e eggs was not k nown.

Sampling.or fish eggs and larvae, however, w3s not adequate to establish the seasonal dersity dnd mnriality of the irrportant siccies at the Palisades site. Prediction e.ade in the rES relating to entrainment effects on fish populations, therefore, cannot be verified.

2.2.2 Terrestrial Ecolcgy Most of the 1rpacts on terrestrial system, have already e curred as a result of construction of this station. Discussion can t e found in the FES. Constr uction of rechanical-draf t cooling torers has disturt'ed slightly over one acre of a uixture of bl%-out area vegetation and early succession 31 stage forest.

Re applicant indicates that the blo,-out area was sparsely veget3ted with beach grass, wormwood, tilkweed, evcning priirose, goldcnrod 3Jllein, hoary puccoon, brcon sed c, sunr.er grape, dogwocd and sand therry. SEecies in an area of eirly successional stage 3

fortst include sassatras, red oak, white ash, basswood, black cherry, choke cherry, juneberry, su'rer g ra;f, false Solr nn's seal, goldenrod, sedje, aster and various gr<.sses.

2.2.3 qter 3 ali_tj_jn1 Plant Ctenical Releases Detectable, uratceptable chan;es in the quality of the receiving a ters in the vicinity of the Palisad w iear Geneiating Plant were rot anticipited at the cormlusion o' the staff's environ-r ental review tonducted during the Provisional 0;erating License review (FE5). Table III-10 of the F ES, here reproduced a s Table 2. 3, indicates negligible e4 ected increases over the background cententraticos of various chmical st+cies in the ef fluent released t;y the plant, with the exceptien of beric acid and resiosal chlorine.

These tac constituents bad been identifed in the FES as naving the greatest ; otential fcr altering water quality and affecting aquatic biota.

It,e analysis presentef in tre FES is still valid with respect to the potential impact of boric

_ id and residual ct lorine and the staff is in agreerent with the FES prediction of no detectable FoLulation 1r. wt as a result of tre release of the other chenicals as predicted in Table 2.3.

Tk taf f f.as reviewed tre Ee:.iannaal 0;erational "cnitoring Feports f or the period of 1972 t scujh 1974. - -'

Examina tion of these data indicates that the applicant has not chlorinated the ~ain circulatin; nater systen through the period ending Decer ber 31, 1974 ibe service water systu nas chlorir a ted f or ttrte separate 10- Inute ;.eriods and one 30-rinute period, all occurring tr P3y 26, 1973.

a ta are~,'ts of actual total residual chlorine achieved in the systen have tecr providej; tc e.tr, jlecting chtnical red;ction to chloride, the calculated total residual r.

colorir e in the p lant diu tary w3s c.1 pp fcr all chlorination periGJs No detectable total resi O31 c t,lorir :

n fourd in t?e discharge from the plant inrediately dcwnstream cf the service

.3ter cutfall who n<

sureJ tj a g e ror etric titration.

lar;e variacility in cnlor1re Jer and of Lake Michigan waters (ranging fron J.15 ppo to 1.3 t

in 70 -inutes J anj tests condecteu by trt a;'plicant during 1972 and 1973) plus the derand af crj1nic jrnw!'

1r 9e ervice water syste" could easily 'ccount for this observation.

2-9 s

' ~

s

TABLE 2.3 N PARTS PEP MILLION OF CHEMICALS IN CIFCt LATIM WATLR DISCHARCE CA';AL" MAXIMUM CONCENTFATION Drinkiin Water Conc. Added to Lake Ave. Conc. of Frod Denin, from L'.T.

Cir. W ter Dis. to Lake Michigan Recorrended Linits in 100 Larnest

~~

~

Chtmicals L4 e Michigan

Process, Blowdown Iriitial' Opr.b~~ ~ Modi ficil Opr7c ~

of conc. in Cities

~

~ ~

_ Penererated Watc r, ppm con __ ppn opm

_fpm _ _

Drinkinq Water,ypn Median. ppm Max cum _ ppm C1 3.0 0.003 1.7 9.0 10.7 250 13 540 Fe 0.1 0.00003 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.02 1.3

Sio, 2.1 0.0004 0.4 2.1 2.5 7.1 72 Mn 0.02 0.000006 0.n01 0.C2 0.02 0.05 0

2.5 lj Ca 33.6 0.011 6.5 33.6 40.1 7.5 26 145 O

9 11.2 0.003 2.2 11.2 13.4 50 6

1 ",

CD, 6

0.002 1.2 6.0 7.2 0

26

^

• PCO2 14.3 0.034 1.4 14.a 15.7 46 380 50.d 22.2 0.131 26.7 22.3 48.9 250 20 572

'3,0 10.6 0.032 2.1 10.7 12.7 260 (TD5) 12 198 2

e P0.0 0.013 n

0.26 0.013 0.27 DJ H CD e 0

0 0

5 0

10 f

I 2n 0.010 C

D.026 0.01 0.036 Residual Chlorine 0

0 0.022 0.5 0.022 Note The discharge will have a pH between 6.5 and 9.5.

Dischar';es will te intermittent; values aiven here are the naxi~'u'a concentrations.

Unce-through cooling and present radwaste systems in operation. Concentraticns include the average concentrat;cn of Lake Michigan water and the chem;cals from the denineralizer regeneration process discharged at 20 con into 405,000 apn cooling discharge water. See Table III-9.

C Concentrations include the averaae 13ke siter concentration Af ter installaticn of cooling teaers ard nodified radwaste system.

and the concentrations added to the lake from the cooling tower blowdown.

dChenicals released f ron denineralizer releneration.

These chemicals are also present in the condenser cooling water but are mleased throuah other Plant operations.

C Rosanan, R.

and Callendar, E., " Geochemistry of Lake Michigaa Manganeso M W lec, Proc. 12th Conf. Creat Lakes Pesearch, 1969, pp. 306-316.

Chlorination activities during 1974 are contained in the applicant's vonthly 9perating Reports submitted to the State of Michigan Water Resources Connission. A single chlorination of the plant's systei,s was perforaeJ cn September 20, 1974 in which the total residual chlorine released f ron the system was a maximum of 0.25 mg/l for a time period of approximately ene minute. More substantial chlorinaticns were perforr ed during the periods of Octoter 9, 1974 through October 16, 1974 and Octoter 23, 1974 through October 31, 1974. These chlorinations were limited to cne-half hcar each day in which the cooling tower system was chlorinated and none of this waste was discharged to the Lake.

Releases of toric acid at a concentration of 5 ppn from prirary coolant systen leakage tave been discuntinued through ir:plementation of a modifed radaaste treatment systen by the applicant.

As esrected, no ef f ects f rc " t'e release of t>oric acid at the previous level ha e been detected.

The pH of the plant ef flaent has teen ronitored dJring 1974 and reported in the Monthly Operatirg 9eports subnitted to the State of Michigan Mter Lesources Corr 115sion. These rcports indicate that the pH has exhibited little fluctuation and has always remained within the range of 6.5 to 9.5.

In sun ary, tM staf f believes that tne concentrations, r:31nitude and frequency of the liqJid d i s c h a rt.c i fran the plint were consistent with those used in the analysis presented in the FES and ther efere the irpacts will te within those predicted therein for the once-through operation of the plant.

2.

4 Site Accustic Envircnoent Ttt applicant has ccndacted too baseline acoustic surveys of the Palisades Nuclear Gener3tirq Plant site and the i"rediate surrourdirgs. The r ethodology and complete resul ts are. eportcd in wefertnces 17 and 18, and the sa pling locaticos fcr both surveys are shown on Figure 2-1.

The initial urvey was conduc'ed on Septer t er 5,1971 and recorded A, B and C weighted, unweighted and One-third Octave Lard sound pr essure levels for ten locations in and around tre site. The r eurded,;und levels varieJ f rom a 'inir.un of 3 dM at a poirt adjacent to the U.S. Highway Jl side of the switchyara (pt 4) to a axi,ua of 50 d5A at toth the plant sidc of tr e switchjard and iarediately Jdjacent to the plant itself (pts 5 and 7, respecti<ely). All three of trese locations are on the site Lf interest are the scund pressure lesels recorded at and Leyced the site bcundaries in this survey, three such locations were sa pled. Tne offsite location nearest the residential c rea south cf the plant along the lake (pt. 10) yielded a sound level nf 40 DEA.

Tha boundary !ccatico at *re interstcticn of U.S. 31 and the access road (pt. 1) nad a level of 47 DEA wnile the boundary lccation near U.S.

31 and van Ev en State Parx (pt. 6) r nad a level of 43 DEA.

!nis s aricy was condacted p rior to starta; of tre plant and therefore reflects a"tient acoustic

ccMitisn, These corditicos were intluenced by the traffic noise enanating frci.

'.S. Histway 31 An aJJitiual ar bient sound press;re level survey w3s conducted on May 17, 1975 to provde an u; - ta-da tr cnaracterication of tb sitt and iv ediate vicinity.

Th1; sur.ey wa s conduc ted oerin; t oth daytir e and nightti e hours and sa" pled a total of 11 points. Ine recorded sounJ levels varied f ran 37 dDi (pt. 15) to 44 dBA (pts. 1 and 3) for the d;jtire period and from 35 ucA (pts 1 anJ 11)

'c 55 M A (pt. 7) for the nigFttire reriod. Tre sa'plinq locations of particular interest in, e latter survey are the site Loardary loc 3tions 1, 6, 11 anj 17 anJ the of f site locattors 12 and 15.

The sound levels at these locaticos are shown en Table 2.4 for both dajtice md nightti. e samplin ; ceriod >. These le<els are the averale of recorded levels taken dJrir1 a tir o pan of approxiEately one ninute or less Tt.erefore, they mst te censidered to t+

instantareous readirgs only anj provide no inforraticn as to tre backgrecrJ sound le,el (i.e., tre L.

or sourd level exceeded 30 of the tice) rcr t"e intrJsion sound ievel (i.e., tne L: cr scand level exceeded 10 of the tir e) at the s i tt This later ser,ej was also ccndscted daring a period wtcn the plant and cooling towers were not operating. This survey, like the first, ref'.ec ts r easure" ents s trcngly and continually influerced b the traffic on U.S. High.aj 31 and Interstate Highnay 196.

There are a total of seven sampling lccations that were corren to toth sound level sJrvejs.

Tnese are locations 1, 3, 6, 7, 6, 9 and 10/15 A cc parison of the i-neighted sound levels recorded at trese locations dsrirl tFe tuo surveys is given in Table 2.5.

The two series of c r ples are independent and the small relative dif fererce between the levels recordeJ indicates tlat there t ave been no significant cnanges in tnr site acoustic environrent in the range of frequerc ies i~portant in tre n-weignting sche ^e and tnat tte valaes recorded are indeed " typical" i

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TABLE 2.4 A.vBIENT SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS AT AND BEYOND SITE BOUNDARY ON 3/17/75 Sampling Location Daytime Sound Level, Nighttine Sound Level.

Identification No.

dBA re 2 x 10 N/n2 dBA re 2 x 10 N/m2 i (tsoundary) 44 35 6 (boundary) 40 39 11 (boundary) 33 35 12 (offsite) 42 40 15 (offsite) 37 33 17 (boundary) 41 39 TACT.E 2. 5 CCMPARISON OF AMBIENT SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS IN TWO SITE SURVEYS Cocron Scund Level, Di f fer ar.ce Srple Locations DEA re 2 x 10 1/n-in Sound Levels 9/8/71 3/17/75 9/3/71 Survey 3/17/75 Survey

,sianation Designation 1

1 47 44

- 6.4 3

3 45 44

- 2.2 6

6 43 40

- 7.0 7

7 50 8

8 46 40

-13.0 3

9 43 40

- 7.0 10 15 40 37

- 7.5

,pqe w

,s 4,/ \\/ L. -'

2-13

of the site (i.e., the values lic r et a+n the true t>ackground sound level, L., and the true intrusion scund le,el, L-

),

aver, the so/ j le.el data p esent inst)ntaneoas values cnly for t he 3a l cca tions dur i r. ] tath sur ny s.

TM statt has ccnsidered tN a" bier.t esr ejs cordacte1 !.y tr.. aLplicant with re;trd to tre Loss 1L:le errors in r easurin g w--

. itj s nnd le,els usin; 1rstantar.eous or shcrt durat 1 :n sd: plin;. -

The stdtf ccr cludts unit tr; data qantitatisely cnaracterized in terrs 0f distrit'u'ise statistics (i.e., L:, L.

cannut e

L, etc.), t.t tre staf f relieves ttat tFe rescrted values r ay reasonatd/ te ccnsidered to t e

" typical" of the site (as jefiri' above)

'en the plant ib rCt C,eratir.] bj virtue cf tr sim11trity of tho indep em. en t - u r,e f re s u l t s, Hom ver, li ttle rcre usef ul i nt err,3 tion on the a bient s i te a t ~ s tic ens ir cn: Dr t can te derised frot t he wr'.eys, teca, the v3riety of < und sou rc e, ( t ra f f i c, w i r.1, w rv e s, ir;ct's, etr. ; at tte site precent a ca Llex and ud nc n sounJ level f rer;;ency di s tr ita ticn.

J 2.5 4 3diologica_1 Ry_ leg gs Tre rercrted re'+ases of radio 3ctiie ater;als frc t w plant LriGr to installaticn oi 0; c ra ti on 4

of r u..aste sy;ter odifications are given in Tanle 2.6.

Iv e et tective ir stalla tion

.te tcr t he ;> l a n ' '

jitied rad Jste syste'

.05 s ; tr" F cr !, 1973.

Welease after installativ are 91.tn in Li:, ; e 2. '

T m L E_ _

r.adioacti.itj -elera e in Li:;aiJ and Gn ecas Eftluerts

~,rirg fawer ', ration (Ci/jr)"

M U ne w s f.tfluent 1772

'7 1 >7E 197

. til e 'ia se c 15

4 C.03 747 l-131 0 17

?)

n.01 0.3 Linaid tfflwmt Mt. e j ftssien ar ! c ti v a t i cri Preamets 6.

((, U 0.1 c

Tritiu't 210 it#, 31"

.1 7.4

" Lased on Jata frc n plicant' s "iav aal < r erating repor ts

>ic i c

.:aiii

>+1 r of ra h tite. tr cAf ter c c jificaticn of r aJifit-f radas te syste r s

"First six cntns cf 1975 O )

'w 2-14

REFERE.CES FOR SECTION 2 1.

U.S. Atomic Energy Corrission, Environmental Statement on Palisades Nuclear Generatin, Plant, Cocket Sc. 50-255, June 1972. ~ ~ - - - ~ ~ ~

2.

Consumers Power Company, Sunnary of the Effects of Once-Through Cooling at tFe Palisade, Nuclear Pcwer Plant, May 1775.

3.

Consur:ers Power Company Palisades Plant Environmental Regort for Full Tern Operating License, Docket No. 50-255, Arendrent Is'lssued January 22, 1974.

4.

Consur:ers Power Corpany, Progress Peports on Pre-Operational Biolo2 cal Studies of Lake i

Michigan in Connection wiWConsurers7ETorrinf NTiiideTPTHt near Soutit Haven, Michigan.

5.

Consuners Power Corpany, Environrental Impact of Plant Operation Up To July 1,1972, Special Repor t issued July F97T972.

6.

Consumers Power Corpany, Fcurth Semiannual Report of Crerations, July 1, 1972 December 31, 1972.

7.

Consumers Power Co pany, F_i_fth Semiannual Report of Operations, January 1, 1973 -June 30, 1973.

O Consumers Power Co pany, Sixth Semiannual Regart of Operations, July 1, 19/3 -Decerber 31, 1973.

9.

Censumers Power Corpany, Seventh Semiannual Peport of Operations, January 1, 1974 -June 3',

1974.

10.

Consurers Power Cortany, Eianth Seniannual Report of Oneraticns, July 1, 1974 -Decer ber 31, 1974 11.

Alley, W. P. and Anderson, R. F.

S~all-Scale Patterns of Spatial Distribution of the Lake Michigan MacrcLenthos. Proc. lith Conf. Great Lakes Pes. Internat. Assoc. Great Lakes Res.

1968.

12.

Ayers, J. C. et al. Benton Harbor Power Plant Linnological Studies.

Pt. I to 10.

Great Lakes Fes. Div. Univ. Mich. Spec. Peport 49.

1957 to 1972.

13.

Fo: ley, S. C. and G3rcia, L. C.

Penthic Macrofauna in the Coastal Zone of Soucheastern Lake Michigan. Proc. 15th Internat. Conf. Great Lakes nes.

1972.

14 Johnston, E. M.

Part XX.

Statistical Power of A Pr0cosed Method for Detecting the Effect of Waste Heat en Benthos Ic M atIU7i5 l iecTaI Report 50. T4 of the Great l kes Pes. IfivT Univ. of Mich.

1974.

15.

Cp. Cit. Ref. 1, p.

~,' 66 to V-73.

16.

Censurers P,wer Crrpany, Seriannual Report of Operations, Beginning of Reportinq to June 3], 1972.

17.

F.

Baird and C. Harter, P l abora tory F eport '.o. 7-A.alisa des Environrantal Sou_nd Level Survey; Research and Tes*'ng

-71; Project 50.15-767; Cece-ber, T 91.

!C C. Harter, Environrental Noise Survey _:_ Palisades Plant and Cooling Towers; Pesearch and Testing Laboratory Pecort No. I-7A-75Cd31 July 1975.

19.

H. 3. Safeer et ai, " Errors due to Sa pling in Connunity Noise Level Distribution", In:

Journal of Sound and Vitration; Vol. 24, No. 3, pp. 3E5-376, 1972.

20.

H. 3. Safeer, "Corrunity Noise Levels - A Statistical Phenomenon", In: Journal of Sound and Vitration; Vol. 26 No. a, pp. 439-502, 1973.

<2 O

? / La,

p 2-15

3.

PLANT MODIFICATIONS RESUME Design changes in the heat dissipation systen and the chemical trestrent systen, beyond those addressed in tne FES, are addressed in this section. In addition, the modified radwaste system described in the FES has been installed; tu source terms have been recalculated for the higher power levels req"ested and are discussed 1,

this section. Otherwise, the Wction III discussicn in the tE5 is still valid.

3.1 CONDENSER COOLING 5YSTEM 3.1.1 General Desuripth In 1974 the once-through condenser cooling system was converted to cooling tower operation. The cooling towers are described in the FES.

1ure 3-1 shows the appearance of the plant with the towers in place.

3.1.2 Design Cnanges in Heat Dissipation System In March 1971 a senlement agreement was signed by representatives of the applicant and inter-venors in the application for an eperating licente. One term of the agreerent was for the applicant to change the condenser cooling systen then installed in the plant (a once-through cooling systen) to a condenser cooling system subst3ntially conforming to the conceptual design snown in the upper half of f igure 3-2.

The lower half of Figure 3-2 shows the cooling system as constructed. The cooling water intake 3tructure was modified so that the lake inlet goes only to the service water purp bay.

The service water discharges into the cooling tower make-up basin. The circulating water pumps (now called the cooling tower pumps) now take water frca the rake-up basin and discharge to the cool-ing towers. Except for a small amount of cooling tower blowdown, the caoling towers discharge to the main condenser. The discharge nixing basin takes overflow f rom the make-up basin (equal in flow rate to that of the service water system), radwaste discharge, cooling tower blowdown, and dilution water taken f rom the lake by the dilution pumps; and discharges to the lake. The purpose of the dilution pwps and the discharge mixing basin is to reduce the discharge water t e%e ra t u r e.

3.2 CC MICAL TREATMENT SYSTEM PODIf!CATICNS The applicet's chenical treatrent system for the closed-cycle mode of coolir6 has been presented in Section III.D.3.b, Proposed Cooling Tower Systen Chemical Treatrent, of the FES. There have been two significant changes to the treat: rent schere as previously reported, having to do with the use of phosphate-and-zinc-centair@ g corrcsion inhibitG in the recirculating cooling water systen, and the chlorine usage and discharge at the plant.

The applicant has recently indicated that phosphate-and-zinc-containing cor.csion inhibitors will not be used in the recirculating cooling water syste,, nor will if other corrosion inhibitor be ustd as such ! Sulfuric acid will still be used in the control o. scaling in this system.

Centrol of te perature in the system, control of total dissolved solids load carried in the system as well as the suspended solids load, and pH control will be the means used to control corrosion ' the recirculating cooling water system.

The discharge of chlorine used as a biocide in tne service and main recirculation cooling water systems has been altered from that presented in the FES. The applicant has adopted a procedure uhereby the 1320 gpn cooling tower blowdown line is shut off dJring the chlorine injection Eeriods for the recirculating cooling water systen. Blowdown is suspended for such time as required for the total residual chlorine concentration to degererate to a level of 0.05 r.g/l or less.-

This rethod takes advantage of the naturally occurring decay of residual chlorine 'n the presense of sunlight and air in the make-up basin. T)e recirculating cooling water system was first chlorinated on April 7,1975.

The applicant later learned that some of the chlorinated

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FI W E 3-2 PALISADES PLANT CLOSED CYCLE COOLING SYSTEM CONCE P f U AL DEstGN SETTLEMENT AGRE E M E N T EVAPOR Alive LOSS & DRif T 46 PUMPS M

COOL it JG TOWE R di PUMPS BLOWDOWN CONDE N $E R J

.6 MAKE UP FROM L AKE Di L U TION m

PUMP 5 TO L AKE F E OM LAKE AS CONSTRUCTED LOSS & DRif T

-s 4

uu COOLING iOWERS ShR CE COOLING TOwf R p

M AKE UP WATE R SYSTEMS SE RvlC E t si S w) e > i$ w, GPM WAI E P COOLING TOWER PUMPS

^

MAIN y(

CONotNstu MAKE UP 397 o

Geo BASIN h OV E R F LOW O-2O(M GPu ir 8LO*DOWN 8 8 0M gegpgg coryNG To*t es BA = R ADWAS T E DISCHARGE DILUTION PUMPS p Dt LU T ION UP fO TO LAKE n oco - 60 000 cru h FROM LAKE 3-3 ',j,{ju,. retirculcting cooling water mixes with the discharged excess service water in the makeq basin and overficws into the discharge mixing oasin and thence to Lake Michigan (see Figure 3-2). The flow rate and residual chlorine concentration of this discharged water are being acritor to determine compliance with the Environmental Techr.ical Specifications. Additionally, the applicant has changed the chemical treatment of the secondarj ccola'..t employs systen from a phosphate treatrent to an all volatile treatrent scheme. 3 This type of trelt. norphaline for pH adjustment and hydrazine for dissolved oxygen control in the secordary coolant systcm. Stean generator blcwdown from this systen is treated in the condensate po;isning demineralizer s and reused. The waste from this treatnent is discharged with the deminerclizer wastes or the radwaste. The release of either of these chemical spe:ies in the plant blcadown would result ir virtually irrrasurable concentrations in the discharge to take Michigan due to chemical degradation upan mixing with other plar.t waters and exposure to the atmosphere and through dilution with the blowdown itself. There are no additional changes to the cnemical treetrent system as a result of the conversion to closed-cycle cooling. 3.3 RADICACTIVE WASTE SiSTLM 3.3.1 Introduction Since the Final Envirorv ental Statecent (FES) was issued, the applicant has instal 'd the r od;- fled liquid and gaseous radwaste systems as proposed in the FSAR and as descritad i< cur fES dated June 1972 Eased on more recent operaticn dati applicable to Palisades, and on chcnges in our calculational model, we have calculated revised liquid and gaseous scurce terrs for a reactor power level of 2638 PWt. The source terms given in Table III-7 and III-8 of the FES were based on a reactor power level n' 2200 Mat and did not take credit for tne proposed systems modifica-tions. The revised source terrs, shown in Table 3.2 and 3.3, wer e calculated using the rodels 1.08, "r lculaticn of Peleases of Radicactive and paracetcrs de:crited in Regulatcry Guide a Materials in Liquid and Gaseous Effluents fron Fressurized Water R actors (PWR's),' Septer ber 9, 1975, and credit for the system modifications was included. The capability of the liquid and gasecus radwaste treatrent system to reet the requ!rerents of Appendix I to 10 CFR 50 will be evaluat?d and assessed in a supplement to the EER. In the interin, until such assessrent is corpleted, the staf f has prepared uppe-bound estimates of the potential ef fect on the estimated radiological envircreental i' pact. 3.3.2 Licpid Pacwaste Systen The modified liquid radwaste systen provides the capability to recycle all liquid radwastes for reuse in the plant, except for laundry wastes. In its evaluation, the staf f assumed that 10 of the treated liquid radwastes will be discharged due to unanticipated operational occurrences and to control tritiu, inventory in the plant. The anticipated annual release of radioactive raterial in liquid effluents, given in Table III-8 uf the FES, were based on all liquid radwaste that will be distrarged to the environnent. Fcr the source tern calculatico, the staff assured the avera-;u lttdown rate to the chenical volume control system (CVCS) to be 40 gpm (system parameter fron Final Safety /malysis Report) and the average shir bieed rate to the liquid radaiste ysten to te 1.4 sym. The sta f estirated the average waste flows from the equipnent and floor drains to te 8.7C0 9pd and 900 gpd, respectively. The staf f assured the steam ger+rator blowdown rate to be 5,003 ypd, which is cons' stent with actual operating data frcn Palisades. The principal para eters and conditions used f or calculating releases of radioactive caterial in liuutd effluents are given in Table 3.1. 3.3.3 G_asec_us Padoaste Systen The rodified gaseous radaaste systett ir: creases the holdup capacity cf the waste gas process systen from 30 days to 60 days. The stea generator blowdcan flash tank vent is roJted to the main ccndenser hot well through the snell side or the feedwater heaters, lhe staff assu ed four m containment building purges per year, which is consistent with plant operating experience, while the source term in the FES assuned 12 curges per year. Tre anticip3ted annual releases of radioactive materials in gaseous ef fluent given in Table Ill-7 of the FES, were based on opera-tion with 0.25 percent of t"e operating power fission product source term while the staf f's revised source tenn given in Table 3.3 is based on 0.12 percent. The remainder of t"e principal parameters and conditicns for calculating the source tern ror releases of radioactive raterial in gaseous effluent.re given in Table 3.1. e' " 3-4 e p:L " TAELE 3_._1 PRINCIPAL PARAMETERS AND C hDITIchS USED IN CALCULATING RELEASES CF RADICACTIVE MATERIAL IN LIQUID AND GASEOUS EFFLUENTS FRCM FALISADES hUCLEAR FLANT Reactor Fower Level (MWt) 2638 Plant Capacity Factor 0.80 Failed fueld 0.12T rrin arj Systen Hass o.' Coolant (lbs) 4.04 x 10-Letdown Rate to CVCS (gpm) 43 Shim Bleed Rate (ggni) 1.4 Leakage Rate to Secondary System (lbs/ day) 100 teakage Pate to Containrent Cuilding (lbs/ day) l / day of prinary coolant ncble gas inventory 0.001'/ day of pricary coolant iodine Leakaae Rate to Auxiliary Euilding (it</ day) 160 Frequency of Cegassing for Cold Shatdowns (per year) 2 Secondary Syster. Stean Flow Rate (Its/hr) 1.2 x 107 Mass of Stear'/ Steam Generator (lbs) 9.4 x 10i Mass of Liquid /Stean Gcnerator (lbs) 1.8 x 10 -* Secor.dary toolant Mass (lbs) 3.5 x 10' Rate of Steam Leakage to Turbine Eldg. (Ibs/hr)

1. 7 x 10' Steam Cenerator Blowdown Rate (lbs/hr) 5.0 x 10

Dilutian Flow (gpm) 6.0 x 105 Contain; ent Euilding Volare (f t ') 1.64 x 10' Freq;ency of Containrent Furges (per year) 4 Iodine Fartition Factors (gas / liquid) Leakage of Auxiliary Cuildiry 0.00/5 Steam Leakage to Turbine Luidling 1 Steam Generator (carryover) 0.01 Main Cencenser Air Ejactor 0.15 Decontamination Factors (liquids) Corcn Recscle Ecaip ent Drains Waste Drains I 1x 10' 1x 10' 1x 10-Cs, Fb 2x 10' 4> 10' 2x 10' Cthers 1x 10-1x 10' 1x 10 '- All Nuclides _Eyc_ep_t Iod i ne lodine Waste Evaporator DF 10-10' LR5 Evaporator CF 10! 10-Other Anion Cs, Pb huclides Mised Led Lemineralizer Loron Fecycle Feed (H,80 ) 10 2 10 3 Frimary ~.colant Letduwn 10 2 10 Fadwaste 10 (10) 2(10) 10 (10) Evaporator Condensate Polishing 10 10 10 Anion bed r, ;ineralizer 10-(10) l) 1(1) d This value is constant and corresponds to 0.12 of the operating power fission power source te nn 3-5 . c, c, h Y.\\ r -4 TAELE 3.2 CALCULATED FELEASES OF FADICACTIVE MATERIALS IN LIQUID EFFLUENTS FFGM PAL 15ADES LUCLEAR STATION (C1/yr) huclide Ci/yr Corresion and Activation Products Cr-51 1.,(-4)a Mn-54 1.ht-3) Fe-55 1.1(-4) Fe-59 >.U(-5) Co-58 5.C(-3) Co-to 0,8( i hp-233 5.0(-5) Fission Products Er-63 3.0(-5) Rt,-E6 1.0(-1) Sr-S9 2."(-5) Mo-99 3.6(-3) Tc 09m 2.2(-3) Te-127m 1.0(-5) Te-127 1.0(-5) Te-lE9m ~.0(-5) Te-129 5.0(-5) 1-130 9.0(-5) Te-131m 7.0(-5) Te-131 1.0(-5) 1-131 2.4(-2) Te-132 9.5(-4) 1-132 i 5(-3) 1-133 2.2(-2) Cs-134 i.9(-2) I-135 5.3(-3) Cs-136 1.3(-2) Cs-137 5.0(-2) La-137m 2.5(-2) Ea-140 1.C(-5) All Others 6.0(-5) TOTAL (except tritium) 2.4(-1) Tritiuri Release 340 Exponential hotation; 1. l (- 4) = 1.1 x 10~ _. ( ) *'t

• rs 8 J 4 > i.

= 3-6 TABLE 3.3 CALCULATED RELEASES OF RADICACTIVE MATERIALS Ifi GASEOUS EFFLUENTS FFOM PALISADES hUCLEAR GENERATIhG FLANT (Ci/yr) Waste Gas Condenser Processing Building Ventilation Air nuclides J stem Peactor Auxiliary Turbine Ejector Total >r-83m a a a a a a tr-L5m o a 2 a 2 4 Er-85 270 45 2 a 1 320 Kr-87 a a 1 a a 1 kr-SS a a 4 a 3 7 Fr-39 a a 2 a a a Xe-131n 11 12 5 a 1 26 Xe-133.a a 5 1 a 3 13 Xe-133 82 940 300 a 220 1600 xe-135m a a a a a a Xe-135 a 1 8 a 5 14 Xe-137 a a a a a a Xe-133 a a a a a a 3.2(-2)b 6.0(-2) 1.3(-3) 3.8(-2) 1.3(-1) I-131 a 1-133 a 4.5(-3) 7.7(-2) 1.2(-3) 4.8(-2) 1.3(-1) Co-60 Co-58 Fe-59 ?4n-54 Cs-137 6.0(-2) Cs-134 Sr-90 Sr-n9 C-14 8 h-3 710 Ar-41 25 a = less than 1.0 Ci/yr/ncble gases, less than 10' Ci/yr for iodir1e. -2 b = 3.2 x 10 ,,,c,. '~ 3-7 3.3.4 Sunrary Castd on tne evaluation of the r:cdified liquid radoaste systens using the parameters in Table 3.1, the staf f calculates the releases of radioactive n'aterials in the liquid radwaste to be 0.24 Ci/yr excluding noble gases and tritium. Based on previous experience at operating reactors, the staff estimates the tritiun releases to L:e 300 Ci/yr. Cased on para".eters given in Table 3.1 the staff calculates the total radicactive gaseous releases f rom thc c:odified gaseous radwaste systeni to Le approxirately 2,000 Ci/yr of nct>le gases, 0.13 Ci/yr of iodine-131, a Ci/yr of cart;on-14, 710 Ci/yr of tritium, 25 Ci/yr of argon-41, and 0.06 Ci/yr of particulates. The capability of the liquid and gaseous radoi ste treatrent systems to r:eet the requirerents of Appendix I to 10 CFR Part 50 will L.e evaluated in the supplement to the SER. The staff does not eef,ect the source terr s to char.;e significantly due to the detailed assessrent in the supplement. 4 3-8 e ,si is REFERENCES FOR SECTIO 4 3 1. Pequast for Full-Tern Operating Isi Consure_rs Pr cr CerpanyTJanuary 227TU4 License and Application for an Increase in Power Level: Fal i sa de s II It ho. TTA.~ere"en t - - ~ ~ 2. Ninth Semiannuat Report of Operations for the Palisades Nuclear Plant, January 1,1975 to June D,1975; Consumers Power Corpany, August 31, 1975. 3. A: read.nent No. 23, Section 7. Appendix F to License DPR-20, Palisades Nuclear Plant; Consumers Power Company, July 9,1975. 3-9 . r,. c

• e

4. ENVIRO WENTAL IMPACT CF CONSTRUCTION CF FLANT MODIFICATIONS %$RY The environrental ir pacts of site preparatico and plant construction were as anticipated in Section IV of the FES. Observations on ef fects of cooling tower construction and controls to redJCe or linit impacts are presented bel (i. 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CF COOLING T0*ER CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES Toner No. 2 was constructed in a blow-out area with sparse vegetation. The applicant removed shrubs, vines and herbs from the area. Surrounding dune slopes were stabilized by beach grass. Tower No. I was located in an area of early successional stage forest. This vegetation type was reroved during construction and a dune stabilization program was initiated using beach grass. The applicant selected sites for both towers in depressicns, t us eliminating the need for extensive d3nage of coa,tal dunes. A laydoan area used for con tr. tion of the two cooling towers was also planted with teach grass. The staff inspection of all areas of nocessary ~;ne stabilization measures found that teach grass was quite successful in Stabilizing areas of potential erosion. The applicant indicated that a few small areas of beach grass had not initially taken hold and these areas were to te replanted with rew beach grass until stabiliza-tion was assured. The staff concurs with the applicant that beach grass is well adaoted to dJT:e stabilization and that other picneer species will invase areas of trarsplanted t.eath grass once it becones estab-lished and stabilizes the sand. p.,4 ) , k.a L'~ 4-1 5. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF PLANT OPERATION RESUME The FES Section V discussion of effects of operation cf Palisades, with a closed-cycl? cooling system, on land use and water use is still valid; ar:plifying remarks are given in Sections 5.1 and 5.2 below. Biological impacts are still expected to be as stated in Section t'C2; amplifying discussion is presented in Sections 5.3.1.1, 5.3.1.2, 5.3.2, and 5.3.3. A discussion of water quality in connection with issuance of a water qu ilty certification and NPDES permit appears in Section 5.3.1.3. An expanded discussion of transmission effects and a discussion of social impacts are given in Sections 5.3.3.4 and 5.3.4. Overall, the FES Section V discussion of non-radiological impacts is correct for the increased power levels requested by the applicant. The FES Section V radiological analysis, however, was done for a steady-state core power level of 2200 MWt. Section 5.4 below discusses radiological impact for the higher power level reauested. In addition, Section 5.5 discusses the environmental effects of the uraaium fuel cycle. The FES Section VI analysis (Environmental Impact of Postulated Accidents) is correct for the power levels requested (2638 MWt, 786 MWe). 5.1 IMPACT ON LAND-USE Cooling towers and the surrounding areas will displace approximately 2 acres encompassing ear'y successional forest and blow-out vegetation types. Operation of the plant's cooling towers do e t affect any additional onsite land-use patterns. Biological impacts associated with the operation of cooling towers are discussed in Section 5.3. 5.2 IM'ACT ON WATER USE The P:lisades Plant initially cperated with a once-through condenser co) ling systen, utilizing Lake Michigan water for cooling. All f"ture operations will use a clcsed-cycle mechanical draft cooling tower system which dissipates neat directly to the atmosphere. The cmnversion to a closed-cycle cooling system significantly reduced both volure and temper-ature of the themal discharyc. Since the environmental effects of once-through cooling have not been significantly detrimental, it can be predicted that full-term operation at stretch rating with cooling towers, which still results in discharges substantially less than those which occurred during open-cycle operation, will have no significant negative irpact on aquatic organisms. Entrainment and impingec ent aspects of closed-cycle operation are discussed in Section F.3.1.2. 5.3 ENVIR3 W ENTAL IMPACT (NCNRADIOLOGICAL) 5.3.1 Aqntic Impact 5.3.1.1 Irract of Chemical Fffluents en Aquatic Biota A; stated in Section 3.2 of this addendum, the applicant has nodified the chemica' treatment system used at the plant so that the only chenicals being discharged fron the recirculating cooling water system,aside from the concentrated levels of those chemical species already present in the lake water, are excess sulfates (from sulfuric acid treatment of the cooling towers) and residual chlorin' The method of corrosion control adopted by the apolicant whereby ch* Tical treatment is not wed (other than sulfate addition) has effectively eliminated the inpacts discussed in Section 5 of the FES due to zinc, chromate, or phosphate presance in the plant discharge. The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendr'ents of 1972, Section 302, require that limitations be placed on the operation of the facility which are necessary to prottct and propagate a balanced indigenous aquatic population in the receiving waters and to protect other water users. In accord-ance with the Second Memorandum of Understanding and Policy Staterent Pegarding implenentation of Certain NPC ard EFA Responsibilities, December 1975, the asuance by the State of "Ichigan of an I.PDES permit under Section 402 of tN F'.lPCA is accepted as a deternination that the requirements mentioned above will be net, m am. e s b,:

r 5-1

The initial Lf fluent Linitations imposed by the NPDE5 incluue.a ffluent linit above recomendations are shown in Table S.1g974)29, Brungs (1973)d, chlorin and EPA 3 These various that reconmended by Casch and Truchan . In addition, there Initial Ef fluent Limitaticns do not contain any restriction on the tin e period of residaal chlorine application or release. Based on this infornation, the staff believes that plant operation under these limitations has the potential to adversely ic pact the aquatic biota in the vicinity of the plant discharge through direct toxicity or exclusion of the ar ea as suitable habitat. This adverse impact, should it occur, will be nitirated by the relatively short time that the plant will operate under these limits (i.e., until Juae 30, 1977). The State of Michigan NPDES (National Pollutant Distharge Llininat'un System) Permit for the Palisades Plant limits the total residual chlorine in all plant cooling tower discharges to 0.5 w/l under the Initial Ef fluent Limitations, ef f ettive June 3n, 1977; and af ter July 1,1977, the VLES Peruit Final Ef tluent Limitations restrict total residual chlorine discharges as follows: "'nhen discharge watcr terrperature are < 700F, total residual chlorine concentrations shall not U exceed 0.004 ey/l. When discharge water terperaturcs are > 7U f, total residJal Chlorine Fon-centritions shall not exceed 0.2u w/1. Total time of application shall t,e limited to not more than 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> in any 24-hour period ' In the TES (ep. V-43 through V-52), the impact of 0.5 ppm chlorine residual on fish in a once-through Palisades coolir.g syster was evaluated, and it was concluded that in su:Wr "the irr;4ct could be significant, either through nortality or ( rmo re likely) exclusion of the area as suitable habitat..It is concluded that limitation of tne residul ch'crine concentration of 0.5 p;n at the point of discharge into Lake Michirin and restriction of the length of the colorinatico treatoent to one hour per r,onth should reduce, but not elininate, the adverse ef fect on aquatic blota near the Palisades Plint site." TLe FES also evaluated the discharle of residuil chlorine tror the closed cycle ccc lit; system at a level of 0.< 2 ppn resul ting f ron systra chlorination f or 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> per day. It sis r acluded that the re-duced initial concentration anj the smaller volun' of efflur t (i.', blnadown) would result in less ir;.act tnan the once throgh svsten, even thougn the f r.,uency of release would be increased. The Final Effluent Limitations provide for residual chlorine release ragnitude within the limi-tations recor r ended t:y Basch and Truchan D and brungs39 Howev"r, the application time allowed could result in residual chlorine discharges for periods of ti greater than the hours / day recor* ended by Erungs and U A researc hers31 and the U f Electric Seneratiry Point Soune Categorj Ef fluent Guideline: Adverse inacts coule f ron these c a ended

-eriods of disch trge.

!s should Le noted that the latest ennitoring reportI has revealed an instance of possible detricental ef fects of plant opvation on the aquatic biota. This occurred during the period Letween A; ril 7,1975 and June D,1975 when it was discovered tnat.witer exchange ta'es place in the rd e-up basin between the chlorinated cooling tower blcwdown and the eecess service water, which is non ally discharr:ed 'o tho mixing t asin and then to Lak e Michigan. This su peu e nf events allcws chlorinated blowdown water to reach La>+ Michigan where on four occasions t + v en May ?4, 1975 and June 13, 1975 fish nortalities have been r oted. These nortalities nave 'rea reported by the applicant as < ccurring prior to the beginning of a chlorination cycle, One of the incidents was reported as persisting Leyond the chlorinv ion cycle, although none of tho nortalities has t,cen attributed to chlorine by the applicant. Because this path for the chlorinated blowdown was not ronitored prior to May 24, 1975, and the total residual chlorine concentration in the discharre (i.e., blowdown) is not knen with tertainty, additional nortalities to fish and other awatic biota could have oc urred since chlorinaticn was initiated on April 7,1975. The applicar.t is conducting a pr0gre to ceter-ine the chlorire residual in the escaning blowdown, the rount of imp 3ct to the receiving w3ter biota and to determine what additional changes are necessary in plant systers to eliminate or reduce to acceptable lcvels, any impact fron tnis source. Initial neasurerentsIS inJicate that tM total residal chlorine in this discharge has an average of 0.01 ppo with a naximur 0.' approx Ma tely 0.06 n These levols of chlorine discharge are rot likely to produce fisn crtalities because of the limited duration and area of expo %re. The State of Michiqan NPL15 permit lirits the pH of the dischargcs frc' the plant to the range of 6.5 - 9.5. Since August 30, 1974, the Palisades Technical Specifications have limited the pH of discharges to the range of 6.5 - S.8-The FE5 fcuno the closed cycle cooling systen discharge pH of 6.5 - 9.5 to be acceptable. 0;eration of the plant within this pH r ange is not expected to produce any aderse ef fects. The analysis presented in Section 5 of the FS is still considered vaiid by the staff nith respect to the long tern buildup of dis olved salts in Lake Michigan in the vicinity of the plant. Y TABLE 5.1 CHLORINE T0XICITY - FRESH WATERS Concentration of total Type of residual Degree of protection Mhor and year exposure chlorine and re arks Blue Book, 1972 Continuous 0.003 rg/l liost sensitive species. Intermittent 0.05 mg/l Up to 30 minutes in any 24-hour period. Duluth staff, Continuous 0.1 mg/l Warmwater species - won't 1972 protect some sensitive invertebrates. Continucus 0.002 rg/l Protects r.ost species, including trout. Intermittent 0.1 mg/l 30 minutes per day - pro-tects most species. Intermittent 0.005 mg/l f;ot to exceed 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day - protects most species. Brung s,1973 Continuous 0.01 mg/l Warmwater species - won't protect sensitive life stages and sore inverte-brates. Continuous 0.002 mg/l Protects most species. Intermittent 0.2 Not to exceed 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day - protects warm water species. Intermittent 0.04 mg/l flot to exceed 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day - protects most species, including salmonids. Mich. WRC, Continuous 0.02 mg/l Warraater species. 1974 Continuous 0.005 mg/l Coldaater species. Intermittent 0.2 mg/l Warmwater species - not to exceed 30-minute exposures. Intermittent 0.04 mg/l Coldwater species - not to exceed 30-minute exposures. Guidelines, Intermittent 0.5 mg/l tax. Carnot discharge from any 1974 0.2 mg/l avg. one unit ecre than 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> per day. The concentra-tions in guidelines are for free available chlorine. Source: Ref. 3I 5 'b ,j '* t J %. t., 5.3.1.2 Entrainment and Inf n g ent Effects i Conversion of the cooling systen from open to closed mode will substantially reduce the volure of w3ter taken into the plant and hence the total numbers of entrained plankton. It is conserva-tively assoned that 100: of the plankton entrained in the cooling tower make-up flow will be killed. Little mortality is t<pected in the dilution water added to the blowdown in the dis-charge basin because of its hijh capacity-low head operating conditions. Assuming 10! mortality with the once-tarough syste" and 21 mortality in tne dilution water, the total nunbers of 200-plankton that would be killed by closed-cycle operation will be about one-third those killed by open-cycle operation. Studies to determine entrainment mortality estimates on fish eggs and larvae have not been conducted at Palisades. It is believed that mortality would be so ewhat greater than that for zooplankton, but it is not possible to estimate tr t losses. Using the mortality estimates and the same assurptions used for zooplankton would ro in about a two-thirds reduction in the total nunter nf fish eggs and larvae killed. As no mificant reductions in fish populations were found by the monitoring prograns during onen a m ation, no denonstratable impact due to entrainment of fish eggs and larva is expected at a result of closed-cycle cooling. Impingement of fish can be conservatively assumed to be reduced in proportion to the reduction of total intake flow ahich is a factcr of about 5.5. Using the predicted value and actual values discussed in Section 2.2.1 this could result in between 5,000 to 1E,000 lbs of fish per year. The actual reduction should be eat n rare significant than indicated by just the flow reduction because of the effect of reducing the intake approach velocity.

5. L l. 3 Wa ter %31it1 E f f ec t s.

State of Michi<an W. iter j uality Certification: The Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant has received a water quality certification from the State of Michigan Departaent of Natur ai Resources. This certification fulfills the requirements for water quality certification as provided in Section 401 of tre Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972. State of Michigan Water Quality St andards and USEPA Ef fluent Guidelines: The water quality certification for the Falisades Nuclear Generating Plant has been conditioned by the St:te of Michigan through the issuance of a USEFA approved NPCES permit issued on August 2, 1976, under Section 402 of the FWPCA. This action by the State of Michigan irdicates conpliance with the applicable water quality requirements. In this case, said requirements are the State of Michigan Departrent of %tural Resources General Pules, Part 4, Waterluality Stand 3rds, Decenter 12, 1973. These requirements have been approved by the U.S. Envirorcental Protection Agency. Inasnuch as these standards, under Pule 323.1080 Special Conditions, consider the agreement between the United States and Lanada on Great Labes water quality, effective on April 15, 1972, the issuance of the NPDES pennit f urther indicates compliance with this inter-naticnal agreement-5.3.J Meteorlojical Effects of Cooling Towers Espected reteorological effects of the nechanical-draft cooling towers were discussed in the FES (Eection V). Cperational experience has thus far been insuf ficient to assess actual impact of the towers on frequency of fcgging, icing, and precipitation, hence there is ro basis for cnanging conclusions reached therein. 5.3.3 Terrestrial rpacts 5.3.3.1 Qer_ational Acoustic Environment. The applicant ccnducted three separs.e operational sound pressure level surveys in and around the fulisades s'te during 1975 to yield data to compare with the ambient sound pressure level survey reported in Section 2.2.4.3 Trese surveys, dated May 7, 1975 June 10, 1975 and July 16, 1975 sa:tpled daytime and nighttime periods when plant load was at least 60' of f ull power rating and 34 of 36 cooling tower cells were in cperation. Refer to Figure 2.4.4-1 for the sampling locations. The range of sound pressure levels recorded during the operational surveys is jivcr in Table 5.1. 4>blw ,s 5-2 3 TABL E 5.1 OPERATICNAL SOUND LEVEL SURVEYS -5 2 Sound Level, dBA re 2 x 10 N/m Survey Date Time Period Min. (Location) Max. (Loca tirn) May 7, 1975 Day 40 (pts. 12 and 17) 57 (pt. 7) June 10, 1975 Day 40 (pt. 17) 59 (pt. 9) July 16, 1975 Day 43 (pts. 1 and 17) 66 (pt. 13) May 7, 1975 Night 40 (pt. 15) 59 (pt 9) June 10, 1975 Night 40 (pts. 15 and 17) 61 (pt. 9) July 16, 1975 Night No Measurements lakan The daytime and nighttime sound pressure levels recorded for the site boundary locations 1, 6, 11 and 17 and the offsite locations 12 dnd 15 are shown in Table 5.2. The staff has compared the average daytime and nighttime sound pressure levels at these tamtling locations in the three octave bands ing -+ ant to speech corr >unication. The Speech Interference Level" was computed using the preferreu : tave bands of ANSI Standard S1.6-19675 and at every location (pts. 1, 6, 11,12,15 and 17) the necessary voice ef fort for communication w uld not be above that consid-ered as nornal for virtually all expected voice communication dis tances. Tha three independent samples for each location do not exhibit unusual variability, a factor i hich would support a hypothesis Glat the values are betweea the background noise level (i.e., t?e L n) and the intrusion noise level (i.e., the L c). A f te. examination of the levels reported i fo' each location and time period in Tabie 5.2, the staff believes that the operation of the plait with the mechanical draft cooling towers does not present an unacceptable impact on the acou; tic environment in the site vicinity. However, the nerage levels are based upon three indep'ndant instantaneous samples from each category. As was indicated in Section 2.4.1, the staff 'annot make any further analyses or assume any qua'stitative characterization of these sound levels with respect to distributive statistics. 5.3.3.2 Drift Impacts The applicant esti.aates that the drift is expected to be deposited at relatively short distances from the towers, all within 800 feet and 701 withiq 100-300 feet (EP-Appendix E). The basis for this estimation is that the average height of mecaanical draft toweri of 50 feet would deposit drift within relatisely short distances from tFe tower. The staff is in agreement with this assessnent primarily due to the fact that tre P31isades Nuclear 6enerating Plant's mechanical draf t towers are enclosed by high dunes on three sides with only the side facing L3ke Michigan remaining open. ,c Y 5-3 \\,, n - r, 3 TABLE 5.2 OPERATIONAL SOUND LEVELS AT B0UNDARY AND CFFSITE LOCATIONS Sound Level, dBA -5 2 re 2 x 10 N/m Sampling Location Daytime Nighttime Identification No. Range Average Range Average 1 (boundary) 43-52 46 42-45 43.5 6 (boundary) 44-46 45 43-44 43.5 11 (boundary) 47-48 47.5 47-51 49 12 (offsite) 40-45 42.5 41-44 42.5 15 (offsite) 35-47 43 40 40 17 (boundary) 40-43 41 40-46 43 5.3.3.3 noisture Effects on Orchards The site is located in an crea where most agricultural operations are centered around horticul-tural crop proJuction of blueberries, cherries, apples, pears, plums, r.ectarines and peaches. Plant diseases often lower both yield and quality of many Michigan-grown horticultural crops.7 Climate exercises a strcng control on the incidence and distribution of plant diseases. Tempei-ature, relative humidity, and wind are the three principal components of the plant's atmosphere and soil environment most critical to disease develop"ent. Humidity and precipitation in the form of rain, fog, and dew determine not only the seasonal incidence of disease but also limit their geographic distribution. Weather thus greatly influences disease incidence. Apple scab, for example, can be controlled through properly timed application of fungicides. However, for a spray program to be effective, as well is economical enough to justify its results, weather conditions and forecasts must be givea careful consideration. Temoerature and duration of wetting are closely linked in their influences on most fruit tree diseases. Actual programs must be constantly adjusted according to prevailing environmental conditions to achieve the best results. Cooling tower moisture may contribute to background levels of humidity, thus creating a need for increased applications of disease control sprays. The staff believes accurate determinations of unacceptable increases in local humidity regimes requiring increases in orchard spray applications due to operation of cooling towers cannot be made at this stage. The applicant, in cooperation with an orchard grower, has installed of fsite meteorological equipment at an orchard site about 3 miles ESE of the towers. The staf f concurs with the applicant's assessment that a monitoring program using leaf-wetness recorders or other similar instrumentation would not provide meaningful data. The staff concludes that the applicant's present monitoring program will be able to provide adequate d3ta to determine any large changes in disease incidence patterns due to cooling towers. 5-4 i( <> : r s .t )i :.. :- However, the staff is aware that the present monitors are only sensitive enough to detect changes greater than 10t It is the staff's judgment that local offsite moisture ragimes changes due to the operation of the Palisades Plant mechanical-draft cooling towers will be snall and thus may be obscured by ncrnal background variations. However, the staff does reconnend that the appli-Cant be required to conduct a survey in cooperation with arca growers to determine what effects, if any, are associated with cooling tower operation (Section 6.3). 5.3.3.4 Transmission Rights-of-Way The Palisades-Argenta right-of-way (ROW) corridor extends 40.5 milcs crossing two counties. The average width of this R0W is 350 feet and it is comprised of 218 tracts of which 179 are in fee (39 tracts are for vegetation control). Total fee acreage accounts for 1753.15 acres. 1062.25 acres are leased for farming for a term of 10 years plus one renewal option of 5 years. The " Palisades Exit" transmission corridors irrediately east of the plant and running approximately 4 miles in Covert Township occup.es 47 tracts totalling 515.75 acres. This right-of-way is inconpatible for farning according to the applicant 9 Qi_n t_ena nc_e_ The applicant currently uses herbicides at six-year intervals for row naintenance. The applicant states that proper precautions will be taken to protect low growing species, farn crops, wildlife, erosion areas and scenic areas f rom herbicide treatrent in accordance with Federal Pcwer Cornission Order 414, Appendix A, Item 4F (" Response to Staf f Cuestions, ' Amende ent No. 28, Section, Appendix F"). Vegetation screens are maintained to reduce the tunnel view visual impact. The staf f concludes that the maintenance procedures corritted-to by the applicant are acceptable to insure that ad/erse environnentla ef fects will be at the ninimum practicable level, with the following additional precautions: (1) Aerial application of herbicides will be restricted from those areas adjoining homes, ya ds, gardens, crcplands, lakes, streams, parks, preserves, screening vegetation for road and stream crossings, and congested, intensely-used or urban corridors. (2) Aerial application of herbicides will nct be carried out in winds greater than 5 ryh. (3) Herbicides will be applied only by a licensed applicator or under his direct supervision. Effects et Chemical Herbicide The herbicides currently being used by the applicant in his maintenar,ce program are as follows: 2,4,5-T Canvel 4-WS The normal sequence of herbicide treatrent will be at six-year intervals All the herbicides listed have generally short residence tires in the envircnnent. It is expected that residuals would not be detectable in soils, plants, anicals, or waters af ter periods of several months f rco the time of spraying. The staf f telieves that EFA registration of these herbicides, applica;ico of these herbicides consis tent with the reccarended conditions of use described on product labels (togegher with the additional precautions prescribed by the staff above), and adequate reporting procedures in the Technical Specifications will insure safe use of these herbicides. Effects oi Ozone The Natural Frinary Air Quality Standard for oxidants, as issued by the Environmental Pra'ectic, Agenc' is E0 parts per billion (ppb) by volume maximum arithnetic re3n for a one-hour cont.en-tration, not to be erceeded riore than once per year (App. D. c' 42 CFp 410). Hewever, Ozone ray be injurious to vegetation and animals at even lcwer ccncentratices and where exposure is over prolonged periods. '-i Duration of exposur e, age, temperature, relative humid-ity, vigor, presence of other pollutants, and light Intensity, among others, all affect the response of a particular species to ozone, thereby naking it extre ely dif ficult to assess the possible ef f ects of a particular concentration of ozone on natural and dresticated biota or huran beings 5-5 .;4in Czone and small anounts of nitrogen oxides are produced by 9rona discharge from energized high voltage transnission lines. Maxinun ozone concentrations in the inrediate vicinity of transmis-sion lines at voltage up to 765-kV have been calculated " and the highest concentration (1.9 to 19.3 ppb) tnus occurs in the rare case in which a very light wind blows exactly parallel to a long stretch of transmission line during foul weather. Several fieil studiesl5'16 have indicated that no increase in ambient levels were found under a variety of weather conditions near energized 765-kV lines Based upon the cited references and the fact that Palisades-Argenta transmission system will be of Icwer voltages (345-kV), the staff believes that the transnission line may be operated in an environmentally acceptable manner in reference to ozone gene ation. Contributions from this line are expected to constitute a minor part of ambient ozone levels and will te well below the Natural Primary Air Quality Standard described above. Effects of Induced Currents The electric field associated with an energized 345-kV transmission line naj induce voltages in conducting objects within the field. If the object is well grounded, the resulting potential between the object and the ground will be near zero. Howav-r, if the object is insulated from the ground, significant voltages may be induced and a po' 'al shock hazaro created.17 The magnitude of the charge and therefore the severity of.he shock will be related to parameters dssoCiated witn the transmission line design, line voltage, size and dimensions of the object, proximity of the object to the line, and degree of insulation of the object f rom the ground. The quality of the insulation between a person coming in contact with such an object and the earth will also affect the severity of the shock. Eody passage currents caused by contact with a Charge objett may range from barely detectable to those resulting in lethal affects The staf f reconuends that care should be taken to ensure that all potentially affected stationary structures and objects directly beneath the 345-kV line, such as hores and barns with retal roof s and metal fences, are adequately grounded to prevent the building up of induced voltages. The applicant is committed to responding to all problems associated with electrostatic induction effects and correcting such problems by undertaking adequate grounding procedures. (Applicant response to staf f questions, April 25, 1975, item IV.B.2). The staf f concludes from the abose analysis and resulting staf f requirerents that electrostatically induced currents along the applicant's 345-kV line will most likely not cause ar.y inconvenience to residents who live near the corridor and there is little likelihnod of rortality caused by electrocution of persons or animals from this 345-kV line. 5.3.4 Social Impacts This section first discusses social impacts of the present plant, operating at up to 686 MWe. Then the social irpacts of the proposed 100 F%e uprating are discussed. The operation of the plant produces considerable tax revenues for the region. Table 5.3 shows the applicant's tax payments to Covert Township. The plant erploys 135 people, 90; of whon relocated their residences to be within comruting distance of the plant. The annual payroll is approximately $2,260,000. l lhe annual value of local purchases for use in association with the plant is estimated at $400,000. This figure includes costs for air conditioner service, te porary manpower, sanitation service, teleptone service, fuel, ana hardw3re and lumber.?1 The possibility of moisture effects, from the Palisades rechanical draft cooling towers, on local orchards and the desirability of continued nonitoring are discussed in Section 5.3.3.3. No estimate of the financial impact of increased incidence of diseases on the local agricultural economy can be made at this tire in the absence of the likely incidence pattern of orchard diseases. 4 Iw 5-6 TABLE 5.3 ACTUAL AND FORECAST tax PAYMENTS ON THE PALISADES PLANT BY CONSLMERS POWER COMPANY TO COVERT TOWNSHIP - 1972 THROUGH 1980 Ori9inal Tax 1% Cost Less Utilization Taxable Equalization Equalized Millage Based Cn Collection Total Year Dedu:tions Factor Cost Factor Val ua tion Rate Millage fee Tax ($1000) ( Pe rcen t ) ($1000) (Percent) ($1000) ($1000) (51000) ($1000) ACTUAL TAXES PAID 1972 (a) (a) (a) (a) 31,309 40.8 1,260 12 1,292 1973 (a) (a) (a) (a) 40,808 32.38 1,321 13 1,335 1974 (a) (a) (a) (a) 27,073 49.84 1,349 13 1,363 m FORECAST TAX PAYMENTS ~ 1975 129,604 35 44,864 50 22,431 49.84 1,118 11 1,129 1976 129,604 52 67,394 50 33,697 50.34 1,696 17 1,713 1977 129,604 60 77,763 50 38,881 50.84 1,977 20 1,996 1978 129,604 70 90,723 50 45,362 31.35 2,329 23 2,353 1979 129,604 75 97,203 50 48,602 51.86 2,520 25 2,546 i.. In80 129,604 80 103,683 50 51,842 52.38 2,715 27 2,743 O i' ) ~ SOURCE: Consumers Power Lompany, Environmental Repor_t Reyest for Full;Jgrm Operating License an.d Application fcr an u increase in Power Level, Pilisades Unit No.1, Amendment 28, U.S. N2 ear Regulatory Commission, Docket No. 50-255, January 22, 1974, supplement dated April 25, 1975, Appendix F. a Information not furnished by applicant. The staff has identified and assessed potentia: irpacts of a 100 MWe uprating of the Palitades NJclear Plant on the residents, municipalities and economy of the local region. The r: cst note-worthy ic pact will be increa;ed tax par ents, t-Covert Township, due to an anticipated increased utilization f actor f or the PI'nt. Table 5.3 shows the applicant's actual and estimated tax pay-r.ents to Covert Township for the years 1972 through 1980. To the extent that the increasing utilization factor reflected through 1980 is supported by the proposed 100 MWe uprating, this uprating will add to the tax revenues of Covert Township. khile additional tax benefits will accrue to Covert Township, the uprating will impose no additional demands on that or any other conrunity's facilities and services, because no additional plant personnel are required nor is the level of purchases within the local region perceivably altered.21 The staff concludes, from information currently available, that any stresses on the local region, resulting frcm a 100 MWe uprate of Palisades, will be minor, if in fact they occur at all. 5.4 RADIGLOGICAL IMPACT 5.4.1 Irpact_ onliota Other T_harAn 5.4.1.1 bpos1re_ P 3 tym The pathways by which biota other tnan can nay receive radiation doses in the vicinity of a 4 nuclear power station are shawn in Figure 5-1. Two comprenensive reports' r aave been con-cerned with radioa:tivity in the envire m ent and these pathways. They can be rtad for a more detailed explanation of the subjects thet will be discussed below. Depending on the pathway being cor.sidered, terresti'al and aquatic organisms will receive either opproximately the sa"e radiatien doses as ran or su enhat greater doses. Although no taidelines have been established for desirable limits for radiatio 1 esposure to species other than man, it is generally agreed that the limits established for humans are also conservative for these species. 5.4.. 2 P idioactivity in the Environr ent The quantities and species of radionuclides expected to be discharged anrually by tne Palisades Plant in liqJid and gaseous ef fluents rave been estimated by the staf f and are giveri in Tables 3.2 anJ 3. 3, respec tiv ely. The basis for these values is discussed in Section 3.3. For the deter-mination of doses to biota otFer than man, specific cal alations are done prirarily 'or the liquid effluents. The liquid ef fluent quantities, when diluted in the Palisades Plar t discharge, would produce an average gross activity concentration, excluding tritiun, of 0.0020 ECi/nl in the plant discharge area. Under the sa e ccnditions, the tritium ccncentration would be 7.9 pCi/nl. Doses to terrestriai animals such as rabbits or deer due t3 the gasecas effluents are auite sinilar to those calculated for ran (Section 5.4.2). 5.4.1.3 Dose Rate Estimates The annual radiation doses to both aquatic and terrestrial biota were estimated on the assumption of ccnstant concentrations of radionuclides at a given point in both tre water and air. Refer-ring to Figure 5-1, radiatien d;.e has both internal and external components. E/ternal corpo-nents originate from imersion in radicactive air and water and fror e gosure to radioactive sources on surfaces, in distant volures of air and water, in equipment, etc. Internal extosures are a result of ingesting and breathir.g radioactivity. Doses will be delivered to aquatic organisms living in the water containing radionuclides dis-charged from the power staticn. This is principally a consequence of physiological rechanists that concentrate a nurber at elenents that can be present in the aqueous environment. The extent to which elenents are concentrated in fish and aquatic plants upon uptake or ingesticn has been esti: rated. Values of relative biological accurulation factors (ratio of concentration of nuclidt in crganisms to that in the aqueous environment) of a nut ber of water borne elemenss for several organisms are provided in Table 5.4 Doses to aquatic plants and fish living in the irrediate area of the discharge due to water uptake and ingestion (internal expo;ure) ware c lculated to be 0.32 and 2.0 millirads per year, respectively, for Palisades Diant eperation. The disctarge region concentrations were those given above and it was assumed that these organisns spent all of the year in water of maxirm concentrations. All calculated doses are based on standard redels. The doses are quite conservative since it is hignly unlikely that any of the nobile life fonns will spend a signifi-cant portion of their life spans in the neximum activity concentration of the discharge region. Both radicactive decay and adJitional dilution would reduce the dose at other points. S-8 j NUCLE AR PO'llE H PL ANT ( O GASEOUS EFFLUENT E l,a g l,[ ] ,,p('y ('J. /, [ "'~ l:_ 'l }- Qf ~ W? Nh:1% x ~s o // 7 4 8' LICUID E FTLUENT s sg w t Consu ;: tion c. W-p s f Irmersior [i Direct yf[. j.,, irradiation b of A .I ' > > - T s Sediments ~ Nh D4 O C3,,S' v ~ ( q. d i k-V - Y / ~J.,s>=r=m_ s-Vt 'Ir ersion \\ ['- Shellfish 5 3 d ' Consurption ' d Plant Consumption 3, .-~ ~ *;,,. 2 ~~C- ..','(r-- a :n9esticn /Y' --- IN21'? . ~ _,, ~' ~ gjf () ~-~

• _ ~ _ /".. Q [ '

'- [ r Ft' r 5 i s o -~ /.x f],6 q,, *, y.,', N -~ / _ ~ ' }-pinents j n C Incestior 3- ^~-- .y_g7 fry)i s ,.s _M,. ,.._.e. %g-' ;, . 9. q~- ~. > ' -r Fig. 5-1 Exposure Path ays to Giota Other than Man. D 0 oo O 'D ~9'}A ~ 5-9 . * ' + - i 3 ,Q Q e TABLE 5,4 FRESHWATER BI0 ACCUMULATION FACTORS El emen t Fish Invertebrates Plants (pCi/kg organism per pCi/ liter wo.er) C 4,550 9,100 4,550 Na 100 200 500 P 100,000 20,000 500,000 Sc 2 1,000 10,000 Cr 200 2,000 4,000 Mn 400 90,000 10,000 Fe 100 3,200 1,000 Co 50 200 200 Ni 100 100 50 Zn 2,000 10,000 20,000 Rb 2,000 1,00 0 1,000 Sr 30 '00 500 Y 25 1,000 5,000 Zr 3 7 1,000 Nb 30,0C0 100 800 Mo 10 10 1,000 Tc 15 5 a0 Ru 10 300 2,000 Rh 10 300 2C0 Ag 2 770 200 Sn 3,000 1,000 100 sb 1 10 1,500 fe 400 150 100 I 15 5 40 Cs 2,000 100 500 Ba 4 2C0 500 La 25 1,000 5,CCO Ce 1 1,000 4,0C0 Pr 25 1,000 5,000 Nd 25 1,000 5,000 Pr 25 1,000 5,000 Sm 25 1,C00 5,C00 Cu 25 1,010 5,C00 Gd 25 1,000 5,000 W 1,200 10 1,200 No 10

^0 300 Pu 4

100 350 Am 25 1,000 5,n00 Cn 25 1,0C0 5,000 Fro, Peport i: CPL -50504, Pev.1. ,jj;y - y ,s<, f External doses to terrestrial animals other thaa man are determined on the basis of gaseous ef fluent concentrations and direct radiation contributions at the lccations where such animals may actually be present. Terrestrial animals in the environs of the station will receive approx-imately the same external radiation Joses as those calculated for man. An estimate can be made for the ingestinn dose to a terrestrial aninal such as a duck, which is assumed to CCnsume only aquatic vegetation growing in the water in tne discharge region. The duck ingestion dose was calculated to be atout 5.5 millirads per year, which represents an upper-limit estimate, since equilibritm was assumed to exist between the aquatic organisms and all radinnuclides in water. A nonequilibrium condition for a radionuclide in an actual exposure situation would result in a snaller bioaccumulation and therefoce in a smaller do>e f rom internal exposure. The literature rela ting to radiation ef fects on organisms is extensive, but few studies have been conducted on the ef fects of contincous low-level exposure to radiation from ingested radio-nuclides on natural aquatic or terrestrial populations The most recen; and pertinent studies point out that, while the existence of e(tremely radiosensit.se biota is passible and while increased radiosensitivity in organisms nay result from environmental interactions, no biota have yet been discovered that show a sensitivity to radiation exposures a low as these antici-p3ted in the area surrounding the Falisad?s Dlant. In the "EEIR" report.25 it is stated in sunnary that evidence to date indicates that no other li/ing organisms are very much more radio-sensitive than man. Therefore, no detectable radiological impact is expected in the aquatic biota or terrestrial mannals as a result of the quantity of radionuclides to be released into the Lake Michigan and into the air by the ?alisades Plant. 5.4.2 Radiologi _l Inpact on Man The revised Appendix I assessrent of indivicual doses has not teen completed. For the interin, it can be said that the individual doses ass]ciated with the radioactive releases of tre P61isades Plant will be in accord with the requirement stated in Appendix I. Tne staf f has develcped a procedure to quantit'tively evaluate the naximum integrated doses which could be delivered to the U.S. population by radioactive emissions from the Palisades Plant. A description of this proceaure for gaseous effluents is contained in attached nppen-dix B. The intent of this estimate is to evaluate the radiological environmental impact of the facility by establishing an upper bcund population dose essociated with plant operation. 5.4.2.1 Ligaid Effluents Expected radioneclide releases in the liquid ef fluent have been estinated for Palisades Plant dnd are listed in Table 3.2. coses to the ecpulation fron these releases were calculated using dose procedures consistent with the recotrm Wations of ICRP-II. The cumulative dose resulting f rom the consurption of fish harsested from Lake Micnigan was estimated. It was corservatively assumed that 1C0 of the populaticn withiL 50 iles of the plant consu+ed 5 g of fish per day caugnt in tre region of the lake where the tool 3nt water discharges were diluted by ar. additional factor of 10 over those dilutions in the discharge canal. The exposed recreational population was escinated to represent los of the total population within a EC lile radius, and each person was assured to be exposed dJring I hr per year each of swimming and boating and 4 hr pei year of shoreline activities in the plant vicinity. The tritium released to the receiving water is assumed to enter the biosphere in the same manner as tritiun released to the atnosphere. The tritium discussion in Appendix B applies to all trition sources from the plant. Table 5.5 includes the doses to the population due to the release of radionuclides in the liquid effluents. 5-11 _. 1 c, r' a J Y, _ TABLE 5.5 ANNUAL INTEGRATED DOSE TO U.S. POPULATION _Padionuclide Gecup_ Annual Dose (man-rem) Tote' BoJy Thyroid Noble.ses .63 .63 Radiciodine .086 35. Particulate 1.9 1.5 Tritium .54 .54 Carbon-14 25, 25. TOTAL 23. 63. 5.4.2.2 Gaseous Effluents NRC staf f estimates of the probable gaseous releases listed in Table 3.3 wer; used to evaluate potential doses to the U.S. population. As discussed in Appendix B these effluents were con-sider ed in f ive categories; viz. noble g3ses, radioicdines, particulates, carbon-14, and tritium. Krypton-85 was treated separately fro:1 the other noble gases because of its relatively long half-life (abcut 11 years). The population can be exposed via the pathways discussed in Appendix B. External total body irradiation results from sub ersion in dispersed noble gases and from standing on surfaces Containing deposited radiOiodines and particulates. Internal total body and organ exposures result from inhalation of tontaminated air or ingestion of contaminated foodstuf fs. Three food pathw3ys were evaluated which involved censurption: m9at, n il k, and f ood crcps Doses to the population were calculated by assuming unifen, dispersal of the radionuclides. Direct exposure pathways to the population (e.g., noble gas submersion) were based upon a uniforn popu'ation density (160 people /mi2). Indirect fG pathways were blsed upon the assunption that meat, milk, and crop productivity of the 1; nd area east af the Mississippi River is capable of supporting the U.S. population. Table 5.6 lists the population doses resulting from this analysis. 5.i.2.3 Evaluttion of Radiological Impact nsing conservative assur ptions, the st3f f has estinated an upper bound integrated exposure to the general pepulatian of the U.S. due to operation of the Palisades Plant to be 94 man-rem. Appendi< I to 10 CFR 50 requires that individual dosts be kept to a s"all fraction of the doses implied by 10 CFR 20. This expt ^ure c3n be placed in perspective by noting that indivi 'nals in the U.S. popula tion each receive an average of about 100 cren/ year from natural tackg cund radiatiun. Thus, the annual population dose due to natural background to the U.S. population is about 21,000,000 man-rea. Botn the oaxin:un individual doses and the upper bound pcpulation dosas resulting from operation of the Palisades Plant are f ractions of the doses inc.viduals and tne population receive fror. naturally accurring radiation. r, <7 - 4 jRo a Wi 5-12 TABLE 5.6

SUMMARY

OF ANNUAL DOSES TO THE U.S. POPULATION 1

.J Catep ry Population dose j

(manrem/ year)

}

Natural environmental radioactivity 21,000,000 Nuclear plant operation Plant work force 450 General public Gaseous and liquid effluents (total body and thyroid) 91 Transportation of nuclear fuel and radioactive wastes 3

5.4.2.5 Direct Radiation _

5.4.2.5.1 Radiation from the Facility The plant desi n includes specific shielding of the reactor, holdup tanks, filters, demineral-9 izers, and other areas where radioactive materials may flow or be stored, primarily for the protection of plant personnel. Direct radiation from these sources is therefore not expected to be significant at the site boundary. Low level radioactivity storage containers outside the plant are estimated to contribute less than 0.01 millirems per year at the site boundary. The observed garr.a radiation levels (at the site boundary) fcr 1973, 1974, and the first 6 months of 1975 were statistically indistinguishable fron background.

5.4.2.5.2 Transportation of Radicactive Material The transportation of colo fuel to a reactor, of irradiated fuel from the reactor to a fuel reprocessing plant, and of solid radioactive wastes from the reactor to burial grounds is within the scope of the NRC report entitled, " Environmental Survey of Transportation of Radioactive Materials to and from Nuclear Power Plants." (WASH-!238, December 1972) The environmental effects of such transportation are surrarized in Table 5.7.

5.4.2.5.3 Occupalic v l Radiation Exposure i

Based on a review of the applicant's " 'ininary Safety Analysis Report, the staff has determined that individual occupational doses can e maintained within the limits of 10 CFR 20.

Radiation

,J dose limits of 10 CFR 20 are based on a thorough consideration of the biological risk of exposure M

to ionizing radiation. Maintaining radiation doses of plant personnel within these limits

• L'

~

ensures that the risk associated with radiation exposure is no greater than those risks normally

., 4 accepted by workers in other present-day industries.27 Using information compiled by the Cornission " on past experience from operating nuclear reactcr plants (with a range of exposures of 44-5134 man-rem per year) it is estimated that the average collective dose to all onsite personnel at large operating nuclear plants will be approximately 450 man-rems per year. 2r unit. The total dose for this plant will be influenced by several factors for which definitive numerical values are not available.

T" factors are expected to lead to doses to onsite personnel lower than those estimated

.s.

Improvements to the radioactive waste effluent treatrent system to maintain offsite population doses as low as practicable may cause an increase in onsite personnel doses if all other factors remain unchanged. However, the applicant's implementation of Regulatory Guide 8.8 and other guidance provided through the staff radiation protection review process is expected to result in an overall reduction of total doses from those currently experienced. Because of the uncertainty in the factors nodifying the above estimates, a value of 450 man-rems wiil be used for the occupational radiation exposure for the one-unit s ta tion.

2 s

t' a

. 13 4 s 4 u a.9

TABLE 5.7 ENVIRONiENTAL IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION OF FLEL AND WASTE TO AND FROM ONE LIGHT-WATER-COOLED NUCLEAR POWER REACTORa Normal conditions of transport Parameter Impact Heat (per irradiat?d fuel cask in transi')

250,000 Btu /hr Weight (governed b.' federal or State restcictions)

Per truck 73,000 lb Per rail car 100 tons per cask Traffic density Truck Less than 1 per day Rail Less than 3 per month Range of doses Cumulative dose to exposed to exposed Estin ted no. of individualsb populationC Exposed population persons exposed (millirems)

(ma n-rer's )

per reactor per reacto-per year per year Transportation workers 200 0.0-300 4

General public Onlookers 1,100 0.003-1.3 3

Along Route 600,000 0.0001-0.06 Accidents in transport Source of risk Environr' ental risk d

Radiological effects Small Comon (nonradiological) causes 1 fatal injury in 100 reactor-years 1 nonfatal injury in 10 reactor-years

$475 property damage per reactor-year

_Z-Data supporting this table are givtn in the Conrission's "Enviromental Sorvey of Transportation of Radioactive Materials To ar.d From Nuclear Peuer Plants,' MSH-1238, December 1972.

bThe Federal Radiation Council has recomender

..ct the radiation doses fron all sources of radiation other than natur11 fack,.sund and medical exposures should Le limited to 5,000 rillirem per year fo-inlividuals as a result of occupational exposure and should te linited to 500,illirem per year for individu:ls in the general population. The dose to indiv' duals dJe to average ratural background radiation is about 133 millirem per year.

' Man-rem is an expression for tFe surrati)n of whole-bcdy doses to individuals in a srow.

Thus, if each merber of a pcpulacion group of 1,000 people to receive a dose of 0.001 ren (1 millirem), or if 2 people were to receive a dase of 0.5 rem ( Sr;0 millirem) each, the total man-rem dose in each case would te 1 man-rem.

dAlthougn the enviror. mental risk of radiolosical effects stecring from transpartation accidents is currently incapable of being n rerically quan*ified, tht risk remains snall regardless of whether it is bein<) appi;ed i.u a sin'jle reactor or a cultireactor site.

,.Lo>

c-5-14 t~ s'>-'}

5.4.2.6 Surrury_of Annual Radiation Doses Tne annual population doses (man-reof resulting from the plant operation is presented in Table 5.6.

As shown in this table, the operation of the Palisades Plant will contribute a small fraction of the population dose that persons living in the U.S. nonnally receive from natural background.

5.5 EFFECTS OF THE URANIUM FUEL CYCLE The environmental effect; of uranium mining and milling, the production of uranium hexafluoride, isotopic enriche:ent, fuel fabrication, reprocessing of irradiated fuel, transportation of radioactive materials ar.d management of low-level wastes and high-level wastes are within the scope of the NRC report entitled, "Environr, ental Survey of the Uranium Fuel Cycle.'

(WASH-12?S Decerter 1972) The contribution of such er ironmental ef f ects are summarized in Table 5.8.

The hPC staif Eay subsequently nodify or expand the discuss on of environmental effects of the i

fuel cycle in the light of t.:e Court of Appeals decision in Natural Pesources Defense Council v.

[@C (CADC Nos. 74-13E5 and 74-1556 decided July 21, 1976). Tnat decision is now being analyzrd by the staff.

' ~

5-15

5-16 Table 5 8 Surr.ary of Environmental Considerations' for Uranium fuel Cycle (normalized to model LWR annual fuel requirement) m ettect pee a vs al fuel requaemect of model 1 COO M*e L W A Naval resou<ce use T o t si M a n.mu u

-- -~---- - -

L and f ar resi T empor a, av wmm.eted 63 U a do tusted48#4 45 D snstsed e'ee 18 E ou.a.ent to 90 MWe cost tred po*** p4ent Pc, m enente, cr3mm.tved 46 0.e tudea me.ed em.o c,4 of meganesi 27 E qu.a'ent to 90 M*e cosi L'ed powee piant Water im lisong of g am O se he ged to a<<

156

= 2% m.w. set 1000 Y *

• L W R = tht oo

g towe+

D sr ha' geel to uma'ee bod es 11.040 O u ber gerf to ge wast

_ 17)_

f. t.i t 1. ) 19 4 % ut m mies 1000 MWe L W R a th one e through wonog i ows Ne E 'et t e c ofene'gv ' thousands ut MW Nw i 317

% t.t murie.1000 MWe L W R nu*put iqw aient s # l'housands of megatons <

IIS E qu. aeent to te.e c onsumDt.on et a 45 V A r r oal tred sm mee e a"t N,1, c ge i m m.onsofue, 92 0 7% of mu1ei 1000 MWe ene g, ov'sm e i H.

enes

• em r s e megati u (s ese s I #4hJSt og e F a rw. ant

',C )

4 400 N( I I 177

( qu..arens to em o ons bom 4's M Ae i mal ' d e'1 p' a"t t u a v *

• H,4it =( 4 te 'Ds

]3,h te P,, e

, eg 11%

( ) ' he 4 qases 6

0,7 ?

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te et.on n.t h.n t a ige rit state star da h bel >w te ei h et h4s*Hr

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( s q lt.,6els

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4 *1 e 6. < x ess. "g.' e ns L. < 'mi =.

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.n doute cors ent, anons anet rei c..e mid.t uc al da.

"he re e q

ta 54 tex 1.es <it mater to teve's be*ose pee m ss bie st ana14e h Ihei st i r-4 Ci 86 th er '*w e daa on an<1 t he br a 'il d. ii ' n *a e ae r

N4 16 9 NH h&! < h i

NH, IT $

Nt). 20 ( ts ie 04 fu 41, 70 h t, i,,,qs u.,,ns nh,,os,nm g e m,qp o,,

jag 5, om,,, n s a i,

,o g.gn #,,nt,o g,,,

,. n me,. ?

5. a un 91 flos)

Pr.nt,pa, t. om m ti s s 9,. e 4,- t

• H <uent s e., e ne i t.

( 'tMer tg i abe de sqe( di tv. t if.es t c.,ses e n, imi 3 e n a nm c.. t,

H" //)

/S P,. ni.p4 ', b. m m ug

<n.. % m. n,, rt a,

,,- 4g

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' 41..< er t.s 6 e o e41 = 'n " 5 Nes ' mot H es t>

0 of...

Th 2 30 002 iwr 4..-

4 ' e es 'emee

• Ua

,m o a 3J P r g.,

h..m e e eg, enmq p., t

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_a v

PEFERENCES FOR SECTION 5 1.

Consu9ers Power Company, Ninth Semi-Annual Report of _ Operations for the Palisades Nuclear Plant, January 1, 1975 to June 30, 1975, August 31, 1975.

la.

Palisades Plant Abnomal Occurrence Report =AO-12-75 dated Jure 13, 1975.

2.

USEPA, " Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category Effluent Guidelines and Standards," FR, Vol. 39, Nerber 196, Part III, pp. 36136-36207, October 8, 1974 3.

C. Harter, Environmental Noise Survev: Palisades Plant and Cooling Towers; Research and Testing Lab Report No. 1-/A-750801.

4 L. L. Eeranek, ed., Noise and Viola tion Control, McCraw-Hill,1971 5.

USAS S1. 6-1967, USA Standard Pref erred Frequencies and Band %mbers for Acoustical Measure-me_nt_s, USA Standards Institute, Acoustical Socic ty oTlerica.

6.

USEPA, Infcrmation on Levels of Environmental Nois_e Requisite to Protect Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin fc>r Safety _, USEFA Report No. 550/9-74-004, March 1974 7.

A. L. Jones, DLseases in Tree Fruits in Michiaan, Michigan State University Cocperative Extension Service BulTetin E-714.

1971.

8.

C,cnsurrer Powe: Ccgyny, " Response to Staf f Questions.

Docket u. 50-255, Amendnent No. 28 (Section 7, Appendix F).

April 25, 1975.

9.

Co munity Air Quality Guides Ozere, A.nerican Industrial Hygiere Assoc.

J., 29:299-303.

1968.

10.

H. E. Henestad, "Ccnsideration of Air Quality Standards for Vegetation with Respect to

Ozone, J. Air Fol. Cont. Assoc., 19:d24-426, 19f9.

11.

T. 6. Wilkinsoi. arJ R. L. Larnes, " Effects of Ozone "CD, Fixation Patterns

'n Pine, Can.

J. Bot., 51:1573-1578, 1973.

12.

L. S. Jaffe, "Photectemical Air Pollutants and Their Effects cn Men and Animals, Arch.

Enviran. Health, 16:241-255, 1968 13.

E. F. Carley and J. T. Middleton, " Problems of Air hlluticn in ilanc Pathology," Ann. Rev.

Plant Pathology, 4:103-116, 19C6.

14.

H. N. Scherer, Jr. et al., " Gaseous Ef fluents due to EHV Transmission Lire tnrona, IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, FAS-92(3):lla3-ll49,1973.

15.

M. Frydam et al., " Oxidant Measure tnts in the Vicinity of Erergized 765-kV Lines, IEEE Transacticns on Power f4paratas and Systems, FAS-92(3):ll41-ll48,1973.

16.

H. J. Fern and R.

I. Eratets, " Field Investigaticns of Ozone Adjacent to High toltage Transm.ssion Lines," presen+ed at IEEE FES Winter Peeting, New Ycrk, January 27 to February 1, 1974 17.

L. O. Eartrold et al., " Electrostatic Ef fects cf Cverheu Trarmission Lines, IEEE Working Grouo on Electrostatic Ef fects of Tr3nscission Lines, IEEE Trar sactions Paper b. TP 644-PWR, August 1971.

18.

C. F. Daiziel, "The Threshold of Precepticn Currents, Electrical Er). 73 : E W 631, 1954.

19.

J. C. Keesey and F. S. Letcher, "Threstolds of Electric Shock at Fower 'ran: ssion Frequencies," Arch. Env. Health, 21:5f/, 1970.

20. Consumers Power Ccupany, Environr ental Report, Repest in-F#1-Tea Djer M a rc L icense and Application for an Increase in Power Level TaTTU des crit so.

1, Anent ert a, U.S. Nuclear segulatory Comission, Ncket No.

- 25T, Jarm ry J.2, 1974, sr.31. nen t da ted7pri l 25, 1975, pp. 7-9.

6J J G uJ '

5-17

21.

"Radicactivity in the Marine Environment," Panel on R.I.M.E. of the Conn)ctee on Ocean-ography, NAS-NRC, 1971.

22-Garner, R.

J., " Transfer of Radioactive Materials from the Terrestrial Environment tc Animals and Man," CRC Critical Reviews in Environr, ental Control, 2, 337-385 (1971).

23.

Auerbach, S.

J., " Ecological Considerations in Siting Nuclear Power Plants. The Long Tern Biota Effects Problems, Nuclear Safety, 12, 25 (1971).

24.

"The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation," Report of the Advisory Conriittee on Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations, NAS-NRC,1972.

25.

Thompson, S.

E., C. A Burton, D. J. Guinn, and Y. C. Ng, " Concentration Factors of Chenical Elements in Edible Aquatic Organisms,' UCRL-50564 Rev. 1 (1972).

i 26.

" Implications of Comnissicn Recorrendations that Doses be Kept As low As Readily Achievable,"

ICRP Publication 22 (1973).

27.

Murphy, T.

D., " Occupational Radiation Exposure at Light-Water-Cooled Power Reactors: 1969-1974, ' U.S.N.R.C., NUREG-75/032 (June 1975).

26.

" Recommendations of the International Conmission on Radiological Protection," ICRP Publi-cation 2, Ferg3 mon Fress, ',ew York (1959).

29.

Basch, P. E. and J. G. Truchan, Calculated Residual Chlorine Concentrttions Safe for Fish; Michigan Water Rescurces Comr-ission, bureau of Water Management, Water Quality Appraisal Section, Septerter 1974 30.

Brungs,'..

A, "Ef fects of Pesidual Chlorine on w4uatic Life", WFCF, Volume 45, r 2180, 1973.

31.

Tebo, L.

B., Jr., "Ef fluent Limits for Chlorine - Power Plants" letter to H. Zeller.

EPA Pegion I'v, May 14, 1975.

3 2

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5-18

6.

ENVIRONMENTAL MEASUREMENTS AND MONITORINO RESUME The FES describes the applicant's radiological environmental monitoring program, which is further defined in the Tec"nical Specifications for the plant. Amendment ho. 6 (dated August 30, 1974) added nonradiological technical specifications to the radiological cechnical specifications. The hPDES permit was issued on December 27, 1974. In the pages below, the staff review. the appli-Cant's environnental monitoring program and makes reConnend3tiCns where appropriate.

6.1 CHEMICAL EFFLUENT MONITORING The applicant is currently monitoring the plant discharge in accordance with the provisions of the hPDES penlit issued to the applicant on December 27, 1974, and the Envircnmental Technical Specifications issued by the staff for the period of the Provisioral Operating License (incor-porated as Amendment ho. 6 to the Provisional Operating License No. DIR-20).

The staff has reviewed the results of monitoring conducted under the permit and license during the period of closed cycle operation of the plant (January 1, 1975 to date). Thare have been instances in April, May and June of 1975, for which the limitations on total suspended solids and pH have been violated as well as the possible v olation in ETS chlorine concentration limits (but not the NPDES limit) in the blowdown as expla ined in Section 5.3.1.1.

The ETS requires the applicant to analyze the damage done, if any, when a Specification is violated, to detennine the cause, and to take corrective action to pr event repeated violations. These activities will Fe reported in the next seniannual report of cperations. In addition, the staff reconmends that the chlorine ronitoring program described in Section 5.3.. 1 be conpleted.

6.2 AQUATIC MONITORING The applicant's monitorirg plans for aquatic biota during cooling tower operation are contair.ed in the applicant's proposed technical specificaticns. Impingerent nenitoring and visual fish monitoring during and af ter chlorination will be conducted.

Fish collected on the intake screens will be examired weekly. Impinged organisns will be identified, counted and the length measured. Although impingement was nonitored daily during once-through operation, the weekly counts wili allow for an evaluation of reduction in impinge-ment associated with the reduced ' low.

Gross ef fects on fish populations residirg in the vicinity of the discharge will be visually monitored during and af ter chlorination.

The staff concurs with these plans and reconnends that the planned studies be carried out.

6.3 TERRESTAIAL MONITORING 6.3.1 Acou' tic Monitoring The staff has review'd the operational phase of the acoustic monitoring done at the Palisades Plant (Section 5.3.3.1).

This monitoring was undertakea during the spring and summer conditions and consisted of reasurerents at several locations in and around the site. The sound pressure levels recorded indicate to the sta'f that activity interference of fsite due to plant operation is not likely.

Howeve<, the measurements are instantaneous and do not represent samples from time per'ods of sufficient duration to allow calculation of statistically important parameters such as the L g (sound pressure level exceeded 10t of tte time), L Lg nr L for both day eq i

and n' at periods. Calculations of these parameters would allow corparison witn the recent USLPA " identified level" for activity interference.1 6.3.2 Fogging, Icing, Moisture The staff noted in the FES; that potential icing and drif t deposition may be associated with 3

nechanical draf t cooling towers. The applicant has initiated a terrestrial monitoring program 6-1 s iAir t

to determine the effects of ice and drif t deposition fran its mechanical draf t cooling towers on sensitive dure-stabilizing olant communities. Quadrants plots have been established to detennine plant species composition changes from drift salts and icing. For arboreal species, r:onthly observations during the w

'er in the vicinity of each plot will assess physical ice damage.

The applicant also periodically procures aerial and ground pnotographs of the site. During the baseline Cooling tower drif t study, siides of all major plant corrunities were taken. Tnese will be compared to onotograpns of these areas taken during cooling tower operation. The appli-cant and the staff concur that such photographs will aid in ronitoring the overall effects on dune vegetation carunities. The First Annual Recort of Oreration indicates that there were several episodic occurrences of icing on site. Severest

.1 mage occurred in close proximity to the towers. The most corr'on type of damage was the shear.ng of the tree tops. Secondary damage due to the falling tcp1 was also evident. Ground vegetation appeared to be confined to within 50 yards fron the tuwers. The effects of this episodic icing en dune grass was unknann at the tine of reporting. The staf f concludes fran these preliminary data that continued monitoring of the episodic occurrences of icing may indicate selective damage to certain types of tree and shrub species. hcwever, these d3ta do rot indicate th3t such vegetation damage will cause unacceptable destruction to the dane stabilizing plant concunities Twelve ronths of data on vegetation and soil chemical analysis pertaining to operation of tFe cooling towers are too inclusive to deternine whether possible ir creases in plant tissue chemical con entrations are s

due to cooling tcwer operation. The progran will te contirued to acquire additional data.

TFe applicant states that the ormhard growers' concern of rotantial increases in local coisture regin es have teen pursued by applicant representatives. Tne aeplicant investigated the feasibi-lity of a baseline racnitorin; program using leaf wetress recorders to determine effects of cooling noistur e on local r.oistuce regimes. This prc; ram was not undertaken by the applicant, because it was concluded that reaningful data could rot be cbtained. The staff concurs with this assessrent.

Fresent munitoring nrograms (includinJ relative hunidity and tenerature data) established by tne applicant in cocceratien with the University of Michigan will nost likely rot be sensitive enoup tu be able tc distie;uish any local of fiste changes due to tne cooling towers operation Decause they are 50 snall th3t they aculd te obscured by norr31 rackground variations The staf f believes that cnly a decidod change ('lg') would te seen and such a change is nct ex;ected to occur.

Tne staf f reco renMs that "e applicant undertake a sur fey grogram to assess impacts of cooling tower ruisture cn yield, q;31ity and disease control reasures soon local crchard crop production, The staf f recm ends tM. the applicant su'vey cooperative growers operating inside and outside the expected drift field for possible effects Such an arnual Survsj Could deterrine from past anJ present records of cocrerating growers any significant dif f erencos in spraying f requencies, qu 31 i ty of crop, and yield betacen selected paired grcwert within and outside the expected drift field. Results shculd t'e in;1 sded in tre applicant's annual envircmer tal ronitoring repcrt.

6.3.3 Hertocidej The staff r m rrends that the nplicant report the date, type, ;oce and rate of application, luc a t t en, and restrictions or tenditions of use of each Ferbicide aLplication alcng its trans-

-issicn ccrrid as.

The staf f alsa recomends that the 3;plicant cor nct inspections to confirn trat restricted areas h;ve not teen sprayed, unaattorized releases tave not taken olace, anj 3ccidents suc* as spills have been docucented (and cleancd up if possible). Field logs sbculd

'..ept of these ir.spections.

6.4 MIEC%0gICAL C,ITdRI'e The tcpograpb of the site is extre ely cc~ plex, w.tn nur'ercus sam dsnes rardonly cricnted t'etwecn the plant and tN site tcardaries. Ine ccmrlex topograpny Wes the estir ation of plf e dispersal and transport teyond tFe site coundary very difficult.

Several cnsite metecrological tcwers have been used to collect da ta since l

The criginal (1963) shoreline tcwer, a 55-f t utility pole lcceted atop a send dune atout '50 teot above lake level, about 7 M feet from the shoreline, and less than 200 feet the reactor building, o s dece rissicneJ in late 197i. The present shoreline tcwer, also a 55-ft utility pole, is located atop a tree-cc ered sand d ee overlooking the tisitcrs Center, about 125 feet above lake level and about 700 feet eist-northeast cf the reactor building. Ceciduous trees, at>out 41 f eet high, curoletely surr:and this tcwer, and when tne trees are in leaf, tre lower Delta-T 3ensor is nell within tre tree canopy. Wird speed and direction are r easured at tre 55-f t level of the tower using a Eendix Aerovane (starting threshold about 0.75 th), and verticsl te rerature gradient

. c r, - c

$ k\\ O w-

is measured between the 10-f t ana 55-f t levels using Rosemount temperature sensors. The lower Delta-T sensor and shield are improperly pointed skyward. The initiation date for this tower is not clear. Sinct August 1973, data f rom this tower are available on nagnetic tape.

The applicant has provided, at our request, five joint frequency distributions of wind speed and directicn by atnospheric stability utilizing the only available onsite data. Atmospheric stabi-lity was defined by several criteria: the standard deviation of the fluctuations of horizontal wind direction (sigma-theta); vertical temperature dif ference between 10-f t and 55-f t; and vertical temperature dif ference between 10-f t and 55-f t " corrected" to approximate the standard vertic61 temperature dif ference measurements between 10n and 4D, by multiplying a correction factor of 0.81.

We have examined all of the available onsite data (including the 5 sets of joint frequency distributions) and h3ve decided that thc onsite joint frequency distributinns of wind speed and direction necsurcd at the 55-f t level (by the low-threshold sensor) by atrospheric stability, defined by sigma-theta when wind speeds were greater than 2 mph and by vertical temperature dif ference between 10-f t and 55-f t (uncorrected) when wind speeds were less than ir equal to 2 mph, for the one year peried 9/l/73 - 8/31/74, are the best available data. The recovery for this data set was 67:

We have used these data to provide estimates of annual average relative concentration (X/Q) valuet for the site. A Gaussian dif fusion model with adjustments for building wake effects, described in Regulatory Guide 1.42, was used tu make estimates of relative concentration at various distances and directions Although the recovery for this data set was only about 671, the wind rose appears reasonatie, and the annual average relative ccncentration values, calcu-lated at +he specified points of interest calculated using these data, appear reasonably conser-vative when con pared to similar cal:ulations using meteorological data available from the D. C.

Cook nuclear facility, located about 30 miles south of the Palisades site, also along the l ake Michigan shoreline in similar t7pography.

Honever, based on examination of local topog..phy and a comparison of 4 months of wind data from the onsite tower with concurrent data f rom a 10-f t rast located about 1 mile southeast of the plant, the location of the present tower provides measurements representative of localized con-ditions which are not represertative of transport and diffusion conditicns expected at or beyond the site bounuaries. Therefore, to permit verification of the relative concentration values Calculated using data from this tower, it is our recommeneation that: 1) the applicant submit for our approval prcposed modifications to the present onsite reteorological measurerents progran that will provide meteorulogical data represe.itative of conditions at both the point of release and at the inland site boundaries; 2) instrunentation on all meteorological towers (s) should ncet the recommendations of Regulatory Guide 1.23 unless the applicant can demonstrate that deviations from these reconrendaticns are warranted; and 3) the applicant subm;t one year of additional meteorological data, with greater than 90; data recovery, from the modified reasure-ments program as soon cs these data are available. An estimated date for final verification would be early 1977, depending on the schedule of modifications to the present onsite meteor-ological program by the applicant end collection of one full year of data from the new program with acceptable data recovery. We anticipate that this verification will confirm our conclusions, and that any modifications to our ccnclusions can be implerented through changes in the Environ-

r. ental Technical Specifications.

6.a RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING There are discrepancies between the licensee's current monitoring program and that outlined in Regulatory Guides 1.21, 4.1, and 4.8.

It is recomrended that new technical specifications be written for the full tern license which will be in accord wito these Regulatory Guides, unless the applicant can demonstrate that deviations from these guides are warranted.

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6-3 eJLo

REFERENCES FOR SECTION 6 1.

In_ formation on Levels of Environmental boise Pequisite to Protect Public Health and Welf are with an_Adequa te Ma rnin of Sa fey; USLPA.leport No. 550/9-74-004; March 1974.

2.

USAEC, " Final Environmental Staterynt, Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant " Docket No. 50-c55, p. F6 f-/ 0, TunR 972.

3.

Consumer Power Company. Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant, fr:endment No. 6, Change No.10 to the Technical Specifications, App. A.

August

^>0, 1974.

4.

First Annual Report of Operation for the Palisades Plant, January 1, 1975 to Decect>er 31, 1975; Consurers Power Company; March 5, 1975.

c. n 4 ri

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(> -4

7.

NEED FOR ADDITIONAL POWER FROM UPRATING RESUME Since the FES Section X discussion assumes an electrical power output of approximately 700 MWe, this section of this addendum considers the need for an additional 100 MWe of power.

7.1 DESCRIPTION

OF THE SYSTEM The applicant is engaged in the generation, distribution, and sale of electric energy and in the distributicn and sale of natural gas. With respect to its electric operations, the applicant serves more than 1.1 million customers within a service area of 27,826 square miles constituting the greater portion of Michigan's Lower Feninsula outside of the Detroit area.1 The applicant is interconnected with The Detroit Edison Corpany, with which it jointly plans capacity additicns and removals and maintains pooled operations. In 1974, Detroit Edi;on had 1.6 nillion customers located in the Detroit metropolitan area and immediately surrounding communities.* Together these two companies constitute the Michigan Electric Coordinated System (MECS), and are menbers of the East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement (ECAR).

Cbjectives of pooled operation include spreading of rask, thereby improving financial and system reliability, through joint ownership of generating capacity within a larger system. In addition to pooled operation and rcebership in ECAR, the applicant and Detroit Edison have, in the past, relied upon contract for diversity exchanges with Ontario Hydro. However, no long-term contracts are prescntly in effect or anticipated for the future.

As of December 31, 1974, the applicant's net demonstrated capacity was 5,350 MWe and that of the Detroit Edison Corpany was 9,210 MWe for an MECS grand total of 14,590 MWe Karn 3, a 644 MWe oil fired load following unit, was placed on line in the first quarter of 1975. Karn 4, another load following oil-fired unit of 663 MWe, is scheduled to begin operation in the fourth quarter of 1976.'

The applicant plans... 'urther additions throujh 1980. Detroit Edison has tentative plans to bring a 780 MWe oil-fired unit cn line in 1978 and a 1,093 MWe nuclear unit on line in 1980.

7.2 NEED FOR BASE-LCAD GENERATING CAPACITY 7.2.1 Trends and Forecasts for load and Energy Applicant and Michigan Electric Coordinated System summer and winter 1eak loads and generating requirenents, hi_t,ric 1965 through 1974, and forecast ly'5 through 1930, are shown in Table 8.1.

The forecast for 1975 and later have been revised downward by the applicant since the previous forecast in '973.

The forecasts as of March 4, 1975, shown ir Table 7.1, reflect average compound rates of growth in the range of 5.5 percent to 6.0 percent. A study by the Michigan Public Service Connission concluded that th' average corpcund growth rates of the apolicant and Detroit Edison forecast of growth in peak load are likely about one percent too low.6 7.2.2 Ng_ed for Case Load On the basis of load duration analysis, the applicant estimates '. hat a minimum of 50 percent of its generating capacity is required to be base load.

bring a 1975 peak 'n c'O MWe, forecast previously, the applicant's required base load generation capaci-

<' ited to be 3,123 MW.

Base load units on line in 1975 totaled 2,953 MWe.3 Adding tl

n sisades uprate wculd bring this total to 3,053 MWe, which is siightly lcwc

• than th

' bcsed load capacity. In addition, as peak load and generating requi: enents increase c emainder of this decade, the deficiency in base load generating capacity will further d<.

.se.

Addi-tional base load capacity cannot be adJed to '5e applica-t s sy cen befsre 19e0.13

,9.,-,.

e 41 N.$ % J 7-1

TABLE 7.1 HISTORIC AND PROJECTED FEAK LOADS AND GENERATION REQUIFEMENTS 1965-1980 Consumer's Power Michigan Electric Coordinated System

~ ~ - - Sumner Wi

'r Gen. Req.

Summe r Winter Gen. Req.

Year Peak-MWe Fe 4We GWh Peak-MWe Peak 44We CWh 1965 2,377 2,570 14,538 6,085 6,526 39,913 1966 2,522 2,870 15,891 6,530 7,099 40,595 1967 2,673 2.941 16,665 7,080 7,280 42,276 1968 2,979 3,120 18,111 7,808 7,833 46,286 1969 3,184 3,377 19,435 8,320 8,435 49,738 1970 3,343 3,458 20,095 8,751 8,494 51,253 1971 3,604 3,711 21,509 9,573 9,010 54,571 1972 3,808 4,080 23,330 9,743 9,683 58,946 1973 4,394 4,105 25,212 11,265 9,630 63,047 1974 4,109 4,033 24,626 10,709 9,417 60,620 1975 4,290 4,360 25,311 11,290 10,010 59,511 1976 4,550 4,600 26,726 11,950 10,550 63.126 1977 4.810 4,870 28,162 12,660 11,170 66,962 1978 5,100 5,140 29,6E0 13,450 11.793 70,980 1979 5,380 5,420 31,206 14,280 12.420 75,1C6 1980 5,710 5,710 32,957 15,160 13,110 79,657 NOTE: 1965-1974 actual 1975-1930 forecast SOUMLE:

ER, Arendment No. 23, Secticn 7.1, Table I-l and Suppltment dated April 25, 1975, p. 11.

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'.2

REFERENCES FOR SECTION 7 1.

Consumers cwer Co pany, Environmental Reoort, Re, quest for Fall-Term Operatin3_L_icense and Application f or an Increase in Power Level, Palisades Unit ~22, 1974 Section 1, p. 1.

t.o. 1, Amendment 28 U.S.

Nuclear Re9ulatory Comnission, Docket No. 50-255, January 2.

The Detroit Edison Company, Annual Renort-1975, p.

10.

3.

Environmental Report, Section 7, p. I.2.

4.

East Central Area Reliability Coordination Agreement Volume I, Load Projections and Resource

~

Planning, A report by EC/R Bulk Power Mtarbers to the Federil Tower Commission Pursuant to Docket R-362, Order 383-3, April 1976, Exhibit I-1. Table ill.

5.

Ibid., Table IV.

6.

Michigan Public Service Comnission, " Evaluation of the Consumers Power and Detroit Edison-1974 Load Growth Forecasts," M.P.S.C. Staff Study 1975-1, February 1975, p. 2-1.

7.

Environmental Report Supplement, January 15, 1975, p. 3.

8.

Ibid, p. 6.

9.

Ibid., p. 9.

10.

Ibid., p. 10.

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8.

EVALUATICN OF THE PROPOSED ACTION 8.1 AhvERSE EFFECTS WHICH CANNOT BE AVOIDED The staff has reassessed, at the increased power level proposed, the physical, sccial, and economic impacts that can be attributed to the Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant. The staff has not identified additional adverse effects that will be caused by operation of the plant, but the possibility exists for impacts from chlorine releases, cooling tower moisture, drift salts, and icing. Monitoring programs will be required to detect any significant impacts which occur.

Other monitoring requirements, including an improved meteorological program, will be establithed to verify staff predictions.

The staff has reviewed the provisional operating license and the environmental conditions con-tained in it, and the staff has concluded that the environmental license conditions have been met by the licensee.

Maintenance of dunes disturbed by cooling tower construction and maintenance of transmission lines and rights of way will be perforred so as to minimize environmental impacts from construc-tion and operation of the plant.

8.2 SHORT-TERM USES AND LONG-TEPM PRODUCTIVITY The staff's evaluation of the use of land for the site of the Palisajes Plant and associated transmission lines has not changed since the environmental review which resulted in the FES. The presence of this plant in Van Buren County will continue to influence the future use of other land in its imediate environs as well as the contirued removal of county land from agricultural use as the result of any increased industrialization.

8.3 IRREVERSIBLE AND IRRETRIEVABLE COMMITMENTS OF RESOURCES There has been no change in the staff's assessment of this irpact since the earlier review.

8.4 DECOMMISSIONING AND LAND UsE In the long-term, beyond the useful life of the proposed generating station, this site may con-tinue to be used for generation of electrical energy. At the termination of such use, the land areas occupied by the nuclear facilities would be removed from productive use, unless decom-missioning measures included removal of all radioactive equipment. Although the details of decornissioning may not be worked out for several years, the various 31ternatives should not be dininished by the proposed action of licensing operation. The range of Peneficial uses of the site by future generations will not be curtailed, provided the applicant has the capability fv removing all radioactively contaminated equipment if and when that step may be desirable.

NRC regulations prescribe ocedures whereby a licensee may voluntarily surrunder a license and obtain authority to dismantle a facility and dispose of its parts.'

Such authorization would aormally be sought near the end of the nuclear plant's useful life. In any evert, the Connission requires that a qualified licensee maintain vallo licenses appropriate to the type of facility and materials involved. Under current regulations, the Comission generaib requires that all quantities of source, special nuclear, and byproduct mater,-1s not ~ ~mpt from licensing under Parts 30, 40, and 70 of Title 10, Code of Feder 1 Regulations, either be removed from the site or secured and kept under survcillance.

To date, experience has been gained with decomissioning of six nuclear electric generating stations which were operated as part of the Atomic Energy Commission's power reactor development program: Hallan Nuclear Power Facility, Piqua Nuclear Power Facility, Boiling Nuclear Superheat Pcwer Station, Elk River Reactor Carolinas-Virginia Tube Reactor, and Pathfincer Atomic Power Plant. The last two facilities were licensed under 10 CFR Part 50; the others were A"ra.

Energy Comission-owned and operated under the provisions of Part 115.

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I

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• W3+==

Several alternative rodes of decomissionirq have been experienced in those cases. They may be sumarized generally as four alternative levels of rastoration of the plant site, each witn a distinct level of effort and cost.

In decormissioning at any level, economically sal /ageable aquipr.ent ana all rei.ctor fuel elements would be renoved, some equipcent would be decontaminated, and wastes of the type norrtally shipped during operation would be sent to waste repositories. In addition, the respective levels of restoration would involve the following measures:

Lowest level. There would be ninimal dismantling and relocation of equipment. All radioactive material would be sealed in containrient. tructures (pririarily existing ones), which would require perpetual, continual surveillance for security and effectiveness.

Second level. Some radioactive equipnent ar.d materials would be roved into existing containrent structures to reduce the extent of lcng-tern contamination. Surveillance as in the lowest level ould be required.

Third level. Radioactive equiprent and raterials would t.e placed in a containc.ent facility approachir.g a practically minimun volare. All unbOJnd Contamin3 tion would have teen reTosed.

The containment structure would be designed to need niniral perpetual maintenance, surveillance, and security.

Hignest level. All radioactive equipment and materials wculd be removed f rom the site. Struc-tures would be dismantled and disposed of onsite by burial or offsite to the extent desired by the tenant. 7 0 further Comission license WoJld te required.

Estimated costs of decomissioning at the lcwest level are about $1 nillion plus an annual maintenance charge on tre order of $160,000.

Complete resura tion, including regrading, nas teen estrated to cost $70 million.

Hence, there is wide variation, arising f rom dif fering assurptions as to level of restoration. At present lanJ values, it is not likely that consideration of an econcric t alarce alone would justify a high level of restoration. Planning required of the applicant at this stage will assure, tcnever, that variety of choice for restoration is naintaired until the end of useful plant life.

The Palisades Plant is designed to operate for about 30 years, and the end of its usefue life will be approximately in ti.e year 2002. The acplicant has rade no firm plans for decomissionirg but assumes that the following steps w::ald be taken as min!run precautions for naintaining a safe condition.

1.

All fuel would be rero,ed fron the facility and shi;;ed offsite for disposition.

2.

All radioactive wastes - sulld, licuid, and gas - would te packaged and renoved fron the site inscfar as practical.

A decision as to whether the facility would te further dis antled wo;1d require an economic study involving the value of tFe land and scrap value versus the cost of complete demolition and rer oval of the cocplex. Fewever, no additional work would be done snless it is in accordance with rules and regulaticns in effect at tne tire.

In addition to personnel required to guard and secure the station, concrete and steel wculd be used to prevent ingress into any building, particularly the radioactive are3s.

g

&O

REFERENCES FOR SECTION 8 1.

Title 10. " Atomic Energy, ' Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50, Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities, Section 50.82, " Applications for Terminations of Licenses."

2.

Atomic Energy Clearing House, Congressional Information Bureau. Inc., Washington, D.C.,

17(6):42, 17(10):4, 17(18):7, 16(35):12.

3.

" Pacific Gas and Electric Company, Supplement No. 2 to the E..vironme tal Report, Units 1 and 2. Diablo Canyon Site," July 28, 1972.

1 D i'[

ua.s 8-3

9.

BENEFIT-COST ANALYSIS RESUME Since the FES Section XI discussion assumes an electrical power output of approximately 700 MW, this section of this addendum compares the alternative ways of providing the additional 100 MWe of power that would be provided by the Palisades power rprate.

9.1 COST OF ALTERNATIVE SOURCES OF BASE-LOAD CAPACITY Palisades is presently the least costly base load facility in the applicant's system on the basis of fuel and operation and maintenance costs per kWh of output. This favorable cost position and the fact that Palisades is now operating at 100 MWe under capacity makes Palisades the least expensive source of an additional 100 MWe capacity. Even in the highly improbable event of no future growth in the need for base load capacity, it would be economical to uprate Palisades by 100 MWe at the expensa of another higher cost base load unit.

Fuel and operation and maintenance costs for each of the applicant's base load are shown in Table 9.1.

These costs are 5.04 mills /kWh at Palisades compared to 8.46 mills /kWh at Campbell 1

& 2, the next least expensive units. For the seven ba Ivad stations on the applicant's system, fuel ano operation and maintenance costs range rom a low of 5.04 mills /kWh to 16.05 mills /

kWh.

For fii

. the seven stations, these costs are more than twice as great for Palisades.

It is clea-that the additional lCJ MW capacity of Palisades will produce energy more cheaply th_1 can any other existing base load plant.

TABLE 9.1 FJEL AND OFERATION AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR APPLICANT'S BASE LOAD UNIT Capacity Cost Units MW mills /kWh Palisades 686 5.04 Camptell 1 & 2 647 8.46 Big Rock Point 71 10.18 Cobb 4 & 5 327 11.58 Karn 1 *'

550 12.16 Weadock 7 & 8 327 12.67 Whiting 1-3 345 16.05 SOURCE: Consumers Power Company, Environmental Report, Request for Full-Tern Operating License and AppIication for an Increase in Power Level, Palisades Unit ho.1, Amendment 28, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Coanission, Docket No. 50-255," January 22, l~9 74, Supplement dated January 15, 1975,

p. 7.

aCapacity at which Palisades is presently authorized to operate. Designed capacity 786 PW.

460CL%

9-1 A10#!d

The feasibility of perchasing equivalent base load capacity and energy from other utilities in the United States and Canada has been explored by the applic. ant, and discounted on the basis of both cost and likely difficulty of obtaining long-term contracts. The price of purchase power will be considerably higher than the cost of power from Palisades and will likely be higher than the cost of the most costly base load unit on the applicant's system. The applicant and Detroit Edison have a joint agreement with Ontario Hydro for short notice transfer of surplus power when needed by the applicant and Detroit Edison and when available from Cntario Hydro.1 The applicant does not consider it prudent to develop long-term arrangements with Ontario Hydro for the pur-chase of power tc replace base load. The overriding consideration, however, is again one of cost. The applicant has estimated Dr ing 1975 the purchase of an addition 100 MWe of power from Ontario hydro would cost $12 million corpared wtih the 52.5 million cost of power from Palisades for fuel plus operation and raintenance.2 9.2 OTHER BENEFITS 9.2.1 kstem Reliability In addition to aidirig the applicant in moving toward a desired base load capacity, the Palisades uprating will improve the MECS reserve margin by a fraction of a percentage point. The appli-cant and Detroit Edison have a reserve margin target of 20 percent of peak load corresponding to a onct-in-twenty years loss of load.$ Reserve at surrer peak is projected to declire f ron an estime ted 27.7 percent for 1975 to 8.9 percent by 1980.~

9.2.2 Fossil Fuel Savings The applicant estimates that the Palisades uprate wil save 50,000 tons of coal and 1,000,000 barrels of oil which would other wise be consumed each year to fire fossil uni:s on its system.'

This reduction in consomption of fossil fuel will prevent release of 230,000 r;unds per year of particulate matter and 8.5 million counds per year of 50; emissions.

9.3 SUMMA.if 0F EENEFI f-CCST In this review of potential environmental, econonic, and social impacts, no new information has been acquired that would alter the staff's previous position related to the overall balancing of the benefits of this plant versus the environrental costs. Consequently, it is the staff's belief that this plant can continue to be operated with only mininal environmental impacts. The staff finds that the primary berefits of the addition to base lo3d generating capacity and minimizing system production costs greatly outweigh the envircr. rental and social costs.

The stafi' has assessed the need for an additional 100 W e of base load power on the applicant's system and has examired the relativ? costs of various al+ernative sources of base load power.

An additional 100 Mae output from Palisades his been sho n, cn the basis of direct cost, to be rost justified regardless of whether an additional 100 Ne of capacity is required. Additional tenefits from increased system reliability and lower le,els of air pollutant will also be realized.

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REFERENCES FOR SECTION 9 1.

Environmental Report Supplement, January 15, 1975, p. 5.

2.

Ibid., p. 5.

3.

Environmental Report, Section 7, p. I.5-6.

4.

ECAR, Volume I, Exhibit I-L, pp. 12, 13.

S.

Envir onr: ental Report Supplement, January 15, 1975, p. 4.

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I.PPENDIX A (Reserved for annents on draf t addendum)

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APPENDIX E This Appendix describes the models and assumptions used to make upper bound estinates of popula-tion dose for interim assessment of the potential radiological impact fron norral operation of nuclear power stations in the United States.

Dose Definitions Individual doses from specific radionuclides were estinated using standard internal dosimetric techniques in accordance with the recomendations of ICRP.1,,- All internal dose conversion calculations have been made using the maximum permissible concentrations listed in ICRP publica-tions II and VI.

Data on breathing rates, organ masses, and other phy.,:ological parameters are those implied by the standard ran of ICRP II.

The isotopic concentration levels in the environment used in the dose calculations were conservatively assumed to be those which would exist during the final year of plant life. A 30-year plant ope itional lifetire was assumed for calculating buildup of long-lived activity in the environment. Calculated doses represent a 50-year dose cocriitment which would be received by the population during one year of esposure to radioactive releases from the facility at the levels described; that is, the calculated doses reflect the dose that a person would receive over fif ty years from radioactive materials to which that person was exposed for one year. For isotopes with a short effective half life, the exposure essentially all occurs in the year of the intake.

For 1soto;;es with a longer ef fective half life, the dose resulting from intake in any one year may be spread over a long period. The 50-year dose cormitment < ethod computes the dose asso-ciated with any given year's intake, even if that dose is dJe to a long-lived isotope and is spread out over the lifetime of the person exposed.

Receiving Wate-The liquid effluent population doses previously used by the staf f were conservative. For exaTple, fish werc assu~ed to have come to equilibrium with the radioactivity content of the water in wnich they were caught-Thus, the man-rem developed previously has been accepted 'or this evaluation and incorporated into the sum.

In any case, the liquid effluents contribute only stall fr3Ctions of the total irpact of the station.

Atrespheric Effluents For a uniform pcpulation density the population d r y be writ'en as Population dose = K - P where I is the spatially averaged concentration time integral appropriate for a population of P individuals.

atmospheric Effluents Which Deposit (Radiciodine and Particulates)

At any point, the concentration tine integral t, will be related 'o the ground concentration w, and the deposition velocity, V, by q

V - w/i Thus, the population dose can be expressed as Populati n dose - K Q P/ /g where Q is the average ground concentration appropriat2 for the popJlation P.

In the above equation only the average ground concentration, Q, is needed. Noting that whatever is released will eventually settle, we can define the average Q over a large arbitrary area as

" - Q/A y

g_;

'g y $ ' R

where Q is the total source released. This gives Ponulation dose = K Q P/A V 9

where P/A is the average population density (people per square meter), Q is the total source released (curies), V is the deposition velocity (meters per second) and K is the dose conversion factor (rem pec Ci-s9c/m ).

The above equation was used to determine upper bound population l

doses for the generic case.

The doses resulting f rom ground plane irradiaticn of the population were I 'imarily based on the Oak Ridge EXREM III Code.*

Data on certain other isotopes were based on Battelle studies.-

Basically, the rethod used consists of determining the gamna energy at 100 cm above an assured infinite ground plane. Lildup of long-lived ':tivity on the ground from 30 years of continuous deposi tion includec M owth of daughte ' products. No beta doses fron ground plane irradiation were treated, as vegetation on the ground, clothing, and the travel distance in air all combine to r3ke this dose contribution very sm311. In any case, the contribution to the total U.S. pop-ulation dose from ground plane radiation is negligible.

F_o_od Uptake For exposure frum airborne radioisotopes resulting from food uptake, the population exposure is determined not by the density of people in the area of the food crop, but by the number of persons that can be fed by the affected crop. We have considered the exposure associated with three principal pathways. airect ingestion of af fected vegetation; consumption of reat fro"1 animals fed on af fected vegetation; consu ption of milk fro ~ animals fed on af fected vegetation.

For our interim estinates, ground deposition wn computed as described above. Vegetation density used W3s 2,301 grams vegetation per square reter and MO grams grass per square reter of pasture' which is typical of average a jricultural and pasture land.

Concentrations of isotopes on the soil assured buildup of the isotope from continuous deposition over the facility lifetime (30 years). Also included was ingrowth of radioactive daughter products. Tsotopes were assures to be depcsited directly on veget3 tion as well as deposited on soil and taken up b/ plant rcots. No loss of radioisotopes from soil by weathering or other removal r echanisms is included so that the calculate +esults tend to be conservative.

Concentrations of isotopes arectly deposited on vegetation assred an ef fective 13-day weathering removal half life fron plant leaves in addition to the radiological half 1;fe. Since both soil deposition and vegetation depasition are treated assurir.g the full criginal airborne concentra-tion (i.e., deposition of isatopes on the soi'. was not depleted to account for the isotopes deposited on vegetation befcre they rer

• 5e soil), rater 13i weathered from the plants to the soil has already been accountej fcr.

D ;> the doses do not nted to be separately tre3ted. Of the amount directly deposited on vejetaticn, 30 percent was assuned to be absorbed by the plant.

This results in a ccTputed concent non of radioisotcpes in agricultural vWtation in the offected area. For the portion of the vegetation which is assured to go d.

..ly to human consrption, a decay time of 7 d3js was assu ed in the transfer of foodstuf f s fico the field to ul tima te cons /ption.

In addition *: the portion going directly to human conseption, vejetation containing radio-isotores as computed above is assred to be fed to reit ani mi!k animals Cattle were assumed to nave ingested at a rate equivalent to 200 kg " grass"/ day. ' Assu'ing a grass dry natter conteat of 2E, the above rate corresponds to 50 kg dry grass"/ day.

This ingestion ra te is not to be considered as the daily rass intake of feed, but the " grass cq 4ivalent" intake. The develorent o' this estimate is utlined telow.

To maintain a high pro"uctivit/, mi als are generally of fered fe ds, s;ch as grains and harvested furages, to s4plerent or to totally replace the pasture intake.,~,

Ine U.S. Dep3rtrent s f Agriculture' has estimated th3t one-fif th of the diet of nilk ca ttle i s obtained f ro"1 pasturin.

This percentag) is based on the " energy require 7ents" of nilking animals.

In evaluating the transport of radiciodine (I-131) in the milLpathway, it is cenerally accepted that a pasture intake of 10 Eg dry grass / day is applicable. :

Ass ring the erergy centcnt of various feeds are equivalent to grass, the above statement implies a total daily intake rate of EO Eg dry " grass"/ day or 200 kg wet grass"/da/. Eeef animals were assred to be subject to the saae feeding practices as nilk cattle.

ns ~O

)

equilibrium concentration of tritium in the world, doses to man were calculated by assuming all the hydrogen in the body reaches the same equilibrium ratio of tritum to hydrogen as exists in the air and water v.he environment.

Population Density and Changes - Local Impact The doses calculated for shine dose from radioactive materials ceposited on the ground and for short-lived noble gases were based on a population density of 160 persons /sq. mile, characteristic of the U.S. population east of the Mississippi River. These components of dose would be increased if the close-in populations, the populations principally exposed, exceeded this value substan-tially. However, as noted, these components do not significantly af fect the total and would be reviewed on an individual case basis for the Appendix I cost-benefit analysis.

Local food uptake expr res are not based on population den _ity, but, rather, on agricultural procuctivity, and, consequently, are not directly affected by population growth but more by changes in land use. Similarly, the principal future impact on estimates from liquid effluents would result if water use patterns in the nearby areas are changes, e.g., if a drinking water intake for a large city is constructed near the plant discharge. Such future thanges are difficult to predict.

To as-ure adequate control of releases, allcwing for future changes in water or land use, the op 3 rating license technical specifications will orovide for periodic reassessment of changes in land and water use patterns. This will provile a periodic reassessment of the adequacy of facility performance in order to naintain exposures of the public health within the Appendix I guides.

Conclusions The main centributions to the population dose to the U.S. is from C-14 and I-131.

The generic estimates are about two ran-ren/ year for C-14 and about 300 man-rem / year for I-131 per curie releases per year of plant operation for 30 years. All other releases and pathways contribute relatively insignificant portions of the total population dose.

('

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• ~

B-4

For the animal feed coming from stored feeds a two-month delay was aesumed, which results in decay of short-lived isotopes. For the portion coming directly from pastureland uptake, no decay was assumed between deposition and animal uptake.

Transfer factors from animal uptake to milk and meat were taken from UCRL-50163, C.Ng et a1.13 For population dose estimates, a one-day milk supply delay factor was used, and a seven-day meat supply delay factor was used between consumption of vegetation by the animal and ultimate con-sumotion of meat or milk from that animal by persons in the population. This gives a concentra-tion of radioisotopes in meat and milk from agricultural lands in the affected area.

To convert from concentration of activity in foodstuffs to population dose, we have assumed that the affected land has an average agricultural productivity equivalent to assuring that '.e entire U.S. population was fed from the portion of the land area of the U.S. east of t' Missis-sippi. With an average diet for an adult of:

Vegetation - 400 g/ day Meat

- 250 g/ day Milk

- 350 g/ day This results in an average land productivity of; Vegetation - 100 kg/ day - mi e z Meat

- 65 kg/ day - milt' Milk

- 90 kg/ day - mile-This compares fairly conservatively with the agricultural land productivity for the U.S. of i

2 for meat.lt about 50 kg/da, - milei for milk " and 10 kg/ day - mile Atmospheric Releases Which Do Not Deposit (f:oble Gases, Carbon-14 and Tritium)

Short-lived noble gases were assumed to disperse to the atmosphere without deposition, but radioactiv decay which limits spread of the gas was explicitly treated. The population dose, assuming '

inf nite integratiCn along the plume pathlength, is given by Pupulation dose = K Q P/iL A which is the sa e form as used for particulate deposition, except that the deposition velocity is replaced by )L, where 4 is the radioactive decay constant (sec 1) and L is the height of the assuned vertical air mixing. An L value of 1,000 meters was used in the calculations.

The long-lived gaseous radioisotopes, krypton-85 and carbon-14, were essu ed to be distributed by dilution in the earth's atmosphere. Both were considered to build up over 30 years of plant life. Carbon-14 was assu ed to be released in oxide form which raximizes its availability to the population via food chains. Other cherical forrs such as rethane would not be as readily available.

The carbon-14 was considered to be completely mixed in the troposphere with no renoval rechanisms operatirg; i.e., the absorption of carbon by the ocean and long-lived biota not strongly coupled to man were neglected. In actuality, the atmospheric residence tire of carbon is cbout 4-6 years

!, ' with the ocean teing the major sink. The neglect of carbcn sinks yields an over-l estinate of the steady-state or end of plant life (30 year plant life) atmospheric concentration by a factor of about six.

Unlike radioactivity ejected into the stratosphere and then appearing in the high latitude troposphere as in weapon testing, the emission of concern here is directly introduced into the mid-latitudes of the troposphere. Transfer of tropospheric air between the two hemispheres, although i 'ibited by wind patterns in the equatorial region, is corsidered to yield a heni-sphere ave le tropospheric residence time of about two years with respect to hemispheric mixing.' inis time constant is quite snort with respect to the ex;ected plant life time and mixing in both hanispheres can be assumed for end of plant life evaluations.

Doses were calculated assuming all carbon in the body reaches the sa e equilibrium ratio of carbon-14 to natural carbon as exists in the air.

Tritium Tritium was assumed to mix uniformly in the world's hydrosphere. The hydrosphere was assumed to inc1cie all the atnospheric water and the upper 70 meters of the oceans. Having determined this B-3 r.

a'"f G [T

=.v 5 1

RCFERENCES 1.

Feconundations of the International Cennission on Radiological Protection, ICRP Publi-catTon 2, Fergamon Press, Oxford, 1959.

2.

Recorrendations of the International Corrission on Radioleg_ical Protection, ICRP Publi-cation 6, Pergamon Press, Ox ford,1952.

3.

Recorrendations of the International Commission on Radioloaical Protection, ICRP Publi-ress, Oxford,7sBE.

cation 10, Report of Comittee IV, Pergamcn o

4.

Trubey, D. K. and S. U. Kaye, The EXREM III Compute _r Code for Estimating External Radiation Doses to Populations from Enviror.mentaT Peleases, ORNL-TM-4322.

5.

FES-ALAP-LWR Ef fluents, U.S. Atomic Energy Comission, Feport WASH-!258, July 1973.

6.

Statistical Abstract of the L'nited States, 93rd Edition, U.S. Dept. of Correrce, Eureau of Census, 1972.

7.

Reiu, J. T., " Forges for Dairy Cattle,' in Forages, Ed. by M. F. Heath, D. S. Metcalfe, and R. F. Barnes, 3rd Edition, 1973.

8.

Kennedy, W.

K., J. T. Reid, and M. J. Anderscn, "E,uiuation of Animal Production Uncer Different Systems of Grazing," in J. Dairy.ici. 42, 679 (1959).

9.

Allen, G.

C., E. F. Hodges and M. Jevers, Nationa1 and State Livestock-Feed Relationships, ERS, USDA Stat. Bull. 446, Suppl., 1972.

10.

Koranda, J. J., Agricultural Factors Eff ecting the Daily Intake of Fresh Fallout by Dairy Cows, UCRL-12479, 1965.

11.

Bryant, P. M., " Derivation of Working Limits of Continuous Release Ratios of Iodine 131 to the Atmosphere in a Milk Producing Area,' in Fealth Physics 10, 1964.

12.

Comar, C.

L., " Radioactivity in Animals - Entry and Matabolism,' in Radioactivity and Fuman Diet, Ed. by R. Scott Russell, Fergamon Press, 1966.

13.

Ng, C. et al., " Prediction cf the Maxinum Dosage to Man f ro.n the Fallout of Nuclear Devices," Handbook for Estimating the Maximum Internal Dose f rco Radionuclides Released to the Biosphere, UCRL-50T63, Part IV.

14.

California Dairy Industry Statistics,1973, California Crop and Livestoc' Reporting Service,

$acramento, Calif. 952C6.

15.

California Livestock Statistics,1974, California Crop and Livestock Reporting Service, Sacrarento, California 95c06.

16.

We.hta, L., Carbon in the Biosphere, Sd. by G. W. Woodwell and G.. Pecan, Technical Sfor-ation Center, USALC, 1973.

17.

Houte rans, J.

C., H. G. Seuss, and H. Cescher, J. Geoghys. Res. 78, 1897 (1973).

18.

Junge, C.

E., J. Geophys. Res. 68, 3849 (1963).

e.x s

x.n B-5