Text

Submit Environmental Monitoring Report No. 11, January 1, 1978 Through June 30, 1978
	ML18227A958
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	08/31/1978
From:	; Florida Power & Light Co
To:	; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
	Download: ML18227A958 (255)
	v • d • e

FLORIDA POWER R LIGHT CO!'1PANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 a 0

\

l Pl h FLORIDA POWER 5 LIGHT COMPANY ENVI ROHflENTAL l"IOHITORING REPORT HO, l.l JANUARY 1, 1978 THROUGH JUNE 30, 1978

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Parcae I. Introduction II.. Records of Monitoring Requirement Surveys and Samples III. Analysis of Environmental Data A. Chemical 6 B. Thermal 7 C. Fish a Shellfish APPENDIX D. = Benthos APPENDIX E. Assessment of Recovery in the 16 Discharge Area F. Physical and Nutrient Data 24 G. P lank ton 47

l. Zooplankton 47

2. Phytoplankton 65

3. Chlorophyll-a 84 H. Chlorine Usage 91 IV. Record of Changes in Survey Procedures 91 V. Special Environmental Studies Not. Required 91 by the E.T.S.

VI. Violations of the E.T.S.

VII. Unusual Events, Changes to the Plant, ETS, 91 Permits or Certificates VIII. Studies Required by the ETS but not included 92 in this Report.

I. INTRODUCTION This report is submitted in accordance with Turkey Point Plant Environmental Technical Specifications, Appendix B, Section 5.4.9. It covers the period January 1, 1978 through June 30, 1978.

II. RECORDS OF MONITORING REQUIREMENT SURVEYS AND SAMPLES The results of the chemical analy'ses conducted at the outlet of Lake Warren are shown on pages 2, 3, and 4 of this report. Page 5 contains the amounts of chemicals added from Units 3 and 4 to the circulating water system. These data are discussed in Section III.A. A summary of thermal data is given in Section III.B of this report.

TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 & 4 PHz DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND SALINITY LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE YEAR 1978 MO. JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL DAY H D.O. Sa . o D.O. Sa .O.

8.0 4.9 37.5 8.0 5.8 36.5 7.95 F 7 35.5 8.0 5.6 37.0 .08 5.1 35.5 8.06 4.5 39.

8.0 4.7 37.5 8.0 5.4 36.5 7.95 4.7 35 ' 8.0 5.4 37 ' .03 4.4 36.0 8.06 4.4 39.

8.0 4.5 36. 0 8.0 5.1 36.0 7.99 ,4.8 36.0 8.1 5.1 37.5 .05 4.0 36.0 8.06 4.7 39.

8.0 5;1 35.0 8.0 5.1 36.5 7.99 4.9 34.5 8 ' 4.8 37.5 00 4.5 36.5 8.03 4.6 40.

8.0 5.4 37.5 8. 5.2 36.5 7.99 .5.2 34 8.1 4.8 37.5 .98 4.4 36.5 8.03 4.4 40.0 8.05 5. 2 37.5 7.95 '.4 35.5 7.99 5.2 34.5 7.99 4.6 38.0 .98 4.1 37.0 8.05 4.4 40.5 8 0 4.9 37.5 7.9 6.1 36.0 7.99 5.4 34.5 7.99 4.4- 38;0 7 '9 4' 37.0 8.04 4.5 41.0 8.0 4.8 37.5 7.95 5.9 36.0 7.99 5.3 35 ' 8.0 4.2 38.0 7.97 4.4 38.0 s.o6 4.4 al.o 8.02 5.1 36.0 7.95 5.0 36.0 7,99 5.1 35.0 8.0 4.2 38.0 7.99 4.2 38.0 8.06 4.5 41.0 8.10 6.0 37.0 8.00 5.0 35.5 7.99 5.1 34.0 7 99 4.0

~ 38.5 7.98 4.5 38 ' 8.06 4.2 41.0 8.00 6. 2 37.0 7.95 5.0 36.0 7.99 5.1 34.5 7.99 4 4 38.5

~ 7.94 4.0 38.0 8.05 4.4 41.0 8.00 6.5 37.0 7.95 5.2 36.0 7.99 5' 34.5 7.99 4.6 38.5 7.96 4.2 37.0 8.05 4.3 41.5 8.00 5.9 37.5 8.00 5.8 36 ' 7.99 5' 35.0 7.99 4.5 39.0 8.0 4.5 38.0 8.06 3.8 40.5 8.00 5.7 37.0 8.00 5.6 36.5 7.99 4.8 35.5 7.99 a.4 39.5 8.0 4.2 38.5 8.06 4.5 40.

8.00 5.4 '36.5 8.00 5.6 36.5 7.99 4.7 35.5 7.99 4.6 37.5 8.03 4.2 39.0 8.05 4.4 39.

8.05 6.4 37.0 7.95 5.6 36.5 7.99 4.7 35.5 7.99 4.7 37.0 9.03 4 ' 39.0 8.07 4.8 0.5 37.5 7.95 5.3 "36.0 8.0 4.4 35.5 7.99 4.6 37.5 8.0 4.2 39. 5 8.0$ 4.6 o.'o 37.5 7.95 4.8 35.5 8.0 4.8 35.5 7.99 4.6 37.5 8.02 4.3 40.0 8.0 4.7 0.0

.0 .0 37.5 7.95 4.9 35.5 8.00 5.6 36.0 7 '5 38.5 8.02 4.0 38.5 8.0 4.8 9.0 0 8.00 4.8 36.0 8.0 4.6 34.5 7.99 5.6 36.5 7.99 4.2 38 ' 8.03 4.4 38.5 8.04 4.6 9. 5 8.00 5.2 35.0 7.95 5.6 34.5 7.99 5.3 37.0 7.99 4.3 38 ~ 5 8.01 4.6 39.0 8.03 4.6 39.0 8.00 5.4 36.0 7.95 6.0 34.5 7.99 5.4 37.0 7.99 4.2 38 ' 8.0 4.3 39.5 8.04 4.6 39.5 8.00 5.6 33.5 8.0 6.5 34.5 7.99 5.1 37.0 7.98 4.2 38.5 8.04 4.5 40.0 8.04 4.6 36.5 8.00 5.2 35.5 7.95 6.5 35.0 7.99 4.9 37.0 7.95 4.5 37.5 8.06 4.4 40.0 8.03 4' 38.5 8.05 5.3 36. 0 8.0 6.2 35.0 7.9. 4.5 37.0 8.0 4.5 34.0 8.06 4.3 40.0 8.03 4.7 38.0 8.05 4.8 36. 0 7.95 F 1 35.0 7.9 4.5 37.5 7.95 4,4 34.5 8.06 4.0 39. 5 8.07 4.6 38.5 8.00 4.8 36. 0 7.9 5.7 35.0 7.9 4.7 37.5 8.05 5.1 35.0 8.06 4.3 39 ' 8.08 4.4 39.0 8.05 6.2 36. 7.99 5.2 35.5 7.9 4.7 37.5 8.06 5.0 35.0 8 '6 4.4 39. 5 8.08 4.4 40.0

8. 5 5.2 36. 7.9 5.2 37 8.1 5.4 35.5 8.05 4.4 39. 5 8.08 4.6 39.5 7.9 5.5 35 8.0 5.1 35.5 8.06 4.4 38.5 8.06 4.2 39.5 31 8.0 5.3 37.5 8.06 4.4 38.5 pH ~ standard units D.O ~ mg/1

~ parts per thousand(ppt)

'alinity

TABLE II.A.2 FLORIDA POWER & LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANTS UNITS 3 & 4 LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE NOTE: All Results in mg/L YEAR 1978 RES.

DATE- CHLOR. AMMONIA B.P.D. C.O.D. Cu Zn Co As fig OIL Cr 1-6-78 <0. 2 22 <0. 0' 4 1-13-78 2 1-20-78 <0. 2 332 1-27-78 <0. 2 277 <0 00 2-3-78 <0 2 <0. Ol 2-10-78 <0.2 218 <0 000 2-17-78 <0. 2 349 <0.0002 2-21-78 <0. 2 284 <0.0002 3-3-78 <0.2 292 <0. 02 0.04 <0.02 0-007 <0.0002 <0. 02 3-10-78 <0. 2 343 <0.0002 3"17-78 <0.02 318 <0.0002 3-24-78 <0.2 430 <0.0002 3-31-78 <0. 2 330 <0.0002 4-7-78 <0. 2 469 <0.02 0.0 <0.02 <0.002 <0 0002 <0 02 4-14-78 <0.2 592 <0.0002 4-21-78 <0.0002 4-28-78 389 0 000 5-5-78 288 <.02 0.04 <.02 < 0.0002 <.02 5-12-78 233 < 0.0002 5-19-78 182 < 0.0002 5-26" 78 165 < 0. 0002

TABLE II.A.2 (con't)

FLORIDA POKIER & LIGIIT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANTS UNITS 3 & l LAKE WARREN DISCIIARGE NOTE: All Results in mg/L YEAR 1978 T RES

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DATE CHLOR. AMMONIA B.0 AD. C,OS DE , Cu Zn Co OIL Cr Pb 6-2-78 244 < 0 ~ 06 < 02 6-9-78 218 00 6-16-78 198 0 0 6-23-78 233 < ~ 0002 6-30-78 261 <.0002

As analysis for June not available from laboratory.'alue, will be included in next Semi-Annual Report.

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>800 Thalassia testudinum 39 28 193 76 79 62 CHLOROPHYTA: Acetabularia crenulata ** ** ** ** ** **

Batoohora oerstedii 0 0 0 0 0 0

~Cauler a ao.

Halimeda sp.

Penicillus sp. 0 10 24 8 3 22 0 0

0 0 0 PHAEOPHYTA: Laurencia poitei 0 ~* ** 0 * **
0 0 0 0
0 OTHERS: Rhizoohora m~an le 0 0 1 0 0 0 Sampling Date: July 1978 1
This number represents atypical data (much lower than previous station will be watched closely and commented on again in the year-end report.
Present
Common TRANSECTS Between stations X-1 and X-2 there were high concentra-slightly in number toward X-2. There were patches of very long Thalassia often two or three times the length found in most other areas., Large areas were covered by patches of C~auler a, growing over the other grasses. All of t'e plants in this area were encased by a layer of silt. The detrital layer was 2 4" deep and composed mostlv of dead Diplanthera with some Thalassia fascicles.
Between stations X-2 and X-3 the vegetation became more di-verse with much more Thalassia and Penicillus present. Large patches of Cauleraa were still evident. The Thalassia was shorter in this area. The Penicillus population was composed mostly of young shoots or mature plants. By X-3 Thalassia, ~Di lan-thera, and Penicillus shared the dominance, although there were many patches composed almost exclusively of Thalassia.
The detrital layer was 1" deep and composed almost equally The transect between X-3 and X-4 continued to be Thalassia dominated while there were patches comprised solely of Penicillus, Avrainvillea, and Halimeda. About 60 feet from was present here although it was very short and not as easily noticed among the more dominant Thalassia. Several completely submerged mangrove shoots were present in this area. A de-trital layer 1-2" thick was found in this area. Zt was com-posed almost exclusively of an unidentified green algae, which was reported in Semi-Annual Report 10.
Moving east of X-4 there continued to be diverse stands of the calcareous green alga dominated by Halimeda, Avrain-villea, and Penicillus. After about one hundred feet, there dominance, with interspersed Thalassia.
large patches of C~auler a also present. Thalassla was patchy and exhibited very long fascicles.
more and more Thalassia and Penicillus were found until at area there was not as much silt as there was closer to shore.
Some scattered Laurencia was present here. The detrital layer was 1 2" thick.
East of X-2N Thalassia became the dominant grass. Zt was short and often almost covered by a large amount of dead Thalassia and these were dominated by short Diplanthera and was observed The.re was some ~Cauler a scattered throughout this area. 1n general, there was little silt in this area.
The detrital layer was about 1" deep and composed mainly of dead Thalassia fascicles.
South of X-4 and West to the level of X-3 Thalassia was the dominant species with quite a bit of Penicillus present.
Moving West again, the amount of silt present increases.
Further West this transect took on the low, shrubby, "park-like" appearance which was described in previous semi-annual reports. Here Penicillus became more dominant and as was a diverse mixture of Penicillus, Avrainvillea, and Halimeda. C~auler a was scattered throughout and again large patches were present closer to shore. The detrital layer
.for the South quadrant, West of X-3 is about 1" deep and composed of a diverse mixture of grasses and algae. There was no measurable sedimentation at any of the sampling sites.
Discussions and Conclusions The entire area previously affected remained revegetated.
discharge and is being replaced by Thalassia as had been ob-served in previous semi-annual reports. This trend is expected to continue.
dominated areas moving closer toward the canal drop-off, while maintaining a constant concentration in those areas which it had previously revegetated. Eventually Thalassia will dominate all but the extreme inshore area.
It is interesting to note that the Laurencia, which was reported covering large areas in previous semi-annual re-ports, was almost absent from the study area.
ported probably will not become an important factor in this area as they were submerged by at least 18" of water at low tide and will probably run out of stored energy sources and die before they can break the surface.
Penicillus, Avrainvillea, and Halimeda remained the dominant macroalgae.
III.F.
~ ~ PHYSICAL AND NUTRIENT DATA
1. PHYSICAL DATA
~PUZ OS&
The purpose of this section is to provide basic physical data to help in the interpretation of the plankton reports. This section deals with data collected on a monthly basis during plankton sampling. More detailed tem-
-perature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen data can be found in another section of this report.
Methods and Procedures
1. Temperature was measured by a Y.S.I. Telethermometer;
+
accuracies were 0.1 0 C.
4
2. Salinities were measured with an American Optical
+
Refractometer; accuracies were 0. 5 PPT.
3. Dissolved oxygen was measured with a Y.S.I. Probe type oxygen meter; accuracies were + 0.2 PPM.
All instruments were calibrated before each sampling date.
All measurements were made in the top meter of water.
Discussion and Conclusions The maximum temperature measured in the cooling canal system (Figure 1) was 42.0 0 C with 31.9 0 C being the maximum temperature in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound (Figures 2 & 3).
The maximum temperatures both within the cooling system and within the Bay were higher than the maximum temperatures in the same period last year.
The minimum temperature measured in the canal system was 18.0 0 C and was recorded in February. The minimum temperature of 15.5 0 C in the Bay was recorded the same month. Both of these values were lower than the minimums recorded in the same period last year.
The average temperature in the Bay continued to be lower 0
by approximately 2.0 C than the average temperature at the power plant intake.
There was a range of 26.0 0 C between the maximum and mini-mum temperatures in the cooling canal system for this period.
The maximum salinity in the cooling canals (Figure 4) was 40.0 ppt or 3.0 ppt higher than the maximum in the Bay (Figures 5 S 6). i'tost of this period of the year is consid-ered the dry season, thus accounting for the high salinities in the cooling canals. The lowest salinities in the system, reported in the westernmost canal, were due to the operation of the interceptor ditch pump for salt water intrusion con-trol.
The range of salinities in the system was 6.0 ppt, ex-cluding the station in the westernmost canal, and 13.0'pt in the Bay. Salinities in the cooling canal system, as in the Bay, are within the tolerable limits of the marine organisms of the area.
Due to the elevated temperatures and salinity of the cooling canal system, the average dissolved oxygen (Figure 7) was 1.1 ppm lower than in Biscayne Bay (Figures 8 6 9). The lowest value for the canal system was 4.4 ppm. This is a sufficient oxygen supply for the organisms therein.
2. NUTRIENT DATA Methods and Procedures Samples were collected monthly from 12:sample points within the canal system, and 3 control points in the Bay and Card Sound.
Acid washed, ground glass stoppered, clear glass con-tainers were used for the ammonia samples and phenol-alco-hol was added as the preservative. Dark glass containers were used for the other nutrient samples with mercuric chloride added as the preservative.
All analyses were performed on a Technicon CS M-6 Auto-analyzer. Data was recorded in parts per million.
Discussion and Conclusions Canal system NH3 levels (Figure 10) were down slightly from this period last year. Canal system NH3 levels were approximately 4X the Bay for this period. Bay NH3 levels (Figure ll) were consistent with this period last year.
Canal system NO 2
levels (Figure 12) tended to be simi-liar to last year 'this period, except during the May and June wet periods of 1977, which were higher than this year's compar-
able period. Canal system N02 levels were 10X the levels in the Bay for this period. Bay H02 levels (Figure 13) were equal to or slightly higher than for this period last year.
Canal system N03 levels (Figure 14) were dissimiliar in pattern to this period last year. Canal system N03 levels were approximately lOX the Bay for this..period. Bay N03 levels (Figure 15) were consistent with this period last year.
Canal system 1-PO> levels (Figure 16) were similiar to last year this period. Canal system I-PO levels were approxi-mately 3X the levels in the Bay. Bay E-P04 levels (Figure 17)
(as above) were slightly lower than last year for this period.
Canal system T-PO> levels (Figure 18) were similiar to last year this period. Canal system T-PO> levels were approxi-mately 4X the Bay levels. Bay T-P04 leve's (Figure 19) were slightly lower than this period last year.
The apparent cycling of the ammonia, nitrite, and nitrates seen in the canal system in previous years appeared to have been repeated this period.
Figure 1. Temperature in the Canal System in Degrees Centigrade.
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IIOHTH IIUISEF;~ l978 Figure 1. Temperature in the Canal System in Degrees Centigrade. I'
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8-0 I I 8 3 IIGI'ITH I'IUfl3ER> 1978, Figure 3. Temperature at the Bay Plankton Stations in Degrees Centigrade.
I'10t')TH I IVI'ABER) 1978 Figure 4. Salinity in the Canal System in PPT.
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=8- I t'IOHTH HUtlBER~ $ 97 ~
Figure 5. Salinity at the Bay Control Stations in PPT.
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1 5 I'IOIIlH IIVI'lBEP,r 1978 Figure 6. Salinity at the Bay Plankton Stations in PPT.
I'IGIITH I'IIJIIEER) 1'378 Dissolved Oxygen in the Canal System in PPM,
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I'.IGHTH HUI'IBEI.-.s 1'.978 Figure l0. Ammonia in the Canal System in PPH.
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HGI'ITH HUI'IBEP,~ 197S Figure ll. 'Ammonia in PPM.
concentrations of the Bay Control Stations
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f1QIIl I-I I'IUIIBER~ 1978 Nitrite concentration in the Canal System in PPM.
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8 IIGHTH. I IVIIBER ~ i 978 Figure 13. Nitrite concentrations of the Bay Control Stations in PPM.
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I 8 28-I Qe 88 8 n I'IO)ITH IIUISERi 1978 Figure 14. Nitrate concentrations in the Canal System in PPN,
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8 I'lGHTH f(UIIBER) l9~)8 Pigure 15. Nitrate concentrations of the Bay Control Stations in PPM.
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8.84-l 8 83-I 8 88-+
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IIGI'ITH t IIJI'lBER~ 1978 Figure 16. Xnoxganic Phosphate in the Canal System in PPM.
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I10t'ITH IIVI'IBERIA 1978 Figure 18. Total Phosphate concentrations in the Canal System in PPH.
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8 5 HGHTH HUI13ER~ 1978 Figure 17. Inorganic Phosphate of the Bay Control Stations in PPM.
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1. ZOOPLANKTON Methods and Procedures Methods and procedures were as previously reported using a standard 5" Clarke-Bumpus Sampler with a 510 mesh net and bucket.
Sampling was made in the top meter of the water column at a. 1-3 mph speed. Tows were approximately 5 minutes long in the canals and 3 minutes long in the Bay.
The methods of counting zooplankton in the laboratory were the same as previously'eported.
Zooplankton organisms were divided into six categories as follows:
1. COPEPODS including all cyclopoid, harpacticoid and mons trilloid copepods .
2. GASTROPODS including all gastropod veligers.
3. BIVALVES LARVAE including all bivalve veligers.
4. COPEPOD NAUPLII including all crustacea similar. in appearance to copepod nauplii (with the exception of cirripeds).
5.. CIRRIPED tJAUPLII as distinguished from other nauplii.
6. OTHER ORGANISl!IS. including all other zooplankton not included in the first. five categories.
The data is given as number per liter for each of the groups of zooplankton.
Discussion and Conclusions A lower level population of zooplankton continues to exist in the cooling canal system. However, the level for this period showed higher concentrations than those that were recorded for the same period last year.
Xn Biscayne Bay and Card Sound the zooplankton concen-trations remained approximately 8-lOX the levels as those found in the canal system.. A more indepth analysis on zoo-plankton will be made in the annual report.
COPEPODS The low levels of copepods of last year have continued through the first half of 1978 in the cooling canal system (Figure 1). The highest concentration was .43 per liter while the average was .16 per liter. This was O.ll per liter higher than the first half of 1977.
ln the Bay, (Figure 2), the average recorded for this period was 5.6 per liter which was higher than 1977.
ln both the Bay and the cooling system copepods constituted a majority of the organisms counted for the zooplankton analysis.
GASTROPOD AND BIVALVE LARVAE Both gastropod and bivalve larvae continued to be al-most totally absent in the cooling canal system (Figures 3 5). However, for the gastropods, mean levels of .04 and
.09 per liter were recorded in the months of May and June respectively. This is similar to 1977 data.
In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound gastropods (Figure 4) were second only to copepods in total number.
The highest levels for gastropods, both for the canals and the Bay, occurred"in May and June. These high levels were apparently due to "blooms". The maximum average con-centration occurred in May.
Bivalves were always at a low..level (Figure 6). In the Bay the highest concentrations were reported in May and June.
In the cooling canals, June was the only sampling month in which bivalve larvae were found.
COPEPOD AND CIRRIPED NAUPLII Nauplii of copepods and cirripeds are too small to be adequately sampled by a <410 mesh net.
In the cooling canals (Figure 7 6 9), the levels of both nauplii were essentially zero. The highest concentra-tion for cirriped nauplii in the canal system was .Ol per liter with .05 per liter being the highest level for copepod nauplii. In general both nauplii are at very low levels in the system. The highest level for copepod nauplii was recorded in March for both the canal system and the Bay (Figures 8 a 10).
Cirriped nauplii were found in the canal system in February only, while in the Bay, their highest level occurred in June.
OTHER ZOOPLANKTON The average levels in both Bay and Card Sound continue to show the yearly cycling as seen in 1977.
The highest concentration of other plankton was 1.8 per liter in the Bay (Figure 12) and .12 per liter in the cooling system (Figure 11) . he average level ~~as 0.4 per liter in the Bay and .04 per liter in the cooling system.
Other zooplankton found in the cooling canals were fish eggs, fish larvae, shrimp larvae, zoea larvae, chaetog-naths, polychaete larvae, tunicate larvae,-and medusae.
In Biscayne Bay and. Card Sound in addition to the pre-vious groups, nematodes, amphipods, cladocerans, and ostracods were found.
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Figure 1. Copepods per liter in the Canal System.
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Figure 2. Copepods per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area.
NOTE: Canal Copepods scale is l/30th this scale.
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IIGIITH IIUIIBER. 1978 Figure 3. Gastropods per liter in the Canal System.
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I'IGIITH HUIIBER> l978 Figure 4. Gastropods per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area.
NOTE: Canal Gastropods scale is 1/10th this scale.
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I T
E 8.85-I R I I
4 MONTH HUIlBERi 1978 Figure 5. Bivalves per liter in the Canal System.
1 08-I 0
I I
P 8.80-I R I IY Pr I
I Fl G.iG-I L
IJ E
8 48-1 L
I T
E R Gs PG- I 8 88 8
I'IGHl H HLII1BER> 1978 Figure 6. Bivalves per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area.
NOTE: Canal Bivalve scale is l/4th this scale.
I F(
I'I II L fj. =0- I I
I IJ I P
E P
0 9
H A
U P
L 9. iCI- I I
I i3 05-I I
I T
E R
i3 88 I
5 l10I'ITH I'IUISEF;~ 19T8 Figure 7. Copepod Nauplii per liter in the Canal System.
B Fl 8e ~U-C p
E p
0 3 U.6U-I II A
IJ p
L I 8 48-I I
p E
p L 8 28-I I
T E
R
8. 88 HONTH IIIJIIBER~ 1978 Figure 8. Copepod Nauplii per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area. NOTE: Canal Copepod Nauplii scale is 1/4th this scale.
G. 8"- I I
II A
IJ P
I F1L-'-
O ~ I I
I P
E R
Ci. Cj i- I L
I.
I I
E R
0 A F1 I
3 IIOI'ITH HUIIBER~ 1978 Figure 9. Cirriped Nauplii per liter in the Canal System.
/
8 58-1 I
I 8 ':-'8-
~ I I'I Fl U
p L
I I
p E
P, I
L 8. i 8- I I
7 E
p 8 88 II8IITH IIUIIBEF;~ 197" Figure 10. Cirriped Nauplii per Sound area.
liter in Biscayne Bay and Card
~
NOTE: Canal Cirriped Nauplii scale is 1/10th this scale.
i - UG- I I
C Fl H
A L
T I-I E
R-0-68-I P
L H
r<
K T
II I'I P
E R
L I
T E
R Figure ll. Other plankton found in the Canal System, but not included in any of the major category.
5 I 4 GG-I 0
T H
E.
R I
P 3.88-I L
A H
K T
0 H 2 ~ 88- I L
I 1-88-I T
E R
G. 88 8
t10HTI.I HUI1BER> 1978 Figure l2. Other plankton found in the Bay and Card Sound area, but not included in any of the major categories. NOTE: Canal Other .
Plankton scale is 1/5th this scale.
0 Fl II Ff I L 4.88-I T
II T
tl L
'8-1 P I L
Fl I'I ki 1 I IJ 88-I H
P E
R I
L 1 ~ 88- I I I T
E R
8 88 I
8 5 IIGHTH f/UIIBER> 1978 Figure 13. Total Plankton per liter in the Canal System.
48.GG-I I
I I
I
~
I I
32. 88- I T I II I
'I I I FI I L I I
P ~4.88-I L ~
I A I I
I T I 8 I II 16.88-1 I
P I E I F; I I
r L
I 8. 88- I T I E I R I I
I I
8. 88-0 I
8 IIOHTH I'IUIIBER~ 1978 Figure 14. Total Plankton per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area. NOTE: Canal Total Plankton scale is l/8th this scale.
2. P HYTOPLANKTON The microbiota of Biscayne Bay at Turkey Point and the Canals of the Turkey Point Cooling System. January through June, 1978.
The six months'tudy included in this report. has verified several established facts or need for further investigation.
These include:
1~ A list of endemic species in lower Biscayne Bay.
2. Endemic species in the cooling canals.
3 ~ Seasonal succession.
4 Species replacement.
5. Biomass differences.
6. Blooms.
7 ~ Organisms of special interest.
8. Nutritive environment.
9. Physical environment.
10. Summary.
l. Endemic species in lower Biscayne 4
Bay-Card Sound are those which normally are found there, whether rare or abundant, year after year. Presumably, a 500 ml sample catches all but the very rare species and certainly all the more common ones.
Settling and centrifuging concentrates them so there is little chance of missing a given species under the microscope. In the latter months of the study, debris decreased markedly, especially in the canal samples, permitting much better recognition.
All the species in Table 1 have not been noted in other South Florida waters, but only one species in this list is believed to be hitherto undescribed. It is a small elongate biflagellated cell, presumed to be a zooflagellate which has occurred repeatedly, and which is tentatively called Bodo
elonclata.
All major groups of algae and protozoa are represented in the plankton. Chlorophyceae have only one species-Chlorella vulcuaris, which was noted sparingly. However, only three Volvocidae have been found and very few Euglenida and Cryptomonadida. If the sediment interface had been examined, additional colorless euglenids would have been noted. Chloro-monadida and Coccolithophorida were lacking, although they are fairly common in other semi-tropical areas. The dominant groups are diatoms and dinoflagellates.
Protozoa are sparse, with rhizopods and zooflagellates being very scarce. Most of the marine species of these are sediment-water interface dwellers. It is hard to explain why Monas spp. and Oicomonas spp. do not, appear in the plankton.
Radiolaria, Actimaria, and Globerinids are pelagic forms, totally lacking here although common in the Gulf Stream.
Their absence indicates that the plankton'tudied here are truly an inshore microbiota.
This list of endemic species is not a complete one. From time to time additional species will appear, and while they may the first time, and several species recorded in previous years were not noted. But Biscayne Bay is a stable environment, while subject. to seasonal and diurnal changes and storms, so its plankton should be stable. Those species which find it favorable should, show frequent occurrence there, often in large numbers. Some organisms such as Rhizosolenia and Chroomonas are absent, however. These missing organisms may cytolize so badly as not to be recognizable in preserved samples.
2. The canal system is relatively new and cannot be considered stable in comparison to the Bay. From the beginning of this project until June, 1978, the water contained much debris, which interfered with plankton determinations. But in the June samples the debris was greatly .reduced.
Temperatures in the Canals are consistently. higher. than in the Bay and may at times exceed 35'C. Salinity, because of evaporation, gradually climbs and exceeds Bay values. The only source of nutrient 0-PO 4 and T-PO 4 is internal biological action on bottom sediments and for N03-N, rainfall. With a large diatom population these nutrients tend to gradually drop. But now the Canals are being colonized by some 10-20 species of microscopic algae, which also derive their nutrition from the surrounding water and compete with the plankton.
Zn the beginning the canals had the same plankton as the Bay. Now the similarities are largely in the diatoms, some blue-greens and a few species of small dinoflagellates, notably Gymnodinium spp. Ciliates and large dinoflagellates are largely gone. Some of the large diatoms have persisted, as well as the smaller naviculoid forms.
The endemic species for this reporting period are recorded in Table 1.
3. No seasonal succession has been evident in the Canals. ln the Bay about the only seasonal succession seen is the flux of dinoflagellates and it is not pronounced.
Atlantic cold water species such as the ciliate Favella and some Ceratia occur very sparingly only in the colder months.
No diatom seasonal succession has been noted.
4. Some species originally present seem to have dropped example. It was the only species of the genus in earlier reports,.-although never very abundant. It has now practically most cases such replacement is hard to justify, but frequently an organism suddenly appears for a short period of time, (see to establish itself. Thus in the beginning of these studies become well established.
5. Biomass differences refers to the biomass of a small population of a large organism as compared to a large population of a much smaller species. Thus a few Copepod nauplii are as important or more so than small diatoms or small Gymnodinia which far exceed it. It is hardly possible to make a list showing the relative size of the organisms in Table 1, but it, should be apparent that organisms such as while present. in sma'll numbers, share importance with small
'h numbers.
-6 8-
6. Blooms have been arbitrarily set at 500 organisms per ml. The largest number recorded in this period was 10500 Coccochloris spp., which would be 21000 in a liter or 21 per ml. This does not constitute a bloom.
or blue-green algae, in marine waters and generally discolor the water brown, red or green. Marine blooms, unlike those of fresh water, do not necessarily occur in grossly polluted water.
7. The varied organisms in Table 1 may be of special interest as a group, or individually. There will be found in 'Table 1 many names with the designation "p.n." behind the name. This is a way of indicating the organism, is a distinctive entity either because of well defined morphology, or because of recurrence, or because more than one has been found. Organisms so designated have not been indentified from the available literature. Thus in the blue-greens, Anabaena microscopica p.n. is a straight chain of round cells, 1-3 microns in diameter, bright blue-green, without heterocysts or akinetes. Xt is quite distinctive. The five species of sulfur bacteria are not normally found in the plankton, though evidently characteristic of the bottom sediments. They are important in the metabolism of sulfur compounds.
There are three blue-green algae which occur rather frequently in the Bay, always in limited numbers. They are Gom hosphaeria, Johannesba tista, and Trichodesmium.
-6 9-
Schizothrix calcicola is frequent in both Bay and Canals.
None of the blue-green algae are ecologically abundant, except to serve as seeding stock.
The Volvocida are poorly. represented in oceanic waters and the only one of importance here is Pyramidomonas grossi which might be a seeding organism if conditions became suitable.
between the two is equal or dissimilar flagella lengths. The colorless euglendis are usually found in the sediment-water hitherto undescribed genus and species.
Cryptomonadida are a small group, several of which are marine. In this study, only the small Rhodomonas b'altica occurs frequently, but in Escambia Bay it causes blooms.
Cryptomonas marina is a large dark-red species, and is rare in the Bay.
The status of the organism listed as Glenodinium in Table 1, Dinoflagellates, is unclear. It is probably a Peridinium, although its plate structure could not be determined. It is perfectly spherical, with a median, thin, but sharply defined list. Two were in catena, the other solitary. Several being present, it is a valid species, and H"-"*" e ".
The dinoflagellates are sufficiently diverse to be of interest. Thus, the "small Gymnodinia" and. "large Gymnodinia" comprise several species which cannot be separated
because they stain intensely black. They probably contain and others. Their abundance in the Canals is noteworthy since there are very few other dinoflagellates there. Peridinium trochoideum seems to be uboquitous. In the Bay, two bloom were noted; the former has not thus far produced fish kills in South Florida waters, but seems to be increasing, while the first Atlantic fish kill due to G. breve occurred at Port Everglades in 1978. Neither species has occurred in the Canals.
n " n preservation, but is still easily recognized.
Dinoflagellates probably show greater diversity of form and structure than any other group discussed in this report deals.
Diatoms are greatest in number per liter and number of species. Generally, the larger ones. (~Snedra h~ice s, S.
undulata, etc.) occur sparingly in both Bay and Canals; while frequently and in greater numbers in the Canals. Colonial diatoms are nowhere abundant. Aside from being a food source for small animals protozoa and nauplii and attesting to an abundance of silicon, there appears to be no further ecologic significance to the diatom population. It is quite apparent that the dominant. species are temporary, and no stable popu-lation exists aside from perhaps a dozen which are hardly present In June Navicula became dom'nant in the Canals, whereas it had not been seen previously.
Some of these diatoms are of academic interest-. Many it cannot be seen, except, occasionally on edge. The only detection is. by its cytolized cytoplasm, much as in the fresh water species ~Atthe a zachaziasi.
The diatoms are the best indication that the canals are non-toxic. While other groups are sparsely represented there, diatoms are not, and so far any diatom found in the Bay has also been noted in Canal samples. In the early work on the microbiota, slides were hung in the Canals, and quickly became colonized with huge colonies of diatoms. Among them was a species of Actinella not described in the literature.
It is still present in canal samples but in reduced numbers, indicating a tolerance of whatever changes have occurred in the Canal environment.
Diatoms are the most abundant and important group in the Canals with regard to reoxygenation, uptake of o-P04, N03-N, and Silicon and probably some organic compounds. There are no signs that they are restricted by any conditions in the Canals.
8. In the Bay, there is probably some sort of balance between animal and plant life--animal adding inorganic minute amounts of C02 while taking up 02. This is also generally true for bacteria. In the Canals, there are so few animals that an inbalance exists, that is compensated for in part by the bacteria in the sediment-water interface. It seems that water being recirculated must gradually use up.
if its o-P04 and N03N there is a plankton/algae population, which demands more than can be absorbe'd from the atmosphere and from rainfall. Now that the Canals are being colonized by macroscopic algae, the situation becomes more competitive.
So far there has been no indication that it is becoming restrictive.
9. Stability of the environment has already been discussed to a considerable extent. It is concluded that the Bay is stable within the limits of seasonal change, tidal flow, diurnal variation,'and weather changes (storms,. rainfall, etc.). There is currently absolutely no effect of the Turkey Point Plant on the plankton in the Bay.
The Canals on the contrary are still "settling down".
There is still much debris in the bottom, most of it. from mangroves, and subject to slow decomposition. Tidal changes are non-existent, and seasonal temperature changes are limited. There is new crop of mangroves growing along the edges of the Canals and there is an invasion of macroscopic algae. The plankton must develop within the limits imposed by these and possibly other factors. It appears that restrictive influences are at work, and it cannot be determined which ones. They do not seem to be total, and are probably non-restrictive for diatoms.
10. This report contains a list of endemic protozoa and algae for Lower Biscayne Bay-Card Sound for January through June, 1978, and identifies species in the Canal Cooling System. All 215 genera and species either known or provisionally named organisms. The Bay is'eemed stable, largely because of its diversity of species and the large number, as well as recurrence. The Canals are still stabilizing.
The species list is conservative because in some genera more were present than
/'pecies actually'dentified. A few groups of algae were not found. Bottom dwellers were largely absent, as in Zoomastigophorea and Rhizopodea. Dominant groups, i.e.,
the most species, were blue-green algae, Dinoflagellida, Bacillariophyceae (diatoms), and Ciliophorea. A sufficient number of Metazoan larvae were found in Canal samples to indicate the adults live there.
No effect on the microbiota could be traced to the Turkey Point Plant.
TABLE 1 THE PLANKTON ORGANISNS AT TURKEY POIttT It( BISCAYNE BAY AND TIIE COOLItiG CANAL SYSTEtl, JANUARY THRU JUtiE 1978 (In each month Column 1 represents the number of.
occurrence of each species, and Column 2 the maximum. number per 500 mls for that month.)
January February tlarch April tray June 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 ulfur Bacteria Achromatium oxaliferum Beggiatoa alba 4 32 3 Beggiatoa arachnoidea 96 64 8 1 Beggiatoa mirabilis 12 32 8 .3 Thiothrix sp. 1 8 lue Green Algae Anabaena microscopica, p.n. 1 32 32 .2 32 32 64 64 32 Aphanocapsa planctonica 1 32 4 64 Aphanocapsa pulcher 2 32 2 32 Chroococcus gigantea Chroococcus Kuetzingianum 1 32 Chroococcus planctonica 1 32 256 2 96 2 32 Coelosphaerium Kuetzingianum 1 64 Gleothece linearis 32 12 Gomphosphaeria aponina 4 32 64 32 1 32 Johannesbaptistia minor, p.n. 32 Jonannesbaptistia pellucida- 3 8 4 4 6 96 96 3 32 4 32 Lyngbya aestuarii 96 32 32 32 Lyngbya majuscula 4 Lyngbya minuta, p.n. 2 4 12 80 Lyngbya sp. 16 tlerismopedia elegans 1 32 tgerismopedia glauca 64 1 32 tlerismopedia punctata 32 1 32 32 32 1 32 Nicrocystis incerta 32 2 160 Osci llatoria rilyi 1 32 Oscillatoria sp.
TABLE 1 (continued)
January February March April Hay June Ba Canal Ba C 2 1 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 Blue Green Algae (cont.)
Schizothrix calcicola 1 64 32 64 2 *32 2 384 1 32 384 7 640 Spirulina nmjor 32 Spirulina minor 32 32 32 2 32 1 32 Trichodesmium erythraeum 28 4 316 Chl orophyceae Chlorella vulgaris*
Coccochloris sp. 1 4096 Volvacadeas Chlamydomonas spp. 608 2 64 Dunaliella sp. 32 32 Pyramidomonas grossi 64 1 32 1 256 2 64 32 Euglenophyceae Anisonema ovale 1 4 Eutreptia hirudoidea 32 3 32 2 12 Eutreptia viridis 32 2 32 32 1 32 5 32 Peranema trichophorum 2 4 Petalomonas elongata, p.n. 32 32 Petalomonas sp. 32 -1 32 Euglena unid. colorless 32 2 32 Cryptomonadida Cryptomonas marina 1 8 Rhodomonas baltica 160 10 288 8 3840 13 2112 9 288 6 .192 11 320 32 32 Silicoflagellida Oictyocha fibula 1 64 2 32
TABLE 1 (continued)
January February Harch April Hay June Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 Dinoflagellida Amphidinium crassa 64 32 4 32 Amphidinium operculatum 1 32 Amphidinium phaeocystola 32 Amphidinium sp. 128 Dinophysis tripos 8 Dyslopsalis lenticularis 8 3 4 6 4 6n Exiuvella apora a 3 12 7 4 4 3 8 Exiuvella marina Exiuvella minor, p.n.
32 8 32 ll 132 32 11 44 '2 24 96 32, '
2 32 '2 4 64 1 4 32 6 96 32 10 64 4 192 32 48: 32 3 32 5 , 96 Glenodinium foliaceum 8 Gonyaulax diegenesis 3 4 Gonyaulax polygramIa 324 Gonyaulax scr ippsae Gonyaulax triacantha Gymnodinium albulum 64 192 160 7 128 160 2 32 9 64 32 Gymnodinium breve 2 32 Gymnodinium catenata, p.n. 3 64 Gymnodinium splendens 9 12 8 40 1 8 9 16 2 4 96 Gymnodinium large 10 256 12 512 10 512 1 1280 12 526 13 480 lo 96 12 512 5 256 11 160 160 Gymnodinium small 9 416 12 388 13 576 13 2432 13 768 13 1024 13 896 12 384 3 32 32 12 572 256 Gymnodinium sp. 160 Gyrodinium lachryma Gyrodinium pingue 32 32 64 Peridinium conicum 4 Peridinium divergens 4 16 Peridinium longum 12 Peridinium obtusum 32 64 32 Peridinium pentagonum 64 n Peridinium quadridens 32 Peridinium trochoideum 6 8 224 192 7 160 96 13 768 2 32 128 32 Peridinium tuba 132 3 32 32 2 32 32 1 12 64 PeridiniunI sp. .16 a .32 1 32 32 3 32 64 Peridenopsis rotundata 32 8
TABLE 1 (continued)
January February Narch p1'I June Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 Oino flagel 1 i da (cont. )
Prorocentrum gracile 4 8 1 32 Prorocentrum micans 8 12 7 12 32 9 36 Prorocentrum triangulatum 160 1 32 32 6 64 Protoceratium reticulatum 8 12 10 64 4 8 32 1 8 5 24 Pyrodinium bahamiensis 8 8 3 8 32 13 444 Torodinium robustum 32 Dinoflagellata unid. 96 9 96 12 256 6 96 7 32 7 288 32 4 64 3 32 13 128 Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)
I Achnanthes longipes 32 oo Actinella sp. 8 1 4 32 2. 320 1 4 10 96 I
. Amphiprora abata 4 1 32 2 4 Amphiprora marina 8 192 32 3 32 3 32 Amphiprora pellucida, p.n. 2 32 8 128 Amphora biscayensis, p.n. -1 416 2 32 1 32 Amphora marina 64 32 Amphora ovalis 16 4 )60 7 48 ll4 64 4.
4 128 2
6 32 96 5 84 1 32 1 20 10 288 Biddulphia sp. 1 32 1 Campylodiscus sp. 3 4 Campylosira cymbelliformis 96 1 64 Campylosira sp.
Chaetoceras sp. 1 32 72 8 12400 Cocconeis diminuenda 64 7 64 32 3 32 '3 32 32 Cocconeis hustedti 64 7 2560 64 2 32 1 32 32 96 64 64 64 10 384 64 Cocconeis placentula 160 2 64 64 3 256 6 32 64 32 32 32 64 6 64 20 Cocconeis sp. 8 32 Coscinodiscus concinnus 4 4 4 Cyclotella catenata, p.n. 1 128 5 256 3 224 1 )28 1 64 6 384 Cyclotella meneghianiana 96 7 288 13 7562 32 3 64 96 12 1664 5 96 Cyclotella nana 160 2 32 92 2 512 96 64 7 128 4 64 Cyclotella sp., colony unid.
(Cylinedropyxis?) 32
TABLE 1 (continued)
January Fe ruary March Apri May June Bay Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1
'acillariophyceae (diatoms)
(cont.)
8 128 32 4 32 11 256 5 32 192 2 64 1 32 Cymatopleura solea 96 96 240 7 96 4 128 2 7 Cymatopleura sp. 128 96 32 7 32 64 2 Cymbel 1 a sp. 1 2 32 1 4 8 1 4 Oiploneis bombus 64 3 32 Eunotia sp.
Fragilaria sp. 1 96 Gramatophora serpentisa 1 64 Gyrosigma baltica 4 4 12 Gyrosigma formosa Gyrosigma hippocampus 2 4 4
Gyrosigma longum v. inflatum 8 672 256 32 3 64 32 1 4 Gyrosigma scalipoides 1 1 Gyrosigma strigosum 12 32 8 64 96 96 2 4 4 1 32 2 64 32 Gyrosigma tenuissima 3 3 4 4
Gyrosigma Vanheareki Leptocylindrus danicus Licmophora abbreviata 160 1 576 12 1664 6 256 13 192 1 256
'32 3'4 32 32 3 4 8 Licmophora flabellula 64 36 7 32 4 48 6 16 4 1 8 9 32 8 10 24 3 32 5 64 64 4 4 64 Licmophora ramulus 12 1 Licmophora splendens 1 40 Helosira granulate 40 1 64 Helosira aenilata 4 32 128 2 32 64 92 1 32 32 4 Havicula amphbola 3 2944 Havicula ostrea Havicula (Stauroneis?)
membranaceae 1 224 640 12 1344 13 736 13 3768 13 1920 13 2368 13 3264 12 4096 768 11 3200 13 832 11 3752 Havicula spp. 13 5 64 64 acicularis 3 128 64 9 1216 12 128 4 64 3 96 3 64 48 1 Hitzschia 5 96 6 64 160 Hitzschia closterium 3 64 6 96 2 264 6 512 9 224 7 128 4 32 5 96 3 5 Hitzschia delicatissima 1 16 Hitzschia longa 264 1 32 7 32 3 64 3 64
TABLE 1 (continued)
January February Harch April Ilay June Bay Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Bay Canal 'Bay Canal Bay Canal Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)
(cont.)
NitzschIa paradoxa 1 4 Nitzschia pungens 1 64 2 32 64 Nitzschia seriata 1 32 Nitzschia sigmoidea 1' 4 1 64 Nitzschiella acutissimus 12 8 64 Oekedemea inflexa 64 96 Opephora marina 32 Pleurosigma balticum Pleurosigma fasciola v.
clostroides 64 2 32 13 192 6 64 8 128 1 32 2 128 32 Pleurosigma formosa 3 16 Pleurosigma nicobarium 3 32 3 12 5 12 1 12 Pleurosigma tenuissmuna 2 128 Pleurosigma sp.
Podocystis adriatica 3 32 1 4 Rhizosolenia fragi lissima 576 Skeletonema costatum 608 Striatella interrupta 32 160 Striatella minuta, p.n. 2 32 Striatella unipunctata 12 1 4 1 Striatella sp.
Sururella festuosus 1 4 4 16 8 32 5 8' 5 12 4 8 4 64 Synedra actinastroides 52 Synedra biceps 3 4 4 2 4 4 12 2 4 5 12 1 3 Synedra biceps v. minor, p.n. 8 Synedra crystallina. 3 4 3 4 1 8 1 12 Synedra longa 2 32 Synedra superba 2 8 12 10 96 2 64 32 1 4 9 640 Synedra ulna 6 192 32 96 1 8 96 96 32 64 2 64 Synedra undulata 3 8 36 20 6 64 4 1 4 12 12 2 4 8 5 16 Synedra sp. 12
.TABLE 1 (continued)
January february Harch April Hay June Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal 1 2 1 2 2. 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 Bacillariophyceae (diatoms)
(cont.)
Tabellaria sp. 1 12 64 64 28' Thalassiosira condensa Thalassiosira rotula 1 64 3 256 96 Tropidoneis lepidoptera 1 4 4 4 192 Oiatoms unid, 6 64 96 3.' 64 32 64 24 24 32 32 4 32 looflagellida Bioeca mediterranea 2 120 6 192 Bodo elongata, p.n. 2 32 1 32 64 3 32 Spirochaeta sp. . 1 32 Zooflagellates unid. 2 160 Rhizopoda Amoeba radiosa 32 32 Rhizopoda shelled near Pseudo difflugia 32 Rhizopoda shelled unid. 1 4 1 4 Rhizopoda shelled near Pyxidicula 32 Rhizopoda radiata 2 32 Rhizopoda unid. 1 4 Ci liophorea Askenasia volvox 4 4 Cyclidium glaucoma 1 32 32 Favella panamensis 4 20 Lohraniella oviformis 96 96 64 7 64 Hesodinium rubrum 32 3 64 Hetacylis angulata 2 16 2 8 4 Hetacylis jurgensi 2 4 .2 16
TABLE 1 (continued)
January February Harch April Hay June Bay Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 Ciliophorea (cont.)
Steenstrupiella near intremescens 128 Steenstrupiella robusta 1 4 Strobi lidium humile 6 576 2 32 64 2 64 160 4 64 Strombidium acuminatum ) 32 Strombidium claparides 1 96 5 96 Strombidium conicum 13 384 6 288 13 160 2 64 13 128 160 32 13 128 Strombidium coronatum 5 1184 Strombidium strobilius 92 32 Strombidium strobilius v.
minor, p.n. 96 Strombidium sp. 64 Tintinnopsis bermudonsis 1 4 4 4 Tintinnopsis beroidea 16 Tintinnopsis brasiliensis Tintinnopsis gracilis Tintinnopsis minutus 12 192 6 32 32 4
2 32 32 3'2 32 Tintinnopsis nana 64 Tintinnopsis platenses 16 Tintinnus apertus 1 4 16 Tintinnus turgescens Vorticellids sp. 160 Ciliata unid. 96 1 32 96 1 4 4 4 28 Hetazoa Bivalve larvae 3 4 Crab larvae Coelenterata hydrozoa 1 4 Copepod nauplii calanoid 12 9 20 12 3 48 28 5 8 28 5 8 10 ~ 32 4 12 24 40 Copepod nauplii harpacticoid 1 4 8 12 Egg. not identified 5 224 12 Gastropod larvae 16 216 12
TABL 1 (continued)
January February tiarch April Hay June Ba Canal B C a 1 2 1 1 2 1 '2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 2
'etazoa (cont.)
Larvae, unid. 4 8 Hematoda, adults 4 32 2 4 4 1 4 Planaria larvae Plutei, Echinodium larvae 1 4 Polychaeta larvae 1 16 Rotifera Tunicate larvae 12 1 4 Dinoflagellida Ceratun farca 1 4 9 28 1 4 1 ~
4 5 20 12 10 44 Ceratum fusus 40 2 16 12 2 96
3. CHLOROPFIYLL "a", BIOMASS, AND PRIMA'RY PRODUCTION Introduction Chlorophyll "a", biomass, and primary production were determined monthly at eleven stations. Eight of these stations are located in the cooling canal system, and three are located in the Biscayne Bay/Card Sound area:.(Figure 1).
Methods Chlorophyll "a" determinations- were made by acetone extraction of the:plankton. The optical density of the extract was then determined by spectrohpotometric analysis using the trichromatic method.
Chlorophyll "a" is an algal biomass indicator (Creitz and Richards, 1955). By assuming that chlorophyll "a" con-stitutes 1.5 percent of the dry weight organic matter of the algae, algal biomass can be estimated by multiplying the chlorophyll "a" content by a factor of 67 (Std. Methods, 14th Ed.).
Knowing the mass of chlorophyll is very 'close to knowing primary production (Cole, 1975). This is especially true for chlorophyll "a". Estimates of primary production were calculated from chlorophyll "a" data using equations derived from Ryther and Xentsch, 1957. Surface radiation values were also taken from Ryther and Yentsch, 1957. Water transparency was determined by Secchi. disk readings. Note that the Secchi disk readings in the Bay are measured, but the water is not deep enough to get a true reading. Therefore, the meas-urement is made to the bottom and the additional depth needed is estimated .
Discussion and Conclusions The highest values for all three parameters studied in the cooling canals occurred in May (Figure 1). The chloro-3 phyll "a" concentration was 0.73 mg/m, the biomass concen-tration was 48.90- mg/m 3 and primary productivity was 0.07 2
gC/m /day. The lowest values occurred in March when the chlorophyll "a" concentration was 0. 30 mg/m, 3 the biomass concentration was 20.10 mg/m 3 and primary productivity esti-mate was 0.03 gC/m 2 /day.
In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound (Figure 2), the highest values for the three parameters studied occurred in June.
The chlorophyll "a" concentration was 0.60 mg/m , the biomass 3
concentration was 40.20 mg/m 3 and the primary productivity estimate was 0.35 gC/m 2 /day. The lowest values occurred in February, when the chlorophyll "a" concentration was 0.10 3 3 mg/m, biomass concentration was 6. 70 mg/m, and primary pro-2 ductivity was 0.06 gC/m /day.
In general, lower chlorophyll "a" and biomass concentra-tions were derived from the Bay samples. This is probably due to the lower nutrient levels found in the Bay. There is extreme competition for available nutrients in the Bay, with most of them being tied up by macrophytes.
The lowest primary productivity estimates were exhibited in the cooling canals at stations where water velocities were relatively high.
The primary productivity estimates were greater in the Bay than in the cooling canals for the entire period. The higher estimates were probably due to greater light pene-tration and the- corresponding higher extinction coefficients.
The primary reasons for less light penetration in the canals are thought to be the high concentrations of .tannin and lignin which produce color, and organic debris which pro-duces turbidity. This color and turbidity should be expect-ed in a mangrove environment.
Quite a large increase in primary productivity estimates occurred in June.. This phenomenon was probably due to higher nutrient levels caused by increased rainfall in the latter half of May and early June. Rain causes nutrients and land runoff to enter the Bay which in turn leads to build-ups of phytoplankton and benthic flora during the summer (Bader and Roessler, 1972).
50 0.75 40 0. 60 .p r
/
/
30 0.45 /
/
6 F /
/
8 /
/ .
g 20 0. 30 /
0 0 X /
.rl Pl 0
/
/ XX- Cooling A p p Canal O
--P P- Biscayne Bay 10 0. 15 r
p p 0.0 0.0 I 2
Months 197 8 Figure l. Chlorophyll A and Biomass in the Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay. Mean values for all stations.
0.5 XCooling X Canal System p p- Biscayne Bay 0.4 C
'0 p 0.3 0 /
/
/
/
/
0 0.2 /
/
qj 0 /
/
C4 p
p
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O.l X
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0.0 Months 1978 Figure 2. Primary Productivity in the Cooling Canal System and Biscayne Bay. humean values for all stations.
Literature Cited
1. Bader, R. and Roessler, M. 1972. An Ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.
Univ. Miami RSNAS-72060.
2. Cole, G. 1975. Textbook of Limnology. The C. V.
Mosby Company.
3. Creitz, G., and Richards, F., 1955. The estimation and characterization of plankton populations by pigment analysis.- J. Mar. Res. 14:211.
4. Ryther,, J. and Yentsch C. 1957. The Estimation of Phytoplankton Production in the ocean from Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, Mass.
5. Standard Methods for the Examination of water and waste water, 14th Edition,,'1976.
SECTION FIVE SECTION FOUR SECTION THREE SECTION THO SECTION ONE HF-2 N24-2
~*H18-2~
~ '<<I ~ C W12-2 aVBJKQ!
<<H6-2 ARC-2 L fa ISfRSCS ~E3-2 .-
. RC-1 4RC-0 Figuze 4 Turkey Point Plant Site & Cooling Canal System
Zooplankton Tow and Chlorophy13. "a" sample stations Phytoplankton sample
/ at each station
III.G Chlorine Usa e The 3Bs condenser and water box were inspected on May 21, 1978. Unit 4's 4As condenser and water box were inspected on May 31, 1978. On June 5, 1978, the intake wells were inspected for organic growth. Units 3 and 4 intake wells, condensers, and water boxes were found to be in a satisfactory state of cleanliness, therefore, not requiring chlorination at this time.
IV. RECORDS OF CHANGES IN SURVEY PROCEDURES None V. SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES NOT REQUIRED BY THE ETS Section III.E of this report analyzes data collected which was not required by the ETS.
VI. VIOLATIONS OF THE ETS None VII ~ UNUSUAL EVENTS g CHANGES TO THE PLANT g ETS / PERMITS / OR CERTIFICATES Amendment Nos. 29 and 26 to Facility Operating License Nos. DPR-31 and DPR-41 deleted the requirements in the Environmental Technical Specifications (ETS) for monthly and quarterly monitoring of the E-series wells in the groundwater monitoring program. These amendments were issued by NRC by letter dated October 7, 1977. Reporting of this change to the ETS was not included in Semi-Annual Environ-mental Monitoring Report No. 10.
VIII. STUDIES REQUIRED BY THE ETS NOT INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT The reports entitled "Baseline Ecological Study of a Subtropical Terrestrial Biome in Southern Dade County, Florida" and "Evaluation of Ecological Studies Conducted at Turkey Point and South Dade Study Area" were forwarded to the NRC on June 1, 1978. These reports met the require-ments of ETS 4.B.l.a, b, and c and ETS 4.B.,2 respectively.
APPENDIX
AB-119 ECOLOG I CAL NON ITORI NG OF SELECTED PARAMETERS AT THE FLORIDA POWER R LIGHT CO, TURKEY POINT PLANT SEMIANNUAL REPORT JANUARY"JUNE 1978 AUGUST 1978 APPLIED BIOLOGY, INC.
ATLANTA'. GEORGIA
CONTENTS
, III. ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA A. CHEMICAL (FPL)
B. THERMAL (FPL)
C. FISH AND SHELLFISH... C-1 Introduction C-1 Materials and Methods.. C-1 Results and Discussion.. C-3 Comparative Studies..... C-6 Summaryo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C-7 Literature Cited. C-9 Figureso ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ C-10 T ables.................. C-13 D~ BENTHOS ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0.1-1
1. MACROINVERTEBRATES.... 0.1-1 Introduction......'.... D. 1 -1 Materials and Methods. D.1-2 Results and Discussion D.1-5 Conclusions........... D.1-8 Literature Cited...... ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D.1-10 F figures............... D.1-12 T ables............. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ D.1-17
2. MICROBIOLOGY.. D.2-1 Introduction.. D. 2-1 Materials and Methods. D. 2-3 Results and Discussion D.2-7 Conclusions.. D.2-13 Literature Cited. D.2-15 Figures. D.2-17 Tables................ D.2-19 This report will be incorporated into a larger report to be sub-mitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission by'lorida Power &
Light. This outline is therefore incomplete, comprising only the sections for which Applied Biology, Inc., is responsible.
e 0
C-1 C. FISH AND SHELLFISH INTRODUCTION The, Turkey Point cooling canal system was closed off in February 1973, effectively isolating populations of fish and shellfish within the canals from Biscayne Bay and adjacent offshore habitats.
Sampling of the fish and shellfish populations was initiated in December 1974. The purpose of the sampling was to determine which species were present and their relative abundance and size. Within the confines of the canal system, reproduction would be limited to species which spawn inshore and lack any prolonged planktonic larval stages. Species which demonstrated a variety of life history stages could be considered to be reproductive and established in the canals.
Tliese continuing studies are documenting the changes that are occurring in the fish and shellfish fauna in the canal system. To place changes in perspective, this fauna is compared to that of in-shore Biscayne Bay.
MATERIALS AND METHODS Fishes were collected monthly from January through June 1978, the period covered by this report, at the ten stations which were surveyed in 1974 and 1975 (Florida Power 8 Light Co., 1976). Stations 1 and 8 were relatively deepwater (6 m) localities near the plant
C-2 intake and discharge, respectively (Figure III.C-l). Stations 2 and 4 were situated between deep (6 m) and shallow (1 m) water areas.
Stations 3, 5, 6, and 7 averaged less than 1 m in water depth. Canal width at Stations 1 through.8 was approximate]y 61 m. Stations 9 and 10 were in a backwater area and small pond, respectively, off the canal system proper. Water depth at these two stations was less than 0.6 m.
Collections were made by gill net and minnow trap. Each monofil-ament net was 30.5 m in length by 1.8 m in depth and consisted of three 10-m panels of 25-, 38-, and 51-mm~ mesh sewn end to end. The minnow traps were of the funnel type and measured 406 mm long by 229 mm in diameter. These traps were constructed of 6.4-mm galvanized mesh.
The sampling method at each station was determined primarily by the water depth at the sampling site. Gill nets were fished at Sta-tions 1, 2, 4, and 8; minnow traps at Stations 2 through 10. Prelim-inary sampling at Station 1 had shown an absence of the small fishes which could be collected by minnow traps. One gill net and/or two minnow traps were fished for one 24-hr period per station per month.
All specimens collected were identified to species, counted, measured to the nearest millimeter, and weighed to the nearest gram.
Fishes were measured from the tip of the snout to the base of the tail (standard length). Crabs were measured across the shell (carapace
C-3 width) and shrimp along the carapace and tail. Fish nomenclature was in accordance with Bailey et al. (1970).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Two species of shellfishes and 21 species of fishes were collected during this 6-month sampling period. Collections by month and station number are presented in Tables III.C-1 through III.C-G. The number of individuals of each species collected, range of standard lengths, total weight, and the range of water temperatures recorded at each station during sampling are included. The data presented in Tables III.C-l through III.C-6 are summarized in Table III.C-7, which also includes the percentage composition by number and weight of the fishes collected.
The killifish family (Cyprinodontidae) comprised 93.5X of the 2730 total fishes collected. The goldspotted killifish and sheepshead minnow were the predominant species collected with 1499 and 1038 indi-viduals, respectively. Other members of this family collected were the rainwater, marsh and gulf killifishes (Table III.C-7). These are all
'small (<60 mm) fishes and, although abundant, comprised only 12.7Ã of the total weight of the, fishes collected.
The livebearer family (Poeciliidae) comprised 3.1X of the total fishes collected but, also being small forage fishes, accounted for only 0.7X of the total biomass. The sailfin molly I and pike killifish were the two poeciliids found (Table III.C-7).
e C-4 The balance of the fishes collected, although comprising only 3.4X of the total number, accounted for over 86.6X of the total bio-mass. The majority of this biomass resulted from the collection of a few (12) individuals of relatively large species: bonefish, snook, gray snapper and crevalle jack (Table III.C-7).
The goldspotted killifish, sheepshead minnow, and sailfin molly were the only species collected in large enough numbers for meaning-ful comparison between stations. The goldspotted killifish was the dominant species at Stations 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; while the sheeps-head minnow was the dominant species at Stations 8 and 10 (Figure III.C-2). Similar numbers of goldspotted killifish and sheepshead minnow were collected at Station 5. The sailfin molly was the most abundant at Station 10 but was nowhere dominant. Habitat differences, physiological tolerances and/or competitive abilities have been pre-viously discussed to account for differences in species dominance (Applied Biology, 1977). These differences will be further eluci-dated in the annual report for 1978, when four years of data on these species will have been analyzed.
The killifishes and livebearers are maintaining reproducing pop-ulations within the canal system, based on the continuing abundance of these fishes found in our collections and the occurrence of juve-niles as well as adults. Although not as abundant as the killifishes, the crested goby and gulf toadfish were also collected as juveniles
C-5 and adult's and are considered established in the system. Redfin needlefish (strongyluza notata) were not collected by the methods employed, but were frequently observed in the system and are also considered established. Although no juvenile silver jenny or spot-fin mojarra were found, small individuals are not generally taken by=
the methods employed (small individuals were found in April 1977 when gill nets of fine mesh were employed in miscellaneous collec-tions). These two species of mojarra are probably reproducing and established in the system.
The reproductive status of the tidewater si lverside in the canals is less certain. Although probably capable of reproducing in the system, a decreasing number of individuals has been found over each of the years sampled. Numbers of this schooling species are probably not high enough to maintain a viable population over time.
The remainder of the species collected, with the exception of two individuals, were represented only by adults (Table III.C-7).
These include the blue crab, shrimp, bonefi'sh, yellowfin mojarra, snook, snapper, grunt, jack, barracuda and sea catfish. The two exceptions were a juvenile blue crab at 53 mm and juvenile pinfish at 27 mm. These two juveniles were members of species not considered to be reproducing in the canals, and their occurrence has not been explained.
0 0
C-6 The number of fishes collected by each gill net per 24-hr sample period (catch per unit effort) has decreased over the 43 months sam-,,
pled to date (Figure III.C-3). Fishes and shellfishes represented only by adult forms which mature and die may be expected to disappear from the canal system unless recruitment occurs from outside. Several species which were observed or collected prior to January 1978 and not found thereafter may have already disappeared (Table III.C-8).
Concurrent with the decrease in the number of larger fishes has been an increase in populations of the small forage fishes as indi-cated by the number of fishes collected by each minnow trap per 24-hour sample period (Figure III.C-3). This increase in forage fish populations is'ttributed to filling the new habitat created by the construction of the system, as well as by the continuing decrease in predation pressure as the larger forms are lost to natural attrition.
Whether or not populations of forage species will stabilize on a yearly basis, and at what levels, is still unknown. Seasonal .variations in population levels will continue to be great within each year.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES Voss et al.'(1969) list almost 500 species of fishes which could potentially occur in Biscayne National Monument. However, only 80 species of fishes were collected by trawling in south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound during the baseline survey for the Turkey Point Plant (Bader and Roessler, 1971). Additional work was conducted by Nugent
C-7 (1970) in the imnediate vicinity of the plant. This work was done primarily with gill nets and tr aps in tidal creeks, and resulted in the collection of 51 species of fishes. Pinfish, mojarras, snappers, and mullet were the fishes most commonly found. Blue crabs and shrimp were the common shellfishes. Applied Biology has collected or ob-I * . = ~
served 41 species of fishes within the canal system since studies were initiated after the closing of the system to Biscayne Bay.
The previous studies conducted in the vicinity of Turkey Point indicate that the species of fishes and shellfishes which became trapped within the canal system were primarily the common, and often abundant, species found outside the canal system in the bay. How-ever, with the natural attrition of most of the predatory species within the canal system, the killifishes and livebearers have reached levels of abundance probably not found outside the system. Continu-ing studies are documenting the changes which are occurring in the fish and shellfish fauna within the canal system.
SUMMARY
The Turkey Point cooling canals are a closed system contai.ning a decreasingly diverse assemblage of fishes and shellfishes. Species reproducing i n the system, as evidenced by the occurrence of both juveniles and adults, are primarily in the killifish and livebearer families of fishes. The goldspotted killifish and the'sheepshead minnow are the predominant fishes, based on the number of individuals
C-8 collected. The majority of. fish and shellfish species are dis-appearing from the canal system as natural attrition occurs.
C-9 LITERATURE CITED Applied Biology, Inc. 1977. Ecological monitoring of selected para-meters at the Turkey Point Plant. Annual Report 1976. Florida Power & Light Co., Miami, FL.
Bader, R.B., and M.A. Roessler, principal investigators. 1971. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Prog.
Rept. to U.S. AEC [AT (40-1) - 3801-3j and Fla. Power .& Light Co. Rosenstiel School of Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, FL.
Bailey, R.M., J.E. Fitch, E.S. Herald, E.A. Lachner, C.C. Lindsey, C.R. Robins, and W.B. Scott. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of- fishes from the United States and Canada, 3rd ed. Amer. Fish. Soc., Spec. Publ. 6. 150 pp.
Florida Power & Light Co. 1976. Turkey Point Units 3 and 4: semi-annual environmental monitoring report no. 6, July 1 to December 31, 1975. Miami, FL. 248 pp.
Nugent, R.S., Jr. 1970. The effects of thermal effluent on some of the macrofauna of a subtropical estuary. Sea Grant Tech.
Bull. No. 1., Univ. of Miami, FL. 198 pp.
Voss, G.L., F.M. Bayer, C.R. Robins, M. Gomon, and E.T. LaRoe. 1969.
The marine ecology of the Biscayne National Monument. Rept.
to the National Park Service Dept. of the Interior. Inst.
Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, FL. 128 pp.
C-10 1(R C.O)
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FLORiDA POWER 8 LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT FISH AND SHELLFISH SAMPLING STATIONS (FPEL Station Numbers)
Jl'PLCO ~ lOLOOY~ IIIC.
FI ure III.C-l
GOLOSPOTTEO KILL I FISH SHEEPSHEAO HIHNOW 500 SAILF IN HOLLY 200 100 50 8
Cl o 20 LU R
10
'!: 0 0 0 0 STATION 2 3 4 10 Figure III.C-2. Total number of goldspotted killifish, sheepshead minnow, and sailfin molly collected within the Turkey Point cooling canal system, January-June 1978.
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I D J F M A M J J A S 0 N D J F M A M J J A S 0 N J F M A M J J A S N J F M A M J 7974 1975 1976 $ 77 1978 Figure III.C-3; Fish per gill net per day, fish per minnow trap per day, and range and mean of maximum water temperatures recorded at Stations 1 through 8, Turkey Point cooling canal system, December 1974-June 1978.
TABLE III.C-1 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 16-17 JANUARY 1978 Num er Range of Tota Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies indi vi dual s 1 en ths (mm) ( ) 'C nothing collected 17.0-18.0 great barracuda 1 320 266 18.5-19.0 bonefish 1 372 696 silver jenny 1 119 48 goldspotted killifish 41 22-43 . 67 sail fin molly 6 25-33 5 sheepshead minnow 5 22-28 3 3 goldspotted ki llifish 25-35 16.0-18.0 4 blue crab 153-167 927 16.5-20.0 bonefish 376 759 yellowfin mojarra 172 155 goldspotted killifish 23-31 3 tidewater silverside 44 fragment 5 sheepshead minnow 83 20-32 57 19.5-23.0 sail fin molly 13 25-41 14 gol dspotted killifish 11 27-32 10 6 goldspotted killifish 25 23-35 25 20. 5-24. 0 sheepshead minnow 21 18-27 9 7 goldspotted killifish 20 25-36 18 20.5-24.0 sheepshead minnow 15 20-28 7 sai 1 fin molly 1 28 1 8 blue crab 1 165 292 25.5-26.0 gol dspotted ki1 1 i fish 50 23-46 67 sheepshead minnow 3 23-25 1
0 TABLE III.C-1 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT, COOLING CANALS 16-17 JANUARY 1978 um er Range of Tota Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals 1 en ths mm) ( oC 9 sail fin mol.ly 37-52 21 16.0-23.5 sheepshead minnow 33-41 16 goldspotted killifish 42 pike killifish 86 10 sheepshead minnow 128 30-41 308 20.0 sailfin molly 3 45-53 15
TABLE III.C-2 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 9-10 FEBRUARY 1978 Num er Range of Tota Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm) 'C 1 bluestripped grunt 187 251 17.5-21.0 2 sea catfish 1 391 1062 19.0-22.0 spotfin mojarra 1 102 29 silver jenny 1 105 35 goldspotted killifish 26 26-50 56 gulf toadfish 1 90 25 goldspotted killifish 28-32 18.0-20.5 blue crab 1 139 288 19. 0-21. 0 yel 1 owfin mojarra 1 180 196 bonefish 1 345 719 gray snapper 1 371 1434 goldspotted killifish 31 22-44 46 goldspotted killifish 39 24-40 52 21.5-23.0 sheepshead minnow 15 20-28 6 goldspotted killifish 33 25-38 34 22.0-22.5 sheepshead minnow 1 22 sail fin molly 1 31 7 sheepshead minnow 18 18-25 8 22. 0-23. 5 goldspotted killifish 17 22-38 16 8 shrimp 3 69-111 20 24.5-25.5 goldspotted ki llifish 19 23-35 20 sheepshead minnow 1 23 9 goldspotted killifish 44 24-44 66 24.5-25.0 sheepshead minnow 9 29-42 17 crested goby 2 39-53 7 marsh killifish 1 42 2
TABLE III.C-2 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 9-10 FEBRUARY 1978 Num er Range of Tota Range of water of standard weight temperatures
'tation number Species individuals len ths (mm) ( oC 10 sheepshead minnow 75 27-42 247 20.0-21.5 sail fin molly ll 38-50 39 goldspotted killifish 1 46 6 rainwater killi fish 1 28 1
TABLE I I I. C-3 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 27-28 MARCH 1978 um er Range of Tota Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm) oC 1 nothing collected 25.5-28.0 a
2 bonefish 210 174 26. 0-28. 0 409-420 231 1 crevalle jack 672 6810 3 goldspotted killifish 43 21-45 54 22.5-25.5 sheepshead minnow 3 24-25 2 4 blue crab 172 350 25.5-26.5 shrimp 148 30 bonefish 376-391 1828 gray snapper 298 714 yellowfin mojarra 206 276 crested goby 38-54 10 blue crab 1 53 7 28.5-29.0 goldspotted killifish 31 24-44 37 sheepshead minnow 4 20-28 goldspotted killifish 25, 23-36 26 28.5-30.0 sheepshead minnow 1 23 goldspotted killifish 21 23-37 22 28.0-29.0 sheepshead minnow 2 21-25 1 8 goldspotted ki llifish 64 25-40 80 35.0-36.0 sheepshead minnow 18 23-28 12 marsh killifish 1 35 9 goldspotted killifish 63 26-40 102 28.5-30.0 sailfin molly 6 31-47 12 sheepshead minnow 4 22-32
C-18 TABLE III.C-3 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING, CANALS 27-28 MARCH 1978 Num er Range of - Tota ange of water Station of standard weight temperatures number Species individuals len ths (mm) ( oC 9 crested goby 48 infish 27 10 sailfin molly 20 27-42 34 24.0-26.5 sheepshead minnow 6 28-37 13 rainwater killifish 2 28-29 marsh killifish 2 44-47 Minnow traps destroyed; no catch.
TABLE III.C-4 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 20-21 APRIL 1978 um er Range of Tota Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths (mm) . ( oC 1 snook 402-414 2294 26.0-30.0
'\
2 silver jenny 91-92 48 27.0-29.0 spotfin mojarra 107 33 yellowfin mojarra, 182 197 goldspotted killifish '29-32 3 goldspotted killifish 12 19-34 10 24.0-28.5 4 spotfin mojarra 120 46 26.5-29.0 yellowfin mojarra 200 230 crested goby 43-55 13 gulf toadfish 55 4 5 gol dspotted killifish 10 28-35 13 30.0-'31.5 sheepshead minnow 5 22-25 6 goldspotted killifish 23-38 9 32.0-32.5 7 goldspotted killifish 26 22-40 28 30.5-31.5 sheepshead minnow 5 20-23 shrimp 1 89 8 37. 0 sheepshead minnow 41 21-28 28 goldspotted killifish 26 23-33 24 goldspotted ki llifish 85 22-37 71 30.0-30.5 sheepshead minnow 32 20-29 19 sailfin molly 4 27-34 pike killifish 2 67-79 ll gul f killi fish 1 51 4
C-20 TABLE III.C-4 (continued)
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLNG CANALS 20-21 APRIL 1978 Num er Range of Tota ange of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm) ( oC 10 crested goby 20 27-63 ,50 26.0-28.0 sail fin molly 28-40 7 sheepshead minnow 37 3 gul f ki1 i fish 1 48 5
TABLE III.C-5 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 22-23 MAY 1978 Num er Range of Tota 'ange of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies indi vi dual s 1 en ths (mm) ( 'C 1 snook 359 781 30.0-31.0 2 goldspotted killifish 27-45 21 31.0-32.0 3 goldspotted killifish 25-38 13 29.0-30.,0 rainwater ki llifish 27-40 4 4
crested goby 59 4 silver jenny 3 102-107 ill 31. 0 spotfin mojarra 2 103-122 75 goldspotted killifish 7 25-38 9 crested goby .1 53 6 gulf toadfish 1 101 29 5 goldspotted killifish 33 19-47 46 33.5-35.0 sheepshead minnow 8 20-26 crested goby 2 42-52 6 goldspotted killifish ll 22-35 10 32. 5-34. 0 sheepshead minnow 2 19-21 1 7 'goldspotted killifish 38 24-40 44 32.0-34.0 sheepshead'minnow 1 22 8 sheepshead minnow 377 23-36 367 37.5-40.0 goldspotted killifish 17 22-35 9 gol dspotted killi fish 90 24-56 148 28. 0-31. 5 sheepshead minnow 9 22-35 rainwater killifish 1 36
C-22 TABLE III.C-5 (continued),
FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 22-23 MAY 1978 Num er Range of Tota ange of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths (mm) ( oC 10 crested goby 31-60 29 28. 5-29. 5 sheepshead minnow 35 2 sail fin mol ly 48 rainwater ki 1'l ifish 36
C-23 TABLE I I I. C- 6 FISH AND SHELLFISH SURVEY TURKEY POINT COOLING CANALS 19-20 JUNE 1978 um er Range of Tota Range of water Station of standard weight temperatures number S ecies individuals len ths mm) ( oC nothing collected 30.0-30.5 I
yellowfin mojarra 239 386 29.0-31.0 goldspotted killifish 26-39 12 gulf toadfish 108 40 gol dspotted killifish 49 23-44 81 '29. 0 yellowfin mojarra 178-207 692 25.5-29.0 crested goby 45-52 13 goldspotted killifish 23-27 2 gol ds potted kil 1 i fish 54 25-52 101 30.0-33.0 sheepshead minnow 17 21-29 12 crested goby 1 56 6 goldspotted ki llifish 139 22-39 146 30.0-33.5 sheepshead minnow ll 22-30 gol ds pot ted killi fish 78 22-40 89 27.5-33.0 sheepshead minnow 5 21-24 gol dspotted killi fish 98 23-42 121 36.0-37.5 sheepshead minnow 15 22-37 13 9 goldspotted killifish 65 25-59 176 25.0-30.0 sheepshead mi'nnow 2 28-47 pike ki llifish 1 75 10 sheepshead minnow 87 30-46 162 25. 5-29. 0 crested goby 6 58-63 40 goldspotted killifish 4 41-57 21 sai lfin molly 1 40 2
TABLE III.C-7 SHELLFISHES AND FISHES COLLECTED WITHIN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEM JANUARY - JUNE 1978 Number Range of. Total Percentage compos>tion of standard weight of fishes by S ecies individuals len ths mm) ( ) Number Wei ht Blue crab (callinectes sapidus) 7 53-172 1864 Shrimp (penaeus sp. ) 5 69-148 58 Goldspotted killifish (Floridichthys carpio) 1499 19-59 2035 54.9 7.6 Sheepshead minnow (capri nodon vari egatus) 1038 18-42 1363 38. 0 5.1 Rainwater killifish (zucania parva) 8 27-40 9 0.3 0.0 Marsh killifish (Fundulus confluentus) 4 35-47 ll 0.2 0.0 Gul f killifish (Fundulus grandis) 2 48-51 9 0.1 0.0 Sail fin molly (Foecilia lati ppinna) 79 25-53 159 2.9 0.6 Pike killifish (aelonesox belizanus) 4 67-86 26 0.2 0.1 Crested goby (Lophogobi us cyprinoides) 52 27-63 190 1.9 0.7 Bonefish (Albula vulpes) 8 210-420 6487 0.3 24. 4 Yell owfin mojarra (Gerres ci nereus) 9 172-239 2132 0.3 8.0 Silver jenny (Eucinostomus gula) 7 91-119 313 0.3 .
1.2 Spotfin mojarra (zucinostomus argenteus) 5 102-122 183 0.2 0.7 Gulf toadfish (opsanus beta) 4 55-108 98 0.2 0.4 Snook (Centropomus undecimali s) 3 359-414 3075 0.1 11.6 Gray snapper (Lutjanus griseus) 2 298-371 2148 0.1 8.1 Pinfish (Zagodon rhombiodes) 1 27 1 0.0 0. 0-'.9 BlueStriped grunt (Haemulon sciurus) 1 187 251 0.0 Crevalle jack (caranx hippos) 1 672 6810 0.0 25. 6 Great barracuda (sphyraena barracuda) '1 320 266 0.0 1.0 Sea CatfiSh (Ari us feli s) 1 391 1062 0.0 4.0 Tidewater silver side (menidi a bergllina) 1 44 fragment 0.0 0.0
0 C-25 TABLE III.C-8 SHELLFISHES AND FISHES OBSERVED OR COLLECTED PRIOR TO JANUARY 1978 AND NOT FOUND AFTER THIS DATE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEM Scientific name Common name Li mulus polyphemus horseshoe crab Heni ppe mercenari a stone crab Panuli rus argus spiny lobster Archosargus probatocephalus sheepshead Atheri nomorus sti pes hardhead si lverside Caranx crysos blue runner Chaetodi pterus faber Atlantic spadefish Diapterus plumieri striped moj arra Dormi tator maculatus fat sleeper Echeneis naucrates sharksucker Elops saurus ladyfish Gobi onell us Sp. goby Haemulon parrai sailors choice Hippocampus erectus lined seahorse Lutjanus apodus schoolmaster amenti cirrhus littorali s gulf kingfish Hi crogobi us mi crol epi s banner goby Hugi l curema white mullet Scarus guacamaia rainbow parrotfish Selene vomer lookdown Sphoeroi des testudineus checkered puffer Syngnathus SP. pipefish Synodus foetens inshore lizardfish Trachi notus falcatus permi t
0.1-1
0. BENTHOS
1. MACROINVERTEBRATES Introduction The Turkey Point cooling canal system is a unique habitat in that it is a closed marine ecosystem. This study documents .changes which have occurred in the benthic macroinvertebrate populations since they were cut off from outside recruitment nearly six years ago. The species present and their relative abundance were analyzed so that projections of future community trends might then 'be made.
Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals large enough to be seen by the unaided eye and can be retained by a U.S. Standard No. 30 sieve (0.595 mm mesh ) (EPA, 1973). They live at least part of their life cycles/ within or upon any available substrate. Their sensitivity to external stress due to relatively limited mobility, diverse trophic structure, varied habitat preferences, and relatively long life span enables benthic communities to exhibit characteristics which are a function of environmental conditions. in the recent past. These com-munities have been shown to reflect the effects of temperature, salin-ity, depth, current, substrate, and chemical and organic pollutants.
In addition, benthic macroinvertebrates are also important members of the food web as prey to many species that live in the upper water column (EPA, 1973).
Materials and Methods Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected and analyzed using methods and materials recommended by the U.S. Environmental Protec-tion Agency (EPA, 1973), Holme and McIntyre (1971), APHA (1971), and NESP (1975).
The substrate of the Turkey Point cooling canal system was sampled with an Ekman grab. The device used was a 6" x 6" metal box equipped with spring-loaded jaws which closed when tripped with a messenger weight. The enclosed material was then raised to the surface and washed. through a No. 30 mesh sieve to remove fine sediment and detri-tus particles. All material retained on the sieve was preserved in a I: I mixture of Eosin B and Biebrich Scarlet- stains in a 1: 1000 con-centration of 5Ã formalin (Williams, 1974). These stains color animal tissue red and enable faster, more accurate hand sorting of benthic samples. Preserved samples were placed in labelled containers and taken to the laboratory where they were hand-sorted and the macro-invertebrates -identified to the lowest practical taxon.
Three replicate grab samples were taken in April 1978 at each of eight sampling stations (Figure III.D.l-l). Replication is necessary for valid statistical analysis because of variation in distribution patterns of benthic fauna (EPA, 1973). Sampling at Station RC.O was hindered by the fact that the substrate is very rocky, thus allowing
0.1-3 the grab to shut without enclosing a sample. No reliable data could be obtained at this station.
Biomass analyses of the samples were made on a dry weight basis, exclusive of molluscan shells. Whole samples were dried at 105'C for 4 hours, then weighed on a Mettler H32 analytical balance (EPA, 1973).
Biomass per square meter and density per square meter were calculated by taking the mean of results of three replicate samples and multi-plying by the appropriate factor.
The Shannon-Weaver index of diversity and the equitability com-ponent were also computed from the data. Diversity indices are an additional tool for measuring the quality of the environment and the effect of induced stress on the structure of a community of macroin-vertebrates. Their use is based on the generally observed phenomenon that relatively undisturbed environments support coranunities having large numbers of species with no individual species present in over-whelming abundance. Many forms of stress tend to reduce diversity by making the environment unsuitable for some species or by giving other species a competitive advantage.
Species diversity has two components: the number of species (species richness) and the distribution of individuals among the species (species evenness). The inclusion of this latter component renders the diversity index relatively independent of sample size.
The Shannon-Weaver index of diversity (H') (Lloyd, Zar, and Karr, 1968) calculates mean diversity and is recommended by the EPA (1973):
H' N
(N log N-zn .
1 n-)
log 10'1 10 where: C = 3.321928 (converts base 10 log to base 2)
N = total number of individuals n.
1
= total number of individuals of the i.th species Mean diversity as calculated above is affected by both species richness and evenness, and may range from 0 to 3.321928 log N.
Equitability, the distribution of individuals among the species present, is computed by s'
s where: s = number of taxa in the sample hypothetical maximum number of taxa in the sample based on a table devised by Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964).
Data from EPA biologists have shown that diversity indices in unpolluted waters generally range from 3 to 4 and are usually below 1 in polluted waters. Equitability levels below 0.5 have not been encountered in waters known to be free of oxygen-demanding wastes.
In such waters, equitability usually ranges from 0.6 to 0.8, while equitability in polluted waters is generally 0.0 to 0.3.
Results and Discussion Benthic macroinvertebrates at Turkey Point were of four main groups: polychaete marine worms, molluscs (snails and bivalves),
crustaceans, and a miscellaneous group of diverse animals which were present irregularly and in small numbers (Tables III.D.l-l through III.D.1-7). Salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen measurements were made during each biotic sampling (Table III.D.l-8). Additional invertebrates were collected during fish surveys (see Section C).
These included small numbers of commercially important decapod crus-taceans, namely blue crabs and penaeid shrimp.
Density of benthic macroinvertebrates was dependent on station location, and ranged from 6839 individuals/m~ at Station E3.2 to 1250/m at Station F.l. The mean density of all stations combined was 3594 individuals/m~. The April mean density figur e was moderate when com-pared to those of previous samplings (Figure III.D.1-2). Populations were dominated by polychaete worms at all stations except F.l, which was dominated by the snail aati~~a~~a ~ni>>. Except for April 1977, polychaetes have always dominated the T'urkey Point Canal fauna.
In April, a mean biomass of 4.537 g/m~ was recorded (Figure III.D. 1-3).
As with density, the mean biomass value was intermediate when compared to samples collected since May 1975. Biomass values ranged from 13.405 g/m~ at Station RC.2 to 0.819 g/m~ at Station WF.2. Most of the wide variation in biomass between stations was caused by aatilzarza (found at
Station W18.2 and F.l) and a large, unidentified Leptomedusa jellyfish (found at Station RC.2). Batillaria comprised 64 percent of the molluscs found in April, a considerable reduction from the 95.5 percent of all molluscs collected during 1977.
Data from the canals show a pattern of density and biomass fluctu-ation in which values tend to increase in spring and decrease in fall.
As collections are only made twice per year, efforts have been made to sample at times of peak and lowest abundances.
Mean diversity at the Turkey Point sampling stations was the highest since. November 1976 (Figure III.D.1-4), but was also a moderate value when compared to all previously collected data. Primarily responsible for the increased diversity was the number of crustacean species encountered (12). Crustacean species have always been more numerous in the canals in spring, but, in 1978, there were more species with more equitable distribution of individuals among the species. Such condi-tions contribute to higher diversity indices.
A total of 30 species were collected in April 1978, two more than in October 1977. Of the 1738 individuals collected, 13 species, had eight individuals or less; and nine species had from 12 to 41 indivi-duals. The ostracod cglindroleberis and the snail Bati22aria were moderately abundant (79 and 144 individuals, respectively). Combined, these 24 species comprised only 26.7 percent of all macroinvertebrates collected. Therefore, the bulk of the benthic fauna (73.3 percent) was
distributed among only six species, all polychaete worms. All of these polychaete species are among the 10 most abundant benthic species collected in the canals since 1974. These species are:
rank name ~te
l. Autolytus brevi cirrata polychaete
2. Batillaria minima snail
3. Platynereis dumerilii polychae te
4. Nerei s succinea polychaete
5. Odontosyllis enopla polychaete
6. Amphicteis gunneri floridus polychaete 7., Cylindroleberis mariae ostracod
8. Podarke obscura polychaete
9. Dorvi llea sociabi lis polychaete
10. Cirriformia filigera polychaete In comparison with neighboring ecosystems, the Turkey Point canal system macroinvertebrate fauna appears depauperate. Bader and Roessler (1972) reported 266 species of molluscs, larger crustaceans, sponges, and echinoderms from Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. This larger number of species does not include polychaete worms and ~smaller crustacean species which comprised the bulk of the species in the canal system. If poly-chaete and small crustacean species were included in the total, it is estimated that as many as 500 different species of benthic macroinverte-brates could be found in Biscayne Say and Card Sound. The low number of species in the Turkey Point canal system is probably due to the lack of means of recruitment of new species from neighboring ecosystems.
While several species were present in the canal system, the numeri-cally important species (all polychaete worms) were very limited. All are burrowing, sedentary species which are detritus or filter feeders.
0.1-8 The bottom substrate is composed of fibrous peat and mud mixed with shell debris, a type of substrate to which these worms are wel,l adapted.
Polychaete worms are known to tolerate wider variances in environ-mental conditions than. most other animals. Several studies have shown polychaetes to be among the only animals capable of surviving the effects of thermal outfalls (Markowski, 1960; Warinner and Brehmer, 1965, 1966). Studies in southern California have reported polychaetes surviving in heavily polluted areas with restricted circulation (Reish, 1956, 1959).
Bandy (1965) reported that polychaetes outnumbered other groups eight to one at an ocean sewage outfall. Polychaetes thus appear best suited for life in an area of elevated temperature, restricted circula-tion, and highly organic substrate like the Turkey Point canal system.
Conclusion When compared to the data collected in October 1977, the general trends exhibited by the Turkey Point benthic macroinvertebrate community in April 1978 were of increased density and biomass coupled with a significant increase in diversity. Over a longer period of time, however, these parameters were intermediate to the range of values encountered.
It appears that a fairly regular pattern of higher density and biomass in spring alternating with lower density and biomass in fall has emerged.
The benthic macroinvertebrate community has several species which occur in small numbers, but only those burrowing, sedentary, detritus or filter-feedin g s P ecies better adapted to living in the thick, fibrous peat substrate may be expected to occur in significant number. The low number. of species in the Turkey Point canal system is probably due to the lack of means of new species recruitment from neighboring ecosystems.
LITERATURE CITED 4
APHA. 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and waste-water, 13th ed. American Public Health Assoc., New York. 874 pp.
Bader, R.G., and M.A. Roessler. 1972. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Prog. Rpt. to AEC and FPL.
Bandy,-O.L., J.C. Ingle, and J.M. Resig. 1965. Modification of fora-miniferal distribution by the Orange County outfall, California.
Ocean Sci. Ocean Engr. 1:54-76.
EPA. 1973. Biological field and laboratory methods for measuring the quality of surface waters and effluents. C. I. Weber, ed.
EPA-670/4-73-001. Environmental Protection Agency, National Environmental Research Center, Cincinnati.
Holme, N.A., and A.D. McIntyre. 1971. Methods for the study of mar-ine benthos. IBP Handbook No. 16. Blackwell's Oxford. 396 pp.
Lloyd, M., and R.J. Ghelardi. 1964. A table for calculating the "equitability" component of species diversity. J. Anim. Ecol.
33:217-225.
Lloyd, M., J.H. Zar, and J.R. Karr. 1968. On the calculation of infor-mation - theoretical measures of diversity. Amer. Mid. Natur.
79(2):257-272.
Markowski, S. 1960. Observations on the response of some benthonic orqanisms to power station cooling water. J. Anim. Ecol.
29(2):249-357.
NESP. ]975. National environmental studies project. Environmental impact monitoring of nuclear power plants: source book of moni-toring methods. Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio. 918 pp.
Reish, D.J. 1956. An ecological study of lower San Gabriel River, California, 'with special reference to pollution. Calif. Fish Game 42:53-61.
An ecological study of pollution in Los Angeles - Long Beach Harbors, California. Alan Hancock Occ. Paper 22. 119 pp.
Warinner, J.E., and M.L. Brehmer. 1965. The effects of thermal efflu-ents on marine organisms. Proc. 19th Industrial Waste Conf.
Purdue Univ. Eng. Ext. Ser. 117:479-492.
1966. The effects of thermal effluents on marine organisms. Air Water Poll. Int. J. 10:277-289.
LITERATURE CITED (continued)
Williams, G.E., III. 1974. New techniques to facilitate handpicking macrobenthos. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 93(2):220-226.
0.1-12 F.1 RC.O I
0 0
0 0
E3.2 RC.2 RF.3 FLORIDA POWER 8 LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT NACROBENTHOS SANPLING STATION LOCATIONS APPLCD ~ lOLOOY~ INC.
Fi ure III.0.1-1
Cl I
Csl HAY OEC MAY NOV APR OCT APR 1975 .1976 1977 1978 Figure III.D.1-2. Mean number of individuals per square meter, Turkey Point Plant, May 1975-April 1978.
0 4
6 4
OEC MAY NOV APR OCT APR MAY 1975 1976 1977 1978 Figure III.D.l-3.
Mean Biomass per square meter, Turkey Point Plant, May 1975-April 1978.
CL i@i 1
LIJ I
CO Fn 0 NY DEC MAY NOV APR OCT APR 1975 1976 1977 1978 Figure III.D.1-4. Mean diversity of macrobenthos at the Turkey Point Plant, May 1975-April,1978
'sORNS EA 5
80 70 li Q9' NOL1.USCS CRUSTACEANS OTHERS H 60 la>
40 CC 30 20 0 1976 NAY 1975 OEC 1975 NAY 1976 NOY APR 1977 OCT 1977 APR 1978 Figure III.D.1-5. Structure of benthic macroinvertebrate comunity at the Turkey Point Plant, Nay 1975-April 1978.
TABLE III.D. 1-1 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION RC.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1978 S ecies Class Hydrozoa A, Num er re B
1cate unidentified Leptomedusa 2 Class Polychaeta Worms Amphi ctei s gunneri f1ori dus ll 16 . 14 Autolytus brevicirrata 3 6 Dorvillea sociabi lis 8 12 8 Nereis succi nea 8 4 Pista cristata 3 4 Platynerei s dumeri Sabellaria SP.
lii 10 8 4
36 Class Gastropoda SnailS Prunum apicinum Class Crustacea isopods Ericsoniella filiformis 2
'amphipods Grandi dierella bonnieroi des 1 I',ysi anopsi s alba 1 shrimp Alpheus heterochaeli s 1 Indi vidual s/repl icate 51 50 68 Biomass/replicate {g) 0.121 0.661 0.1.51 Density (no./mz) 2428 Biomass (g/mz) 13.405 Index of diversity 2.77 Equitability '.73
0 TABLE III.D.1-2 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION E3.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1978 Num er re >cate S ecies Phylum Echiurida
'chiurid WOrmS Thalassema Sp.
Class Polychaeta WormS Amphi ctei s gunneri floridus 20 16 Autolytus brevici rrata 12 2 42
'Dorvillea soci abilis 8 14 Nereis succi nea 12 14. 34 Pista cristata 6 Platynerei s dumeri Sabellaria lii 88 32 62 2
SP.'lass Pelecypoda bi Val VeS Gouldia cerina 4 Lyonsia. floridana 8
'Class Crustacea OStraCOdS Cylindroleberis mariae 16 4 4 Sarsi ella ameri cana 8 6 2 COpepOdS Harpacti cus Sp. 2 iSOpOdS Cymodoce faxoni Idotea bal tica 6 4 amphi podS Elasmopus rapax 6 4 Grandi di erel la bonnieroi des 2 4 Lysianopsi s alba 2 shrimp Thor floridana 2 Individuals/replicate 168 120 188 Biomass/replicate {g) 0.124 0.185 0.096 Density {no./m2) 6839 Biomass {g/m~) 5.819 Index of diversity 3.09 Equitability 0.63
TABLE III.D.1- 3 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION RF.3 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1978
Num er re >cate S ecies A, B Class Polychaeta worms wmphicteis gunneri floridus 4 16
'Autolytus brevi ci rzata 10 32 Cirriformia fi ligeza 24 Dorvi llea soci abi sli 2 Nereis succi nea 2 Odontosylli s enopla 14 60 Pl a tynerei s dumeri lii 6 8 Sabellaria SP. 4 Class Gastropoda SnailS Cylichna bidentata Class Pelecypoda bi Val VeS Gouldia cerina 24 Class Crustacea copepods Harpacticus sp. 4, ostl acods Cylindrolebezis mari ae 40 tanaidS Leptocheli a savi gny 4 Individuals/replicate Biomass/replicate (g) 40 0.044
'2 0.013 224 0.062 Density (no./m~) 3966 Biomass (g/m~) 1. 720 Index of diversity 3. 03 Equitability 0.89
0 0
D.l-20 TABLE III.D.1-4 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION WF.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1978 Num er re icate S ecies A B Phylum Echiurida echiurid WOrmS Thalassema Sp.
Class Polychaeta WOrmS Autolytus brevicirrata 28 176 56 Nereis succinea 6 24 4 Odontosgllis enopla 12 Platgnerei s dumerilii 36 4 Class Pelecypoda bi Val VeS aouldia cerina Lyonsia floridana Class Crustacea ostracods Cylindroleberi s mari ae 4 tanaids Leptochelia savi gng 4 amphi pods Grandi di erella bonni eroi des 4 Indi vi dual s/r'epl icate 34 276 78 Bi omass/repl icate (g) 0. 001 0.041 0.
015'ensity (no./m~) 5575 Biomass (g/m~) 0.819 Index of diversity 1. 78
'quitability 0.44
TABLE II I; D. 1 - 5 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION W18.2 TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1978 Num er re >cate S ecies Class Autolytus brevicirrata Polychaeta'orms 36 48 Nereis succinea 16 8 ~
Odontosylli s enopla 8 Platynereis dumerilii 8 36 Class Gastropoda snails Batillari a minima 44 8 Class Crustacea ostracods Cali ndroleberi s mari ae amphi pods zlasmopus rapax Grandi di erel la bonnieroi des Indi vi dual s/repl i cate 18 112 112 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.036 0.174 0.101 Density (no./m~) 3477 Biomass (g/m~) 4.468 Index of diversity 2.36 Equitability 0.86
D.1-22 TABLE III.D.1- 6 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING:
STATION W6.2
. TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1978 Num er re >cate S ecies Phylum Echiurida echiurid '2 WOrmS Thalassema Sp.
'9 Class Polychaeta worms Autolytus brevicirrata 14 12 Glycera americana 2 Nereis succinea 2 ,4 Pista cristata 4 Platynerei s dumeri lii 12 Class Pelecypoda
.blValVeS Astarte nana Gouldia cerina Lyonsia floridana Class Crustacea Ostl aCOdS Cylindroleberis mariae Individuals/replicate 20 36 31 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.028 0.043 0.047-Density (no./m~) 1250
.Biomass (g/m~) 1.695 Index of diversity 2.22 Equitability 0.63
~
D.1-23 TABLE III.D.1- 7 RESULTS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING STATION F.l TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL 1978
. 'Num er re >cate S ecies B C Class Polychaeta WOrmS ~ Amphicteis gunneri floridus 4 Autolytus brevicirrata 4 Platynerei s dumeri lii 1 2 12 Class Gastropoda Snai ls Ba till'aria mini ma 38 32 18 Individuals/replicate 41 52 20 Biomass/replicate (g) 0.115 0.097 0.055 Density (no./m2) 1624 Biomass (g/m~) 3. 836 Index of divers'ity 1. 05 Equitability 0. 62
D.1-24
. TABLE III.D.1-8 PHYSICAL PARAMETERS OF SEDIMENTS MEASURED DURING BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE SAMPLING TURKEY POINT PLANT APRIL1978 Temperature Sal ini ty Dissolved
('c) s..) o en m
29. 8 28.9 7.8
29. 0 28.8 7.8
28. 7 28. 7 7.9
28. 8 26.1 7.9
31. 4 24.7 7.5
32. 3 28. 8 7.3 31.6 28.0 7.5 36.8 28.2 6.9
0!
2. MICROBIOLOGY Introduction The bacteriological study of the Turkey Point canal system was conducted to provide information concerning the bacterial popula-tion of the canal sediments. Because the majority of all bacteria are heterotrophic organisms, they are pr imarily responsible for the-breakdown, of organic material rather than its production. The main function performed by bacteria in water and sediment is therefore the mineralization of organic material, which in turn provides the nutrients necessary for the primary producers to surviVe and generate more organic material. This continual cycle of dissimilatory and assimilatory process is the mechanism by which nutrients remain balanced in an intact system.
This study had three primary objectives. The first was to estimate the total number of heterotrophic bacteria present=in the semiments of the canal system. Secondly, a representative sample of the bacterial isolates was characterized and grouped taxonom-ically to determine the diversity of the bacterial population present. The third objective involved testing isolates for their ability to utilize various substrates. These substrates include representative members from the three major classes of organic macromolecules (protein, carbohydrate, lipid) which are probably present in the canal system due to the death and lysis of larger
D.2-2 organisms. Other smaller organic substrates as well as inorganic molecules involved in the nitrogen cycle were also tested for substrate utilization.
It should be noted that microbiological and sediment data for June, 1978, have been excluded from this semi-annual report.
These analyses had not been completed as of this writing. Upon I
completion of the June analyses, these values will be included in the Turkey Point annual report for 1978. To submit the microbiological and sediment data as a supplementary report was not considered as a reasonable course of action because these data would not readily lend themselves to interpretation without the entire accompanying
0 D.2-3 Materials and Methods Sam le collection for bacterial anal sis Sediment samples were collected monthly with a gravity-type core sampler (Wildco Supply Company) at eight stations within the canal system and three stations in Biscayne Bay (Figure III.D.2-1). A sample of the top 2 cm of sedi-ment from each station was placed in a sterile container, cooled to 4'C in an ice chest, and shipped to the laboratory for analysis.
Estimation of total number of heterotro hic bacteria -- Immedi-ately after arriving in the laboratory, a known weight of each sediment sample was added to 99 ml of 3X NaCl, the mixture was shaken, and a serial dilution was made. From appropriate dilutions, a most-probable-number (MPN) analysis (APHA, 1976) was per formed by using O,l-ml inocu-lations into triplicate tubes of broth containing 3X trypticase-soy-broth plus 0.1X yeast extract in artificial seawater (TSB/YE/SW). The inocu-lated tubes were incubated at 2PC and checked for growth at intervals for 10 days. =-
The results are repor ted as the most probable number of bacteria per gram of wet weight sediment.
Estimation of the number of sulfate-reducin bacteria -- A known weight of each sediment sample was placed in a dilution bottle contain-ing 99 ml of 3X NaCl and shaken. A 1.0-ml aliquot was withdrawn and added to 9.0 ml of API sulfate-reducing agar which was kept in a liquid state at 45'C. Appropriate serial dilution's were then made with liquid API sulfate-reducing agar. After rapid solidification of the agar, the 4
D,. 2-4 tubes were incubated at 25'C for 2 weeks and checked at intervals for the formation of black colonies which indicate sulfate-reducing bacteria.
The results are reported as the number of sulfate-reducing bacteria per gram of wet weight sediment.
Characterization of bacterial isolates -- A O.l-ml inoculum was taken from an appropriate dilution of a sample from each station and streaked onto an agar plate (TSB/YE/SM). The plates were incubated at 2P' for 3 to 5 days and observed for growth of bacterial colonies.
Three colonies (isolates} were randomly selected from each plate to be characterized.
The isolates were grouped taxonomically according to the results of the following observations and procedures as described by Shewan (1963):
1. gram stain
2. cell morphology
3. oxidase test
4. motility test
5. colony appearance
6. dissimilation of carbohydrate (Hugh and Leifson, 1953}
. 7. sensitivity to penicillin
.8. sensitivity to 0/129 (Collier et al,, 1950)
D.2-5 Except-where noted, these procedures were performed as described by the Society of American Bacteriologist (1957). All growth media were prepared with artificial seawater (Sll) which contained the following components per 1000 ml of distilled water:
NaCl 24.0 g MgClz.6HzO,- 5.3 g NgSOq-7Hz0- 7.0 g KCl 0.7 g Utilization of various substrates Each isolate was tested as outlined in Table III.D.2-1 to ascertain the potential of the isolate to utilize various groups of. substrates. The methodology used was that provided by the manufacturer of'he product (BBL, 1968) or that found in the nraaual os Microbiological Methods (Society of American Bacteriologists, 1957). All media were prepared with artificial sea-=
water.
Chemical anal sis -- Samples containing a combination of water and sediment were taken monthly at the same canal and bay stations as the bacteriological samples. These samples were collected in 1-liter screwcap polypropylene bottles, placed in an ice chest and kept at 4'C until analyzed. Samples collected by this procedure were homogenized and filtered and then analyzed for soluble ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, or thophosphate, and sul fate.
D.2-6 Water samples'to be analyzed for the presence of sulfite and sulfide were collected in 250-ml screwcap polyethylene bottles con-taining 0.5 ml of zinc acetate (2N). Because these chemicals are susceptible to oxidation, the bottles were filled to overflowing when collected to avoid excessive exposure to oxygen contained in an air-space. These samples were also kept at 4'C and analyzed without filtration to minimize the deleterious effects of oxygenation.
Sediment samples were also collected at the same canal and bay stations for analysis of total sulfide contact. These smples were placed in 50-ml sterile polypropylene tubes, tightly capped, and kept at =4'C until analyzed. A portion of each of these samples was acidi-fied to convert insoluble sulfides to HqS, which was then distilled into a trapping solution of zinc acetate and analyzed by spectrophoto-metric methods.
The preceding chemical analyses were performed using the standard analytical methods listed in Table III.D.2-2.
The pH of sediment samples diluted 1:3 with distilled water was measured with a standard Corning pH meter (Model 10). Samples for salinity determinations were transported to the laboratory and measured with a refractometer. Values of conductivity for each station were measured with a YSI Model 33 salinity-conductivity-temperature meter as well as calculated from salinity and temperature measurements according to tables published in marine chemistry (Horne, 1969).
Results and Discussion Table III.D.2-3 shows the distribution of heterotrophic bacteria per gram of wet weight soil at the 11 sampling stations as estimated by the MPN analysis using TSB/YE/SW as a growth medium. Mean values are given for the three stations in the bay as well as for the eight stations within the canal system on a monthly and 5-month basis. The 5-month average bacterial count for the canal stations was approximately twofold greater than the mean value for Biscayne Bay. Table III.D.2-4 shows a similar distribution of heterotrophic bacteria when estimate'd by the MPN method using distilled water instead of artificial seawater to prepare the growth medium (TSB/YE/DW). A comparison of the 5-month averages between bay and canal stations indicates that differences in the number of heterotrophic bacteria between the two locations are similar with either medium. Figure III.D.2-2 graphically illustrates these relationships. With growth media prepared with either artifi-cial seawater or distilled water, bacterial counts are generally higher in the canal sediments than in the Biscayne Bay s'ediments. Bacterial counts are also significantly higher when estimated using artificial seawater rather than distilled water in the growth medium. This indicates that marine bacteria are the predominate type of organism presen't i n both the cana'1 and Biscayne Bay sediments.
The reduction of sulfate is a key reaction in the sulfur cycle and can be accomplished by two general processes. The first is assim-ilatory sulfate reduction which can be performed, by many bacteria and Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
D.2-8 other larger organisms. The purpose of this assimilatory process is to reduce sulfate to sulfite or sulfide in order to incorporate it into a molecule used as a building block, such as a sulfo-lipid or a t
sulfur-containing amino acid.. This process produces very little excess sulfide. The second type of reduction is termed dissimilatory sulfate reduction and is common only to a very limited group of, bacteria.
These bacteria are called sulfate-reducing bacteria and are limited to tWO genera, Desulfovibrio and Desulfotomaculum. They are StriCt anaerobes and use sulfate (SO<=) as the terminal electron acceptor in respiration. Sulfate is reduced to the level of sulfide (S ) which is released in copious amounts as hydrogen sulfide gas.
Table III.D.2-5 shows the distribution of sulfate-reducing bac-teria per gram of wet weight soil at the 11 sampling stations. The overall average number of sulfate-reducing bacteria for the canal stations was twice that of the Biscayne Bay stations. This difference in the 5-month averages is due to an abnormally high bacterial count in February for the canal stations. Other than this variation in February, the 5-month averages would be very similar between the canal and Bis-cayne Bay stations. "
The bacterial. isolates selected for taxonomic identifications were characterized according to the procedures listed in the Materials and Methods section. Table III.D.2-6 shows a distribution of the isolates divided into four groups. Organisms which were found to be
D.2-9 gram negative rods were grouped according to a scheme put forth by Shewan (1963). Group I, which contains species of aseudomonas, Aero-monas, vibrio, and xanthomonas, are characterized as oxidase positive, gram negative motile rods. Group II are gram negative, non-motile rods that are non-pigmented; these are either achromobacter ol Alcal-igens. Group III contains rlavobacter and cytophaga which are gram negative, non-motile rods that are pigmented, and Group IV are gram positive rods.
Group I, which contains the motile gram negative rods, is the predominate'group in both the canal and Biscayne Bay sediments.
Based on the preceding taxonomic groupings," the distribution of bac-terial types in the canal sediments is similar to that in the Biscayne Bay sediments.
The substrate utilization tests indicated that the bacterial isolates were capable of degrading a. wide range of organic substrates.
The monthly and 5-month average percentages of bacterial isolates from the canal and Biscayne Bay stations capable of utilizing the substrates tested are presented in Tables III.D.2-7 through III.C.2-11.
Table III.D.2-7 lists thei monthly percentage of bacterial, isolates capable of hydrolyzing casein, a common milk protein. Proteins are hydrolyzed to polypeptides and then further degraded to amino acids, which then can be deaminated to produce ammonia and various organic
D. 2-10 acids. The organic acids can be used as substrates for other bacteria as either building blocks for growth or as en'ergy sources in oxidation or, fermentation reactions. The ammonia can enter the nitrogen cycle and be oxidized to produce nitrites and nitrates by the nitrifying IE /
bacteria Nitrobacter and Nitrosomonas. These two genera are strict aerobes and chemoautotrophic, so they cannot be isolated on the hetero-trophic media used in this study. The results of the test which mea-sured the aranonification of peptone (Table III.D.2-7) indicated that approximately 60 to 80K of the bacterial isolates were capable of producing ammonia from peptone and hence could start the process by which protein nitrogen becomes mineralized to nitrates.
Carbohydrates are a complex group of compounds which include such diverse macromolecules as cellulose, starch, and chitin. Table III.D.2-8 lists the percentages of bacterial isolates capable of hydro-lyzing chitin, which is a polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine. The break-down of chitin also shunts ammonia into the nitrogen cycle and provides simple sugars as substrates for a number of reaction possibilities.
Starch, which is a macromolecule used almost universally as an energy storage product, was degraded by 55.5% of the canal isolates and
, 56.7X of the bay isolates, (Table III.D.2-8).
Cellobiose is the repeating disaccharide unit of cellulose. Like cellulose it contains the B(1-4) glycosidic linkage which makes cellulose
resistant to digestion by most organisms. Table III.D.2-8 lists the percentages of canal and bay is'olates capable of fermenting cellobiose.
The breakdown products of the complex carbohydrates are simple sugars such as the monosaccharides, glucose and mannitol, and the disaccharides, saccharose and lactose. These simple carbohydrates can be further degraded to provide energy and smaller molecules used as building blocks by many bacteria. Table III.D.2-9 shows the per-centage of both the canal and bay isolates capable of metabolizing four simple sugars. Glucose is utilized most frequently, with manni-tol and saccharose metabolized less frequently and lactose metabolized most infrequently.
Lipids are a varied group of macromolecules which are more resistant to degradation than proteins and carbohydrates As shown in Table III.D.2-10, however, bacteria isolates from both the canal and bay sediments are capable of lipid hydrolysis.
During bacterial metabolism, nitrate can sometimes serve as a terminal electron acceptor and hence be reduced to nitrite or ammonia.
Therefore, bacteria either can serve to oxidize ammonia to nitrate, as previously discussed, or can use different metabolic reactions to reduce nitrate to ammonia. Table III.D.2-11 lists the percentages of bacterial isolates capable of reducing nitrates to nitrites.
4 D.2-12 When sulfuric acid dissolves in water, the soluble anionic, species liberated is the sulfate ion. A calculation was made to determine if the amount of sulfuric acid discharged into Lake Warren was responsible for an elevation in sulfate concentration in the canal system waters. The results indicated that the effect of the added sulfuric acid on the sulfate ion concentration in the overall canal system would be negligible when compared to the concentration normally found in seawater.
A similar calculation was made concerning the effect of all discharged chemicals on the salinity of the canal water. Again, the effect was found to be very small'.
h Chemical analyses performed by Applied Biology, Inc., fr om January through Hay 1978 indicated that the soluble sulfate ion concentration of the cooling canal system was approximately.l0-15 percent higher than at adjacent Biscayne Bay sampling stations.
This differential is probably due in part to freshwater runoff into Biscayne Bay which reduces sulfate concentrations to values below those of the cooling canal system. The 5-month average soluble sulfate concentration of both the Biscayne,Bay and cooling canal sampling stations were wel'1 below values that 'would be expected for normal seawater.
As with the distribution of taxonomic groups, the bacterial isolates from the Turkey Point canal sediments are very similar, with respect to their capability of substrate utilization, to the isolates from the Biscayne Bay sediments.
The results of the chemical analyses of the Turkey Point canal system from January 1978 through May 1978 are given in Tables III.D.2-12 through III.D.2-19. These values were not found to vary significantly from values reported from other years.
The pH's of the canal and Biscayne Bay sediments for the first five months of 1978 appear in Table III.D.2-20. As expected, they are in the narrow range usually encountered in the strongly buffered seawater environment.
The results of sediment salinity and temperature measurements are given in Tables III.D.2-21 and III.D.2-22, respectively. Con-ductivity values are presented in Table III.D.2-23. Because con-ductivity is a function of both ionic concentration and temperature, the highest conductivity values are found at the warmest stations in the canal system.
Conclusions Sediment samples from stations in the Turkey Point canal system
0.2-14 and Biscayne Bay were analyzed for the presence of bacteria respon-sible for nutrient turnover of organic materials. Heterotrophic bac-teria counts were higher in the Turkey Point canals than in the Bis-cayne Bay sediments; however, samples from both locations contained similar taxonomically grouped populations that could degrade a variety P
of common organic substrates. The number of heterotrophic microor-ganisms estimated by Bader and Roessler (1971) in sediments of Card Sound is of the same order of magnitude as the number of heterotrophic bacteria measured in the present study from sediments in Biscayne Bay.
A more comprehensive comparison of the University. of Miami study with the present studies is not possible because the bacteriological work presented in the Miami report is quite limited and methodologies are different from those employed by Applied Biology.
During the January through May 1978 time period, concentrated sulfuric acid and concentrated sodium hydroxide were added to Lake Warren at a rate approaching 100,000 pounds per month (Table II, A.l.).
Hydrated lime was also added at an average rate of 25,000 pounds per month., Although those chemicals are either very alkaline or acidic in pH, when added in a balanced fashion, as described above, the over-all pH of Lake Warren was not affected; it remained in the normal range, expected of seawater. This is documented both by pH data on the water column taken daily in Lake Warren and the sediment pH data collected monthly by Applied Biology at eight stations within the cooling canal system. The pH in both instances remained very close to 8.0, which is considered normal for seawater.
D. 2-15 LITERATURE CITED APHA. 1976. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 14th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, D. C. 1193 pp-II Bader, R.B., and M.A. Roessler, principal investigators. .1971. An ecological study of south Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. Prog.
Rept. to U.S. AEC t.AT {40-1) - 3801-3j and Fla. Power 8 Light Co. Rosenstiel School. of Mar. and Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Miami, FL.
BBL. 1968. BBL manual of products and laboratory procedures, 5th ed.
BBL, Division of Becton, Dickinson and Company, Cockeysville, Md. 211 pp.
Campbell, L. L., Jr. and 0. B. Williams. 1951. A study of chitin-decomposing microorganisms of marine origin. J. Gen. Microbiol.
5:894-905.
Collier, H. 0. J., N. R. Campbell and M. E. H; Fitzgerald. 1950.
Vibriostatic activity in certain series'of pteridines. 'ature 165{4208):1004-1005.
Horne, R. A. 1969. Marine chemistry. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. p. 487.
Hugh, R. and E. Leifson. 1953. The taxonomic significance of fermenta-tive versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram-negative bacteria. J. Bacteriol.. 66:24-26.
Shewan, J. M. 1963. The differentiation of certain genera of gram negative bacteria frequently encountered in marine environments.
Pages 449-521 ~n Symposium on marine microbiology. C. D. Thomas, Springfield, Ill.
Society of American Bacteriologists. 1957. Manual of microbiological
'methods. McGraw-Hill, New Yor k.
Strickland, J. D., and T.,R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. Fish Res. Bd. Canad. Ottawa, Bulletin No. 167. 310 pp.
0
. 0
D.2-16 LITERATURE CITED continued ADDITIONAL SOURCES Fincher, E. L. 1975. Ecological studies of a subtropical terrestrial biome: microbial ecology. Annual report to Florida Power 8 Light Company. Ga. Inst. of Technology, Atlanta, GA.
Rheinheimer, G. 1974. Aquatic microbiology. John Wiley & Sons, London.
Stevenson, L. H., and R. R. Colwell. 1973. Estuarine microbial ecology. Univ. of South Carolina Press, Columbia, S. C.
0.2-17 F.l RC.O
'iI
/:
BISCAY NE BAY E3.2 DOD RC.2 RF.3 FLORIDA POWER 8 LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT MICROS IOLOGY SAMPLING STATIONS kt PLEO ~ lOLOOY IIIC, FI ure 111.0.2-1
0 D. 2-18 130 120 110 100
~
d -- d EOAEEI PONT CANAL SISCAINE SAN TURKEY POINT CANAL
- ISE/IE/SN
- ESE/PE/Sll TSB/YE/N a ~~~o~~ + BISCAYNE BAY - TSB/YE/ON 90 BO 70 8
SPS 9 so 5
Q
/
/
//
CT I
10 O
FEB NAR APR NAY P
Figure III.D.2-2. Comparison of 1978 bacteria counts between Turkey Point canal and Biscayne Bay sediments with two types of growth media.
/
D.2-19 TABLE III.D.2-1 TESTS FOR DFTEPNINATION OF SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION .
TURKEY POINT PLANT Test. Medium Casein Hydrolysis (1) Prepare TSA/YE/Sll plates con-taining 1'A instant nonfat dry milk (2) Streak plates with inoculum and incubate for 5 days (3) Observe for clearing of the medium around the bacterial growth which is indicative of casein hydrolysis Chitin Hydrolysis (1) Prepare medium by adding (Campbell et al., 1951) several flakes of purified chitin to 5 ml of artificial seawater (2) Inoculate and incubate at 25'C for 2 weeks (3) Test for ammonia produced from the hydrolysis of chitin by adding Nessl ers reagent to the culture Starch Hydrolysis (1) Prepare TSA/YE/SW plates containing 0.55 soluble starch (2) Streak plates with the inoculum and incubate for 5 days at 25'C (3) Test for starch hydrolysis by flooding with an iodine solution (Iodine, 3 g; KI, 6 g; Hq0, 400 ml). A deep blue color indicates the presence of starch and therefore starch hydrolysis is indicated by. a cl'ear zone around the bacterial growth Lipid Hydrolysis (1) Prepare Difco spirit blue agar plates with artificial seawater and Difco lipase reagent (2) Streak plates with the inoculum and incubate for 5 days at 25 C (3) Observe for a dark blue color beneath the bacterial growth as well as clearing of the lipid emulsion. Both changes indicate lipid hydrolysis
0. 2-20 TABLE III.D.2-1 (continued)
TESTS FOR DETERMINATION OF SUBSTRATE UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT Test Medium Amoonification of (1) Prepare 11 Bacto-peptone (Difco)
Peptone with artificia'l seawater and dispense into tubes (2) Inoculate tubes and incubate at 25 C for 5 days (3) Test for ammonia production by addition of Nessler's reagent to the culture Nitrate Reduction (1) Prepare Indole-nitrite medium (Difco) with artificial seawater and dispense into tubes (2) Inoculate tubes and incubate at 25 C for 5 days (3) Test for nitrate reduction by adding one ml of sulfanilic acid solution followed by one ml of alpha-naphylamine solution.
A red color within 1-2 min indicates the presence of nitrite
..and therefore positive for nitrate reduction. If no red color appears, add zinc metal to check for the presence of nitrate. Zinc will chemically reduce nitrate and hence a red color will appear.
Carbohydrate Fermentation (1) Prepare phenol red broth (Di fco) with artificial seawater and 0.55 of the carbohydrate to be tested (2) Inoculate tubes and incubate for 2 days at 25'C and observe for fermentation denoted by a change in color from red to yellow
D. 2-21 TABLE I I I .D. 2-2 METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL AND WATER TURKEY POINT PLANT Parameter Method Reference Amonia-nitrogen spectrophotometric Strickland and Parsons, (phenol-hypochlorite) 1972, p. 87 Nitrate-nitrogen (1) cadmium reduction APHA, 1976,- p. 423 Nitrite-nitrogen spectrophotometric APHA, 1976, p. 434 (diazoti zation)
Orthophosphate spectrophotometri c- APHA,'976, p. 481 (ascorbic acid)
Sul fate turbidimetric APHA, 1976, p. 493 (barium sulfate)
Sulfite ti trimetri c APHA, 1976, p. 509 (iodide-iodate) sulfide spectrophotometric Strickland and Parsons, (p-phenylenediamine) 1972, p. 41
TABLE I II. D.2-3 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER OF BACTFRIA (xl0") PER GRAM OF WET.WEIGHT SOIL.
GROWTH MEDIUM-TSB!YE/SW TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-MAY 1978 a Station location and number Biscayne Bay Turke Point Canal S stem
'.l Month 2 3 Mean W6.2 W18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O Mean JAN 7.1'.8 2.3 5.4 43.6 22.4 80.0 3.2 8.1 17.9 85.1 8.1 29.8 FEB 139.0 161.0 68.1 123.0 16.7 45.9 28.2 17.6 45.5 448.0 17.2 200.0 102.4 MAR 22.8 21.1 .1.8 15.2 131.0 - 12.7 30.8 116.0 216.0 139.0 22.1 , 31.3 77.6 APR 8.4 21.4 42.0 23- 9 88.5 26.8 51.1 44.4 16.3 86.8 92.0 220.0 69.5 MAY 2.4 3.7 3.4 3.2 -4.5 4.2 28.7 31.0 39.0 27.3 8.7 4.3 18.4 5-month average 35.9 42. 8 23. 5 27. 4 56. 8 22. 4 43. 8 42. 4 64. 9 144. 0 45. 0 453. 0 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.0.2-4 MOST PROBABLE NUMBER OF BACTFRIA (xlO") PER GRAM OF'WET WEIGHT SOIL-GROWTH MEDIUM-TSB(YE/DW TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY-MAY 1978 Station location and number Bise ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem Month 1 2 3 Mean F.l W6.2 W18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O Mean JAN 14 22 13 16 43.6 18;9 48.0 3.2 17.5 1.7 1.7 . 8.1 21.4 FEB 13. 9 16. 2 14. 7 14. 9 2. 7 17. 8 8.1 8. 2 17. 6 140. 0 42. 6 41. 8 34. 8
'AR O.l '.0. 0.7 . 1.6 1.8 35. 6 13.7 7. 9 90. 2 1. 5 16. 2 1.1 21. 0 APR 3.4 0.8 18.6 7.92 8.3 7.7 4.9 3.9 13.2 22.6 1.9 4.60 8.4 MAY 7.2 8.2 3.9 6.4 2.8 1.5 1.8 0.9 0.7 4.4 1.7 0.7 1.8 5-month average 5.2 6.3 7.8 -6.5 11.8 16.3 15.3 4.8 27.8 34.0 12.8 11.2 17.5 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-5 NUMBER OF SULFATE-REDUCING BACTERIA PER GRAM OF WET WEIGHT SOIL TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY- MAY 1978 a Station location and number Biscayne Bay Turke Point Canal S stem 1 2 3 Mean F. 1 W6.2 W18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O Mean JAN 9091 8772 833 6232 100 114 111 119 2083 10638 1020 10417 3075 FEB 75 86 79 80 36364 19230 18868 18868 18868 18518 18518 36364 23199 5000 100 8333 4478 62 833 71 55 100 <12 710 71 239 APR 83 <17 <20 40 <20 83 1000 100 83 <20 100 1000 298 83 83 83 83 1000 100 100 1000 83 10000 10000 1667 2994 5-month average 2866 1812 1870 2813 7509 4072 4030 4028 4243 7838 6070 9904 5961 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-6 TAXONOMIC GROUPING OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY- MAY 1978a 5-month JAN FEB MAR APR NY Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Group I 29.2 66.7 66.7 66.7 12.5 55.5 66.7 22.2 58.3 55.6 46.7 53.4 pseudomonas aeromonas vibrio xanthomonas Group II 8.3 22.2 12.5 33.3 25.0 44.4 20.8 44.4 12.5 0 15.8 28.9 achromobacter alcaligenes Group III 33.3 11.1 4.2 0 29.2 0 0 22.2 16.7 11.1 16.7 8.9 flavobacter cytophaga Group IY 29.2 0 16.7 0 33.3 0 12.5 11.1 12.5 -33.3 20.8 8.9 gram positive rods Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
D.2-26 TABLE III.D. 2-7 PROTEIN UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT
- NAY 1978a'ANUARY Ammonification of e tone H dpi i of cas in tfonth Ba Canal Ba Canal JAN 54.2 77.8 54.2 88.9 FEB 62.5 77.8 83.3 33.3 MAR , 50.0 77.8 37.5 33. 3 APR 87.5 100.0 33.3 66.7 NAY , 50.0 66.7 54.2 44. 4 5-month average 60.8 80.0 52.5 53.3 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the 'time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
D.2-27 TABL'E I I I. D. 2-8 CARBOHYORATE UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY -, MAY 1978 Month
. Starch Ba h drol sis Canal
'hitin Ba H drol sis Canal Cellobiose fermentation Ba Canal JAN 25.0 44.4 25.0 88.9 12. 5 55. 5 FEB 79.2 44.4 37.5 77.8 45.8 55.5 MAR 50.0 44.4
33.3 22.2 33.3 55.5 APR 62.5 66.7 95.8 100.0 25.0. 66.7 66.7 77.8 87.5 100.0 70.8 66.7 5-month average 56.7 55. 5 55. 8 77.8 37.5 60.0 Samp1es taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
D.2-28 TABLE III.D.2-9 CARBOHYDRATE FERMENTATION TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978a Glucose Saccharose Mannitol Lactose Month Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal Ba Canal JAN 70.8,, 88.9 50.0 77.8 41.7 77.8 '.3 0 FEB 83.3 88.9 79.2 66.7 83.3 55.5 70.8 77.8 MAR 50.0 55.5 33.3 66.7 41.7 66.7 37.5 55.5 APR 66.7 100.0 58.3 77.8 50.0 .100.0 33.3 44.4 MAY 75.0 88.9 79.2 88.9 83.3 77.8 87.5 77.8 5-month average 69.2 84.4 60.0 75.6 60.0 75.6 47.5 51.1 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be incl'uded in the annual report for 1978.
D. 2-29 TABLE III.D.2-10 LIPID UTILIZATION TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978 a Li id h drol sis Month Ba Canal JAN 45.8 55.5 FEB 41. 7 55. 5
29. 2 33.3 APR 54.2 33.3 MAY 54.2 66.7 5-month average 45;0 48. 9 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
D.2-30 TABLE III.D.2-11 NITRATE HETABOLIShf TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - AY'.1978 Reduction of nitrates Honth Ba Canal JAN 29.2 22.2 FEB 62.5 33;3 44.4 APR 62.5 88.9 29.2 88.9 5-month average 43.3 60.0 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual repo'rt for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-12 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE AMMONIA (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978a Month Mean of 3 controls F.l W18.2 RF.3 E3. R .2 'C.
JAN 0. 29 0.29 0.52 0.82 0.76 0.70 0.24 1.45 0. 76 FEB 0.27 0.25 0. 35 0.44 0.52 0.21 0.33 0.56 1.91 0.40 0.63 0.49 0.43 0.60 0.49 0.32 0.56 0.63 APR 0.42 0.47 0.27 0.70 0.64 0.53 0.23 0.81 0.53 0.46 0.27 0.19 . 0.20 0.40 0.36 0.18 <0.01 0.66 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
0 TABLE III.D.2-13 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE. NITRATE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978a Month than of 3 controls F. 1 W6.2 W18.2 R.3 E
0. 012 0.136 0.143 0.074 0.074 0.043 0.049 0.011 0.083 FEB 0.018 0.081 0.071 . 0.054 0.064 0.095 0.085 0.042 . 0.064 MAR 0. 027 0.060 0.028 0.367 0.028 0.113 . 0.051 0.035 0.039 APR 0. 011 0.024 0.057 0.005 0.040 0.317 -
0.010 0.012 0.012 MAY 0.009 0.065 0.053 0.089 0.049 0.277 0.017 0.054 0.002 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.0.2-14 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE NITRITE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY MAY 1978a Month Mean of 3 control s F. 1 W6.2 W18.2 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O JAN <0.001 0. 006 0. 005 0. 003 0. 003 0. 001 0. 009 < 0. 001 0. 005 FEB <0.001 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.004 <0.001 0.006 0.003 0.007 MAR 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.013 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.005 APR 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.001 =
0.003 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.002 0.004 0.024 0.012 0.001 0.011 0.001 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-15 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE ORTHOPHOSPHATE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978a Month Mean of 3 controls F. 1 W6.2 W18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 JAN 0. 01 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.03 FEB <0.01 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.02 0.04
<0.01 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 1.33 0.03 APR <0.01 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.05 0.03 0.24 0.04
<0.01 0.01 0.04 <0.01 0.11 0.12 0.01 0.02 0. 03 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-16 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE SULFATE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978 a Month Mean of 3 controls F. 1 W6.2 M18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O 2273 2970 2870 2970 2950 2950 3100 2270 3000 FEB 1900 2850 2750 2750 2600 2850 2750 2750 3050 2250 2850. 2800 2850 2250 2800 2850 2750 2800 APR 2666 1900. 2850 1650 2600 2050 1225 1525 1750 2883 3100 3100 3100 3950 2900 3100 3100 2050 a
Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.0.2-17 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE SULFITE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978a Month Mean of 3 controls F. 1 W6.2 '18.2 HF.2 RF.3 E3.2 R .2 C.O
<0. 01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 FEB <0. 01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 .<0.01 . <0.01
<0. 01 <0.01 <0 01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 APR <0. 01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
<0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 '<0.01 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included'in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-18 ANALYSIS OF SOLUBLE SULFIDE (ppm)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978 Month Mean of 3 controls F.l W18.2 WF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O JAN <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 . <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 FEB <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
. MAR <0. 05 =<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 (0.05 <0.05 APR (O. 05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 MAY <0. OS <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Samples taken in June .1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-19 ANALYSIS OF INSOLUBLE SULFIDES (" /g-wet wt. soil)
TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978 Month Mean of 3 controls F. 1 W6.2 H18.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O JAN <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 <0. 05 0.44 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 5. 94 FEB 1.07 2. 98 5. 56 12. 0 6.43 2.98 0.45 <0.05 1.44 MAR 1. 84 ~ 1.26 -<0.05 <0.05 0.73 3.19 0.46 <0.05 <0.05 APR 0.14 2. 97 0. 51 0. 55 016 <005 007 122 0.18 MAY 0.07 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.19 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
e 0
TABLE III.D.2-20 pH OF TURKEY POINT CANAL AND BISCAYNE BAY SEDIMENTS TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978 Station location and number Bi sea ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem Month 1 2 3 F.l kl6. 2 H18. 2 1lF. 2 RF. 3 ~ E3. 2 RC. 2 RC. 0 JAN 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.2 8.3 7.6 7.9 7.9 8.7 7.8 7.6 FEB 8.1 8.1 8.1 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.1 7.8
7. 7.6 8.3 7.9 7.9 7.9 8.0 7.9 8.0 7.7 7.6 7'.7 APR 7.7 8.0 7.9 7 9 7.7 7.9 7.7 7.7 7.7 7.3 MAY 8.1 8.0 7.8 8.0 8.2 8.2 8.0 7.6 7.7 8.2 7.4 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-21 SALINITY ( /pp) OF SEDIMENTS 'AT STATIONS IN TURKEY POINT CANALS, AND BISCAYNE BAY TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978 Station location and number Bi sca ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem Month 2 3 F. 1 ll6. 2 'ill8. 2 blF. 2 RF. 3 E3. 2 RC.2 RC. 0 JAN 27.5 . 27.5 27.2 28.5 31.0 29.4 30.1 28.1 30.1 32. 2 31.4 FEB 14.3 15.1 20.5 31.0 28.7 26.9 27.1 27.0 27.6 29.2 26 '
MAR 22.5 22.0 22.2 27.9 24.2 25.6 23.2 29.6 27.8 24.9 29.1 APR 27.1 27.0 27.1 28.2 28.0 28.8 24.7 26.1 28.7 ,28.8 28.9 HAY 24.6 29.5 30.1 24.4 24.1 25.5 26.2 25.4 25.8 25.5 26.2 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-22 TEMPERATURE ( C) OF SEDIMENTS AT STATIONS
-IN TURKEY POINT CANALS AND BISCAYNE BAY TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - MAY 1978 Station location and number Bi sea ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem Month 1 2 3 F.l H62 Nl82 NF.Z RF3 E32 RCZ RCO JAN 18. 5 18. 5 '9. 1 25.6 20.4 20.6 19 7 F 16.7 15.8 18.9 18.0 FEB 19.4 19.5 20.0 24.6 22.2 22.1 22.8 20.9 20.6 21.8 20.8 MAR 28.5 28.5 28.9 35.8 29.1 30.0 28.8 26.7 25.4 27.8 28.0 APR 32.0 32.0 32.1 36.8 31.6 32.3 31.4 28.8 - 28.7 29.0 29.8 MAY 33.5 33.9 33,9 37.4 32.0 32.3 33.3 31.1 30.2 32.0 30.9 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
TABLE III.D.2-23 SPECIFIC CONDUCTIVITY (ohm ~cm ~ x 1000) OF SEDIMENTS AT STATIONS IN TURKEY POINT CANALS AND BISCAYNE BAY TURKEY POINT PLANT JANUARY - HAY 1978 Station location and number Bi sea ne Ba Turke Point Canal S stem honth 2 3 . F.l li6.2 M18.2 MF.2 RF.3 E3.2 RC.2 RC.O JAN 36.0 35.5 34.7 39.4 40.2 37.0 38.9 36.1 38.8 41.2 40.2 FEB 28.0 28.0 28.0 50.0 39.0 36.2 37.9 35.5 37.2 39.8 35.2 MAR 40.1 38.9 39.4 50.0 41.2 44.1 40,2 47.2 45.1 40.9 48.6 APR 49.3 49.1 49.4 50.0 50.0 50.0 44.3 45.2 49. 0 49. 8 50. 0 46.0 46.9 48.0 48.2 45.3 47 F 1 49.0 47.0 45.9 48.4 47.9 Samples taken in June 1978 were not completely analyzed at the time of this writing and will be included in the annual report for 1978.
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ML18227A958

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