ML103620453

NRC Summary Effluent Report (2007) - Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants

ML103620453
Person / Time
Issue date:	12/28/2010
From:	Conatser R, Daugherty N Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education
To:
Conatser, Richard 415-4039
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Download: ML103620453 (76)

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Radio oactive Efflue ents from Nucle ear Power Plantts Annual Report R 2007 Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation U.S. Nuclear Reggulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001

This page intentionally left blank Radioactive Efffluents From Nuclear Power Plants Annual Report 200 07 Prepared By:

N. Daugherty, Oak Ridge Institute fo or Science and Education R. Conatser, U.S. Nuclear Regulatorry Commission Prepared for Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commissio on Washington, DC 20555-0001

This page intentionally left blank ABSTRACT This report describes radioactive effluents from commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the United States. This information was reported by the licensees for radioactive discharges that occurred in 2007. The report provides information relevant to the potential impact of NPPs on the environment and on public health. The report includes information on:

• radionuclides in liquid and gaseous effluents from NPPs and

• radiation doses to the public from NPP effluents.

This report is a summary of the effluent data reported by the NPPs. To view all the information contained in the Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports from each NPP, visit the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Web site at http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html.

The radionuclide and radiation dose data in this report are intended to provide the reader with a means to quickly characterize the effluents from any NPP. The data presented are considered by the NRC to be particularly relevant to the potential impact of NPPs on public health and the environment. The radionuclides selected for inclusion are either the most predominant in radioactive effluents or are particularly useful indicators of overall releases. The radiation doses in the report are those most directly associated with potential public health impact.

For purposes of comparison, the data also include the median (midpoint) radionuclide concentrations, as well as the applicable NRC dose limits and design objectives. Finally, the results of the National Council on Radiation Protections assessment of radiation exposure to the U.S. population also are included so the reader can compare the dose from NPP effluents relative to natural background and other sources of radiation exposure.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants i

This page intentionally left blank ii Annual Report 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .............................................................................................iv ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................vi 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Scope .......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Source of Data ............................................................................................................. 1-6 1.4 Limitations of the Data ................................................................................................. 1-6 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA ............................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Airborne and Liquid Effluents ....................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Radiation Dose to the Public ........................................................................................ 2-3 2.3 Other Sources of Radiation Dose to the U.S. Population ............................................. 2-4 3

SUMMARY

........................................................................................................................... 3-1 4 TABLES AND GRAPHS ..................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Effluent Data ................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 Radiation Dose .......................................................................................................... 4-35 5 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 5-1 6 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ 6-1 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants iii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES 1.1 Nuclear Power Plants, 2007 .......................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Reactors for Which the NRC Has Normalized Data on a Unit-specific Basis ................ 1-8 2.1 Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents, 2007 .................................................................... 2-2 2.2 Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents, 2007 ......................................................................... 2-3 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2007 ................... 4-1 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases Iodine, 2007 ...................................................................... 4-2 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates, 2007 .............................................. 4-3 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases Tritium, 2007 ..................................................................... 4-5 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2007 ................... 4-6 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases Iodine, 2007 ...................................................................... 4-8 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates, 2007 .............................................. 4-9 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases Tritium, 2007 ................................................................... 4-11 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2007 .................. 4-12 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases Tritium, 2007 ....................................................................... 4-13 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2007 .................. 4-14 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases Tritium, 2007 ....................................................................... 4-16 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2007 .............................. 4-35 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2007 ............................... 4-36 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2007 ........... 4-37 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2007 ........... 4-38 iv Annual Report 2007

FIGURES 2.1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to the U.S. Population................................................. 2-6 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases .......................... 4-17 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases Iodine ............................................................................ 4-18 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates ..................................................... 4-19 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases Tritium ........................................................................... 4-20 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases .......................... 4-21 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases Iodine ............................................................................ 4-23 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates ..................................................... 4-25 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases Tritium ........................................................................... 4-27 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products ........................... 4-29 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases Tritium ................................................................................ 4-30 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products ........................... 4-31 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases Tritium ................................................................................ 4-33 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose ........................................ 4-39 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose ........................................ 4-40 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose .................... 4-42 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose .................... 4-43 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants v

ABBREVIATIONS ALARA as low as is reasonably achievable ARERR Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Report BWR boiling water reactor CFR Code of Federal Regulations NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements NPP nuclear power plant NRR U.S. NRC, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation ODCM Offsite Dose Calculation Manual PWR pressurized water reactor (U.S.) EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) NRC United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission vi Annual Report 2007

Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE This report describes radioactive effluents from commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the United States during calendar year 2007. It is based on an extensive amount of information submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) by all U.S. NPP licensees. The original information was submitted by the NPPs in their Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports (ARERRs) and comprises several thousand pages of data. These reports may be viewed in their entirety on the NRC Web site (http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html).

For the years between 1972 and 1993, this type of annual information was condensed in a tabular format and published as a large volume of raw information (Ref. 1-22). An evaluation of the practice of generating annual reports revealed the need for a more concise summary report that presented the information in a more intuitive, graphic format (Ref. 23).

The purpose of this report is to condense an extremely large volume of technical information into a few graphs and tables from which the reader can quickly, if broadly, characterize the effluents from any U.S. NPP. These graphs and tables are designed to provide easily understandable information for the public at large, while also providing experienced professionals with enough information to evaluate trends in industry performance and to identify potential performance issues for individual power plants. Those users wanting more extensive and detailed information are encouraged to retrieve the original ARERRs from the NRC Web site.

1.2 SCOPE This report summarizes data from all NPPs that were in commercial operation between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2007. A list of NPPs for which information is included in this report is provided in Table 1.1.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-1

TABLE 1.1 Nuclear Power Plants, 2007 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Arkansas 1 & 2 PWR Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO), Russellville, AR Units 1 & 2 Beaver Valley 1 & 2 PWR Beaver Valley, Units 1 & 2 Shippingport, PA Braidwood 1 & 2 PWR Braidwood Generating Station, Braceville, IL Units 1 & 2 Browns Ferry 1, 2, & 3 BWR Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Decatur, AL Units 1, 2, & 3 Brunswick 1 & 2 BWR Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, Southport, NC Units 1 & 2 Byron 1 & 2 PWR Byron Generating Station, Byron, IL Units 1 & 2 Callaway PWR Callaway Plant, Unit 1 Callaway, MO Calvert Cliffs 1, 2 PWR Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Lusby, MD Plant, Units 1 & 2 Catawba 1, 2 PWR Catawba Nuclear Station, York, SC Units 1 & 2 Clinton BWR Clinton Power Station Clinton, IL Columbia Generating BWR Columbia Generating Station Richland, WA Comanche Peak 1, 2 PWR Comanche Peak Steam Electric Glen Rose, TX Station, Units 1 & 2 Cook 1, 2 PWR Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, Bridgman, MI Units 1 & 2 Cooper Station BWR Cooper Nuclear Station Brownville, NE Crystal River 3 PWR Crystal River, Unit 3 Crystal River, FL Davis-Besse PWR Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Oak Harbor, OH Station, Unit 1 Diablo Canyon 1, 2 PWR Diablo Canyon, Units 1 & 2 Avila Beach, CA Dresden 2, 3 BWR Dresden Generating Station, Morris, IL Units 2 & 3 Duane Arnold BWR Duane Arnold Energy Center Palo, IA Farley 1 & 2 PWR Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Plant, Ashford, AL Units 1 & 2 Fermi 2 BWR Fermi 2 Nuclear Power Plant Newport, MI 1-2 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2007 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Fitzpatrick BWR James A. FitzPatrick Lycoming, NY Nuclear Power Plant Fort Calhoun PWR Fort Calhoun Station, Unit 1 Fort Calhoun, NE Ginna PWR R.E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1 Ontario, NY Grand Gulf BWR Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, Port Gibson, MS Unit 1 Harris PWR Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant, New Hill, NC Unit 1 Hatch 1, 2 BWR Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Plant, Units 1 & Baxley, GA 2

Hope Creek BWR Hope Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 Hancocks Bridge, NJ Indian Point 2, 3 PWR Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, NY Units 2 & 3 Kewaunee PWR Kewaunee Power Station Kewaunee, WI LaSalle 1, 2 BWR LaSalle County Generating Station, Marseilles, IL Units 1 & 2 Limerick 1, 2 BWR Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Saratoga, PA McGuire 1, 2 PWR McGuire Nuclear Station, Huntersville, NC Units 1 & 2 Millstone 2, 3 PWR Millstone Power Station, Units 2 & 3 Waterford, CT Monticello BWR Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant Monticello, MN Nine Mile Point 1, 2 BWR Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, Units 1 Lycoming, NY

&2 North Anna 1, 2 PWR North Anna Power Station, Mineral, VA Units 1 & 2 Oconee 1, 2, 3 PWR Oconee Nuclear Station, Seneca, SC Units 1, 2, & 3 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-3

TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2007 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Oyster Creek BWR Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Forked River, NJ Station Palisades PWR Palisades Nuclear Plant Covert, MI Palo Verde 1, 2, 3 PWR Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, Phoenix, AZ Units 1, 2, & 3 Peach Bottom 2, 3 BWR Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, Delta, PA Units 2 & 3 Perry BWR Perry Nuclear Power Plant, Perry, OH Unit 1 Pilgrim BWR Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1 Plymouth, MA Point Beach 1, 2 PWR Point Beach Nuclear Plant, Two Rivers, WI Units 1 & 2 Prairie Island 1, 2 PWR Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Welch, MN Units 1 & 2 Quad Cities 1, 2 BWR Quad Cities Generating Station, Units 1 Cordova, IL

&2 River Bend BWR River Bend Station, Unit 1 St. Francisville, LA Robinson 2 PWR H. B. Robinson Steam Electric Plant, Hartsville, SC Unit 2 Salem 1, 2 PWR Salem Nuclear Generating Station, Hancocks Bridge, NJ Units 1 & 2 San Onofre 2, 3 PWR San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, San Clemente, CA Units 2 & 3 Seabrook PWR Seabrook Station, Unit 1 Seabrook, NH Sequoyah 1, 2 PWR Sequoyah Nuclear Plant, Soddy-Daisy, TN Units 1 & 2 South Texas 1, 2 PWR South Texas Project Electric Generating Wadsworth, TX Station, Units 1 & 2 St. Lucie 1, 2 PWR St. Lucie Nuclear Plant, Ft. Pierce, FL Units 1 & 2 Summer PWR Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station, Unit 1 Jenkinsville, SC Surry 1, 2 PWR Surry Power Station, Units 1 & 2 Surry, VA Susquehanna 1, 2 BWR Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Berwick, PA Units 1 & 2 1-4 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2007 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Three Mile Island 1 PWR Three Mile Island Generating Station, Harrisburg, PA Unit 1 Turkey Point 3, 4 PWR Turkey Point Nuclear Plant, Princeton, FL Units 3 & 4 Vermont Yankee BWR Vermont Yankee Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Vernon, VT Vogtle 1, 2 PWR Vogtle Electric Generating Waynesboro, GA Plant, Units 1 & 2 Waterford 3 PWR Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit Killona, LA 3

Watts Bar PWR Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Spring City, TN Wolf Creek PWR Wolf Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 Burlington, KS Reactors No Longer In Commercial Operation Big Rock Point BWR Big Rock Point Restoration Project Charlevoix, MI Dresden 1 BWR Dresden Generating Station, Unit 1 Morris, IL Haddam Neck PWR Haddam Neck Nuclear Plant Site Haddam Neck, CT Humboldt Bay BWR Humboldt Bay Power Plant, Eureka, CA Unit 3 Indian Point 1 PWR Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, NY Unit 1 Lacrosse BWR LaCrosse Boiling Water Reactor Genoa, WI Maine Yankee PWR Maine Yankee Bath, ME Millstone 1 PWR Millstone Power Station, Waterford, CT Unit 1 Rancho Seco PWR Rancho Seco, Unit 1 Herald, CA San Onofre 1 PWR San Onofre Nuclear Generating San Clemente, CA Station, Unit 1 Three Mile Island 2 PWR Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Middletown, PA Unit 2 Trojan PWR Trojan Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Portland, OR Yankee-Rowe PWR Yankee Nuclear Power Station Franklin Co., MA Zion 1, 2 PWR Zion Generating Station, Warrenville, IL Units 1 & 2 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-5

The NRC uses the information on radioactive releases to ensure NPPs are operated within regulatory requirements and consistent with the objective of maintaining radiation doses as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). For this summary report, only information submitted with regard to NRC reporting requirements and guidance is included.

The Big Rock Point, Haddam Neck, Humboldt Bay, Lacrosse, Maine Yankee, Rancho Seco, Trojan, Yankee-Rowe and Zion 1 and 2 reactor sites are shutdown and are not collocated with an operating reactor. The data from these shutdown reactors are not included in the tables in this report. The Dresden 1, Millstone 1, and Three Mile Island 2 reactors are shutdown and are collocated with one of more operating reactors. For these shutdown reactors, the licensee reports data for the shutdown unit separately from the operating units, and the results from these shutdown reactors are not included in this report. For the Indian Point 1 and San Onofre 1 reactor sites, which are shutdown and collocated beside two operating units, the licensee reports the sum of the effluents from the shutdown unit with one (or both) of the operating units.

For these shutdown reactors, the effluent data are included with (and attributed to) one or more of the operating units in this report.

1.3 SOURCE OF DATA Each commercial nuclear power plant in the United States is authorized by the NRC to release small amounts of radioactive materials to the environment as specified in the licensing documents for the plant. NRC regulations require each NPP to establish and maintain a program for monitoring radioactive effluents (10 CFR 50.36 and 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, Section IV.B) and to report these effluents in an Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Report (10 CFR 50.36a) (Ref. 24). Licensees submit their reports to the NRC with content and format in accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.21 (Ref. 25).

The information included in this document was obtained from the licensees ARERRs. Individual licensee reports are available in the NRC Public Document Room, One White Flint North, 11555 Rockville Pike (first floor), Rockville, Maryland 20852, phone 1-800-397-4209 or 301-415-4737; in local Public Document Rooms located near each licensed facility; and on the Internet as posted on the NRCs public Web site at http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html.

The data from these reports are entered into a database that is maintained by the NRC. The public may access this database through an NRC Web site (http://www.reirs.com/effluent/). The data are entered into the database as they are reported by each site.

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA Some NPPs have more than one reactor unit located at a site. If the licensee reports data separately for each reactor unit, those data are reflected in this report as reported by the licensee. Because some licensees are allowed to operate multi-unit sites with a common radioactive waste processing system, the NRC allows these licensees to report total effluents 1-6 Annual Report 2007

from the site instead of reporting the totals from each reactor unit. This complicates the task of presenting the effluent information in a manner that allows both (1) a direct comparison of one reactor unit to another, and (2) a direct comparison of each reactor unit to NRC limits and regulations.

For purposes of presentation in this report, the data are normalized on a per-unit basis. For multi-unit sites where the effluents are from a common radioactive waste system, the effluents are divided equally between the units in operation during that year. For example, Calvert Cliffs has two units (1 and 2) with a common radioactive waste processing system. For this report, the total effluents for Calvert Cliffs were split equally between Unit 1 and Unit 2. In the case of Beaver Valley, the licensee reports gaseous effluents from four sources: Unit 1, Unit 2, a common plant vent, and a common building vent. In this case, the releases from the common vents are split equally between Unit 1 and Unit 2, and the totals for each unit then are calculated. In those cases where the licensee does not report unit-specific data, the NRC has -

for purposes of presentation in this report - split the data on a unit-specific basis. This may affect either the radionuclide data or the dose data (or both). The affected NPPs and the type of data affected are listed in table 1-2.

Although there are other methods of normalizing effluent data (e.g., on the basis of thermal or electrical power generation), the unit-based method selected (1) is most intuitive, (2) is most directly comparable with the NRC required design objectives, and (3) is easily derived from the effluent data supplied by the licensee. This approach satisfies a primary objective for this report:

to allow the reader to quickly formulate reasonable comparisons between reactors and with the regulatory limits. It should be noted, however, that the actual unit contributions to a common multi-unit release might be different than the equal distribution calculated with this approach.

Care has been taken to assure that the information contained in this report accurately reflects the information provided by the licensees. The report includes licensees corrections submitted to the NRC up to the time of publication. However, if licensees submit amendments to the data in accordance with NRC regulatory guidance, the NRC reserves the right to update the data in future reports. For the most current data, the reader should use the most recent versions of the NPPs ARERRs and the NRCs annual summary report, which are available on the NRC Web site.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-7

TABLE 1.2 Reactors for Which the NRC Has Normalized Data on a Unit-specific Basis Boiling Water Pressurized Water Reactors (BWRs) Reactors (PWRs)

Browns Ferry Beaver Valley 1, 2 & 3 (R, D) 1 & 2 (R)

Brunswick Calvert Cliffs 1 & 2 (R, D) 1 & 2 (R, D)

Dresden Catawba 2 & 3 (R) 1 & 2 (R, D)

LaSalle Comanche Peak 1 & 2 (R, D) 1 & 2 (R, D)

Limerick Cook 1 & 2 (R, D) 1 & 2 (R, D)

Nine Mile Point Diablo Canyon 1 & 2 (D) 1 & 2 (R)

Peach Bottom Indian Point 2 & 3 (R, D) 1 & 2 (R, D)

Quad Cities McGuire 1 & 2 (R, D) 1 & 2 (R, D)

Susquehanna North Anna 1 & 2 (R) 1 & 2 (R, D)

Oconee 1, 2 & 3 (R, D)

Point Beach 1 & 2 (R, D)

Prairie Island 1 & 2 (R, D)

Salem 1 & 2 (D)

San Onofre 2 & 3 (R, D)

Sequoyah 1 & 2 (R, D)

Surry 1 & 2 (R, D)

Notes:

R = Radionuclide Data, D = Dose Data 1-8 Annual Report 2007

Section 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 2.1 AIRBORNE AND LIQUID EFFLUENTS The effluent data are presented in Section 4 as tables and graphs. Tables 4.1 through 4.12 list the total measured activities of selected radionuclides in gaseous and liquid effluents during 2007. These data are illustrated in Figures 4.1 through 4.12. If there is no value listed in a particular cell in a table, it is because the licensee indicated the radionuclide was not detected at that NPP. In those cases, the corresponding graph will not contain information on that radionuclide at that NPP.

For comparison purposes, median values are included on some tables and graphs. The median is a statistical estimate of the midpoint of the data. It is a method of estimating a central or typical value while avoiding bias caused by extremely high or low values in the data set. All sites are included when calculating the medians, even those sites for which no measurable release of a particular radionuclide is reported. If the majority of reactors did not detect a nuclide, the median will be blank.

The tables and graphs are organized by reactor type: boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The tables and graphs are further subdivided into liquid and gaseous effluents. Finally, the data are subdivided into effluent radionuclide categories.

In order to present the airborne and liquid effluent data in a manner that is both useful and concise, only selected radionuclides are included in the tables and graphs of this report. The radionuclides included are listed by effluent category in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.

The unit used for calculating and reporting effluent activity is the curie (Ci), a traditional unit for reporting radioactivity in the United States. Other countries report radionuclide activity in units of becquerels (Bq). One curie equals 3.7E+10 (3.7 x 1010) becquerels.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-1

TABLE 2.1 Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents, 2007 Gaseous Effluent Some Common Radionuclides in Radionuclides Included Categories this Category in this Report Fission and Krypton (85, 85m, 87, 88) Kr-85 Activation Gases Xenon (131, 131m, 133, 133m, Xe-133 135, 135m) Xe-135 Argon (41)

Iodines/Halogens Iodine (131, 132, 133, 134, 135) I-131 Bromine (82)

Particulates Cobalt (58, 60) Co-58 Cesium (134, 137) Co-60 Chromium (51) Cs-134 Manganese (54) Cs-137 Niobium (95)

Tritium Hydrogen (3) H-3 Gross Alpha Total alpha activity from all Not Presented in this Report alpha emitters The radionuclides highlighted in this report are good indicators of total radioactive releases from the site, and they can provide additional information about operational practices at the site. For example, although there are more than 11 radionuclides in the category of fission and activation gases, only 3 (Kr-85, Xe-133, and Xe-135) were selected for inclusion in this report.

These three were chosen because as their activity increases, the activity of other fission and activation gases typically increases as well. Conversely, if the activity of these three radionuclides is very low, the activity of other fission and activation gases tends to be low also.

In addition, the ratios of the activities of selected radionuclides can provide insights into fuel performance, radioactive waste system operation, and general radioactive waste handling practices at a site. The interested reader wanting to see all radionuclides released from NPPs is encouraged to review the detailed, site-specific ARERRs on the NRC Web site.

2-2 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 2.2 Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents, 2007 Liquid Effluent Some Common Radionuclides in Radionuclides Included Categories this Category in this Report Mixed Fission and Iron (55) Fe-55 Activation Products Cobalt (58, 60) Co-58 Cesium (134, 137) Co-60 Chromium (51) Cs-134 Manganese (54) Cs-137 Zirconium (95) I-131 Niobium (95)

Iodine (131, 133, 135)

Tritium Hydrogen (3) H-3 Dissolved and Krypton (85, 85m, 87, 88) Not Presented in this Report Entrained Noble Xenon (131, 133, 133m, 135, 135m)

Gases Alpha Total alpha activity from all alpha Not Presented in this Report emitters 2.2 RADIATION DOSE TO THE PUBLIC Each licensee calculates radiation doses from radioactive effluents in accordance with requirements of 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, (Ref. 24) based on:

1. actual measurements of the radioactive materials released to the environment,

2. models of how radionuclides are dispersed and diluted in the environment,

3. models of how radionuclides are incorporated into animals, plants, and soil, and

4. biokinetic models of human uptake and metabolism of radioactive materials.

These models are designed to calculate the doses to the individuals closest to the NPP or the individuals who may be exposed to the highest concentrations of radioactive materials from radioactive effluents. This is often referred to as the maximum exposed individual. The parameters and assumptions used in these calculations typically include conservative assumptions that tend to overestimate the calculated exposures. As a result, the actual doses received by real individuals are often much less than those calculated. Guidance for these calculations is provided in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.109, and licensees have incorporated this Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-3

guidance into their Offsite Dose Calculation Manuals (ODCM) (Ref. 26). ODCMs are available in the NRC Public Document Room and in local Public Document Rooms (e.g., public libraries) located near each NPP. The interested reader may refer to these documents for additional information about dose calculations.

The traditional unit for reporting radiation dose in the United States is the millirem (mrem). Other countries report radiation dose in units of sieverts (Sv). One millirem equals 0.00001 sievert.

The number 0.00001 is often represented in scientific notation as 1 x 10-5 or 1E-05.

Once the doses are calculated as described in the preceding paragraphs, the calculated doses are compared to the operating limits for a NPP. Licensees have established operating limits for plant systems to control the amounts of radioactive materials released from NPPs. The NRC requires these operating limits to be established in accordance with the design objectives in 10 CFR 50, Appendix I (Ref. 24). These operating limits are designed to ensure radioactive effluents from NPPs are kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). It should be understood that these are operating limits for plant systems and are not safety limits. If a licensee would exceed one of these operating limits, they are required to take corrective actions to ensure the plant systems are functioning as designed. Maintaining the design functions of plant systems is critical to ensure radioactive releases do not exceed the dose limits in 10 CFR 20 (which are federal safety limits) (Ref. 27). For purposes of comparison, the operating limits are set to a small fraction (typically about 3%) of the federal safety limits. Licensees have incorporated several different operating limits into their ODCMs as required by their Technical Specifications to satisfy NRC regulatory requirements.

Radiation doses from plant effluents are summarized in Section 4 (Tables 4.13 through 4.16 and Figures 4.13 through 4.16). These graphs and figures contain the annual organ doses (for gaseous and liquid effluents), the annual total body doses (for liquid effluents), and the corresponding operating limits. These doses are measures of the potential impact of NPP effluents on public health and the environment. For multi-unit sites, the operating limits are established on a per-unit basis. If there is no value listed in a particular cell of a table, it is because the value was not reported by the licensee. In such cases, the corresponding graph will not contain dose information for that NPP. Although only the annual organ doses and the annual total body doses are included in this report, other doses calculated by the NPPs are included in the individual NPP ARERRs, available on the NRC Web site.

2.3 OTHER SOURCES OF RADIATION DOSE TO THE U.S. POPULATION For comparison with NPP effluents, this section provides a perspective on the doses that Americans typically receive on average from natural and background radiation.

In March 2009, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) published Report No. 160 as an update to the 1987 NCRP Report No. 93, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States (Refs. 28, 29). Report No. 160 describes the 2-4 Annual Report 2007

doses to the U.S. population from all sources of ionizing radiation for 2006, the most recent data available at the time the report was written. The report also includes information on the variability of those doses from one individual to another. The NCRP estimated that the average person in the United States receives the equivalent of about 620 mrem of radiation dose each year. NCRP Report No. 160 describes each of the sources of radiation that contribute to this dose, including:

1. naturally-occurring sources (natural background) such as cosmic radiation from space, terrestrial radiation from radioactive materials in the earth, and naturally occurring radioactive materials in food people eat and air people breathe;

2. medical sources from diagnosis and treatment of health disorders using radioactive pharmaceuticals and radiation-producing equipment;

3. consumer products;

4. industrial processes, security devices, educational tools, and research activities;

5. exposures of workers that result from their occupations.

Figure 2.1 is a pie chart showing the relative contributions of these sources to radiation dose to the U.S. population. Larger relative contributors to dose are represented by proportionally larger slices of the pie. Doses to the public from nuclear power generation are included in the industrial category; doses to workers from nuclear power generation are included in the category of occupational dose.

Doses to the public due to effluents from NPPs are less than 0.1% of what the average person receives each year from all sources of radiation. Doses to workers from occupational exposures, including those received from work at NPPs, also are less than 0.1% of the average dose to a member of the public from all sources.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-5

FIGURE 2.1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to the U.S. Population Percent contribution of various sources of exposure to the total collective effective dose and the total effective dose per individual in the U.S. population for 2006. Percent values have been rounded to the nearest 1%, except for those <1 % [less than 1%]. Credit: Modification to image courtesy of National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

2-6 Annual Report 2007

Section 3

SUMMARY

The effluent data from 2007 have been compiled and reported in the following section. The information contained in this report characterizes liquid and gaseous effluents from all United States nuclear power plants (NPPs) in commercial operation for calendar year 2007. Although all NPPs released some amount of radioactive materials in 2007, none of the effluents from any NPP exceeded any NRC limit, any NRC design objective, or any of the licensees operating limits for radioactive effluents.

The effluent data provided in this report are considered by the NRC to be particularly relevant to the potential impact of the NPPs on public health and the environment. The radionuclides highlighted in this report are good indicators of the total radioactive releases from the site and they provide additional information about operational practices at a site. The radiation doses in this report are those most directly associated with potential public health impact from radioactive effluents.

The statistical medians of the effluent values, the corresponding operating limits, and the results of NCRPs assessment of radiation exposure to the U.S. population are provided for comparison to the effluent data. Comparisons between NPPs should be approached with caution because differences in fuel conditions, fuel cycle length, radwaste processing equipment, reactor types, reactor ages, electrical outputs, and operating conditions can have an effect on radioactive effluents.

More complete and detailed information, including copies of the NPP Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports, is available to the public on the NRC Web site.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 3-1

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Section 4 TABLES AND GRAPHS 4.1 EFFLUENT DATA TABLE 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2007 Kr-85 Xe-133 Xe-135 Kr-85 Xe-133 Xe-135 BWR Facility BWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci)

Browns Oyster Creek 2.06E+01 Ferry 1 Browns Limerick 1 1.62E-01 1.34E+01 7.61E+00 Ferry 2 Browns Hope Creek 2.51E+01 8.65E+00 Ferry 3 Nine Mile Clinton 3.42E+01 2.75E+00 Point 1 Fermi 2 Dresden 2 5.96E+00 5.51E+01 Vermont Dresden 3 5.96E+00 5.51E+01 Yankee Hatch 1 4.62E-02 Brunswick 1 2.15E+01 5.89E+01 Hatch 2 4.62E-02 Brunswick 2 2.15E+01 5.89E+01 Susquehanna Peach 2.79E-01 1.70E-02 7.98E+01 6.10E+00 1 Bottom 2 Susquehanna Peach 2.79E-01 1.70E-02 7.98E+01 6.10E+00 2 Bottom 3 Perry 2.98E-01 1.60E+00 1.07E+00 Monticello 1.03E+02 1.69E+01 Columbia Nine Mile 3.50E+00 2.11E-02 1.15E+02 6.30E+00 Generating Point 2 Limerick 2 1.62E-01 2.08E+00 1.67E+00 Grand Gulf 9.07E+01 1.07E+02 Cooper 3.82E-01 5.14E+00 Fitzpatrick 1.00E+02 1.07E+02 Station Quad Cities 1 8.64E+00 1.05E+00 River Bend 4.89E+01 1.60E+02 Quad Cities 2 8.64E+00 1.05E+00 Pilgrim 1.98E+02 1.08E+02 Duane Arnold 9.00E+00 3.35E+00 LaSalle 1 3.65E+02 6.01E-01 BWR Median 5.96E+00 3.35E+00 LaSalle 2 3.65E+02 6.01E-01 Release Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-1

TABLE 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases Iodine, 2007 BWR Facility I-131 (Ci) BWR Facility I-131 (Ci)

Susquehanna 1 1.16E-06 Dresden 3 8.15E-04 Susquehanna 2 1.16E-06 Quad Cities 1 1.00E-03 Columbia Generating 4.95E-06 Quad Cities 2 1.00E-03 Vermont Yankee 2.71E-05 Hope Creek 1.21E-03 Limerick 1 2.76E-05 Nine Mile Point 2 1.68E-03 Limerick 2 2.76E-05 Oyster Creek 1.75E-03 Duane Arnold 3.46E-05 Fermi 2 2.69E-03 Clinton 4.20E-05 Fitzpatrick 3.06E-03 Hatch 2 7.51E-05 Peach Bottom 2 4.17E-03 Hatch 1 8.09E-05 Peach Bottom 3 4.17E-03 Cooper Station 1.77E-04 Monticello 5.19E-03 Browns Ferry 1 3.68E-04 Pilgrim 1.46E-02 Browns Ferry 2 3.68E-04 River Bend 1.81E-02 Browns Ferry 3 3.68E-04 Brunswick 1 3.82E-02 Perry 4.73E-04 Brunswick 2 3.82E-02 Nine Mile Point 1 4.87E-04 LaSalle 1 4.01E-02 Dresden 2 8.15E-04 LaSalle 2 4.01E-02 BWR Median Release 8.15E-04 Grand Gulf 4.28E-02 4-2 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates, 2007 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 BWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci)

Hope Creek River Bend Vermont Yankee Hatch 1 3.08E-07 Hatch 2 3.08E-07 Clinton 1.16E-05 Fitzpatrick 1.83E-06 2.76E-05 3.58E-07 Limerick 1 3.24E-05 Limerick 2 3.24E-05 Perry 3.56E-05 Grand Gulf 9.70E-06 3.14E-05 Peach Bottom 2 1.31E-06 5.26E-05 1.28E-05 Peach Bottom 3 1.31E-06 5.26E-05 1.28E-05 Pilgrim 5.50E-06 6.68E-05 1.65E-05 3.37E-05 Duane Arnold 2.30E-05 1.23E-04 Brunswick 1 5.51E-06 1.49E-04 7.75E-07 5.84E-06 Brunswick 2 5.51E-06 1.49E-04 7.75E-07 5.84E-06 BWR Median Release 3.33E-06 1.44E-04 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-3

TABLE 4.3 (continued)

BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates, 2007 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 BWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci (Ci)

Browns Ferry 1 2.28E-05 1.44E-04 2.50E-05 Browns Ferry 2 2.28E-05 1.44E-04 2.50E-05 Browns Ferry 3 2.28E-05 1.44E-04 2.50E-05 Cooper Station 2.11E-06 1.98E-04 7.33E-07 Nine Mile Point 2 9.21E-06 1.94E-04 Fermi 2 6.55E-05 1.77E-04 Oyster Creek 5.10E-05 2.08E-04 Susquehanna 1 3.43E-06 2.93E-04 Susquehanna 2 3.43E-06 2.93E-04 LaSalle 1 3.18E-04 6.55E-05 LaSalle 2 3.18E-04 6.55E-05 Dresden 2 8.08E-06 3.98E-04 Dresden 3 8.08E-06 3.98E-04 Monticello 3.33E-06 2.98E-04 1.34E-04 Quad Cities 1 4.85E-04 1.65E-05 Quad Cities 2 4.85E-04 1.65E-05 Columbia Generating 5.81E-05 5.30E-04 Nine Mile Point 1 7.09E-05 3.77E-03 8.39E-06 1.66E-04 4-4 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases Tritium, 2007 BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) BWR Facility H-3 (Ci)

Duane Arnold Hope Creek 2.59E+01 Perry Peach Bottom 2 2.66E+01 Quad Cities 1 Peach Bottom 3 2.66E+01 Quad Cities 2 Hatch 1 3.51E+01 Limerick 1 3.28E+00 Clinton 3.75E+01 Limerick 2 3.28E+00 Monticello 3.95E+01 Vermont Yankee 6.01E+00 Hatch 2 4.34E+01 Dresden 2 1.05E+01 Susquehanna 1 4.47E+01 Dresden 3 1.05E+01 Susquehanna 2 4.47E+01 Browns Ferry 1 1.15E+01 Columbia Generating 4.48E+01 Browns Ferry 2 1.15E+01 Oyster Creek 4.58E+01 Browns Ferry 3 1.15E+01 LaSalle 1 4.76E+01 Fitzpatrick 1.40E+01 LaSalle 2 4.76E+01 Grand Gulf 1.56E+01 Pilgrim 5.86E+01 River Bend 1.94E+01 Fermi 2 1.25E+02 Nine Mile Point 1 1.97E+01 Brunswick 1 1.28E+02 Cooper Station 1.98E+01 Brunswick 2 1.28E+02 BWR Median Release 2.59E+01 Nine Mile Point 2 1.38E+02 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-5

TABLE 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2007 PWR Facility Kr-85 (Ci) Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci)

Palo Verde 3 2.69E-05 4.02E-08 Seabrook 1.99E-03 4.29E-04 Vogtle 1 1.21E-02 2.53E-05 Farley 2 1.81E-02 3.40E-05 South Texas 1 2.29E-02 Wolf Creek 9.08E-03 4.17E-03 3.28E-02 Prairie Island 1 4.75E-02 1.22E-03 6.60E-04 Prairie Island 2 4.75E-02 1.22E-03 6.60E-04 Point Beach 1 4.98E-02 2.40E-03 Point Beach 2 4.98E-02 2.40E-03 Kewaunee 7.51E-02 2.76E-03 McGuire 1 5.08E-02 2.67E-02 2.61E-03 McGuire 2 5.08E-02 2.67E-02 2.61E-03 Beaver Valley 2 2.84E-03 9.42E-02 4.15E-02 Salem 1 2.15E-01 8.18E-03 Byron 2 3.77E-03 2.14E-01 2.17E-02 Palo Verde 1 6.39E-04 2.40E-01 2.02E-03 Beaver Valley 1 2.84E-03 2.16E-01 4.15E-02 Diablo Canyon 1 4.55E-02 2.50E-01 3.09E-04 Diablo Canyon 2 4.55E-02 2.50E-01 3.09E-04 Byron 1 3.77E-03 3.04E-01 1.39E-03 Robinson 2 1.67E-02 5.83E-01 1.96E-03 Salem 2 7.75E-01 1.52E-04 Ginna 9.12E-01 6.37E-03 Catawba 1 7.00E-03 8.80E-01 6.92E-02 Catawba 2 7.00E-03 8.80E-01 6.92E-02 Surry 1 9.33E-01 2.76E-02 Surry 2 9.33E-01 2.76E-02 Summer 4.48E-04 1.03E+00 Indian Point 2 5.77E-01 4.95E-01 1.24E-01 Harris 8.48E-03 1.42E+00 1.02E-01 Millstone 2 1.39E+00 3.64E-01 2.20E-03 Fort Calhoun 2.05E-03 2.00E+00 4.45E-02 St. Lucie 1 2.10E+00 9.32E-01 Three Mile Island 1 2.91E+00 9.99E-01 8.04E-03 PWR Median Release 2.60E-02 1.42E+00 2.76E-02 4-6 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.5 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2007 PWR Facility Kr-85 (Ci) Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci)

Cook 1 3.31E+00 1.03E+00 3.71E-03 Cook 2 3.31E+00 1.03E+00 3.71E-03 Crystal River 3 1.32E+00 2.88E+00 2.45E-01 St. Lucie 2 1.54E-01 4.74E+00 3.61E-01 Turkey Point 3 6.03E+00 1.70E-04 Turkey Point 4 5.84E+00 1.95E-01 Comanche Peak 1 1.33E+00 4.88E+00 8.14E-02 Comanche Peak 2 1.33E+00 4.88E+00 8.14E-02 Arkansas 2 4.72E-01 6.88E+00 Indian Point 3 8.96E-02 7.51E+00 2.23E-02 Davis-Besse 3.41E+00 4.20E+00 6.23E-02 North Anna 1 8.46E-01 7.23E+00 2.74E-01 North Anna 2 8.46E-01 7.23E+00 2.74E-01 Braidwood 2 2.58E+00 5.85E+00 3.67E-02 Arkansas 1 1.06E+00 7.51E+00 Palo Verde 2 8.60E+00 Braidwood 1 2.58E+00 6.45E+00 3.67E-02 Sequoyah 1 9.03E+00 4.80E-01 Sequoyah 2 9.03E+00 4.80E-01 Farley 1 7.92E+00 3.23E+00 Watts Bar 4.19E-01 1.57E+01 7.14E-01 Callaway 1.44E+00 1.70E+01 8.71E-01 Waterford 3 2.60E-02 3.58E+01 4.69E+00 South Texas 2 4.40E+01 Millstone 3 1.16E+01 3.31E+01 7.26E-01 San Onofre 2 1.87E+00 4.70E+01 1.52E-03 San Onofre 3 1.87E+00 4.70E+01 1.52E-03 Vogtle 2 8.49E+01 3.14E-01 Oconee 1 1.19E+00 1.05E+02 6.13E+00 Oconee 2 1.19E+00 1.05E+02 6.13E+00 Oconee 3 1.19E+00 1.05E+02 6.13E+00 Calvert Cliffs 1 7.16E+01 2.28E+02 1.32E+01 Calvert Cliffs 2 7.16E+01 2.28E+02 1.32E+01 Palisades 6.29E+00 3.30E+02 1.14E+00 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-7

TABLE 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases Iodine, 2007 PWR Facility I-131 (Ci) PWR Facility I-131 (Ci)

Catawba 1 PWR Median Release 4.34E-06 Catawba 2 Turkey Point 3 4.94E-06 Comanche Peak 1 Turkey Point 4 4.94E-06 Comanche Peak 2 Waterford 3 5.10E-06 Diablo Canyon 1 St. Lucie 1 8.96E-06 Diablo Canyon 2 Three Mile Island 1 9.22E-06 Fort Calhoun Farley 1 9.31E-06 Ginna Salem 1 1.30E-05 Harris Davis-Besse 1.38E-05 Indian Point 2 Arkansas 1 1.98E-05 Kewaunee Byron 1 2.48E-05 Palo Verde 3 Braidwood 1 2.73E-05 Prairie Island 1 Arkansas 2 3.22E-05 Prairie Island 2 Watts Bar 3.62E-05 Seabrook Palo Verde 2 4.30E-05 South Texas 1 Sequoyah 1 4.90E-05 Summer Sequoyah 2 4.90E-05 Surry 1 Braidwood 2 5.54E-05 Surry 2 Cook 1 7.34E-05 Vogtle 1 Cook 2 7.34E-05 Wolf Creek Millstone 2 8.56E-05 Farley 2 1.99E-08 Indian Point 3 1.42E-04 Beaver Valley 1 1.25E-07 San Onofre 2 1.50E-04 Beaver Valley 2 1.25E-07 San Onofre 3 1.50E-04 Vogtle 2 4.86E-07 Palo Verde 1 2.31E-04 Salem 2 1.05E-06 North Anna 1 4.31E-04 McGuire 1 1.29E-06 North Anna 2 4.31E-04 McGuire 2 1.29E-06 St. Lucie 2 4.51E-04 South Texas 2 1.79E-06 Oconee 1 8.94E-04 Crystal River 3 1.89E-06 Oconee 2 8.94E-04 Byron 2 2.63E-06 Oconee 3 8.94E-04 Robinson 2 2.99E-06 Millstone 3 2.23E-03 Point Beach 1 3.71E-06 Calvert Cliffs 1 2.38E-03 Point Beach 2 3.71E-06 Calvert Cliffs 2 2.38E-03 Callaway 4.34E-06 Palisades 3.26E-02 4-8 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates, 2007 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 PWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci)

Arkansas 1 Arkansas 2 Beaver Valley 2 Braidwood 1 Braidwood 2 Byron 1 Byron 2 Calvert Cliffs 1 Calvert Cliffs 2 Catawba 1 Catawba 2 Cook 1 Cook 2 Farley 2 Ginna Indian Point 2 Indian Point 3 Kewaunee Palisades Palo Verde 2 Salem 1 Salem 2 Seabrook Summer Turkey Point 3 Turkey Point 4 Wolf Creek Point Beach 1 8.25E-11 Point Beach 2 8.25E-11 Farley 1 6.78E-08 Vogtle 1 2.74E-07 Crystal River 3 1.95E-07 1.55E-07 Harris 5.04E-07 3.79E-09 Fort Calhoun 5.38E-07 Millstone 2 3.20E-07 5.67E-07 PWR Median Release Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-9

TABLE 4.7 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates, 2007 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 PWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci)

Comanche Peak 1 9.56E-07 Comanche Peak 2 9.56E-07 Surry 1 1.07E-06 8.25E-09 Surry 2 1.07E-06 8.25E-09 Diablo Canyon 1 1.12E-06 Diablo Canyon 2 1.12E-06 South Texas 1 6.27E-07 1.01E-06 Waterford 3 2.03E-06 Prairie Island 1 2.09E-06 Prairie Island 2 2.09E-06 Watts Bar 5.70E-06 Vogtle 2 4.42E-06 1.30E-06 Robinson 2 5.01E-06 9.78E-07 4.76E-08 Oconee 1 9.59E-06 6.47E-07 3.33E-07 Oconee 2 9.59E-06 6.47E-07 3.33E-07 Oconee 3 9.59E-06 6.47E-07 3.33E-07 St. Lucie 1 9.25E-06 4.27E-06 Sequoyah 1 6.55E-06 7.45E-06 Sequoyah 2 6.55E-06 7.45E-06 St. Lucie 2 4.79E-06 2.02E-06 7.20E-06 McGuire 1 1.81E-05 McGuire 2 1.81E-05 Callaway 4.62E-06 1.36E-05 Three Mile Island 1 2.53E-05 Davis-Besse 4.80E-05 Beaver Valley 1 1.51E-04 2.29E-05 3.06E-07 South Texas 2 2.06E-04 2.87E-05 6.58E-08 1.73E-07 Millstone 3 2.97E-04 4.96E-05 1.07E-04 5.73E-05 San Onofre 2 3.59E-04 1.55E-04 6.70E-06 San Onofre 3 3.59E-04 1.55E-04 6.70E-06 Palo Verde 1 5.32E-04 9.30E-05 2.30E-05 Palo Verde 3 2.16E-03 3.89E-04 1.11E-05 North Anna 1 1.69E-06 1.87E-06 5.16E-03 North Anna 2 1.69E-06 1.87E-06 5.16E-03 4-10 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases Tritium, 2007 PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) PWR Facility H-3 (Ci)

Palisades PWR Median Release 3.15E+01 Calvert Cliffs 1 2.98E+00 South Texas 2 3.62E+01 Calvert Cliffs 2 2.98E+00 Watts Bar 3.64E+01 Summer 4.39E+00 Braidwood 1 3.64E+01 Fort Calhoun 4.65E+00 Callaway 4.12E+01 Prairie Island 1 5.90E+00 San Onofre 2 4.21E+01 Prairie Island 2 5.90E+00 San Onofre 3 4.21E+01 Robinson 2 6.68E+00 Byron 2 4.26E+01 Turkey Point 4 7.70E+00 Point Beach 1 4.31E+01 Millstone 2 7.87E+00 Point Beach 2 4.31E+01 Farley 2 9.93E+00 Wolf Creek 4.31E+01 Vogtle 2 1.00E+01 Davis-Besse 5.52E+01 Turkey Point 3 1.05E+01 Millstone 3 5.52E+01 Crystal River 3 1.19E+01 Vogtle 1 6.11E+01 Kewaunee 1.22E+01 St. Lucie 1 6.40E+01 Indian Point 3 1.34E+01 Sequoyah 1 6.56E+01 Beaver Valley 1 1.34E+01 Sequoyah 2 6.56E+01 Beaver Valley 2 1.34E+01 St. Lucie 2 7.41E+01 Indian Point 2 1.45E+01 Three Mile Island 1 8.52E+01 Braidwood 2 1.70E+01 Catawba 1 9.40E+01 Oconee 1 1.90E+01 Catawba 2 9.40E+01 Oconee 2 1.90E+01 Diablo Canyon 1 1.02E+02 Oconee 3 1.90E+01 Diablo Canyon 2 1.02E+02 Farley 1 2.21E+01 McGuire 1 1.02E+02 Byron 1 2.26E+01 McGuire 2 1.02E+02 Arkansas 1 2.60E+01 Seabrook 1.18E+02 South Texas 1 2.73E+01 Salem 2 1.23E+02 Arkansas 2 2.74E+01 Waterford 3 1.32E+02 North Anna 1 2.76E+01 Cook 1 1.46E+02 North Anna 2 2.76E+01 Cook 2 1.46E+02 Comanche Peak 1 2.79E+01 Harris 2.36E+02 Comanche Peak 2 2.79E+01 Salem 1 2.52E+02 Ginna 2.80E+01 Palo Verde 2 5.78E+02 Surry 1 3.15E+01 Palo Verde 1 5.96E+02 Surry 2 3.15E+01 Palo Verde 3 7.60E+02 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-11

TABLE 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2007 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 Fe-55 I-131 BWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci)

Clinton Columbia Generating Cooper Station Duane Arnold Fermi 2 LaSalle 1 LaSalle 2 Nine Mile Point 1 Nine Mile Point 2 Oyster Creek Vermont Yankee Monticello 2.12E-08 8.42E-08 1.60E-08 Fitzpatrick 1.17E-05 Pilgrim 1.75E-05 1.64E-05 8.92E-05 Susquehanna 1 9.39E-06 1.47E-04 3.81E-07 Susquehanna 2 9.39E-06 1.47E-04 3.81E-07 Hatch 2 3.98E-06 2.83E-04 4.03E-05 1.43E-04 BWR Median Release 9.39E-06 1.79E-04 6.65E-06 Quad Cities 1 1.26E-05 1.79E-04 6.50E-05 6.40E-04 Quad Cities 2 1.26E-05 1.79E-04 6.50E-05 6.40E-04 Limerick 1 7.32E-05 1.77E-03 4.36E-06 1.90E-04 1.09E-06 Limerick 2 7.32E-05 1.77E-03 4.36E-06 1.90E-04 1.09E-06 Perry 3.76E-05 1.87E-03 3.41E-04 Brunswick 1 3.51E-05 9.90E-04 1.90E-05 1.36E-04 4.56E-04 6.88E-04 Brunswick 2 3.51E-05 9.90E-04 1.90E-05 1.36E-04 4.56E-04 6.88E-04 River Bend 1.68E-05 2.43E-03 2.10E-03 Hatch 1 3.01E-06 1.82E-03 8.28E-04 2.33E-03 Dresden 2 3.00E-05 2.80E-04 6.65E-06 1.79E-02 Dresden 3 3.00E-05 2.80E-04 6.65E-06 1.79E-02 Browns Ferry 1 3.19E-05 3.51E-03 2.82E-03 1.22E-02 1.92E-05 1.38E-04 Browns Ferry 2 3.19E-05 3.51E-03 2.82E-03 1.22E-02 1.92E-05 1.38E-04 Browns Ferry 3 3.19E-05 3.51E-03 2.82E-03 1.22E-02 1.92E-05 1.38E-04 Hope Creek 9.82E-04 4.33E-03 3.08E-04 4.28E-04 2.86E-02 1.67E-05 Grand Gulf 6.48E-03 2.25E-02 8.70E-05 7.47E-02 4.55E-04 Peach Bottom 2 1.40E-02 1.66E-01 1.29E-03 1.82E-02 5.50E-06 Peach Bottom 3 1.40E-02 1.66E-01 1.29E-03 1.82E-02 5.50E-06 4-12 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases Tritium, 2007 BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) BWR Facility H-3 (Ci)

Clinton Peach Bottom 3 2.02E+00 Columbia Generating Hope Creek 9.53E+00 Cooper Station Browns Ferry 1 1.05E+01 Duane Arnold Browns Ferry 2 1.05E+01 Fermi 2 Browns Ferry 3 1.05E+01 LaSalle 1 Hatch 2 2.20E+01 LaSalle 2 Hatch 1 2.35E+01 Nine Mile Point 1 Limerick 1 2.36E+01 Nine Mile Point 2 Limerick 2 2.36E+01 Oyster Creek Susquehanna 1 3.52E+01 Vermont Yankee Susquehanna 2 3.52E+01 Monticello 2.27E-05 Perry 4.64E+01 Fitzpatrick 1.26E-01 Dresden 2 7.96E+01 Pilgrim 2.25E-01 Dresden 3 7.96E+01 Quad Cities 1 5.30E-01 Grand Gulf 1.04E+02 Quad Cities 2 5.30E-01 River Bend 1.31E+02 Peach Bottom 2 2.02E+00 Brunswick 1 1.31E+02 BWR Median Release 2.02E+00 Brunswick 2 1.31E+02 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-13

TABLE 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2007 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 Fe-55 I-131 PWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci)

Palo Verde 1 Palo Verde 2 Palo Verde 3 Braidwood 1 4.45E-04 3.27E-04 2.90E-05 1.93E-05 6.94E-06 Braidwood 2 4.45E-04 3.27E-04 2.90E-05 1.93E-05 6.94E-06 Ginna 8.39E-04 1.77E-04 Comanche Peak 1 5.24E-04 2.91E-04 2.64E-04 Comanche Peak 2 5.24E-04 2.91E-04 2.64E-04 Cook 1 6.46E-04 3.61E-04 4.62E-05 5.64E-05 2.60E-04 1.20E-06 Cook 2 6.46E-04 3.61E-04 4.62E-05 5.64E-05 2.60E-04 1.20E-06 Salem 2 1.26E-03 5.53E-04 7.89E-06 2.64E-04 Three Mile Island 1 2.71E-05 1.65E-03 8.44E-04 Fort Calhoun 9.21E-04 8.44E-04 5.89E-05 5.27E-04 6.22E-04 Wolf Creek 2.88E-03 3.09E-04 7.98E-05 3.26E-05 Oconee 1 5.27E-03 1.39E-05 1.18E-04 6.73E-05 Oconee 2 5.27E-03 1.39E-05 1.18E-04 6.73E-05 Oconee 3 5.27E-03 1.39E-05 1.18E-04 6.73E-05 Calvert Cliffs 1 9.40E-04 3.01E-04 1.53E-04 1.79E-04 3.65E-03 2.53E-04 Calvert Cliffs 2 9.40E-04 3.01E-04 1.53E-04 1.79E-04 3.65E-03 2.53E-04 Indian Point 3 2.21E-03 2.49E-03 5.22E-05 1.37E-04 1.17E-03 4.72E-05 South Texas 1 9.06E-04 4.02E-03 2.79E-05 2.23E-04 1.69E-03 South Texas 2 1.32E-03 4.08E-03 4.36E-06 9.87E-05 1.59E-03 Salem 1 4.18E-03 1.86E-03 7.25E-05 1.76E-03 Crystal River 3 6.15E-04 7.04E-03 1.67E-06 1.41E-04 8.86E-05 1.06E-06 Byron 1 7.04E-03 1.30E-03 Byron 2 7.04E-03 1.30E-03 Point Beach 1 3.13E-03 2.72E-03 5.25E-05 3.11E-03 1.87E-05 Point Beach 2 3.13E-03 2.72E-03 5.25E-05 3.11E-03 1.87E-05 Millstone 2 7.32E-04 1.90E-03 9.80E-04 1.76E-03 4.09E-03 2.08E-06 Vogtle 2 2.97E-03 2.15E-03 5.95E-06 8.53E-05 4.66E-03 Robinson 2 2.36E-03 2.26E-03 6.16E-05 5.38E-03 Surry 1 5.42E-03 3.51E-03 1.57E-03 3.74E-06 Surry 2 5.42E-03 3.51E-03 1.57E-03 3.74E-06 Davis-Besse 3.71E-04 1.13E-04 1.93E-04 7.39E-04 1.02E-02 Callaway 4.08E-03 1.64E-03 2.03E-03 3.97E-03 PWR Median Release 3.68E-03 2.22E-03 5.95E-06 1.25E-04 2.88E-03 6.87E-07 4-14 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.11 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2007 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 Fe-55 I-131 PWR Facility (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci) (Ci)

McGuire 1 4.96E-03 1.65E-03 1.17E-03 4.04E-03 1.02E-06 McGuire 2 4.96E-03 1.65E-03 1.17E-03 4.04E-03 1.02E-06 Summer 1.94E-03 3.23E-03 1.21E-03 1.43E-03 5.61E-03 1.07E-05 Catawba 1 8.77E-03 5.31E-03 4.02E-07 8.56E-05 Catawba 2 8.77E-03 5.31E-03 4.02E-07 8.56E-05 Indian Point 2 2.29E-03 1.45E-03 5.56E-04 1.06E-02 Diablo Canyon 1 6.11E-03 3.61E-03 1.03E-07 5.18E-03 9.15E-06 Diablo Canyon 2 6.11E-03 3.61E-03 1.03E-07 5.18E-03 9.15E-06 Prairie Island 1 3.14E-03 1.38E-03 7.01E-06 1.14E-02 Prairie Island 2 3.14E-03 1.38E-03 7.01E-06 1.14E-02 St. Lucie 1 7.68E-03 3.31E-03 5.81E-06 1.25E-04 6.33E-03 1.51E-05 St. Lucie 2 7.68E-03 3.31E-03 5.81E-06 1.25E-04 6.33E-03 1.51E-05 San Onofre 2 5.65E-03 3.65E-03 1.17E-04 1.64E-03 8.10E-03 San Onofre 3 5.65E-03 3.65E-03 1.17E-04 1.64E-03 8.10E-03 Seabrook 2.15E-03 1.90E-03 1.20E-05 1.66E-02 Kewaunee 2.61E-03 4.97E-03 1.40E-02 Arkansas 2 2.37E-03 2.22E-03 8.59E-06 3.18E-04 1.67E-02 Turkey Point 3 1.35E-02 1.65E-03 3.34E-06 8.42E-05 6.96E-03 Turkey Point 4 1.35E-02 1.65E-03 3.34E-06 8.42E-05 6.96E-03 Harris 1.46E-02 4.95E-03 1.55E-04 2.88E-03 Vogtle 1 2.72E-03 6.17E-03 6.33E-05 8.56E-04 1.54E-02 Farley 1 1.39E-02 1.02E-02 7.83E-06 1.15E-04 3.04E-03 Palisades 1.60E-02 1.22E-02 2.72E-04 3.21E-04 Farley 2 1.09E-02 1.17E-02 1.57E-05 5.50E-04 6.81E-03 6.87E-07 Millstone 3 3.68E-03 9.85E-03 8.79E-04 6.49E-04 1.95E-02 1.20E-03 Arkansas 1 2.84E-02 2.26E-03 1.38E-04 6.03E-03 3.47E-04 6.10E-04 Beaver Valley 1 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 1.19E-05 1.04E-03 1.83E-02 Beaver Valley 2 1.57E-02 7.53E-03 1.19E-05 1.04E-03 1.83E-02 Sequoyah 1 2.59E-02 1.15E-02 1.32E-03 2.56E-03 9.77E-03 2.87E-04 Sequoyah 2 2.59E-02 1.15E-02 1.32E-03 2.56E-03 9.77E-03 2.87E-04 North Anna 1 1.35E-02 3.77E-02 1.99E-03 7.67E-03 1.04E-02 1.87E-04 North Anna 2 1.35E-02 3.77E-02 1.99E-03 7.67E-03 1.04E-02 1.87E-04 Watts Bar 1.22E-02 1.46E-02 5.33E-03 4.58E-03 4.51E-02 5.38E-04 Waterford 3 1.13E-01 6.25E-03 1.72E-04 3.85E-06 3.86E-02 1.33E-04 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-15

TABLE 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases Tritium, 2007 PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) PWR Facility H-3 (Ci)

Palo Verde 1 PWR Median Release 5.51E+02 Palo Verde 2 Beaver Valley 2 5.51E+02 Palo Verde 3 Three Mile Island 1 5.67E+02 Millstone 2 1.49E+02 North Anna 1 5.82E+02 Fort Calhoun 1.65E+02 North Anna 2 5.82E+02 Summer 1.69E+02 Surry 1 5.89E+02 Kewaunee 2.39E+02 Surry 2 5.89E+02 Comanche Peak 1 2.66E+02 Waterford 3 5.94E+02 Comanche Peak 2 2.66E+02 Farley 1 5.99E+02 Vogtle 2 2.69E+02 Watts Bar 6.05E+02 Point Beach 1 2.94E+02 Harris 6.65E+02 Point Beach 2 2.94E+02 Catawba 1 6.94E+02 Oconee 1 3.04E+02 Catawba 2 6.94E+02 Oconee 2 3.04E+02 Indian Point 2 6.94E+02 Oconee 3 3.04E+02 South Texas 1 7.08E+02 Robinson 2 3.58E+02 Crystal River 3 7.13E+02 Prairie Island 1 3.60E+02 South Texas 2 7.19E+02 Prairie Island 2 3.60E+02 Callaway 7.71E+02 Arkansas 2 4.02E+02 Indian Point 3 7.74E+02 St. Lucie 1 4.11E+02 Salem 1 7.75E+02 St. Lucie 2 4.11E+02 McGuire 1 8.17E+02 Calvert Cliffs 1 4.14E+02 McGuire 2 8.17E+02 Calvert Cliffs 2 4.14E+02 Wolf Creek 8.23E+02 Ginna 4.14E+02 Palisades 8.39E+02 Braidwood 1 4.43E+02 San Onofre 2 9.08E+02 Braidwood 2 4.43E+02 San Onofre 3 9.08E+02 Arkansas 1 4.56E+02 Sequoyah 1 9.36E+02 Salem 2 4.60E+02 Sequoyah 2 9.36E+02 Seabrook 4.81E+02 Millstone 3 1.04E+03 Vogtle 1 4.87E+02 Byron 1 1.37E+03 Turkey Point 3 5.04E+02 Byron 2 1.37E+03 Turkey Point 4 5.04E+02 Diablo Canyon 1 1.60E+03 Davis-Besse 5.18E+02 Diablo Canyon 2 1.60E+03 Farley 2 5.46E+02 Cook 1 1.77E+03 Beaver Valley 1 5.51E+02 Cook 2 1.77E+03 4-16 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases LaSalle 2 LaSalle 1 Pilgrim River Bend Fitzpatrick Grand Gulf Nine Mile Point 2 Monticello Peach Bottom 3 Peach Bottom 2 Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 Dresden 3 Dresden 2 Nine Mile Point 1 Hope Creek Limerick 1 Oyster Creek BWR Median Release Duane Arnold Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 Cooper Station Limerick 2 Columbia Generating Perry Susquehanna 2 Susquehanna 1 Hatch 2 Hatch 1 Vermont Yankee Fermi 2 Clinton Kr-85 Browns Ferry 3 Xe-133 Browns Ferry 2 Xe-135 Browns Ferry 1 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-17

FIGURE 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases Iodine Grand Gulf LaSalle 2 LaSalle 1 Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 River Bend Pilgrim Monticello Peach Bottom 3 Peach Bottom 2 Fitzpatrick Fermi 2 Oyster Creek Nine Mile Point 2 Hope Creek Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 Dresden 3 BWR Median Release Dresden 2 Nine Mile Point 1 Perry Browns Ferry 3 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 1 Cooper Station Hatch 1 Hatch 2 Clinton Duane Arnold Limerick 2 Limerick 1 Vermont Yankee Columbia Generating Susquehanna 2 I-131 Susquehanna 1 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-18 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates Nine Mile Point 1 Columbia Generating Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 Monticello Dresden 3 Dresden 2 LaSalle 2 LaSalle 1 Susquehanna 2 Susquehanna 1 Oyster Creek Fermi 2 Nine Mile Point 2 Cooper Station Browns Ferry 3 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 1 BWR Median Release Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 Duane Arnold Pilgrim Peach Bottom 3 Peach Bottom 2 Grand Gulf Perry Limerick 2 Limerick 1 Fitzpatrick Clinton Hatch 2 Co-58 Hatch 1 Co-60 Vermont Yankee Cs-134 River Bend Cs-137 Hope Creek 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-19

FIGURE 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases Tritium Nine Mile Point 2 Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 Fermi 2 Pilgrim LaSalle 2 LaSalle 1 Oyster Creek Columbia Generating Susquehanna 2 Susquehanna 1 Hatch 2 Monticello Clinton Hatch 1 Peach Bottom 3 Peach Bottom 2 Hope Creek BWR Median Release Cooper Station Nine Mile Point 1 River Bend Grand Gulf Fitzpatrick Browns Ferry 3 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 1 Dresden 3 Dresden 2 Vermont Yankee Limerick 2 Limerick 1 Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 Perry H-3 Duane Arnold 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-20 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases Palisades Calvert Cliff s 2 Calvert Cliff s 1 Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 Vogtle 2 San Onof re 3 San Onof re 2 Millstone 3 South Texas 2 Waterf ord 3 Callaway Watts Bar Farley 1 Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 Braidwood 1 Palo Verde 2 Arkansas 1 Braidwood 2 North Anna 2 North Anna 1 Davis-Besse Indian Point 3 Arkansas 2 Comanche Peak 2 Comanche Peak 1 Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3 St. Lucie 2 Crystal River 3 Kr-85 Cook 2 Xe-133 Cook 1 Xe-135 PWR Median Release 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-21

FIGURE 4.5 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Fission and Activation Gases PWR Median Release Three Mile Island 1 St. Lucie 1 Fort Calhoun Millstone 2 Harris Indian Point 2 Summer Surry 2 Surry 1 Catawba 2 Catawba 1 Ginna Salem 2 Robinson 2 Byron 1 Diablo Canyon 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Beaver Valley 1 Palo Verde 1 Byron 2 Salem 1 Beaver Valley 2 McGuire 2 McGuire 1 Kewaunee Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Wolf Creek South Texas 1 Farley 2 Kr-85 Vogtle 1 Xe-133 Seabrook Xe-135 Palo Verde 3 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-22 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases Iodine Palisades Calvert Clif fs 2 Calvert Clif fs 1 Millstone 3 Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 St. Lucie 2 North Anna 2 North Anna 1 Palo Verde 1 San Onof re 3 San Onof re 2 Indian Point 3 Millstone 2 Cook 2 Cook 1 Braidwood 2 Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 Palo Verde 2 Watts Bar Arkansas 2 Braidwood 1 Byron 1 Arkansas 1 Davis-Besse Salem 1 Farley 1 Three Mile Island 1 St. Lucie 1 Waterf ord 3 Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3 I-131 PWR Median Release 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-23

FIGURE 4.6 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases Iodine PWR Median Release Callaway Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Robinson 2 Byron 2 Crystal River 3 South Texas 2 McGuire 2 McGuire 1 Salem 2 Vogtle 2 Beaver Valley 2 Beaver Valley 1 Farley 2 Wolf Creek Vogtle 1 Surry 2 Surry 1 Summer South Texas 1 Seabrook Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Palo Verde 3 Kewaunee Indian Point 2 Harris Ginna Fort Calhoun Diablo Canyon 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Comanche Peak 2 Comanche Peak 1 Catawba 2 I-131 Catawba 1 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-24 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates North Anna 2 North Anna 1 Palo Verde 3 Palo Verde 1 San Onof re 3 San Onof re 2 Millstone 3 South Texas 2 Beaver Valley 1 Davis-Besse Three Mile Island 1 Callaway McGuire 2 McGuire 1 St. Lucie 2 Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 St. Lucie 1 Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 Robinson 2 Vogtle 2 Watts Bar Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Waterf ord 3 South Texas 1 Diablo Canyon 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Surry 2 Co-58 Surry 1 Co-60 Comanche Peak 2 Cs-134 Comanche Peak 1 Cs-137 PWR Median Release 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-25

FIGURE 4.7 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases Selected Particulates PWR Median Release Millstone 2 Fort Calhoun Harris Crystal River 3 Vogtle 1 Farley 1 Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Wolf Creek Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3 Summer Seabrook Salem 2 Salem 1 Palo Verde 2 Palisades Kewaunee Indian Point 3 Indian Point 2 Ginna Farley 2 Cook 2 Cook 1 Catawba 2 Catawba 1 Calvert Clif fs 2 Calvert Clif fs 1 Byron 2 Byron 1 Braidwood 2 Co-58 Braidwood 1 Co-60 Beaver Valley 2 Cs-134 Arkansas 2 Cs-137 Arkansas 1 1E-8 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-26 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases Tritium Palo Verde 3 Palo Verde 1 Palo Verde 2 Salem 1 Harris Cook 2 Cook 1 Waterf ord 3 Salem 2 Seabrook McGuire 2 McGuire 1 Diablo Canyon 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Catawba 2 Catawba 1 Three Mile Island 1 St. Lucie 2 Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 St. Lucie 1 Vogtle 1 Millstone 3 Davis-Besse Wolf Creek Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Byron 2 San Onofre 3 San Onofre 2 Callaway Braidwood 1 Watts Bar South Texas 2 H-3 PWR Median Release 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-27

FIGURE 4.8 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases Tritium PWR Median Release Surry 2 Surry 1 Ginna Comanche Peak 2 Comanche Peak 1 North Anna 2 North Anna 1 Arkansas 2 South Texas 1 Arkansas 1 Byron 1 Farley 1 Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 Braidwood 2 Indian Point 2 Beaver Valley 2 Beaver Valley 1 Indian Point 3 Kewaunee Crystal River 3 Turkey Point 3 Vogtle 2 Farley 2 Millstone 2 Turkey Point 4 Robinson 2 Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Fort Calhoun Summer Calvert Clif f s 2 Calvert Clif f s 1 H-3 Palisades 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-28 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products Peach Bottom 3 Peach Bottom 2 Grand Gulf 1 Hope Creek Browns Ferry 3 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 1 Dresden 3 Dresden 2 Hatch 1 River Bend Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 Perry Limerick 2 Limerick 1 Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 BWR Median Release Hatch 2 Susquehanna 2 Susquehanna 1 Pilgrim Fitzpatrick Monticello Vermont Yankee Oyster Creek Nine Mile Point 2 Nine Mile Point 1 LaSalle 2 Co-58 LaSalle 1 Co-60 Fermi 2 Cs-134 Duane Arnold Cs-137 Cooper Station Fe-55 Columbia Generating I-131 Clinton 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-29

FIGURE 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases Tritium Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 River Bend Grand Gulf 1 Dresden 3 Dresden 2 Perry Susquehanna 2 Susquehanna 1 Limerick 2 Limerick 1 Hatch 1 Hatch 2 Browns Ferry 3 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 1 Hope Creek Peach Bottom 3 BWR Median Release Peach Bottom 2 Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 Pilgrim Fitzpatrick Monticello Vermont Yankee Oyster Creek Nine Mile Point 2 Nine Mile Point 1 LaSalle 2 LaSalle 1 Fermi 2 Duane Arnold Cooper Station Columbia Generating H-3 Clinton 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-30 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products Waterf ord 3 Watts Bar North Anna 2 North Anna 1 Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 Beaver Valley 2 Beaver Valley 1 Arkansas 1 Millstone 3 Farley 2 Palisades Farley 1 Vogtle 1 Harris Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3 Arkansas 2 Kewaunee Seabrook San Onof re 3 San Onof re 2 St. Lucie 2 St. Lucie 1 Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Diablo Canyon 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Indian Point 2 Co-58 Catawba 2 Co-60 Catawba 1 Cs-134 Summer Cs-137 McGuire 2 Fe-55 McGuire 1 I-131 PWR Median Release 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-31

FIGURE 4.11 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases Selected Fission and Activation Products PWR Median Release Callaway Davis-Besse Surry 2 Surry 1 Robinson 2 Vogtle 2 Millstone 2 Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Byron 2 Byron 1 Crystal River 3 Salem 1 South Texas 2 South Texas 1 Indian Point 3 Calvert Clif fs 2 Calvert Clif fs 1 Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 Wolf Creek Fort Calhoun Three Mile Island 1 Salem 2 Cook 2 Cook 1 Comanche Peak 2 Comanche Peak 1 Co-58 Ginna Co-60 Braidwood 2 Cs-134 Braidwood 1 Cs-137 Palo Verde 3 Fe-55 Palo Verde 2 I-131 Palo Verde 1 1E-7 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-32 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases Tritium Cook 2 Cook 1 Diablo Canyon 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Byron 2 Byron 1 Millstone 3 Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 San Onof re 3 San Onof re 2 Palisades Wolf Creek McGuire 2 McGuire 1 Salem 1 Indian Point 3 Callaway South Texas 2 Crystal River 3 South Texas 1 Indian Point 2 Catawba 2 Catawba 1 Harris Watts Bar Farley 1 Waterf ord 3 Surry 2 Surry 1 North Anna 2 North Anna 1 Three Mile Island 1 Beaver Valley 2 H-3 PWR Median Release 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-33

FIGURE 4.12 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases Tritium PWR Median Release Beaver Valley 1 Farley 2 Davis-Besse Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3 Vogtle 1 Seabrook Salem 2 Arkansas 1 Braidwood 2 Braidwood 1 Ginna Calvert Clif fs 2 Calvert Clif fs 1 St. Lucie 2 St. Lucie 1 Arkansas 2 Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Robinson 2 Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Vogtle 2 Comanche Peak 2 Comanche Peak 1 Kewaunee Summer Fort Calhoun Millstone 2 Palo Verde 3 Palo Verde 2 H-3 Palo Verde 1 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 Activity Released in 2007 (Ci) 4-34 Annual Report 2007

4.2 RADIATION DOSE TABLE 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2007 Annual Organ BWR Facility Dose (mrem)

Perry 8.29E-05 Clinton 8.17E-04 Vermont Yankee 1.48E-03 Browns Ferry 1 3.33E-03 Browns Ferry 2 3.33E-03 Browns Ferry 3 3.33E-03 Dresden 2 3.61E-03 Limerick 1 5.15E-03 Limerick 2 5.15E-03 Duane Arnold 1.00E-02 Monticello 1.05E-02 Dresden 3 1.13E-02 Hope Creek 1.22E-02 Oyster Creek 1.34E-02 Hatch 1 1.55E-02 Hatch 2 1.99E-02 Columbia Generating 2.40E-02 Nine Mile Point 1 3.10E-02 Nine Mile Point 2 3.10E-02 Fitzpatrick 3.10E-02 Cooper Station 6.34E-02 LaSalle 1 7.35E-02 LaSalle 2 7.35E-02 Fermi 2 7.58E-02 Quad Cities 1 1.28E-01 Quad Cities 2 1.28E-01 Pilgrim 1.60E-01 Brunswick 1 2.31E-01 Brunswick 2 2.31E-01 Susquehanna 1 3.88E-01 Susquehanna 2 4.06E-01 Grand Gulf 7.39E-01 River Bend 7.47E-01 Peach Bottom 2 8.88E-01 Peach Bottom 3 8.88E-01 Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit 1.50E+01 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-35

TABLE 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2007 Annual Organ Annual Organ PWR Facility PWR Facility Dose (mrem) Dose (mrem)

Ginna 1.49E-06 North Anna 2 2.54E-02 Vogtle 2 6.75E-05 Oconee 1 2.56E-02 Turkey Point 4 1.71E-04 Oconee 2 2.56E-02 Turkey Point 3 2.04E-04 Oconee 3 2.56E-02 Kewaunee 2.58E-04 Wolf Creek 3.05E-02 Vogtle 1 3.93E-04 Sequoyah 1 3.70E-02 Diablo Canyon 2 8.32E-04 Sequoyah 2 3.70E-02 South Texas 1 8.68E-04 Comanche Peak 1 3.94E-02 Salem 1 1.02E-03 Comanche Peak 2 3.94E-02 Salem 2 1.02E-03 Watts Bar 3.96E-02 South Texas 2 1.15E-03 Braidwood 1 3.99E-02 Davis-Besse 1.30E-03 Calvert Cliffs 1 6.50E-02 Farley 2 1.36E-03 Calvert Cliffs 2 6.50E-02 Summer 2.31E-03 Braidwood 2 6.98E-02 Indian Point 2 2.43E-03 Surry 1 7.60E-02 Farley 1 3.22E-03 Surry 2 7.60E-02 Diablo Canyon 1 3.76E-03 Robinson 2 9.22E-02 Byron 2 3.86E-03 Beaver Valley 2 9.46E-02 Indian Point 3 3.88E-03 Waterford 3 1.20E-01 Crystal River 3 4.07E-03 McGuire 1 1.22E-01 Millstone 2 4.88E-03 McGuire 2 1.22E-01 St. Lucie 1 6.71E-03 Millstone 3 1.23E-01 Callaway 7.65E-03 Cook 1 1.33E-01 Three Mile Island 1 8.14E-03 Cook 2 1.33E-01 San Onofre 2 8.58E-03 St. Lucie 2 1.37E-01 San Onofre 3 8.58E-03 Palo Verde 2 2.08E-01 Fort Calhoun 8.58E-03 Palo Verde 1 2.17E-01 Byron 1 8.67E-03 Palo Verde 3 2.74E-01 Prairie Island 1 1.63E-02 Beaver Valley 1 2.80E-01 Prairie Island 2 1.63E-02 Harris 3.18E-01 Point Beach 1 1.72E-02 Palisades 3.72E-01 Point Beach 2 1.72E-02 Catawba 1 4.48E-01 Seabrook 1.85E-02 Catawba 2 4.48E-01 Arkansas 1 2.03E-02 Gaseous Effluent 1.50E+01 Arkansas 2 2.38E-02 Operational Limit North Anna 1 2.54E-02 4-36 Annual Report 2007

TABLE 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2007 Annual Total Annual BWR Facility Body Dose Organ Dose (mrem) (mrem)

Clinton Columbia Generating Cooper Station Fermi 2 LaSalle 1 LaSalle 2 Nine Mile Point 1 Nine Mile Point 2 Oyster Creek Vermont Yankee Pilgrim 4.86E-06 7.57E-06 Fitzpatrick 1.96E-05 1.98E-05 Duane Arnold 2.25E-05 2.25E-05 Dresden 3 1.97E-05 3.47E-05 Hope Creek 2.85E-05 1.22E-04 River Bend 9.00E-05 6.75E-04 Brunswick 1 2.79E-04 6.35E-04 Brunswick 2 2.79E-04 6.35E-04 Perry 7.40E-04 8.21E-04 Hatch 2 9.23E-04 1.01E-03 Dresden 2 9.96E-04 1.01E-03 Quad Cities 1 1.02E-03 1.66E-03 Quad Cities 2 1.02E-03 1.66E-03 Susquehanna 1 9.05E-04 1.85E-03 Susquehanna 2 9.05E-04 1.85E-03 Limerick 1 1.91E-03 2.54E-03 Limerick 2 1.91E-03 2.54E-03 Monticello 2.90E-03 5.92E-03 Hatch 1 9.26E-03 1.67E-02 Peach Bottom 2 7.51E-03 1.85E-02 Peach Bottom 3 7.51E-03 1.85E-02 Browns Ferry 1 1.26E-02 1.79E-02 Browns Ferry 2 1.26E-02 1.79E-02 Browns Ferry 3 1.26E-02 1.79E-02 Grand Gulf 1.57E-01 4.72E-01 Liquid Effluent Operational Limit 3.00E+00 1.00E+01 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-37

TABLE 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2007 Annual Annual Annual Annual Total Body Organ Total Body Organ PWR Facility PWR Facility Dose Dose Dose Dose (mrem) (mrem) (mrem) (mrem)

Palo Verde 1 Davis-Besse 8.99E-03 1.19E-02 Palo Verde 2 St. Lucie 1 5.08E-03 1.96E-02 Palo Verde 3 St. Lucie 2 5.08E-03 1.96E-02 Ginna 3.27E-06 3.33E-06 Sequoyah 1 1.43E-02 1.70E-02 Salem 2 2.90E-05 3.32E-05 Sequoyah 2 1.43E-02 1.70E-02 Turkey Point 3 8.40E-05 Harris 1.55E-02 1.99E-02 Turkey Point 4 8.40E-05 Fort Calhoun 1.68E-02 2.01E-02 Salem 1 3.57E-05 5.12E-05 Vogtle 1 1.58E-02 2.26E-02 Robinson 2 9.77E-05 1.13E-04 Callaway 2.16E-02 2.96E-02 Crystal River 3 2.91E-05 1.85E-04 Oconee 1 2.56E-02 2.86E-02 Surry 1 1.43E-04 2.93E-04 Oconee 2 2.56E-02 2.86E-02 Surry 2 1.43E-04 2.93E-04 Oconee 3 2.56E-02 2.86E-02 Indian Point 3 2.14E-04 3.20E-04 Farley 1 8.36E-03 5.01E-02 Millstone 2 1.65E-04 9.11E-04 Farley 2 6.83E-03 6.75E-02 Diablo Canyon 1 5.20E-04 1.00E-03 Catawba 1 3.60E-02 4.38E-02 Diablo Canyon 2 5.20E-04 1.00E-03 Catawba 2 3.60E-02 4.38E-02 Seabrook 3.16E-04 1.25E-03 Cook 1 4.54E-02 4.57E-02 Arkansas 2 8.00E-04 9.00E-04 Cook 2 4.54E-02 4.57E-02 Indian Point 2 5.35E-04 1.30E-03 Watts Bar 4.47E-02 5.77E-02 Prairie Island 1 8.60E-04 1.25E-03 Beaver Valley 1 4.37E-02 6.30E-02 Prairie Island 2 8.60E-04 1.25E-03 Beaver Valley 2 4.37E-02 6.30E-02 Calvert Cliffs 1 6.00E-04 1.55E-03 Three Mile Island 1 5.68E-02 7.25E-02 Calvert Cliffs 2 6.00E-04 1.55E-03 Comanche Peak 1 6.84E-02 6.84E-02 Millstone 3 7.64E-04 2.14E-03 Comanche Peak 2 6.84E-02 6.84E-02 Kewaunee 1.30E-03 1.78E-03 Byron 1 7.79E-02 1.16E-01 Summer 1.61E-03 1.87E-03 Byron 2 7.79E-02 1.16E-01 Waterford 3 1.24E-03 2.31E-03 Wolf Creek 1.10E-01 1.11E-01 Point Beach 1 3.10E-03 3.15E-03 McGuire 1 1.03E-01 1.25E-01 Point Beach 2 3.10E-03 3.15E-03 McGuire 2 1.03E-01 1.25E-01 South Texas 1 4.07E-03 4.13E-03 Braidwood 1 1.45E-01 1.45E-01 South Texas 2 4.14E-03 4.19E-03 Braidwood 2 1.45E-01 1.45E-01 Arkansas 1 3.60E-03 5.20E-03 North Anna 1 3.11E-01 4.18E-01 San Onofre 2 2.42E-03 6.75E-03 North Anna 2 3.11E-01 4.18E-01 San Onofre 3 2.42E-03 6.75E-03 Liquid Effluent Vogtle 2 4.87E-03 9.83E-03 3.00E+00 1.00E+01 Operational Limit Palisades 6.47E-03 8.60E-03 4-38 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit Peach Bottom 3 Peach Bottom 2 River Bend Grand Gulf Susquehanna 2 Susquehanna 1 Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 Pilgrim Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 Fermi 2 LaSalle 2 LaSalle 1 Cooper Station Fitzpatrick Nine Mile Point 2 Nine Mile Point 1 Columbia Generating Hatch 2 Hatch 1 Oyster Creek Hope Creek Dresden 3 Monticello Duane Arnold Limerick 2 Limerick 1 Dresden 2 Browns Ferry 3 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 1 Vermont Yankee Clinton Perry 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 2007 Annual Organ Dose (mrem)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-39

FIGURE 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit Catawba 2 Catawba 1 Palisades Harris Beaver Valley 1 Palo Verde 3 Palo Verde 1 Palo Verde 2 St. Lucie 2 Cook 2 Cook 1 Millstone 3 McGuire 2 McGuire 1 Waterford 3 Beaver Valley 2 Robinson 2 Surry 2 Surry 1 Braidwood 2 Calvert Clif fs 2 Calvert Clif fs 1 Braidwood 1 Watts Bar Comanche Peak 2 Comanche Peak 1 Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 Wolf Creek Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 North Anna 2 North Anna 1 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 2007 Annual Organ Dose (mrem) 4-40 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.14 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Effluents Maximum Annual Organ Dose Gaseous Ef fluent Operational Limit Arkansas 2 Arkansas 1 Seabrook Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Byron 1 Fort Calhoun San Onof re 3 San Onof re 2 Three Mile Island 1 Callaway St. Lucie 1 Millstone 2 Crystal River 3 Indian Point 3 Byron 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Farley 1 Indian Point 2 Summer Farley 2 Davis-Besse South Texas 2 Salem 2 Salem 1 South Texas 1 Diablo Canyon 2 Vogtle 1 Kewaunee Turkey Point 3 Turkey Point 4 Vogtle 2 Ginna 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 2007 Annual Organ Dose (mrem)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-41

FIGURE 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose Liquid Ef f luent Operational Limit Grand Gulf Browns Ferry 3 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 1 Peach Bottom 3 Peach Bottom 2 Hatch 1 Monticello Limerick 2 Limerick 1 Susquehanna 2 Susquehanna 1 Quad Cities 2 Quad Cities 1 Dresden 2 Hatch 2 Perry Brunswick 2 Brunswick 1 River Bend Hope Creek Dresden 3 Duane Arnold Fitzpatrick Pilgrim Vermont Yankee Oyster Creek Nine Mile Point 2 Nine Mile Point 1 LaSalle 2 LaSalle 1 Fermi 2 Cooper Station Organ Columbia Generating Total Body Clinton 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 2007 Annual Dose (mrem) 4-42 Annual Report 2007

FIGURE 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose Liquid Eff luent Operational Limit North Anna 2 North Anna 1 Braidwood 2 Braidwood 1 McGuire 2 McGuire 1 Wolf Creek Byron 2 Byron 1 Comanche Peak 2 Comanche Peak 1 Three Mile Island 1 Beaver Valley 2 Beaver Valley 1 Watts Bar Cook 2 Cook 1 Catawba 2 Catawba 1 Farley 2 Farley 1 Oconee 3 Oconee 2 Oconee 1 Callaway Vogtle 1 Fort Calhoun Harris Sequoyah 2 Sequoyah 1 St. Lucie 2 St. Lucie 1 Davis-Besse Organ Palisades Total Body Vogtle 2 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 Annual Dose (mrem)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-43

FIGURE 4.16 (continued)

PWR Liquid Effluents Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose Liquid Ef fluent Operational Limit San Onof re 3 San Onof re 2 Arkansas 1 South Texas 2 South Texas 1 Point Beach 2 Point Beach 1 Waterford 3 Summer Kewaunee Millstone 3 Calvert Clif f s 2 Calvert Clif f s 1 Prairie Island 2 Prairie Island 1 Indian Point 2 Arkansas 2 Seabrook Diablo Canyon 2 Diablo Canyon 1 Millstone 2 Indian Point 3 Surry 2 Surry 1 Crystal River 3 Robinson 2 Salem 1 Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3 Salem 2 Ginna Palo Verde 3 Organ Palo Verde 2 Total Body Palo Verde 1 1E-6 1E-5 1E-4 1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0 1E+1 1E+2 2007 Annual Dose (mrem) 4-44 Annual Report 2007

Section 5 REFERENCES

1. Report on Releases of Radioactivity in Effluents and Solid Wastes from Nuclear Power Plants for 1972, Directorate of Regulatory Operations, August 1973.

2. Summary of Radioactivity Releases in Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants During 1973, NUREG-75/001, January 1975.

3. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1974, NUREG-0077, June 1976.

4. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1975, NUREG-0218, March 1977.

5. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1976, NUREG-0367, March 1978.

6. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1977, NUREG-0521, January 1979.

7. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1978, NUREG/CR-1497, BNL-NUREG-51192, March 1981.

8. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1979, NUREG/CR-2227, BNL-NUREG-51416, November 1981.

9. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1980, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 1, January 1983.

10. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1981, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 2, June 1984.

11. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1982, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 3, February 1986.

12. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1983, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 4, August 1986.

13. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1984, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 5, August 1987.

14. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1985, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 6, January 1988.

15. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1986, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 7, November 1988.

16. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1987, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 8, October 1989.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 5-1

17. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1988, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 9, July 1991.

18. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1989, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 10, September 1992.

19. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1990, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 11, October 1993.

20. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1991, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 12, May 1994.

21. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1992, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 13, August 1995.

22. Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1993, NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 14, August 1995.

23. SECY-06-0212, Preparation of Annual Reports on Radioactive Materials Released in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents and in Solid Wastes Shipped for Disposal by Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, October 17, 2006.

24. 10 CFR Part 50, Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.

25. Regulatory Guide 1.21, Measuring, Evaluating, and Reporting Radioactive Material in Liquid and Gaseous Effluents and Solid Waste, Revision 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, June 2009.

26. Regulatory Guide 1.109, Calculation of Annual Doses to Man from Routine Releases of Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of Demonstrating Compliance with 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix I, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, October 1977.

27. 10 CFR Part 20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC.

28. NCRP Publication No. 160, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, March 3, 2009.

29. NCRP Publication No. 93, Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Bethesda, MD, September 1987.

5-2 Annual Report 2007

AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS NRC Reference Material Non-NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access Documents available from public and special technical NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at libraries include all open literature items, such as NRCs Public Electronic Reading Room at books, journal articles, and transactions, Federal www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html. Publicly Register notices, Federal and State legislation, and released records include, to name a few, NUREG- congressional reports. Such documents as theses, series publications; Federal Register notices; dissertations, foreign reports and translations, and applicant, licensee, and vendor documents and non-NRC conference proceedings may be purchased correspondence; NRC correspondence and internal from their sponsoring organization.

memoranda; bulletins and information notices; inspection and investigative reports; licensee event Copies of industry codes and standards used in a reports; and Commission papers and their substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process attachments. are maintained at NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC The NRC Technical Library regulations, and Title 10, Energy, in the Code of Two White Flint North Federal Regulations may also be purchased from one 11545 Rockville Pike of these two sources. Rockville, MD 20852-2738

1. The Superintendent of Documents These standards are available in the library for U.S. Government Printing Office reference use by the public. Codes and standards are P. 0. Box 979050 St. Louis, MO 63197-9000 usually copyrighted and may be purchased from the http://bookstore.gpo.gov originating organization or, if they are American 1-866-512-1800 or, locally, 202-512-1800 National Standards, from

2. The National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA 22161-0002 American National Standards Institute http://www.ntis.gov/ . rd 25 West 43 Street 1-800-533-6847 or, locally, 703-805-6000 New York, NY 10036 A single copy of each NRC draft report for comment is http://www.webstore.ansi.org/

available free, to the extent of supply, upon written 1-212-642-4900 request as follows:

Address: Office of Administration The NUREG series comprises Reproduction and Distribution (1) technical and administrative reports Services Section and books prepared by the staff U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NUREG-XXXX) or agency contractors Washington, DC 20555-0001 (NUREG/CR-XXXX), (2) proceedings of E-mail: DISTRIBUTION@nrc.gov conferences (NUREG/CP-XXXX),

Facsimile: 301-415-2289 (3) reports resulting from international agreements (NUREG/IA-XXXX),

Some publications in the NUREG series that are (4) brochures (NUREG/BR-XXXX), and posted at NRCs Web site address (5) compilations of legal decisions and http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc- orders of the Commission and Atomic collections/nuregs/ are updated periodically and and Safety Licensing Boards and of may differ from the last printed version. Although Directors decisions under Section 2.206 references to material found on a Web site bear the of NRCs regulations (NUREG-0750).

date the material was accessed, the material available on the date cited may subsequently be removed from the site.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 5-3

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Section 6 GLOSSARY Activity or radioactivity: The rate of radioactive decay of a radionuclide, measured in the traditional unit of the curie (Ci) or the international standard unit of the becquerel (Bq).

Background (radiation): Radiation from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive material, including radon (except as a decay product of source or special nuclear material); and global fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices and from past nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl that contribute to background radiation and are not under the control of the licensee. Background radiation does not include radiation from source, byproduct, or special nuclear materials regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Effluent discharge, radioactive discharge: The portion of an effluent release that reaches an unrestricted area.

Effluent release, radioactive release: The emission of an effluent.

Exposure pathway: A mechanism by which radioactive material is transferred from the (local) environment to humans. There are three commonly recognized exposure pathways: inhalation, ingestion, and direct radiation.

Fission and activation gases: The noble (chemically non-reactive) gases formed from the splitting (fission) of the uranium-235 isotope in a nuclear reactor or the creation of radioactive atoms from non-radioactive atoms (activation) by the capture of neutrons or gamma rays that were released during the fission process.

Gaseous effluents: Airborne effluents.

Iodines/Halogens: The measured radioactive isotopes of iodine or of other non-metal elements in group 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Licensees might report any combination of the iodine isotopes I-131, I-132, I-133, I-134, and I-135, as well as other halogens such as bromine-82 (Br-82).

Maximum exposed individual: Individuals characterized as maximum with regard to food consumption, occupancy, and other usage of the region in the vicinity of the plant site. As such, they represent individuals with habits that are considered to be maximum reasonable deviations from the average for the population in general. Additionally, in physiological or metabolic respects, the maximum exposure individuals are assumed to have those characteristics that represent the averages for their corresponding age group in the general population.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 6-1

Member of the public (10 CFR 20): Any individual except when that individual is receiving an occupational dose.

Monitoring: The measurement of radiation levels, concentrations, surface area concentrations or quantities of radioactive material and the use of results of these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses.

Noble gas: One of six noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon) with an oxidation number of 0 that prevents it from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others),

making them stable.

Particulates: Radioactive materials entrained in the gaseous effluent that are not included in any other effluent category.

Site boundary: That line beyond which the land is neither owned, nor leased, nor otherwise controlled by the licensee.

Tritium: The radioactive isotope of hydrogen (H-3).

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