ML20205Q430

Forwards Ltr from L Thomas Responding to Ms Dukakis Re Implications of Chernobyl Nuclear Accident on Nuclear Plant Safety & Emergency Planning in Us

ML20205Q430
Person / Time
Issue date:	05/07/1986
From:	Weiss B NRC
To:	Calley H ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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References
FOIA-86-335 NUDOCS 8704030530
Download: ML20205Q430 (2)

Text

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,s g-Governor Michael S. Dukakis The Consonwealth of Massachusetts State' House Boston, Massachusetts 02133

Dear Governor Dukakis:

This is in response to your letter of May 2, 1986, regarding the implications of the Chernobyl nuclear accident on nuclear plant safety and emergency planning in the United States.

As you have indicated, the information that we have received from the l

Soviet Union pertaining to the accident and their response to that event has been quite 1inited. At this time, we do have all the details regarding the actions taken by Russian authorities to notify and evacuate the public in the vicinty of the Chernobyl reactor. Therefore, it is too early to make any conclusions on their preplanning or the effectiveness of the actions that were taken. We are continuing to gather reliable information to better understand the situation and the sequence of events.

At this time, we believe that it is premature to say whether or in what way changes to current requirements of reactor safety or emergency planning may be necessary. I have been assured by NRC and FEMA.that they will carefully review the information that will eventually be available and determine the lessons-that can be learned from this l

event.

I appreciate and fully understand your interest in this accident. I wish that I could provide you with more definitive information but the data that is available to the Federal Interagency Task Force is quite limited.

sincerely, Lee Thomas Fo A -s( -n 5 dW

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l lRooponse levels for 4

jPreventive PAG 131 2_/

y 34 4 7 90,

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g Cs Cs 3

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lInitici Activity l

Arso Deposition l

(oic rocuries/ square l

cator) 0.13 2

3 0.5 8

i Forege Concentration /

3 y

(cierocuries/ kilogram) 0.05 0.8 1.3 0.18 3

Peak Hilk Activity (microcuries / liter) 0.015 0.15 0.24 0.009 0.14

' Tocci intake (oicrocuries) 0.09 4

7 0.2 2.6 l

2_/ From fallout, lodine-131 is the only radiciodine of significance with respect to milk contecination beyond the first day.

In case of a reactor accident, the cumulative intake of iodine-133 via milk is about 2 percent of iodine-131 essuming equivalent deposition.

2/

Fresh weight.

bl Intake of cesium via the' meat / person pathway 'for adults may exceed that of the milk pathway;-

therefore, such levels in milk should cause surveillance and protective actions for meat as appropriate.

If both cesium-134 and cesium-137 are equally present as might-be expected for 1 reactor accidents, the response levels should be reduced by a factor of two.

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Adult In fant,/

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Infant 1/

Adult Infant _/

Adult Infant Adult l iltial Activity-I Arco Deposition l(cierocuries/ square

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30 l :ck Milk Activity j (oicrocuries/ liter) 0.15 2

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.tal intake

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O Newborn infant includes fetus (pregnant women) as critical segment of, population for iodine-131.

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2/ " Infant" refers to child less than 1 year of age.

3I iodine-131 is the only radioiodine of si nificance with respect to milk From fallout,

In case of a reactor accilene the cu.uistive intake of iintcmination beyond the first day.

i idino-133 via milk is about 2 percent of iodine-131 asguming equivalent deposition.-

l N Fresh weight.

i 5_/ Intake of cesium via the meat / person pathway for adults may exceed that of the milk ithway; therefore, such levels in milk should cause surveillance and ' protective actions for lict cc appropriate.

If both cesium-134 and cesium-137 are aquelly present

• as might be j :pected for reactor accidents, the response levels should be reduced by.a Eactor of two.

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Average consumption for the general population Food (kilogram / day) 1/

Milk, cream, cheese, ice cress

.570

.055 Fats, oils Flour, cereal

.091 Bakery products

.150 -

Meat

.220 Poultry

.055 Fish and shellfish-

.023 Eggs

.055 Sugar, sirups, honey, molasses, ' cc.

.073 e

Potatoes, sweec potatoes

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Vegetables, fresh (excluding potatoes)

.145 Vegetables, canned, frozen, dried

.077 Vege, tables, juice (single strength)

.009 Fruit, fresh

.165 Fruit, canned, frozen, dried

.036 Fruit, juice (single' strength)

.045 Other beverages

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.180 l

Soup and gravies (mostly condensed)

.036 Nuts and peanut butter

.009 TOTAL 2.099 readed as calcium equivalent; that is, the quantity of whole f id milk to which dairy products are equivalent in calcium content.

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l Federal Register / Vol 47. No. 205 / Friday. October 22. 1982 / Nodcas 47tr73

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DEPARTMENTOF HEALTH AND HUMAN SElWICES i

Food and Drug Administradoer (Decket No. 79fM0001

~

Accidental Medicestive Contamination of Human Food and Animal Feede; Recommendosions for state and I.ocal Agencies Aemsev: Food and9 rug Administradon.

Acnosa Nodce.

suesssasm The Food and Drug i

A4 e:r. tion (FDA)lepublialungthis notice to provide to State and local agencies.1;

' ': for emergency i

response planning forradiological Incidents recommendationa for taking protective actionrin the event that an incident causes the contaminados of human food or animal feeds. These recommendadons can be used to determme whether levels of radiedon.

l encountered in food after a radiological incident warrant protective action and to suggest appropriate actions that may be taken if action is warranted. FDA has a responsibuity to fasse guidance on T~o ipr-86-335 A IF '

N

-5 7

C074 Federal Regisu.c / Vcl. 47. Ns. 205 / Friday October 22. 1982 / Notices E

5 1

E' appropriate planning acdons necessary during the development of these final sufBcient time to avoid most of the far evaluating and preven recommendations. Although EPA's projected tsdistion dose.Rus, the

=

a contamination of human f and formal comments are responded to in PAG *s define the numerical value of E

F animal feeds and on the control and use this notica. EPA staH reviewed a draft of projected radiation doses for which h

of thew products should they become the final recommendations, and FDA protective actions are recommended.

cantaminated.

has considered bir additionalinformal FDA has reviewed b recent report of E

con pwrmaniseronesanose coerracn comments. Rese contacts were the National Academy of Sciences /

Call D. Schmidt. Bureau of Radiological considered appropriate because EPA National Research Council (Ret 3) on Health (HFX-1). Food and Drug has indicated that it intends to use the radiation risks and biological effecta E

Mministration. 5600 Fishers 1.ans.

recommendations as the basis for data that became available after N

Rockvine. MD =os57. 301-443-2850.

revising its guidance to Federal agendes publication of the FRC guidance and has radioscovity in food, guides for on protective action reviewed the imp / milk / person pathw symnseuramyinsponeaances act of taking action in P

the pasture / cow

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Background

- in light of the current concerns in E

Protecdve Action Guidance T'

his guidance on seddental radiation protection. Based on these E

radioactive cont' amination of food from

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e a conaderations and the comments

,c,3. g, fD h d

fixed nuclear fact!! ties, transportation E

ac= dents. and fallout is part of a

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received on the proposed P

Federal interagency eHort coordinated dadens 6 21 CFR Put 1000, rec mmendations. FDA has concluded

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by the Federal Emergency Management Becaum bee recommendations are that protecdve actions oflow impact k

Agency (FEMA). FEMA haued a anal voluntary guidance to State and local sh uld be undertaken at projected 4

regulation in the Feieral Register d agencies (not regulations). FUA has radiadon doses lower than those E

March it.1982 (47 FR 10758), which dedded not to codify the recommended by FRC (Refs.1 and 21

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^ I* "" ****dI"8 I""*

E reflected governmental morganizations recommandations: rather, it is issuing impact prote'ctive actions (termed the ha in this nouce. Ebewhee 6 th 5

and rekssigned agency responsibtlltiae y

for radiological incident emergency bsue d th Federal Reghtw. mA h Preventive PAG) at projected radiation withdrawing the December 15.1973 d ses f 0.5 rem wh le bodyand 1.5 rem e

response planning. A responsibility p,,,,,,g, thyroid.FDA intends that such f

assagned to the Department of Health-The recommendations contain basic pmteedve sedans be impkmenad W 9

and Human Services (HHS)(and in turn criteria. defined as protective action.

prevent the appearance of radioactivity delegated to FDA)is the responsibilit7 guides (PACS), for establishing the 14 vel la food at Isvels that would require its to develop and specify to State and local of radioacuve contaminados of human n=Aamnation. Preventive PACS 3

y governments protective actions and food or animst feeds at which action include se transfer d dairy cows from j

associated guidanca for human food and should be taken to tect the public fresh forage (pasture) to uncontaminated animal fud.

health and assure t safety of food, ne stored feed and the diversion of whole In the Federal Register of December recommendations also contain specific milk potentially contaminated with y

is.1978 (43 FR 3a790). FDA published guidance on what emergency protective short.Uved radionuclides to producte p

proposed recommendations for Stste actfons should be taken to prevent me along shelflife m aHow 1

and local agencies.regarding acddental further contaminadon of food or feeds or radioactive decay of the radioactive r

radioactive contamination of human to restrict the use of food, as well as material.

i food and animal feeds. Interested more general guidance on the in those situations where the only 4

persons were given until February 13.

development and implementation of protective actions that are feasible IE 1979 to comment on the proposal-em action. De PACS have been present high dietary and social costs or i

Twenty one comments were received develo on the basis of impacts (termed the Emergency PAG) p from State agendes. Federal agendes, considerations of acceptable risk to action is mcommended at projected nuclear unlities, and others.Two of the identify that !evel of cont==ination at radiation doses of 5 rem whole body D

mmments from environmentally which action is necessary to protect the and 15 rem thyroid. At the Emergency concerned organizations were received public health.

PAG level responsible off!cials should h_

after the March 28,1979 acddent at In pnparing these recommendstions, isolate food to prevent its introduction 1

D Three Mile Island, which increased FDA has reviewed and utilized the into commerce and determine whether

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public awareness of protective action Federal guidance on protective actions condemnadon or other disposition is guidance. Although these comments contained in Federal Radiation Council 8Ppropriate. Act!on at the Emergency s

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g were received after the close of the (RC) Reports No. 3. July 1984 (Ret 1)

PAG levelis most likely for the M

E comment penod, they wem considered and No. 7. May 1983 (Ret 2). De population that is near to the source of

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by the agency in developing these Snal Federal guidance provides that each-radioactive contammation and that E

i+_- wad = done.

Federal agency, by virtue ofits.

consumes home-grown produce and g

The OfHee of Radiation Programs, immediate knowledge or its operating milk.

w Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), problemse would use the applicable FRC ne PACS represent FDA's ludgment E

subenitted a detailed and exhaustive guides as a basis for developing detailed as to that level of food contaminadon

(

critique of the proposed standards to meet the particular needs resulting from radiation inddents at 5

recommendations. EPA addressed the of the agency.FDA's recommendations which action should be taksa to protect E

doetmetry data. the agricultural models incorporate the FRC concepts and the the public health. Bis is band on the E

used in calculating the derived response MtC guidance that protective actions, in-agency's recognition that safety involves Er levels, and the philosophical basis for the event of a contaminating accident, the degree to which risks are judged lE establishing the numencal value of the should be based on estimates of the acceptable.The dsk from natural

_i k

orotective action guides. mA advises projected radiadon dose that would be disasters (approximately a one in a hat, to be responsive to the EPA received in the absence of taking aullion annual individual risk of death)

E

.:omments, mA staff met with staff of,

protective actions. Similarly, protective and the risk from variations in natural the OfHee of Radiation Programs. EPA, actions should be implemented for a background radiation have provided Et Fo r A -se ~53r j

)b I 5~

a m

Federal Register / Vol 47. No. 208 / Friday October 22. 1982 / Notices 4Mr15 p.a, J.n in selecdag the PAC values.

Iower by factore of 3J and 3.

for use by State andlocal agencies in 11ds issue is further discussed la the respectively, than values based on response planning and implementados r==paa-to spectSe comuneste later la ICRP-Is (Ref. 4).FDA advises that it of protoceve aedoes in the event of a this notice, especially in paragraph 3. A will make appropriate changes la contaminating incident. Further. FDA's acre detailed treatment of the rationale.

m==adations for internal orges recora==adadoes would aim be used by nak factore, dosimetric and cultural-doses when aconsensus in the United FDA la implementing its authonty for models, and methods of tion is States emerges, food la interstate commerce under the contained la the" Background for 1

Protective Action P-daden" Aangy,i, og c--

Federal Food. Drug, and Cossede Act.

FDA g,,,,h* "to DA as to basis for==adation Accidental Radioactive Contamination N fouowingis a summary of the i

of Food and AnimalFeeds"(Ref.22).

comments recenyed on the December 15 Orges PAG Vaines ists proposal and the agency's response mvining p, contaminated by guidamos on food-ag,

radionuclides. DA has advised FDA Current scientiSc evidence. as-L Several comments requested s

reflected by BEIR-4 (Ref. tal, clan 8cessoa of the applicabdity and thatit intends to forward the FDA UNSCEAR-terr (Ref.8), and BEIR4t!

compatibuity of FDA's m'====aadadoes to the President under (Ref. 31 ladicates that the relative recommendadoes with other Federal its authority to " advise the President importance of risk due to spec 18e organ actions, specificauy the PAC guidance With respect to radiation mattere exposure is quite diferent from the of EPA (Ret 7), the PRC Reporte No. 3 directly or fadirectly afecting health, eariier assumpdoes. N laternational (Ret 1) and No. 7 (Ref. 2), and the including guidance for all Federal Commission on Radio!ogical Protection Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) agencies in the formulation of radiadon (ICRP) clearly recognized this in its 1977 definidos of " Extraordinary Nuclear standards * * *". (His authority was recommendations (ICRP-28 (Ref. 6)).

Occurrence

• In to CFR Part 140. A transferred to EPA in 1970 when FRC which changed the methodology for comment recommended that the term, was abolished.)

treating external and internal radiation

" Protective Action Guide (PAG)".not be N recommendations established la doses and the reladve importance of used because that term traditionally has this document apply only to human food

I spec Ac organ doses. ICRP-28 assigned been associated with the FRC and the and animal feeds accidentally weighting factors to spec Ac organs general public would confuse FDA's contaminated by radionuclides.Ny based os considerations of the recommendadone with Federal should not be applied to any other incidence and severity (mortauty) of

guidance, source of radiattog exposure.DA radiation cancerindnenam For the N FRC Report No. 5 speci8cally-already has teseed protective scdos radionuclides of concera for food PAC's, reca==madad hat the terus " protective guidance for the short-term accidental t

i ICRP-2e asmened weighting factors of aedon guide." be adopted for Federal uposure to airborne relenes d cas for the thyroid and OL12 for red bone use. N report deAnes the term as the radioactive materials and intende also.

marrow.Ns. the orgsa doses equalin

" projected absorbed dose to the to forward the-EPA guides to the nsk to t rem whole body radiados dose individuals in the general population Pruident as Federal guidance. DA also are 33 rem to the thyroid and g rem to which warrante protective action is considenne the development of Red bone marrow.(N additional folldwing a contaminadas event." a guidance for acidenmuy communamd ICRP-28, naastochands limit. however.

concept that is addressed by FDA's water and for long.tena exposures due reetricts the thyroid does to 50 rem or 10 reco===adadons. To use the concept to contaminated land. property, and times the whole body occupaticaallimit FDA,a diferent description would. in materials. Guidance for each of these with of 3 rom.)

s opinion, be unnecessarily uposure peswa is mamaDy In the Federal Register ol january 23, confusing to State arullocal agencies as aclusin.

guidance Imach 1981 (48 FR 7330).DA proposed to well as Federal agencies.

revise the Federal Radlados Protection These recommendadone are being g"I',,,,,

g,Y,,g,

[

Guidance for Occupetional Exposures issued to fulfill the HHS responsibilities using the ICRP approach for internal under FEMA's March it.19e2 and beneat are involved. Also, each radiados doses, modifled to regulation. FDA fully considered MtC ppaura pesway may lawlw efernt ect e DA concerns. De EPA Reports No. 3 and No. 7 and the basic sets d proteedw w meuredw actions p

has been subject to concepts and philosophy of the FRC and wuld miste to eformat penods of 4

considerable cameoversy. Also, the guidance form the basis for these dme wisen such acdons muld be taken, l

NadonalCounce on Radlados reco===adadoes.N speci8c PAG

2. Sewrel comments expressed i

Protection and Measuremente (NCRP)-

values are denved response levels concern about radiation exposure hem curently is eyelesting the need to revise included la these recomunendadoes are multiple radionoclides and bom multiple its re-a===adattees. FDA does not.

• based on current agricultural pathway pathways, e4, via inhalation, lagesdom.

however. expect the on madel and radiados dose models and current and external radiation from the cloud I

for laternal ties doses to be estimates of risk.De FRC guidance (Plume exposure) and questioned why i

resolved to in the United States provided that protective actione may be particular pathways or radioauclidae i

and has based the reladve PAC does justified at lowr (or higher) projected and the does nceived before assignmente in these recommendadons radiation doses depending on the total assessment we. tot addressed la the on current U.S. seendards and the 1971 impact of the protective action.Ns.

recommendadone. Several comments l

recommendadoes in MCRP-30 (Ref.19).

FDA's recommendation that protective recommended that the PAC's include nus, the red boos metrow is assigned actions be implemented at projected specific guidance for tap water (and the same PAC dona as the whole body radiation doses lower than those potable water). Other coaunents noted i

(0.3 rem Preventive PAC), and the recommended by FRC doses is that particular biological forms of thyroid PAC is yester by a factor of consistent with the FRC guidance. De specific radionuclides (l.a 1

.hree (1J rom Preventive PAC).His FRC guidance is applicable to Federal cyanocobalamin Co 60), would lead to reesits la FAC assignments for the agencies la their radiadon protection significantly diferent derived response thyroid and red bene marrow that are activides. FDA's recommendations are Isvels.

i Fm E 86-335 A/fr 4

ii

47g73 Federal Registe. / vel 47. Ni208 / Friday. Oct:ber 2;t., 1982 / Natices FDA advises that the PACS and the modela. FDA and EPA staffs agreed that 131 and 14 days for cesium or strontium, protecove action concepts of FRC apply further pathway studies would be Assuming that initial contammadoa by l

to acdons takaa to avoid or prevent useful Elsewhere in this nodce. FDA these radionuclides was at the projected radiados does (or future references models for other Prevendve PAC level. radioactive decay dose). Dus. by definitlan, the PACS for radionuclides. providing a resource for and weathenas would reduce the levels i

food do not consider the radiados ddess those requiring more detaila, so that protective ecdons could be already incurred hem the plume The chemical forat of radionuclides in ceased after 1 or 2 months.

pathway or from other sources.De the environment tney be important when The rnodel used to compute the population poteadally exposed by considenng the denavedon of an derived response levels specined la ingestion or contaminated food can be appropriate "reeponse level" In specine paragraph (d) of the recomunendadons divided into that populados near the situations, but would not change the assumes a continous or inAnite ingesdom source of contamiastian and a generally PACS which are la terms of projected period. i.e latake that is limited only by nuch larger populados at distances does comunitments. Cynaa ahal==4a Ce radioactive decoy and weatherms. nis where the doses hem the cloud are not 80 has not been identified as a likely

. is the approach recommended la sigmficent. De NRC regulations provide consdtuent of health importance to be estireatmg the projected radiation does the t State and local planning regarding-released from a nuclear reactor accident (in the abeenos of protective acdons.).

I plume exposure should extend for to and, therefore, the agency rejects the Further revieices have been reade in the males and the on: pathway should reco=== dados that it provide derived reca===adadoes to clanfy these extend for so (see 48 FR S5403 response levels for this redf==Wida aspects.

August 19,1930). De total populados However, after reviewtas current

4. A comuneet stated that aedon uposed by ingesdon. however,is a agricultural and does madala the

. should be initiated by notiScados funcuan of the animal feed and human.

agency concludes that cesium 134 would received from the facility itself. Another food produedom of any gven area and le likely be released and has addedit to comment noted the importanca of timely not I' mated by distance frota the source the tables in paragraph (d) of the announcements to the public of the s

of contamination. Exposure from reco'a==dadone identifying necessity for protective acdons, i

multiple pathways would not be a radionuc!!de concentradons equivalent neee rae===andadoes on tecdve concern for the more distant population to the PAC response levela, aedos guides for food 'and f are not group. Further. individuals in this larger FDA rejects the comuneet intended to cover other aspects of populados would most !!kely receive recommending that the PACS include emergency planning for radiological i

doses smaller than that projected for suklanos for water. A memorandum of-incidents. De general.4 - - M8 des of contincous intakebecause the undersmading between EPA and FDA NRC licensees la radiation emergencies

. contammated food present la the retad provides that FDA wiH have prunary have been further denned la a rule distnbedon syetam would be replaced responsibility over direct and indirect issued by NRC (48 FR 3540t August is, i

by uncontaminated food, additives and other substances la 19eol. FDA recognisse however, that FRC Report No. 5 states that. for ditaking weter (see 44 FR 42ns July 11.

notification and public anno==e==aate 1

repentive occurrences, the total 1979). Dus. FDA defers to EPA for are vital to effective protective actions

~

)l projected radiados does and the total developing guides specifically for and,in paragraph (e)(5) of the impact of protective actions should be dritiking water.

recommendadons. urges that State and conadered. Similar considersdans on a 3.3:se commente requested local emergency plans should provide i

case by-case basis would then appear to clarificados of the proposed for such nodce.

i be appropnate in the case of multiple reconunendadone, including the time

5. A comment offered clanficados of exposures from the plume and the over which the guides apply.'the time of proposed i 1000.400(3) regarding l

invesnoa puthway. Accordingly, the ingestica required to reach the PAG. and venfication of sample measurementa.

l final reea===dations are modified to the time that protective acdone should while another conunent suggested that i

1 note that, specifically la the case of the beimplemented.

• Preventive PAG *s should be based on l

population near the site that consumes FDA advises that the.

projected levels and that Emergency i

locally yown produce,limitadone of the reca==aadadone are intended to PAG.a require venAcados.

total' dose should be considered (see provide guidance for sedone to be no FRC concepts and philosophy, paragraph (aK2)). The agency concludes, implemented in an einergency, and the which FDA fully endorses, use estimates however, that a single unified PAC duredos of protecdve acdon should not of projected radiation does as the c.

multiple yethways, e.g.

exceed 1 or 2 months.The agency cnterta for takmg protecove aedom. FDA ext radiadon,inhaladon. and believes that the actions identiSed la believes that projected radiation dose j

ingestion is not precdcal because pareysphs(a)and(h)of the estimates should be based on venfled I

different sedons and impacts are recors=andadoes should be continued measurements of radioactivity in the i

involved. Further. FDA's responsibility for a sufRcient thne to' avoid most of the food pathway. Such venocation might 1

in.-- W -d incklemt emergency y radiados does and to assure include the analysis of replicate response plannias extends only to that remaisias does is less than the samples. laboratory measurementa, i

human food and anhaal feeds.

Preventive PAG. This period of time cua sample analysis by other agencies.

ne agency's primary charge is to set be esdmated by considering the samples of various any tonmental recommended PAG does comunitment effeedve half-life of the radioactive.

media, and descripdve data of the timits for the food pathway.nus, material taking into account both radioactive release and has so provided denvmg response levels for only the radioective decay and weathenng. Each in paragraph (g) of the l

radianoclides anos likely to enter the case must be examined seperstely recommendatione.

2 food chain and deliver the highest does considenne the actuallevels of

a. A cosament suggested that some m the populados pennite FDA to contaminadon and the effective half-life States do not have the resources to stablish raca==aadations that are of the radioactive material present. For evaluate projected radiation doses. De pesetical for use la an emergency la the pasture / cow /nulk pathway, the conuneet asked what regulatory agency l

ritecusems with EPA the list of definitive effecdve half lives are 5 days for iodine. would have control overinterstate l

T O Or - E le % 5' hI5 1

-,---n

.mn.,-nn.,-,

-__,__n.__

Fedesel Rep 4 / Vol 47. No. 208 / Friday. October.4.193: / Ntticae eyyyy-shipment of contaminated foode ham

=dar " ORGAN PAC VALUIS". the use m==adad protoceve aedoes. Once States without susBcient renowcas and of BEIR-III risk estinales or the ICRP as the protective acdon la laidated,it i

what would be the applicable PAG.

reco===adadone would reselt in as should be executed se as to prevent as FEMA..as the lead a for the lacrease of the thyroid PAG relative to much of the calculated projected dose Federal efort,la to States the whole body PAG, For these reasone, kom being received as le mesomehly i

rudance and assistamos on smargqncy FDA baileves the PAC limits for acevable.His does est mean, response planning including evaluation projected does commitment to the bowever, that all desse above yddaaem of projected doses. Also.NRC regares eyroid are conservative when levela ces be gemated.

melear power plant licaneses to have considered la light of current knowledge.

Further, the guides am not latended to the capsbuity to assess the of-site of radiation to squel health prohibit taking actions at profested

onsequences of radioactivity releasse staka from wh body and'apecifla and to provule aamar=*= to State and argea doses.

expoenreslower them thePAG veines,

!acal (4s FR seek Augeot13.

Althoeghit may be desirab to Der how been dedvedforgenerid 1900).

has authority under the consular totalhealth efects, not just cases and asejust what esiraeme Federal Food. Drug, and Cosmette Act to lethal efects, there is a lack of data for.* lasplies addee. As psevidedlaFRC.

re: novo radioactively eaata=' anted food total health efects to use la each

- Reporm Na,3 and No,y and a irons the daaaata orInterstate comparisons. In the case of the de. dla peregraphi iele miden, commerce. la this cire'a==*=aca mA variability of natural background, as an la the abesses of sigmGoest consonista, would use these PAG r=aa===adatione eedmate of acceptable risk, e ag,,ggy '

as Ihe beeis forimplemandag consideration of lethal efects or total pyropriam W i==pl====e '

regulktory sedan.

health efects le not involved because p,,tective estless at projectal railled doses tese than those spem8edla the gparison is the total dose over a guidae.

.ldsk impst acdome Risk r.w -me

7. Many coaunente quesdene[i the rieir may be jus at higher projected 4

i estimates on which FDA beasd the Rasemel

. doses. Dese is mes be e proposed PAC's.De coassente 8.Several commente queadoned the a the acts of seek simadsm.

(a)(2) and (3 especially suggested that risk oothmater cetional FDA used la setting the speciSo added to the anal,:=aa==) have been j

frein WASH.teos (Ref.41 were of PAG values included la the December

==dations to queedonable validity. Other commens 1978 proposeL Acomument tasa DA laowporate sie conospt, argued that the proposed stated that the seidence lewis should be S. Sommi ammate 1===d===d he t

i m=edstions used an analysis of juodSed on the steunde thatit la not adequacyof televelofrishjudged only lethal asector that they used en precocal or reasoneW to take, accepublela duiving theproposed absolute risk modak and that gensda protoceve sedoes at lower risk levein PAG valses. A comesamt stated that the efects were not i j; consklered.

Further. EPA argued that the protective endmated one la a miDion ammel ne risk andmates themselves were action conoopt for essergency planmag individualrisk of doeth ham mesmal i

=I! aged to be errensome becsese recent and response should incorporate the disasters la extumely conservettee. EPA I

studies show that doublingdesse are principle of keeping radiation exposures semented that comparative dek is lcwor than are those enggested by as low as reasonably achveble appropriate for papecen but norfar l

WASH =lege.no tisse capitte study by (ALARA). DA noted that the principle

==*=u= Mag the times. EPA Authee.

Ron and Moden, which ladicates na of acceptable risk lavolves a perceptica sugesed est the populat C :

i:: creased probabdity of cancer of risk that may very bom person ta swege of the miabilityla asterni j

.it as estimated radiados of g res person and that the impucation that sa backgrowl does or the mystion in to the thyroid (Ref. 3), was cited as acceptable genetic risk has been does due to the asterai redioactivity la

{

e ndecca that the PAG linate for the-established should be avoided, food should be the basisfor judging ihyrmd were too high.no commente FDA accepts and endorses the acceptable riek, recuested further identifiestion and ALARA onesept, but the extent to which FDA ca=el=d== that the diferences re:pport for using the critical populados a concept which is used la occupedonal between EPA's approach and i

l seier:ted.

settings, should be applied to emergency that employed by largely favolve i

Most of these issuse were addressed protoceve actions is not clear. To use the semaatice of the rationale

. :he p samble to the FDA proposeL the ALARA concept as the basis for

.m As diocessed la the The final r-ea===ad=tione issued la spec 18e PAC valses and also require presable to the proposal FDA believee l

this notice employ the most recent risk ALARA during the implementetson of that safety (or a safe level ofitsk) needs asumates (somette and gamede)of the em protective actions appears to to be'de8 sed sethe degree to which the Nanonal Academy of Sisences be t and may not be practical risks are judged acceptable, becesse it i

C.wnauttee on alologicalISeems of under conditions.

Is not possible to acideve aero stak kose lonimos Radiation (Ret 3).

FDA adwtees these asides de not husias endeavoro. Purther. ICRP (Ref. et De thyrmd PAG useits are beesd as conedtate acomptable oosapedonal m===da that, for a gives

'he retadve redletten protection gnide, rediation doseIsmate nor de they appliestion involving radiation, the see for thyroid compared to whole body constitute acceptable limits for other beneGt to society should be positive 6 i

contained la NRC's currest regulatione applicadone (e.g., acceptable genetic consideritis the total costs and inspecta (m CFR Port 2Dl.The denved response risk). The guides are not intended to be and the total beneet (this la terseed.

tevels for thyroid are based on rtek used to liant the radiados does that "loatificados"). FDA believes that, to factors for extemal x.rsy irradiatloa.

people may receive but instead are to be establish a PAG. the prunary concern le Therufors, the criticient of the PAC compared to the calculated projected to provide adequate protection (or safe Ucua for the thyroid is not applicable, dose. i.e., the future does that the people. level of risk) for members of the pubile.

i

o Srv&t" havtag been taken for as would receive if no protective actica To decide on safety or levels of 6

i

.ppe. ant lowerradiation risk des to were taken in a radiation emergency. In acceptable risk to thepublic from a odine 131Irrediados of the thyroid this respect, the PAC's represent trigger contassinadag event. FDA latroduced j

stand. Further, as discussed above levels calling for the initiation of the sedmetse of acceptable risk bom 7"oIh-Sh-3 %

%IF 1,

r

--n-

-we e----e an-----

-.,--m-w-~~---~~,---

n,----,,rn,~- -,

-w....--,-------~~~~--,-----e-

i s

cryg Fed:ral Regista Vcl. 47. No. 205 / Fridsy. Octob:r 2.,.'982 / Nstices natural disasters and background -

made for using either variable. Because natural disasters, the variadon la the rediation. Rose values provided persons tother than geographic areas populadon.weightsid natural background background or perspective for FDA's

- are the important parameter in the radiation dose to the total population.

I ads:nent that the proposed PAC a evaluation of risk associated with these and the variation in dose due to I

epresent that level of food or feed-guides. FDA has used population.

ingesdom of food, have been used to radiation contasmation at which weighting la estimating the variability of provide the basis for the Preventive protective acdons should be taken to the annual external dose from natural PAC. no basis for the Emergency PAG protect the public health: lodgment radiation. A recent EPA study (Ret 20) involves considesadons of (1) The rado I

wh2ch, consistent with FRG Repsrt No.

Indicates that the averego populados between average and maximum l

5. also involves considerstloa of the does from external background Individual radiation doses (taken as 1 to 1

impacts of the acdos and the possibility radiados does is s3 millirem (arem) per 10). (2) the cost of low and high impact of future evente. De recoannendadons year, and the variability in lifetime dose protective acdons. (3) the reladve risks are based as the assumption that the taken as two standard deviations la

, from natural disasters. (4) health impact.

occurrences of environmental about 2.000 arem.Thaproposal, which (5) the upper range of the PACS cont==ination requiring protecdve '

indicated that the variados in external

' proposed by EPA (3 rem projected actions la a pardcular eres is sa background was about 300 mrom, radiation does to the whole body and 25 nalih=Iy event that most individuals udlised a geoysphic weighting of State tem projected dose to the thyroid). and will never be so exposed, and that any averages..,

(s) radiation doses fnxa muldple Individual is not !!kely to be exposed to Radioactivity la food contributes pathways.

projected doses at the PAG level more about 20 mrom per year to average

11. A ea===at citing experience with than once in his or her !!fetime.

, population doses and about 17 mrom per other cont'aminants suggested that FDA continues to believe that the.

year of this does results from potassiums. further considersdon should be gives to average riska from natural disasters and 40 (Rel 31. Measurements of potassium-the problan of markstability of foods var.ation of background radiados 40 (and stable potassium) ladicate that containing low levels of radioactivity.

provide appropriate bases for fudging vanability (two standard deviations) of Marketability is not a concern for the acceptability of risk represented by the potassiunHo does is about 28 PAC 6%

r However, the t

the Prevendve PAG.nese percent or a lifetime does of 350 mrean. it publication of the PAG's should =ahanea should be noted that body levels of marketabGity of foods because it will recomunendations tw,si;c, ate the phitamaphy that sedan should be takaa potassium are regulated by metabolic enhance aa=Adaae= la food at the Preventive PAC level of processes and not dietary selection or safety.

FEMA has been contamination to avoid a potential revidence. De variados of the internal spec Scauy directed to undertake a public health problem.Should this does is about one.Afth of the variation public informados propos related to action not be whouy successful, the from external background radiadon.

I Emergency PAC provideo guidance for FDA has retained the proposed

' rediation emergencias to allay public fears and perceptione, i

sking accom where contamanated food preventive PAC of 500 mram whole

12. A ca====t noted the difRealty la s encountered. FDA expects that action body even though the newer data assessang the impacts of and the at the Emergency PAG level of Indicate a greater variadon in external beneSta to be gained from protective contamination would most likely background radiation.

actions. Another aa===at suggested involve food produced for consumption

• FDA did not consider perceived risks that there were lowerimpact actions by the population near the source of in dortving the proposed PAG values which could be implemented to keep contammation. As discussedla because percaved risk presents food off the market until radiation levels paragraph 2. this is also the population numerous problans laits in the food approach normal j

which might receive radiados doses appropriatenses and application. If the background, from multiple pathways. Thus, the factor of perception is added to the-ne reconunendaden that plannmg Emergency PAG au'ght be comedered to equados, scimenSc analysis is-ofBeials ea==d=e the impacts of be an upper bound for linuting the total impoembia, protective actions in implementing radiados does to individuals. FDA 10.Two commente questioned the action does not imply that a emphaamme, however, that the assumpdons that the Emergency PAG.

mathemedcal analysis is required.

Emergency PAG le not a boundary might apply to 15 nullica people and Rather. FDA intends that the local between safe levels and hasardous or that the Prevendve PAG might apply to situattoa. resources, and impacts that injury levels of radiadon. Individuals the entire United States. One coauneet are important in assuring effective

. may receive an occupational dose of 3 noted that is million persone are more protective actions be considered la rem each year over their working than that population currently within 25 selecting any actions to be implemented.

lifetune with the expectation of nunimal miles of any United States reactor ettes As discussed in paragraph a. if the local increased riske to thaindividual.

thus, using this figure resulte la guideo constrenata perndt a low impact action.

Persone la high elevation areas such as more restrienve than necessary. De this can be appropriate at lower Colorade receive about(LOG rom per other comesent noted that, by reducing projected doses. Because it is not.

[

year (or 2.8 run is a lifetime l ebove.the the populaties involved, and poemble in general guidance to consider average backpound radiation dose for unacceptably high value could result.

fully all local constraints, the PAC's I

the United States populados as a whole.

De cedo of total United States represent FDA's judgment as to when l

no Emergency PAC Is aise consistent populados to the maximuni number of protective actions are appropriate.

with the upper reage of PAG's proposed people is the vicinity of an opereting icultumi and Due Maiels by EPA for the cloud (plumel pathway

. reactor could be erroneously interpreted (Ret 7).

so that progressively smaller

13. Several connnents noted errors FDA agrees that a populaties.

populations would be subject to either in approach or calculadone eighted variable is as spplicable to the progressively larger individual risks.

regarding the proposed agricultural and refustion of dve risks as is a his is not the intent of the dose modele, while othere specif!cally geographic verta Arguments can be recommendations. Hence, the risk from noted that there are newer and better fcn h -8(m-M5*

X I s' v --~ - - - --,

_.,m,-.-rm.

.ww__,.

_,.__,.w w,m_-_.--m_.

_,y.---m_,-,-.,---_.4

c.

3 Federal Regiesi. / VcL 47. No. 20s / Frid y; Octsber 2,1982 / Nstices 47tr/3 i

models for usela tation of the recosumendadoes and are listed under-Assistance plea (UtAPl coordinates the derived responsa lov

" Forage Concentrados".

provlefon of Federal assistance and ur i

mA appreciates the carefaireview O&ar, -

Offsite lastrunnestadoe Task Force of sad the suggestions as to betterdata the Federal Radiolopcal Preparedaees and models. The references suggested. -

14. A comuneet addressed the Coordinadas Canadttee adadmswraf as weil as other current reports, have densition of the attical orsensitive by FEMA is developing speci8s been carefully reviewed and appropriate population for the tables la proposed guidance on instrumentation and i

coas ase being used as the bens for 110eo.4co(d) and cheerved that there le computation of the derived reopease a greater risk per rem to the younger age methods for saapung food (Rhf. BJ.

levels for the flaal PAG's.N specias groupe than toadedta Anothercomummat Cast Analysis j

rnad=In and data being used are as requested further expleastion of the 17.Several auments argued than follows:

reladve ability to promet cididreur and FDNs cost /baneet analysisused to

• dul" AyeseherenMods6 ucar,.stssa1syy establish thePAG !sveis was (Raf e6 FDA spees that.!danHy.thecdtical I

tatake per unit depsmesso-Table s.t.

t of te populados should be

-bdapan. Camuseas suhd eatH is, i

UCIUAlsas (Ref.sg la terms of the yesteet risk per, not appropriate to assign a unique fbood i

Peak sulk acdvity-Equadas & UCRL.

udt intake. However, this wenid dauer valus 2 es h bale i

stase inat.sk introduce yeeter==rt==*y late the e5ece usomated wdh one m d dese, daNC i

because rtek M

FDA advisse that its cost /bemeet tat:si reannes om forese-as 6scaan.

UC3uAtese (Ret ok N Maal r=='a'aad=81one pmvide aanlysis wee not conducted to establiek Forage yield-423 kilogres/equare meter duivai mpase lents forinfeate at de the PAG levela FDA ea=a'd-s such use *

(dry weghtk UcRL-ame tRaf.st

. Prevendvs PAG and infante and adults loappropriate la part because of the MHk consuspeco. 47 !! tar / day infame, for se Emergency. PAC, inability to assese densitively the total ICRP-23.1974 (Ret tok-ass litar/ day adulg, MA has roas==ined the available societal isP* cts (M**dve and **880")

USDA.19e8 (Ref. tlk data and melmdam that taking actics at suc ac ans. a St.

e cost / bens 84 Does convermos facture tres per the Preventive PAG (based on the infant analysiswas med to determine whethes i

ancrocerwingeseed).

as the.cntical or seratitve populadonl P'**d""'"""'""**"~"""d"

i""=""***

will also provide protecdos of the h PAG's would provide a not societal fress the moddsing==Ma= of anik.De beneSt. To make such as -------ee it densition.od newborn infant la the is nessesary to pisos e dollarvalue on a i

YsE'E"'

tables la parayaph (diof the PAG *e has porno.mm of does.

c===ow_

ane. aans

- <=== <iesion' been revised to reflect this concieeton,

23. Several a=====ta aise q===d==d T** '" **

15. EPAcommasted that its the appropriateness of es asemaption igr 2

==== as=munes reguladoes governing drtaking water (40 the coet/benedt analysis of 23 doyeod

""'m"""*"

7""J"7e CFR Subchapter DJ penait blanding of protecen action. 2e need to address i

I water to meet==vi=== cone=====t WHdam other than iodino.13L and W ="*mun' levels. EPA suggested that FDNa sher,.

the need to==='da-the impact ofother 1"'N"'*.

term r==='====dadone shoold be protective actione, compatible witle thelang.terimEPA De cost assessmente have been summa eaTse reguladoes, ean=vely revised to eaaandae air the.

c-wJ un usi iw, il

-l S'w As seered la perspephs 1 and 2of this radioonclidae for whicit dartved som im

• • • am.anime notice. FDNs recomunesdadoes apply to r#ponse levels are provided is t$e M"==si se human food and ma*enal feed, whorses recoausendations and to incorporate se e

tas am

]

l v===t ' era pas EPA is responsible for providfag updated cost data and risk eethustee gudence on contandaated water. Alse.

(Raf. 22). The coot /benent analysis is j

as dime===d la paragraph 3 of the

!!aited to the condenmados of aalk and l

The use of the newer agncalteral propoest there is a ong-standing FDA the use of stored feed because accident model(Ref. 9) has resulted la a a policy that blending of food is unlawful analyses indicate that the milk pathway percent lacrosse la the iodine.131 under the FederalFood. Drug,and is the most likely to require protective derrved response levels id=*8ad la Cosenede Act. Further. these guides are action. Further these two actione are paragraph (dM1)and(dX21of the intended for protectfee ecdoes under the most likely protective actions that recoenmendatican, Generally, sumalar emergency attuations and are not for will be implemented.

magmtude changue are re0cceed la the continuous exposure appilcations For FDA approached the cost / bene 8t derived response levels for the other these reasons. FDA concludes that the analysis by calculating the j

radia==eHdam Newer data on imBae.131 diSerences betwestite '

concentredom of radioactivity la milk at does conversion factore (RaL17) would m== dan== and EPNs regulations, which the cost of taking action equals have furtherincreased the derived are appropriate.

the risk avokled by the action tahan on respones leveis for that r=4==='Hde by 13.Two cemenentswere received as a daily aillk latake basis.The about 40 percent, bet these data have the adequacyoreveilability of assessment wee done on a populatica not been used pending their seceptance resources for sempling and analysis of besia and coassdared only the direct by United States r-e==aaading State. local and Federal egencias and costs of the protective sedons. De

.authertdes.In addition, the proposal the adequacy of guidance on sampling

• analysis indicetee that. for restrictfag e.ontamed a systemade error in that the procedures.

feed to stored feed, the cost. equals-pasture dertved response levels were These recomuneedstions are not benent concentrations are about one.

.tated to be based on freek weight but designed to provide a compendium of fiftieth to one-eightfeth of the Preventive re in fact based ce dry weight. Freak sempilag techniques, methods, or PAG tent (derind peak mdk aght valese (4 of dry weight values l resources. De C r 7 of Energy concentra tion l for iodine.131. ceenue.

to tdanuSed la the Saal through its Interogency Radiologicei 134, and casium.137 and about one. third 1

Fo! A 335-

{

) ) 5-

. ~

4703e Feelstal Regia e / Vd. 47. No. 206 / Friday. Oct:ber 1982 / N:tices 1

of the level for strondum-40 and-UCRIAtsit Lawmmos IJveneme Perdnent backpound data and i

strontiuni-et For condemnation e'adk.

t aboratory Guly is.1Wrl.

Inforrnados on se Wah m based on value at the fareL the cost.

1& amena w h"'bTuk on file in the Dockets Management Pro ce

• Iuale-bene 8t concentratione are Branch. and copies are avedable from sindar fractions of the Emergency PAG, Creep of Comenttee 2 es Reference Man,that omca (address aboveL p.g,ucemen as. paa Perpmes Press, tevels(derived peak adh Oxfeni(tsrel.

Based upon review of the==-te concentratiosk if condemnation of adh

11. U r Deperoneet of Ayiceiture, received on the proposal of December la based on retad market value, the cost.

"Ha.a== hah 8 Ps ad Caesumpeen Survey tees.

18.1978 (43 FR 58790), and FDA's farda.

q-_

t concentrations are tem consideration of the need to provide greater by a factor of two. Thus,it

13. Wouman. H. N. and R. T. Aasm guidance to State and local es for

'P O'h D*.

8e 8 emersency response plasmag is

• P,,P,**'*

p

,,h

Diesemen. seeunere je wedsermgcima the event that sa facidset results la the win yield a not societal beneSt.

3:ses(tertL radioactive contamination of human However. la the case of strontium-se 1a. Kuleugh. G. G D. I. Denning, s, R.

food or animal fet,d the agency offere and strontium protective acdon wdl BeenanL and J. C. Pleasant. "Estimases of the following rem==manlatione yield a beneSt only for concentrations

,,,laternal Does Equivalent to at Target Orgsas regarding protoceve sedan piWfor greater than about one. third the derived for 8-d"---ad-a Coeurries in Resteme human food and animal feeds peak values. In the case ofIodine.131.

Releases from Nacieer Pue64ycle Familues.

cosiuse.134, and casium.137. protective Vol.1." ORNIJNUREC/D4.tet Oak Ridge AcciIlestal Rashoecdve Costandseden actions could be continued to avoid SE Nedeoal Laberseory Gume torsk of Huaman Food and Animal Feeds n NedonalCauami en Radieses e.--

-a.naaa for State and lacal percest of the prejected radiation does p,,,,g,,,,g m,,,,,,,,,,,.Camium.tw A "'i*'

I for initial peak concentrations at the From the W w Mas muboum i

PAG level, and Deen." NCRP Report No. 32. Washfasten (a) App //cobility. (1)'Iliese Rafesumese Uanuary 111 recommendadoes are for use by I&

1. """'"" on appropriate State or local agencies la The fouewing infonnades has been placed y,ajt"88

• I

..a 1 h*'Pehuae'm response planning and the conduct of en dieploy la the Deckete P.

^

Breash (HFA.aost Food and Drug radiation protection activities involving Adadaiseetten.Jte. ode. Sees Flahere lame, a Part 1,.,Annale of to ICRP. Pergame the production, processing, distribution.

p,,,, ggg g Rockwule.MD accer, and any be sees

• Popusers. D.1 md I. Vm and use of human food and animal feede bewam e e.a.and 4 pm. Monday through

.Resemosa of Br la Humas Bons et Dutmens in the event of as incident resoldag la

^8 **d 3*'*3'888 88d8888" 088' the lease of radioactivtty to the leral Radsedes Commed. Memorandum Physics im Moderne and AdoteEF. ta',te>.tas environment.The Food and Drug for the Freendent. "Rasgadem Praecuan C*ndamos for Federal Agameise." Fedoeul.

(teral.

Admanistration (FDA) recommends that

17. Esemaken. J.' G. P. A. Feller. F. A.

this guidance be used on a case by case Regloses. Augeot at test (as FR taneej and AemM.1 R. Domes. K I. Celfand. and F. I. - basis to deterudne the need for taking Report No.8 Hely tesek L Federal Radlades CemenL Memorenden

."Misenc Radiopharmasemucal W.propriate protective action in the

--, is"Radiophannecomuni for the Proeidset,rRadiaden Prweeties p

event of a diversity of contaminating C.udanes for Federal Agenoes." Fedmal

-, Sympsesum. April as.a isra, 87 Regloess." May at tees (30 FR essak ang HEW Pubileettee (PDAl 79 4e44 Uume left).

Report Na,7 (May1 east.

1E Neelemal Academy of Seismosol acedenta.

tion accidents, and

3. Nedonal Acadsey of Sciences /Neuenal Natiesel Reneerek Comaal. "The Elfacto en fallout from devices.

Raseerek CaumaL *The E5ecte en Population Pepelatione of Exposure to imir levele of (2) Protecdve actions are appropriate elExposure to law tavels oflemams tonesang Radiation." Report of the Adyteery when the health benents associated Radiation." Report of the Adwteery Ceanna en Seelegical Elfaste of lemmg with the reduction la exposure to be Ceaumetes em Eloisycal Effecte of lesusfag Resuaden (EEDH (tW3k achieved are sufBcient to offset the Radianen (EEDWUl(tgegg 1& Neuemal Comani en Radiese*

undesirable features of the protective

4. United States Nuclear Regulatory Pmuceen and Measusemate (NCRFL "Seeic actions. The Protective Acdon Guides Ceaussessoa. Meester Safety Study. WASH.

Radiatten Protescon Crtteria." NCRP Report tcoE Appendia VI(October tersi, No. as. Waadmi=gn== (1srtl, (PAG *s) la graph (c)of these i

s. Res. E. and E Moden. "Benssi and at Segen. X. T. and A.1 Coldha, recome tions represent FDA's 2

Maugnant Thyvend Neoplasme After "Peputaties Espoomse to Extemal Natural judgatent as to the level of food Chudheed Inodieses for T!ase Capitie."

Radletten Background is the United States.*

contasmation resulting front radiatioe l

/ownef of ee Mesional Caesar hastiaram Vol.

ORP/SEPD-eD 11Inversamental Proessaan incidente at which protecdve actica saw No.1 Guly 18886 Ageesy. Washingese. DC(April 19311 Shoulet he takes to pr' tect the public i

s 1sternessoalfa==d=h= em

21. Pederellammemey Task Fans s" health. Further, as provided by Federal

• =d'a'as*=' Pressettes (ICRPL Offeite Emergener las.eementaties fe' guidance issued by the Federa Radletion Counal. if. la a y_._.__,l,_

n------=d-of the Intenmuseal NimA==* Aandsmen,-r aa-se ognite r*a=====a== en Radiologiset Protocuen. ICRF Emergoesy Radiotes Mesourement Systemet Puhusseen a Ammale of the ICRP, Pergassen Phase L Meestartes and Mansurement of situatloa. and eSective acdon with low to Deeendas Does total Impactis available laitiation of Press (1WF)

7. Eevtressenstel Protecnee Agency.

Commiement la the Milk Pathway.*

such action at a projected does lower 1

j Manuel of Prosecove Acnos C.iedes and deveieped by Exzen Nesleer Idaho Co. Inc.

than the PAG may be justifiable,if only Protoceve Aceams for Nuclear imodents."

Idaho Falls. ID DreA. July test (to be very high. impact actica would be EPA Seell-FD.cet. revised lune test Published by FEMA].

effective. Initiatica of such actica at a 4

i s United Namese Sciesens Committee en 21 Sidenen. L C. D. Sciunidt, and R. P.

projected dose higher than the PAG may the Effects of Ateams Radieuse.1sTF Report.

Chiacchienni. " Background for Protective be justifiable. (See 29 FR 1205e: August Unated Neuens.New York (tsryk Acces 'a===-=daneesc Acendental 22.1964.) A basic assunipdos in the s.

Y. C. C.1 Celeber. IL I. Quma, and Radioecove Caetamineties of Foo.d and development of protective action S. E, peen."Treasier Coedimente for Amunal Foods " k ' : 1 set. r 7 -- 7 t

the Predicoes of the Does to Man Via the of Health and Huanes Servtcas. Food and.

guidance is that a conditfoe ratuiring Drug Admemistrettee. Suroes of "" '. -

• Protective actica is unusual and should ForegeW Pathway from i

Radleeucudos Relemoed to the Bloophere."

Health. Rockvilla. WL not be expected to occur frottuently.

@ / A - S f,- M S-k I 5'

-a

-3

/~

Federal RegL

/ Vcl. 47. No. 206 / Friday Oct ber 1982 / Nzticoe 4

470s1 Cr""- e==== that invoin spedda (b) DefinitionsL (1)" Dose" is a general which the respoemble ofBcials should occurrence, a substandal probability of term denoting the tity of radiation determine whether condemnados or recurrence within a period of1 or1 or energy a yor special another disposition is appropriate. At yeare, or exposure fross multiple sarcos porposes it must be appropriately the Emergency PAG.higherimpact (such as airborne cloud and food quallfled la these recommendadone it actions are jusd8ed because of the pathway) would require special refers spec Scally to the torna " dose projected health hasards, consideredos. In such a case, the total equivalent."

(91" Rad" means the unit of absorbed protected dose from the several events and the totalImpact of the protectin (2) "De comunitment means the does equalto em Joule per kilogram in actions that might be taken to avoid the radiados does equivalent recuved by any mediuni, i

future does from one or more of these an expoedindvidual to me op ciud (to)" Rem"is a special unit of does over a lifetime from a single event.

equinlaat. no does equivalent la rems evente may need to be c,onsidered.lavoces e le num m ericaay equal to the shoorbed for e,,G.s a,e not m,e aines seiec,a *ampmese,s*a*ndad-- a meaau-=P.

a.,

.e numerica v

,w

• Nkg

. factor..e.s m.id,u.d b,.e,

t, e

a,e str.udom factor. aw an, authorise deliberate releasse expected Q ***I*

. o n

to result la absorbed doses of these magnimdee.

me pedut of to absorbed doesin rads and certain modifying factors 'nie unit activity of a spectSc radicouclide (f)'

j (3) A protective acdos is as acdon or of does equivalent is the rom.

faitially deposited as pastures or (U) per measure taken to avoid most of the unit weight or volume of food or animal radiation does that would occur ham (4)" Projected does commitment" feed: or (iii) la the total dietary intake means the does commitment that would which corresponde to a particular PAG.

future ingesdos of foods contaminated be received in the future by individuale (c) protective action guider (FAG *s).

with radioactive materials. These.

In the population group from the To perndt Sexibility of acdon for the '

j reconnmendations are intended for contaminating event if no protective reducdon of radiatica exposure to the implementadon within hours or days action were takan-public via the food pathway due to the frons the time asr emergency is (5)" Protective action

• means as occurrence of a cdhtaminating event the ree-==i--d__ ne action recommaded to actica taken to avoid moet of the following Preventive and Emergency i

be taken should be continued for a exposuus to radiadon that would' occur PAG's for an exposed individualla the sufBeient time to avoid most of the from future ingestion of foods populados aus adopted:

protected does. Evaluation of when to contaminated with radioactive (1) AsvendrePAG which is (i)1.5 I

cease a protective aedon should be materials.

res projected does comunitment to the made on a case.by<ase basia (6)"Protecdn action guide (PAG)-

&yredd, or(ii)g68 res projeced does considering the specific lacident and the means the projected does comunitment commitment to the whole body, bone food supply contaminated. In the case of values to individuals la the general marrow, or any other the peerure/ cow / milk / person pethwe,.

for which derived " response leveis" are population that warrant protective

-(2)

PAG chis(!)la rues action following a release of radioecove projected commitment to se provided in peregraph (d) of these material. Protective action would be eyroid, or(ii) 3 rem protected dose i

re=====dadona, it is expected that warranted if the expectd ladvidual coausitment to the whole body, boos j

sedoes would not need to extend

)

oder orgen-does reducdon is not offset by nogettre marmw or any/*'*l8 898I**' 8' beyond 1 or 2 months due to the social. -'a or health effects. no

,i Idl reduedon of forage concentrations by PAG does not include the doeMhat hee PAG Al the basic PAG l

weetherms (14-day half-life assumed).

unavoidably occurred before the r=~=====dadone am given la terms of i

la the case of freek produce directly asessement.

protected does equivalent. it is often l

con +==d==ted by dependen ham the (7) " Preventive PAG" to the projected som coonnient to udum spectSe cloud, acdons would be nec'eseary at the does comunttment valub at which mdonucade concentrodone apa which time of harnet. Die guidance is not responsible ofBefals should take m inidate ymtsedw acdos. Dennd l

Intended to apply to the problems of protective actions having mini==I Ipect - response levels equivalent to the PAG's long-term food pathway costandnados to prevent or redoes the radioactive for m d oencu laterwt '

i where adequate time aAer the incident contaminados of husman food or animal N Aesponse

1. rhevendw is available to evaluate the public health feeds.

PAG Infant 8 m criocal wgment of consequenose of food con *==naanta=

(8)" Emergency PAG"Is the projected populados.

using current r=aa====datione and the does commitment value at which guidance in Federal Radiation Council responsible ofBcials should isolate food m g M,,,,, m e.,s

,,,,g,,,,

(FRC) Report No. 3. July 1ses and Report containing radioectivity to peevent its sei.n,.n.,,

asm. imaser e.ameis hes No. 7. May tees.

introducdos lato commeros and at Ianese renWaos 1

8taamme amme sur punemme pas

.ses,e ten,.

ty,,,

g,,

I g,,

I suas mummy Ase ousamma emmemmaaremme mump 8 mess CenemusuB ';

ass r

s as e

fem um meer tuuuumsmerest EAS 44 tJ att s

7845 teme #mmemune tete ate ass am as4 am 4

7 as as e.ess

ings, se egy amammen ayumuses emst suuses is mm _ _ _. tapaus pas og eng6 ge esse e e comme emmesut sie assespee sanne of tueu i

emmes, se somsy pumme e as sammes aw sensur sie unum e esamme ey emner me"m i

F m A - B (. - p s l

A I5~

e~

re

=

e-mmom ar m m+-re-ww~,-n-wemm-es-s s~--

-s

=-e-

\\

.m 47333 Federal Regi. t / Vcl. 47. No. 206 / Friday. Oct:bar - Iges / Nodcee (2) Assponse levelfor Emergency MG, N response levels equivalent-to the Emergency PAG.are presented for both lafants and admits to permit use of either level and thus assure a flamble approach to taking action la cases where exposure of the most critical perdon of the population (Infants and pregnant women) can be prevented:

isi..

ses.'

is..

i se,

i e,

====.

aos mess.

ans nam a(

a l a.s

.neas.m,meno no mo o

is a

e as se s

ar e

ime em.usecou.ssemer wese wim.eme es r

e it is is u

e a

rue e.

m a m,.

eme aie a

u a

te a

ass as u

a raenum..

as se as to re es a

r a

.es gen.mmm,,.u,msy, ems,g,=.=me = em.e me=== a sumumm ===*ist.

, g ege,..,.,;is.,,.,,

m. yR.;;=,..=

m.

- m.

e..a-.e n e.m.

no-,= im E3I::"I.'.llk T3 */"." 3".:""". 'l*=#T :lll:'"e 'l "."." '," t"f"l." "'.'.".l"".3"lll'm 'll"':..",""".*"':' T of intake" would probabih be limited by (e)Implemer, tories. When usingthe no.us FAC's and associated response levels A the quantity purchased at a given time, for response planning or protective

• *g For most food, especiauy fresh produce, actiosa, the following conditions should thiewould probably be about a 1 week be followed:

2.

supply. In some cases, howeves. Targer (1) Jbecrf/cfoodirems. To obtain the g

quantittee would be purchased forhome response level (microcune/ kilogram) canning or freestag. For moor foods and equrvalent to the PAG forother specific one a===s

== e.== =s.

.ise members of the public, an efective foods,it is necessary to weigh the

,",, " days oflatake" 30 days is probably 2

contribudos of the individual food to the causerveeve.

88 "

-total dietary intaket thus, (iii) For population groups having

=i ='Aa.a.sy difBerent dietary latakes, an e

as = =mm.m======== in so mew e f

Total totake (mscroseneel

",',",",,***=""*=r8"*'"****""""

appropriate adlesoment.of dietary

%c

, v> r fecease should be mada. -

(11) Assessment of the effective days (2) A=na==eM=marnarse. If a Whem Total tatake(m6ssesensel Mrde oflatake should consider the spenfle mixture of r= 88==a8Ma=is present, the

P I'

em]m food, the population involved, the food pas of alltheretionof the concentredan pm distribudos system, and the -

of each spectSc redfonulida to its l

.sg radionucHda. Whether the food is spemfic level equivalent tothe I

consumpeen to the predest et dw everses distnbuted to the retaif market or MG be less than one, i

daaly comewspues openSed la pareysph produced for home use wiu sigmffcantly y Othergodioracf/ des. De response leXIXt) et these W-noes and affect the intake la most instances.

~ei for the Proveneve and l

the days oflatake of the untammated Thus,while assessment ofintake should PAG for other redloonelidae be i

f**d 88 "r"'a-a la peereph (eM1Xu) at be on a case.by-case basta some calaulated tema dose comsdament t

these roomammtauen*

general-te may he usefbila fastere available in the literature j

(i) The daily conomaption of specific specific circumstances.

(X1 Dough. G. Gi.et al ORNL/NUREG/

t foods is kilograms pse day for the (a) For short half-life radionuclidae.

.D4-tse (1978) (edult only). and U.S.

general populationis gives in se radioactive decay willlhnit the Nuclear Regulatory r%==iamaa Reg.

foUowtag tablet ingeetles of radioactive materials and -

Guide Llos(1977}).

l

. the effective "deys ofintake".De (4)OthercrWco/ organs. Dose efective " days of intake la this case is commiament factore in U.S. Nucieer 1.44 times the radiological half-life.For Regulatory 'ha-Gede 1.ies iodine-131 (half-lM days), the (terr) sfer to bons rather bone i

'==s.

.g.,g,, -days of intake" la, thun.11 marrow does a==='*===*= For the l

",",=, days, purpose of these r======satioen, does i

ha(rvested on adaily besia,it may beb) Where the food product is bein commitment to the bone murowis s,

m considered to be as of the bone does i

g reasonable to assumstodussion of

~ aa==a*===* Thisis based on the retie contamination due to weathering. As as of dose rete per unit activity in the bene

=e lattial=========* It may be appssprimas marrow to does rete per unit activtty la i

g = *8""""'*"

E (to esemme a to day w6etheringaalt-Itfe a smau tisemo 8tled cavity is. bene and used for forage la pasture / cow / milk assumes that strondum-so is distributed n,.

e me g pathway) pending further evaluation. la only la the mineral bone (Spiers. F. W.

e==v -

l aos this case, the effective " days oflatake" et al la "ma==as,.1 Implications of l

mm es 8m is 2ndeye. A combinados of radioactive RadiostruatiourExposure." AEC s".' decay and weathering would result fa Symposium 25 (1972). The ratio for l

i summmm m.

.im an efective half-!!fe for fodine-131 of 5 stroneum ee le the smee becease the

• • '"5 "'" T.,.

', days and reduce the " days of latake" to mean particle sinergies are sinular(0Je i

j

%,,mmm m

ar:- 7 days.

MeV (-

. _ n =,,., tel). Situstione

utsum (c)la the case of a food which is sold could artse is which an organ other thaa

l';:::";l

" in m..retna ma,k.t. m..fr.cev. -day.

moes dio-seed in aus mgraph could To ' A -%-110s' l

$W

I c

a Federal Regin

/ Vel 47. No. 205 / Frid2y, Oct:bar J 1982 / N:tices 47ges be comeddered to be the arges receiving nae==h== teret and laternational milk. butter, cheese, or eveparated unik.

the highest does per unit latake.In the AtondeEnergy Agency. tavironmental -

(uil For fruits ar.d ngetables:(e) case of exposure via the feed chalar Monitoring im 8-w Situadona."

Washing, brushing, scrubbing, or peoung depending as the radionecude under tage. Analysie need not be lisaited to considerados, the geseedsteednel treet these< net ges but should to remove surface contaaninathen, (b) Preservedos by canning. heezing.

could be the orses exposed.

comparable results. Acdon not ne references ci la pareysph (e)(3) be takes without vertilcados of the and dehydrettom or storage to t

of these recommendatione contain does analysia. Such verificados might include redoscow deca ddort und commitment factors for the fouowing the analyste of duplicate samples.

redonucHdes, bene, kidneye. liver, ovaries.

laboratory measuremente, sample (iv)Forgreine:(o Miufas and(b) whole body, and gestrointestinel analysie by other agend= sample

poushing, tract.

analysis alvarious savironmental (v) For other food products, processing loc (s) Prompt nodfleetion of State anel al agencies regarding the oscarrenos mate, and '- _ A date on

- to remove surface contamination, g

redoecovereleasin.

(vt) For meet and meet products.

of aslackiesthaving (h) N M M ed m e

' latake of cesium.134 and cesium tar bg

(*ia7' SuchnedSco

-den fofeceve appropriate when the health besset an adult via the meet pathway ma pro ucd w h sesociated with the reducdon la does exceed that of the adik pathway: y that can be achieved le considered to. ' therefore. lenis ofcesium in adk t for I

p,,,,,g gam he oNast the undesirable health, sea =a=u approaching the " response level" should airboene cloud but value for and social factore. it la the intent of'

, cause survetaance and protective food pathway contandna:!an, these r====madadone that. not only j actions formeetas appropriate.

A A.A. this proteedvs actice

! the protective actione cited for the (vii) For animalfeede'other than guidance should be incorporeted la i Emergency PAC be initiated when the State / local emergency plane which I equivalent response levels are reached, pasture, acdon abould be on a case.by-case basis taidag into considersdos the provide for coordnados with naciser

+ but also that actione appropriate at the relationship between the redonusude facility operatore including promps Preventive PAG be considered. Die hee j

notifica:ica of accidente and tecludeel ; the afEsct of reducing the period of time concentration la the animal feed and the concentration of the radia==-uda ter ea====neation regarding pubus health : required during winich the protective human food.For hay and adage fed to consequences and protective acdon.

. action with the greater soooonde and tactatlas oewe, the concentrados should (f).Sesqelfgperumasen Generedy, socialimpact needs to be.taken.FDA sites for sempie coDestion aboeld be the

=a====ada that once one or nose not amoned that equivalent to the retad market, the processing plaat and protective actions are initiated, the W g.,,g,,p.,,,,,,

the fera. Sample ooDecdos at the adh

• actice or actione continue for e (2)8'-

PAC Responsiblir processing plant may be mere effclant la sufBcient thne to avoid most of the odiciale Misolam fand commining deternimag the extent of the food pathway contamination.The geographie projected does. "!11ere is a langstending redoecevi'I e 3""'Iit ineodoed**

FDA poucy that the purposeful bleeding om commera amideterunne whe&ar area where proteedve actione are of adulterated food with unadulterated condemnados or anoser espondonis impla==ated ehemid be bened on food le a violation of the Federal Food, s yem. Behee taking sie sedan, s

canaderedene of the wind direction and Drug, and Cosmode

-w* factore should be a oepharmre-port-br,rotoceve acdo.s.Ast. & fouowing

o. w be os.s wered airborne and yound serwy teams of the. for haplementatica when the projected

(!)The avedabdity of other poemble radioactive cloud and eartwo depostloa and meneerements la the

. does equals or exceeds the appropriate promettve action,,Hamaand jg pac; food patway.

pareyeph(b)(1)of these (1)preverrafve FAC (1) Forvestures 8**"""

"d'"'

' Ramoval oflactadng dairy cows hem (e)(u) Relatin proportion of the total (s) Ascoermemdefmethodsof ano/ysisL Techniques for measumeest of radionuclide concentretless should conta,dnetedpasturage and diet by weight represented by the item how detection limite aquelis orless suben:ndon of unconta=nanted stored in queados, feed.

(lu) The importance of the particular thaa se eslainien h (b)Sehedtum source of food in nueitles and the avedabdity of p

,s.on.,,de ane,,,,s.cesi,e,semiin co.maineed water.

-co-s*>=d sood - easde-Procedure Massel," edited by John H.

contaminated adk hem the market to -

'"8 ** **"* "'"I*I 3""'

(3) i +

m7tAst, (ii)Foradis(el Withholding of (iv) N reladve contribution of other Harley.HASE.30sERDA Heelsh and aGow redisective decay of short6Hvad foods and oeer redonecudos to the Safety 1.shere

.New Yeds.NY. ierat r-Ma=='Hd== This may be acideved by, temi projected doen.

Methode Fission storess of husea teek adik.hossa (v)The stees and esortrequired to Commen* redone is

" U.3, comessested adk.er tossa effect oormelw meden.

Deperament of Health, h=*ia= and conossented muk products.

This nodce is issued ur: Jar the Public Welfare.Peblic Heale Serv 6ce (b) Storage for prolonged times at Health Service Act (seco. 301. 310,311.

Pubucatica No. ses-4-a.May Igeal reduced tempereeures also is fossible se Stat. est-4ss as amended, as Stat. 371 "Evolustion oflos Exchemes Cartridges provided ultrahigh tempersture

- (43 U.S.C. 241,242o. 2431) and under for Fleid Sempung oflodlee-1311a Milk." !ahamaa-R. H. and T. C. Reevy.

, pasteurizados techniques are einployed authority delegated to the *a==f aatoner r

for r

- (Finley, R. D H. 3, of Food and Druge (21 CFR S.10).

Nosesru,20s. (80121:755433, Nomiher 50.190s and Warren, andII. R. Haryove. " Storage Stabdity of Coaunercial Mdk."fournal Deted: October it. tees.

(x) M eini r M *.. C. H '

ofMilk andFood Technology, An6mr Hait Hopea,in.

ORNE. 4ent November terat Diesenfeld.

st(12bsaz-ser:Doceseber1988).

commmmerofroeitamtDmse.

C and I. Klemish. Brookhaven Noticaal (c) Diversion of Guld adk for re o m s w ansruns a a-an assame Laborotary, NUREG/CR4sik prodneden of dry whole adk. naafat dry saum esse neem FoiA -S(a-335-S IF

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - -