ML18227A957

Submit Environmental Monitoring Report No. 10, January 1, 1977 Through December 31, 1977

ML18227A957
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	08/15/2018
From:	Florida Power & Light Co
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
Download: ML18227A957 (249)

Text

FLORIDA POWER R LIGHT CONPANY TURKEY POINT PLANT UNITS 3 a 4 h

PLORIOA POWER 8I LIGHT COMPANY ENVIRONf"lENTAL NOHITORING REPORT i90, 10 JULY 1, 1977 THROUGH DECENBER 31, 1977

0 TABLE OF CONTENTS Paae introduction Records of Monitoring Requirement Surveys and Samples III. Analysis of Environmental Data A. Chemical 5 B. Thermal 5 C. Fish & Shellfish Appendix D. Benthos Appendix E. Terrestrial Environment Appendix F. Assessment of Recovery in the 13 discharge area G. Grasses and Mocrophyton within the 21 cooling canal system H. Physical and Nutrient Data 23 I. Plankton 46

l. Zooplankton 46

2. Phytoplankton 66

3. Chlorophyll a 90 J. Vegetation and Soil 94

1. Revegetation of the Canal Berms 94

2. Soil of the Canal Berms 125 K. Aerial Photographs 146 L. Cnlorine Usage 146 IV. Records of Changes in Survey Procedures 146 V. Special Environmental Studies Not Required by 146 the E.T.S.

VI. Violations of the E.T.S. 146 VII. Unusual Events, Changes to the Plant, ETS, 146 Permits or Certificates.

VXII. Studies required by the ETS not included in 146 this Report.

I. INTRODUCTION This report is submitted in accordance with Turkey Point Plant Environmental Technical Specifications, Appendix B, Section 5.4.9. This report covers the period July 1, 1977 through December 31, 1977.

II. RECORDS OP MONITORING REQUIREMENT SURVEYS AND SAMPLES The results of the chemical analyses conducted at the outlet of Lake Warren are shown on pages 2 and 3 of Page 4 contains the amounts of chemicals added this'eport.

from Units 3 and 4 to the circulating water system. '

summary of thermal data is given in Section III.B of this report.

TURKEY POZlcT PLANT UNiTS 3 6 4 PHg DZSSOLVED OXYGEiV AiVD SALX>lZTY L'AGE 'l'lARRE<<V DXSCHARGE YEAR 1977 HO. JULY AUGUST SEPT- <<GER OC.OBER ifPVEllBER 'EC:MER DAY aR D.O. Sa . o O.O. a>. a .O. a>. a<

8.00 3.6 40.0 8.00 3.3 38.5 8.00 4.6 39.0 8.00 3.8 36 ~ 5 8.0 4.6 8.0 )4.6 36 2 '.oo 2.8 4o.s 8.00 3.2 39.0 8.00 4.6 38.5 8.00 3.8 38 8.0 4~ 8.0 4.5 36 3 8.00 3.2 40.5 8.05 3.5 40.0 8.00 4.5 36.5 8.00 4.o 8.0 40 8.0 4.6 35 8.00 3.4 41.0 8.05 3.3 40.0 8. 00 360 800 4~ 8.0 4.0 40 8.0 4. 2 35.C 4 4 5 38 B.OC 3.0 41. 0 8.05 3.0

~ 40. 0 8.00 4.S 34.O 4.2 8.0 3.9 40 8.0 4.3 36. 5 8.00 4-5 8.0 40 8 0 4.4 36.5 6 8.05 3.0 40.5 8.00 3.2 40.0 8.00 4 1 35 0 39 ~

8.00 4.6 8.0 4.1 41 8.0 4 ' 36.5 7 8.00 2.8 40.5 8.00 3.1 40.0 8.00 3.8 36.5 39 8.00 4 ' 39,5 8.0 4.1 41 5.5 37 8.00 2.8 41.0 8.00 3.2 39.5 8.00 3.9 4' 8.0 4.1 40 7.98 5.1 38.

8.00 2.8 41.0 8.00 3.6 39.0 8.00 4.1 3S S 39 5 0 8.0 2.8 40.5 8.00 4.4 39.5 a.oo 3,9 8~0 4 o 39.S 8.0 4.1 41 7.98 5-1 40 8.00 2.9 40.0 8.00 4.1 40.5 8.00 3.8 36.0 8.0$ 4o.o 8.0 4.3 40 7.98 49 37-4 0 co.o 8.0 4.5 40 8.02 4.8 36. 5 8.0 2.8 40.0 3.8 40.0 8.00 3.4 37.0 3 9 cp.o 8.0 40 8.05 4.9 8.05 3.0 40.0 S.oo 3.8 39.5 8.00 3.8 37 0 4 9 38 4~6 40.0 8.0 4.7 8.05 4.8 8.0 3.1 38-0 8.00 3.6 39.0 8.00 3.95 37 ' co 38 8.0 3.0 38.0 8.00 4.4 40.0 8.00 4.6 37.5 4-7 co.o 8.0 4.5 40 8.00 7 39 8 0 3 l. 37.5 8.00 4.4 39.0 8.00 4.3 36.0

~ 0 4~6 41 8.0 4.5 .40 8.00 4.5'9 4.6 41 8.0 4.4 cp.S 8.00 4.5 37.5 7 S.O 3.2 38.0 S.CC 3 0 8.0 4.8 41 8.0 4.3 4p 8.05 4.9 37.5 8.0 3.1 37.0 8.00 4.2 39.0 S.p 4.2 36.5 47 41 8.0 4.2 40 8.0 5.1 38.0 8.0 3.0 36.5 8.0 4.2 39.0 8.0 4.1 37.0 0 . 8.0 3.2 36.0 8.0 C.O 3 .S 8.0 4.4 7. 8.0 4.4 41 8.0 4.4 '9.5 8.0 5.2 38.0 8.0 4o 41 8.0 4.5 40.5 5.3 37.0 S.ocI 3.o 3e.s B.o 4.0 39.5 8.0 4.4

2. 8.0 3 0 36 0 8.0 3.8 40.0 &.0 4537580 8.0 4.3 40.5 8.0 5.5 38.0 S.p 3.1 36.0 8.0 37 39 5 8 0 4337pao 37.5 8.0 4.4 cp.S 8.0 5.5 37.0 8.0 8.0 5' 39.0 8.0 5 4 37.0 80 27 380 80 4.1 3 .5 8.0 37 5 4.2 38.0 4.4 38.0 8.0 5.1 34.5 8.0$ 5. 6 37.0 So 26 380 8 0 4.0 39.5 8,05 4 4 38 p Be 0 8.0 4 0 39.5 8.0 5. 1 35.0 8.0$ 5.3 36.5 8.03 2 5 37.5 8 0 4.2 39.5 B.OO 4.0 38 0 8.0 3.8 39 8 0 5 2 36.O 8-0 5.6 36.5 8.0 2.6 38.0 S.od 4.1 39.5 8.00 4.1 37 5 4.1 39- 8 0 5 0 36.0 8.0 6 3 36.5 28 8 0 2.5 38.0 8.0 4.2 40.0 8.00 4.0 38 0 29 8.0 2.7 38.0 8.0 4.3 40.0 8.00 3.9 8 0 38 395 8.0 48 360 81 6.4 36.0 8.0 36. 0 6 4 30 8.0 3.0 38.0 8:0 4.3 39.5 8.00 3.9 38.0 8.0 38 40 31 &.0 3.3 38.5 8.0 4. 40. 0 8.0 4.1 CO, 8.0 37.0 PXG 1

FLOAIDA POI'IER 6 LIGIIT COI4PAWY TUMEY POINT PLANTS UNITS 3 6 4 LM(B HARRBN DISCflARGB NOTEI All Result:s in mg/L Y CAR 1977 T. RBS.

DATE CHLOR. AHHONIA B.O.D. C,O.D.. >Cu Zn Co 1tg OIL Cr 7/1/77 < 0.2 < 0.02 0.02 < 0 ~ 02 &.001 0.0002 <1 < 0.02 7/8/77 < 0.2 0.0002 <1 7/15/77 < 0.2 333'60 0.0002 '1 7/22/77 < 0.2 0.0002 8/5/77 0 ~ 2. 314 < 0.02 0.03 < 0.02 .0.0002 <1 < 0.02 8/12/77 < 0.2 32G 0.0002 <1 8/19/77 < 0~2 437 0.0002 8/26/77 < 0.2 <0.0002 9/2/77 < 0.2 300 < 0.02 0.05 < 0.02 <0.0002 < 0.02 9 9 77 < 0.2 411 <0.0002

+916~77 < 0.2 267 <0.0002

~923 77 < 0.2 352 <0.0002 9/30/77 < 0.2 311 <0.0002 0/7/77 < 0.2

<0.0002 256'21

< D.02 < 0.02 0/14/77 < 0.2

<0.0002 0/21/77 < 0.2 334 4). 0002 0/28/77 < 0.2 27G <0.0002 1/4/77 < 0.2 308 .0002 O.O3 <0.02 1/11/77 < 0.2 200 .0002 1/18/77 < 0.2 234 Q. 0002 1/25/77 < 0.2 299 0.0002 2/2/77 < 0.2 719 0.04 .0002 <0. 02 2/9/77 < 0.2 307 ~ 0002 2/16/77 < 0.2 234 2/23/77 < 0.2 259 2/30/77 < 0.2 211 0 ~ 0002 . 2

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III. ANALYSIS OP ENVIRONMENTAL DATA A. Chemical Analysis of pH monitoring results shows, once again, the same trends that have been observed for the last four years and reported in previous semiannual reports.

pH ranged from a low of 7.95 to a high of 8.10. Dis-solved Oxygen ranged from a low of 2.5 mg/L during July to a high of 6.5 mg/L in December, again, as expected. Salinity concentrations ranged from a low of 34.0 ppt during the rainy season, to a high of 41.0 ppt.during the dry season.

No chlorination of the Circulating Water System was performed during this six-month period and therefore, no residual chlorine tests were performed. Once~ again, ammonia and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) levels remained at or below the respective detection limits.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) levels averaged 309 mg/L for the period, with a min/max of 200/439.

No appreciable change can be seen in the amounts of I

chemicals discharged to the cooling system. After processing in th'; plant's waste treatment facilities and 1

1/

mixing with the circulating water system waters, these chemicals are undetectable.

Heavy metals concentrations remained at their previous levels.

III.B THERMAL Thermal data collected have been summarized into tempera-ture time duration, curves by month, for both inlet and outlet. These are shown. on pages 6 and through 11.

~ '

TABLE III.B. 1 TIME DURATION CURBHS TEMPERATURE JULY 1977 UNITS 3 & 4 INTAKE LAKE HARRHN OUTLET NUMBER ACCUMULATED NUMBER ACCUMULATED OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME o 12 93 1.6 8 110 1.1 78 92 12.2 13 109 2.8 148 91 32.3 95 108 15.7 134 90 50.5 87 107 27.5 139 89 69.3 128 106 44.9 85 88 80.9 47 105 51.3 52 87 87.9 65 104 60.1 39 86 93.2 33 103 64.6 18 85 95.7 56 102 72.2 16 84 97.8 36 101 77.1 12 83 99.5 77 100 87.5 82 100.0 19 99 90.1 6 98 90.9 12 97 92.5 13 96 94.3 26 95 97.8 9 94 99.1 7 93 100.0

0 TABLE III.B.2 TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE AUGUST 1977 UNITS 3 & 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER ACCUMULATED NUMBER ACCUMULATED OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME OF liOURS TEMPERATURE TXMH ~o 8

19 94 93 1.1 3.6 5

3 ill 110 0.7 1;1 49 92 10.2 17 109 3.4 62 91 18.5 62 108 11.7 83 90 29.7 31 107 15.9 134 89 47.7 73 106 25.7 118 88 63.6 38 105 30. 8 146 87 83.2 73 104 40.6 79 86 93.8 53 103 47.7 23 85 96.9 136 102 66.0 9 84 98.1 53 101 73.1 14 83 100.0 144 100 92.5 36 99 97.3 16 98 99.5 2 97 99.7 0 96 99.7 1 95 99.9 1 94 100. 0

TABLE III.B.3 TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE SEPTEMBER 1977 UNITS 3 6 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER ACCUMULATED NUMBER ACCUMULATED OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIhlE OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME 10 95 1.4 4 110 0.6 40 94 6.9 36 109 5.6 56 93 14.7 67 108 14.9 72 92 24.7 55 107 22.5 73 91 34.9 95 106 35.7 168 90 58. 2 53 105 43.1 92 89 71. 0 94 104 56.1 49 88 77.8 69 103 65.7 60 87 86.1 86 102 77.6 22 86 89.2 40 101 83.2 10 85 90.6 30 100 87.4 17 84 92.9 12 99 89.0 21 83 95.8 10 98 90.4 ll 19 82 81 97.4 100.0 25 13 97 96 93.9 95.7 13 95 97.5 9 94 98.7 6 93 99.6 2 92 99.9 1 91 100.0

TABLE III.B.4 TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE OCTOBER 1977 UNITS 3 6 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER ACCUMULATED NUMBER ACCUMULATED OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME 20 92 2.7 0.4 14 44 91 90 4.6

10. 5 ll3 108 107 1.9 58 39 106 7.1 89 18. 3 30 105 11.2 43 88 24.1 48 104 17.6 44 87 30.0 35 103 22.3 34 86 34.5 43 102 28.1 48 85 41.0 25 101 31.5 33 84 45.4 41 100 37.0 77 83 55.8 88 99 48.8 86 82 67.3 31 98 53.0 80 81 78.1 75 97 63.0 55 80 85.5 57 96 70.7 20 79 88.2 62 95 79.0 51 78 95.0 25 94 82.4 33 77 99.5 61 93 90.6 4 76 100.0 23 92 93.7 39 91 98.9 8 90 100.0

TABLE III.B.5 TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE NOVEMBER 1977 UNITS 3 6 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER ACCUMULATED NUMBER ACCUMULATED OF 1iOURS TEMPERATURE TIME OF EiOURS TEMP H RAT U RH TIllE 17 84 2.4 2 100 0.3 97 83 15.8 17 99 2.6 120 82 32. 5 40 98 8.2 67 81 41.8 90 97 20.7 69 80 51.4 52 96 27.9 59 79 59.6 60 95 36.2 35 78 64.4 46 94 42.6 44 77 70.6 68 93 52.1 44 76 76.7 43 92 58.1 23 75 79.9 49 91 64.9 28 74 83.7 65 90 73.9 20 73 86. 5 26 89 77.5 21 72 89. 4 36 88 82.5 18 71 91.9 21 87 85.4 19 70 94.6 25 86 '88.9 4 69 95.1 8 85 90. 0 4 68 95.7 19 84 92.6 17 67 98.1 6 83 93.5 14 66 100.0 27 82 97.2 20 81 100.0

4 0

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TABLE III.B.6 TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE DECEMBER 1977 UNITS & 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER ACCUMULATED NUMBER ACCUMULATED OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME OF HOURS TEMPERATURE TIME 8 84 1.2 2 97 0.3 16 83 3.4 31 96 4.4 ll 82 4.8 57 95 12.1 41 81 10.4 29 94 16.0 80 20.3 41 93 21.5 74 23.3 62 79 28.7 13 92 78 31.2 50 91 30.0 19 38.6 20 77 33.9 64 90 76 38.9 13 89 40.4 37 48.0 30 75 42.9 57 88 40 74 48.3 31 87 52.2 41 73 53.8 56 86 59.8 72 61.0 16 85 61. 9 53 68.0 49 71 67.6 45 84 70 73.4 15 83 70.0 43 76.4 27 69 77.0 48 82 68 79.8 18 81 78.9 21 ~

80.8 17 67 82.1 14 80 66 86.8 28 79 84.5 35 85.6 16 65 89.0 8 78 64 90.6 22 77 88.6 12 89.6 13 63 92.3 8 76 62 94.2 13 75 91.4 14 92.5 12 61 95.8 8 74 60 97. 8 21 73 95 3 15 99.1 7 59 98.8 28 72 58 99.7 2 71 99.3 7 100.0 2 57 100.0 5 70

4 III . B THEEQIAL (Continued)

No major differences were observed between this six-month period and the same periods in 197'4, 197S and 1976. Listed below are the maximum inlet and outlet temperatures in degrees Farenheit.

Max. Inlet Tem Max. Outlet Tem 1974 197S 1977 1974 1975 1976 1977 July 94 93 110 109 ill 110 August 93 94 112 109 110 ill September 94 93 92 95 110 108 108 110

'October 92 89 89 92 109 104 104 108 November 83 82 83 84 98 97 96 100 December 82 80 83 84 97 97 97 97 III.C FISH 6 SHELLFISH III.D BENTHOS III.E TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT These three sections are-fully covered in the report .

entitled "Ecological Monitoring of Selected Parameters at the Turkey Point Plant" for 1977. This report was prepared for Florida Power a Light Company by its consultant, Applied Biology, Inc., and the report is appended to this Environmental Monitoring Report.

III.Z. ASSESSMENT

~ OF RECOVERY IN THE TURKEY POIViT PLANT DISCHARGE AREA

~ GRAViD CAViAL DI SCHARGE AREA Purpose This report assesses the revegetation of grasses and benthic macrophytes in areas affected by the Turkey Point Plant discharge prior to the conversion of the cooling system to a closed 'mode. The recovery studies prior to July 1977 are recorded in previous semi-annual environmental monitoring reports.

Methods and Procedures Method 1 To measure the overall revegetation quantitatively, aerial photographs were taken from 2000 feet. Using reference points in the photographs to determine the scale of the photo, sizes of areas were measured by tracing specific areas onto a grid.

The tracing is included in this report.

Method 2 Qualitative and quantitative measurements of the algae were made by counting and identifying the vegetation in six each one meter square areas permanently located on the bottom.

Method 3 To identify and quantify the less abundant species not represented in the square meter areas, a survey was made by transect across the previously affected areas. Species identifications, quantities present, and general conditions were noted.

13

o 4

BOREAL SURVEY Zt can be seen from the aerial photograph that the entire discharge area has revegetated. There are only area. This grass is still quite prevalent approximately 800 feet from the mouth of the old discharge (Figure l).

The tracing of the photograph (Figure l) shows the five major vegetative communities.

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SZRQICODHM PATCHES L o G'z g 0 mVZASS~ZSuuaAZ DXQNiPED g Q

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THALRSSZA/DZPLtkiTHEBA .

DCKKATED X

X DIPI2QKHERA. DCKZVZlKl X X'.

E DIPZB5TK~/

IA ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .X FIGURE 1.

Grand Canal Discharge December 1977 Previously affected area.

Scale 1" = 138 ft.

X = Count Sites

~ ~ "~ ~ ~ Transect SwlE

SQUARE METER SURVEY The following table is data from square meter areas permanent-ly staked out on the bottom. The counts and identifications were made in situ. The sample points X-l, X-2, X-3, and X-4 are located approximately 100, 200, 400, and 600 feet east, of the mouth of the canal respectively. Station X-2N is approxi-mately 200 feet NNE of X-2. Station X-2S is approximately 200 feet SSE of X-2. The data reported as greater than ( 0 ) is based on extrapolation of counts of plants in 1/16 of a square meter. The counts on the grasses are counts of the fasicles (sheaths of leaves).

TABLE 1 Grand Canal discharge revegetation for pericd July - DeceIrber 1977 GENUS/SPZCrZS X-ll X-2 X-3 X-4 X-2N X-2S

>500 71800 21400 >1400 ~400 Thalassia testudinum 33 195 80 62 56 CHLOKPHYTA.: Acetabularia crenulata AvraiIlv3.llea nI.cricaIls 0 0 36 0 32 a~at hera ceratedii. 0 0 0 0 Caul~ea sp.

Halimeda sp.

Penicillus sp. 48 0

Q 154

'* 0 32 96 0

208 0 Q * "0 0 PEKPFZZ4 Lauzeacia ~itei . 0 0 0 0 0 Dict biota sp. 0 0 0 0 Sampling Date: January 1978

• Present

• • Common 1 Poor visability could not be conducted 16

Between stations X-1 and X-2 there were high concentrations in number toward X-2. There were patches of very long Thalassia often two or three times the length found in most other areas . Large areas were covered by patches of ~Cauler a, growing over the other grasses. All of the plants in this area were encased by a layer of silt. The detrital layer was Thalassia fascicles.

Prom X-2 to X-3 the, vegetation became more diverse with much more Thalassia and Penicillus present.t The Thalassia was shorter in this area. The Penicillus population was composed mostly of mature or dying plants, however many new shoots were shared the dominance, although there were many patches com-posed almost exclusively of Thalassia.

The transect between X-3 and X-4 continued to be Thalassia dominated while there were patches comprised solely of" Penicillus, Avrainvillea, and Halimeda. This entire area had patches of an unidentified green algae, covering it and float-ing through it. About 60 feet from X-4 there was a large patch it was very short and not as easily noticed among the more dominant Thalassia. Several completely submerged mangrove 17

e shoots were present in this area.

Noving east of X-4 there continued to be diverse stands of the calcareous green alga Halimeda,,Avrainvillea, and Penicillus in particular, for about one hundred feet at which point it suddenly changed almost completely to station X-l, it was long and encased by silt. There were patches of long Thalassia and also some patchy Penicillus.

This was the only area where a sizable amount of Laurencia was found as opposed to the large Laurencia covered areas observed in the last two semi-annual reports.

and more Thalassia and Penicillus were found until at. X-2N there-was not as much silt as there was closer to shore.

East of X-2N Thalassia became the dominant grass. It was.

short and often almost covered by a large amount of dead and Penicillus. North of station X-3 there was the first little silt in this area.

18

South of X-4 and west to the level of X-3 Thalassia was the dominant species with quite a bit of Penicillus present.

Noving west again, the amount of silt present increases.

Further west this transect took on the low, shrubby , "park-like" appearance which was described in previous semi-annual reports. Here Penicillus became more dominant and as tall diverse mixture of Penicillus, Avrainvillea, and Halimeda.

C~anler a was present closer to shore.

Discussions and Conclusions The entire area previously affected remained ruvegetated.

charge and is being replaced by Thalassia as had been ob-served in previous semi-annual reports. This trend is expected to continue.

dominated areas, moving closer toward the canal drop-off, while maintaining a constant concentration in those areas which it had previously revegetated. Eventually Thalassia will dominate all but the extreme inshore areas.

Zt is interesting to note that the Laurencia, which was re-ported covering large areas in the last two semi-annual reports,

was almost absent from the study area.

probably will not become an important factor in this area as they were submerged by at least l8" of water at low tide and will probably run out of stored energy sources and die before they can break the surface.

Penicillus, Avrainvillea, and Halimeda remained the dominant macroalgae with the Penicillus showing particularly large increases at all stations.

20

III.G GBASSES KID PACROPHYTON WITHIN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING Ci4NAL SYSTEM Methods Most observations as well as identification and auantifica-tion were made while carrying out other monitoring reguire-ments in the cooling canals.

Discussion and Conclusions

~Ru oia maritime (Widgeon grass) continues to te a grass of primary importance in the cooling system. It is still confined to the southwest canals but. is spreading north and east. This grass, considered a submergant form, obtains lengths of 10 - 15 feet. The length of the strands allows it to reach the surface and form large mats, thereby restric-ting water flow. Several biological and chemical methods of control are being examined to determine their potential use-fulness, in controlling this grass.

cooling canal system. The northernmost sections of the re-turn canals continue to represent the most dense growth of e '

• . ~h 1 attached to the substrate by hold fasts, and because of the finite growth habit:of its fascicles, would be no problem.

However, in dense stands of this species the long runners are 21

over lapping each other in such a way that the hold fast doesn't reach the substrate, thus developing into long floating strands which have the potential of obstructing water flow.

dieted in Semi-Annual Report Number 6.

There is substantial growth of various red and brown alga found along the rocky shoreline of most of the "canals, particularly the deeper ones. The red algae Dasya reaches lengths of 6 feet during the winter. Xt grows predominantly along the canal banks and on rocks in the more shallow canals.

There is also subst'antial green algae gr'owth on solid sub-strates throughout the system. Halimeda is found on small rocks in the southern end of the western canals. Penicillus mentioned as three circular patches in Report Number 6 has now spread to the point that it practically covers large oerstedii and Acetabularia crenulata are epiphytes on any stable substrate in shallow water.

22

i III.H PHYSICAL AND NUTRIENT DATA

1. PHYSICAL Purpose The purpose of this report is to provide basic physical data which will aid in the interpretation of the reports that follow. This report deals with data collected on a monthly basis during plankton sampling at various stations in southern Biscayne Bay, Card Sound, and the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System. (Fig.1).

Methods and Procedures

a. Temperature was measured by a Y.S.I. Thermistemp Telethermometer. Accuracy is + 0.5o C.

b. Salinities were determined using an American Optical Refractometer. Accuracy is + 0.10 PPT

c. Dissolved oxygen was measured with a Y.S.I.

probe type oxygen meter. Accuracy is + 0.20 PPM All instruments were calibrated before each sampling date. All measurements were made in the top meter of the water column.

Discussions and Conclusion

a. Temperature ( C)

In 1977, the maximum temperature that was measured in the cooling- canal system was 40.0 C. and occurred in Sept.

In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound the maximum temperature recorded was 32.1 C and occurred, in August. Those maxi-mum temperatures were lower than those in 1976.

23

A minimum temperature in the canal system of 19.2 C was 'ecorded during January. The minimum temperature in the Bay, 18.7 C was recorded in February.

b. Salinity (PPT)

The maximum salinity in the cooling canals was 41.5 PPT and in the Bay was 38.0 PPT. Fluctuation of salinity levels continues from a peak in the dry season to a low level in the rainy season. There was an average increase of 0.7 PPT salinity in the Turkey Point Cooling Canals from t

1976 to 1977- The lowest salinity in the system, reported at the westernmost canal was due to the operation of the interceptor ditch pump for salt water intrusion control.

Salinities in the cooling canal system, as in the Bay, werewithin the tolerance limits of the marine organisms found in each area.

c. Dissolved Oxygen (PPM)

The dissolved oxygen levels, in the Bay, for 1977 s (3.3 8.3 PPN), were consistently higher than those in the cooling canals (3.0 7.4 PPM).

The elevated temperature in the canals along with a resultant lower saturation value, and high organic levels, may account for the lower levels of dissolved oxygen.

The lowest level of dissolved oxygen in the cooling canals was 3.0 PPM, 1.10 PPM lower than that recorded in 1976. This 24

0 reading was taken at the station nearest the discharge.

This is sufficient for organisms living in the canals.

Physical data by month is plotted in Figures 1-6, 25

Figure 1. Teaperature in the Canal System in degrees centagrade 7

Figure P. Temperature in the Bay in degrees centagrade

40- I L

I L 0- I I

I P

P t

10- I I

0 4 t1GNTH NUHBEf... j.~J r" Figure 3. Salinity in the Canal System in PPT.

0 Figure 4. Salinity in the Bay in PPT 0

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C A

N Fl D

I I G I S 6-I 0

L lg E

D L$

qr l~

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2-I I

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Figure 5. Dissolved oxygen in the Canal System in PPM.

20- I I

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Figure 6. Dissolved oxygen in the Bay in PPM.

0 SECTION FIVE SECTION FOUR SECTION THREE SECTION TWO SECTION ONE 4a WF-2 W24 2~

~N18-2

• H6-2

• RC-2"

~ *E3 2 RC-1, I

+gC .0

. Figure 7- Turkey Point-Plant Site 5 Cooling'Canal System

• Zooplankton Tow and Chlorophyll "a"'sample 'stations Phytoplankton sample at each station

0 NUTRXENT DATA Methods a Procedures Samples were collected monthly from 12 sample points within the, canal system, and three control sample points in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.

Acid washed, ground glass stoppered, clear containers were, used for the ammonia samples. Phenol alcohol was added as the preservative. Acid washed, ground glass, stoppered, dark containers were used for the other:nutrient samples with mercuric chloride added as the preservative.

All analyses were performed on a Technicon (CS M 6)

Autoanalyzer. Data was recorded in PPM.

Discussion & Conclusions The purpose of these analyses is to provide a more complete picture of the various parameters related with the plankton in the system (Figures'-10).,

The nutrient levels in the cooling canal system were consistently higher than those levels in the Bay and Card Sound.

The apparent cycling of the ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate seen in the cooling canal system in previous years was repeated in 1977.

The nutrient levels at all sampling. points remain below any level that could be considered eutrophic.

The absence of July nutrient data, was due to contamina-tion of the sample.

33

Xn 1977 ammonia levels in the cooling canals were I

between .065 PPM (average minimum) and .11 PPM (average maximum). At the control station average minimum levels of ammonia were 0.020 PPM and the average maximum levels were 0.038 PPM.

Due to the operation of the interceptor ditch pump during the period January through June, the ammonia levels at Station WF-2 were above the maximum levels seen in the rest of the Canal System. The brackish water in the inter-ceptor ditch contains relatively high levels of ammonia, and the levels at WF 2 correlate with the rate and volume of water which was pumped from the interceptor ditch. Ammonia levels at the other stations in the system are directly proportional to the amount of rainfall recorded.

Nitrite levels, in the cooling canal, ranged between

.025 PPM (average minimum) and 0.040 PPM (average maximum).

The levels in the control stations were between ,003 PPM (average minimum) and 0.007 PPM (average maximum).

Nitrite levels for 1977 were approximately the same as 1976, both within the cooling canals and at control points in the bay.

Nitrate levels in the cooling canal ranged between .21 PPM (average minimum) and 0.43 PPM (average maximum). The levels in the control stations were between 0.028 PPM (average minimum) and 0. 055 PPM (average maximum) .

34

Average inorganic phosphate levels for 1976 in the cooling canal system were 0.030 PPM. This is .003 PPM higher than 1976. At the control stations in 1977 the inorganic phosphate levels remained the same as the levels of 1976.

The average minimum in the canals was 0.01'4 and the average maximum was 0.028.

The average minimum at the control stations was 0.005.

The average maximum was 0.010.

Total phosphate level in 1977 was higher than 1975 both in the canals and at the control stations.

The average minimum levels in the canals were 0.037 PPM.

The average maximum levels were 0.057 PPM. At the control stations the average minimum levels were 0.011 PPM and the average maximum levels were 0.018 PPM.

Nutrient data can be seen by month for both the bay and the canals in Fig. 1-10.

35

0. 20- I 0 '2 I 0 F 08-I 0.00 I

Lf ~

Figure l. Ammonia in the Canal System in PPM

0. ZO- I I

I I

I I

I

0. 16- I I

I I

I I

I O. Xc'.I I

I I

I I

I 0.0e-l I

I I

I I

I O. Otk- I I

I I

I I

I

0. 00-9 I I I I 0 X.O t1ONTH t IUt1BER Figure 2. Amnonia concentrations of the Bay Control Stations in Pal

0.20-I I

I I

I 0.26-I I

I

0. 0<>- I 0.00 I

2 7 tiowvH t>vwBEf".. 2~3 ~ 7 Figure 3. Nitrite concentration in the Canal System in PPM

0 ~ 'RO- I I

I I

I I

0.26-I I

I I

tA I I I T g I O.XL--I I I T I I

I C I Q I W 0.08-I T I R I CI I L I I

P I P 0. OI4- I t1 I I

I I

I I

I 7 +0 tIClNTH tkIJt IBER, 1.977 Figure 4. Nitrite concentrations og the Bay Control Stations in PpM

0. 0-I 0.69-l E

Fl N

A L 0. ~f=- I N

I T

R R

T O

P P

t1 0 ~ 1.6- I I

I I

I I,

I 0.00 ~ ~

I 20 CONTI.t NVt IBEF:

Figure 5. Nitrate concentrations in the Canal Systen in PPM

0. 80- I 0.64-l 0 '8-l I

CI l I'l 0.3Z-I T I R

0 L

I 0.16-I I

0.00 I'1GNTH I'lVtIBER Figure 6. Nitrate concentrations of the Bay Control Stations in PPM

o. Zo- I I

I t4 0

R l~ o. 12: I R I N I I

C P

H n

P H

R T

E

o. oo-4 I f I 0 4 7 t)Ctt(TH tv it<aEP.. d.977 Figure 7. Inorganic Phosphate in the Canal System in PPM

v. ZO- I 0 ~ 1.6- I

0. fZ- I P

H 0

S P

H v . 0<<- I T

E O. O~I I I

I I

I I

P I I'1 0.00 I l 7 3.0 I1DIhTI-I I IVI'IBEI:. 4977 Figure 8. Inorganic Phosphate of. the Bay Control Stations in PPM,

0 ~ ~L0- I I

I I

I I

I

0. 3.6- I I

I I

I I

I

0. 1.c.I I

I I

I I

I

0. 08- I I

I I

I I

I 0.0<<-I I

I I

I I

I 0.00- 4 I I 0 40 Figure 9. Total Phosphate concentrations in the Canal System in PPM.

T 0 0. 16- I T I C1 I L

P H

D 01Z-I P

H Fl T

E Vl C

0 N

T I

0 ~

0~I- I 0 F 00 I I I I

0 1 10 11 t<ornsl rivrtaEP.. 1'3; r Figure 10. Total phosphate concentrations of the Bay Control Stations in PPM.

III.I PLANKTON

1. ZOOPLANKTON Methods & Procedures Methods and procedures were as previously reported using a standard 5" Clark-Bumpus Sampler with a 510 mesh net and bucket.

Sampling was done in the top meter of the water at a speed of 1 to 3 m.p.h. Tows were approximately 3 minutes long in the Bay and 5 minutes in the Canals.

The methods of counting zooplankton in the laboratory were the same as previously reported.

Zooplankto organisms are divided into six categories as following:

),

a. Copepods includes cyclopoid, harpacticoid, and monstrilloid copepods.

c. Bivalve larvae includes all bivalve veligers.

d. Copepod nauplii includes all crustacean nauplii similar in appearance to copepod nauplii (with the exception of cirripeds).

e. Cirriped nauplii are distinguished from all other nauplii.

f. Other organisms include all other zooplankton not included in the first five categories.

The date is given as number per liter for each of the groups of zooplankton.

46

a. ~Co e oda Mean copepod population levels for the canal system remained the same in 1977 as in 1976. There were 0'.01 organisms pez liter.

The mean level of copepods in the Bay increased from 3.08 organisms per liter in 1976 to 3.80 in 1977. This 1977 mean concentration foz the Bay was 38 times as great as the concentration in the canal system..

In general, the number of copepods has increased in both the cooling canals and the bay from 1975 to 1977, but it re-mains below 1974 levels.

Gastropod veligers again showed a large increase in con-centration in the cooling canals. Their mean concentrations have increased from <Oel organisms per liter in 1974 and 1975, to 0. 06 in 19 76, and 0. 15 in 19 77. They have now become the most common group in the canal system. The highest numbers of gastroped veligezs were found at stations F-1 and WF-2 (Fig. 15). There was a bloom in August in which the F-1 gastropod concentration reached 2.7 organisms- per liter and WF-2 reached 3.5. Almost all of the gastzopods were collected between April and December.

In Biscayne and Card Sound, the mean gastropod con-47

0 I

centration increased from 0.40 organisms per liter in 1976 to 0.58 in 1977. Their concentrations remained fairly level throughout the year, although several blooms with concen-trations of 3.0 organisms per liter to 10.5 organisms per liter occurred at various times throughout the year. Zn general, the mean concentration of gastropods in the Bay is 4 times greater than the gastropod level in the canal system

c. Bivalve Larvae Bivalve. larvae continue to be almost totally absent from the cooling canals. This is probably due to an inadequate I

food supply.

The mean concentration for bivalve larvae in the bay was o.07 organisms per liter, as compared to 0.03 in 1976 and 0.02 in 1975. Most of the bivalve larvae were found in July through December.

Both nauplii are too small to be adequately sampled by a 510 mesh net. Zn the cooling canals, copepod nauplii were present in all of the months except March, May, and June.

However, in all but one case there were less than 0.05 organisms per liter. The mean concentration for the year was 0.007. This was an increase from 0.002 in 1975 and 0.001 in 1976.

The cirriped nauplii were present in the canal samples from seven 48

months, but, they were never present at a concentration .

greater than 0.02 per liter.

In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, copepod and cirriped nauplii continue to be present at low levels. The copepod nauplii concentration was 0.11 organisms per liter in 1977 while the cirriped concentration was 0.05 organisms per liter.

f. Other Plankton In the cooling canals, the mean concentration of the other plankton decreased slightly from 0.05 organisms per liter in 1976 to 0.04 in 1977. This 1977 value was higher I.

than the 1975 concentration of 0.03 organisms per liter.

I In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound the mean concentration of other plankton increased from 0.20 organic'zs per liter to 0.41 in 1977.

Other plankton found in the canal system included fish eggs, fish larvae, shrimp larvae, zoea larvae, rotifers, water mites, and polychaete larvae. In Biscayne Bay, fish eggs, fish larvae, shrimp larvae, zoea larvae, echinoderm pleuti, medusae, amphipods, cladocerans, ostrocods, tunicate larvae and chaetognaths were found.

Total Plankton Zooplankton concentrations in the cooling canals were con-sistently lower than those seen in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound. In 1977, the total plankton concentration in the Bay and the Canals were higher than those in 1976. In 1977 the

mean for total plankton in the cooling canals was 0.29 organisms per liter as compared to 0.21 in 1976 and 0.11 in 1975. This in trend was mainly due to a large increase in the gastropod population.

In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound, the mean for total plankton was 5.03 organisms per liter or almost 18 times the mean in the Canals. This concentration was also 1.5 times greater than those in 1975.

Monthly data for all groups of zooplankton can be found in Figures 1-14.

50

0. 8- I 0 ~t-I I

I I

I I

I 0.0 I

0 t~atn H NVt iceR. 3.97:

Figure 1. Copegods per 1iter in the Canal System.:;:

0 I I ti 7 20 Nol'5TH tlvt ABER ~ 0 '9 7 Figure 2. Copepods per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area.

NOXB: Canal Copepods scale is l/15 th this scale.

0 1.0-I I

I I

I I

I N 0.8-I I

I I

F~ I R I I

T 0.6-I I

0 I P I 0 I D I I

0 ~ 9-I P I E I R I I

L I I I T

E I R I I

I I

I 0.0 I

0 t1GNTH NUNBER. 1'3'77 Figure 3. Gastxopcds per liter in the Canal System.

e S-I T

R 0

P 0

D S

N Vl L

I 2-I T

E R

I I 5 .t.G NQNTH NUI'ABER Figure 4. Gastropods per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area.

., NCGS: Canal Gastropods scale is 1/10 th this scale.

0 0.05-I I

I I

I I

I 0 F 09-I I

I I

I I

I 0 ~ 03- I I

I I

I I

I 0.0r-I I

I I

I I

I 0 F 02-I I

I I

I I

I 0.00 I I I I 0  ?

t1ONTH NVtABER 2'=>77 Figure 5, BiValVes per liter in the Canal System,

0 '-I I I

0 I

I 0 ~ i2I I

0.X-I 0.0 I

7 j.0 t<DNTH I IvtcpEp. X977 Figure 6. Bivalves per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area, NOTE: Canal Bivalve scale is 1/10 th this scale.

0 0.RS-I I

I C I I

tl I R I L 0. 20- I I

I G I P I E I P I D 0~X I

I N I R I IJ I (n F' I 0 ~ 20- I I

I I I

I.

I I

0.05-I L I I I T I E I R I I

0.00 I I 0 ~ ~ 20 r<WnH wU>~EEf . 1.=i77 Figure 7. 'Copepod Nauplii per liter in the Canal System,

0 AS-I

0. 6- I I

M Fl U

P Vl I

I 0 9-I I

L 0. 2- I T

E R

0.0 I

0 e I'IG)JTH NIJI'ABER. j 977 Figure 8. Copepod Nauplii per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area, MZE: Canal Cogepod Nauplii scale is 1/'4 th this scale,

O.O5-I I

I R I N I I

L I O.OR-I I

I I

I I

I O.OB-I I

I N I 8 I V I Vl I

L O.OC-I I I I I I

I I

I O. Oi- I L I I I T I K I R I I

O.OO I

O t1GNTH NVI~BER Figure 9. Cirriped Nauplii per liter in the Canal System.

B R

0 ~

iI- I I

I P

E D 0.=-I tl U

P n

O I 0 ~

2- I I I I

I I

I I

L 0.1-I I I T I E I R I I

I 0.0 I I 0 10 t1OI 4TH NUkfBER Figure lo. Cirriped Nauplii per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area.

NOTE: Canal Cirriped Nauplii scale is 1/lo th this scale,

0 e

5-I I

I I

I N I Fs I L Lf I

I I

H I I

I

~-I P I L I Fl I N I K I T I 2-I I

I I

I I

I L

I I I

I I

I I

0 I I I 0 3  ?

t1DNTH tlUt1BER Figure ll. Other plankton found in the Canal System, but not included in any of the major category.

7 IQ Figure,12. Other plankton found in the Bay and Card Sound area, but not included in any of the major categories,

C R

N Fl L

T 0

T L

P L

R N

K Ch G

N I I

I I

I L j-I I I T I E I R I I

I I

Cj I"IQNTH I'IVI IBEfi'igure

13. Total Plankton per liter in the Canal System.

I

~L0- I T

0 T

Fl L

P X5-I L

R N

fC T I cn I 20- I P

E R

L I

T E

R 0

I I 5 9 t1Qt 3TH NUt1BER Figure 14. Total Plankton per liter in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound area.

BOOZE; Canal Total Plankton scale isl/5 th this scale.

K SECTION FIVE . SECTION FOUR SECTION THREE SECTION TNO SECTION ONE NF-2 K

'W2:4 '2 "W18-2

'3.2-2

• F-1 KW6-2

'K

• RC-2

~ *E3-2 RC-1 K

• RC-0 Figure l~ Turki y Poiht Plant Site 6 Cooling Canal System

~

• Zooplankton Tow and Chlorophyll "a" sample stations Phytoplankton sample at each station,

2. PHYTOPLANKTON Report on the Nicrobiota of the Turkey Point Area July through December, 1977 Introduction This report, which covers the period July through December 1977, presents the microbiota noted in lower Biscayne Bay, Card Sound and the Turkey Point Cooling Canal System. It shows the number of species and/or genera found, the number of occurrences of each, and the number found pex 500 ml of raw water. It also discusses the relationships between certain organisms, those which have appeared for the first time in this six month period, and the possible significance of the various organisms.

Table 2 is a list of all the identified species and genera which were noted in the approximately 150 samples taken from July through December. The. 500 ml samples taken at the same locations once a month were preserved in a 3-5S Formalin solution. Each sample was'allowed to settle, decanted to about 30 ml, fixed in Lugols'odine, and further concentrated by centrifuging for 5 minutes at, 2200 r.p.m. in conical ended tubes. Identification was per-formed on 1 drop of the concentrate which constituted a volume of approximately 1/16 ml. This drop usually contained debris, particularly in the canal samples, so that not all organisms were seen upon examination. Identification and-

counting was made at 100 and 400 diameters, using 4 paths across a No. 125 mm square cover glass. At the low power the number of organisms in 4 paths equalled the number which could be found in 125 mls of raw sample. At the high power, the number of organisms in 4 paths equalled the number which could be found in 31.25 mls. of raw sample.

Organisms 30 microns or less were counted at 400X.

This method yielded conservative results. Most debris either had a diameter of less than 30 microns or was transparent enough that larger organisms were easily seen.

Organisms under 30 microns may have been hidden by debris and missed. The preservative sometimes blackened small dinoflagellates to a degree that plate and overall structure could not be distinguished, but cilia and flagella were

, still well defined. Thus Mesodinium rubrum, which tends to cytolize on pzeservation, was easily identified by its blackened symbiotic cryptomonads and cilia.

Table 1 shows the groups observed and the numbers of species, genera or other classification in each. Actually, the species list is greater than shown, because in several groups a small number of unidentified species were present, and several genera could be broken down to more than a single species. Also, the 14 groups of Metazoa (Table 3) were not separated into genera.

The 12 groups of algae and protozoa (Table 1) include all the free-living genera except Chloromonas and 67

Coccolitho hora. Chloromonads are rare in marine waters except in some organically p olluted conditions. Cocco-lithophora are common along the Atlantic Coast, and there is no accounting for their absence in this area.

Marine flagellates are not abundant in the plankton, but they are predominately associated with salt water of good quality. Planktonic forms were 25 times as frequent in occurrence in the Bay samples as in the Canal samples.

The planktonic forms were in small numbers and were of no particular significance in either bay or canal samples.

Table l shows three major groups of algae: 28 species I

of Blue Green Algae, 50 species of dinoflagellates, and 90 species of diatoms. All three groups occurred more frequently in the Bay than in the Canal. Ciliate protozoa.

were the only common animal form, and were most abundant in the Bay. Copepods, mostly nauplii, were the most.

common Metazoa. All seemed to be of the calanoid types with none of the harpacticoid types observed. Apparently, the Metazoa larval forms, with the possible exception of Gastro-pods, Nematoda and Rotifers, develop best in the Bay. Eggs of an unidentified plankton form were noted in the November and December Bay samples.

Identification was based on Dr. J. B. Lacky's 50 years of work with marine plankton, at Moods Hole, various loca-tions in Florida'lymouth, England, Newfoundland, Rio de Janeiro, San Deigo and Hawaii. There were still some

organisms which could not be identified, either because they were new, or because the light microscope used was not adequate for the task.

GROUPS PRESENT (Bacteria)

Sulfur Bacteria The sulfur bacteria, four in number, are not primarily plankton forms. Their normal habitat is the sediment-water interface. Zt was somewhat difficult to say which ones were alive when fixed, because the sulfur droplets do not retain their identity in the preserved material. Xt is probable that along with the four species listed Begcriatoa: minima and B. le tomitiformis were also present. These organisms would most likely not be identified because of their small size, and absence of sulfur droplets. The six species were taken from Bergey's I

Eleventh Edition (2). The last report did not list sulfur bacteria, but the 1976 Report, July through December, listed two species. This genus is apparently abundant in the bottom of the canals where it metabolizes the sulfur in the bottom mud.

Sulfur purple bacteria and Thiothrix were not found in the Bay. The same is true of Achromatium exal'iferum, a form often found in the Cutler Ridge portion of the Bay.

69

GROUPS PRESENT (Algae)

Blue green Algae This group tends to be associated with organic pollu-tion and was well represented by low density populations averaging less than 1 organism per ml. However, most of them were colonial filaments or multi-cellular colonies in jelly so that the number of cells per liter should be materially larger. Only two species of Blue Greens were found in the Canals that were not found in the Bay, and 11 species were found in the Bay that were not .found in the Canal. Coccochloris is not regarded as a valid genus by Bourelly (3), but in many of the samples there were small single cells blackened by the iodine which could have been lars, or the green algae Nannochloris or Chlorella. .Cocco-chloris (Aphanocapsa) was certainly present in the area, but no counts were given in Table 2.

is filamentous with vivid blue green cells about 2 microns in diameter. No heterocysts 'or akinetes were seen, but, the algae occurred with sufficient frequency to be given further consideration. Most of these species have been recorded

~s . The. ability to thrive under saline conditions is in striking contrast to that of the planktonic green algae which 70

are poorly represented in salt water.

Species identification of the genus Lyngbya and Oscill-atoria was somewhat tenuous, especially when large numbers were not present. This was also true of Trichodesmium, which Bourelly regards as an Oscillatoria with red coloring.

Green Algae, Chlorophyceae These algae vary from 2 to 10 microns in size. Counts and identification of preserved members of the planktonic a large green algae was not noted in these waters, and Nannochloris was ractically absent. At 400X small cells could be found, but they could not be easily counted 1

in most of the Bay and in a few of the Canal samples.

I Some of these cells could have been Nannochloris, Coccochloris or Chlorella. The only counts were in the May Bay samples.

In no'ase were these small cells sufficiently abundant to exert an ecological effect on the area other than to have a possible seeding effect if the environment were to reach an optimum for their development.

Volyocidae

~h in a single sample and, like Chlorella, were considered of no importance.

is less frequent in more open waters. This was reflected 71

0 in samples containing 10 organisms per ml from the bay, and in a total absence in samples from the canals.

The somewhat lowered salinities in estuaries may ex-plain the higher numbers there. The earlier mentioned small Volvocidae are extremely difficult to count, and may represent a conservative figure.

Euglenophyceae sediment.-water interface species, and both were recorded in the previous report. Euculena acus and E. 'deses are adventitious forms, and there is no ready explanation for E. viridis are common inshore marine forms which in abun.

dance, are indicative 'of recent organic pollution. Dense blooms have been found below outfalls from sewage treatment plants in Peconic Bay, Long Island and Plymouth, England, where the sewage was untreated. Occurrence in both Bay and Canals was too sparse to be of importance.

Cryptophysidae water. C. marina is a very large, dark red species. It has been found in deep water at Deerfield Beach. C~ry to-monas ~s . is identifiable only in the living condition.

The Rhodomonas found probably includes only R. baltica.

Rhodomonas seems to prefer only water of high quality, as 72

indicated by its occurrence only in Bay samples.

II Silico flagellida holozoic in nutrition. It is usually common in open inshore waters, but high densities have never been noted in this area. It occurred in the Bay only in August, 876 per liter; September, 2736 per liter; November, 32 per liter; and December, 256 per liter. This appears to be a good example of a seasonal fluctuation in Bay water since it occurred in three stations in August, 10 stations in September and then dropped out of all but single occurr-ences in November and December.

Dinoflagellida Dinoflagellates. were second in numbers of species in the area. Nore than 49 species were recognized in the Bay and 22 species in the Canals. The larger species. were almost ldcking in the Canals, whereas they tended to recur in the Bay. The only dinoflagellates which occur con-sistently in both Canal and Bay were small and large alone, and probably include such species as G. acCile and G.

were also seen.

Most of the identified species have been noted in 73

robusta cytolize badly upon fixation, and counts of these rious killer of fish and other animal life along the West Coast of Florida and elsewhere. There is as yet no evidence that it has become endemic along the Atlantic Coast. Recently, Dr. Beatrice Sweeny of Yale has xeported, in Indonesian waters. This dinoflagellate is endemic here, and should be watched carefully.

When the Canals were first put into op~ration, they contained a population similax" to that of tie Bay. During the ensuing years some canal populations steadily declined J

in species and density as compared to the Bay. " Gymnodinium and some species of diatoms appear to be the exception to this decline. There are several possible reasons for'he decline. The Canals are a closed system and therefore lack the normal input of nutrients. Salinity is gradually in-creasing'and the temperature, instead of fluctuating seasonally, tends to remain at modexately high levels through-out the year. These temperatures axe at or near the critical for plankton. The canal syst: em with its poughly two-

@ay recycling, must represent a hostile environment for most of the endemic species, particularly at the discharge. Table.

2 reflects this trend.

74

4 The only new dinoflagellates found this period R

dinium umbonatum is normally a fresh water species.

It may have been incorrectly identified here, or it may have been introduced into the west side canals via Inter-ceptor Ditch pumping. Pouchetia ~s ., an easily recognized genus, was not found during this 6 month period, but it was present in the preceding 6 month's report.

Cells incertae sedis This final group in Algae consists of those cells which because of their morphology, apparent organiza-tion, and distribution among the debris on the slides, are manifestly -living organisms, but which could not be placed with certainty in any particular group. Some were probably protozoa, and some may have been spores or even artifacts or debris. However, because the criteria of self movement, color due to chromatophores, and cytoplasmic color were not met, they could only be lumped into a category of small.

cells. Their principal importance here is that they either consume nutrients, saprozoically or holozoically, or they become food for other predators.

GROUPS PRESENT (Protozoa)

Mastigophorea. (Flagellated protozoa)

Very few of these were present in the plankton, although they are abundant in the sediment-water interface. It seems 75

~,

incredible that no Monas or Oicomonas showed up in these inshore waters, although Norris (4), in a careful study of "Phytoplankton" in Wellington Harbor, New Zealand, found only a limited number of colorless species.

The minute elongated organism, tentatively called Bodo elonqata, occurred consistently in small numbers. Four species of unidentified zooflagellates were seen occa-sionally in the Bay and are of no particular significance.

Rhizopodea A single amoeboid species seen in two samples and an unidentified shelled rhizopod seen once merit no further comment.

Il Ciliophorea This is the third largest group of microorganisms.

Xt is also the group whose species seem to recur most fre-fluently. The more than 28 species in this report period dict not include 8 of the species inI'the previous period.

More than 13 of the present list did not occur in the previous list.

Most of the ciliates are large and varied enough that were extremely difficult to identify. Probably, the most shell of this ciliate has a tall collar which spreads at a small angle. The body of the shell is round, yellow in

color and nas a posterior spine which is about 3; as long as the body.. This ciliate was very unlike a tintinnid.

Perhaps too much dependence was placed on the shape and markings of the empty frustules. Hendey (5) once stated that he could only identify diatom species when he had cleaned frustules. ,But, there are species such recognizable at once when seen, either as cleaned frustules or alive.

A number of diatoms were recorded for the first time in this study. Xn some cases they were present before, but were not correctly identified. Others were simply in-A. paludosa could fit inta either ot the ahove categories.

Both are listed in Hustedt (7) and Bourelly as fresh water species, but Hustedt says that they also occur in salt water.

lists it as fresh water, and it may really be N. pusilla.

adriatica. The several occurrences of this diatom were c{uite unlike those in the figure in Hendey (5). All were alike and closely resemble Figure E in Plate One, by Hargraves.

There were two diatoms which may be new species. One 77

been common at Turkey Point, where it grew in great numbers attached to glass slides suspended in the Canals.

There is nothing like it in Hendey (loc. cit.), while Bourelly (loc. cit.) does show and describe Actinella as a curved, transversely striated, heteropolar, colonial genus with a short raphe and pseudoraphe. Nore careful study may show the diatoms to be Actinella, although there were no visible transverse striae. Bourelly terms it a heteropolar Eunotia.

The other possible new specie was termed amohora No more than a hint of its outline 'was visible which is much less than in the case of the frustule of Apth'eya.

Like that diatom, its chromatophore(s) were in a small, somewhat irregular mass. In counting, only these masses could be seen. Therefore, the 'counts, as well as the .de-scription, were not extremely accurate. It was not noticed until November and, while fairly abundant, was confined to the Canal.

Diatoms were the most abundant of all the organisms.

the Canals, no blooms were seen. However, it appears unlikely that there will be blooms, such as sometimes occur for Rhizosclenia or Chaetoceras, in either the Bay or the Canals.

The 13 metazoan groups illustrate, very well, that a 78

e 0

varied environment is more conducive to a more varied biota than the somewhat restricted one found in the Canals.

Six of the 13 types did not occur in the Canals, and the water mite was the only detritus feeder. The nematodes which were most abundant in the Canals were typically bottom dwellers. This holds true also for the gastropods, unless the particular gastropods noted here were a species which is epizoic. Copepod nauplii were present in some-what larger numbers in the Canals than was expected, but many probably represented some sort of a relic population.

Discussion All of the groups shown in Table 2 vary in numbers of species and densities of population except the Sulfur Bacteria and the diatoms in the Bay. The Bay populations have been increasing, whereas there has been a gradual decrease in the Canal biota. The exception to this trend is the diatoms. This says very plainly that the Canal is a restrictive environment and that its biota will decrease, slowly, until it reaches some sort of plateau. This plateau could be sterility, but will apparently stop short of sterility. For one thing, bottom dwelling species will con-tinually find the sediment-water interface a suitable habitat.

They can then be swept into suspension in large numbers and show up as plankton. This seems particularly true of sulfur bacteria and various. diatoms, as well as ciliates Strombidium 79

~so. and Stromilidium ~s. It is also probably true of large and small Gymnodinium which live near the bottom and feed on bacteria.

It seems that some of the diatoms remain in the Canals long enough to reproduce, so. that there is a constant re-plenishment of the population, exceeding or equal to the numbers lost due to the adverse Canal environment. This would be true of the smaller diatoms, the ciliates Strombidium habits of these two ciliates would keep them near the bottom where the bacteria are the most numerous. Delany (8) has its nutrients autotrophically. Two small dinoflagellates recently described by Ballentine (9) undoubtedly live auto-trophically since the Canals are shallow and fully exposed to the sunlight. They are probable members of the groups for which species cannot be determined.

Nutrients are not necessarily limiting. The rocky bottom of the Canals is overlain by a thin layer of debris and sedi-ment which is presumably still providing soluble nutrients'.

Rainfall should provide some nutrients vai run-off from the berms, however 0-PO4 is probably still in limiting quanities.

Temperature in the Canals is uniformly higher and with less seasonal fluctuation than that in the Bay. This rela-tively stable higher temperature will surely cause species shift, and/or exert a general inhibitory effect.

Presumably, the decline in the Canals is a multiple factor effect.

80

TABLE 1 Groups of Hicrobiota present in 150 samples from the Turkey Point area.

Occurance ln No. Bay Canal Species Samples Samples Sulfur Bacteria-Beggiatoales 4 12 4 Blue Green algae 28 168 152 Green Algae and Volvocales 4 36 7 Euglenophyceae. 6 20 13 Cryptophyceae 2 43 4 Silicoflagellata 1 14 0 Dinoflagellata 50 920 238 Diatoms 90 794 823 Amoeboid Protozoa 2 2 0 Flagellated Protozoa 4 25 1 Ciliate Protozoa 28 271 31 Metazoa 13 Copepoda 59 33 Crab larvae 3 0 Bivalve larvae 12 1 Gastropod larvae 9 9 Unidentified larvae 11 3 Tunicate larvae 8 0 Polychaete larvae 3 3 Plutei 2 0 Coelenterata 1 0 Nematoda 0 8 Rotifera 6 5 Mater mite (HydracarinaP ) 0 1

~ '

TABLE 2 A list of planktonic microorganisms, and numbers per 500 ml, from 13 stations in the lower Biscayne Bay Card Sound area, and 12 stations from the Cooling Canal System at Florida Power 6 Light Company's Turkey Point Power Plant, July through December, 1977. (p.n. indicates a provisional name. )

NOS. PER 500 ml GENERA/SPECIES BAY . CANAL Sulfur Bacteria Beggiatoa alba, 140 124 Beggiatoa arachnoidea 24 20 Beggiatoa gigantea 68 Beggiatoa mirablis 22 4 Blue green algae Anabaena microscopica p.n. 0 484 Anabaena bornetiana (red) 76 0 Anabaena sp. 32 0 Aphanocapsa grevillei 104 0 Arthrospira jenneri 32 0 Chroococus gigantea 292 16 Chroococus planctonica 264 152 Coelosphaerium kuntzingianum 0 92 Coelosphaerium nagelianum 32 0 Coccochoris sp.

Gleocapsa sp. 64 0 Gleotheca linearis 8 0 Gomphosphaeria aponina 746 0 Johannesbaptsia pellasida 358 ~

68 Lynbya limnetica 470 928 Merismopedia glauca 416 64 Merismopedia punctata 3214 64 Merismopedia sp. 64 0 Microcystis incerta 2884 0 Oscillatoria minor p.n. 1918 152 Oscillatoria sp. red, 10 u 60 0 Oscillatoria sp. red, 7-8 u 464 16 Oscillatoria sp. 10-12 u 32 16 Oscillatoria sp. 20 u 32 0 Schizothrix calcicola 568 1608 Spirulina major 288 64 Spriulina minor 1232 196 Trichodesmium sp. 320 300 82

TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)

NOS. PER 500 ml GENERA/SPECIES BAY Chlorophyceae, Green Algae Chlorella spp. 10700 Volvocidae Chlamydomonas sp. 36 32 Dunaliella (salina?) 64 0 Pyramidomonas grossi 10544 0 Euglenophyceae Cylindromonas sp. p.n. 32 0 Euglena acus .

0 0 Euglena deses 0 0 Eutreptia hirudoides 26 64 Eutreptia viridis 1090 832 Petalomonas sp. 128 1'6 Cryptophysidae Cryptomonas marina 32 0 Cryptomonas sp. 254 32 Phodomonas baltica .8856 32 Silicoflagellata Dictyocysta fibula 1962 Dinophyceae Amphidinium latrum 100 0 Amphidinium crassa 160 0 Amphidinium operculatum 64 64 Amphidinium sp. 672 128 Ceratium furca 1284 104 Ceratium fusus 162 36 Dinophysis tripos 16 0 Diplopsalis lenticularis 336 0 Ezuvialla (apora?) 104 0 Ezuvialla marina 660 792 Ezuvialla minor 420 5174 Goniodama polyedricum 16 0.

Gonyaulax diegenesis 4 0 Gonyaulax digitale 0 4 Gonyaulaz (cateneta) (not monilata) 40 0 Gonyaulaz, triacantha 76 0 Gonyaulax sp. 100 64 Gymnodinium aeruginosium 0 8 Gymnodinium albulum 3856 1344 Gymnodinium breve 188 0 Gymnodinium sp. (large) 17427 34432 Gymnodinium sp.'(small) 31602 12936 83

0 TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)

NOS . PER 500 ml GENERA/SPECIES BAY CANAL Gymnodinium splendens 1724 552 Gyrodinium lachryma 312 0 Gyrodinium pingue 5692 960 Peridinium conicum 12 0 Peridinium depressum 80 0 Peridinium divergens 356 0 Peridinium globulus 392 0 Peridinium latum 1109 0 Peridinium longum 12 0 Peridinium= obtussum 708 0 Peridinium pentagonum 4 0 Peridinium triangulatum 32 0 Peridinium trochoideum 6064 480 Peridinium tuba 368, 128 Peridinium. imbonatum 160 0 Peridinium sp. 2188 476 Peridiniopsis rotumdata 982 36 Polykrikos schwartzi 8 0 Prorocentrum gracilis 288 0 Prorocentrum micans 548 0 Prorocentrum triangulatum 720 0 Protocuratium reticulatum 8892 12 Protodinium sp. 1156 36 Pyxodinium bahamiensis 1064 Pyrophacus horologicum 24 8

. Torodinium robusta 96 0 Unidentified, 9244 0 Diatoms Achnanthes calas 0 4 Amphiprora alata 12 0 Amphiprora biscayensis 0 21632 Amphiprora minuta- 192 284 Amphiprora paludosa 0 796 Amphipx'ora.small 0 355 Amphiprora sp. 104 1320 Amphora alata 104 468 Amphora ovalis 1500 20036 Amphora paludosa 0 72 Amphora small 48 392 B'acteriastum 216 0 Biddulphia 4 8 Caloneis ladogensis marine? 148 0 Campylodiscus fustuosus (samoensis 64 green)

Campylosira cymbelliformis 64 Campylosira sp. 64 Chaetoceras sp. 190852 84

0 TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)

NOS. PER 500 ml GENERA/SPECIES DIATOMS (CONTINUED)

Cocconeis diminuta 384 160 Cocconeis hustedti 1904 864 Cocconeis plancentula 760 0 Caloneis sp. 0 36 Cossinodiscus concinnus 40 4 Cossinodiscus sp. 113 0 Cyclotella cantenata 864 0 Cyclotella glomerata 0 640 Cyclotella meneghiniana 1120 3520 Cyclotella nana 832 2320 Cyclotella sp. 32 0 Cymatopleura solea 4908 4288 Cymbella sp. 260 804 Diploneis interrupta 28 40

. Diploneis n. puella 32 0 Diploneis ovalis p 32 0 Diploneis sp. 8 0 Fragilaria sp. 32 0 Gramatophora sp. 112 0 Gyrosigma attennatum 36 0 Gyrosigma augusta 392 28 Gyrosigma balticum 0 8 Gyrosigma major p.n. 0 4 Gyrosigma=minor 32 3796 Gyrosigma spenceri 0 12 Gyrosigma (pleur) tonuissima 0 176 Syrosigma sp. 0 8 Licmophora abbreivata 644 128 Licmophora ehrenbergii 520 60 Licmophora flabellata 140 252 Licmophora incurvum 88 1496 Meolsira granulata 0 64 Meolsira monilata 12 0 Navicula amphibola 564 384 Navicula pandura 148, 0 Navicula spp. 50316 125234 Nitzschia acicularis 1468 228 Nitzschia act:inastrodes 108 0 Nitzschia closterium 2328 2888 Nitzschia longa 404 108 Nitzschia paradoza colony 4 0 Nitzschia sigmoidea 12 108 Nitzschiaiella acutissimus 40 132

'0 Opephora martyi 160 Peridinium longum 12 0

~

Pinnularia sp. 8 16 85

TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)

NOS. PER 500 ml GENERA/SPECIES BAY DIATOMS (CONTINUED)

Pleurosigma elongtum 0 8 Pleurosigma fasula v. closterides 268 456 Pleurosigma gigas 0 4 Pleurosigma nicobarium 92 148 Podocystis ardriatica 0 32 Rhabdonima minutum 32 60 Rhapododia sp. 32 0 Skellotonema costatum 96 0 Striatella delicatula (?) 236 0 Stxiatella interrupta 2084 52 Striatella unipunctata 88 52 Surirella striatula 0 120 Synedra actinatroides 16 0 Synedra acus 704 44 Synedra biceps 200 20 Synedra capitata 8 0 Synedra crystallina 60 36 Synedra crystallina (biceps?) 272 0 Synedra longa 384 16 Synedra longa (gaillone?) . 0 56 Synedra superba 284 4360 Synedra ulna 2204 1156 Syndrea undulata 176 220 Tabellaria 152 0 Thalassionema 32 0 Thalassiosira sp. 7556

• 0 Thalassiothrix sp. 12 0 Tropidoneis 16 44 Diatoms Unidentified 1334 12132 Cells incertae sedis 57456 29212 Cilophorea>>-Ciliated Protozoa Askenasia volvox 136 0 Aspidisca costata 4 0 Coxliella sp. 8 0 Cyclidium glaucoma 32 64 Dictyocysta lipida 4 0 Dysteria sp. 4 0 Favella panamensis 88 0 Mesodinium pulux 64 0 Mesodinium rubrum 332 0 Metacylis angusta 132 0 Metacylis jurgensis 526 4 Metacylis lucasensis 20 0 Strobilidium spp. 6288 4 86

0 TABLE 2 (CONTINUED)

NOS. PER 500 ml GENERA/SPECIES BAY CILOPHOREA--CILIATED PROTOZOA (CONTINUED)

Strombidium conicum 24 0 Strombidium strobilius 140 16 Strombidium spp. 6052 , 1006 Tintinnopsis bermudensis 24 0 Tintinnopsis beroidea 44 4 Tintinnopsis corona 4 0 Tintinnopsis lindeni 4 0 Tintinnopsis minuta 700 64 Tintinnopsis platensis 104 0 Tintinnopsis prowazeki 12 0 Tintinnopsis rotundata 264 0 Tintinnus apertus 68 0 sp. 'intinnus 12 0 Tontonia ppendiculata 12 0 Unidentified 744 252 Zoomastigophorea. Colorless Flagellates Bodo elongata p.n. 4 36 Chilomonas marina 12 0 Spirocha'eta (plicatilis?) 4 0 Unidentified species 24 0 Rhizopodea. Amoeboid Protozoa Amoeba sp. 0 Shelled rhizopod. Unidentified 16 87

TABLE 3 Groups of Metazoa present in 150 samples from the Turkey Point area.

NO. KlNDS NO. PER 500 ml BAY CANAL BAY Copepoda, mostly nauplii 47 26 188 104 Gastropoda 9 9 36 36 Bivalve 12 1 48 Plutei 2 0 8 0 Larvae, unidentified 11 3 48 12 Tunicate larvae 8 0 32 0 Crab larvae 3 0 12 0 Medusae 1 0 4 0 Polychaeta 3 3 12 0 Nematoda 1 7 4 28 Rotifera 7 2 28 8 Water 'mite Eggs ll0 1 0

0 44 4

0 88

0 REFERENCES

1. Thomsen, H.A. 1976. Studies on Marine Choanoflagellates.

XX Five structural observations on some silicified choanoflagellates from the Isefjord (Denmark), including the description of two new species. Norwegian Journal of Botany, Vol. 23, No. l.

2. Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. Seventh Edition. 1957 Breed, Robert S., E. G. D. Murray and Nathan R. Smith. Williams and Wilkins Co. Baltimore.

3. Bourelly, Pierre. 1970. Les Algues d'au douce. Xnita-tion a la Systematique. III Les Algues bleues et rouge.

Editions N. Boubee et Cie. Paris.

4. Norris, Richard E. 1964. Studies on Phytoplankton i:n Wellington Harbour. New Zealand Journal of Botany, Vol.. 2, No. 3.

5. Hendey, N. Ingram. 1964. An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of British Coastal Waters. Part V Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms) . H. M. S. Stationery Of fice.

6. Gran, H. H. and E. C. Anyst. 1931. Plankton Diatoms of Puget Sound. Pub. Puget Sound Biological Station,'ol. 7, pp'.'17-519.

7. Hustedt, Friedrich. 1976 (reprint from 1930) . XXI

~

Bacillariophyta (Diatomeae). In Die Susswassecflora Misteleuropas. Gustav Fischer Jena.

8. Delany, M. H. 1956. The Mass Culture of a Presumably Autotrophic Dinoflagellate. Am. Midland Naturalist, pp..

56-7, 128-132.

9. Ballantine, Dorothy. 1956. Two new marine species of Gymnodinium isolated from the Plymouth area. Journal, March Biol. Assn., Vol. 35, pp.67-474.

NOTE: Lugols'odine has not been used for the past 2-3 years. A solution of potassium iodide, iodine and sea water has been used as a substi.tute 89

3. CHLOROPHYLL "a", BIOMASS, AND PRIMARY PRODUCTION Introduction Chlorophyll "a", biomass, and primary production were determined monthly at eleven stations. Eight of these stations are located in the cooling canal system, and three are located in the Biscayne Bay/Card Sound area (Figure 1).

Methods Chlorophyll "a" determinations were made by extracting the pigment from plankton concentrate with aqueous acetone.

The optical density of the extract was then determined by spectrophotometric analysis using the trichromatic method.

Chlorophyll "a" is an algal biomass indicator (Creitz l

and Richards, 1955) . By assuming that chlorophyll "a" con-stitutes 1.5 percent of the dry weight organic matter of the algae, algal biomass can be estimated by multiplying the chlorophvll "a" content by a factor of 67 (Std. Methods, 14th Ed.) .

Knowing the mass of chlorophyll is very close to ~

knowing primary production (Cole, 1975). This is especially true for chlorophyll "a". Estimates of primary production.

'I were calculated from chlorophyll "a" data using equations derived from Ryther and Yentsch, 1957. Surface= radiation values were also taken from Ryther and Yentsch, 1957-. Hater transparency was determined by Secchi disk readings.

90

'scussion and Conclu'sions The highest values for all three parameters studied in the cooling canals occurred in March (See Figures 1 6 2).

The chlorophyll "a" concentration was 1.60 mg/m, 3 the biomass concentration was 107.1 mg/m 3 and primary productivity was 0.16 gc/m 2 /day. The lowest values occurred in November when the chlorophyll "a" concentration was 0.28 mg/m , the biomass ncentration was 18.63 mg/m 3 and primary productivity esti-mate was 0.03 gc/m 2 /day.

In Biscayne Bay and Card Sound the highest values for the "hree parameters studied occurred in June. The chlorophyll "a" concentrations was 0.54 mg/m the biomass concentration was 36.18 mg/m 3 and the primary productivity estimate was

.32 gc/m 2 /day. The lowest values occurred in February, when e chlorophyll "a" concentration was 0.11 mg/m, 3 biomass concentration was 7.17 mg/m, and primary productivity was 0.06 gc/m /day.

In general, lower chlorophyll "a" and biomass concentra-tions.were derived from the Bay samples. This is probably due to the lower nutrient levels found in the Bay. There is treme competition for available nutrients in the Bay, with most of them being tied up by macrophytes.

~

The lowest primary productivity estimates were exhibited in the cooling canals at stations where water velocities were relatively high.

The primary productivity estimates were greater in the y than in the cooling canals in every month except February.

91

The higher estimates were probably due to greater light enetration and the corresponding higher extinction coefficients. The primary reasons for less light penetra-tion in the canals are thought to be the high concentrations of tannin and lignins which produce color, and organic debris which produces turbidity. This color and turbidity tshould be expected from a disrupted mangrove situation.

Quite a large increase in primary productivity estimates occurred in June and July. This phenomenon. was probably due to higher nutrient levels caused by increased rainfall in the latter half of May. Rain causes nutrients and land runoff to enter the Bay which in turn leads to build-ups of phyto-plankton and benthic flora during the summer (Bader and tRoessler, 1972).

91a

Figure l. lorophyll A and Bi s in the Cooling 1 System and Biscayne Bay. Mean values for all stations.

134.0 2.0 Cooling Canal Biscayne Bay 100.5 5 8 Pl 8 8 F

67. O.a 1.0 v f4 0

x~x A

X 33.5 .5 X~ /

X~

X X~g X

X X~ X X

~

X X 0.0 0.0 s-10 Months 1977

Figure 2~rimary productivity~ the Cooling Cana~

system and Biscayne ~. Mean values fo~

all stations.

Cooling Canal System Biscayne Bay 0.4 8

0 0.3 / X pl 0 /

/

0.2

'cl 0

/

X X, X /

/

/

/ /

~iX~ y(

O. 1 X

/ K X X~

X X X X

X 0.0 I I 4 5 6 10 12 Months 1977

0 SECTION FIVE SECTION FOUR SECTION THREE SECTION TNO SECTION ONE HF-2 W24-'2

• W18-2

'12-2

• F ]

• W6-2

• RC-2'E3-2 RC-1 "RC-0 Figure '. Turkey Point Plant Site 6 Cooling Canal System

• Zooplankton Tow and Chlorophyll "a" sample stations Phytoplankton sample at each station

4 Literature Cited

1. Bader, R. and Roessler, M. 1972. An Ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.

Univ. Miami RSMAS-72060

2. Cole, G. 1975. Textbook of Limnology. The C. V.

Mosby Company.

3. Creitz, G., and Richards, P., 1955. The estimation and characterization of plankton populations by pigment analysis. J. Mar. Res. 14: 211.

4. Ryther, J. and Yentsch C. 1957. The Estimation of Phytoplankton Production in the ocean from Chlorophyll and Light Data. Woods Hale Oceanographic institute, Woods Hole, Mass.

5. Standard Methods for the Examination of water and waste water, 14th Edition., 1976.

93

0

'4

III' VEGETATION AND SOIL

1. Revegetation of the Turkey Point Canal Cooling System Berms

a. INDUCED VEGETATION

1) INITIAL STUDY Method The 30 species of grasses, shrubs, and trees planted during the 1973-74 season were checked quarterly for survival and vitality (Table 1). The parameter of vitality is an attempt to isolate those plants which could survive but are in some manner being inhibited in growth.

Discussion and Conclusions Growth rates and vitality continued to be higher in the more organic areas and lower in the mucky clays. These trends were best observed in the species with excellent survival rates. For example, the Coccoloba uvifera (sea grapes), planted in organic soils, were as high as 10 feet and covered areas of 2

9m or more. Those sea grapes planted in the mucky clays, although seemingly healthy, remained. small and exhibited. little new growth. No induced vegetation of the initial study -remain-ed in, the areas of extreme clay. Several of the sites have been overgrown by native plant species, particularly Conocarpus erectus (buttonwoods), with a resulting loss of vigor and increase in mortality to the test species, Plants'n the "Excellent" and."Good" survival categories generally exhibited "Good" vitality thus indicating a tolerance

0 to wind exposure and salty conditions on the berms. An exception to this was Cocculus larifolius which showed only "fair" survival but "excellent" vitality. Xt survived only in organic soils in areas that were protected by native vegetation from extreme sun and wind.

Generally, the patterns of mortality and vigor are unchanged since 1975.

95

Table Bverage survival rates and vitality of the l973-74 initial Study Plantings on the Spoil Berms at Turkev Point Cooling Canal System. Data taken January l978.

Vitality Excellent

( 90% survival)

Good Coccoloba uvifera Sea Grape Good Conocarpus erecta Silver Button Bush Good Scaevola friutescens Scaeval Shrub Good Zoysia japonica Zoysia Grass Good

( 60-89% survival)

Fair Pittosporum tobira Green Pittosporum Good Rhaeo discolor Oyster Plant Good Crinum asiaticum Crinum Lily Fair (30-59% survival)

Fair Cocos nucifera Coconut, Palm Fair Pittosporum sp. Variegated Pittosporum Good Zamia intergrifolia Coontee Evergreen Fair -Stenotathrum secundatum Bitter Blue Grass Excellent Cocculus larifolius Snail Seed Poor

( 30% survival)

Fair Eugenia uniflora Florida Cherry Poor Cortaderia selloana Pampas. Grass Poor Hymenocallis palmeri Spider Lily 96

2) PROJECT SEREHDIP ITY Method Twenty-one species of trees and shrubs (Table l) were planted at six stations (Figure l), which cover the three major soil types found within the cooling canal system.

This was done to assess not only their saline tolerances but also edaphic limitations relative to berm conditions.

Plants were measured primarily for vitality and the ability to survive. This long term project is being supported in part by the U.S.D.A. Plant Introduction Station at Chapman Field.

Discussions and Conclusions The initial concept of this project was to discover plants which could survive the severe edaphic and saline conditions of the berms. Two factors that were not adequately considered, wind and lack of edaphic consistency (similar to "marble cake effect" in the Soil Temp. Section) have proved to be major-stumbling blocks in short term analysis.

Species planted in the clay and mucky clay areas were either dead or in such poor condition as to make- their survival unlikely. The survival rate was much better in the organic Acacia confusa, M~imuso s, and Picrodendron macrocarpum doing well. A, variety of other species are still surviving (Table l).

97

Table 1. Project Serendipity species list, survival as a function of soil type as of January 1978.

Mucky Clay Organic Acacia confusa D Acacia cornigera D D Acacia farnesiana Calophyllum calaba, D D Cassia fistula D vitifolium

'ochlosperma D D Cordia glabra D D Crinum sp.

Jacaranda acutiflolia D D Jacquinia puncuens Leucaena leucocephala D Dl I

M~imuso s commersonii M~orin a oleifera Pachira acCuatica D Parkinsonia aculeata Picrodendron macrocarpum D Psidium ~ua'ava D Swietenia mahachoni D Tabebuia avellenedae D D D

Terminalia ~cata a D

+ = fair'o good growth and/or vitality

= poor growth and/or vitality D = dead 98

e Figure 1. Turkey Point Plant Site 6 Cooling Canal System Natural Revegetation and Soil Temperatures R Revegetation Induced "Initial Study"

, Soil Chemistry S Revegetation Induced "Serendipity" Q Soil Erosion Test Sites, a~

0 0 4 44 0 ~4 4

~0 44 44

~0~D OC 0~O 0~44 OC NOC

~OC ~o~~<c4Pa~

0 0

OC 0 ~~

40 D

~~v.v..

~s:C~v++>

OOCQ TURKEY POINT PlANT SITE b. COOLING CANAL L I

B. i~iATURM REVEGETATION Method Six 100 square meter stations have been permanently staked out on the cooling systems spoil berms (Figure 1). A study of the most common species in the quadrats has con-tinued (Tables 1-3).

Discussion and Conclusions As no selective removal of Australian Pine (Causarina)"

occured in 1977, this noxious exotic increased by between 20 to 200 percent (Tables 1-3) at the four stations where it was found. The canopy of the trees present also increased markedly.

Salt grass,nistichlis ~sicata, is the major ground cover over much of the older berms and is rapidly invading the newer ones. This grass has rhizomes and roots spreading several feet deep, grows well even on clay soils and survives inundation in salt water.$ It will serve as excellent hurricane protection for the berms. ls Salt grass showed increases of 122'o 414 percent (Tables 1-3) at the four stations where it, was found. These increases were as large on the clay soils as they were on the organic soils. A program of salt grass propagation through seed collection and planting might'e beneficial in the attempt to control soil erosion on the berms.

which serves as ground cover and prevents soil erosion. It was found on three of the sample sites and showed large increases 100

to the point that it now covers one-third of tne area of site 323S.

of the sample sites. Although it did not increase in number at four of the sites (Tables 1-3), it can be seen as a major species on most of the berms.

two of the stations, however it can be seen in abundance along the banks of all the berms. Most of the stations are centered on the berms, thus, with only two exceptions the canal banks are not sampled. These red mangroves help to hold berm banks in place.

Soil type continues to be the overt factor determining being dominant, tends to occupy the old tidal creeks and hammock areas, while salt grass is dominant on the clay barrens.

The higher elevation caused by berm building has allowed sufficient edaphic changes to permit non-mangrove, community species such as Baccharis halimifolia, Passiflora suberosa, and several Solanum species, among others, to progressively invade from the western side of the canal system. Schinus terebinthifolius, the exotic Brazilian Pepper tree, which is known for its aggressiveness is rapidly invading much of the cooling systems fringe areas.

101

The predicted rates of revegetation for the three species of major interest are: +258 for the Buttonwoods

~sicata); +100a for Saw Grass (Cladium 'amaiceasis) .

0 4

Figure 1. Turkey Point Plant Site 6 Cooling Canal System Natural Revegetation and Soil:Temperatures '

R Revegetation:--Induced "Initial Study" Soil Chemistry S Revegetation -, Induced "Serendipit:y" Q Soil Erosion Test Sites 5=aa~o <~+~a>

OC ~ aa~a~

CI

~

NO 0

~O~+c OP 4C 0()

P C

4C-mac=+

1 ~

=R-.R c) g=-= Q ~

l TURKEY POINT PLANT SITE, L COOLING CANAL L

Table l. Species counts stations, in two medium 323S and 408M.

density vegetation Station 323S Species Percent Change

+22 Causuarina sp. +58 Cladium jamaicensis 1/3 Area Baccharis halimifolia +20 Juncus roemerianus Solanum donianum +82 Ipomoea sagittata +100 Pluchea rosea Seasonal Morrenia odorata J'resent Passiflora sp. No Change

+33 Acrostichum sp. +200 Schinus (Brazilian Pepper) +100 Florida trema New Species

+100 Astera -37.5 104

Table l. (CONTlNUED) Species counts vegetation in two medium density stations, 323S and 408M.

Station 408M.

Species Percent Change Sonchus oleraceas No Change Solanum sp. -50 Conocarpus erecta -140 Causuarina sp. +60 Cladium jamaicensis +366 Distichlis spicata +414 Baccharis I No'hange I I Sabatia +100 Pteris bitta +52 Pylysteris sp.

Aerostichum -66

'Eupatorium capillifolium New Species Pluchea Seasonal Andropogan New Species Morrenia odorata New Species

e Table 2. Species counts in two neavy density vegetation stations, 204N and 310V.

Station 204N Species Percent Change Conocarpus erecta No Change Causuarina sp. +220 Borrichia sp. +215 Acrostichum sp. +250 Solanum nigrans +50 Solanum donianum No Change Chamaesyce mesembryanthemi +300 Baccharis halimifolia New Species Pluchea sp. New Species Eupatorium capillifolium New Species iXorrenia odorata New Species Physalis subglabrata Seasonal New Species Thelypteris normalis . New Species Astera temifolia New Species Phytolacca americana New Species Thistle (Unidentified) New Species 106

0 Table 2. (CONTINUED) Species counts in two heavy density vegetat'on stations, 204N and 310N.

Station 310N Species Percent Change

+33 Laguncularia racemosa No Change

+100 Causuarina ~s

+100 Distichlis ~s icata +200 Mangrove Rubber Vine No Change I

Acrostichum No Change

-100  !

Baccharis halimifolia +100 Astera tenufolia New Species 107

0 Table 3. Species counts at two light density vegetation stations, 105S and 505N.

Station 105S Species Percent Change

+40

+40 No Change Distichlis spicata +122 Juncus roemerianus +73 Station .505N No Change Borrichia frutescens +40 Discichlis ~sicasa +300 108

0

c. FAUNAL STUDY Introduction The purpose of this section is to report on the birds, mammals, reptiles, and amphibians found within the cooling canal system and compare it with the fauna of the surround-ing area. The study area encompasses 6,800 acres of land needed for the cooling canal network and 28 acres of the plant, site.

Methods All faunal observations were recorded from diurnal ob-servations while doing routine monitoring. Since many species, especially mammals, are nocturnal, it is very likely that some species that inhabit the study area were not observed.

Bird populations were estimated. by counting and identi-fied with the aid of binoculars. Small reptiles and mammals were brought back to the laboratory for identification and then released. Larger mammals were observed and recorded from diurnal observation, natural deaths and road kills.

Discussion Table 1 is a list of 66 birds sighted in the study area since July 1, 1977. These birds have occurred either as permanent residents, regular visitors, migrants that appear 109

only in migration, or casual visitors in small numbers.

To the right of the bird names in the table are three columns containing information on the relative abundance, season(s) of occurrence, and any comments of interest.

Table 2 is a list of eight reptiles and three amphi-bians that frequent the study area. To the right of the scientific names are two columns giving the preferred habitat and any comments of interest.

With the exception of the Atlantic Loggerhead sea turtle, all other reptiles and amphibians are permanent residents of the study area. The Loggerhead (weighing 60 pounds) was caught in the cooling canal system on August 26, 1977 and released into its natural habitat.

Four adult crocodiles ranging from five to approxi-mately twelve feet are permanent residents in the south end of the Interceptor Ditch. Following the 1976 nesting season, a single baby crocodile (Crocodylus'cu'tus) was found. The presence of this juvenile indicates that they It has been estimated that less 4

are nesting successfully.

than 200 crocodiles remain scattered throughout remote corners of the Everglades and the Upper Keys.

The Florida soft shell turtle is also common in the brackish Interceptor Ditch and fresh water of the. Levee-31 canal. They have not been observed in the salt. water cooling system.

Table 3 is a list of four mammals known to. occur in the study area. The marsh rabbit is chiefly nocturnal and 110

0 rarely obse ved in the coolznc canal system. Howeve based on the frequency o" droppings they a e considered to be quite common on the canal berms.

Data from the South Dade Preliminary report was zn part used to compare fauna of the study area to that of the surrounding area. The South Dade area was selected because of its habitat similarity. A total of 78 birds, 19 reptiles and amphibians, and 10 mammals were observed in the surround-ing area. The study area had a total of 66 birds, 11 rep-tiles and amphibians, and 4 mammals. The greater number of species in the surrounding area can be attributed mainly to different methods of data collection. The South Dade I

report used intensive diurnal monitoring, nocturnal monitoring, and traps. Data for the study area was collected using diurnal observation only.

Tables 4, 5, and 6 compare the fauna of the study area to that of the surrounding area. Thirty five species of birds,.

were common to both areas. Only two species of mammals were common to both areas while five species of reptiles and amphibians were common to both areas.

Conclusions The Turkey Point cooling, canal network has modified the oreconstruction habitat. The main modification ef fecting the terrestrial animal distribution has been the disruption of uniform terrain and floral patterns. These changes in topography have altered the large shallow tidal areas once.

0 0

open to large numbers of small fish, shellfish and their associated preditors.

The partial removal of the mangrove scrub, wet prairie, and tidal creeks necessary for construction of the cooling canals has resulted in a decrease in natural cover for many animal species. The mangrove was the dominant vege-tation type and via its long range stability, primary nutrient source and cover, represented the key to faunal population dynamics and species diversity. As the cooling canal berms revegetate with different plant species, it is probable that different animal populations, better adapted to life in this new environment will move into the area.

112

TABLE 1 List of birds observed in the Study Area from July 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 Relative Season Of Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Occurrence. Comments Great White Heron Ardea occidentalis Fairly Common Permanent Great Blue Heron Ardea herodias Common Permanent Feeding in Lake Warren Common Egret Cosmerodius albus Common Permanent Snowy Egret Leucophoyx thula Common Permanent Cattle Egret Bublcus ibis Common Permanent Reddish Egret Dichromanassa rufescens Rare Summer Louisiana Heron Hydranassa tricolor Common Permanent Little Blue Heron Florida caerulea Common Permanent Green Heron Butorides virescens Common Permanent Yellow-crowned Nyctanassa violacea Rare Permanent, Mangrove Night. Heron Areas Wood Xbis Mycteria americana Rare Winter White Ibis Eudocimus albus Uncommon Permanent Fresh Water Roseate Spoonbill Ajaia ajaja Rare Winter Magnificent Fregata magnificens Very Rare Permanent Frigatebird Anhinga Anhinga anhinga Fairly Common Permanent, Double-crested Phalacrocorax auritis Common Permanent Cormorant Red-breasted Mergus serrator Common Winter Merganser

0 TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)

List of birds observed in the Study Area from July 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 Relative Season Of Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Occurrence Comments Hooded Merganser Lophodytes cucullatus Uncommon Winter 20 sighted 11/25/77 American Coot .Fulica americana Common Winter Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Fairly Common Winter Mottled Duck Anas fulvigula Uncommon Permanent Pied-billed Grebe Podilymbus podiceps Common Permanent Herring Gull Larus argentatus Fairly Common Winter Ring-billed Gull Larus delaware nsis Fairly Common Winter Laughing Gull Larus atricilla Common Permanent Least Tern Sterna albifrons Common Summer Diving in

=Lake Warren Belted Kingfisher Megaceryle alcyon Common Permanent Killdeer Charadrius voci ferus Fairly Common Winter Yellow-shafted Colaptes auratus Uncommon Permanent Flicker Red-bellied Centurus carolinus Uncommon Permanent Woodpecker Mangrove Cuckoo Coccyzus minor Rare Permanent Yellow-billed Coccyzus americanus Rare Summer Cuckoo Smooth-billed Ani Crotophaga ani Uncommon Permanent

0 TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)

List of birds observed in the Study Area from July 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 Relative Season Of Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Occurrence Comments Bald Eagle Haliaeetus Fairly Common Permanent leucocephalus Osprey Pandion haliaetus Common Permanent Red-tailed Hawk Buteo jamaicensis Uncommon Permanent Broad-winged Hawk Buteo platypterus Rare Transient Marsh Hawk Circus cyaneus Common Winter Sparrow Hawk Falco sparverius Common Winter Seen on power li>>c:.

Common Night Hawk Chordeiles minor Common Permanent Berms ancl road sz.des Barn Owl Tyto alba Uncommon Winter Barred Owl Strix varia Uncommon Permanent Turkey Vulture Cathartes aura Common Permanent Black Vulture Coragyps atratus Common Permanent Boat-tailed Grackle Cassidix mexicanus Common Permanent Red-winged Agelaius phoeniceus Common Permanent Blackbird House Sparrow Passer domesticus Common Permanent Savannah Sparrow Passerculus Common Winter sandwichensis Tree Swallow Xridoprocne bicolor Uncommon Winter 50 sighted 12/22/77

e TABLE 1 (CONTINUED)

List of birds observed in the Study Area from July 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 Relative Season Of Common Name Scientific Name Abundance Occurrence Comments Purple Martin Progne subis Fairly Common Transient 75 sighted ll/25/77 Barn Swallow Hirundo rustica Common Fall Bobwhite Colinus virginjanus Fairly Common Permanent White-crowned Columba leucocephala Uncommon Summer Pigeon Rock Dove Columba livia Common Permanent Mourning Dove Zenaidura macroura Common Permanent Ground Dove Columbigullina Common Permanent passerina.

Yellow Throat Geothlypis trichas Fairly Common Permanent Palm Warbler Dendroica palmarum Common Winter Cape May Warbler Dendroica tigrina Uncommon Spring 6 Fall House Wren Troglodytes aedon Common Winter Bobolink Dolichonyx oryzivorus Fairly Common Spring 6 Fall Indigo Bunting Passerina cyanea Uncommon Spring 6 Fall Mockingbird Mimus polyglottos Common Permanent Catbird Dumetella Common Permanent carolinensis Blue Jay Cyanocitta cristata Uncommon Permanent

\

0

TABLE 2 List. of Reptiles and Amphibians observed in the Study Area from July 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 Common Name Scientific Name Preferred Habitat Comments American Crocodile Crocodylus acutus Salt or brackish water Endangered species Florida Softshell Trionyx ferox Lakes, ponds, canals, roadside ditches Atlantic Loggerhead Caretta caretta Warm waters of the See data caretta Atlantic Ocean dzscusszon Eastern Indigo Snake Drymarchon corais couperi Near thickets of dense natural vegetation Mangrove Water Snake Natrix .fasciata Salt or brackish water compressicauda Reef Gecko Sphaerodactylus around buildings notatus notatus Brown Anole Anolis sagrei Green Anole Anolis carolinensis Scrub and vines carolinensis Oak Toad Bufo quercicus Southern pine woods, Found in hides under objects Raingauge Spadefoot Toad Scaphiopus holbrooki Sandy soils holbrooki Cuban Treefrog Hyla septentrionalis Near moisture

TABLE 3 List of Mammals observed in the Study Area from July 1, 1977 to December 31, 1977 Common Name Scientific Name Preferred Habitat Comments Cat Felis domestica Associated with man Marsh Rabbit Sylvilagus palustris Berms, swamps, hammocks Droppings on berms Raccoon Procyon lotor Along streams, berms Roof Rat Rattus rattus buildings 6 occasionally in fields

0 TABLE 4 Comparison of Turkey Point Avian Species to Surrounding Area TURKEY SURROUNDING POINT AREA American Bittern American Coot American Goldfinch X American Kestrel X American Redstart X Anhinga X X Bald Eagle X X Barn Owl X Barn Swallow X Barred. Owl X Belted Kingfisher X X Balck-bellied Plover ~ X Black-crowned Night Heron X Black Skimmer Black Vulture Blackpoll Warbler X Black-whiskered Vireo X Blue-gray Gnatcatcher X Blue Jay X X Boat-tailed Grackle X X Bobolink X X Bobwhite X Broadwinged Hawk X Brown Pelican Cape May Warbler Cardinal.

Caspida Tern Catbird X Cattle. Egret X X Cedar Waxwing X Chuck-Will s Widow X Clapper Rail X Common Egret X Common Flicker X Common Grackle X Common Nighthawk X Common Snipe X Double-Crested Cormorant X Downy Woodpecker X Eastern Meadowlark X Eastern Phoebe X.

.-Glossy Ibis X Gray Kingbird X Great Blue Heron X 119

TABLE g (CONTINUED)

TURKEY SURROUNDING POINT AREA Great White Heron X Green Heron X Ground Dove X Herring Gull X Hooded Merganser X House Sparrow X House Wren X Indigo Bunting X Killdeer X X Laughing Gull X X Least Tern X X Lesser Scaup X Little Blue Heron X X Louisiana Heron Z X Magnificent Frigatebird X X Mangrove Cuckoo X Marsh Hawk X Merlin X Mockingbird X X Mottled Duck X g Mourning Dove X

'. Northern Waterthrush X Osprey X X Palm Warbler X X Peregrine Falcon X Pie-billed Grebe X Prairie Warbler X Purple Martin X Red-bellied Woodpecker X X Red-brested Merganser X X Reddish Egret Z X Red-shouldered Hawk X Red-tailed Hawk X Red-winged Blackbird X X Ring-billed, Gull X X Roseate Spoonbill X, X' Rock Dove X Royal Tern.

Sanderling'avannah X

Sparrow Screech Owl X Sharp-shinned Hawk X Smooth-billed Ani X Snowy Egret X X Sparrow Hawk X X' Tree, Swallow X Turkey Vulture X X White-Crowned Pigeon X 120

0 TABLE 4 (CONTINUED)

TURKEY SURROUNDING POINT AREA White-eyed Vireo White Ibis White Pelican X Willet X Wood Duck X Wood Ibis Yellowlegs X Yellowthroat X Yellow-bellied Sapsucker X Yellow-billed .Cuckoo X Yellow-crowned Night, Heron X Yellow-rumped Warbler Yellow-shafted Flicker Yellow Warbler 121

TABLE 5 Comparison o f Turkey Point Reptiles and Amphibians to Surrounding Area TURKEY SURROUND1NG POINT AREA American Alligator X American Crocodile X Bahaman Bark Anole X Brown Anole Corn Snake X Cuban Treefrog X Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake X Eastern indigo Snake X Everglades Racer X Florida Cricket Frog X Florida Softshell X Florida Water Snake X Green Anole X Green House Frog X Green Treefrog X Key West Anole X Mangrove Water Snake X X Oak Toad X Pig Frog Reef Gecko Southern Leopard Frog Spadefoot Toad 122.

0 TABLE 6 Compar'son of Turkey Point Mammals to Surrounding Area TURKEY SURROUNDlNG POINT AREA Black Rat X Bob Cat X Cottom Rat X Dolphin X Domestic Cat House Mouse X Manatee X Marsh Rabbit X X Raccoon X X Rice Rat X X Roof Rat X White Tailed Deer 123

LITERATURE CITED Burt, W.H., and R. P. Grossenheider. 1976. A Field Guide to the Mammals. Houghton Mifflin Company Boston.

Corant, R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Peterson, R. T. 1947. A Field Guide to the Birds. Houghton Mifflin Company.

Robbins, C. S., B. Bruun, and H. S. Zim. 1966. Birds of North America. Western Publishing Company, Inc.

Rocaine, Wisconsin.

Florida Power and Light Company. 1976. Turkey Point Units 3 & 4 Semmiannual Environmental Monitoring Report No. 9.

Florida Power and Light Company. 19 . Environmental Report, South Dade Plant Units 1 6 2. Vol. 1,2.

l I

1j 124

2. SOlL OF TURKEY PO1NT COOLiNG CANAL SYSTEM BERi41S

a. SOXL CHEMISTRY Methods One hundred and forty seven samples were collected at 49 sample sites covering the entire cooling canal system (Figure i) and all major soil types. Sample sites are classified as follows:

Sites based on soils

1. dark black

2. organic .

3. mucky clay

4. clay Sites based on vegetative density

5. none

6. heavy 7.1, medi.um

8. light

9. area (initially) covered by grass Levels T top of berm H mid.level of berm L 1 foot above water level Samples were analyzed for pH, salinity, conductivity and.

nutrients (Tables 1-4).

125

Discussion and Conclusions Edaphic conditions on the Turkey Point Cooling Canal spoil berms depend heavily on the amount of rainfall received in a particular year. During the dry season, levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and chlorides build up only to be leached out or washed off during the rainy season. The extent to which the levels of these nutrients drop seems to be proportional to the amount of rainfall in the area. The soil also tends to be slightly more alkaline during the wet season.

According to Dr. Dalton of the Dade County Agricultural Exten-tion Service, nutrient levels in the berms unde go a cyc'lic

'fluctuation, and long term trends, particularly in chloride levels, are highly unlikely. This fact is mainly due. to the extreme low elevation of the berms. The highest chloride levels (Table 1-2) are observed during the dry season when l

salt water is drawn up thrvugh the berms by capillary action li and concentrated along the surface by evaporation. Low levels (Table 3-4) are recorded during the wet season when precip-itation either leaches the nutrients back through the soils or causes them to be carried away by surface runoff. The lowest levels also seem to occur in the organic soils and heavy veg-itation categories.

According to Dalton, phosphorus is the limiting nutrient for plant growth in the system. The high chloride content of the sc.ils- also serves as a major growth retardant for many species.

126

0 0

Figure l. Turkey Point Plant Site 6 Cooling Canal System Natural Revegetation and Soil. Temperatures '

Revegetation Xnduced "Xnitial Study" 8 Soil Chemistry S Revegetation Xnduced "Serendipity" i9 Soil Erosion Test Sites 0

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d OC 0 0 44 Dd ~49O ma c=9.<

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dd ~C~

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C TURKEY POINT PLANT SII'L 5. COOLING CAIIAL

Table 1 . Soil test report from Turkey Point Cooling Canal System Berms for April 1977 covering the period January through March.

Sample pH NO3* Ca* Cl* Cond NHOSx10-5 1 WT 41 0.8 10 500 260 132 WN 6.2 55 0.5 14 200 1,500 276 WL 7.1 47 0.1 790 1950 38,500 3200 2 WT 6.4 107 1.0 18 550 1,550 260 WN 6.5 220 0.1 130 450 10,100 1250 WL 7.3 60 0.1 840 2400 35,000 4000 3 WT 7.5 61 1.0 45 550 2,575 330 WM 7.7 20 0.1 65 2500 4,525 550 WL 7.7 10 0.1 700 900 22,000 2800 4 WT 7.6 52 1.0 86 1350 4,400 495 WN 7.7 49 0.1 225 450 13,750 1050 WL 8.0 20 0.1 610 750 20,375 2075 5 WT 7.8 65 0.8 110 400 5,450 760 WN, 7e7 105 0.1 148 1000 7,000 675 WL 7.9 15 1.0 270 700 14,500 1560 6 WT 7.7 150 1.0 110 1300 5,800 900 WM 7.2 160 0. 12 71 1500 3,750 410 7.7 0.12 500, 1000 16,750 1900 WL 7 WT 6.4 ll 45 0.1 2 2000 255 244 WEL'.0 WM WL 7.0 7.6 36 26 0.8 0.1 10 580 900 1250 300 25,500 120 3200 8 WT 7.3 70 0.8 35 1400 2,550 520 WM 7.4 108 0.1 45 500 2,000 330 WL 7.8 18 0.1 95 400 6,450 950 9 WT "7. 6 85 0.12 35 550 4,000 480 WM 7.6 168 2.0 35 550 2,950 404 WL 7.8 10 2.0 450 800 18,000 2100 WET 7.4 50 0.1 130 900 5,950 640 WEN 7.3 48 2.0 71 800 2,800 238 7.1 65 0. 12 610 1500 20,000 2050

• all these numbers in PPM 128

0 Table 2 . Soil test report from Turkey Point Cooling Canal Syst: em Berms for,July 1977'overing the period April through June.

Sample pH NO

• Ca* Cond 3

MHOSxlO- 5 1 WT 6.8 94 0.1 45 2000 2,250 238 WM 6.8 98 0.1 35 2100 1,400 380 WL 7.2 44 O.l 30 645 21,000 2255 2 WT 6.8 105 O.l 30 1050 1,050 198 WN 6.9 86 1.0 40 1250 4,860 332 WL 7.25 56 0.1 460 2450 24,000 2250 3 WT 7.7 65 0.1 71 500 4,500 382 WM 7.7 34 0.1 40 500 3,400 357 WL 7.6 20 0.1 173 800 16,750 1000 4 WT 7.9 67 3.0 86 500 5,100 422 WN 7.8 41 0.1 103 550 6,125 627 OWL 7.8 17 0.2 260 850 18,500 1100 5 WT 7.8 44 0.1 45 450 3,450 360 WM 7.6 47 0.1 45 750 3,650 380 WL 7.6 17 0.1 340 850 14,000 1050 6 WT 7.3 58 0.1 25 450 1,200 139 WN 7.0 138 0.1 95 2500 5,950 788 WL 7.6 54 0.4 430 1500 21,000 2000 7 WT 7.5 37 O.l 30 500 3,400 275 WM 7.4 90 0.12 25 2250 2,160 . 342 WL 7.6 44 0.1 340 1050 18,500 1400 8 WT 7.7 46 0.1 30 550 2,375 279 WM 7.6 47 0.1 65 1250 4,150 448 WL 7.6 36 0.1 300 900 17,250 1250 9 WT 7.8 46 0.1 35 300 2,200 260 WM 7.7 75 0.5 59 850 3,750 406 WL 7.7 39 0.2 205 1000 9,375 1050 WET 7.5 91 0.1 215 2350 12,750 1500 WEM 7.7 56 0.1 79 700 5,500 600 WEL 7.7 49 0.1 215 1200 17,000 1250

• all these numbers in PPM 129

0, 0

Table 3 . Soil test report from Turkey Point Cooling Canal System Berms for October 1'977 covering tne per'd July through September..

Sample pH NO

• K* Ca* Cl* Cond 3

MHOSxlo-5 1 WT 6.7 75 0.1 40 750 3,000 245 WM 6.5 140 0.1 6 800 1,900 160 WL 7.5 90 3.0 270 4000 10,000 1075 2 WT 6.1 305 0.1 35 800 500 210 WM 6.6 110 3.0 25 1350 2,400 235 WL 7.2 48 O.l 340 4000 20,500 1100 3 WT 7.6 60 0.1 35 -700 1,750 270 WM 7.7 48 3.0 40 750 5,375 440 WL 7.8 40 0.1 164 1000 13,000 810 4 NT 7.8 70 2.0 86 650 5,000 210 WM 7.8 34 0.1 95 650 7,500 590 WL 7.9 10 0.5 260 4400 25,000 1050 5 WT 7.6 60 0.1 59 3000 2,250 360 WM 7.8 44 0.1 95 1100 3,400 305 WL 7.4 40 2.0 400 1200 25,000 1500 6 WT 7.6 49 0.1 600 2,100 185 WM 6.8 135 0.1 71 1500 3,100 340 WL 7.4 24 0.1 325 1200 25,000 1500 7 WT 7.7 49 0.5 20 550 400 158 WM 7.6 75 0.1 45 800 3,500 300 WL 7.9 30 0.4 238 600 13,500 1300 8 WT 7.8 47 0.1 40 3400 2,600 305 WM 7.6 60 O.l 59 700 3,550 315 WL 7.9 16 2.0 238 650 13,500 1050 9 WT 7,.9 44 0.1 25 3500 1,450 450 WM 7.6 49 0.1 65 650 3,550 315 WL 7.6 24 4.0 260 750 13,500 1050 WET 7.4 60 0.5 86 800 4,000 325 WEM 7.6 47 0.5 65 800 4,500 300 WEL 7.6 48 0.1 40 700 5,450 475

• all these numbers PPM 130

Table 4- Soil test report from Turkey Point Cooling Canal System Berms for January 1978.

Sample pH N03* Ca* Cl* Cond MHOSx10-5 1 NT 6.5? 150 0.1 30 1500 1,100 448 WM 6.9 125 1.0 20 750 1,750 380 WL 7.3 85 2.0 600 2350 37,500 4,000 2 NT 7.1 180 0.1 25 1450 1,050 444 WM 7.3 170 1.0 20 750 1,440 300 WL 7.3 50 1,0 355 2000 22,000 2,400 3 WT 7.8 75 0.1 65 600 2,500 518 WM 8.0 65 1,0 95 400 4,000 520 WL 7.9 34 0.1 195 1000 11,000 1,200 4 WT 8.0 148 5.0 175 800 9,500 1,080 WM 8.1 50 1.0 103 800 4,950 800 WL 7.9 26 1.0 225 650'50 18,000 1,600 5 WT 7.9 148 0.1 103 4,000 720 WM 8.0 47 1.0 45 1,150 2,700 440 WL 8.0 24 1.0 35 750 9,500 1,040 6 WT 7.4 36 1.0 20 1,600 450 90 7.2 105 3.0 120 1,900 5,250 1,000

-'L 7.7 55 1.0 270 1,350 18,000 2,050 7 WT 7.7 39 0.1 14 300 400 80 WM 7.8 80 2.0 40 550 1,450 480 WL 7.9 24 1.0 205 1,250 11,000 1,275 8 WT 7.8 48 0.1 30 1,250 1,350 438 WM 7.9 50 1.0 40 400 1,450 390 WL 7.9 16 1.0 -

185 850 10,750 1,080 9 WT 8.0 47 3.0 18 325 975 204 NM 7.9 28 0.5 10 250 850 220 WL 8.0 20 1.0 225 800 11,000 1,400 WET 7.9 58 1.0 53 600 3,200 405 WEM 7.8 55 1.0 650 2,600 370 WEL 8.0 48 1.0 225 800 13,500 1,300 these numbers'n PPM 131

b. SOIL EROSION TEST SITES Methods Two soil erosion test sites were set up in the cooling canal system , one on berm 2 at the north end of section 5, and the other on berm 30, also at the north end of section 5. At each site, four pipes were driven through the berms and into the underlying rock. Each pipe was marked with a reference point and the distance to the berm soil measured. Also, an averaging cross was then placed on. the pipe at each station and the distance from the tips of the cross to the berm soil measured. Comparison of these measurements from period to period will allow the determination of changes in the height of the berms. In addition, a 12 to 18 inch deep trough was dug on the slope of the berm, perpendicular to the flow in the canals. The depth of the trough was measured to deter-mine possible erosion due to rainfall.

Rainfall data used was collected by the MRI rain gauge at the South Dade Meterological Site.

If the soil is oxidized, blown off of the berms by wind, or washed away by the rain, the effect should be. measurable. This will provide the information needed to assess the rate at which erosion occurs.

132

0 0

Discussion and Conclusions Of the three methods tried, the averaging cross gave the most consistent data (Table 1 ). The "vertical reference point" was discontinued due to three factors. Pirst, the pipes tended to corrode and the outer metal flaked off so previous marks were impossible to find. Second, the act of pounding, the pipe into the ground disrupted the soil directly adjacent to the. pipe, leaving results obtained questionable. Third, rain water running down the pipe caused additional erosion around the pipe which introduced error into the results.

Analysis of the data shows that the net change on berm 2, section 5 was 0.0 for both methods, seeming to indicate that no erosion took place. However, this is misleading since in the "run-through trough" method 'the upper station decreased by 0.7 inches while the lower sta'tion increased by the same amount. This indicated that dirt was washed from the upper station to the lower one.

The results from the average cross for berm 30, section 5, show an average decrease of 0.13, indicating that erosion has occurred at a rate of 0.0023 inches, per inch of rainfall.

The run-through trough data of this site shows an increase. which is due to the'ides of the trough eroding and settling in the bottom.

133

The most dramatic effects of erosion are still found in simple qualitative observations. Wave action has caused 1 to 2 foot deep caves to be out into shore lines. Stakes, used to tie up airboats at various stations are seemingly getting closer to the shoreline. Rocks and shells can be seen sitting atop one and two inch pedestals of substrate material. Mud-slides can be seen at. various areas along the canal banks.

All of the above are clea'r indications of water (rain and waves) and/or, to a lesser extent wind erosion.

134

Table 1. The averaging cross and run-through trough methods oz determining soil erosion for 1977 on the Turkey Point Cooling Canal Berms.

AVERAGE CROSS METHOD Average Decrease/ Average Decrease/

Berm S'ection Station Station (in.) Site (in. )

NORTH -.01 0.00 EAST SOUTH .01

+.

02'0.

30 NORTH 19 -0. 13 EAST SOUTH -0.08 WEST -0.13 RUN-THROUGH TROUGH METHOD Average Decrease Berm Section Station Decrease for Site Upper -0.07 0.00 Lower +0.07 30 5 Upper +0.02 +0.04 I

Lower +0.06 1,

Rainfall = 55.59 inches

• Station overgrown by vegetation

+ Plus denotes gain rather than decrease 135

c. SOIL TEMPERATURES Method Soil temperatures were monitored at the iVatural Vegetation Study Sites. Temperatures at the sites were checked at one inch and one foot below the soils surface at each of three levels; high, middle, and low. "High" indicates the top or highest part of the berm. "Low" indicates an area approximately one foot above the water line. "Middle" indicates an area approximately equi-distant between th'e "high" and "low" levels. Ambient air temperatures were taken chest. high in shadow at the top of the berm at each site. Ambient. water tempera-tures were taken near the shore;line of each site at a depth of approximately one foot. The soil temperature program data for the four quarters beginning January, 1977 are shown in Tables 1-4.

II I

Discussion and Conclusions The heterogenous character of the soil masks any tendencies or correlations between temperature and soil type. The. heat retention and conduction properties of highly organic substrates is different.'-from that of the clays. Yet in a majority of sample sites, the different.

layers (peat, muck, clay) and thus the soil types have been mechanically disturbed so as to produce a "marbled-136

H 0

cake" effect. For example, there are pockets and layers of muck covered by clay, and swirls of mucky-clay in black organic soil areas. Soil temperatures under these conditions can fluctuate as much as 4o F per horizontal foot at a. soil depth of one foot.

There is evidence of some correlation between low level soil temperature and the ambient water tempera-tures (Fig. 1-4). There is still no correlation between temperatures at different levels. Surface temperatures still tend to relate to short term environmental factors

~such as cloud, cover or cool nights, etc.

137

95 F 90 F 85 F 80 F L A L A /.M

75 F H

A M/

./

~

L 70 F 65 F Section Soil types Clay Organic Org./Mucky Mucky Clay Clay Clay Figure l. Air, water and soil temperatures as a function of section and soil type on April 6, 1977.

W = ambient water temperatures A = ambient- air temperatures:

H = high level soil temp. at.

M = middle level soil. temp. at.

lft. depth lft.

L = low level soil temp. at lft. depthdepth 138

W 100oF 95 F 90 F

/ H M.

85 F I I

/ 4 ~

/

/

I M

H

~ ~

'L

/

80 F H 75 F 70 F'ection Soil types Clay Organic Org./Mucky'ucky Clay Clay Figure 2. Air, water., and soil temperatures as a function of section and soil type on July 20, 1977.

W = ambient water temperatures A = ambient air. temperatures H = high 1'evel soil temp. at M =- middle level soil temp. at lft.

lft.depth L = low level soil temp. at lft. depthdepth 139'

95 F 90 F 85 F W

W L

H

~~q l~ ,H A i N.

HM A 80 F A x,M H

~ 'LM

>1' H

75 F 70 F Section. 1 Soil types Clay Organic Org./Mucky Mucky Clay Clay Clay Figure 3. Air, water, and soil temperatures as a function of section and soil type on.

October 15, 1977.

W = ambient water temperatures A = ambient air temperatures H = high level soil temp. at lft. depth lft."

middle level soil temp. at M =

L = low level soil temp. at lft. depthdepth 140

90 F 85o F 80 F 75 F M. A 70o F LA' ---~---H---~~-- -H .M M~ .. 'ML ~

H 65 F 60 F Section 1 Sail types Clay Organic Organic Mucky Clay Clay Figure 4. Air., water and soil temperatures as a function of section and soil. type on January 18, 1978.

W = ambient water temperatures A = ambient air temperatures H = high level soil temp. at 1 ft. depth M = middle level soil temp. at 1 ft. depth L. = low level. soil temp. at 1 ft. depth 141

Table l. A comparison of soil type and soil temperatures elevation.

taken on April 6, 1977 as a function of Soil Types Organic Mucky Clay Clay Site *2-04-00 3-10-80 3-23-100 4-08-124 1-05-00 5-05-171 Levels High **78.2/78.7 71.5/75.0 74.0/74.5 74.3/76.4 78.0/75.9 75.4/76.0 Middle 77.8/78.1 69.4/69.8 80.0/73.3 76.9/79.0 77.8/75.6 76.4/76.1 Low 76.2/76.8 . 68.4/69.8 80.0/72.8 77.2/80.0 77.4/80.0 80.1/76.1 Means 77.4/77.9 69.7/71.5 78.0/73.5 76.1/78.4 77.7/77.2 77.3/76.1 Range 02.0/01.9 03.1/05.2 06.0/01.7 02.9/03.6 00.6/04.4 04.7/00.1

• 2-04-00 = Section 2, Berm 4, Station 00.

• • Temperatures in F at depths of 1 inch/1 foot below soil surface.

Table 2. A comparison of soil temperatures taken on July 20, 1977 as a function of soil type and elevation.

Soil Types Organic Mucky Clay Clay Site *2-04-00 3-10-80 3-23-100 4-08-124 1-05-00 5-05-171 Levels High **98.2/90.3 89.0/87.0 90.9/82.9 81.9/84.9 86.5/80.1 93.1/84.8 Middle 89.0/84.8 84.5/81.9 89.9/85.8 88.5/83.9 91.0/86.1 92.0/82.3 Low 91.5/83.9 87.1/84.8 95.0/85.8 92.0/84.9 88.9/86.5 84.1/82 '

Means 92.9/86.3 86.9/84.6 91.9/84.8 89.9/84.5 88.8/84.2 89.7/83.1 Range 06.7/06.4 04.5/05.1 04.1/02.9 02.9/01. 0 04.5/06.4 09.0/02.6

• 2-04-00 = Section 2, Berm 4, Station 00.

• • Temperatures in F at depths of 1 inch/1 foot below soil surface.

0 Table 3 . A comparison of soil temperatures taken on October 15, 1977 as a function of soil type and elevation.

Soil Types Organic Mucky Clay Clay Site *2-04-00 3-10-80 3-23-100 4-08-124 1-05-00 5-05-171 Levels IIigh **75.7/83.1 77.3/77.5 83.2/79.2 81.7/84.5 75.5/81.3 77.3/76.0 Middle 72.0/77.4 78.5/79.0 80.1/81.5 80.5/79.5 71.0/81.2 85.2/79,3 Low 79.8/86.5 78.8/81.1 76.1/81.3 77.0/79.6 71.5/89 ' 75.8/79.3 Means 75.8/82.4 78.2/79.2 79.8/80.7 79.8/81.2 72.7/83.9 79.5/78.5 Range 07.8/09.1 01.5/03.6 07.1/02.1 04.7/05.0 04'.5/07.9 09.4/02.5

• 2-04-00 = Section 2, Berm 4, Station 00.

• • Temperatures in 0F at depaths of 1 inch/1 foot below soil surface.

Table 4. A comparison of soil temperatures taken on January 1978 as a function of soil type and elevation.

I Soil Types Organic Mucky Clay 'Clay Site ~2-04-00 3-10-80 3-23-100 4-08-124 1-05-00 5-05-171 Levels High 70.3/70.9 72.5/70;-3 73.5/69.4 75.7/70.8 69.8/68.0 80.4/73-5 Middle 71.5/63,8 71.6/69.8 75-5/72.3 76.5/68.0 71.5/70-3 77.2/69.5 Low 70.5/69.1 70.2/70.8 7&.5/70.6 74.8/69.1 70.7/71.2 77.6/68.5 Means 70.8/67.9 71,4/70,3 75,8/70,77 75.7/69.3 70.7/69.8 78.4/70.5 Range 1.2/7.3. 2.3/1.0 5.0/2.9 1.7/2.8 1.7/3.2 3 '/5.0

• 2-04-00 = Section 2, Berm 4, Station 00.

• • Temperatures in F at depths of 1 inch/ 1 foot below soil surface.

XZZ.K A RZAL PHOTOGRP~HS Due to consistently overcast skies, the color and color infrared photographs were not taken over tne Turkey Point site until late January, 1978. The actual photographs were not printed by the contractor until late February and therefore, the assessment could not be done on time for this report. However, this assessment will be sent to the NRC by i>larch 31, 1978.

IIZ.L CHLORINE USAGE The condenser and water boxes of Unit 3 were inspected December 1, 1977. Unit 4's condenser and water boxes were inspected on October 21, 1977. On December 1, 1977, the intake wells were inspected for organic growth. Units 3 and 4 intake wells, condenser and water boxes were found

.I to be in a satisfactory state of cleanliness, therefore, not requiring chlorination at this time.

ZV. RECORDS AND CHANGES ZN SURVEY PROCEDURES None V. SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES NOT REQUIRED BY THE E. T ~ S Section ZIZ.H of this report analyzes data collected which was not required by the E.T:.S.

VZ. VIOLATION OF THE E. T.S.

None VII ~ UNUSUAL EVENTS ~ CHANGES TO'HE PLANT g E ~ T S ~ PEBMZTS'R CERTIFICATES None VXII. STUDIES REQUIRED BY THE E.T.'S. NOT INCLUDED IN THIS'EPORT See Section ZIZ.K 146