ML20205Q430

Forwards Ltr from L Thomas Responding to Ms Dukakis Re Implications of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident on Nuclear Plant Safety & Emergency Planning in Us

ML20205Q430
Person / Time
Issue date:	05/07/1986
From:	Weiss B NRC
To:	Calley H ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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References
FOIA-86-335 NUDOCS 8704030530
Download: ML20205Q430 (2)

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I C  ; NRC 3PERATIONS ' ENTER TE'If fMONE : 30l- 951- 066 o

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,s g-Governor Michael S. Dukakis The Consonwealth of Massachusetts

. State' House Boston, Massachusetts 02133

Dear Governor Dukakis:

This is in response to your letter of May 2, 1986, regarding the implications of the Chernobyl nuclear accident on nuclear plant safety and emergency planning in the United States.

As you have indicated, the information that we have received from the l Soviet Union pertaining to the accident and their response to that event has been quite 1inited. At this time, we do have all the details regarding the actions taken by Russian authorities to notify and evacuate the public in the vicinty of the Chernobyl reactor. Therefore, it is too early to make any conclusions on their preplanning or the effectiveness of the actions that were taken. We are continuing to gather reliable information to better understand the situation and the sequence of events.

At this time, we believe that it is premature to say whether or in what way changes to current requirements of reactor safety or emergency planning may be necessary. I have been assured by NRC and FEMA.that they will carefully review the information that will eventually be available and determine the lessons-that can be learned from this l event.

I appreciate and fully understand your interest in this accident. I wish that I could provide you with more definitive information but the data that is available to the Federal Interagency Task Force is quite limited.

sincerely, Lee Thomas Fo A -s( -n 5 dW

NRC '7PERATIONS ENTER' e ,

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l lRooponse levels for 4!

jPreventive PAG 131 g2_/ y 34 Cs " I37 Cs 4 7 903 , 893 ,

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lInitici Activity l Arso Deposition l (oic rocuries/ square l cator) 0.13 2 3 0.5 8 Forege Concentration3 / y (cierocuries/ kilogram) 0.05 0.8 1.3 0.18 3 Peak Hilk Activity - -

(microcuries / liter) 0.015 0.15 0.24 0.009 0.14

' Tocci intake (oicrocuries) 0.09 4 7 0.2 2.6 l

2_/ From fallout, lodine-131 is the only radiciodine of significance with respect to milk -

contecination beyond the first day. In case of a reactor accident, the cumulative intake of iodine-133 via milk is about 2 percent of iodine-131 essuming equivalent deposition.

2/ Fresh weight. . .

! bl Intake of cesium via the' meat / person pathway 'for adults may exceed that of the milk pathway;-

therefore, such levels in milk should cause surveillance and protective actions for meat as

appropriate. If both cesium-134 and cesium-137 are equally present as might- be expected for 1 reactor accidents, the response levels should be reduced by a factor of two.

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cpo:co levels for 5/ 898 '

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isrgsacy PAC 1317 3/ 134 Cs-5/ 137 Cs-' -

Infant 1/ Adult Infant 2_/ Adult Infant 2/ Adult In fant2,/ Mult In fant 2/ Adult l iltial Activity-I Arco Deposition l(cierocuries/ square 20 80 1600

, meter) 1.3 18 20 40 30 50 5 ForegoConcentrationN j(oicrocuries/

lkilegram) 0.5 7 8 17 13 19 1.8 8 30 7va) l :ck Milk Activity j (oicrocuries/ liter) 0.15 2 1.5. 3 2.4 4 0.09 0.4 1.4 30

.tal intake

' (cierocuries) 0.9 10 40 70 70 80 2 7 26 400 ,

i

) O Newborn infant includes fetus (pregnant women) as critical segment of, population for iodine-131. .

I 1 2/ " Infant" refers to child less than 1 year of age.

3I From fallout , iodine-131 is the only radioiodine of si nificance with respect to milk iintcmination beyond the first day. In case of a reactor accilene the cu.uistive intake of i idino-133 via milk is about 2 percent of iodine-131 asguming equivalent deposition.-

l N Fresh weight. i 5_/ Intake of cesium via the meat / person pathway for adults may exceed that of the milk ithway; therefore, such levels in milk should cause surveillance and ' protective actions for lict cc appropriate. If both cesium-134 and cesium-137 are aquelly present

• as might be j :pected for reactor accidents, the response levels should be reduced by.a Eactor of two.

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Average consumption for the general population Food .

(kilogram / day)

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Milk, cream, cheese, ice cress .570

.055 Fats, oils -

Flour, cereal .

.091 Bakery products .150 -

Meat .220 Poultry

.055 Fish and shellfish- ,

.023 Eggs .055 Sugar, sirups, honey, molasses , 'ecc. .073 _., , ,.,

Potatoes, sweec potatoes ,

,.105

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Vegetables, fresh (excluding potatoes) .145 Vegetables, canned, frozen, dried .077 Vege, tables, juice (single strength) .009 Fruit, fresh .165 Fruit, canned, frozen, dried .036 .

Fruit, juice (single' strength) .045 Other beverages (soft drinks, coffee, alcoholic) .180

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Soup and gravies (mostly condensed) ,

.036 Nuts and peanut butter .009 TOTAL 2.099 readed as calcium equivalent; that is, the quantity of whole f id milk to which dairy products are equivalent in calcium content.

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.. Federal Register / Vol 47. No. 205 / Friday. October 22. 1982 / Nodcas 47tr73

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i DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH AND HUMAN SElWICES i Food and Drug Administradoer (Decket No. 79fM0001

~

Accidental Medicestive Contamination

! of Human Food and Animal Feede; Recommendosions for state and I.ocal Agencies Aemsev: Food and9 rug Administradon.

Acnosa Nodce.

suesssasm The Food and Drug i

, A4 e:r. tion (FDA)lepublialungthis '

notice to provide to State and local  ;

agencies .1; ' ': for emergency i response planning forradiological l Incidents recommendationa for taking '

protective actionrin the event that an incident causes the contaminados of human food or animal feeds. These

' recommendadons can be used to determme whether levels of radiedon .

l encountered in food after a radiological

incident warrant protective action and to suggest appropriate actions that may be taken if action is warranted. FDA has a responsibuity to fasse guidance on

T~o ipr-86-335 1 A IF ' .

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-5 7 -

. C074 Federal Regisu.c / Vcl. 47. Ns. 205 / Friday October 22. 1982 / Notices E

5 1 E' appropriate planning acdons necessary during the development of these final

= sufBcient time to avoid most of the far evaluating and preven recommendations. Although EPA's projected tsdistion dose.Rus, the a contamination of human f and formal comments are responded to in E F PAG *s define the numerical value of

" animal feeds and on the control and use this notica. EPA staH reviewed a draft of projected radiation doses for which  ;

of thew products should they become the final recommendations, and FDA protective actions are recommended.

h cantaminated. has considered bir additionalinformal FDA has reviewed b recent report of E con pwrmaniseronesanose coerracn comments. Rese contacts were the National Academy of Sciences /

" Call D. Schmidt. Bureau of Radiological considered appropriate because EPA National Research Council (Ret 3) on Health (HFX-1). Food and Drug has indicated that it intends to use the radiation risks and biological effecta E Mministration. 5600 Fishers 1.ans. recommendations as the basis for data that became available after N

Rockvine. MD =os57. 301-443-2850. revising its guidance to Federal agendes publication of the FRC guidance and has on protective action symnseuramyinsponeaances act of taking action in P radioscovity in food, guides for reviewed the the pasture / cow imp / milk / person pathw

[ Background .

Protecdve Action Guidance . - in light of the current concerns in E T' his guidance on seddental E radioactive cont' amination of food from

^ ugh

• e ea radiation protection. Based on these

- ,c,3 . g, fD h d conaderations and the comments fixed nuclear fact!! ties, transportation received on the proposed -

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PP*,,g " 4 g **

E ac= dents. and fallout is part of a dadens 6 21 CFR Put 1000, rec mmendations. FDA has concluded P Federal interagency eHort coordinated that protecdve actions oflow impact Becaum bee recommendations are

[ by the Federal Emergency Management voluntary guidance to State and local sh uld be undertaken at projected k Agency (FEMA). FEMA haued a anal agencies (not regulations). FUA has radiadon doses lower than those 4 regulation in the Feieral Register d dedded not to codify the recommended by FRC (Refs.1 and 21 E March it.1982 (47 FR 10758), which ^*

• N"8E E reflected governmental morganizations recommandations: rather, it is issuing ^ I* "" ****dI"8 I""*

impact prote'ctive actions (termed the 5 and rekssigned agency responsibtlltiae ha in this nouce. Ebewhee 6 th bsue d th Federal Reghtw. mA h Preventive PAG) at projected radiation y for radiological incident emergency withdrawing the December 15.1973 d ses f 0.5 rem wh le bodyand 1.5 rem e response planning. A responsibility thyroid.FDA intends that such f '

assagned to the Department of Health-p,,,,,,g, The recommendations contain basic pmteedve sedans be impkmenad W 9 and Human Services (HHS)(and in turn criteria. defined as protective action. prevent the appearance of radioactivity

• delegated to FDA)is the responsibilit7 guides (PACS), for establishing the 14 vel la food at Isvels that would require its

% to develop and specify to State and local of radioacuve contaminados of human n=Aamnation. Preventive PACS y governments protective actions and food or animst feeds at which action include se transfer d dairy cows from 3 j associated guidanca for human food and should be taken to tect the public fresh forage (pasture) to uncontaminated animal fud. .

health and assure t safety of food, ne stored feed and the diversion of whole

In the Federal Register of December milk potentially contaminated with y recommendations also contain specific is.1978 (43 FR 3a790). FDA published short.Uved radionuclides to producte guidance on what emergency protective  ;

p proposed recommendations for Stste actfons should be taken to prevent me along shelflife m aHow -

1 and local agencies.regarding acddental further contaminadon of food or feeds or radioactive decay of the radioactive r radioactive contamination of human to restrict the use of food, as well as material.

i food and animal feeds. Interested more general guidance on the in those situations where the only -

4 persons were given until February 13. development and implementation of protective actions that are feasible IE 1979 to comment on the proposal- em action. De PACS have been present high dietary and social costs or i Twenty one comments were received develo on the basis of impacts (termed the Emergency PAG) p from State agendes. Federal agendes, considerations of acceptable risk to action is mcommended at projected -

% nuclear unlities, and others.Two of the identify that !evel of cont ==ination at radiation doses of 5 rem whole body D mmments from environmentally which action is necessary to protect the and 15 rem thyroid. At the Emergency concerned organizations were received public health. PAG level responsible off!cials should -

after the March 28,1979 acddent at Dh_

1 In pnparing these recommendstions, isolate food to prevent its introduction Three Mile Island, which increased FDA has reviewed and utilized the into commerce and determine whether

{ s

public awareness of protective action guidance. Although these comments Federal guidance on protective actions condemnadon or other disposition is contained in Federal Radiation Council 8Ppropriate. Act!on at the Emergency =,

g were received after the close of the (RC) Reports No. 3. July 1984 (Ret 1) PAG levelis most likely for the M -

comment penod, they wem considered and No. 7. May 1983 (Ret 2). De population that is near to the source of E by the agency in developing these Snal Federal guidance provides that each-

=

E radioactive contammation and that _

i+_- wad = done. Federal agency, by virtue ofits. consumes home-grown produce and g The OfHee of Radiation Programs, immediate knowledge or its operating milk. "

w Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), problemse would use the applicable FRC E ne PACS represent FDA's ludgment subenitted a detailed and exhaustive (5 critique of the proposed recommendations. EPA addressed the guides as a basis for developing detailed as to that level of food contaminadon standards to meet the particular needs of the agency.FDA's recommendations resulting from radiation inddents at which action should be taksa to protect E doetmetry data. the agricultural models incorporate the FRC concepts and the the public health. Bis is band on the E

used in calculating the derived response MtC guidance that protective actions, in- agency's recognition that safety involves Er levels, and the philosophical basis for the event of a contaminating accident, the degree to which risks are judged lE establishing the numencal value of the should be based on estimates of the i acceptable.The dsk from natural orotective action guides. mA advises projected radiadon dose that would be disasters (approximately a one in a k hat, to be responsive to the EPA received in the absence of taking E .:omments, mA staff met with staff of , aullion annual individual risk of death) protective actions. Similarly, protective and the risk from variations in natural the OfHee of Radiation Programs. EPA, actions should be implemented for a background radiation have provided Et

. Fo r A -se ~53r j

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Federal Register / Vol 47. No. 208 / Friday October 22. 1982 / Notices 4Mr15 p.a, J.n in selecdag the PAC values. Iower by factore of 3J and 3. for use by State andlocal agencies in 11ds issue is further discussed la the respectively, than values based on response planning and implementados r==paa- to spectSe comuneste later la ICRP-Is (Ref. 4).FDA advises that it of protoceve aedoes in the event of a this notice, especially in paragraph 3. A will make appropriate changes la contaminating incident. Further. FDA's acre detailed treatment of the rationale. m==adations for internal orges recora==adadoes would aim be used by nak factore, dosimetric and cultural- doses when aconsensus in the United models, and methods of FDA la implementing its authonty for tion is States emerges, 1

contained la the" Background for food la interstate commerce under the Protective Action P-daden" Aangy,i, og c-- , Federal Food. Drug, and Cossede Act.

N fouowingis a summary of the FDA i

Accidental Radioactive Contamination g,,,,h* "to DA as to basis for==adation

' of Food and AnimalFeeds"(Ref.22). comments recenyed on the December 15 guidamos on food-Orges PAG Vaines -

ists ag proposal

, and the agency's response mvining p, contaminated by Current scientiSc evidence. as- L Several comments requested s radionuclides. DA has advised FDA reflected by BEIR-4 (Ref. tal, clan 8cessoa of the applicabdity and thatit intends to forward the FDA UNSCEAR-terr (Ref.8), and BEIR4t! compatibuity of FDA's m'====aadadoes to the President under ,

, (Ref. 31 ladicates that the relative recommendadoes with other Federal its authority to " advise the President importance of risk due to spec 18e organ actions, specificauy the PAC guidance With respect to radiation mattere exposure is quite diferent from the of EPA (Ret 7), the PRC Reporte No. 3 directly or fadirectly afecting health, eariier assumpdoes. N laternational (Ret 1) and No. 7 (Ref. 2), and the including guidance for all Federal Commission on Radio!ogical Protection Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) agencies in the formulation of radiadon (ICRP) clearly recognized this in its 1977 definidos of " Extraordinary Nuclear standards * * *". (His authority was recommendations (ICRP-28 (Ref. 6)). Occurrence

• In to CFR Part 140. A transferred to EPA in 1970 when FRC which changed the methodology for comment recommended that the term, was abolished.) -

treating external and internal radiation " Protective Action Guide (PAG)".not be N recommendations established la doses and the reladve importance of used because that term traditionally has this document apply only to human food

I spec Ac organ doses. ICRP-28 assigned been associated with the FRC and the and animal feeds accidentally weighting factors to spec Ac organs general public would confuse FDA's contaminated by radionuclides.Ny based os considerations of the recommendadone with Federal should not be applied to any other incidence and severity (mortauty) of guidance, source of radiattog exposure.DA radiation cancerindnenam For the N FRC Report No. 5 speci8cally- already has teseed protective scdos radionuclides of concera for food PAC's, reca==madad that the terus " protective guidance for the short-term accidental  ;

i ICRP-2e asmened weighting factors of aedon guide." be adopted for Federal uposure to airborne relenes d cas for the thyroid and OL12 for red bone use. N report deAnes the term as the marrow.Ns. the orgsa doses equalin " projected absorbed dose to the radioactive materials and intende also .

to forward the-EPA guides to the

, nsk to t rem whole body radiados dose individuals in the general population Pruident as Federal guidance. DA also are 33 rem to the thyroid and g rem to which warrante protective action is considenne the development of Red bone marrow.(N additional -

folldwing a contaminadas event." a guidance for acidenmuy communamd ICRP-28, naastochands limit. however. concept that is addressed by FDA's water and for long.tena exposures due reetricts the thyroid does to 50 rem or 10 reco===adadons. To use the concept to contaminated land. property, and times the whole body occupaticaallimit with of 3 rom.) FDA,a diferent description s opinion, be unnecessarilywould. in materials. Guidance for each of these In the Federal Register ol january 23, uposure peswa is mamaDy confusing to State arullocal agencies as aclusin.

1981 (48 FR 7330).DA proposed to well as Federal agencies.

guidance Imach revise the Federal Radlados Protection Guidance for Occupetional Exposures These recommendadone are being issued to fulfill the HHS responsibilities g"I',,,,,

, ,, g ,Y,,g, [

and beneat are involved. Also, each using the ICRP approach for internal under FEMA's March it.19e2 radiados doses, modifled to regulation. FDA fully considered MtC ppaura pesway may lawlw efernt ect e DA concerns. De EPA Reports No. 3 and No. 7 and the basic sets d proteedw w meuredw actions p has been subject to concepts and philosophy of the FRC and wuld miste to eformat penods of 4

considerable cameoversy. Also, the guidance form the basis for these dme wisen such acdons muld be taken, l NadonalCounce on Radlados reco===adadoes.N speci8c PAG -

2. Sewrel comments expressed i ' Protection and Measuremente (NCRP)- values are denved response levels concern about radiation exposure hem curently is eyelesting the need to revise included la these recomunendadoes are multiple radionoclides and bom multiple

its re-a===adattees. FDA does not.

• based on current agricultural pathway pathways, e4, via inhalation, lagesdom.

! however. expect the on madel and radiados dose models and current and external radiation from the cloud I for laternal ties doses to be estimates of risk.De FRC guidance (Plume exposure) and questioned why i resolved to in the United States provided that protective actione may be particular pathways or radioauclidae i and has based the reladve PAC does justified at lowr (or higher) projected and the does nceived before assignmente in these recommendadons radiation doses depending on the total assessment we. tot addressed la the impact of the protective action.Ns.

on current U.S. seendards and the 1971 recommendadone. Several comments l recommendadoes in MCRP-30 (Ref.19). FDA's recommendation that protective recommended that the PAC's include nus, the red boos metrow is assigned actions be implemented at projected specific guidance for tap water (and

the same PAC dona as the whole body radiation doses lower than those potable water). Other coaunents noted i (0.3 rem Preventive PAC), and the recommended by FRC doses is that particular biological forms of

thyroid PAC is yester by a factor of consistent with the FRC guidance. De specific radionuclides (l.a 1

.hree (1J rom Preventive PAC).His FRC guidance is applicable to Federal cyanocobalamin Co 60), would lead to reesits la FAC assignments for the agencies la their radiadon protection significantly diferent derived response thyroid and red bene marrow that are activides. FDA's recommendations are Isvels.

i Fm E 86-335 4

A/fr i

i____ __, _ . _ . , _ _ _ _ . _ - _ _ __ ----- -

47g73 Federal Registe. / vel 47. Ni208 / Friday. Oct:ber 2;t., 1982 / Natices FDA advises that the PACS and the modela. FDA and EPA staffs agreed that 131 and 14 days for cesium or strontium, protecove action concepts of FRC apply further pathway studies would be Assuming that initial contammadoa by l

to acdons takaa to avoid or prevent useful Elsewhere in this nodce. FDA these radionuclides was at the projected radiados does (or future references models for other Prevendve PAC level. radioactive decay dose). Dus. by definitlan, the PACS for radionuclides. providing a resource for and weathenas would reduce the levels i food do not consider the radiados ddess those requiring more detaila, so that protective ecdons could be already incurred hem the plume The chemical forat of radionuclides in ceased after 1 or 2 months.

pathway or from other sources.De the environment tney be important when The rnodel used to compute the population poteadally exposed by considenng the denavedon of an derived response levels specined la ingestion or contaminated food can be appropriate "reeponse level" In specine paragraph (d) of the recomunendadons divided into that populados near the situations, but would not change the assumes a continous or inAnite ingesdom source of contamiastian and a generally PACS which are la terms of projected period. i.e latake that is limited only by nuch larger populados at distances does comunitments. Cynaa ahal==4a Ce radioactive decoy and weatherms. nis where the doses hem the cloud are not 80 has not been identified as a likely . is the approach recommended la sigmficent. De NRC regulations provide consdtuent of health importance to be estireatmg the projected radiation does

, the t State and local planning regarding- released from a nuclear reactor accident (in the abeenos of protective acdons.).

I plume exposure should extend for to and, therefore, the agency rejects the Further revieices have been reade in the

males and the on

pathway should reco=== dados that it provide derived reca===adadoes to clanfy these extend for so (see 48 FR S5403 response levels for this redf==Wida aspects.

August 19,1930). De total populados However, after reviewtas current *

4. A comuneet stated that aedon uposed by ingesdon. however,is a agricultural and does madala the . should be initiated by notiScados funcuan of the animal feed and human. agency concludes that cesium 134 would received from the facility itself. Another food produedom of any gven area and le likely be released and has addedit to comment noted the importanca of timely not I' mated by distance frota the source the tables in paragraph (d) of the s announcements to the public of the of contamination. Exposure from reco'a==dadone identifying necessity for protective acdons, i multiple pathways would not be a radionuc!!de concentradons equivalent neee rae===andadoes on tecdve concern for the more distant population to the PAC response levela, aedos guides for food 'and f are not group. Further. individuals in this larger FDA rejects the comuneet intended to cover other aspects of populados would most !!kely receive recommending that the PACS include emergency planning for radiological i doses smaller than that projected for suklanos for water. A memorandum of- incidents. De general .4 - - M8 des of contincous intakebecause the undersmading between EPA and FDA NRC licensees la radiation emergencies

. contammated food present la the retad provides that FDA wiH have prunary have been further denned la a rule distnbedon syetam would be replaced responsibility over direct and indirect issued by NRC (48 FR 3540t August is, i by uncontaminated food, additives and other substances la 19eol. FDA recognisse however, that FRC Report No. 5 states that. for ditaking weter (see 44 FR 42ns July 11.~ notification and public anno ==e==aate 1 repentive occurrences, the total 1979). Dus. FDA defers to EPA for are vital to effective protective actions projected radiados does and the total developing guides specifically for and,in paragraph (e)(5) of the

)l impact of protective actions should be dritiking water. recommendadons. urges that State and

conadered. Similar considersdans on a 3.3

se commente requested local emergency plans should provide i case by-case basis would then appear to clarificados of the proposed for such nodce. . i

be appropnate in the case of multiple reconunendadone, including the time 5. A comment offered clanficados of

exposures from the plume and the over which the guides apply.'the time of proposed i 1000.400(3) regarding l invesnoa puthway. Accordingly, the ingestica required to reach the PAG. and venfication of sample measurementa.

l final reea===dations are modified to the time that protective acdone should while another conunent suggested that i 1 note that, specifically la the case of the beimplemented.

• Preventive PAG *s should be based on l population near the site that consumes FDA advises that the. projected levels and that Emergency i locally yown produce,limitadone of the reca==aadadone are intended to PAG.a require venAcados.

total' dose should be considered (see provide guidance for sedone to be no FRC concepts and philosophy, paragraph (aK2)). The agency concludes, implemented in an einergency, and the which FDA fully endorses, use estimates however, that a single unified PAC duredos of protecdve acdon should not of projected radiation does as the

c. multiple yethways, e.g. exceed 1 or 2 months.The agency cnterta for takmg protecove aedom. FDA  ;

j ext radiadon,inhaladon. and believes that the actions identiSed la believes that projected radiation dose ingestion is not precdcal because pareysphs(a)and(h)of the estimates should be based on venfled I different sedons and impacts are recors=andadoes should be continued measurements of radioactivity in the i involved. Further. FDA's responsibility for a sufRcient thne to' avoid most of the food pathway. Such venocation might 1

in .-- W -d incklemt emergency y radiados does and to assure include the analysis of replicate response plannias extends only to that remaisias does is less than the samples. laboratory measurementa, i human food and anhaal feeds. Preventive PAG. This period of time cua sample analysis by other agencies.

ne agency's primary charge is to set be esdmated by considering the samples of various any tonmental recommended PAG does comunitment effeedve half-life of the radioactive . media, and descripdve data of the timits for the food pathway.nus, material taking into account both radioactive release and has so provided denvmg response levels for only the radioective decay and weathenng. Each in paragraph (g) of the l 2 radianoclides anos likely to enter the case must be examined seperstely recommendatione.

food chain and deliver the highest does considenne the actuallevels of a. A cosament suggested that some m the populados pennite FDA to contaminadon and the effective half-life States do not have the resources to stablish raca==aadations that are of the radioactive material present. For evaluate projected radiation doses. De pesetical for use la an emergency la the pasture / cow /nulk pathway, the conuneet asked what regulatory agency l ritecusems with EPA the list of definitive effecdve half lives are 5 days for iodine. would have control overinterstate l T O Or - E le % 5' hI5 ,

1

-,---n .mn.,-nn.,-, .,.,, , , , . , _ . -__,__n.__ , . , . . .

Fedesel Rep 4 / Vol 47. No. 208 / Friday. October.4.193: / Ntticae eyyyy-

shipment of contaminated foode ham =dar " ORGAN PAC VALUIS". the use States without susBcient renowcas and m==adad protoceve aedoes. Once of BEIR-III risk estinales or the ICRP as the protective acdon la laidated,it i what would be the applicable PAG. reco===adadone would reselt in as FEMA..as the lead a for the should be executed se as to prevent as lacrease of the thyroid PAG relative to much of the calculated projected dose Federal efort,la to States the whole body PAG, For these reasone, i rudance and assistamos on smargqncy kom being received as le mesomehly

FDA baileves the PAC limits for acevable.His does est mean, response planning including evaluation projected does commitment to the bowever, that all desse above yddaaem of projected doses. Also.NRC regares eyroid are conservative when

melear power plant licaneses to have levela ces be gemated.

considered la light of current knowledge . Further, the guides am not latended to the capsbuity to assess the of-site of radiation to squel health

onsequences of radioactivity releasse prohibit taking actions at profested staka from wh body and'apecifla and to provule aamar=*= to State and argea doses. expoenreslower them thePAG veines,

!acal (4s FR seek Augeot13. Althoeghit may be desirab to Der how been dedvedforgenerid 1900). has authority under the cases and asejust what esiraeme consular totalhealth efects, not just Federal Food. Drug, and Cosmette Act to lethal efects, there is a lack of data for .* lasplies addee. As psevidedlaFRC.

re: novo radioactively eaata=' anted food total health efects to use la each - Reporm Na,3 and No,y and a irons the daaaata orInterstate comparisons. In the case of the de . dla peregraphi iele miden, commerce. la this cire'a==*=aca mA variability of natural background, as an la the abesses of sigmGoest consonista, would use these PAG r=aa===adatione eedmate of acceptable risk, e ag,,ggy ' '

as Ihe beeis forimplemandag pyropriam W i==pl====e ' - - -

consideration of lethal efects or total regulktory sedan. health efects le not involved because p,,tective estless at projectal railled doses tese than those spem8edla the Risk r.w -me gparison is the total dose over a guidae. .ldsk impst acdome 4

7. Many coaunente quesdene[i the rieir may be jus at higher projected i Rasemel estimates on which FDA beasd the . doses. Dese is mes be e proposed PAC's.De coassente 8.Several commente queadoned the a the acts of seek simadsm.

especially suggested that risk oothmater cetional FDA used la setting the speciSo (a)(2) and (3 added to the anal,:=aa==) have been j frein WASH.teos (Ref.41 were of PAG values included la the December ==dations to queedonable validity. Other commens 1978 proposeL Acomument tasa DA laowporate sie conospt, argued that the proposed stated that the seidence lewis should be S. Sommi ammate 1===d===d the i

m=edstions used an analysis of juodSed on the steunde thatit la not adequacyof televelofrishjudged only lethal asector that they used en precocal or reasoneW to take, accepublela duiving theproposed absolute risk modak and that gensda protoceve sedoes at lower risk levein PAG valses. A comesamt stated that the efects were not i j; consklered. Further. EPA argued that the protective endmated one la a miDion ammel ne risk andmates themselves were action conoopt for essergency planmag individualrisk of doeth ham mesmal i

=I! aged to be errensome becsese recent and response should incorporate the disasters la extumely conservettee. EPA I studies show that doublingdesse are principle of keeping radiation exposures semented that comparative dek is 1 lcwor than are those enggested by as low as reasonably achveble appropriate for papecen but norfar l WASH =lege.no tisse capitte study by (ALARA). DA noted that the principle ==*=u= Mag the times. EPA Authee.  ;

Ron and Moden, which ladicates na of acceptable risk lavolves a perceptica sugesed est the populat C : '

i:: creased probabdity of cancer of risk that may very bom person ta swege of the miabilityla asterni

.it as estimated radiados of g res person and that the impucation that sa backgrowl does or the mystion in j

to the thyroid (Ref. 3), was cited as acceptable genetic risk has been does due to the asterai redioactivity la e ndecca that the PAG linate for the- established should be avoided, {

food should be the basisfor judging

ihyrmd were too high.no commente FDA accepts and endorses the acceptable riek, recuested further identifiestion and ALARA onesept, but the extent to which FDA ca=el=d== that the diferences i

re:pport for using the critical populados a concept which is used la occupedonal between EPA's approach and l seier:ted. settings, should be applied to emergency that employed by largely favolve i Most of these issuse were addressed protoceve actions is not clear. To use the semaatice of the rationale

!  : . :he p samble to the FDA proposeL the ALARA concept as the basis for '

.m As diocessed la the

! The final r-ea===ad=tione issued la spec 18e PAC valses and also require presable to the proposal FDA believee l this notice employ the most recent risk ALARA during the implementetson of that safety (or a safe level ofitsk) needs asumates (somette and gamede)of the em protective actions appears to to be'de8 sed sethe degree to which the Nanonal Academy of Sisences - -

be t and may not be practical risks are judged acceptable, becesse it i

' C.wnauttee on alologicalISeems of under conditions. Is not possible to acideve aero stak kose lonimos Radiation (Ret 3). FDA adwtees these asides de not De thyrmd PAG useits are beesd as husias endeavoro. Purther. ICRP (Ref. et

' conedtate acomptable oosapedonal m===da that, for a gives i

'he retadve redletten protection gnide , rediation doseIsmate nor de they appliestion involving radiation, the see for thyroid compared to whole body constitute acceptable limits for other beneGt to society should be positive 6 contained la NRC's currest regulatione applicadone (e.g., acceptable genetic consideritis the total costs and inspecta

, (m CFR Port 2Dl.The denved response risk). The guides are not intended to be

! tevels for thyroid are based on rtek and the total beneet (this la terseed.

used to liant the radiados does that "loatificados"). FDA believes that, to factors for extemal x.rsy irradiatloa. people may receive but instead are to be establish a PAG. the prunary concern le Therufors, the criticient of the PAC compared to the calculated projected to provide adequate protection (or safe Ucua for the thyroid is not applicable, dose. i.e., the future does that the people. level of risk) for members of the pubile.

i

o Srv&t" havtag been taken for as would receive if no protective actica To decide on safety or levels of 6 i .ppe. ant lowerradiation risk des to were taken in a radiation emergency. In odine 131Irrediados of the thyroid acceptable risk to thepublic from a

! this respect, the PAC's represent trigger contassinadag event. FDA latroduced j stand. Further, as discussed above levels calling for the initiation of the sedmetse of acceptable risk bom 7"oIh-Sh-3 % -

1, -

%IF .

r

--n- -we e----e

i '

- s

. cryg Fed:ral Regista . Vcl. 47. No. 205 / Fridsy. Octob:r 2., .'982 / Nstices natural disasters and background - made for using either variable. Because natural disasters, the variadon la the I rediation. Rose values provided persons tother than geographic areas populadon.weightsid natural background background or perspective for FDA's - are the important parameter in the radiation dose to the total population. I ads:nent that the proposed PAC a evaluation of risk associated with these and the variation in dose due to I epresent that level of food or feed- guides. FDA has used population. ingesdom of food, have been used to radiation contasmation at which , weighting la estimating the variability of provide the basis for the Preventive protective acdons should be taken to the annual external dose from natural PAC. no basis for the Emergency PAG protect the public health: lodgment radiation. A recent EPA study (Ret 20) involves considesadons of (1) The rado I

wh2ch, consistent with FRG Repsrt No. Indicates that the averego populados between average and maximum l

5. also involves considerstloa of the does from external background Individual radiation doses (taken as 1 to 1 impacts of the acdos and the possibility radiados does is s3 millirem (arem) per 10). (2) the cost of low and high impact I of future evente. De recoannendadons year, and the variability in lifetime dose protective acdons. (3) the reladve risks '

are based as the assumption that the taken as two standard deviations la , from natural disasters. (4) health impact.

' occurrences of environmental about 2.000 arem.Thaproposal, which (5) the upper range of the PACS cont ==ination requiring protecdve ' indicated that the variados in external ' proposed by EPA (3 rem projected actions la a pardcular eres is sa background was about 300 mrom, radiation does to the whole body and 25 nalih=Iy event that most individuals udlised a geoysphic weighting of State tem projected dose to the thyroid). and l will never be so exposed, and that any averages.. , (s) radiation doses fnxa muldple ,

Individual is not !!kely to be exposed to Radioactivity la food contributes pathways. '

projected doses at the PAG level more about 20 mrom per year to average 11. A ea===at citing experience with than once in his or her !!fetime. , population doses and about 17 mrom per other cont'aminants suggested that FDA continues to believe that the. year of this does results from potassiums. further considersdon should be gives to -

average riska from natural disasters and 40 (Rel 31. Measurements of potassium- the problan of markstability of foods var.ation of background radiados 40 (and stable potassium) ladicate that containing low levels of radioactivity. '

provide appropriate bases for fudging vanability (two standard deviations) of Marketability is not a concern for

! the acceptability of risk represented by the potassiunHo does is about 28 PAC 6% r However, the

' t the Prevendve PAG.nese percent or a lifetime does of 350 mrean. it publication of the PAG's should =ahanea '

recomunendations tw,si;c, ate the . should be noted that body levels of marketabGity of foods because it will phitamaphy that sedan should be takaa potassium are regulated by metabolic enhance aa=Adaae= la food at the Preventive PAC level of processes and not dietary selection or safety. FEMA has been contamination to avoid a potential revidence. De variados of the internal spec Scauy directed to undertake a public health problem.Should this does is about one.Afth of the variation public informados propos related to action not be whouy successful, the from external background radiadon. ' rediation emergencias to allay public I

Emergency PAC provideo guidance for FDA has retained the proposed fears and perceptione, i sking accom where contamanated food preventive PAC of 500 mram whole 12. A ca====t noted the difRealty la -

s encountered. FDA expects that action body even though the newer data assessang the impacts of and the at the Emergency PAG level of Indicate a greater variadon in external beneSta to be gained from protective contamination would most likely background radiation. .

actions. Another aa===at suggested involve food produced for consumption

• FDA did not consider perceived risks that there were lowerimpact actions by the population near the source of in dortving the proposed PAG values which could be implemented to keep contammation. As discussedla because percaved risk presents food off the market until radiation levels paragraph 2. this is also the population numerous problans laits in the food approach normal j which might receive radiados doses appropriatenses and application. If the background, from multiple pathways. Thus, the factor of perception is added to the- ne reconunendaden that plannmg Emergency PAG au'ght be comedered to equados, scimenSc analysis is- ofBeials ea==d=e the impacts of be an upper bound for linuting the total impoembia, protective actions in implementing radiados does to individuals. FDA 10.Two commente questioned the action does not imply that a emphaamme, however, that the assumpdons that the Emergency PAG . mathemedcal analysis is required.

Emergency PAG le not a boundary might apply to 15 nullica people and Rather. FDA intends that the local -

between safe levels and hasardous or that the Prevendve PAG might apply to situattoa. resources, and impacts that injury levels of radiadon. Individuals the entire United States. One coauneet are important in assuring effective

. may receive an occupational dose of 3 noted that is million persone are more protective actions be considered la rem each year over their working . than that population currently within 25 selecting any actions to be implemented.

lifetune with the expectation of nunimal miles of any United States reactor ettes As discussed in paragraph a. if the local increased riske to thaindividual. thus, using this figure resulte la guideo constrenata perndt a low impact action.

Persone la high elevation areas such as more restrienve than necessary. De this can be appropriate at lower '

Colorade receive about(LOG rom per other comesent noted that, by reducing projected doses. Because it is not .

[ year (or 2.8 run is a lifetime l ebove.the the populaties involved, and poemble in general guidance to consider average backpound radiation dose for unacceptably high value could result. fully all local constraints, the PAC's I the United States populados as a whole. De cedo of total United States represent FDA's judgment as to when l

no Emergency PAC Is aise consistent populados to the maximuni number of protective actions are appropriate.

with the upper reage of PAG's proposed people is the vicinity of an opereting by EPA for the cloud (plumel pathway . reactor could be erroneously interpreted icultumi and Due Maiels (Ret 7). so that progressively smaller 13. Several connnents noted errors

FDA agrees that a populaties. populations would be subject to either in approach or calculadone eighted variable is as spplicable to the progressively larger individual risks. regarding the proposed agricultural and refustion of dve risks as is a his is not the intent of the dose modele, while othere specif!cally geographic verta Arguments can be recommendations. Hence, the risk from noted that there are newer and better fcn h -8(m-M5*

X I s' '

.ww__,. .

_,.__,.w w,m_-_.--m_. _,y.---m_,-,-.,---_.4

c. 3 Federal Regiesi. / VcL 47. No. 20s / Frid y; Octsber 2,1982 / Nstices 47tr/3 i .

models for usela tation of the recosumendadoes and are listed under- Assistance plea (UtAPl coordinates the derived responsa lov " Forage Concentrados". provlefon of Federal assistance and ur i

mA appreciates the carefaireview O&ar , -

sad the suggestions as to betterdata Offsite lastrunnestadoe Task Force of )

the Federal Radiolopcal Preparedaees and models. The references suggested. - 14. A comuneet addressed the as weil as other current reports, have Coordinadas Canadttee adadmswraf densition of the attical orsensitive by FEMA is developing speci8s i

been carefully reviewed and appropriate population for the tables la proposed guidance on instrumentation and coas ase being used as the bens for 110eo.4co(d) and cheerved that there le computation of the derived reopease a greater risk per rem to the younger age methods for saapung food (Rhf. BJ.

levels for the flaal PAG's.N specias groupe than toadedta Anothercomummat Cast Analysis j rnad=In and data being used are as requested further expleastion of the follows: reladve ability to promet cididreur and 17.Several auments argued than  ;

• dul" FDNs cost /baneet analysisused to AyeseherenMods6 ucar,.stssa1syy establish thePAG !sveis was (Raf e6 FDA spees that.!danHy.thecdtical tatake per unit depsmesso-Table s.t. t of te populados should be -bdapan. Camuseas suhd eatH is, i I

UCIUAlsas (Ref.sg i

'. la terms of the yesteet risk per , not appropriate to assign a unique fbood Peak sulk acdvity-Equadas & UCRL. udt intake. However, this wenid dauer valus 2 es h bale '

i stase inat.sk introduce yeeter ==rt==*y late the e5ece usomated wdh one m d dese, daNC i tat:si reannes om forese-as 6scaan.

because rtek N Maal r=='a'aad=81one pmvide M FDA advisse that its cost /bemeet aanlysis wee not conducted to establiek I

UC3uAtese (Ret ok Forage yield-423 kilogres/equare meter duivai mpase lents forinfeate at de the PAG levela FDA ea=a'd-s such use *

(dry weghtk UcRL-ame tRaf.st . . Prevendvs PAG and infante and adults loappropriate la part because of the I MHk consuspeco. 47 !! tar / day infame, for se Emergency. PAC, inability to assese densitively the total l ICRP-23.1974 (Ret tok-ass litar/ day adulg, MA has roas==ined the available societal isP* cts (M**dve and **880")

USDA.19e8 (Ref. tlk data and melmdam that taking actics at suc ac ans. a St. e cost / bens 84 Does convermos facture tres per the Preventive PAG (based on the infant analysiswas med to determine whethes i ancrocerwingeseed). as the.cntical or seratitve populadonl P'**d""'"""'""**"~"""d"

will also provide protecdos of the h PAG's would provide a not societal i""=""*** beneSt. To make such as -------ee it fress the moddsing==Ma= of anik.De i is nessesary to pisos e dollarvalue on a -

"""""

• densition.od newborn infant la the c===ow_

ane . aans YsE'E"'

- <=== <iesion' tables la parayaph (diof the PAG *e has porno.mm of does.

been revised to reflect this concieeton, 23. Several a=====ta aise q===d==d 2

T** '" **

==== as=munes

15. EPAcommasted that its the appropriateness of es asemaption igr

""'m"""*" reguladoes governing drtaking water (40 the coet/benedt analysis of 23 doyeod protecen action. 2e need to address i I 7""J"7e CFR Subchapterwater to meet DJ penait

vi=

blanding cone =====t of WHdam other than iodino.13L and W ="*mun' levels. EPA suggested that FDNa sher,. the need to ==='da-the impact ofother 1"'N"'*.

summa term r==='====dadone shoold be protective actione, compatible witle thelang.terimEPA De cost assessmente have been c-wJ un usi eaTse iw, reguladoes, ean=vely revised to eaaandae air the .

som im As seered la perspephs 1 and 2of this radioonclidae for whicit dartved il -l S'w **'* *** am.anime notice. FDNs recomunesdadoes apply to r#ponse levels are provided is t$e

! se e tas am M"==si se human food and ma*enal feed, whorses v===t ' era pas recoausendations and to incorporate

] l EPA is responsible for providfag updated cost data and risk eethustee gudence on contandaated water. Alse. (Raf. 22). The coot /benent analysis is j .

as dime ===d la paragraph 3 of the  !!aited to the condenmados of aalk and l The use of the newer agncalteral propoest there is a ong-standing FDA the use of stored feed because accident model(Ref. 9) has resulted la a a policy that blending of food is unlawful analyses indicate that the milk pathway percent lacrosse la the iodine.131 under the FederalFood. Drug,and is the most likely to require protective .

derrved response levels id=*8ad la Cosenede Act. Further. these guides are paragraph (dM1)and(dX21of the action. Further these two actione are intended for protectfee ecdoes under the most likely protective actions that recoenmendatican, Generally, sumalar emergency attuations and are not for will be implemented.

magmtude changue are re0cceed la the continuous exposure appilcations For FDA approached the cost / bene 8t derived response levels for the other these reasons. FDA concludes that the j analysis by calculating the radia==eHdam Newer data on imBae.131 diSerences betwestite ' concentredom of radioactivity la milk at

! does conversion factore (RaL17) would m== dan == and EPNs regulations, which the cost of taking action equals have furtherincreased the derived are appropriate. the risk avokled by the action tahan on respones leveis for that r=4==='Hde by 13.Two cemenentswere received as a daily aillk latake basis.The about 40 percent, bet these data have the adequacyoreveilability of assessment wee done on a populatica not been used pending their seceptance resources for sempling and analysis of besia and coassdared only the direct by United States r-e==aaading State. local and Federal egencias and costs of the protective sedons. De

.authertdes.In addition, the proposal the adequacy of guidance on sampling

• analysis indicetee that. for restrictfag e.ontamed a systemade error in that the procedures.

' feed to stored feed, the cost. equals-pasture dertved response levels were These recomuneedstions are not benent concentrations are about one.

.tated to be based on freek weight but designed to provide a compendium of fiftieth to one-eightfeth of the Preventive re in fact based ce dry weight. Freak sempilag techniques, methods, or PAG tent (derind peak mdk

, aght valese (4 of dry weight values l resources. De C r 7 of Energy concentra tion l for iodine.131. ceenue.

to tdanuSed la the Saal through its Interogency Radiologicei 134, and casium.137 and about one. third 1

Fo! A 335- '

) ) 5-

4703e Feelstal Regia e / Vd. 47. No. 206 / Friday. Oct:ber 1982 / N:tices 1

of the level for strondum-40 and- UCRIAtsit Lawmmos IJveneme Perdnent backpound data and t aboratory Guly is.1Wrl.

i strontiuni-et For condemnation e'adk.

1& amena w Inforrnados on se Wah m based on value at the fareL the cost.

• Iuale-bene 8t concentratione are

,, Pro ce h"'bTuk on file in the Dockets Management Branch. and copies are avedable from sindar fractions of the Emergency PAG , p.g,ucemen Creep of Comenttee 2 es Reference as. paa Perpmes Press, Man,that omca (address aboveL tevels(derived peak adh .

Oxfeni(tsrel. Based upon review of the ==-te concentratiosk if condemnation of adh 11. U r Deperoneet of Ayiceiture, received on the proposal of December la based on retad market value, the cost. "Ha.a== hah 8 Ps ad Caesumpeen Survey tees. 18.1978 (43 FR 58790), and FDA's farda.

q-_ t concentrations are tem consideration of the need to provide greater by a factor of two. Thus,it 13. Wouman. H. N. and R. T. Aasm guidance to State and local es for

• p P,,P,**'*

'P O'h D*. 8e 8 emersency response plasmag is

,,h the event that sa facidset results la the Diesemen. seeunere je wedsermgcima .

win yield a not societal beneSt. 3:ses(tertL radioactive contamination of human However. la the case of strontium-se 1a. Kuleugh. G. G D. I. Denning, s, R. . food or animal fet,d the agency offere and strontium protective acdon wdl BeenanL and J. C. Pleasant. "Estimases of the following rem ==manlatione yield a beneSt only for concentrations ,,,laternal Does Equivalent to at Target Orgsas regarding protoceve sedan piWfor greater than about one. third the derived for 8-d"---ad-a Coeurries in Resteme human food and animal feeds peak values. In the case ofIodine.131. Releases from Nacieer Pue64ycle Familues.

cosiuse.134, and casium.137. protective Vol.1." ORNIJNUREC/D4.tet Oak Ridge AcciIlestal Rashoecdve Costandseden Nedeoal Laberseory Gume torsk of Huaman Food and Animal Feeds actions could be continued to avoid SE n NedonalCauami en Radieses e.-- -a.naaa for State and lacal percest of the prejected radiation does p,,,,g,, ,,g m,,,,,,,,,,, .Camium.tw for initial peak concentrations at the A I"'i*'

, From the W w Mas muboum i

PAG level, and Deen." NCRP Report No. 32. Washfasten (a) App //cobility. (1)'Iliese

- Uanuary 111 recommendadoes are for use by Rafesumese #"""''"" on I& appropriate State or local agencies la The fouewing infonnades has been placed y,ajt"88 *I response planning and the conduct of en dieploy la the Deckete P .

Breash (HFA.aost Food and Drug

^

..a 1 h*'Pehuae'm radiation protection activities involving Adadaiseetten.Jte. ode. Sees Flahere lame, a Part p,,,, ggg 1,.,Annale g of to ICRP. Pergame the production, processing, distribution.

Rockwule.MD accer, and any be sees

• Popusers. D.1 md I. Vm and use of human food and animal feede bewam e e.a.and 4 pm. Monday through .Resemosa of Br la Humas Bons et Dutmens in the event of as incident resoldag la

^8 **d 3*'*3'888 88d8888" 088'

- the lease of radioactivtty to the leral Radsedes Commed. Memorandum Physics im Moderne and AdoteEF. ta',te>.tas environment.The Food and Drug for the Freendent. "Rasgadem Praecuan C*ndamos for Federal Agameise." Fedoeul. (teral. Admanistration (FDA) recommends that Regloses. Augeot at test (as FR taneej and 17. Esemaken. J.' G. P. A. Feller. F. A. this guidance be used on a case by case Report No.8 Hely tesek AemM.1 R. Domes. K I. Celfand. and F. I. - basis to deterudne the need for taking

."Misenc Radiopharmasemucal W.propriate protective action in the L Federal Radlades CemenL Memorenden for the Proeidset,rRadiaden Prweeties --, is"Radiophannecomuni event of a diversity of contaminating p -, Sympsesum. April as.a isra, C.udanes for Federal Agenoes." Fedmal -

87 Regloess." May at tees (30 FR-essak ang HEW Pubileettee (PDAl 79 4e44 Uume left). tion accidents, and 1E Neelemal Academy of Seismosol acedenta.

Report Na,7 (May1 east. fallout from

3. Nedonal Acadsey of Sciences /Neuenal Natiesel Reneerek Comaal. "The Elfacto en devices.

Raseerek CaumaL *The E5ecte en Population Pepelatione of Exposure to imir levele of (2) Protecdve actions are appropriate elExposure to law tavels oflemams tonesang Radiation." Report of the Adyteery when the health benents associated Radiation." Report of the Adwteery Ceanna en Seelegical Elfaste of lemmg with the reduction la exposure to be Ceaumetes em Eloisycal Effecte of lesusfag Resuaden (EEDH (tW3k achieved are sufBcient to offset the Radianen (EEDWUl(tgegg 1& Neuemal Comani en Radiese* undesirable features of the protective

4. United States Nuclear Regulatory Pmuceen and Measusemate (NCRFL "Seeic Radiatten Protescon Crtteria." NCRP Report actions. The Protective Acdon Guides Ceaussessoa. Meester Safety Study. WASH.

No. as. Waadmi=gn== (1srtl, (PAG *s) la graph (c)of these tcoE Appendia VI(October tersi, i at Segen. X. T. and A.1 Coldha, recome tions represent FDA's .

s. Res. E. and E Moden. "Benssi and 2 Maugnant Thyvend Neoplasme After "Peputaties Espoomse to Extemal Natural judgatent as to the level of food Chudheed Inodieses for T!ase Capitie." Radletten Background is the United States.* contasmation resulting front radiatioe l /ownef of ee Mesional Caesar hastiaram Vol. ORP/SEPD-eD 11Inversamental Proessaan incidente at which protecdve actica

, saw No.1 Guly 18886 Ageesy. Washingese. DC(April 19311 Shoulet he takes to pr' tect the public s 1sternessoalfa==d=h= em 21. Pederellammemey Task Fans s" health. Further, as provided by Federal i

* =d'a'as*=' Pressettes (ICRPL Offeite Emergener las.eementaties fe' guidance issued by the Federa n------=d- of the Intenmuseal NimA==* Aandsmen,-r aa- se ognite Radletion Counal. if. la a y_._.__,l ,_ __

r*a=====a== en Radiologiset Protocuen. ICRF Emergoesy Radiotes Mesourement Systemet Puhusseen a Ammale of the ICRP, Pergassen Phase L Meestartes and Mansurement of situatloa. and eSective acdon with low

• to Deeendas Does total Impactis available laitiation of Press (1WF) 1 7. Eevtressenstel Protecnee Agency. Commiement la the Milk Pathway.* such action at a projected does lower j Manuel of Prosecove Acnos C.iedes and deveieped by Exzen Nesleer Idaho Co. Inc. than the PAG may be justifiable,if only

! Protoceve Aceams for Nuclear imodents." Idaho Falls. ID DreA. July test (to be very high. impact actica would be 4 EPA Seell-FD.cet. revised lune test Published by FEMA]. effective. Initiatica of such actica at a i s United Namese Sciesens Committee en 21 Sidenen. L C. D. Sciunidt, and R. P. projected dose higher than the PAG may the Effects of Ateams Radieuse.1sTF Report. Chiacchienni. " Background for Protective be justifiable. (See 29 FR 1205e: August Unated Neuens.New York (tsryk Acces 'a===-=daneesc Acendental 22.1964.) A basic assunipdos in the

s. Y. C. C.1 Celeber. IL I. Quma, and Radioecove Caetamineties of Foo.d and S. E, peen."Treasier Coedimente for Amunal Foods " k '

1 set. r 7 -- 7 development of protective action the Predicoes of the Does to Man Via the of Health and Huanes Servtcas. Food and . guidance is that a conditfoe ratuiring t

i ForegeW Pathway from . Drug Admemistrettee. Suroes of "" ' . -

• Protective actica is unusual and should Radleeucudos Relemoed to the Bloophere." Health. Rockvilla. WL not be expected to occur frottuently.

@ / A - S f,- M S-k I 5'

-a ---. --.

/~

-3 4

Federal RegL / Vcl. 47. No. 206 / Friday Oct ber 1982 / Nzticoe 470s1 Cr""- e==== that invoin spedda occurrence, a substandal probability of (b) DefinitionsL (1)" Dose" is a general which the respoemble ofBcials should recurrence within a period of1 or1 term denoting the tity of radiation determine whether condemnados or or energy a yor special another disposition is appropriate. At yeare, or exposure fross multiple sarcos porposes it must be appropriately the Emergency PAG.higherimpact (such as airborne cloud and food quallfled la these recommendadone it actions are jusd8ed because of the pathway) would require special .

refers spec Scally to the torna " dose projected health hasards, consideredos. In such a case, the total equivalent."

protected dose from the several events (91" Rad" means the unit of absorbed (2) "De comunitment means the does equalto em Joule per kilogram in and the totalImpact of the protectin any mediuni, radiados does equivalent recuved by i

actions that might be taken to avoid the (to)" Rem"is a special unit of does future does from one or more of these an expoedindvidual to me op ciud over a lifetime from a single event. equinlaat. no does equivalent la rems .

evente may need to be c,onsidered.la le num

a., .e numerica v voces e meaau-=P. m ericaay ,w equal to the shoorbed for ee ,,G.s a,e not m,e a ,eaines seiec,a *ampmese,s*a*ndad-- a . factor. .e .s m.id,u.d b, .e , t, str.udom factor. aw an, authorise deliberate releasse expected to result la absorbed doses of these Q ***I* *Nkg .o n magnimdee. me pedut of to absorbed doesin rads and certain modifying factors 'nie unit activity of a spectSc radicouclide (f)'

j (3) A protective acdos is as acdon or of does equivalent is the rom. faitially deposited as pastures or (U) per measure taken to avoid most of the unit weight or volume of food or animal (4)" Projected does commitment" feed: or (iii) la the total dietary intake radiation does that would occur ham

, future ingesdos of foods contaminated means the does commitment that would which corresponde to a particular PAG.

be received in the future by individuale (c) protective action guider (FAG *s).

with radioactive materials. These. In the population group from the j reconnmendations are intended for To perndt Sexibility of acdon for the '

contaminating event if no protective reducdon of radiatica exposure to the

implementadon within hours or days action were takan-frons the time asr emergency is public via the food pathway due to the (5)" Protective action

• means as occurrence of a cdhtaminating event the ree-==i--d__ ne action recommaded to actica taken to avoid moet of the be taken should be continued for a following Preventive and Emergency i

' exposuus to radiadon that would' occur PAG's for an exposed individualla the sufBeient time to avoid most of the from future ingestion of foods protected does. Evaluation of when to populados aus adopted:

I contaminated with radioactive (1) AsvendrePAG which is (i)1.5 cease a protective aedon should be materials. res projected does comunitment to the made on a case.by<ase basia (6)"Protecdn action guide (PAG)- &yredd, or(ii)g68 res projeced does considering the specific lacident and the means the projected does comunitment commitment to the whole body, bone food supply contaminated. In the case of values to individuals la the general marrow, or any other the peerure/ cow / milk / person pethwe,. population that warrant protective -(2) PAG for which derived " response leveis" are chis(!)la rues action following a release of radioecove projected commitment to se provided in peregraph (d) of these eyroid, or(ii) 3 rem protected dose i material. Protective action would be re=====dadona, it is expected that warranted if the expectd ladvidual coausitment to the whole body, boos j sedoes would not need to extend )

does reducdon is not offset by nogettre oder orgen-

,i beyond 1 or 2 months due to the social. -'a or health effects. no marmwIdl or any/*'*l8 898I**' 8'

! reduedon of forage concentrations by PAG does not include the doeMhat hee PAG Al the basic PAG l weetherms (14-day half-life assumed). unavoidably occurred before the r=~=====dadone am given la terms of i

la the case of freek produce directly asessement. protected does equivalent. it is often l con +==d==ted by dependen ham the som coonnient to udum spectSe (7) " Preventive PAG" to the projected cloud, acdons would be nec'eseary at the does comunttment valub at which mdonucade concentrodone apa which time of harnet. Die guidance is not responsible ofBefals should take m inidate ymtsedw acdos. Dennd l Intended to apply to the problems of protective actions having mini ==I Ipect - response levels equivalent to the PAG's i long-term food pathway costandnados to prevent or redoes the radioactive for m d oencu laterwt '

where adequate time aAer the incident contaminados of husman food or animal N Aesponse #rhevendw is available to evaluate the public health feeds. PAG Infant 8 m criocal wgment of consequenose of food con *==naanta= (8)" Emergency PAG"Is the projected populados.

using current r=aa====datione and the does commitment value at which ,

m g M,,,,, m guidance in Federal Radiation Council responsible ofBcials should isolate food ,,,,,,%,. e.,s ,,,,g ,,,,

(FRC) Report No. 3. July 1ses and Report containing radioectivity to peevent its sei.n,.n.,, l:

No. 7. May tees. asm. imaser e.ameis hes introducdos lato commeros and at Ianese renWaos 1 8taamme amme sur punemme pas

.ses,e ten,. ty,,, g,, I g,,

I suas mummy Ase ousamma emmemmaaremme mump 8 mess CenemusuB '; - .

ass r s as e fem um meer tuuuumsmerest EAS 44 tJ att s 7845 teme #mmemune tete am ate ass am as4 4 7 as as e.ess ings, se egy amammen ayumuses emst suuses is mm _ _ _. tapaus pas og eng6 ge esse e e comme emmesut sie assespee sanne of tueu i emmes, se somsy pumme e as sammes aw sensur sie unum e esamme ey emner i

me"m F m A - B (. - p s l . A I5~

e~ re = e- mmom ar m m+-re-ww~,-n- _- - wemm-es-s s~-- -s =-e- _

\ .

, .m

• 47333 Federal Regi. t / Vcl. 47. No. 206 / Friday. Oct:bar - Iges / Nodcee

• l (2) Assponse levelfor Emergency MG, N response levels equivalent- to the Emergency PAG.are presented for both  !

lafants and admits to permit use of either level and thus assure a flamble approach to taking action la cases where exposure of the most critical perdon of the population (Infants and pregnant women) can be prevented:

isi.. ses.' is.. i se , i e,

"""""""*""'"*** ====. aos mess. ans nam a( a l a.s )

.neas.m,meno no mo o is a e as se s ar e ime

, wim.eme es r e it is u e a rue em.usecou.ssemer

e. m a m ,. eme wese aie a u a te is a ass as u a raenum.. as se as to re es a r a .es gen.mmm,,.u,msy, ems,g,=.=me = em.e me=== a sumumm = ==*ist.

, g ege ,..,.,;is.,,.,, m. yR.;;=,..= m. - m. e..a-.e n e.m. no- ,= im

, E3I::"I.'.llk T3 */"." 3".:""". 'l*=#T :lll:'"e 'l""."." '," t"f"l." "'.'.".l"".3"lll'm 'll"':. ".",""".*"':' T (e)Implemer, tories. When usingthe no.us of intake" would probabih be limited by FAC's and associated response levels . A the quantity purchased at a given time, for response planning or protective * *g

,, For most food, especiauy fresh produce, actiosa, the following conditions should ""*

- thiewould probably be about a 1 week be followed: 2. supply. In some cases, howeves. Targer (1) Jbecrf/cfoodirems. To obtain the g quantittee would be purchased forhome response level (microcune/ kilogram) canning or freestag. For moor foods and equrvalent to the PAG forother specific one a===s === e.== =s.= -_ .ise members of the public, an efective foods,it is necessary to weigh the , ' . " . "*, " , "'""'

, , , " , , " , 2' - ,",,> " days oflatake" 30 days is probably contribudos of the individual food to the causerveeve.

'"* 88 "

-total dietary intaket thus, (iii) For population groups having .

e as = =mm.m ====== == in so mew e =if='Aa.a.sy difBerent dietary latakes, an '

Total totake (mscroseneel ",',",",,***=""*=r8"*'"****""""

. %c , v> r

,,,,. appropriate adlesoment.of dietary fecease should be mada. -

(11) Assessment of the effective days (2) A=na==eM=marnarse. If a Whem Total tatake(m6ssesensel Mrde oflatake should consider the spenfle

• P I' mixture of r= 88==a8Ma=is present, the

food, the population involved, the food pas of alltheretionof the concentredan em]m pm distribudos system, and the -

% ,,, of each spectSc redfonulida to its l .sg radionucHda. Whether the food is spemfic level equivalent tothe I distnbuted to the retaif market or consumpeen to the predest et dw everses MG be less than one, i daaly comewspues openSed la pareysph produced for home use wiu sigmffcantly y Othergodioracf/ des. De response leXIXt) et these W-noes and affect the intake la most instances. ~ei for the Proveneve and l the days oflatake of the untammated Thus,while assessment ofintake should PAG for other redloonelidae be i f**d 88 "r"'a-a la peereph (eM1Xu) at be on a case.by-case basta some calaulated tema dose comsdament these roomammtauen*

t general-te may he usefbila fastere available in the literature j (i) The daily conomaption of specific specific circumstances. (X1 Dough. G. Gi.et al ORNL/NUREG/

t foods is kilograms pse day for the (a) For short half-life radionuclidae. .D4-tse (1978) (edult only). and U.S.

general populationis gives in se radioactive decay willlhnit the Nuclear Regulatory r%==iamaa Reg.

! foUowtag tablet ingeetles of radioactive materials and - Guide Llos(1977}).

l . the effective "deys ofintake".De (4)OthercrWco/ organs. Dose

• efective " days of intake la this case is commiament factore in U.S. Nucieer 1.44 times the radiological half-life.For Regulatory 'ha- Gede 1.ies iodine-131 (half-lM days), the (terr) sfer to bons rather bone

'==s. .g.,g,, -days of intake" la, thun.11 marrow does a==='*===*= For the i

l ",",=, days, purpose of these r======satioen, does i

' s, m commitment to the bone murowis

&"" ha(rvested on adaily besia,it mayconsidered beb) Where to be as theof food the bone product does is bein g=e reasonable to assumstodussion of ~

aa==a*===* Thisis based on the retie i

contamination due to weathering. As as of dose rete per unit activity in the bene i

lattial =========* It may be appssprimas marrow to does rete per unit activtty la g = *8""""'*" a smau tisemo 8tled cavity is. bene and n,. e Eme (toused esemmefor foragealato day /w6etheringaalt-Itfe pasture cow / milk assumes that strondum-so is distributed e==v - g pathway) pending further evaluation. la only la the mineral bone (Spiers. F. W.

l ",,",,

. aos this case, the effective " days oflatake" et al la "ma==as,.1 Implications of mm es l 8m is 2ndeye. A combinados of radioactive RadiostruatiourExposure." AEC l

" , " , , , ' , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , s".' , decay and weathering would result fa Symposium 25 (1972). The ratio for '

i summmm m . .im an efective half-!!fe for fodine-131 of 5 stroneum ee le the smee becease the

• • '"5 ', days and reduce the " days of latake" to mean particle sinergies are sinular(0Je i

j  %,,mmm "'" T.,.. m ar:- 7 days. MeV (- . _ n =,, ., tel). Situstione

utsum '"

- (c)la the case of a food which is sold could artse is which an organ other thaa

l';:::";l  :" in m..retna ma,k.t. m. .fr.cev. -day. moes dio-seed in aus mgraph could To ' A -%-110s'

$W l

I c -

a Federal Regin / Vel 47. No. 205 / Frid2y, Oct:bar J 1982 / N:tices 47ges be comeddered to be the arges receiving nae ==h== teret and laternational the highest does per unit latake.In the milk. butter, cheese, or eveparated unik.

AtondeEnergy Agency. tavironmental -

case of exposure via the feed chalar Monitoring im 8- w Situadona." (uil For fruits ar.d ngetables:(e) -

depending as the radionecude under tage. Analysie need not be lisaited to Washing, brushing, scrubbing, or peoung considerados, the geseedsteednel treet these< net ges but should to remove surface contaaninathen, '

could be the orses exposed. comparable results. Acdon (b) Preservedos by canning. heezing.

ne references ci not la pareysph (e)(3) and dehydrettom or storage to be takes without vertilcados of the t of these recommendatione contain does analysia. Such verificados might include redoscow deca ddort und commitment factors for the fouowing redonucHdes, the analyste of duplicate samples.

bene, kidneye. liver, ovaries. (iv)Forgreine:(o Miufas and(b) .

laboratory measuremente, sample .

whole body, and gestrointestinel analysie by other agend= sample poushing, tract. analysis alvarious savironmental (v) For other food products, processing local(s) Prompt nodfleetion agencies regarding the oscarrenos of State anel mate, and '- _ A date on - to remove surface contamination, redoecovereleasin.

of aslackiesthaving g (h) N M M ed m e

. (vt) For meet and meet products.

' latake of cesium.134 and cesium tar bg

-den fofeceve appropriate when the health besset an adult via the meet pathway ma

(*ia7' SuchnedSco pro ucd w h t for "

sesociated with the reducdon la does exceed that of the adik pathway: y that can be achieved le considered to . I' therefore. lenis ofcesium in adk p,,,,,g gam he oNast the undesirable health, sea =a=u approaching the " response level" should airboene cloud but value for and social factore. it la the intent of' , cause survetaance and protective food pathway contandna:!an, these r====madadone that. not only j actions formeetas appropriate.

A A.A. this proteedvs actice  ! the protective actione cited for the guidance should be incorporeted la i Emergency PAC be initiated when the (vii) For animalfeede'other than State / local emergency plane which pasture, acdon abould be on a case.by-I equivalent response levels are reached, case basis taidag into considersdos the provide for coordnados with naciser + but also that actione appropriate at the relationship between the redonusude facility operatore including promps Preventive PAG be considered. Die hee j notifica:ica of accidente and tecludeel ; the afEsct of reducing the period of time concentration la the animal feed and the ea====neation regarding pubus health : required during winich the protective concentration of the radia==-uda ter consequences and protective acdon. . action with the greater soooonde and human food.For hay and adage fed to .

(f).Sesqelfgperumasen Generedy, tactatlas oewe, the concentrados should socialimpact needs to be.taken.FDA sites for sempie coDestion aboeld be the not amoned that equivalent to the retad market, the processing plaat and

=a====ada that once one or nose protective actions are initiated, the W g. ,,g,,p. ,,,,,,

the fera. Sample ooDecdos at the adh

• actice or actione continue for e (2)8'- PAC Responsiblir processing plant may be mere effclant la sufBcient thne to avoid most of the odiciale Misolam fand commining deternimag the extent of the food redoecevi'I e 3""'Iit ineodoed**

pathway contamination.The geographie projected does. "!11ere is a langstending om commera amideterunne whe&ar area where proteedve actione are FDA poucy that the purposeful bleeding of adulterated food with unadulterated condemnados or anoser espondonis impla==ated ehemid be bened on s food le a violation of the Federal Food, s yem. Behee taking sie sedan, canaderedene of the wind direction and Drug, and Cosmode a oepharmre-port- br ,rotoceve acdo.s .Ast.o.&w fouowing be os.s wered

- -w*

- factore should be airborne and yound serwy teams of the . for haplementatica when the projected (!)The avedabdity of other poemble radioactive cloud and eartwo depostloa and meneerements la the . does equals or exceeds the appropriate promettve action,,Hamaand jg pac; pareyeph(b)(1)of these food patway.

(1)preverrafve FAC (1) Forvestures 8**""" "d'"'

(s) Ascoermemdefmethodsof ' Ramoval oflactadng dairy cows hem (e)(u) Relatin proportion of the total ano/ysisL Techniques for measumeest of radionuclide concentretless should - conta,dnetedpasturage and diet by weight represented by the item how detection limite aquelis orless suben:ndon of unconta=nanted stored in queados, feed.

thaa se ' (lu) The importance of the particular .

p eslainien h (b)Sehedtum source of food in nueitles and the avedabdity of

,s.on.,,de ane,,,,s.cesi,e,semiin co.maineed water. -co-s*>=d sood - easde-(3) i + m7tAst, (ii)Foradis(el Withholding of '"8 ** **"* "'"I*I 3""'

Procedure Massel," edited by John H. contaminated adk hem the market to - (iv) N reladve contribution of other Harley.HASE.30sERDA Heelsh and aGow redisective decay of short6Hvad foods and oeer redonecudos to the Safety 1.shere .New Yeds.NY. ierat r-Ma=='Hd== This may be acideved by, temi projected doen.

Methode Fission storess of husea teek adik.hossa (v)The stees and esortrequired to Commen* redone is " U.3, comessested adk.er tossa effect oormelw meden.

Deperament of Health, h=*ia= and conossented muk products.

Welfare.Peblic Heale Serv 6ce This nodce is issued ur: Jar the Public (b) Storage for prolonged times at Health Service Act (seco. 301. 310,311.

Pubucatica No. ses-4-a.May Igeal reduced tempereeures also is fossible "Evolustion oflos Exchemes Cartridges se Stat. est-4ss as amended, as Stat. 371 for Fleid Sempung oflodlee-1311a provided ultrahigh tempersture - (43 U.S.C. 241,242o. 2431) and under Milk." !ahamaa- R. H. and T. C. Reevy. , pasteurizados techniques are einployed authority delegated to the r*a==f aatoner Nosesru,20s. (80121:755433, Nomiher for r - (Finley, R. D H. 3, of Food and Druge (21 CFR S.10).

50.190s and Warren, andII. R. Haryove. " Storage Stabdity of Coaunercial Mdk."fournal Deted: October it. tees.

(x) M eini r M * .. C. H ' ofMilk andFood Technology, An6mr Hait Hopea,in.

ORNE. 4ent November terat Diesenfeld.

st(12bsaz-ser:Doceseber1988). commmmerofroeitamtDmse.

C and I. Klemish. Brookhaven Noticaal (c) Diversion of Guld adk for Laborotary, NUREG/CR4sik re o m s w ansruns a a-an assame prodneden of dry whole adk. naafat dry saum esse neem FoiA -S(a-335-S IF