ML18227E208
| ML18227E208 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Turkey Point  |
| Issue date: | 08/31/1977 |
| From: | Applied Biology |
| To: | Florida Power & Light Co, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| References | |
| Download: ML18227E208 (186) | |
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Slag ECOLOGICAL MONITORING QF SELECTED PARAMETERS AT THE TURKEY POINT PLANT SEMIANNUALREPORT UNE 1977 NOTICE THE ATTACHED FILES ARE OFFICIAL RECORDS OF THE DIVISION OF DOCUMENT CONTROL. THEY HAVE BEEN CHARGED TO YOU FOR A LIMITED TIME PERIOD AND MUST BE RETURNED TO THE RECORDS FACILITY BRANCH 016. PLEASE DO NOT SEND DOCUMENTS CHARGED OUT THROUGH THE MAIL. REMOVAL OF ANY 1977 PAGE(S) FROM DOCUMENT FOR REPRODUCTION MUST BE REFERRED TO FILE PERSONNEL.
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I AB-71 ECOLOGICAL MONITORING OF SELECTED PARAMETERS AT THE TURKEY POINT PLANT SEMIANNUAL REPORT JANUARY,JUNE 1977 Prepared for FLORIDA POWER 6 LIGHT COMPANY MIAMI, FLORIDA By APPLIED BIOLOGY, INC.
ATLANTA, GEORGIA August 1977
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.TABLE OF CONTENTS
~Pa e III. ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA A. CHEMICAL (FLORIDA POWER 5 LIGHT COMPANY)
B. THERMAL (FLORIDA POWER 5 LIGHT COMPANY)
C. FISH AND SHELLFISH ..... C-1 INTRODUCTION ........... C-1 MATERIALS AND METHODS C-1 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . C-3 COMPARATIVE STUDIES .... C-6 S UMMARY e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
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~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 'C-7 LITERATURE CITED ....... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C-8 FIGURES ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C-9
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TABLES ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C-12 D~ BENTHOS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D.l-l
- 1. MACROINVERTEBRATES ... D.l-l Introduction ......... D.l-l Materials and Methods ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t ~ ~ ~ D.1-2 Results and Discussion ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0.1-5 Conclusions .......... D.1-9 Literature Cited ;.... D.1-10 Figure ............... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t 0.1-12 Tables ...............
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- 2. 'ICROBIOLOGY ..;...... D.2-1 Introduction ......... D.2-1 Materials and Methods ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D.2-2
,Results and Discussion ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D.2-6
=Conclusions .......... I D.2-11 Literature Cited .'.... D.2-13 Figures 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D.2-14
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Tables ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D.2-16 This report will be incorporated into a larger report to be submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by Florida Power & Light. This outline is therefore incomplete, comprising only the sections for which Applied Biology, Inc., is responsible.
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C. FISH AND SHELLFISH INTRODUCTION The Turkey Point cooling canal system was closed off in Febru-ary 1973, effectively isolating populations of fish and shellfish within the canals from Biscayne Bay and adjacent offshore habitats.
Sampling of the fish and shellfish populations was initiated in December 1974. The purpose of the sampling was to determine which species were present and their relative abundance and size.
Within the confines of the canal system, reproduction" would be limited- to 'species which spawn inshore and lack any prolonged plank-tonic larval stages. Species which demonstrated a variety of life history stages could be considered to be reproductive and established in the:canals. ~
These continuing studies are documenting the changes that are occurring in the fish and shellfish fauna in the canal system. To place changes i'n perspective, this fauna is compared to that of inshore Biscayne Bay.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Fishes were collected monthly from 'January through June 1977, the period covered by this report, at the ten stations which were
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surveyed in 1974 and 1975 (Florida Power 8 Light Co., 1976), Stations 1 and 8 were relatively deep (6 m) water localities near the plant intake and discharge, respectively (Figure III.C-l). Stations 2 and 4 were situated between deep (6 m) and shallow (-1 m) water areas.
Stations 3, 5, 6, and 7 averaged less than 1 m in water depth. Canal width at Stations 1 through 8 was approximately 30 m. Stations 9 and 10 were in a backwater area and a small pond, respectively, off the canal system proper. Water depth at these two stations was less than 0.6 m.
Collections were made by gill net and minnow trap. Each mono-filament net was 30.5 m in length by 1.8 m in depth and consisted of-three 10-m panels of 51-, 76-, and 102-mm stretch mesh sewn end to end. The minnow traps were of the funnel type and measured 406 ran long by 229 mm in diameter. These traps were constructed of 6.4-mm square galvanized mesh and were baited with soy cake.
The sampling method at each station was determined primarily by the water depth at the sampling site. Gill nets were fished .at Stations 1, 2, 4, and 8, minnow traps at Stations 2 through 10.
Preliminary sampling at Station 1 had shown an absence of the small fishes which could be collected by minnow traps. One gill net and/or two minnow traps were fished for one 24-hr period per station per month.
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. All specimens collected were identified to species, counted, measured to the nearest millimeter, and weighed to the nearest gram. Fishes were measured from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail (standard length, SL). Crabs were measured across the shell (carapace width, CW), lobster and shrimp along the carapace and tail.1 Fish nomenclature was in accordance with Bailey et al.
(i970) ..
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Two species of shellfishes and 25 species of fishes were col-lected during this 6-month sampling'period (Table III.C-1). Collec-tions by month and station number are presented in Tables III.C-2 through III.C-7. The number of individuals of each species collected, range of standard lengths, total weight, and the range of water tem-pera'tures recorded at each station during sampling are included.
The killifish family (Cyprinodontidae) comprised 79.0X of the 2724 total fishes collected during the normal sampling regime.
The goldspotted killifish (Floridichthys carpio) and sheepshead minnow (cyprinodon variegatus) were the predominant species collected with.
1060 and 1071 individuals, respectively. The livebearer family (Poeciliidae) made up 17.3$ of the total number of fishes collected.
Additional studies were conducted on 27-29 April 1977 (Table III.C-8). These data are excluded from semiannual totals to main-tain consistency in sampling methodology and monthly data comparisons.
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The sailfin molly (poecilia latipinna) accounted for 470 of the 472 livebearers. Fishes other than killifishes and livebearers comprised 3.6%%d of the total number of fishes collected.
The goldspotted killifish, sheepshead minnow, and sailfin molly were the only species collected in large enough numbers for meaning-ful comparison. The goldspotted killifish was the dominant species at Stations 2, 3, 4, 6, and 7, based on the number of individuals; collected (Figure III.C-2). The sheepshead minnow was the dominant species at Stations 5 and 8. Approximately equal numbers of gold-spotted killifish and sheepshead minnow were collected at Station 9 (196 and 186 indiv'iduals, respectively). The sailfin molly was the dominant species at Station 10. Habitat differences, physiological tolerances and/or competitive abilities'ave been previously dis-cussed (Applied Biology, 1977) to account for differences in species dominance. Since both juveniles and adults were captured, it may, be assumed that reproducing populations of goldspotted killifish, sheepshead minnow, and sailfin molly are established within the canal system.
Other ki llifishes collected were the marsh ki llifish (11 individ-uals), Gulf killifish (6), and rainwater killifish (5). These species are apparently maintaining. reproducing populations at Stations 9 and 10'. Visual observations indicate that the pike killifish (Belonesox C-4
I beni zanus) is established in the vicinity of Station 9. This is an exotic (introduced) species which has been established in south Dade County since 1957 (Courtenay et al., 1974). The crested goby also
'appears to be established. Seventeen individuals, including juveniles, were collected during this sampling period (Table III.C-1).
Numer'ous redfin needlefish and approximately 20 hardhead silver-side were observed during this sampling period. The redfin needle-fish appears to be established in the canal system, based on. the presence of both adults and juveniles. The reproductive status of the hardhead silverside is presently unknown.
The remainder of the fishes collected were represented by adult individuals only (Table III.C-1). These include the ladyfish, bone-fish, toadfish, snook, snappers, mojarras, mullet, grunts, fat sleeper, and barracuda. The shellfishes were also represented by adult indi-viduals only. .The combined number of shellfishes and fishes col.lected by each gill net per 24-hr sample period (catch per unit effort) has
'steadily decreased over the 31 months sampled to date (Figure 'III.C-3).
The slight increase in catch,per unit effort in the last 6 months sampled is due primarily to shellfishes (shrimp and blue crabs) which mask the continued decrease in the number of fishes collected. Fishes and shellfishes represented only by adult forms which mature and die may be expected to disappear .from the canal system unless recruitment C-5
I occurs from outside. Several species which were observed or col-lected prior to June 1977 and not found thereafter may have al-ready disappeared (Table III.C-9).
COMPARATIYE STUDIES Voss et al. (1969) list almost 500 species of fishes which potentially occur in Biscayne National Monument. However, only 80 species of fishes were collected by trawling in south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound during the baseline survey for the Turkey Point Plant (Bader and Roessler, 1971). Additional work was conducted by Nugent (1970) in the immediate vicinity of the plant. This work was done primarily'ith gill nets and traps in tidal creeks, and resulted in the collection of 51 species of fishes. Pinfish, mojarras, snappers, and mullet were the fishes most commonly found. Blue crabs and t
shrimp were the common shellfishes..Applied Biology has collected or observed approximately 40 species of fishes since studies were initiated after the closing of the canal systems -to Biscayne Bay.
The previous studies .conducted in the vicinity of Turkey Point indicate that the species of fishes and shellfishes which became trapped within the canal system were primarily the cordon, and 'often 1
abundant, species found outside the canal system in the bay. However, with the natural .attrition of the predatory species within the canal system, the ki llifishes and. livebearers have reached levels of C-6
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abundance probably not found outside the system.'ontinuing studies are documenting changes which are occurring in the fish and shell-fish fauna within the canal system.
SUMMARY
The Tur key Point cooling canals are a closed system containing a decreasingly diverse assemblage of fishes and shellfishes. Repro-ducing populations, as evidenced by the occurrence of both juveniles and adults, are confined primarily to the killifish and livebearer families of fishes. The goldspotted killifish and the sheepshead minnow are the dominant fishes, based on the number of individuals collected. The majority of fish and shellfish species may be ex-pected to disappear from the canal system as natural attrition occurs.
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LITERATURE CITED Applied Biology, Inc. 1977. Ecological monitor ing of selected param-eters at the Turkey Point Plant. Annual Report 1976. Flor-ida Power 8 Light Co., Miami, Fla.
Bader, R. G., and M. A. Roessler, principal investigators. 1971.
An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.
Prog. Rept. to U. S. AEC [AT (40-1) - 3801-3j and Fla. Power
& Light Co. Rosenstiel School of Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Univ.
of Miami, Fla.
Bailey, R. M.> J. E. Fitch, E. S. Herald, E. A. Lachner, C. C. Lind-sey, C. R. Robins and W. B. Scott. 1970. A list of cordon and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada, 3rd ed. Amer, Fish. Soc., Spec. Publ. 6. 150 pp.
Courtenay, W. R., Jr., H. F.,Sahlman, W. W. Miley II, and D. J.
Herrema. 1974. Exotic fishes in fresh and brackish waters of Florida. Biol. Conservation 6(4):292-302.
Florida Power 5 Light Co. "1976. Turkey Point Units 3 and 4: semi-annual environmental monitoring report no. 6, July 1 to December 31, 1975. Miami, Fla. 248 pp.
Nugent, R. S., Jr. 1970. The effects of thermal effluent on some of the macrofauna of a subtropical estuary. Sea Grant Tech.
Bull. No. 1, Univ. of Miami, Fla. 198 pp.
Voss, G.. L., F. M. Bayer, C. R. Robins, M. Gomon, and E. T. LaRoe.
1969. The marine ecology of the Biscayne National Monument.
Rept. to the National Park Service, Dept. of the Interior.
Inst. Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, Fla. 128 pp.
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FLORIDA POWER 4 LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT FISH ANO SHELLFISH SAMPLING STATIONS (FP&L Station Numbers) irpLCD ~ 10LOOY> INC.
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60LDSPOTTED KILLIFISH SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW 500 SAILFIN MOLLY 200 100 co 50 A
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10 STAT I QN 2 10 Figure'III.C-2. Total numbers of goldspotted killifish, sheeps-head minnow,'nd sailfin molly collected at Stations 2tthrough 9,.Turkey Point cooling canal system, January-June 1977.
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I I I I D ~J F M A M J J A S 0 N 0~ J F- M A M J J A S 0 N D~J F M A M J 1974 1975 1976 1977 Figure III.C-3. Combined number of shellfishes and fishes collected per gill net per 24-hour sample period, Turkey Point, December 1974-June 1977.
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TABLE III.C-1 NUMBER QF INDIYIDUALS AND RANGE OF STANDARD LENGTHS OF SHELLFISHES AND FISHES COLLECTED WITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTEM TURKEY POINT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Number Range of standard S ecies individuals len ths mm Shrimp (penaeus spp.) 3 112-128 Blue crab (callinectes spp.). 40 103-176 a
Ladyfish (Blops saurus) 1 328, Bonefish (albula vulpes) 11 164-454 Redfin needlefish (strongylura notata) numerousa 35-287 Gulf tOadfiSh (opsanus beta) 4,53-104 SheepShead minnOW (Cyprinodon vari egatus) 1071 17-46 Goldspotted killifish (Floridichthgs carpio) 1060 19-55 Marsh killi fish (Fundulus 'confluentus) ll 32-53 Gulf killifiSh (Fundulus grandis) 6 43-81 Rainwater killifish (Lucania parva) 5 20-30 Pike kil 1ifish (Belonesox beli zanus) 2 57-89 Sail fin molly (Poecilia latipinna) 470 26-69 Hardhead sil verside (Atheri nomorus sti pes) ca. 20 ca. 60-80 Tidewater sil verside (nsenidia beryllina) 1 38 Snook (Cen tropomi s undeci mali s ) 1 294 SChOOlmaSter (Lutjanus apodus) 8 198-264 Gray Snapper (Lutjanus griseus) 5 264-345 Striped mOjarr a (Oiapterus plumieri) 1 237 SpOtfin mOjarra (Bucinostomus argenteus) 2 122-259 2 ga 69-130 Sil ver jenny (zucinostomus gula) 9 40-117 Yellowfin mojarra (Gerres cinereus) 33 161-246 C-12
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TABLE III.C-1 (continued)
NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS AND RANGE OF STANDARD LENGTHS OF SHELLFISHES AND FISHES COLLECTED WITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTEM TURKEY POINT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Number Range of standard S ecies individuals len ths mm Bluestriped grunt (Haemuion sci urus) 3 217-236
'a Pinfish (Lagodon rhomboi des) 1 165 Great barracuda (sphyraena barracuda) 3 505-1020 Fat sleeper (Bormitator maculatus) 1 66 Cr es ted g os (ruphogobi us cy pri noi des) 17 37-72 Collected or observed on 27-29 April 1977 during sampling additional to the normal sampling program.
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TABLE III.C-2 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 20-21 JANUARY 1977
. Number Range of Total Range of water Station of s'tandard wei ght temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C nothing collected 16. 0-17. 0 shrimp 124 22 14. 0-16. 0 yel 1 owfin mojarra 4 161-213 862 gray snapper 264 544 goldspotted ki 1 1 i fi sh 30-31 Gulf toadfish 53 4' l . 0-13. 0 blue crab 121 116 14.5-15.5 bonefish 255-454 4994 great barracuda 1 ,505 1108 yellowfin mojarra 1 177 157 silver jenny 40 sheepshead minnow 13 22-34 12 19. 0 goldspotted killifish 28-43 C-14
I TABLE III.C-2 (continued) .
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 20-21 JANUARY 1977 Number Range, of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C goldspotted killifish 28-38 19.0
.sheepshead minnow 3 24-26 nothing collected 18. 5-19. 0 shrimp '128 25 '1. 5-23. 5 blue crab 129 145 bonefish fragment fragment goldspotted killifish 140 22-39 128 sheepshead minnow 10 18-32 goldspotted killifish, 39 23-55 76 18. 0-23. 0 sheepshead minnow 6 28-34 sailfin molly 3 28-40 10 sail fin molly 27 28-40 38 13. 0-16. 0 sheepshead minnow 5 21-36 goldspotted killifish 34-37
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FISH AND SHELLFISH SURYEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 20-21 JANUARY 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C 10 rainwater killifish 2 23-26 (cont.)
pike killifish 1 57 C-16
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TABLE III.C-3 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 17-18 FEBRUARY 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard . weight t'emperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm oC silver jenny 3 98-113 121 16.0-19.0 blue crab 1 168, 191 16.0-18.5 bonefish 2 380-391 2002 great barracuda 4 1 516 1188 silver jenny 1
- 115 47 goldspotted killifish, 19 26-46 34 Gulf toadfish 89-104 40 goldspotted kil 1 i fish 27-35 2 12.0-13.5 blue crab 151-161 594 16.0-17.0 yellowfin mojarra 178-217 1109 bluestriped grunt 236 451 sheepshead minnow 56 20-31 38 20. 5-21. 5 goldspotted killifish 25-35 13 C-17
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TABLE III.C-3 F ISK AN S ELL I H SURVEY TURKEY POIN COOLING CANALS 17-18 FEBRUARY 1977
'umber Range of , Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C goldspotted killifish 17 23-37 17 20. 0-20. 5 sheepshead minnow, 4 20-24 goldspotted killifish 14 24-41 22 20. 0 sheepshead minnow 5 ,19-23 blue crab 103-145 452 26. 0-30. 0 silver jenny 117 45 goldspotted killifish 65 24-40 59 sheepshead minnow 4 22-24 goldspotted kil 1 i fish, 75 23-40 80 26.0 sheepshead minnow 9 21-32 sailfin molly 9 29-41 14 10 sheepshead minnow 78 22-41 131 18. 0-19. 0 sail fin mol ly 3 26-35
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TABLE III.C-3 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 17-18 FEBRUARY 1977 Range of Total Range of water Station 'umberof s'tandard wei ght temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm oC 10 goldspotted (cont. ) ki 1 1 i fi s h 35-37 Gulf kil lifish 53 marsh killifish 32
I TABLE III.C-4 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 14-15 MARCH 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight .temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm oC blue crab 1 142 174 29. 0-29. 5 schoolmaster 3 198-244 1084 yellowfin mojarra 2 178-198 374 gray snapper 1 291 596 29. 0-30. 0 goldspotted killifish 30 24-39 30 goldspotted killifish 20 24-45 28 27. 0-28. 0 blue crab 130-148 878 27.0-28.0 yellowfin mojarra 170-246 1131 gray snapper 280 601 schoolmaster ca. 200 fragment
,goldspotted killifish 25-34 2 sheepshead minnow 36 22-32 '25 31. 0-33. 5 goldspotted killifish 16 25-42 21 goldspotted killifish 49 25-45 82 30. 0-34. 0 sheepshead minnow 10 24-28 6 goldspotted killifish 11 22-36 14 30. 5-32. 5 sheepshead minnow 9 18-28 5 rainwater killifish 1 30 1 C-20
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TABLE III.C-4 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 14-15 MARCH 1977
.Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C silver jenny sheepshead minnow goldspotted killifish 107 2
4 83-103 22-31 27-37
'2 56 6
= 37.5-38.0 sailfin molly 1, 26 1 goldspotted killifish 20 27-35'5-46 25 35. 0-35. 5 sheepshead minnow 14 34 sail fin'olly - 2 36-40 5 10 sheepshead minnow 78 26-42 131 31. 0-31. 5 goldspotted killifish '17 34-50 45 sailfin molly ~ 15 28-42 22 crested goby 6 37-48 15 C-21
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TABLE III.C-5 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 27-28 APRIL 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C bluestriped grunt 1 224 397 26.5-27.5 schoolmaster 1 231 403 blue crab 158 230 26.0-28.0 bonefish '91 1005 silver jenny 116 46 goldspotted killifish 8 19-49 golds'potted killifish 20 22-46 28 24.0-27.0 blue crab 153 215 24.5-26.0 yellowfin mojarra 3 200-224 1058 goldspotted kil ifish 1 45 25-34 43 tidewater silverside 1 38 sheepshead minnow, 85 " '19-36 67 24. 5-27. 0
,goldspotted killifish 23-48 12 C-22
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TABLE III.C-5 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 27-28 APRIL 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C sheepshead minnow 31 19-30 18 24.0-27.0 goldspotted killifish 28-45 goldspotted killif i sh 85 20-44 100 24. 0-27. 0 sheepshead minnow 5 20-25 sailfin molly 1 38 blue crab. 140-155 940 29.0 shrimp 112 spotfin mojarra 1 122 56 sheepshead minnow '9 17-26 sai 1 fin molly 1 30 sheepshead minnow 86 22-38 68 30. 0-31. 0 goldspotted killifish 17 24-39 17 Gulf killifish 43-49 4 81 '13 sailfin molly 40 C-'23
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TABLE III.C-5 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 27-28 APRIL 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths. mm 'C 10 sail fin molly 223 29-58 470 25.0-29.5 crested goby 32-54 sheepshead minnow 3 35-39 rainwater killifish 20-24 goldspotted kil 1ifish 42 C-24
I TABLE III.C-6 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 19-20 MAY 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies Individuals len ths mm oC nothing collected 26.0-29.0 schoolmaster 264 640 26.0-28.5, goldspotted killifish '4 25-46 21 goldspotted killifish 7 23-42 14 24.5-27.0 blue crab ,6 140-155 940 27.5-28.0 yell'owfin mojarra "
8 170-231 2244 snook 294 401 schoolmaster 263 680 goldspotted killifish 7 26-43 goldspotted killifish 75 25-43 97 29. 0 sheepshead minnow ll 23-29 goldspotted killifish 20 28-47 39 29.0 sheepshead minnow 1 22 gol dspotted ki1 1 i fish 25 27-43 40 28.5-29.0 C-25
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TABLE III.C-6 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 19-20 NAY 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C blue crab 124-157 760 33.0 striped mojarra 1 237 708 sheepshead minnow 12 20-26 goldspotted killifish 3 23-42 sheepshead minnow 49 21-42 49 30.0-30.5 goldspotted killifish 44 24-49 53 sailfin molly ,4 33-46 8 Gulf killifish 1 64 10 sailfin molly ill 27-54 213 27.0-28.5 sheepshead minnow 20 27-41 39 marsh killifish 9 44-53 20 gol dspotted ki1 1 i fish 2 35-46 Gul f killifish 57 crested goby 45-51 fat sleeper 66 C-26
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TABLE III.C-7 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 6-17 JUNE 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C blue crab 1 1 51 219 31 . 5-33. 0 bluestriped grunt- 1 217 341 schoolmaster 1 232 , 368 geay snapper 1 264 417 blue crab 152-156 '77 31. 5-34. 0 great barracuda 1020 ca. 7700 bonefish 407 1028 crested goby 2 51-72 15 goldspotted 42 4 ki 1 1 i fish Gulf toadfish 98 19 goldspotted 4 23-29 31.0-32.0 ki 1 1 i fish 23-29 31.0-32.0 blue crab 3F 140-176 910 30.5-31.0 yell owfin mojarra 6 219-246 2143 striped mojarra 1 259 447 gray snapper 345 1117 bonefish 164 72 C-27
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TABLE III.C-7 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS F 16-17 JUNE 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of 'tandard wei ht temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm oC 4 crested goby 2 59-62 12 30. 5-31.0 (cont.)
goldspotted ki 1 1 i fish 33 goldspotted 17 23-33 22 31. 0 i
ki 1 1 fish goldspotted killifish 75 26-38 127 . 31.5-33.0 goldspotted kil1ifish 26-34 14 32.5-33.0 sheepshead minnow 276 22-40 228 37.0-40.0 sheepshead minnow 22 23-39 33 30.0-35.0 goldspotted 42 kil lifish 10 sailfin molly 69 29-69 182 32.0-35.5 crested goby 40-64 16 C-28
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TABLE I I I. C-7 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 16-17 JUNE 1977 Number Range of Total Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm 'C 10 sheepshead minnow 4 38-43 (cont. )
pike killifish 89 10 goldspotted 42 f
ki 1 1 i i sh marsh ki1 1 i fish 52 C-29
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TABLE III.C-8 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS MISCELLANEOUS COLLECT IONSa 27-29 APRIL 1977 Number of ange of S ecies individual s standard len ths mm blue crab 140-153 shrimp 100-120 spotfin mojarra 29 69-130 silver jenny 14 62-107 mojarra 111 62-87 yellowfin mojarra ,140-188 redfin needlefish 15 243-287 gray snapper 195-210 schoolmaster 205-242 ladyfish 328 pinfish 165 Gul f toadfish 160 hardhead silverside 20 60-80 Nine sets with 48.8 x 1.8 m (160 x 6 ft) gill nets of 13, 19, 25 and 38-ran square mesh (1/2, 3/4, 1 and 'l-l/2 in).
b Mixture of spotfin mojarra and silver jenny.
/
Includes 3 ripe females.
Numerous individuals (35-240 mm SL) observed.
e Estimated, observational record.
C-30
I TABLE III.C-9
'HELLFISHES AND FISHES OBSERYED OR COLLECTED PRIOR TO JUNE 1977 AND NOT FOUND AFTER THIS DATE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEM Scientific name Common name Limulus polyphemus horseshoe crab Meni ppe mercenaria stone crab Panulirus argus spiny lobster Arius felis sea catfish Atherinomorus sti pes hardhead silverside Caranx crysos blue runner C. hippos crevalle jack Centropomus undeci mali s , snook Chaetodi pterus faber Atlantic spadefish Echenei s naucrates sharksucker Gobi onellus Sp. 'oby Haemulon parrai sailors choice Hippocampus erectus lined seahorse crogobi us mi crol epi s
'i banner goby l
Mugi cephalus striped mullet M. curema white mullet Scarus guacamai a rainbow parrotfish Selene vomer lookdown Sphoeroi des testudi neus checkered puffer Strongylura notata redfin needlefish Syngnathus pipefish Synodus foetens inshore lizardfish karachi notus falcatus permit C-31
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D. BENTHOS
- 1. NCROINVERTEBRATES Introduction The Turkey Point cooling canal system is a unique habitat in that it is a closed marine ecosystem. This study documents changes which have occurred in the benthic macroinvertebrate populations since they were cut off from outside recruitment some four years ago.
The species present and their relative abundances were analyzed so that projections of future community behavior might then be made.
I Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals large enough to be seen I
by the unaided eye and can be retained by a U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (0.595 mn mesh; EPA, 1973). They live at least part of their life cycles within or upon any available substratum. Their sensitivity to external stress due to relatively limited mobility, diverse trophic structure, varied habitat preferences, and relatively long life span enable benthic communities to exhibit characteristics which are a function of environmental conditions in. the recent past. These communities have been shown to reflect the effects of temperature, salinity, depth, current, and. substratum..In addition, benthic macro-invertebrates are also important members of the food web as prey to many species of the upper water column (EPA, 1973).
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Materials and Methods Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and analyzed using methods and materials recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA, 1973), Holme and McIntyre (1971),'PHA (1971), and NESP (1975).
The bottom substrata of the Turkey Point cooling canal system were sampled with an Ekman grab. The device used was a 6" x 6" metal box equipped wi th spring-loaded jaws which closed when tripped with a messenger weight. The enclosed substratum was then raised to the sur-face and washed through a No. 30 mesh sieve to remove fine sediment and detritus particles. All material retained on the sieve was pre-served in a 1:1 mixture of Eosin B and Biebrich Scarlet stains in a 1:1000 concentration of 5%%d formalin (Milliams, 1974). These stains color animal tissue red and enable faster, more accurate hand sorting of benthic samples.
Three replicate grab samples were, taken in April 1977 at each of eight sampling stations (Figure III.D.l-l). Replication is, necessary for valid statistical analysis because of variation in distribution patterns of benthic fauna (EPA, 1973). Sampling at Station RC.O was hindered by the fact that the substratum was very rocky, thus allowing the grab to shut without enclosing a sample. No reliable data could be obtained at this station.
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Biomass analyses of the samples were made on a dry weight basis, exclusive of molluscan shells. Whole samples were dried at 105'C for 4 hours, then weighed on a Mettler H32 analytical balance (EPA, 1973).
Biomass per square meter and density per square meter were calculated by taking the mean of the results of the three replicate samples by the appropriate factor. and'ultiplying The Shannon-Weaver Index of Diversity and the equitability component were also computed from the data. Diversity indices are an additional tool 'for measuring the quality of the environment and the effect of induced stress on the structure of a community of macroinverte-brates. Their use is based on the generally observed phenomenon that undistUrbed environments support communities having relatively few species with large numbers of individuals and large numbers o'f -species represented by only a few individuals. Many forms of stress tend to reduce diversity by making the environment unsuitable f'r some species or by giving other species a competitive advantage.
Species diversity has two components: the number of species (species richness) and the distribution of individuals among the species (species evenness). The inclusion of this latter component renders the diversity index independent of sample size.
D.1-3
I The Shannon-Weaver index of diversity (d) (Lloyd, Zar, and Karr, 1968) 'calculates mean diversity and is recommended by the EPA (1973):
8 = C N
(N logzo N-Eni logqoni).
where: C = 3.321928 (converts base 10 log to base 2)
N = total number of individuals n.i = total. number of individuals of the i species Mean diversity as calculated above is affected by both species richness and evenness and may range'rom 0 to 3.321928 log N.
To evaluate the component of di versity due to the distribution of individuals among the species (equitability), the calculated 8 is compared with a hypothetical maximum d based on a model distribution frequently observed in nature, i.e., one with a few abundant species and increasing numbers of species represented by only a few individuals (MacArthur, 1957). Sample data are not expected to conform to the Mac-Arthur model, since it is only being used as a measure against which the distribution of abundances is compared. Equitability values may range from zero to one except in rare cases where the distribution in the sample is more equitable than, that in the MacArthur model.
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Equitability is computed by:
s' s
where: s = number of taxa in the sample .
s' hypothetical maximum number of taxa in the sample based on a table devised by Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964)
Data from EPA biologists have shown that diversity indices in
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unpolluted waters generally range from 3 to 4 and are usually below 1 in polluted waters. Equitability levels below 0.5 have not been encountered in waters known to be free of oxygen-demanding wastes. In such waters, equitability usually ranges from 0.6 to 0.8, while equitability in polluted waters is generally 0.0 to 0.3 Results and Discussion Benthic macroinvertebrates at Turkey Point were of four main groups: polychaete marine worms, molluscs (snails and bivalves),
crustaceans, and a miscellaneous group of diverse animals which were present irregularly and in small numbers (Tables III.D.l-l through III.D.1-7). Molluscs were the most abundant group for the first time in three years of monitoring. Additional invertebrates were collected during fish surveys (see Section C). These included species of commer-cially important decapod crustaceans, namely stone crabs, blue crabs, lobsters, and shrimp.
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Density of benthic macroinvertebrates in the canal system was dependent on sample size and ranged from 1279 to 5603 individuals per square meter at Stations WF.2 and F.l, respectively. Mean density of all stations was 3693 individuals/mz. Density was higher than in November 1976 but still below that of one year ago (5928/mz).
Populations were dominated by molluscs at Stations RC.2 and F.l and by polychaete worms at the other stations.
With the exception of Station F.l, located in the iranediate discharge area, stations in the return canal area (RC.2, E3.2 and RF.3; Figure III.D.1-1) were observed to have greater densities than those on the western side of the canal system (Stations WF.2, W18.2, and W6.2). This may be due to the fact-that water temperatures were usually higher at the western stations (Table III.D.1-8).
Coincident with th'e larger number of molluscs encountered by the latest sampling effort, mean biomass of the stations was the highest since the study program began (6.776 g/m ). As was'ound in past monitoring, biomass tended to increase in late spring from relatively low biomasses in the winter (FPL, 1976). Station RC.2 had the greatest biomass, 18.951 g/m , while Station WF.2 had the least biomass, 0.144 g/mz.
The great increase in biomass 'was due to the presence of aatiszaria nu'.nina, the black horn shell. More than 95K of the 852 molluscs collected D.1-6
t were aati22aria. This snail was found at only three stations (RC.2, W18.2, and F.l), but its density at these stations was so great that molluscs numerically dominated the total number of organisms collected.
Due to its relatively larger and heavier body, aaeissaria also comprised the bulk of the biomass at all the sampling stations by a wide margin.
During the past three years, of ecological monitoring, polychaete worms have dominated the Turkey Point fauna. aauisarza has previously been found in large numbers only at Station F.l. No explanation can be offered for their spread to Stations FG.2 and W18.2 except that benthic animals are known to congregate in widely-spaced "patches."
Mean diversity at the Turkey Point sampling stations was the lowest in. two years (1.86). Sampling since mid-1975 yielded mean diversity values ranging from 2. 25 to 2. 75 (FPL, 1976). The low mean diversity from April 1977 sampling is a reflection of the great abundance of Batillaria, a major shift in coomunity composition.
A total of 28 species were collected in April 1977, one less than in November 1976. 'ifteen of these 'species had eight individuals or less, while five species had from ll to 23 individuals. The ostracod cglindroleberLs was moderately abundant (142 individuals). Combined, these 21 species composed, only 15.5Ã of the'otal macroinvertebrates
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collected. Therefore, the bulk of the benthic individuals was distri-buted among only seven species which included the snail aatiilaria and six of the nine polychaete worm species.
I In comparison with neighboring ecosystems, the Turkey Point canal system macroinvertebrate fauna appears depauperate. Bader and Roessler (1971) reported 266 species of molluscs, larger crustaceans, sponges, and echinoderms from Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. This large number of species does not include polychaete worms and smaller crustacean species which comprised the bulk of the 28 species in the canal system. It is estimated that as many as 500 different species of benthic macroinverte-brates could be found in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound if polychaete and small crustacean species were included in the total. Tlie low number of species in the Turkey Point canal system. is probably due to the'lack of means of recruitment of new species from neighboring ecosystems.
While several species were present in the canal system, the numerically important species were very limited. All were burrowing, sedentary species which are detritus or filter 'feeders. The bottom substratum was composed of fibrous peat and mud mixed with shell debris, a type- of substr atum to which the most abundant species are well adapted.
No specific ecological information on tolerances or habitat pre-ferences for aaeilsaria are known. Polychaete worms are known to
I tolerate wider variances in environmental conditions than most other animals. Several studies have shown polychaetes to be among the only animals capable of surviving. the effects of thermal outfalls (Markowski, 1960; Warinner and Brehmer, 1965 and 1966). Studies in southern California have reported polychaetes surviving heavily polluted areas with restricted circulation (Reish, 1956 and 1959). Bandy et al.
(1965) reported that polychaetes outnumbered other groups eight to one at an ocean sewage outfall. Polychaetes thus appear best suited for life in an area of elevated temperature, restricted circ'ulation, and highly organic substratum like the Turkey Point canal system.
Conclusions When compared to the data collected in November 1976, the general trends exhibited by the Turkey Point benthic macroinvertebrate community in April 1977 were increased density and biomass coupled with a significant decrease in diversity. Polychaete worms were very abundant, bu the snail Bati2laria minima displaced polychaetes as the most abundant organisms for the first time in 3 years of monitoring. The benthic macroinvertebrate community has several species which occur in small numbers but only those burrowing, sedentary, detritus or filter-feeding species better adapted to living in the thick, fibrous peat substratum may be expected to occur in significant number. In general, the community is poorly balanced and, subject to wide qualitative variation (as evidenced by the sudden appearance of many aauliaria).
D.1-9
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LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste-water, 13th ed. American Public Health Assoc.,
New York. 874 pp.
Bandy, 0. L., J. C. Ingle, and J. M. Resig. 1965: Modification of foraminiferal distribution by the Orange County outfall, California. Ocean Sci . Ocean Engr. 1:54-76.
EPA. 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. C. I. Weber, ed. EPA -670/4-73-001. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati.
Florida Power 8 Light Co. 1976. Turkey Point Units 3 and 4:
annual environmental report, January 1, 1976, through Dec. 31, 1976. Miami, Fla.
Holme, N. A., and A. D. McIntyre. 1971. Methods for the study of marine benthos. IBP Handbook No. 16. Blackwell's, Oxford. 396 pp.
Lloyd, M., and R. J. Ghelardi. 1964. A table for calculating the-
"equitability", component of species diversity. J. Anim. Ecol.
33:217-225.
Lloyd, M., J. K. Zar, and J. R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of information - theoretical measures of diversity. Amer.
Mid. Natur. 79(2):257-272.
MacArthur, R; H. 1957. On the relative abundance of bird. species.
Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C. 43:293-295.
Markowski, S. 1960. Observations on the response of some benthonic.
organisms to power station cooling water. J. Anim. Ecol.
29(2):249-357.
NESP. 1975. National environmental studies project. Environ-mental impact monitoring of nuclear power plants: source book of monitoring methods. Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio. 918 pp.
Reish, D. J. 1956. An ecological study of lower San Gabriel River, California, with special reference to pollution. Calif; Fish Game 42:53-61.
.. 1959., An* ecological study of pollution in Los Angeles-
,Long Beach Harbors, California. Allan Hancock Occ. Paper 22..
.'119 pp.
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LITERATURE CITED CONTINUED Warinner, J. E., and N. L. Brehmer. 1965. The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Proc. 19th Industrial Waste Conf. Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser. 117:479-492.
1966. f "The e fee ts o f thermal effluents on marine organisms. Air Water Poll. Int. J.
10:277-289.
Williams, G. E., III. 1974. New techniques to facilitate hand-picking macrobenthos. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 93(2):220-226.
l F.I RC.O
/a 0
W6.2 II E3.2 0 ooo RC.2 oo RF.3 FLORIDA POWER 4 LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT MACROBENTHOS SAMPLING STATION LOCATIONS Aft LIED OIOLOOY, IIIC.
Fi ure 111.0.1-1 D.l-l2
l TABLE III.D.1-1 RESULTS OF BENTHIC HACROINVERTEBRATE SAHPLING STATION RC.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1977 NNbN1 i S ecies Class Po tychaeta Worms Autolytus brevi ci rrata 3 Dorvi llea sociabilis 5 Nereis succinea Pista cri stata Sabellari a floridensi s 8
4 ,'8
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2 13 8
Class Gastropoda Snails Bati llaria minima 131 79 120 Crepidula forni cata 5 Class Pycnogonida Sea SpiderS Anoplodactylus lentus Indi v i duals/repl i cate 151 89 148 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.481 0.328 0. 510 Density (no./m2) 5575 Biomass (g/m~) 18.951 Index of diversity 0.94 Equitability 0.28 D.1-13
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TABLE III. D.1-2 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION E3 2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1977 Number re licate S ecies Class Polychaeta Wol ms Autolgtus brevicirrata 33 36 33 Dorvillea sociabi lis 3 2 Marphgsa sanguinea 2 Nereis succinea 2 Pista cristata Platgnereis dumerilii Podarke obscura 9
7
'l 12 6
8 16 36 Cl ass Pelecypoda blValVes Astarte nana Gouldia cerina 2 Class Crustacea ostracods cylindroleberis mariae 18 31 17 Sarsi ella americana 2 CumaCeans Cgclaspi s varians i SOpOdS Cilicaea caudata 2 2 amphipods zlasmopus rapax 7 Mi crodeutopus grill otal pa 2 9 mySidS Mgsidopsi s bi gelowi Shrimp Alpheus armillatus Individuals/replicate 92 128 108 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.060 0.162 0.045 Density (no./m~) 4713 Biomass (g/m~) 3.836 Index of diversity 2. 97 Equi tabi 1 i ty 0.65 D.1-14
TABLE I II. D.1-3 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION RF.3 TURKEY POINT PLANT .
APRIL 1977 Number re licate S ecies Class Polychaeta worms Autolytus brevi ci rrata 23 14 '18 Pista cristata 4 4 2 Platynerei s dumeri Podarke obscura lii 10 2 2 3 8 Polydora li gni 5 =12 Class Pel ecypoda biValVeS C'ouldia cerina Lyonsia floridana Class Crustacea OStraCOdS Cylindroleberi s mari ae 21 14 amphipOdS Elasmopus rapax 6 Hemiaegina minuta
.Lysi anopsi s alba 2 shrimp Palaemonetes sp. ,2 Phylum Echiurida echiuroid worms rhalassema hartmani Class Ophiuroidea brittle StarS Amphipholis squamata Indi vidual s/repl i cate 95 67 62 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.021 0.010 0.055 Density (no./m~) 3218 Biomass (g/m2) 1.236 Index of diversity 2.82 Equitability 0.71 D.1-15
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TABLE I I I. D.1-4 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION WF.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1977 Number re licate S ecies Class Polychaeta Wol ills Nereis succinea
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8 9 PIatynereis dumeri jii 5 13 24 6
18 Polydora 1i gni Phylum Echiurida echiuroid worms Thalassema hartmani Indi vidual s/repl i cate 18 38 33 Biomass/replicate (g) 0. 002 0. 004 0.004 Density (no./m2) 1279 Biomass (g/m~) 0.144 Index of di vers i ty 1.52 Equi tabi1 i ty 0.91 D.1-16
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TABLE III.D.1-5 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION W18.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1977 Number re licate S ecies Class Polychaeta
- mS Autolytus brevicirrata
'Ol 56 9 Pista cristata 8 Platynereis dumerilii 17 4 Polgdora ligni 31 7 . 8 Class Gastropoda snails aatillaria minima 24 40 38 Class Pelecypoda biValVeS Lgonsi a floridana Class Crustacea amphipods zlasmopus rapax Individuals/replicate 136 69 59 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.099 0.129 0.133 Density (no./m2) 3793 Biomass (g/m~) 5. 187 Index of diversity 2. 26 Equi tabi 1 i ty 0.92 D. 1-17
TABLE III.D.1-6 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION l'l6.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1977 Number/re licate S ecies Class Polychaeta WOrmS Autolytus brevicirrata 20 18 Harphysa sangui nea 2 Nereis succini a 2 Pista cristata 3 4 Platynerei s dumeri lii 5 Polydora ligni ~ 14, 8 15 Sabellari a floridensi s Class Pelecypoda bi Val VeS Lyonsia floridana Class Crustacea shrimp Alpheus armillatus Phylum Echiurida echiuroid worms rhalassema hartmani Individuals/replicate 40 26 50 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.009 0.008 0.017 Density (no./m~) 1667 Biomass (g/m ) 0.489 Index of diversity 2.39 Equi tab i 1 i ty 0.81 D. 1-18
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TABLE I I I. D.1-7 RESULTS OF BENTHIC HACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION F. 1 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1977 Number re licate S ecies Class Gastropoda Sna11S Batillaria minima 104 120 160 Class Crustacea myS1dS Hgsi dopsi s'i geIowi 2 Phylum Echiurida echiuroid worms rhalassema hartmani Indi vi dual s/repl i cate 104 122 164 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.331 0.383 0.510 Density (no./m ) 5603 Biomass (g/m2) 17.586 Index of diversity 0.13 Equitability 0.39 D. 1-19
TABLE I I I.D.1-8 WATER TEMPERATURES ( C) MEASURED IN CONJUNCTION WITH BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Station Jan Feb Mar Ma Jun RC.O 17.1 19.1 29. 5 26. 3 26.2 33. 1 RC. 2 15. 6 18.6 29. 0 25.8 26.1 33. 9 E3. 2 11.1 13. 7 27.1 23.9 24.4 31.8 RF.3 14. 5 17. 0 26.9 24.4 27.9 30.4 WF. 2 19. 2 20. 4 33.5 24.6 29.0 31 2 W18.2 19. 1 20.1 33.9 24.2 28.9 33.
0'3.1 W6. 2 18.5 19. 9 '32. 3 24.1 28.7 F. 1 23. 4 30.,1 37. 4 29.0 33.0 39.9 D.1-20
- 2. NICROB IOLOGY Introduction The bacteriological study of the Turkey Point canal system is be-ing conducted to provide 'information concerning the. bacterial popula-tion of the canal sediments, Because the majority of all bacteria are heterotrophic organisms, they are primarily responsible for the break-down of organic material rather than its production. The main function performed by bacteria in water and sediment is ther'efore the minerali-zation of organic material, which in turn provides the limiting nutrients necessary for the primary producers to survive and generate more'organic material. This continual cycling of dissimilatory and assimilatory pro-cesses is the mechanism by which nutrients remain balanced in an intact system.
This study had three primary objectives, The first was to estimate the total number of heterotrophic. bacteria present in the sediments of the canal system. Secondly, a representative sample of the bacterial isolates was characterized and grouped taxonomically to determine the diversity of the bacterial population present. The third objective in-volved testing 'isolates for their ability to utilize various substrates.
These substrates included. representative members. from the..three major classes of organic macromolecules (protein, carbohydrate, lipid) which are probably present in the canal system due to the death and lysis of larger organisms. Other smaller organic substrates as well as inorganic V
molecules involved in the nitrogen cycle Sere also tested for substrate utilization.
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Materials and Methods
'am le collection for'bacterial anal sis Sediment samples were. collected monthly with a gravity-type core sampler (Wildco Supply Company) at eight stations within the canal system and three stations in Biscayne Bay (Figure III.D.2-1). A sample of the top 2 cm of sedi-ment from each station was placed in a sterile container, cooled to 4' in an ice chest, and shipped to the laboratory for analysis.
Estimation of total number of heterotro hic bacteria -- Iomedi-ately after arriving in the laboratory, a known weight of each sediment sample was added to 99 ml of 3Ã NaCl, the mixture was shaken, and a F
serial dilution was made. From appropriate dilutions, a most-probable-number'(MPN) analysis (APHA, 1976) was performed by using O.l-ml inocu-lations into triplicate tubes of broth containing 3K trypticase-soy-broth plus 0.1% yeast extract in artificial seawater (TSB/YE/SW), The inocu-lated tubes were incubated at 2P C and checked for growth at intervals for 10 days. The results are reported as the most probable number of bacteria per gram of wet weight sediment.
Estimation of the number of sulfate-reducin 'bacteria -- A known weight of each sediment sample was placed in a dilution bottle contain-ing 99 ml of 3C NaCl and shaken. A 1.0-ml aliquot was withdrawn and added .to 9.0 ml of API sulfate-reducing agar which,was kept in a liquid state at 4F C. Appropriate serial dilutions .were then made with liquid API sulfate-reducing agar. After rapid solidification of the agar, the D. 2-2
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tubes were incubated at 2FC,for 2 weeks and checked at intervals for the formation of black colonies which indicate sulfate-reducing bacteria.
The results are reported as the number of sulfate-reducing bacteria per gram of wet weight sediment.
Characterization'of bacterial "isolates -- A,O.l-ml inoculum was taken from an app'ropriate dilution of a sample from each station and I
streaked onto an agar plate (TSB/YE/SW); The plates were incubated at 25' for 3 to 5 days and observed for growth of bacterial colonies.
Three colonies (isolates) were randomly selected from each plate to be characterized.
N The isolates were grouped taxonomically accoi ding to the results of the following observations and procedures as described by Shewan (1963):
,1. gram stain
- 2. cell morphology
- 3. oxidase test
- 4. motility test
- 5. colony appearance
- 6. dissimilation of carbohydrate (Hugh and Leifson, (1953}
- 7. sensitivity to pencillin
- 8. sensitivity to 0/129 (Collier et al., 1950)
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Except where noted, these procedures were performed as described by the Society of American Bacteriologist (1957). All growth media were prepared with artificial seawater (SH) which contained the following components per 1000 ml of distilled water:
NaC1 -, 24.0 g MgClz.6Hz0 - 5.3 g l19SO).7Hz0 - 7.0 g KC1 0.7 g Utilization of various substrates Each isolate was tested as outlined in Table III.D.2-1 to ascertain the potential of the isolate to utilize various groups of substrates. The methodology used was I
that provided by the manufacturer of the product (BBL, 1968} or that found in the Manual os Microbiological Methods (Society of American Bacteriologists, 1957). All media were prepared with artificial sea-water.
Chemical anal sis -- Samples containing a combination of water and sediment were taken monthly at the same canal and bay stations as the bacteriological samples. These samples were collected in 1-liter screwcap polypropylene bottles, placed in an ice chest and kept at 4' until analyzed. Samples collected by this procedure were homogenized and filtered and then analyzed for soluble ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, orthophosphate, and sulfate.
D.2-4
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Water samples to be analyzed for the presence of sulfite and sul-fide were collected in 250-ml screwcap polyethylene bottles containing 0.5 ml of zinc acetate (2N). Because these chemicals are susceptible to oxidation, the bottles were filled to overflowing when collected to avoid excessive exposure to oxygen contained in an airspace. These samples were also kept at O' but analyzed without filtration due to the deleterious effects of oxygenation..
A Sediment samples were also collected at the same canal and bay stations for analysis of total sulfide contact. These 'samples were .
placed in 50-ml sterile polypropylene tubes, tightly capped, and kept at 4' until analyzed, A portion of each of these samples was acidified to convert insoluble sulfides to HzS, which was then distilled into a trapping solution of zinc acetate and analyzed by spectrophotometric methods.
Standard analytical methods (Table III.D.2-2) were used to perform the preceding chemical analyses. Prior to May 1977 analysis of the chemical parameters sulfate, sulfite, and sulfide was performed by Dunn Laboratories. After April all chemical analyses were performed by Applied h
Biology, Inc.
Sediment samples diluted 1:3 with distilled water were used in, determining pH with a standard Corning (Model 10} pH meter. Samples D. 2-5
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for salinity determinations were transported to the laboratory and measured with a refractometer. Values of conductivity for each sta-tion were calculated from salinity and temperature measurements accord-ing to tables published in Marine chemistry (Horne, 1969).
Results and Discussion Table III.D.2-3 shows the distribution of heterotrophic bacteria per gram of wet weight soil at the ll sampling stations as estimated by the MPN analysis using TSB/YE/SW as a growth medium. Mean values are given for the three stations in the bay as well as for the eight stations within the canal system on a monthly and 6-month basis. The 6-month average bacterial count for the canal stations was approximately an- order. of magnitude greater than the mean value for Biscayne Bay, and each .canal station had at least a 3-fold higher bacterial count than the average Biscayne Bay Station. Table III.D.2-4 shows a similar distri-bution of heterotrophic bacteria when estimated by the MPN method using distilled water instead of artificial seawater to prepare the growth medium (TSB/YE/DW). A comparison of the 6-month averages between bay and canal stations indicates that differences in numbers between the two loca-tions are similar with either medium. Figure III.D.2-2 graphically illus-'rates these relationships. With growth media prepared with either arti-ficial seawater or distilled water, bacterial counts are higher in the canal sediments than in the Biscayne Bay sediments. Bacterial counts are also significantly higher when estimated using artificial seawater rather than distilled water in the growth medium. This indicates that marine 0.2-6
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bacteria are the predominate type of organism present in both the canal and Biscayne Bay sediments.
The reduction of sulfate is a key reaction in the sulfur cycle and can be accomplished by two general processes. The first is assimilatory sulfate reduction which can be performed by many bacteria and other larger organisms. The purpose of this assimilatory process is to re-duce sulfate to sulfite or sulfide in order to incorporate it into a molecule used as a building block, such as a sulfo-lipid or a sulfur-containing amino acid. This process produces very little'xcess sul-fide. The second type of reduction is termed dissimilatory sulfate reduction and is common only to a very limited group of bacteria. These bacteria are called sulfate-reducing bacteria and are limited to two genera, Desulfovibrio and Desulf'otomaculum. 'hey are strict anaerobes and use sulfate (SO) as .the terminal electron acceptor in respiration.
Sulfate is reduced to the level of sulfide (S ) which is released in copious amounts as hydrogen sulfide gas.*
Table III.D.2-5 shows the distribution of sulfate-reducing bacteria per gram of wet weight soil at the ll sampling stations. No significant difference was observed in numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria between the overall average of the canal stations and the average for the Biscayne Bay stations. Three of the canal stations (E3.2, RC.2, and RC.O) appeared to have consistently higher numbers of sulfate-reducing bacteria than the other canal and bay stations, while canal Station WF.2 consistently had a much lower population of these organisms.
D.2-7
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The ba'cterial isolates selected for taxonomic identification were characterized according to the procedures listed in the Materials and Methods section. Table III.D.2-6 shows a distribution of the isolates divided into four groups. Organisms which were found to be gram nega-tive rods were grouped according to a scheme put forth by Shewan (1963).
Group I, .which contains species of pseudomonas, Aeronnnas, vibrio, and
.zanthomonas, are characterized as oxidase positive, gram negative motile rods. Group II are gram negative, non-motile rods that are non-pigmented; these are either achromobacter .or ~1<<~ieenes . Group III contain zsavo-.
bac~er and co<ou~<9'< which are gram negative, non-motile rods that are pigmented, and Group IY are gram positive rods.
Group I, which contains the mobile gram.negative rods, and Group IY, which contains the gram positive rods, are the predominate groups in both the canal and Biscayne Bay sediments. Based on the preceding taxonomic groupings, the distribution of bacterial types in the canal sediments's very similar to that in the Biscayne Bay sediments.
The substrate utilization tests indicated that the bacterial isolates were capable of degrading a wide range of organic substrates. The monthly and 6-month average percentages of bacterial isolates from the canal and Biscayne Bay stations capable of utilizing the substrates tested are pre-sented in Tables III.D.2-7 through III.D.2-12.
D. 2-8
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Table III.D.2-7 lists the monthly percentage of bacterial isolates capable of hydrolyzing casein, a common milk protein. Proteins are hydro-lyzed to polypeptides and then further degraded to amino acids, which then can be deaminated to produce ammonia and various organic acids. The or-ganic acids can be used as substrates for other bacteria as either building blocks for growth or as energy sources in oxidation or fermentation reac-tions. The ammonia can enter the nitrogen cycle and be. oxidized to produce nitrites and nitrates by the n'ifrifying bacteria aritrobacter and Nitroso-These two genera are strict aerobes and chemoautotrophic, so they 'anas.
cannot be isolated on the heterotrophic media used in this study. The re-suits of the 'test which measured the ammonification of peptone (Table III.D.2-7) indicated that approximately 354 of the bacterial isolates were capable of 'producing amnonia from peptone and hence could start the process by which protein nitrogen becomes mineralized to nitrates.
Carbohydrates are a complex group of compounds which include such diverse macromolecules as cellulose, starch, and chitin.. Table III.D.2-8 lists the percentages of bacterial isolates capable of hydrolyzing chitin, which is a polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine. The breakdown of chitin also shunts aomonia into the nitrogen cycle and provides simple sugars as sub-strates for a number of reaction possibilities. Starch, which is a macro-molecule used almost universally as- an energy storage product, was degraded by 54.2Ã of the canal isolates and 51.9% of the bay isolates (Table III.D.2-8).
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Cellobiose is the repeating disaccharide unit, of cellulose.. Like cellulose it contains the 8(1-4) glycosidic linkage which makes cellulose resistant to digestion by most organisms, Table III,D.2-8 lists the percentages of canal and bay isolates capable of fermenting cellobiose.
The breakdown products of the complex carbohydrates are simple sugars such as the monosaccharides, glucose and mannitol, and the di-saccharides, saccharose and lactose, These simple carbohydrates can be further degraded to provide energy and smaller molecules used as building blocks by many bacteria. Table III.0.2-9 shows the percentage of both
'I the canal and bay isolates capable of metabolizing four simple sugars.
Glucose is utilized most frequently, with mannitol and saccharose meta-bolized less frequently. Lactose is metabolized very infrequently, which indicates the scarcity of coliform organisms in the area under study.
Lipids are a varied group of macromolecules which are more resistant to degradation than proteins and carbohydrates, As shown in Table III.0.2-10, however, bacteria isolates from both the canal and bay sedi-ments are capable of lipid hydrolysis.
During bacterial metabolism, nitrate can sometimes serve as a ter-minal electron acceptor and hence be reduced to nitrite or ammonia.
Therefore, bacteria either can serve to oxidize ammonia to nitrate, as previously discussed, or can use different metabolic reactions to reduce nitrate to amnonia. Table III.0.2-11 lists the percentages of bacteria isolates capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites.
D. 2-10
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As with the distribution of taxonomic groups, the bacterial isolates L
from the Turkey, Point canal sediments are very similar, with respect to their capability of substrate utilization, to the isolates from the Bis-cayne Bay sediments.
The results of the chemical analyses of the Turkey Point canal system from January 1977 through June 1977 are given in Tables III.D.2-12 through III.D.2-19.
I The pH of the canal and Biscayne Bay sediments for May and June 1977 appear in Table III.D.2-20.. As expected, they are in the narrow I
range usually encountered in the strongly buffered seawater environment.
The results of salinity and temperature measurements are given in Tables III.D.2-21 and III.D.2-22, respectively. The values for salin-ity are higher in the canal system than in the bay with significant sea-sonal variations probably due to rainfall conditions. Conductivity values are presented in Table III.D.2-23. Beca'use conductivity is a function of both io'nic concentration and temperature, the. highest con-ductivity values are found at the warmest stations in the canal system.
Conclusions Sediment samples from stations in the Turkey Point canal system and Biscayne Bay were analyzed for the presence of bacteria responsible for nutrient turnover of organic materials. Heterotrophic bacteria
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counts were higher in the Turkey Point canals than in the Biscayne Bay sediments; however, samples from both locations contained similar taxonomically grouped populations that could degrade a variety of cordon organic substrates. A valid comparison of these data with those collected by the University of Miami in the Biscayne Bay/Card Sound area is not possible because the bacteriological work presented in the Miami report is quite limited and the methodology for sample collection and analysis very different from that of Applied Biology, Inc.
Values are given for pH, conductivity, salinity, and selected nutrients measured at eight stations with the the Turkey Point canal system and three stations in Biscayne Bay. The chemical data reported by'Applied Biology are not comparable to those in the University of Miami report because the Applied Biology data concern extracted sediments while the Miami group 'measured chemical parameters of the water column.
D. 2-12
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LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 14th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D. C. 1193 pp.
BBL. 1968. BBL manual of products and laboratory procedures, 5th ed.
BBL, Division of Becton, Dickinson and Company, Cockeysville, Md. 211 pp.
Campbell, L. L., Jr . and 0. B. Williams. 1951. A study of chitin-decomposing microorganisms of marine origin. 'J. Gen. Microbiol.
5:894-905.
Collier, H. 0. J., N. R. Campbell and M. E. H. Fitzgerald. 1950.
Vibriostatic activity in cer tain series of pteridines. Nature 165(4208):1004-1005.
Horne, R. A. 1969. Marine chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. p. 487.
Hugh, R. and- E. Leifson. 1953. The taxonomic significance of fermenta-tive 'versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 66:24-26.
\
Shewan, J. M. 1963. The differentiation of certain'genera of gram negative'bacteria frequently encountered in marine environments.
Pages 449-521 in Symposium on marine microbiology. C. D. Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Society of American Bacteriologists. 1957. Manual of microbiological methods." McGraw-Hill, New York.
Strickland, J. D., and T. R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fish Res. Bd. Canad. Ottawa, Bulletin No. 167. 310 pp.
ADDITIONAL SOURCES Fincher, E. L., project director. 1975. Ecological stud'ies of a sub-tropical terrestrial biome: mic'robial ecology. Annual 'report to Florida Power 8 L'i ght Company. Ga. Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.
Rheinheimer, G. 1974. Aquatic microbiology. John Wiley 8 Sons, London.
Stevenson, L. H., and R. R. Colwell. .1973. Estuarine microbial ecology.
Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, S. C.
D. 2-13
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Fi ure 111.0.2-1
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200 TURKEY PAI III cANAL TSB/YE/SB 180 BIEKAYNE BAY'- TSB/YE/SII cP -~ TURKEY POINY CANAL - TSB/YE/OH
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JAN FEB HAR APR jiAY JUN Figure III.D.2-2. Comparison of 1977 bacteria counts between Turkey Point canal and Biscayne Bay s'ediments with two types of growth media.
D. 2-15
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TABLE III.D.2-1 TESTS FOR DETERMINATION OF SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT Test Medium Casein Hydrolysis (1) Prepare TSA/YE/SW plates con-taining 1Ã instant nonfat dry milk (2) Str eak plates with inoculum and incubate'for 5 days (3) Observe for'learing of the medium around the bacterial growth which is indicative ot casein hydrolysis Chitin Hydrolysis (1) Prepare medium by adding (Campbell et al., 1951) several flakes of purified chitin to 5 ml of artificial seawater (2) Inoculate and incubate at 25'C for 2 weeks (3) Test for ammonia produced from the hydrolysi s of chi tin by adding Nesslers reagent to the culture Starch Hydrolysi s (1) Prepare TSA/YE/SW plates containing 0.55 soluble starch (2) Streak plates with the inoculum .
and incubate for 5 days at 25'C (3) Test for starch'ydrolysis by flooding with an iodine solution (Iodine, 3 g; KI, 6 g; HqO, 400 ml). A deep
'f blue color indicates the presence starch and therefore starch hydrolysis is indicated by a clear zone around the bacterial growth Lipid Hydrolysis (1) Prepare Difco spirit blue agar plates with ar'tificial seawater and Difco lipase reagent (2) Streak plates with the inoculum and incubate for 5 days at 25'C (3) Observe for a dark blue color beneath the bacterial growth as well as clearing of the lipid-D. 2-16 emulsion. Both changes indicate lipid hydrolysis '
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TABLE III.D.2-1 (continued)
TESTS FOR DETERMINATION OF SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT Test Medium Ammonification of (1) Prepare 1X Bacto-peptone (Difco)
Peptone with artificial seawater and dispense into tubes (2) Inoculate tubes and incubate at 25'C for 5 days (3) Test for ammonia production by addition of Nessler's reagent .
to the 'culture Nitrate Reduction (1) Prepare Indole-nitrite medium (Difco) with artificial seawater and dispense into tubes (2) Inoculate .tubes and incubate at 25'C for 5 days (3) Test for nitrate reduction by adding one ml of sulfanilic acid solution followed by one ml of alpha-naphylamine solution.
A red color within 1-2 min indicates the presence of nitrite and therefore positive for nitrate reduction. If no red color appears, add zinc metal to check for the presence of nitrate. Zinc will chemically reduce nitrate and hence a red color will appear.
Carbohydrate Fermentation (1) Prepare phenol red broth (Difco) with artificial seawater and 0.5%
of the carbohydrate to be tested (2) Inoculate tubes and incubate for 2 days at 25'C and observe for fermentation denoted by a change in color from red to yellow D. 2-17
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TABLE III.D.2-2 METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND WATER TURKEY POINT PLANT Parameter Method Reference Ammo ni a-ni trogen spectrophotometric Strickland and Parsons, (phenol-hypochlorite) 1972, p. 87 Ni trate-ni trogen (1) spectrophotometric (Brucine) APHA, 1976, p. 427 (2) cadmium reductiona APHA, 1976, p. 423 Ni tri te-ni trogen spectrophotometric APHA, 1976, p. 434 (diazotization)
Orthophosphate spectrophotometri c APHA, 1976, 'p. 481 (ascorbic acid)
Sulfate tubidimetric APHA, 1976, p. 493 (barium sul fate)
Sulfite titrimetric APHA, 1976, p. 509 (iodide-iodate) sul fide spectrophotometri c Str ickland and Parsons, (p-phenylenediamine) 1972, p. 41 This method used after March 1977.
D.2-18
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TABLE III.0.2-3 HOST PROBASLE HUHBER OF BACTERIA (x10-") PER GRAM OF MET WEIGHT SOIL GROWTH HEOIUH-TSB/YE/SW TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Stat on ocatlon and number Bisca ne Tur e o nt Cana S stem Ynnth 2 a
S~aan M .2 8.2 M .2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O Mean 7.05 6.82 2.27 5.38 436 224 80.0 3 ~ 19 8.11 17 ~ 9 85 ~ 1 8.11 107.8 FEB 6.94 7.96 12.5 9. 13 29.4 8.96- 4.34 21.4 '.60 37.5 97.8 31.9 30.0 37.5 . 14.3 73.0 41.6 212 76.7 7.68 203 461 444 82.1 85.2 196.4 APR 3.65 6.62 3.48 4.58 90.2 16.9 18.2 18.2 220 470 522 211 195.8 4.04 2.34 7.17 4.52 220 41.2 4.70 30.0 37.5 24.5 16.6 18.6 49.1 JUN 3.04 0.579 3.54 2.38 17.2 43.6 8.60 46.2 - 88.5 83.6 47.1 220 69.4 6-month average 10.37 6.44 - 16.9 11.3 '67 68.6 20.6 53.7 137 180 142 95.8 108
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TABLE III.0.2-4 HOST PROBABLE hVHBER OF BACTERIA (xl0 ") PER GRAN OF MET HEIGHT SOIL GROMTH HEDIUM-TSB/YE/DW TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Station ocation and number sca ne a ur e o nt ana stem Honth 2 3 zan N .2 W 8.2 NF.2 R .3 E3.2 RC.2 C.O Yean 1.47 2.22 1.36 1.68 43.6 18.9 48.0 3.19 17.5 1.73 1.66 8.11 12.3 FEB 3.71 1.67 2.33. 2.57 4.51 4.79 8.11 16.6 1.80 4.11 4.89 8.29 6.63 14.5 14.4 14.8 14.6 4.40 40.0 7.70 85.1 17.9 2.70 4.10 17.2 22.4 APR 0.476 0.462 0.454 0.464 14.7 , 1.64 4.50 18.2 15.0 2.94 239 4.42 33.7 4.04 2.34 3.54 3.31 17.9 8.43 4.69 18.6 5.75 1.84 4.11 3.00 8.04 JUN 0.434 0.434 0-461 0.443 4.26 7.82 18.6 18.6 17.9 1.64 4.51 44.4 14.7 6-month average 4.10 3.59 3.84 3.84 14.9 13.6 15.3 26.7 12.6 2.49 43.0 14.2 17.8
I TABLE III.D.2-5 NUMBER OF SULFATE-REOUCING BACTERIA PER GRAM OF WET WEIGHT SOIL TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 .
Station ocaticn and number 8 sca ne a Tur e oint ana stem Month 2 3 zan W .2 8.2 'W
.2 R .3 E3.2 C.2 RC.O Mean 180 952 758 630 909 1020 200 <23 113 961 93 943 532 FEB 806 93 83 327 196 105 94 <18 1000 8928 1064 1064 1558 781 77 95 317 962 83 89 <19 961 2777 892 926 838 APR 793 77 758 543 980 91 98 98 100 980 1087 961 5 1631 781 77 315 961 980 98 100 125 1020 902 1000 648 JUN 725 7246 769 2913 130 91 961 96 961 9090 9800 926 2756 6-month average 423 1537 562 840 690 395 256 59 543 3952 2306 3412 1326
TABLE III.D.2-6 TAXONOMIC GROUPING OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 6-month JAN FEB . MAR . APR MAY UUN Canal Ba Canal -
Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Group I 45.8 33.0 54.2 22.2 62.5 77.8 33.3 22.2 54.2 22.2 54.2 22.2 50.7 33.3 pseudomonas aeromonas-vibr io xanthomonas Group II 0 0 4.2 0 4.2 0 4.2 0 4.2 11.1 0 11.1 2.8 3.7 achromobacter alcaligenes Group III 0 4.1 44.5 . 0 0 16.6 44.5 4.2 22.2 16.7 44.5 6.9 26.0 flavobacter cytophaga Group IV 54.2 66.7 37.5 33.3 33.3 22.2 45.8 33.3 41.7 44;4 50.0 . 44.4 43.8 40.7 gram positive rods
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TABLE III.D.2-7 PROTEIN UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 onification of e tone d 0 of cas in Month Ba Canal Ba Canal JAN 33.3 50.0 55. 6 62. 5 FEB 44. 4 37.5 66.7 50.0
- 55. 6 45.8 66.7 54. 2 APR 11.1 37.5 22. 2 50.0 MAY 44. 4 54.2 44,4 66.7 JUN 11.1 29.2 22. 2 50. 0 6-month average 33.3 42.4 46.3 55.6 D. 2-23
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TABLE III.D.2-8 CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Starch h drol sis Chitin H drol sis Cellobiose fermentation Month Ba , Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal JAN '5.6 70.8 22.2 37.5 ,22.2- 25.0 FEB 66.7 66.7 33.3 25.0 22. 2 29. 2 MAR 66.7 70.8 55.6 . 41.7 '44.4 29.2 APR 22.2 29.2 22.2 25.0'1.1 20.8 MAY 55.6 50.0 33.3 33.3 55.6 33.3 JUN 44.4 37.5 0.0 29.2 33.3 33.3 6-month average 51.9 54. 2 27.8 32.0 31. 5 28. 5
'.2-24
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TABLE III.D.2-9 CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977
.Glucose Saccharose Mannitol Lactose Month Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal JAN 77.8 87.5 66.7 79.2 77.8 66.7 '0.0 0.0 FEB 66.7 66.7 66.7 58.3 33.3 41.7 22.2 4.2 MAR 88.9 75.0 88.9 58.3 77.8 50.0 0.0 4.2 APR 55.6 58.3 55.6 41.7 55.6 33.3 22.2 . 4.2 MAY 55.6 54.2 55.6 50.0 44.4 33.3 0.0 20.8 JUN 44.4 41.7 33.3 25.0 44.4 29.2 0.0 0.0 6-month average 64.8 63.9 61. 1 52.1 55.6 42.4 7.4 5.6 D.2-25
TABLE III.D.2-10 LIPID UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Li id h drol sis Month Ba Canal JAN 33.3 41. 7 FEB 55.6 29.2 77.8 50.0 APR 22. 2 25.0 MAY 66.7 37. 5 JUN 33.3 ,37.5 6-month average 48. 1 36.8 D.2-26
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TABLE III.D.2-11 NITRATE METABOLISM TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Reduction of nitrates ~
Month Ba Cana1 JAN 22. 2 33. 3 FEB 22.2 41.7 MAR 55.6 50. 0 APR 22. 2 70.8
.44. 4 58.3 JUN 0.0 45. 8 6-month average 27.8 49.9 D. 2-27
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TABLE III.D.2-12 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE AMMONIA (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Month Yean of 3 controls F. 1 - H18.2 I . ~ .RF.3 E3. .2 R .
JAN 0.06 0.56 0.11 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.13 0.11 0.11 FEB <0.01 0.038 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.16 0.06 0.04 0.07 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.07 0.07 APR <0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.07 0.04 JUN 0. 39 0.48 0.63 0.37 0.57 0.55 0.23 0.81 0.34 d
TABLE III.D.2-13 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE NITRATE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Month Mean of 3 controls F. 1 H18.2 -8 ~ .. R .3 E3.
JAN 0.05 0;25 0.19 -
0.25 0.29 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.22 FEB 0.04 0.30 0.46 . 0.27 0.39 0.27 0.20 0.23 0.25 tQR 0.08 .
0.17 0.19 . 0.14 0.25 0.19 . 0.24 0.20 0.23 APR 0.007 .0.034 0.036 0.020 0.042 0.030 0.014 0.026 0.032 0.240 0.288 0.296 0.256 0.243 0.292 0.263 0.270 0.304
'JUN "0.075 0.180 0;122 0.160 0.118 0.146 . 0.180 0.238 0.150
TABLE III.D.2-14 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE NITRITE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Month Mean of 3 controls F 1 8.. -
E3 2 RC 2 RC 0 JAN
'. <0.001 0.010 0.008 0.006 -0.006 0.006 0.008 0.006 0.004 FEB .
0.003 0.008 0.014 0.011 0.009 0.009 0.007 0.008 0.008 tQR 001 0.007 0.006 -'.007. 0.007 0.007 0.007 0.008 0.008 APR. <0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.003 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.010 0.011 0.011 =
0.011 0.012 0.013 0.017 0.016 0.011 JUN. 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 -0.004 0.005 0.002 0.012 0.007
l TABLE III.D.2-15 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE ORTHOPHOSPHATE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977
.Month Mean of 3 controls F. 1 W18.2 W6. 2 - WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 JAN 0.04 0.09 0.02 <0.01 0.09 0.02 <0.01 0.12 0.09 FEB '0.04 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 . 0.01 MAR 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02-- 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.02 APR -<0.01 '<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01 . <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0. 01 <0. 01 <0. 01 0. 03 0. 03 <0. 01 0. 13 0. 02
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TABLE III.D.2-16 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE SULFATE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Month t~ean of 3 controls F 1=
W18.2 M6.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O JAN 2437 2980 2890 2920 2800 3030 2950 2970 3010 FEB 2040 2600 - 2790 2810 2710 2790 2680 2580 2800 2590 2890 3047 3023 3060 2984 3062 3018. 3089 APR 3448 3527 3664 3356 3390 3476 3818 3647 3545 733 2930 =
2980 2850 2850 2930 2800 2750 2980 JUN 2567 2800 3050 2850 3000 3000 2850 2850 3000
TABLE III.D.2-17 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE SULFITE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Month Mean of 3 contro1s F. 1 W 8.2 W6.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 .2 C.O JAN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 FEB <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1, <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
<0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APR <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 MAY <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 JUN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0..1 <0.1 <0.1
I TABLE III.0.2-18 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE SULFIDE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Month .Mean of 3 controls F.l W18.2 W6.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 . RC.2 RC.O JAN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 -
<0.1 <0.1. <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 FEB <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
<0.1 <0.1 . <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APR <0. 05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 -
<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 r
ttAY <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 -<0.05 '<0;05 <0. 05 <0 05 0 09
<0 05 JUN <0.05 <0.05 <0.05. <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
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TABLE III.D.2-19 ANALYSIS OF INSOLUBLE SULFIDES ("g/g wet wt. soil)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Month Mean of 3.controls F-.l ~ RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O JAN <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 '0.1 <0.1 FEB <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 MAR <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1.. <0.1 <0.1 '0.1 <0.1 <0.1 APR <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 -
<0.1 <0.1 <O. 1 <0.1 <0.1 MAY 2.41 0.46 1.55 <0.05 .=
<0.05 0.68 1.06 13.94 2.56 JUN 2.87 1.65 8.77 '2.55 2.86 3.20 0.44 10.30 0.31
I TABLE III.D.2-20 pH OF TURKEY POINT CANAL AND BISCAYNE BAY SEDIMENTS TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Station location and number month 1, -
Bisca ne 2
Ba
.3 F.l >16.2 Turke M18.2 Point Canal MF.2 RF.3 S stem E3.2 RC.2 RC.0 MAY 8.3 8.4 8.3 7.9 8.3 8.3= 8.2 7.9 8.0 8.1 7.9 JUN 8.3 8.3 - 8.3 7..7 8.1 . 8.2 8.0 8;0 8.1 7.7 7.8 CJ I
CrJ Ch
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TABLE III.D.2-21 SALINITY ('/o,) AT STATIONS IN TURKEY POINT CANALS AND BISCAYNE BAY TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Station location and number Bisca ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem flonth 2 3 F, 1 ll6. 2 N18. 2 HF. 2 RF. 3 E3. 2 RC. 2 RC. 0 JAN 30.15 30.15 30.15 36.08 36.62 '6.62 36.62 36.62 37.16 36.62 37.16 FEB . 29.62 29.62 26.92 37.16 37.69 37.69 37.16 37.16 37.16 37.69 37.69 MAR 32.31 32.31 32.85 37.69 38.23 38.23 38.23 38.23 38.23 38.23 37.69 APR 30.69 30.69 30.69 54.54 42.54 42.00 42.54 42.00 42.54 42.54 42.54 MAY 26.92 26.92 26.92 35.00 35.00 35.00 '5.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 JUN 33.39 33.39 33.39 36.62. 37.16 36.08 36.62 37.16 37.16 37.16 37.16
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TABLE III.D.2-22 TEMPERATURE ('C) AT STATIONS IN TURKEY POINT CANALS AND BISCAYNE BAY TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Station location and number Bisca ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem Month 1 2 3 F.l . Il6.2 H18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O JAN 19.1 19.1 19.9 23.4 18.5 19.1 19.2 14.5 11.1 15.6 17.1 FEB ~
21.0 21.0 21.0 -
30.1 19..9 20.1 20.4 17.0 13.7 18.6 19.1 MAR 28.0 28.0 28.3 37.4 32.3 33.9 33.5 26.9 27.1 29.0 29.5 APR 26.5 26.5 26.5 29.0 24.1 24.2 24.6 24.4 23.9 25.8- 26.3 MAY 28.7 28.7 28.7 33.0 28.7 28.9 29.0 27.9 24.4 26.1 26.2 JUN 32.5 32.5 32.5 39.9 33.1 33.0 31.2 30.4 31.8 33.9 33.1
TABLE III.D.2-23 SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY (ohm >cm i x 1000) AT STATIONS, IN TURKEY POINT CANALS AND BISCAYNE BAY TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-JUNE 1977 Station location and number Bisca ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem Month 1 2 F.l >l6.2 M18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 . RC.O JAN 41.0 =
41.0 41.0 53.0 48.0 48.7 48.7 44.0 41.0 45.2. 47.0 FEB 42.0 -.42.0 42.0 62.0 51.0 .
51.5 51.5 43.0 44.5 49.5 50.1 MAR 52.5 52.5 52.5 69.5 65.5 67.0 66.5 59.0 60.5 62.0 62.0 APR 48.5 , 48.5 48.5 80.0 62.0 61.5 62.0 61.5 62.0 64.0 64.5 tQY 44.5 44.5 44.5 '1.5 57.3 57.5, 57.5 56.0 52.5 54.3 53;5 JUN 58.5 58.5- 58.5 70.5 64.5 63.0 62.8 61.7 63.4 65.4 64.5
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