ML19270F880
| ML19270F880 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 03/27/1979 |
| From: | TOLEDO EDISON CO. |
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| NUDOCS 7903290096 | |
| Download: ML19270F880 (400) | |
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{{#Wiki_filter:Table of Contents Limiting Conditions for Operation I Maximum Temperature 2.1.1 II Reserved 2.2 III Chlorine Monitoring . 2.3.1 IV pH Monitoring 2.3.2 V Sulfates Monitoring 2.3.3 Environmental Surveillance VI Water Quality Analysis 3.1.1.a.1 VII Chemical Usage 3.1.1.a.2 VIII Chlorine Monitoring 3.1.1.a.3 IX Plankton Studies 3.1.2.a.1 X Benthic Studies 3.1.2.a.2 XI Fisheries Population Studies 3.1.2.a.3 XII Ichthyplankton 3.1.2.a.4 s ,. XIII Fish Egg and Larvae Entrainment 3.1.2.a.5 XIV Fish Impingement 3.1.2.a.6 XV Bird Collisions 3.1.2.b.1 XVI Vegetation Survey 3.1.2.b.2 XVII Environmental Radiological Monitoring 3.2 7 Cto $2% co% Special Surveil?ance and Study Activities XVIII Operational Noise Surveillance 4.1 XIX Fish Impingement Study 4.2 XX Chlorine Toxicity Study 4.3 ~
M-I SECTION 2.1 1 IhXIMUMTEMPERATUREblFFERENTIAL V
2.1.1 Temperature Differential, OF (Daily Averages) 1978 Minimum Maximum Average J anuary 2 14 8 February 2 13 9 March 3 13 11 April 1 17 9 May -4 5 1 June -5 3 1 July -6 1 3 August -7 0 2 September -11 6 2 October -5 10 2 November 2 16 9 December 3 18* 11
- Refer to LER NP-09-78-03 for December 9 and 10 when AT exceeded 200F for approximately one half hour each day.
9 W II SECTION 2x2 THIs SECTION IS KESERVED
III SECTIOb 2.3.1 CHLORINE'l,0NITORING w_-
2.3.1 Biocides Chlorine was the only biocide used at Davis-Besse during the 1978 period. Monitoring of chlorine residuals is covered by the Station's NPDES Pemit. The limits of the permit were never exceeded.
IV S=CTION 2.3.2 Pl fl0NITORING
2.3.2 pH 1978 Minimum Maximum January 7.1 8.6 February 7.2 8.0 March 6.8 7.8 April 7.4 7.9 May 7.6 8.0 June 7.2 8.7 July 7.6 7.9 August 7.9 8.6 September 8.0 8.5 October 7.2 8.3 November 7.1 8.5 December 6.6 8.6
w V O s suy;;,;nf;l+laine 1 i
2.3.3 Sulfates 1978 Minumum Maximum Average January 100 125 114 February 125 250 164 March 115 220 160 April 120 220 160 May 80 160 140 June 150 180 162 July 100 150 114 August 100 150 11.9 September 100 150 117 October 80 125 98 November 95 120 112 December 75 175 141
VI SECTION 3.1.1.A.1 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS
%m**
CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.102 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY MONITORING PROGRAM IN THE
. VIClNITY OF THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FOR 1978 Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.1.a.1 Water Quality Analysis Prepared by Charles E. Herdendorf and Patricia B. Herdendorf Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio Contract No. 28533 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO February 1979
LIST OF FIGURES Page
- 1. Sampling Stations at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station . . . . . . . ............... 17
- 2. Mean Monthly Hydrogen Ion, Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point During 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
- 3. Mean Monthly Turbidity, Suspended Solids, and Transparency Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point During 1978 ................ 19 4 Mean Monthly Calcium, Chloride and Sulfate Concentrations in Lake Erie at Locust Point During 1978 ...................... 20
- 5. Mean Monthly Nitrate, Phosphorus, and Silica Concentrations in Lake Erie at Locust Point During 1978 ...................... 21
- 6. Mean Monthly Alkalinity, Dissolved Solids and Conductivity Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point During 1978 ................ 22 7 Trends in Mean Monthly Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Hydrogen Ion Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1978 ... 23
- 8. Trends in Mean Monthly Conductivity, Alkalinity and Turbidity Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 19/2-1978 . . . . . . . . . . 23
- 9. Trends in Mean Monthly Transpareniy and Phosphorus Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1978 ............... . 24
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 1 Procedures .................... ..... Field osurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Laboratory Determinations ............... 1 Results........................... 1 Analysis .......................... 2 Seasonal Variations .................. 2 S ta ti o n Va ri a ti o ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Water Quality Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Tables ........................... 4 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 LIST OF TABLES
- 1. Analytical Methods for Water Quality Determinations . . . 5
- 2. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for Mty 1978 . . . . . . 6
- 3. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for June 1978 ..... 7 4 Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for July 1978 ..... 8
- 5. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for August 1978 .... 9
- 6. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for September 1978 . . . 10
- 7. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for October 1978 . . . . 11
- 8. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for November 1978 ... 12
- 9. Solar Raaiation Measurements At Locust Point in 1978 .. 13
- 10. Mean Values and Ranges for Water Quality Parameters Tested in 1978 ............. .
14
- 11. Summary of June to November 1978 Solar Radiation Measurements at Locust Point . . ............ 15
3.1.1.a.1 Water Quality Analysis Procedures Water quality samples were collected and related sensor measurements were made at six stations (Fig.1) in Lake Erie during the ice-free period of 1978 (flay through November). Because of the severe winter of 1977-78, spring sampling was delayed until May. The nineteen parameters measured and the analytical methods employed for these determinations are listed in Table 1. Field fleasurements. Water quality measurements were made monthly in the field at Stations 1, 8, and 13 (Fig.1). Temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were measured from a sn,J1 survey boat with sub-merged sensors and shipboard readout meters. Dis sived oxygen was deter-mined with a YSI model 51 meter and conductivity wi h a Beckman RB3-3341 solubridge temperature-compensated meter; each meter was equiped with a thermistor for temperature readings. Sensor readings were taken 10 cm be-low the surface and approximately 50 cm above the bottom. Transparency was determined with a 30 cm diameter Secchi disk lowered on a marked line until it was no longer visible (Welch,1948,Linnology,McGraw-Hill). Solar radiation was measured at four stations (1, 3, 8, and 13) from June to November with a Protomatic underwater photometer, at the surface and at one-half meter depth intervals. This meter measures the amount of sun-light, expressed in foot-candles, reaching various depths. fial functions of this meter were detected in May and July 1973 Laboratory Determinations. Surface and bottom (50 cm above) water samples were taken at Stations 1, 8, and 13 with a 3-liter Kemmerer sampler at the same time that field measurements were being made. These samples were placed in polyethylene containers and taken to the labora-tory for analysis; in most cases, analyses were completed within 24 hours of the sampling time. Fif teen water quality parameters (Table 1) were determined in the Toledo Edison Company chemical laboratory using the procedures prescribed in Standard fiethods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,14th Edition (American Public Health Association,1975); "ASTit Standards, Part 23, Water" ( American Society for Testing and Mate-rials,1973); and Water Analysis Procedures (U.S. Environmental Protec-tion Anency,1974) . Results The results of the monthly 1978 water quality determinations at Stations 1, 8, and 13 are presented in Tables 2-8. The results of solar radiation measurements at Stations 1, 3, 8, and 13 are given in Table 9. fiean annual values and ranges for the monthly water quality determinations (May through November) are listed in Table 10 and a summary of solar radi-ation means and ranges are presented in Table 11. The monitoring stations
were selected to characterize Lake Erie water quality at several areas within the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. Station 1 is only 500 feet offshore and is positioned to monitor nearshore water masses. Station 3 is located 2000 feet offshore and is used as a control station for the power station discharge which is located 3000 feet to the southeast. Station 8 is 3000 feet offshore cnd Station 13 is 1500 feet offshore; these stations are located in the vicinity of the power statior water intake and discharge, respectively. All of these stations lie within Excepted Area "B" for Lake Erie water quality standards, established by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency in 1978. Results of the 1978 monitoring program indicated that none of the parameters examined exceeded the Ohio EPA standards. Analyse Seasonal Variations. The quality of the water in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during the period May through July 1978 was typical for the south shore of western Lake Erie and showed normal sea-sonal trends. Aurage temperature rose nearly 150C from early May to late June, then varied only 30C until mid-September, and finally dropping over 100C by mid-October (Fig. 2) . Average dissolved oxygen concentrations fell from over 12 ppm in May to a lov of 7.4 ppm in late June, then rose again to over 12 ppm in early November (Fig. 2). Hydrogen-ion concentrations re-mained fairly stable throughout the year with the average pH varying only 0.6 units. A slight rise in pH was noted during June and the late summer months corresponding to higher levels of primary production by phytoplank-ton species (Fig. 2). Mild turbulence in late spring and early fall is reflected by the higher turbidity and suspended solids measurements for these periods (Fig. 3). The decreased sediment load during the summer months accounts for the higher transpa, ency readings in June and July (Fig. 3). A 3-fold improve-ment in the water clarity was noted between May and August and a corres-ponding 2-fold decrease in clarity was observed from August to November. Biochemical oxygen demand levels were relatively low during the year, even during periods of high turbidity, indicating that the suspended material was largely of an inorganic nature. Slightly elevated BOD values in Octo-ber correspond with the fall plankton pulse. Major dissolved ions, in-cluding calcium, chloride and sulfate, yielded the highest concentrations in the spring with a gradual decrease through the summer and early fall (Fig. 4). Sulfate showed a significant increase in November but the other major ions remained fairly stable. In a like manner, biological nutri-ents, such as phosphorus, nitrate and silica, has the hir; hest concentra-tions in the spring, but they decreased markedly through the summer and early fall. This decrease is attributed to the utilization of these nu-trients by photosynthesizing plankton. In November, when primary produc-tion was at a lower rate, nitrate concentration rose to much higher levels (Fig. 5) . Alkalinity, largely due to bicarbonate ions, total dissolved solids and conductivity, all of which are measures of dissolved materials in the water were relatively stable through the year, showing slightly higher values in the spring and slightly lower in the fall (Fig. 6).
In June 1978, the dissolved oxygen concentration dropped to 5.7 ppm (Station 13), the lowest value recorded during the 1978 monitoring pro- , gram. This represents improvement over the lowest concentration observed in 1977 and is consistent with concentration measured earlier in the pro-gram: Year D0 Range 1974 5.7-14.1 ppm 1975 7.2-13.6 1976 5.0-12.5 1977 3.0-12.2 1978 5.7-12.5 The International Joint Commission recommends a minimum D0 level of 6.0 ppm for Lake Erie water (U.S.-Canada Water Quality Agreement of 1978). However, Ohio EPA (1978) has established a minimum D0 standard of 4.0 ppm for the nearshore waters of Lake Erie within the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. Station Variations. Stations,1, 8, and 13 are located approximately 500, 3,000, and 1,500 feet offshore, respectively. In general, no consis-tent significant difference in water quality was noted between stations. A slight depression in the dissolved oxygen concentration was noted at Station 13 for June in comparison to the other stations. Conductivity values were also slightly higher at this station for a few months. This may be related to the proximity of the power station discharge. However, no elevation in water temperature was noted at Station 13 in relation to the other stations. Solar radiation, suspended solids and turbidity mea-surements indicated a general increase in water clarity from the most in-shore station (1) to the most offshore station (8), but differences are normally small. Differences between the surface and bottom water quality were also slight because of the shallowness of this portion of Lake Erie (2.0-4.5 meters). Some depression in the level of D0 and small increases in the concentrations of suspended and dissolved materials were noted near the bottom. This may be due to the high oxygen demands of the sediments and the disturbance of these sediments by currents and wave action. Water Quality Trends. The Ohio State University, Center for Lake Erie Area Research initiated water quality studies at Locust Point in July 1972. Over the past six years most parameters have shown typical seasonal trends with only small variations from year to year. Trends for eight water quality parameters from July 1972 through November 1978 are shown on Ficares 7, 8, and 9. Temperature and dissolved oxygen show normal seasonal trends for each year with only minor variations from one year to the next or over the entire period. D0 appears to have under-gone more depletion in 1976 and 1977 than in previous years or in 1978. Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) and alkalinity remained fairly stable over the period. Transparency, turbidity, phosphorus and conductivity have shown some radical variations which are probably due to storms and dredging activities that have disturbed the bottom sediments. Phos-phorus levels were low in 1977 and 1978, compared to earlier years. In general however, no significant deviations from the normal quality of the water in this part of western Lake Erie have been observed during the past seven years.
TABLES
TABLE 1 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR WATER QUALITY DETERMINATIONS Parameter Units References for Analytical Methods
- 1. Temperature C APHA (1975): Sec. 212
- 2. Dissolved Oxygen ppm APHA (1975): Sec. 422B
- 3. Conductivlty jJmhos/cm (25 C) ASTM ( 1975): D1125-64
- 4. Transparency meters Welch (1948): Secchi disk
- 5. Calcium (Ca) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 306C
- 6. Magnesium (Mg) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 313C
- 7. Sodium (Na) mg/l ASTM (1973): .D1428-64
- 8. Chlorlde (Cl) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 4088
- 9. Nitrate (NO3) mg/l ASTM (1973): D992-71 ,
- 10. Sulfate (SO4) mg/l ASTM (1973): D516-68C m
- 11. Phosphorus (Total as P) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 425F '
- 12. Silica (SiO2) mg/l ASTM (1973): D859-688
- 13. Alkalinity (Total as CACO 3) mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 403
- 14. Blochemical oxygen demand mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 507
- 15. Suspended sollds mg/l APHA (1975): Sec. 208D
- 16. Dissolved sollds ,
mg/l USEPA (1974)
- 17. Turbidity F.T.U. APHA (1975): Sec. 214A
- 18. Hydrogen-lon conc, pH units ASTM (1973): D 1293-65 Field Procedure
- 19. Solar radiation foot - candles Protomatic underwater photometer (Rich, P .R . anc R . G . Wetzel . 1969.
A simple, sensitive underwater photom eter . Limnology & Oceano" graphy 14: 611-613)
TABLE 2 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR MAY 1978 Dates: Field 11 !1ay 1978 Laboratory 12 May 1971 Parameters Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No.13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 10.0 10.0 10.8 10.3 11.0 10.4 10.0-11.0 10.4 0.5 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 12.0 12.0 12.4 12.4 12.0 12.0 12.0-12.4 12.1 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 270 280 300 300 310 310 270 -310 295 16.4 Transparency (m) 0.20 0.20 0.20 - 0.20 0 Depth (m) 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0-4.0 3.0 1.0 cn Laboratory Determinations: s Calcium (mg/1) 37.2 36.4 38.4 38.4 41.2 36.0 36.0-41.2 37.9 1.9 Magnesium (mg/l) 8.4 9.6 8.6 8.6 8.4 8.6 8.4-9.6 8.7 0.5 Sodium (mg/1) 9.0 7.6 7.6 8.5 8.0 8.0 8.0-9.0 8.1 0.6 Chloride (mg/t) 19.0 18.5 20.5 21.0 21.0 21.0 18.5-21.0 20.6 1.1 Nitrate (mg/1) 12.0 12.8 12.0 14.2 14.2 12.0 12.0-14.2 12.9 1.1 Sulfate (mg/l) 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 26.0 - 26.0 0 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 - 0.01 0 Silica (mg/1) 0.99 0.91 1.36 1.36 1.36 1.41 0.91-1.41 1.23 0.22 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 89 89 90 89 91 91 89-91 89.8 0.98 B .O . D. (mg/1) 2 3 3 2 2 2 2-3 2.3 0.5 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 56 58 45 50 56 49 45-58 52 5 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 176 194 190 186 196 192 176-196 IS9 7 Turbidity (F .T .U .) 48 50 47 46 53 52 46-53 49 3 pH 8.5 8.5 8.1 8.0 8.3 8.3 8.0-8,5 8.3 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 315 315 312 320 325 320 312-325 318 4.7
TABLE 3 LAKE ERIE WA"' QUALITY ANALYSES FCR JUNE 1978 Dates: Field 29 June 1973 Laboratory Mul v 197 Parameters Station No. 1 Station No . 8 Station No.13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Gottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 25.4 25.0 25.0 24.2 26.0 24.7 24.2-26.0 25.1 0.6 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 8.2 7.8 9.0 7.2 6.4 5.7 5.7-9.0 7.4 1.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 310 312 300 300 315 312 300 -315 308 7 Transparency (m) 0.30 0.35 0.30 0.30-0.35 0.32 0.0' Depth (m) 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0-4.0 3.0 1.0 i w Laboratory Determinations: s Calcium (mg/l) 38.4 38.4 36.8 36.8 37.6 36.8 36.8-30.4 37.5 0.8 Magnesium (mg/1) 9.1 9.1 9.1 9.6 9.8 10.1 9.1-10.1 9.5 0.4 Sodium (mg/1) 9.5 9.2 8.9 9.2 9.2 9.2 8.9-9.5 9.2 0.2 Chloride (mg/1) 20.5 20.5 21.0 20.5 21.0 20.5 20.5-21.0 20.7 0.3 Nitrate (mg/1) 9.8 9.4 7.6 8.7 10.6 11.5 7.6-11.5 9.6 1.4 Sulfate (mg/i) 35.0 35.0 32.5 33.5 32.5 32.5 32.5-35.0 33.5 1.2 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.02-0.04 0.04 0.01 Silica (mg/1) 0.51 0.55 0.59 0.55 0.66 0.62 0.51-0.66 0.58 0.05 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 90 89 90 89 90 89-90 90 89.7 0.5 9.O . D. (mg/1) 4 3 3 3 4 3 3-4 3.3 0.5 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 38 53 30 63 44 44 38-63 45 12 Di ssolved Solids (mg/l) 186 190 178 180 190 194 178-194 186 6 Turtidity (F.T.U .) 48 56 39 57 51 54 39-57 51 7 pH 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5-8.6 8.58 0.04 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 296 295 293 295 303 303 293-303 298 4
TABLE 4 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR JULY 1978 Dates: Field 25 July 1978 Laboratory 27 July 197E Paramete rs Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No.13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature (OC) 24.5 24.5 24.5 24.0 24.2 23.5 23.5-24.5 24.2 0.4 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 8.4 8.4 7.3 6.1 8.8 8.3 6.1- 8.8 7.9 1.0 Conductivity (umlos/cm) 350 350 370 380 350 350 350 - 380 358 13 Transparency (m) 0.70 0.75 0.55 0.55-0.75 0.67 0.1 Depth (m) 2.0 4.5 3.0 2.0-4.5 ' 3.2 1.3 co Laboratory Determinations: e Calcium (mg/l) 35.2 35.2 36.8 36.0 37.2 38.8 35.2-38.8 36.5 1.4 Magnesium (mg/1) 10.6 10.6 11.5 11.0 10.6 11.5 10.6-11.5 11.0 0.4 Sodium (mg/1) 10.7 10.7 10.1 10.7 10.7 10.1 10.1-10.7 10.5 0.3 Chloride (mg/l) 22.0 22.0 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 22.0-23.0 22.2 0.4 Nitrate (mg/1) 4.8 5.5 4.8 5.1 5.1 4.5 4.5- 5.5 5.0 0.3 Sulfate (mg/1) 20.0 20.0 23.0 23.5 23.5 23.0 20.0-23.5 22.2 1.7 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.01-0.02 0.02 0.01 Sibca (mg/l) 0.51 0.47 0.51 0.44 0.51 0.47 0.44-0.51 0.49 0.03 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 100 100 100 100 100 100 - 100 0 9.O . D. (mg/1) 2 3 2 3 3 3 2-3 2.7 0.5 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 15 13 13 14 18 18 13-18 15 2 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 186 178 180 174 166 160 160-186 174 10 Turoidity (F.T .U .) 15 14 14 14 14 15 14-15 14.3 0.5 pH 8.2 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.1 8.1-8.5 8.3 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 305 310 305 300 300 300 300-310 303 4
TABLE 5 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR AUGUST 1978 Date s: Field 17 Auqust 1978 Laboratory 18 August I! Param ete rs I Station No . 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 23.0 23.0 23.5 23.0 23.5 23.0 23.0-23.5 23.2 0.3 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 8.6 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.2 8.2-8.6 8.4 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 265 265 270 265 265 265 265 -270 266 2 Transparency (m) 0.75 0.95 0.70 0.70-0.95 0.80 0.1 Depth (m) 2.0 4.0 3.0 2.0-4.0 3.0 1.0 i e Laboratory Determinations:
- Calcium (mg/l) 34.4 34.4 36.0 35.6 35.6 35.6 34.4-36.0 35.3 0.7 Magnesium (mg/1) 10.6 20.6 9.6 9.8 9.4 9.6 9.4-10.6 9.9 0.5 Sodium (mg/l) 9.5 9.5 10.1 10.1 10.3 10.1 9.5-10.1 9.9 0.3 Chloride (mg/l) 19.5 20.0 19.5 19.5 19.0 19.0 19.0-20.0 19.4 0.4 Nitrate (mg/1) 2.9 2.3 1.4 1.4 2.0 2.3 1.4-2.9 2.1 0.4 Sulfate (mg/l) 27.5 27.5 26.5 28.0 27.5 27.5 26.5-28.0 27.4 0.5 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.03 0.003 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01-0.03 0.02 0.01 Silica (mg/1) 0.23 0.19 0.16 0.23 0.23 0.19 0.16-0.23 0.20 0.03 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 96 96 96 96 96 98 96-98 96.3 0.8 s .o .o. (mg/l) 2 2 2 2 2 2 SJspended Solids (mg/l) -
2 0 10 15 11 11 17 Dissolved Solids (mg/1) 12 10-17 12.7 2.7 168 170 168 174 182 178 Turbidity (F .T .U .) 168-182 173 6 10 22 11 18 pH 17 17 11-22 17 4 8.4 8.4 8.8 8.7 8.7 8.7 8.4-8.8 8.6 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 295 295 0.2 285 295 285 295 285-295 292 5
TABLE 6 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR SEPTEMBER 1978 Date s: Field 13 September 197f Laboratory 16 Sept. 15 Paramete rs Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No.13 Range Mean Standa rd Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surf ace Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 22.1 22.1 21.7 21.7 22.5 22.1 21.1 ?2,6 22.0 0.3 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 8.9 8.5 8.9 8.2 9.1 8.7 8.2-9.1 8.7 0.3 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 285 285 285 285 305 300 285 - 305 291 9 Transparency (m) 0.40 0.40 0.40 - 0.40 0 Depth (m) ' 2.C 4.0 3.0 2.0-4.0 3.0 1.0 i Laboratory Determinations: G Calcium (mg/1) 34.8 34.8 34.0 34.8 34.8 ??.0 32.0-348 34.2 1.1 Magnesium (mg/l) 8.4 9.1 7.9 7.0 7.9 9.1 7.0-9.1 8.2 0.8 Sodium (mg/l) 9.5 9.5 10.5 10.5 9.5 10.5 9.5-10.5 10.0 0.6 Chloride (mg/1) 17.5 18.0 17.5 17.5 17.5 19.5 17.5-19.5 17.9 0.8 Nitrate (mg/l) 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 1.7 - 0 Sulfate (mg/1) 27.0 27.0 24.5 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0-27.0 24.1 2.5 Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.03 0.08 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.07 0.01-0.08 0.04 0.03 Silica (mg/1) 0.16 0.40 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.23 0.10-0.40 0.18 0.12 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 98 98 95 95 98 96 95-98 97 1.5 B .O . D. (mg/1) 2 3 1 1 1 2 1-3 1.3 0.5 Suspended Solids (mg/l)
- 38 238 24 30 30 104 30-238 77 84 Dissolved Solids (mg/1) 180 198 180 180 192 196 180-198 188 9 Turbidity (F .T .U . T 36 77 17 18 18 47 17-77 36 24 pH 8.7 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.5 8.5-8.7 8.6 0.06 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 291 294 283 280 296 315 280-296 293 12
- Sampler may have disturbed bottom sediments at Stations 1 and 13.
TABLE 7 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR O';TOBER 1978 Dates: Field 17 Oct. 1978 L.aboratory 20 Oct . 19 Paramete rs Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No.13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Su rface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 12.0 11.0 11.8 11.2 12.5 11.5 11.0-12.5 11.7 0.6 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 11.2 11.0 11.3 11.2 11.3 11.2 11.0-11.3 11.2 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 260 270 270 270 285 275 260 -285 272 8 Transparency (m) 0.55 0.55 0.50 0.50-0.55 0.53 0.03 Depth (m) 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.0-2.5 2.3 0.3 '
~,
Laboratory Determinations: , Calcium (mg/1) 31.2 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8 32.8 31.2-32.8 32.5 0.7 Magnesium (mg/1) 8.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 6.7 8.2 6.7- 8.2 7.5 0.6 Sodium (mg/1) 8.9 8.9 8.0 8.0 8.4 8.4 8.0- 8.9 8.4 0.4 Chloride (mg/l) 16.* 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.5 16.0 16.0-16.5 16.1 0.2 Nitrate (mg/l) <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 <0.3 - (0.3 0 Sulfate (mg/l) 18.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 18.0-20.0 18.5 0.8 Phosphorus (mg/l) Sibea (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.10 0.01- 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.11 0.09 0.05 0.05 0.09 0.10 0.05-0.11 0.08 0.03 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 96 95 96 96 97 95 95-97 96 0.8 8.O . D. (mg/1) 4 4 4 4 4 4 - 4 0 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 45 49 26 27 38 30 26-49 36 10 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 176 156 150 156 158 152 150-176 158 9 Turbidity (F.T .U .) 26 25 12 13 17 21 12-26 19 6 pH 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 - 8.0 0 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 265 270 265 265 265 265 265-270 266 2
TABLE 8 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR NOVEMBER 1978 Dates: Field 1 Nov. 1978 Laboratory 2 Nov. 197 Paramete rs Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Cottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 10.2 10.2 11.1 10.2 10.9 10.1 10.1-11.1 10.5 0.4 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 12.1 12.1 12.5 12.1 12.2 11.9 11.9-12.5 12.2 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 265 260 270 270 270 265 260-270 267 4 Transparency (m) 0.40 0.70 0.50 0.40-0.70 0.50 0.15 Depth (m) 2.0 3.7 2.7 2.0-3.7 ' 2.8 0.9 N Laboratory Determinations: , Calcium (mg/1) 32.0 32.0 33.6 32.8 32.0 32.8 32.0-33.6 32.5 0.7 Magnesium (mg/1) 8.2 8.2 7.7 8.2 8.2 8.2 7.7-8.2 8.1 0.2 Soc'ium (mg/1) 13.3 14.8 14.8 14.0 14.4 14.8 13.3-14.8 14.5 0.6 Chloride (mg/1) 14.0 14.0 15.0 15.0 15.5 17.3 14.0-17.3 15.1 1.2 Nitrate (mg/1) 6.1 5.8 5.1 5.1 6.1 6.5 5.1-6.5 5.8 0.6 Sulfate (mg/1) 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 29.0 - 29.0 0 Phosphorus (mg/1) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 - 0.01 0 Silica (mg/1) 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.07 0.09 0.11 0.6-0.11 0.09 0.02 Total Alkalinity (mg/1) 89 89 89 90 91 92 89-92 90 1 B .O . D. (mg/1) 2 Suspended Solids (mg/1) 3 2 2 2 1 1-3 2 0.6 57 58 47 48 60 40 40-60 52 8 Dissolved Solids (mg/1) 152 152 158 158 152 162 152-162 156 4 Turtidity (F .T .U .) pH 11 28 9 12 8 12 8-23 13 7 8.1 83 8.2 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.8-8.3 8.1 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 260 260 260 270 265 270 260-270 264 5
TABLE 9 SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS AT LOCUST POINT IN 1978* (IN FOOT CANDLES) Time l Station Deck Surface 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 t 24 June 1978 ! 1 1200 9000 4500 2000 550 200 50 - - - li 8 1235 10200 8000 2800 1100 500 300 120 65 - - 13 1305 10000 6000 2000 400 1200 30 10 3 - - l 18 August 1978 f 1 1135 9000 5100 2000 400 - 32 - - - - l 3 1300 8500 5000 1900 310 - 43 - 7.2 - - 8 1233 E000 4600 1600 360 - 49 - 8.2 - 2.5 13 1030 9500 5000 1800 250 - 52 - 4.2 - - 15 Sept. 1978 {. 1 1145 10000 5000 1500 350 - 40 - - - - 3 1330 10000 5000 1600 440 - 53 - - - - 8 1030 10000 4200 2600 700 - 140 - 47 - 20 l 13 1230 6500 4400 800 270 - 21 - 2.9 - - 17 Oct. 1978 1 1610 7000 3100 1100 100 - 14 - - - - 3 1530 7500 3500 1300 100 - 12 5.5 - - - 8 1633 6500 2600 1200 100 - 19 7.2 - - - 13 1645 5700 1600 410 44 - 2 2 - - - 1 Nov. 1978 1 1105 9300 4000 1500 300 - 50 - - - - 8 1200 7300 9000 2000 350 - 55 - 10 - - 13 1140 6000 5000 1500 300 - 250 - - - - l
- Submarine photometer malfunctioned in May and July 1978
TABLE 10 MEAN VALUES AND RANGES FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS TESTED IM 1978 Parameter May - November 1978 Units Mean Range
- 1. Temperature 18.2 10.0-26.0 C
- 2. Dissolved Oxygen 9.7 5.7-12.5 ppm
- 3. Conductivity (field) 294 260-380 umhos/cr 4 Transparency 0.50 0.30-0.95 m
- 5. Calcium 35.2 31.2-41.2 mg/l
- 6. Magnesium 9.0 6.7-11.5 mg/l
- 7. Sodium 10.1 8.0-14.S mg/l
- 8. Chloride 18.9 14.0-23.0 mg/l
- 9. Nitrate 5.3 1.4-14.2 mg/l
- 10. Sul fa te 25.8 18.0-35.0 mg/l
- 11. Phosphorus 0.02 0.01 .10 mg/l
- 12. Silica 0.41 0.05-1.41 mg/l
- 13. Total Alkalinity 94 89-98 mg/l
- 14. B0r 2.5 1-4 mg/l
- 15. Suspended Solids 41 10-238 mg/l
- 16. Dissolved Solids 175 150-198 mg/l
- 17. Turbidity 28 8-77 F.T.U.
- 18. Hydrogen-ions 8.4 7.8-8.8 pH
- 19. Conductivity (lab) 291 260-325 umhos/cm
TABLE 11
SUMMARY
OF JUNE TO NOVEMBER SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS AT LOCUST POINT (IN FOOT CANDLES) Station Range Mean Standard Deviation Station 1 Deck 10000 - 7000 8825 1287 Surface 5100 - 3100 4300 942 0.5 2000 - 110 1278 813 1.0 400 - 200 288 132 1.5 - - - - 2.0 50 - 14 34 15 Station 3 Deck 10000 - 7500 8667 1475 Surface 5000 - 3500 4500 707 0.5 2000 - 130 1408 868 1.0 550 - 100 350 193 1.5 - - 200 0 2.0 53 - 12 40 19 2.5 20 - 5.5 13 10 3.0 - - 7.2 0 Station 8 Deck 10200 - 6500 8400 1642 Surface 9000 - 2600 5680 2704 0.5 2800 - 120 1824 1065 1.0 1100 - 100 522 387 1.5 - - 500 0 2.0 300 - 19 113 114 2.5 120 - 7.2 64 80 3.0 65 - 8.2 33 28 3.5 - - 0 0 4.0 20 - 2.5 11 12 Station 13 Deck 10000 - 5700 7940 1986 Surface 6000 - 1600 4400 1667 0.5 2000 - 410 1302 675 1.0 400 - 44 253 130 1.5 - -
!?00 0 2.0 250 - 2 71 102 2.5 10 - 2 6 6 3.0 4.2 - 2.9 3 1
FI GURE S
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FIGURE 7. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATUR., DISSOLVED OXYGEN, AND HYDROGEN ION MEASUREf1ENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1978.
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- J J :5 0 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 FIGURE 8. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY CONDUCTIVITY, ALKALINITY AND TURBIDITY siEASUREf1ENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1978.
-- No Measurements Avaltable 500<
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FIGURE 9. TRENDS Ifl MEAf4 M0f1THLY TRA!4SPAREf4CY A!1D Pil0SPHORUS MEASUREMEf1TS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST P0lf1T FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1978. 1.50 < j
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VII SgCTION 3.1.1.A.2 LHEMICAL USAGE
Table 3.1-1 DAVIS-BESSE 11UCLEAR POWER S~lATI0li UtilT 110. 1 CllEMIC AL t! SAGE FOR 1978 CitEMICAL . SYSTD1 USE QUANTITY DISCIIARGE I!1TEl(11EDI ATE l'I NAL I Chlorine Circulating Water Biocide 63,558" ll/A Unit discharge
' via cooling tower blowdown Chlorine Service Water Biocide 80,626d Cooling Tower Unit discharge t!akeup via cooling tower blowdown Chlorine Cooling Tower Makeup Biocide None Cooling Tower Unit discharge es t!akeup via cooling tower Y
*~
blowdown Chlorine Water Treatment Disinfection 3,587# ti/A Water dist. sys. Sulfuric Acid Circulating Water Alkalinity 90,049 gal. Reacto with Unit discharge Control circulating via cooling tower water blowdown Sulfuric Acid Demineralizers Regeneration 8,992 gal. . Neutralizing tank Unit discharge for neutralization . Sulfuric Acid Water Treatment Stubilization None 11/A Water dint. sya. i i Sulfuric Acid ticutralizing Tank ticutralization 21 gal. II/A Unit discharge i
- _ _ . - - - .-- n "Only used when the unit la operating and .crv!ce water tu beln;; returned to the forebay.
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c n ~ TABLE 3.1-1 (Con' t.) g 1978 Chemical Usage tilD11 CAL SYSTE:t USE QUAT 4TITY l DISCllARGE I!JTEMIEDI ATE Fl!1 AL Sodium 11ydroxide Demineralizers Regeneration 37,021 gal. lieutralizing Tank Unit discharge for neutralization Sodium !!ydroxide !!eutralizing Tank ficutralization 41,716 gal. 11/A Unit discharge Calcium llydroxide Water Treatment Clarification and 58,5501 Sludge to the Supernatant from Softening Settling Basin the settling basin to the unit discharge . Sodium Aluminate Water Treatment Clarification and 5,6001 Sludge to the . Supernatant from Softening Settling Basin the sete. ling basin to t.he unit 'E discharge 1
- alco 607 Water Treatment Clarification and None Slude to the Softening Settling Basin tialco 8.184 Water Treatment Clarification and 179 # Sludge co the Soften]ng Settling Basin Sodium 11ydroxide Water Treatment Clarification and 1,550 # Slude to the Softening Settling Basin Sodium liypochlor Water Treatment Disinfection 12#Avai] !{/A Water distribution
'ite C12 system fodiumllypochlor-SewageTreatment Disinfection 338# Avail ll/A Jnit Discharge ti t e C1 2 I
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m I . . .. ' s TABLE 3.1-1 (Con' t . )
- 1978 Chemical I' sage "CilD11 CAL SYSTEli USE '
QUANTITY DISCllARGE INTEIUIEDI ATi; FINAL
!!ydrazine Secondary Coolant Oxygen Scavenging 505 gal. N/A N/A Reactor Coolant Oxygen Scavenging 1 gal. N/A N/A Component Cooling Oxygen Scavenging 2 gal. N/A N/A l Auxiliary Boiler Oxygen Scavenging 4 gal. N/A N/A lleating Systen Oxygen Scavenging 1 gal. N/A N/A .
l?mmonia Secondary Coolant A pil Control 125 gal. N/A li/A Auxi'liary Boiler pil Control 4 gal. N/A N/A Iloric Acid Reactor Coolant Neutron Moderator 32,825# l'/A N/A Lithium llydroxide Reactor Coolant pil Control 17,100 gram s N/A N/A as Lithium biorpholine Component Cooling pil Control None N/A N/A
;Nalco 39L Turbine Plant Cool- Corrosion Inhibitot 165 gal. N/A N/A ing l
't N/A Ciiilled Water Corrosion Inhibitoif gal. N/A l
i l
,m ,
..s, TABLE 3.1-1 (Con' t.)
, 1978 Chemical tisage
~
' CHEMICAL SYSTEM '
USE QUANTIT'( DISCilARGE l INTERMEDIATE FINAL Nalco732b' Turbine Plant Cool- Microbiological , None I N/A ' N/A ing Control . Chilled Water Microbiological None N/A N/A
. Control i .
Nalco 7326 . Turbine Plant Microbiological 236 g,al. 1 N/A N/A . Cooling - Control ; Sodium Hydroxide Turbine Plant pH Control 521 N/A N/A Cooling . I I i E L. e e e O e e e I L 4
VIII s SECTION 3.1.1.A.3 CHLORINE Il0NITORING s
3 .1.1. a . 3 Chlorine Monitoring Chlorine Monitoring is covered by the Station's NPDES Permit. The limits of the permit were never exceeded.
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IX kECTION31.2.A.3 3 rLANKTON OTUDIES
# CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.106
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/ PHYTOPLANKTON AND ZOOPLANKTON
, , , _ j, 3 DENSITIES FROM LAKE ERIE NEAR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION DURING 1978 5
Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1. 2. a.1 Plankton Studies (Phytoplankton and Zooplankton) Prepared by Jeffrey M. R eutter James W. Fletener Prepared for Toledo Edison C .r.pany Toleco, Cnio THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FCR LAK E ER IE AR EA R ES EARCH COLUM8US, CHIO February 1979
3.1.2.a.1 Plankton Studies (Phytoplankton and Zooplankton) Procedures Plankton samples were collected aoproximately once every 30 days from May through November from 7 sampling stations in the vicinity of Locust Point (Figure 1). Samples could not be collected during April due to an unusually long winter and the presence of ice. Four vertical tows, bottom to surf ace, were collected at each station with a Wisconsin plankton net. (12 cm mouth; no. 20, 0.080 cm mesh). Each sample was concentrated to 50 ml. Two samples were preserved with lugol's and used for phytoplankton analysis. Soda water was added to the remaining 2 samples to relax the zooplankters prior to preservation with 5% formalin. The volume of water sampled was computed by multiplying the depth of the tow by the area of the net mouth. Three 1-ml aliquots were withdrawn from each 50-ml sample and placed in counting cells. Whole organism counts of the phytoplankton were made from 25 random Whipple Disk fields in each of the three 1-ml aliquots from 2 samples. When filamentous fo ms number 100 or more in 10 Whipple fields, they were not counted in the remaining 15 fields. Identification was carried as f ar as possible, usually to the genus or species level. All zooplankters within each of the three 1-ml aliquots from 2 samples were counted by scanning the entire counting cell with a microscope. Identification was carried as far as possible, usually to the genus or species level. Phytoplankton Results. Phytoplankters collected frcm May througn November 1978 were divided into 54 taxa, generally to the genus level (Table 1). Fifteen taxa were grouped in Sacillariophyceae, 23 in Chlorophyceae, 1 in Chrysophyceae, 2 in Dinophyceae, 1 in Euglenophyceae, 10 in Myxophyceae, and 2 in Protozoa. Monthly mean phytoplankton populations ranged from 29,607/1 in July to 281,852/1 in May (Table 1). The mean density from all samples collected in 1978 was 109,768/1. Phytoplankton densities at individual sampling stations ranged from 3,389/1 at Station 8 in June to 504,678/1 at Station 1 in May (Table 2). Population pulses were observed in the spring and the fall (Figure 2). The spring pulse was caused by diatoms while the fall pulse was caused by green algae (Figure 3). Monthly mean bacillariophycean densities ranged from 915/1 in July to 280,066/1 in May (Table 1). The annual mean bacillariophycean density from all samples collected during 1978 was 46,267/l or 42 percent of the entire phytoplankton density. The dominant diatom taxa were Melosira sp. in May, June, and July; Asterionella formosa in August; and Fragliaria crotoninsis in September, October, and November. Melosira sp. had the largest annual mean population, 18,972/1. Diatoms were tne cominant phytoplankton group in May when they constituted 99 percent of the entire phytoplankton population.
0 26 l LAKE ERIE
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. 1000 DAVIS-BESSE tiUCLEAR POWER STATI0ft, UNIT 1 AQUATIC SAMPLit:G STATIONS
TABLE 1 M0flTilLY MEAfi POPULATIONS
- OF IflDIVln'!AL PilYTOPLAfiKT0fi l AXA AT LOCUST P0lflT - 1978 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. flov . Grand TAXA 11 29 25 17 15 17 1 Mean BACILLARIOPilYCEAE (Diatoms)
~Asterionella formosa 23896 68 15 1111 354 1159 4841 4492 Diatoma sp. O q 0 3 5 0 0 1 Fragilaria crotonensis 10483 676 71 880 3331 8900 9310 480/
Gyrosigma sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.2 Melosira sp. 121411 4734 828 927 1040 1882 1977 18972 flavicula sp. 223 34 0 0 0 0 0 37 flitzschia sigmoidea 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0,4 L' liitzschia sp. 167 0 0 0 0 0 0 24 Sceletonema subsalsa 117382 0 0 0 0 0 0 16769 Stephanodiscus binderanus 3147 0 0 64 65 24 0 471 Stephanodiscus sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 1 Surirella sp. 22 0 0 5 8 0 0 5 Syuedra actinas troides 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0.2 _Synedra sp. 673 0 0 40 16 34 18 112 Tabell_ aria sp 2662 26 0 336 177 506 315 575 Subtotal 280066 5539 915 3372 4997 12505 16471 46267 CHLOR 0PHYCEAE (Green Algae) Actinastrum hantzchii 0 0 0 0 2 2 0 1 Actinastrum sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 1 Ankistrodesmus falcatus 0 0 0 1 2 0 2 1 Binuclearla tatrana 0 0 9958 749 1168 23603 114539 21431 Botryococcis~sudeticus 0 0 632 2585 413 64 78 539 Clos teriopsis longissima 0 0 0 20 47 30 208 44 Closterium acerosum 0 0 0 0 14 0 0 2 Closterium sp. 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0.2
TAB ct. 1 (Con't.) M0flTilLY MEAN POPULATIONS
- OF IflDIVIDUAL PilYTOPLANKTON TAXA AT LOCllST P0ltiT - 1978 TAXA flay June July Aug. Sept. Oct. flo v . Grand 11 29 25 17 15 17 1 feea n CllLOROPHYCEAE (Green Algae)
Coelastrum sp. 0 0 138 0 3 0 0 20 Cosmarium sp. 0 0 0 6 8 0 0 2 Dictyosphaerium sp. 0 0 982 1 0 0 0 141 Kirchneriella sp. 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 1 00 cystis sp. 0 7 0 6 4 0 7 4
.~eatastrum duplex 102 579 441 312 202 2023 1466 733 Pediastrum simplex 225 36 607 441 916 1434 1166 689 Scenedesmus sp. 105 40 11 4 6 4 28 24 L Selenastrum sp. 28 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Spirogyra crassa 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 Spi rogyra_ sp. 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0.2 Stauras trum paradoxum 20 0 198 62 51 3 89 60 Te tras 1 ora sp. 0 0 32 0 0 0 0 5 Trent3 oblia sp. 0 0 18 0 0 0 0 3 Uni c entified 0 2117 0 0 0 0 0 302 Subtotal 482 2778 13026 4192 2845 27160 117566 24008 CHRYSOPilYSEAE (Brown Algae)
Dinobryon sp. 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 DIN 0PilYCEAE (Dinoflagellates) Ceratium hirundinella 7 100 1164 54 11 0 0 191 PeridIIiium sp. 0 0 2 0 2 0 0 1 Subtotal 7 100 1166 54 13 0 0 192 EUGLENOPHYCEAE (Eugl ena s ) Euglena sp. 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 1
TA8LE I (Con't.) fl0flTitLY f1E Atl POPilLATI0 tis
- Of lilDIVIDUAL PilYTOPLAfiKT0tl TAXA AT LOCUST PolflT - 1978 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. flo v . Grand TAXA 11 29 25 17 15 17 1 Mean MYX0PilYCEAE (Blue-green Algae )
Anabaena spiroides 0 0 0 18 559 198 523 186 Anabaena sg. 0 239 53 15 371 802 446 275 Aphani zt>menon flos-aquae 0 18071 13912 68825 74047 52362 15132 34621 Chroococcus sp. 0 0 94 0 0 0 0 13 Coelsphaerium sp. 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0.4 f[erismopedia sp. 0 0 24 0 0 0 0 3 Microcystis sp. 3 510 148 98 98 67 7 133 di Oscillatoria sp. 1289 3590 208 85 502 6686 15530 3984 Haphidiops_isi sp. 0 372 0 2 0 0 0 53 Uniden ti fi ed 0 0 0 0 0 53 14 10 Suhtotal 1292 22784 14481 69043 75577 60169 31652 39278 PROT 0ZOA Domatomonac sp. 5 7 14 26 38 12 6 15 Unidenti fied flagellate 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 1 Subtotal 5 7 14 26 47 12 6 16 TOTAL !?81852 31207 29607 76687 83484 99846 165699 109768 Expressed as no. of whole organisms / liter and computed from duplicate vertical tows (bottom to surface) with a llisconsin plankton net (12 cm diameter, 0.080 mm mesh) from 7 sampling stations on dates indicated.
TABLE 2 f10N1lILY MEAN PilYTOPLANETON POPULATIONS
- l~RGil SAMPLif1G STAT 10flS AT LOCUST P0lflT, LAKE ERIE - 1978 Station May June July August Sept. Oct. flo v . Grand 11 29 25 17 15 17 1 Mean 1 504678 52904 24934 30122 69070 651!7 260749 '143945 3 267168 15420 28707 48336 67592 226 143 244023 128313 6 298575 33599 47841 36724 86274 88P69 172088 109024 a'
8 191915 3389 15871 116805 86739 71015 199435 97881 13 214234 42701 23913 119697 93323 77695 75855 92559 14 251516 33442 28692 95567 83979 64988 118177 96623 18 244880 36995 37254 89559 123929 105053 89567 103891 Grand Mean 281852 31207 29602 76687 83484 99846 165699 109768 Data presented as no. of whole organisms / liter and computed from duplicate vertical tows (bottom to surface) with a 11isconsin plankton net (12 cm diameter, 0.080 mn mesh) at each s ta tion.
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r . m. r . u s.t 3 "0NTHLY MEAN EACILLAPIOPHYCEAE, CHLO.0PHYCEAE, A"D MYXOPHYCEAE POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT, 1978. l
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Monthly mean chlorophycean censities ranged fron 432/1 in May to 117,565/1 in November with an annual mean pooulation t rom all samples collected during 1978 of 24,003/1 or 22 percent of tne total ohytoplankton population (Table 1). The dominant green algae taxa were Pedi'stre simaler in May; an uridentified spec imen in kne; Einuclearia tatrana in July, September, October, and November; and Botryococcus suceticus in Auust. 31cuclearia tatrana had the largest annual mean populaticn, 21,031/1.~ Chloropnyceae was tne dominant phyt.?l ankton clats in November, representing 71 percent of the entire phytoplankton pcpulation.
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Chrysophyceae was a rare clats represented only ty Dinobrycn sp. It was present in samples trom November, 4/1 (Table 1). Dinophyceans were represented by 2 taxa, Ceratium hirundinella and Peridinium sp. (Table 1). Neither occurred in sa pies from Octcoer or liov emo er . Ceratium hirundinella was the dominant of the two during the remaining montns. Euglenophyceae was represented only by Euclena sp. It occurred in September, 4/1 (Table 1). Monthly mean myxophyccan densities ranged from 1,292/1 in May to 75,577/1 in September with an annual mean density from all samples collected in 1978 of 39,278/1, 36 percent of the total phytoplankton mean (Table 1). The dominant myxophycean taxa were Oscillatc. ia sp. in May and November and Aunanizomenon flos-acuae from June tnrougn uctober. Aphanizomenon exhibiteo Ine largest annuai mean density, 36,621/1. Myxophyceae was tne cominant algal class from June through October, representing 73 percent, 49 percent, 90 percent, 91 percent, and 60 percent, respectively, of the total phytoplankton population. Protozoa, grouped here with the phytoplankton, was represented by 2 taxa, Domatomonas sp. and an unidentified flagellate. Domatomonas cccurred in every collection and was always the dominant of the two. All raw data were keypunched and are stored in Columbus, Ohio at the offices of the Center for Lake Erie Area Research on the campus of The Ohio State University. Analysis. The Center for Lake Erie Area Research has monitored phytoplanKton populations at Locust Point since 1974 (Figure 2). Radical differences were noted between populations in 1974 and 1975, but 77 percent of the variation was explainable by variation in physical and chemical parameters of water quality (Reutter, 1976). Bacillariophycean and Chlorophycean populations observed in 1974 and 1975 were cuite comparable (Figures 4 and 5). The Myxophycean component of the populations accounted -or the differences between the 2 years. No Myxophycean bloom occurred in 1974, whereas a huge Achanizomenon sp. bloom occurred in August 1975. This bloom was highly correlatea with increased transparency (80 percent greater than in 1974) and decreased turbidity (20 percent of that observed in 1974) (Reutter, 1976). A correlation of this Ljpe was first hypothesized by Chandler and Weeks (1945), _9_
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! MYXOPHYCEAE POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST ; POINT - 1974.
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O MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC APR FIGU RE 5. MONTHLY MEAN 13ACILLARIOPi lYCEAE, CHLOROPHYCEAE, A N D MYXO PI-lYC EA E POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT - 1975.
Bacillaricphyceae and Chlorophyceae populations in 1975 aere similar in size anc corposition to those observed in 1974 and 1975 (Figures 4, 5, and 5). The diatom pcpulation, especially, aas strikingly similar frcm year to year, aith 1976 most resembling 1974 Populations were alaays greatest in spring anc f all, and pulses which began and ended abruptly aere comonplace. Chlcrcphycean populations tended to increase in :ne fall. A cery small pulse aas observec in June 1975 ahich was not observed in 1970 or 1975. Tne 1976 Myxophycean pcpulation was betaeen the ext emes set forth in 1970 and 1975. A bloom of Achanizonenon sp. occurred in Julv and AJgust nhich corresponded well in time of occurrence with the 1975 August blocm, but,, thougn it was sligntly langer in peak duration, it was only one third the magnitude of the 1975 bloom and started and ended much more abruptly. Again, these pulses appear to be explainable by variaticn in transparency and turbidity. Transparency in 1976 was similar to 1975 and much greater than 1974, while turbidity, though more variable than in 1974 or 1975, reached a low in July similar to tnat observed in 1975 and below inat of 1974 (Reutter and Herdendorf, 1977). The 1977 phytoplankton population exhibited diatom blooms in fall and spring as in preceding years, however, the spring bloom 43s approximately twice as large as those observed frcm 1974-1976 (Figure 7). The myxophycean pcculation shootd pulses in sumer as in 1975 and 1975, but blue-greens also in:reased in the f all which was only hinted at in previcus years. Cnlorophycean populations were generally low and were very similar to those observed in 1974 and 1976. The major
- differences betaeen 1977 and previous years aere in the size of the spring and fall diatom pulses and che sumer myxophycean pulse. Hoaever, lack of a large summer blue-green blocm aas not unusual (1974) and tne unusaally long and cold winters of 1976-1977 and 1977-1975 undoubtedly had a large influence on diatom densities as they are cold water fcrms. Furthermore, tne increase in tne myxcphycean densities in the fall of 1977 aas due to Oscillatoria sp. which is also a cold water form.
The 1978 phytoplankton population exhibited spring and f all blooms anc was very nearly a mirror image of the 1977 population (Figure 2). Ho ever, the composition of this population was quite different from the 1977 population. All three major ccmponents of the pnytoplankton, ciatoms, greens, and blue-greens, exnibited relatively large blooms during 1973. The spring diatom bloom was the largest recorded to date, and its compositicn would indicate that it was probably much larger. The rationale for this statement is that approximately half the bloom was ccmposec of Sceletonema subsalsa which is generally too small to be collected with an 80p plan (ton net. Inerefore, althougn lerge numbers appeared in the sample, even greater n wbers were probably present but passed through the net. Consequently, this snould not be viewed as a new species in the area, but rather a saecies wnich ncrmally is not sampled by these methods. Its presence at tnis time is probably due to clogging of the plankton bucket with the large Melosira so. population and susaended sediments.
FIG UR E 6 MONTHLY MEAN BACILLARIOPHYLEAE, CHLOROPHYCEAE, AND MYXOPHYCEAE POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT,1976. 1 - g eactitarlophyceae 90,000 __
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t The chlorophycean populaticn was very similar to that Co w ve in 197c :.r: 1977. However, the maxim;m wnich occurred in November aas the hignest cosened 'or this grouo. This peak was airc t entirely due to a bloem of 3inuclearia tatrana. It tncule be pointed cut that a monthly sampling fredency :or pian (ton can lead to this type cccurrence. It is also aorth noi:ng that "0 geotia sp. was absent. Althcugn never an extremely abundant taxon, it is us aisy co=3n . Recounting several samples indicatec t,at althougn it aas present, the namoers were so lcw that it was most ef ten missed anen counting 25 random Whipple Disk fields of view. A cneck of similar sa ples collected througnout the Western Basin of Lake Erie for the USEPA by tne Center for La<e Erie Area Research, revealed a similar '.rena. Yyxophycean populations in 1973 aere most it.e tncse from 1975 and 1976. As usual, the cominant taxa were Achanizc enon and Oscillatoria. In summary, phytoplankton pcpulati:ns cbserved at Locust Point curing 1975 are similar to those of previous years and a; pear tyoical for those Occurring in tne nearshcre waters of the Westorn Basin of Lake Erie. Z colankton Results. Zooplankters collected May thrcugh Nove-ber 1973 were gecuped in 41 taxa generally to the species level (Table 3). Taenty taxa were grou:ed under Rotifera, 12 under Copeccda, S cnder Cladocera, and 1 under Protozca. Monthly mean densities ranged from 135/~ in Novemoer to 557/1 in Septe cer. Ne mean censity frca all samples colle:ted in 1978 was 339/l. Zo;;1anston densities at individual sampiing stations ranged trcm 120/1 at Station S in May to 394/1 at Station 13 in September (Table 4). Mcnthly mean rotifer densities ranged frcm 33/1 in June to 264/1 in vy a (Table 3). The annual mean rotifer censity f or all samples collectec in 1973 was 103/1 or 32 cercent of the entire :ccplankten density. The dominant rotifer taxa during 1973 were Syncnaeta spp. in May; Tricnocerca multicrinis in Jane, July, and August; Polyartnra vu.caris in Septemoer anc aovemoer; anc an un(ncan rotifer in October. Polyartnra vuicaris had the largest annual mean censity, 30/1. Rotifera was tne cominant zoopiankton grouc during May, Septemaer, Octooer, and Novemoer constituting 39 percent, 33 percent, 49 percent, and 37 percent resrectively, of the total co?lankton population. In contrast to inis, rotifers constituted only 6 percent of the June population. Monthly mean copepod densities ranged from 31/1 in May to 141/1 in August (Table 3). The mean copepod density from all samples ccliected in 1973 was SS/l or 26 percent of the entire zooplank on population. Cycicacid naupli; dominated every month but August when Diaotomus siciloides was the caminant taxon. Copecoca was the ccminant zooplancon group in vuiy and r. gust representing 30 percent and 56 percent, respectively, cf the total zooplankton population. Monthly mean cl doceran densities ranged from 1/1 in May to 363/1 in June (Table 3). The mear, adoceran density from all samples collected in 1975 aas 113/1 or 35 cercent or the total zoeplan< ton ;opulation. Ciadoceran oco21au ens aere cominated by Diaohancsoma leuchtanbercianum in May; Eucosmina correconi
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TABLE 3 (Con' t. ) MONTilLY MEAN POPULATIONS OF INDIVIDUAL ZOOPLANKTON TAXA AT LOCUST POINT - 1978 May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Grand TAXA 11 29 25 17 15 17 1 fican COPEPODA Cyclopoid Copepods Cyclops bicuspidatus thomasi 0.04 0.2 0.0 1.1 1.0 0.1 0.6 0.4 C. vernalis 0.5 24.1 11.4 9.0 9.9 4.3 0.5 8.5 Mesocy_ clops edax 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.02 Tropocyclops p~ran s nex 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 3.3 3.7 1.6 Copepodids,cycToioid 3.7 10.2 7.2 3.7 16.5 4.0 9.2 7.8 Naup1eii,cyclopoid 17.9 55.2 73.9 5.2 46.8 46.0 32.0 39.6 Subtotal 31.4 90.6 126.1 141.2 108.9 67.1 48.4 87.7 h' CLA00CERA Bosmina longirostris 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04 0.1 0.0 0.02 Chydorus sphaericus 0.0 1.3 33.5 30.2 83.7 9.8 11.7 24.3 Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianug 0.3 0.1 0.1 2.3 4.8 0.6 0.1 1.2 Daphnia galeata mendote 0.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.04 0.5 0.2 0.2 D. retrocurva 0.2 71.1 42.7 13.6 44.5 16.2 1.9 27.2 fubosmina corregoni (mature) 0.0 274.7 45.1 25.7 59.2 28.3 12.3 63.6 E. correjonTTinmature) n 0.0 12.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 Leptodora kindlii 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0 . '. 0.1 0.0 0.2 S u b t o't'a l 0.5 360.3 121.9 72.2 192.4 55.5 26.1 118.4 PROT 070A Di f flugia sp. 0.0 33.4 83.9 0.9 49.9 3.4 10.8 25.0 10TAL 295.3 517.7 370.3 250.3 557.0 245.9 134.7 338.7
Ti. 'L E 4 MONTliLY MEAN Z00 I.ANKTON POPULATIONS
- FROM SAMPLING STATIONS AT L' CUST POINT, LAKE ERIE - 1978 Station May June July August Sept.
11 Oct. Nov. Grand 29 25 17 15 17 1 Mean 1 591.9 572.9 436.2 306.5 449.1 298.4 131.9 398.1 3 326.9 534.6 549.7 270.7 541.3 265.3 150.7 377.0 6 309.2 666.1 285.9 216.6 517.5 241.3 131.8 338.3 8 124.4 386.3 318.5 227.8 412.3 252.1 137.3 265.5 13 243.4 497.8 336.5 197.4 513.1 179.3 127.0 299.2 14 240.4 460.8 276.9 270.8 571.3 232.9 135.3 312.6 18 231.2 505.2 406.7 262.3 894.2 252.0 129.1 383.0 Grand Mean 295.3 517.7 370.3 250.3 557.0 245.9 134.7 338.7 Data presented as no. of organisnis/ liter and computed front duplicate vertical taws (bottom to surface) with a Wisconsin plank ton net (12 cm diameter, 0.080 mm mesh) at each station.
(mature) in June, July, October, and November; and Chydorus sphaericus in August anc September. Eubosmina correg:ni (mature) naa tne largest annual mean deraity, 64/1. Ciacocera was tne dominant zooplankton group only in June constituting 70 percent of the total zooplankton pcpulation. Monthly mean protozoan densities ranged from 0/1 in May to 84/l in July (Table 3). The annual mean density of 25/1 was 7 percent of the total zooplankton population. Difflugia sp. was the only protozoan taxon. Protoz;a was never the dominant zoopian< ton group. All raw data were keypunched and are stored in Columbus, Ohio at the offices of the Center for Lake Erie Area Research on the campus of The Ohio State University. Analysis. Zooplankton populations at Locust Point have been monitored since 1972. In 1978, 2 new monthly lows were established for total zooplankton density. Zooplankton densities observed during May and June were the lowest recorded to date although the June density was very similar to that observed in 1973 (Figure 8). Results from the other months of 1978 fell within the ranges established from 1972-1977. Densities in July were slightly larger than 1977, slightly less than 1976, and less than those observed from 1972-1975. Densities observed in August were slightly larger than those observed in 1977, similar to those of 1973, and smaller than those of 1972 ano 1974-1976. Densities observeu in September of 1978 were greater than hose observed during September of 1972 and 1975-1977 and virtually equal to those observed during September of 1973 and 1974. Octeoer densities were greater than those of 1972 and 1977 and less than those from October of 1974-1976. November densities were greater than 1977 and less than 1972-1976. There are several plausible explanations for the variation which has occurred. Samples in 1972 were collected with a 3 ? Kemmerer water bottle at the surface. From 1973-1978 samples were collected by a vertical tow, bottom to surf ace, with a Wisconsin plankton net. A brief comparison study in 1973 showed that the vertical tow captured approximately 50 percent more taxa than a 3-1 grab (Reutter and Herdendorf,1974). The actual stations sampled have varied from year to year. In 1973 the intake and discharge pipelines were being dredged, and in 1972, tropical storm Agnes affected the weather. Due to the weather, samples were neither collected on the same day of the mor.th each year nor spaced exactly one month apart. Hubschman (1960) pointed out the tremendous differences which occurred between daily samples, and these samples were taken monthly, while Wieber and Holland (1968) showed that even with replication, wide variation can occur due to patchiness in population densities. The high spring populations from 1975 were undoubtedly largely due to early warming and lower turbidity as the total zooplankton population was significantly correlated with coth temperature and turbidity (r = 0.587 and -0.328, respectively) (Reutter, 1976). Finally, operation of station circulating pumps was common in 1976, 1977, and 1978. Of the three main components of the zooplankton population, rotifer densities are by far the most erratic and unpredictable (Figure 9). However, densities observed in 1978 were generally within the bounds described by populations from 1972-1977. The one exception was July when the densities 0
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observed were the lowest during the 7 year sampling period. Rotifer densities observed during May 1978 were greater than those observed during May of 1975 and 1977 and less than those observed during May of 1973, 1974, and 1976. July densities were greater than 1972, approximately equal to 1976 and 1977, and less than 1973-1975. August densities were greater than 1977 and less than 1972-1976. September densities were greater t:lan those observed in 1972 and 1975-1977 and less than those of 1973 and 1974. October densities were greater than those from 1972, 1974, 1975, and 1977, but less than those from 1976. November densities were greater than 1977 and less than 1972-1976. Copepod populations are much more regular and predictable than ratifer populations (Figure 10). They generally exhibit one peak per year and this usually occurs in the May/ June period. In 1978, one peak was observed, however, it occurred about two months later, July / August, and was smaller than those from previous years. However, due to the frequency of sampling arid the f act that peaks are always controlled by pulses of immature forms, this lower density in 1978 should not be considered too unusual as the peak may have been missed. As with the copepod densities, cladoceran densities are quite regular and predictable. They of ten exhibit two peaks, one in the spring and one in the f all (Figure 1D. This was the case in 1978 which was extremely similar to 1975 and 1976. In general these three years exhibited the greatest cladoceran densities followed by 1974 and 1977, which were very similar, and 1973 which was a poor year for cladocerans. In surmiary, due to the large variability observed in previous years, zooplankton populations observed in 1978 should be considered typical for the south shore of the Western Basin of Lake Erie. Jo
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$ 400 -
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LITERATURE CITED Chandler, D.C., and 0.S. Weeks. 1945. Limnological studies of western La'e < Erie V: relation of limnological and meteorological conditions to the production of phytoplankton in 1942. Ecol. Monogr. 15:435 a56. Hubschman, J.H. 1960. Relative daily abundance of planktonic crustacea in the island region of western Lake Erie. Chio J. Sci. 60:335-240. Reutter, J.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1977. Pre-operational aquatic ecology monitoring program for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Pcwer Station, Unit 1. The Ohio State University, CLEAR, Columbus, Ohio. 205 pp. Reutter, J.M. 1976. An Environmental Evaluation of a Nuclear Pcwer Plant en Lake Erie; Some Aquatic Effects. Ph.D. Dissertation, The Chio ctate University, Columbus, Ohio. 242 pp. Reutter, J.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1974. Environmental evaluation of a nuclear power plant on Lake Erie. Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. Project F-41-R-5, Study I and II. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Rept. 145 pp. - Wieber, P.H. and W.R. Holland. 1968. Plankton patchiness: effects on repeated nt tows. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13:315-321.
s X SECTION 3.1.2.A.2 BENTHIC STUDIES
h;h,. w
. CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.107 o%
"%9 BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS IN LAKE ERIE NEAR THE
'~7 DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION DURING 1978
~
Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1. 2. a. 2 Benthic Studies Prepared by Jeffrey M. Reutter Prepared for 1 oledo Edisor. Company Toledo, C'h io THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAK E ERIE AR EA R ES EARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO February 1979
3.1.2.a.2 Benthic Studies Procedures Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected approximately once every 60 days Three replicates using a Ponar dredge from (Area May throup)
= 0.052 m were November collected(Table 1). 1, 3, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, and at Stations 26 on each date (Figure 1). Samples were sieved on the boat through a U.S. =40 soil sieve, preserved in 10% formalin and returned to the laboratory for identification and enumeration. Individuals were identified as far as practicable (usually to genus; to species when possible). Results were reported as number of organisms per m and computed by multiplying the number of each species in each replicate grab sample by 19.1.
Results Benthic macroinvertebrates collected May throagh November 1978 were grouped in 25 taxa, generally to the genus or soecies level within 4 phyla (Table 2). Two taxa were in Coelenterata,10 in Annelida,12 in Arthropoda, and 1 in Mollusca. 2 2 Totalpopulationsgangedfrom559/m in May to 2,043/m in November with an annual mean of 1,108/m . These populations were dominated by Annelids which made up 54.0 percent of the total benthos population and Arthropods which made up 45.9 percent of the total benthos population. Annelids were the dominant f orm during each of the four collections. Immature oligochaetes (no hair setae) was always the dominant Annelid taxon, while Arthropoda was dominated by Leptodora kindtii in May and July and Tangtarsus sp. in Septembe[ and November. I6neTid popufatfons ranged from to 1,788/m in N vember. 30Ff nin Tiay Arthropod populations ranged from 169/m i July to 275/m 2 in September. All raw data were keypunched and maintained on file at the offices of the Center for Lake Erie Area Research in Columbus, Ohio. A_n a,1ys_i s, Benthic macroinvertebrate populations collected at Locust Point during 1978 were typical for populations along the south shore of western Lake Erie and similar to those observed during preceding years (Figure 2). Species composition, mainly immature oligochaetes and chironomics, was also similar to that observed from 1972-1977 (Reutter, 1978). It is becoming more apparent each year that substrate is the controlling f actor of benthic macroinvertebrate populations at Locust Point. Reutter and Herdendorf (1977) observed that densities increased with distance f rom . shore except over the intake and discharge pipelines. This trend of increasing population with di.,t'ance f rom shore is probably due to reduced wave effect as the water gets deeper and, therefore, a more stable substrate. Densities over the pipelines would be reduced due to an exposed substrate of hard-pan clay. Today a thin layer of sand, gravel, snail shells, and siit exists on top of the hard-pan clay. Currents and wave action move this layer around so that it is
TABLE 1
!!ONTHLY fiEAN BENTHIC MACR 0 INVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS
- FROM SA"PLING STATIONS AT LOCUST POII,T LAKE ERIE - 1978 Date May July Sept. Nov. Grt "
Station 11 25 26 1 M e ,. r. J 1 184.6 222.8 76.4 57.3 135.3 3 955.0 19.1 382.0 4381.1 1359.3 8 89.1 553.9 617.6 1706.3 741.7 9 1903.6 1279.7 4399.4 1719.0 2325.4 13 668.5 649.4 1012.3 1833.6 1041.0 14 178.3 1407.0 2132.8 37E:.8 1875.0 15 356.5 108.2 744.9 70.0 319.9 17 299.2 579.4 261.0 273.8 353.4 18 350.2 2260.2 935.9 5E44.6 2347.7 26 604.8 292.9 337.4 1069.6 576.2 Grand Mean 559.0 737.3 1090.0 2043.7 1107.5
- Data presented as number of organisms per m and computed from 3 grabs with a Ponar dredge ( A=0.052 m2) at each station on the dates indicated.
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' DAVIS-BESSE flVCLEAR POWER STATICN, L';i- i AQUATIC SAMPLING STATIONS
TABLE 2 MONTHLY MEAN POPULATIONS
- OF INDIVIDUAL BENTHIC MACR 0 INVERTEBRATE TAXA AT LOCUST POINT - 1978 Date May July Sept. Nov. Grand TAXA 11 26 26 1 f!ea n COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) 0.6 1.9 0.6 8.9 3.0 Hydra sp. (budding polyp) 2.5 7.6 2.7
~Iubtotal 0.6 4.4 0.6 16.5 5.7 ANNELIDA j, Hirudinea i Helobdella elongata 1.3 1.3 0.7 l H. stagnalis 0.6 1.9 0.6 0.8 l Oligochaeta In' matures (hair setae) 2.5 0.6 3.8 1.8 Immatures (no hair setae) 257.9 528.4 794.6 1695.4 819.1 j Branchuira sowerbyi 4.5 5.1 23.6 8.5 Limnodrilus cervix 0.6 5.1 1.5 L. claparedeanus 1.3 0.6 5.1 1.8 L. maumeensis 0.6 3.2 0.6 7.0 2.9 Ophidonais serpentina 35.0 12.7 7.6 52.2 26.9 i Potamothrix moldaviensis 5.1 6.4 0.6 3.1 i Subtotal 301.8 563.5 813.0 1787.8 866.5 i l
ARTHROPODA ! Cladocera Leptodora kindtii 149.0 58.6 18.5 24.2 62.6 l
?
TABLE (Con't.) M0!!THLY MEAN POPULATIONS' 0F IllDIVIDUAL BENTilIC MACR 0 INVERTEBRATE TAXA AT LOCUST POIrlT - 1978
N Date flay sluly Sept. Nov. Grand TAXA 11 26 26 1 Pean ARTHROPODA Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 10.2 29.3 1.9 7.6 12.3 Hyallela azteca 0.6 0.2
, Chironomidae V' Chironomus sp. 1.9 'l . 5 12.7 13.4 8.1 C_ryptochironomus sp. 5.1 4.5 17.8 35.7 15.8 Giyptotendiples l sp. 1.3 0.3 Po lyj)e di l um_ s p . 0.6 1.9 0.7 Procladius sp. 15.3 45.8 57.9 31.8 37.7 Tanytarsus sp. 70.7 22.9 160.4 126.1 95.0 Tanytarsus pupae 1.3 5.1 1.7 Ephemeroptera Ephemeridae 0.6 0.2 Caenis sp. 1.9 0.6 0.6 0.8 Subtotal 256.5 169.4 275.0 239.4 235.1 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema sp. 1.3 0.3 TOTAL 559.0 737.3 1090.0 2043.7 1107.5 Data presented as number of organisms /m and computed from 3 grabs wi th a i'onar dredge ( A=0.052 2m ) at each of 10 sampling stations on the dates indicated.
FIGURE 2 MONTHLY MEAf4 BENTHIC MACR 0 INVERTEBRATE POPULATI0 tis FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST P0lflT, 1972 - 1978. 4000 - 3000 - , .- /- , T 5 [ l\ '
+
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difficult to determine exactly what substrate will be founc at any one station on a particular day. Since tne density of benthic macroinvertebrates generally is directly related to the quantity of suitable substrate, densities at a given station can vary radically with time and trends becom cfficult to determirie. For example, the annual mean density at . Station 8, 742,. , is greater than that found at its control,g Station 26 (576/m#), but less than that found at control 1 However, Station 3 Station 3,1,359/m exhibited the lowest ,density which observed is closer during to shore (Tabl 2 )n. 1978,19/rr i July'2 nd Station 1, the closest to shore, had the hwest annual rr.ean density,135/m In sumary, benthic macroinvertebrate populations found at Locust . Point during 1978 must be considered typical for those of the r:earshore waters of the Western Basin of Lake Erie. Furthermore, no adverse impact due to plant operation was observed. LITERATURE CITED Reutter, J.M. 1978. Benthic macroinvertebrate populations in Lake 9ie i; ear the Davis-Besse fiuclear Power Station During 1977. The Ohio State Univ., CLEAR Tech. Rept. No. 89. 6pp. Reutter, J.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1977. Pre-operational aquatic ecology monitoring program ter the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit I. Tne Ohio State Univ., CLEAR, Columbus, Ohio. 205 pp. S XI SECTION 3.1.2.A.3 FISHERIES F0PULATION STUDIES s-
MV' CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.105
,6 g y&"9&yh39
..,. su. ,
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d %- g, e FISH POPULATION STUDIES
'.c ." FROM LAKE ERIE NEAR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION
- DURING 1978
! Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.2.a.3 Fisheries Population Studies Prepared by Mark C . Barnes and Jeffrey M. R eutter w
Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo , Chlo THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO February 1979
3.1.2.a.3 Fisheries Population Studies Procedures Fish populations at Locust Point were sampled by 3 methods, shore seines, and trawls, from May through November 1978 (TableSamples .
- 1) gill nets, could not be collected during April due to an unusually long winter and the presence of ice. All fish captured were weighed, measured, and identified to species (Trautman,1957; Bailey et al.,1970). All results were keypunched and stored on magnetic tape at The Ohio State University Computer Center. Results were reported as catch per unit effort (CPE).
Gill Nets. Experimental gill nets were set parallel to the intake pipeline at Stations 8 and 26 and parallel to the discharge pipeline at Stations 3 and 13 (Figure 1). Stations 3 and 26, control stations, were positioned 3000 feet northwest of Station 13 (plume area) and 8 (intake), respectively. Each gill net measuring 125 ft x 6 ft and censisting of five 25-ft contiguous panels of 1/2, 3/4, 1, 1-1/2, and 2 inch bar mesh, was fished for approximately 24 continuous hours monthly (Table 1). One unit of effort consisted of one 24-hr set with one of these gill nets. Shore S_eines. Shore seining was conducted monthly (Table 1) with a 100-f t bag seine (1/4 inch or 6 mm bar mesh) at Stations 23, 24, and 25 (Figure 1). The seinewasstretchedperpendiculartotheshorelineuntiltheshorgbrailwasat the water's edge. The f ar brail was then dragged through a 90 arc back to shore. Two hauls were made at each station in opposite directions. One unit of effort consisted of the two above described hauls. Trawls. Four 5-minute bottom tows with a 16-ft trawl (1/8 inch mesh bag) were conducted monthly (Table 1) on a transect between Stations 8 (intake) and 13 (thermal plume area) at a speed of 3-4 knots. For comparative purposes similar tows were conducted on a transect between Stations 3 and 26. One unit of effort consisted of four 5-minute tows. Results Of the 48 fish species reported from the Locust Point vicinity since 1963, 24 were captured during 1978, in addition to one newly recorded species, the goldenshiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas (Table 2). The three fishing methods combined yielded a total o N 021 fish, of which 24.4% occurred in gill nets, 6.3% in trawls, and 69.3% in shore seines (Table 3). The combined results of all three methods of capture indicated that the dominant species in the Locust Point vicinity during 1978 in order of abundance were: gizzard shad (67.0%), spottail shiner (6.9%), emerald shiner (6.7%), alewife (5.9%), yellow perch (5.4%), white bass (3.9%), and freshwater drum (2.3%) (Table 4). No other species constituted more than 1.0% of the catch by number. Gill Nets. Gill nets set from May through November vielded 4,636 fish weighing 286.2 kg and representing 20 species (Table 5). Monthly catches of all stations combined ranged from 310 (CPE = 77.5) in November to 1,516 (CPE = 379.0) in September. Maximum catch occurred at Station 26 in September
TABLE 1 DATES OF SAMPLING DURING 1978 - FISHERIES Gill Shore cc;p'
~
Seines Trawls Nets DATE 10 12 May 18-19 29 30 June 29-30 24 25 July 24-25 17 18 August 17-18 15 15 September 24-25 18 IS October 17-18 2 1 November 1-2 e
O 26 l LAKE ERIE kr N o9 03 08
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11 AREA 24 12 COOLING '
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) DAVIS-DESSE tiUCLEAR POWER STATI0ft, UtilT 1 AQUATIC sal 1PLif1G STATI0flS
TABLE 2 SPECIES FOUND IN THE LOCUST POINT AREA 1963 - 1973 R 2 % f A S 2 Scientific Namel Common Name S E E E E E E Amiidae
* *
- Amia calva bowfin
- Atherinidae
* * *
- Labidesthes sicculus brook silversides Catostomidae
* * *
- Carcicdes cyorinus quillback Catec tomus commersoni~
white sucker
- Mire rema melanops spotted sucker
- Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse
- Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse Ictiabos cyorineTius
~
bigmouth buffalo fisn
- Hypentelium nigricans northern hogsucker Centrarchidae
- Ambloolites rupestris rock bass !
. Leponis cyanellus green sunfish
*
- 6 gibbosus pumpkinseed sunfish
*
- L. numilis orangespotted sunfish
*
- C macrochirus h
- _C microloonus bluegill redear sunfish
; * *
- Microoterus dolomieui smallmouth bass
& salmoides largemouth bass
* * * *
- Pomoxis annularis white crappie A niaromaculatus black crappie Clupeidae
* * * * * *
- Alosa pseudoharengus alewife
* * * * * *
- Dorosoma cepedianum gizzard shad Cyprinidae
* * * * *
- Carassius auratus goldfish C. auratus x Cyprinus carcio carp x goldfish hybrid
* * * * *
- Cyorinus carpio carp
* * * *
- Hybopsis senreriana silver chub
- Notemigonus crvsoleucas golden shiner Notroois atherinoides emerald shiner L hudsonius spottail shiner
* * *
- N. soilooterus spotfin shiner
*
- II~volucellus mimic shiner
- Pimephales promelas fathead minnow Esocidae Esox lucius northern pike 4
TABLE 2 (C0tPT) SPECIES FOUND IN THE LOCUST POINT AREA 1963 - 1978 ~ m e m e ~ e g g g ; ; ; g Scientific Name1 Common t;ame ; - l Ictaluridae i Ictalurus melas black bullhead !
- 1. natalis yellow bullhead
* * * * *
- TT neoulosus brown bullhead ,
E ounctatus
~
channel catfish Noturus flavus stonecat , Lepisosteidae l
* *
- Lepisosteus osseus longnose gar ,
t Osmeridae j
* * * * *
- Osmerus mordax rainbow smelt j j*
- Percidae Etheostoma nigrum johnny darter
;
i Perca flavescens yellow perch !
* * * * *
- Percina caorodes logperch !
* * *
- Stizostedion canadense sauger
* * * * * *
- S. v. vitreum walleye ;
Percichthyidae i
* * * * * *
- Morone chrysops white bass j i
Percopsidae l
* * * * *
- Percopsis omiscomaycus trout-perch i Petromyzontidae
- Petromyzon marinus sea 1amprey l
Salmonidae
- Oncorhynchus kisutch coho salmon Sciaenidae
- * *
- Aplodinotus orunniens freshwater drum C E E R $ S $
I Bailey et al. (1970) u TABLE 3. NUttBERS OF FISil COLLECTED AT LOCUST POINT FR0!1 MAY-NOVD1BER 1978 I WITil EQUAL MONTilLY EFFORT llITH EACil TYPE OF FISil!NG GEAR METil0D MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVE!!BER TOTAL no. no. ne. ne. ue. ne. no. no. no. ne. ne. ne. ne. ne. carop< he. Fish ne. Species Fish Species Fish Species Fish Species Fish Species Fish Species Fish Species Fish 3pecii-Gill Net 643 9 595 13 360 13 897 11 1516 13 315 8 310 11 4636 20 Shere Seine 83 9 5869 7 4460 4 1049 7 1052 9 44 2 620 2 13,177 13 4 303 10 160 6 1208 20 pTrawl 41 8 70 11 188 7 340 7 106 11 TOTAL 767 15 6534 14 5008 15 2286 15 2674 16 662 14 1990 14 19,021 25 I Values represent sum of CPE results frem all stations at which a type of gear was used each menth. 2 Feur units effort /menth. 3 Three units ef fert/ month. 4 Two units ef fert/menth.
TA5LE
- MONTHLY CA7CH I:e NUMBERS OF INDIV!CUALS OF FISH SPECIES AT LCCUST PCINT IN 1975, 3
USING EQUAL EFFCP.T' WITH EACH TYPE OF GEAR (GILL NETS, SHOP.E SEINES, TRAWLS) MONTH I flay June July Aug.' Sept.' Oct. I Nov. l TOTAL SPECIES f i Alewi fe 2 201 599 150 165 1117 l Black Bullhead 17 4 1 1 23 ! Brock Silverside 5 5 3rown Bullhead 1 2 2 5 . Carp 3 19 16 22 7 1 65 l Channel Catfish 3 48 14 5 2 72 l Emerald Shiner 11 102 1 406 191 1 22 540 1273 i Freshwater Drum 24 287 91 10 16 4 432 ! Gizzard Shac 4 5664 4457 1C92 117S 155 180 12,740 ! Goldenshiner ' la j 14 l Goldfi sh 7 10 11 1
- 19 '
Loggerch 3 1 1 5 Quillback 14 1 1l 16 , Rainbow Snelt 2 1 3 59 4 2 71 Sauger 2 3 I 1 6 Silver Chub 1 I 1 i Smallmouth Bass , 1 1 f Spottail Shiner 556 35 54 49 276 232 111 1315 : Trout-Perch 5 1 , 6 ! Walleye 12 19 9 15 6 1 l 62 White Bass 9 273 196 163 87 1C 4 i 742 White Crappie i 1 1 1 ! 3 White Sucker 3 1 1 I 5 Yellow Bullhead 1 1 2 Yellow Perch 131 65 140 246 285 70 81 101S Number of Species 15 14 15 15 16 14 la 25 TOTAL 767 6534 5008 2286 2674 , 662 1090 19,021 , i I t i 1 Four units effort / month (gill net), three units effort / month (shore seine), two units effort /conth (trnwl).
IAl:LL 5 RESULTS OF GILL NLl fillG Ifl L AKE ERIE AT LOCllST P0lflT DI) RING 1978 Station Date
. Number Len9th (mm) llei gh t (9)
Species fica n Range fican Total 18-19 May 1978 8 Channel Catfish 1 197.0 197.0-197.0 57.0 57.0 Freshwater Drum 9 264.0 171.0-360.0 220.1 1981.0 Spottail Shiner 2 113.0 111.0-115.0 10.0 20.0 Walleye 2 217.5 210.0-225.0 90.0 180.0 Yellow Perch 6 186.5 180.0-200.0 85.7 514.0 Subtotal 20 2752.0 o> 13 Channel Catfish 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Freshwater Drum 1 147.0 147.0-147.0 25.0 25.0 Gizzard Shad 1 400.0 400.0-400,0 630.0 630.0 Sauger 1 218.0 218.0-218.0 96.0 96.0 Silver Chub 1 200.0 200.0-200.0 80.0 80.0 Spottail Shiner 224 113.2 103.0-128.0 13.1 2936.0 Troutperch 1 110.0 110.0-110.0 12.0 12.0 Walleye 1 215.0 215.0-215.0 83.0 83.0 Yellow Perch 40 184.5 165.0-208.0 69.3 2771.0 Subtotal 270 6633.0 3 Channel Catfish 1 211.0 211.0-211.0 78.0 78.0 Freshwater Drum 6 237.2 167.0-340.0 164.7 988.0 Gizzard Shad 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sauger 1 205.0 205.0-205.0 69.0 69.0 Spottail Shiner 246 111.0 90.0-125.0 12.7 311').0 Troutperch 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Walleye 4 218.5 196.0-237.0 86.3 3 15.0 Yellow Perch 61 182.1 145.0-233.0 68.0 4145.0
TADLE 5 (Con' t.) RESULTS OF GILL tiLTllflG Ifl L AKE ERIE Al LOCilST P0lflT DURIrlG 1978 S ta tion Dat Length (mm) flumber lleight (g) Species ilea n Range flean Total 18-19 May 1978 - 26 Channel Catfish 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Freshwater Drum 4 252.5 240.0-265.0 174.8 699.0 Gizzard Shad 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottail Shiner 9 113.9 106.0-126.0 13.3 120.0 Troutperch 1 113.0 113.0-113.0 15.0 15.0 Walleye 2 219.0 213.0-225.0 93.5 187.0 , Yellow Perch 18 181.3 162.0-194.0 66.0 1188.0 Y) Subtotal 34 2209.0 TOTAL 643 20,308.0 29-30 June 1978 8 Carp 2 363.5 352.0-375.0 682.5 1365.0 Freshwater Drum 16 243.3 128.0-340.0 203.3 a253.0 Gizzard Shad 13 353.2 320.0-416.0 520.9 6772.0 Rainbow Smelt 1 162.0 162.0-162.0 21.0 21.0 Sauger 2 391.0 381.0-401.0 616.5 1233.0 Spottail Shiner 3 118.7 107.0-132.0 14.0 42.0 Walleye 2 222.5 210.0-235.0 85.5 171.0 White llass 3 224.7 152.0-352.0 225.0 675.0 Yellow Perch 27 153.0 100.0-211.0 48.9 1319.0 Subtotal 69 14,851.0 13 Alewi fe 1 165.0 165.0-165.0 40.0 40.0 Carp 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Channel Catfish 6 214.5 155.0-294.0 112.0 672.0 Freshwater Drum 75 168.7 108.0-375.0 67.3 5048.9 Gizzard Shad 9 333.7 246.0-383.0 421.0 3789.0 Quillback Carpsucker 10 221.2 150.0-345.0 180.8 1808.0
1 AULE 5 (Con' t.) RESULTS OF GILL NEITiflG Ill LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST P0lfl1 DURING 1978 Station Date . Number L igth (mm) lleight (g) Species flea n Range flean Total 29-30 June 1978 13 Rainbow Smelt 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sauger 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottail Shiner 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Walleye 1 192.0 192.0-192.0 49.0 49.0 White Bass 8 162.1 135.0-169.0 51.5 412.0 Yellow Perch 2 148.0 146.0-150.0 34.5 69.0
~ . Suhtotal 112 11,887.9 o
3 Alewi fe 1 170.0 170.0-170.0 30.0 30.0 Carp 4 384.8 363.0-445.0 782.0 3128.0 Channel Catfish 13 228.9 188.0-260.0 99.8 1298.0 Emerald Shiner 1 117.0 111.0-117.0 16.0 '6.0 Freshwater Drum 120 181.1 87.0-326.0 85.4 10,2 4.0 Gizzard Shad 33 333.4 230.0-400.0 421.2 13,899.0 Quillback Carpsucker 1 254.0 254.0-254.0 178.0 178.0 Rainbow Smelt 0 0.0 0.0-0.0 0.0 0.0 Sauger 0 0.0 0.0-0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottail Shiner 14 113.7 106.0-122.0 11.7 164.0 Walleye 7 214.3 157.0-245.0 91.6 641.0 White Bass 37 167.7 138.0-190.0 56.2 2080.0 Yellow Perch 8 134.9 91.0-195.0 34.0 972.0 Subtotal 239 31,s50.0 26 Alewi fe 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carp 2 329.5 227.0-432.0 651.8 1303.6 Channel Cat fish 5 236.4 184.0-322.0 140.4 702.0 Freshwater Drum 53 198.8 101.0-324.0 112.3 5950.0
s lAl:LE 5 (Con't.) RESULTS Of GILL flETTlf1G Ifl LAKE ERIE AT l.0CUST P0lflT DURING 19711 S ta tion Date Length (mm) lleight (9) Number Species - fica n Ran9e flean Total 29-30 June 1978 26 Gizzard Shad 37 348.4 232.0-420.0 514.7 19,044.6 Rainbow Smelt 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Sauger 1 284.0 284.0-284.0 193.0 193.0 Spottail Shiner 5 115.8 112.0-122.0 13.8 69.0 Walleye 7 230.1 206.0-251.0 97.4 682.0 White Bass 38 157.0 132.0-200.0 49.4 1877.0
- 1. Yellow Perch 27 124.5 96.0-279.0 29.7 803.0 7' Subtotal 175 30,624.2 TOTAL 595 89,313.1 24-25 July 1978 8 Carp 3 350.7 310.0-372.0 616.7 1850.0 Channel Catfish 6 209.0 116.0-345.0 134.0 804.0 Freshwater Drum 23 146.8 118.0-194.0 29.8 686.0 Gizzard Shad 9 257.6 85.0-368.0 257.7 2319.0 Spottail Shiner 9 109.0 95.0-120.0 15.1 136.0 Walleye 2 266.5 265.0-268.0 153.5 307.0 White Bass 8 182.1 125.0-213.0 86.5 692.0 Yellow Perch 26 158.0 113.0-198.0 49.7 1292.0 Subtotal 86 8086.0 13 Black Bullhead 2 203.5 165.0-242,0 136.4 272.9 Carp 6 339.5 230.0-395.0 601.0 3606.0 Channel Catfish 3 169.3 107.0-248.0 53.3 159.8 freshwater Drum 14 157.6 131.0-265.0 44.1 617.1 Gizzard Shad 3 306.7 250.0-340.0 301.0 903.0 Spottail Shiner 14 111.2 100.0-125.0 16.5 ?30.5
u 1ACLE 5 (Con't ) RESULTS Of GILL tlETTillG lti L AKE EP.!E AT LOCUST l'OlflT OURiflG 1978 Station Date
/
fiumber engu h MgM (9) Species Total tiean Range flean 24-25 July 1978 232.8 135.0-268.0 142.9 571.8 13 Walleye 4 76.3 305.4 White Bass 4 175.3 162.0-196.0 35 165.9 105.0-250.0 63.7 2228.2 Yellow Perch 8894.9 Subtotal 85 180.0 180.0-180.0 72.0 72.0 3 Black Bullhead 1 313.3 2440.0 Carp 3 387.3 385.0-390.0 139.5 139.0-140.0 c' 0 42.0 Channel Catfish 2 49.3 1036.0 Freshwater Drum 21 165.5 130.0-245.0 4 386.3 340.0-445.0 679.0 2716.1 Gizzard Shad 355.3 1066.0 Goldfish 3 282.7 230.0-353.0 g; 115.0 115.0-115.0 14.0 42.0 i Spottail Shiner 3 52.7 158.0 White Bass 3 158.3 150.0-170.0 120.0 120.0-120.0 20.0 20.0 White Crappie 1 0.0 0.0 Walleye 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 158.9 110.0-282.0 48.9 1468.0 Yellow Perch 30 9060.1 Subtotal 71 180.0 180.0-180.0 53.0 53.0 26 Black Bullhead 1 688.6 1377.1 Carp 2 370.0 350.0-390.0 130.5 120.0-141.0 19.6 39.2 Channel Catfish 2 41.7 1376.8 Freshwate: Drum 33 163.2 114.0-261.0 250.8 91.0-371.0 340.3 1701.7 Gizzard Shad 5 373.5 165.0-554.0 829.6 3318.3 Goldfish 4 210.0-210.0 120.0 120.0 Quillback Carpsucker 1 210.0 46.0 46.0- 46.0 1.1 1.1 Smallmouth Bass 1 13.2 184.6 Spottail Shiner 14 109.0 100.0-120.0 220.0 180.0-240.0 114.3 143.0 Walleye 3 153.0 White Bass 3 156.7 85.0-200.0 51.0 White Crappie 0 0.0 0.0-0.0 0.0 0.0 49 166.5 106.0-208.0 57.1 2795.8 Yellow Perch 11463.6 Subtotal 118 360 l 37504.6 T01 Al.
TABLE 5 (Con't.) RESULTS Of Glti. NETTitlG lti LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST P0 lilt OURiflG 1978 Station Date g g Length (mm) Height (9) Species fican llange flean Total 17-18 August 1978 8 Brown Bullhead 1 230.0 230.0-230.0 234.0 234.0 Carp 3 193.7 338.0-471.0 746.7 2240.0 Channel Catfish 1 232.0 232.0-232.0 121.0 121.0 Gizzard Shad 27 188.3 96.0-400.0 142.7 3852.0 Gol d fi sh 2 303.0 288.0-318.0 412.0 824.0 Spottail Shiner 5 111.6 101.0-135.0 13.8 69.0 i White Bass 17 247.3 178.0-335.0 216.9 3688.0 C$ Yellow Perch 66 180.6 138.0-245.0 72.7 4800.0 Subtotal 122 15,828.0 13 Brown Bullhead 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carp 2 302.5 220.0-385.0 564.0 1128.0 Channel Catfish 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Freshwater Drum 6 204.0 157.0-250.0 84.8 509.0 Gizzard Shad 109 150.0 19.0-402.0 75.8 8260.0 Gol d fi sh 6 335.8 298.0-413.0 556.7 3340.0 Quillback Carpsucker 1 270.0 270.0-270.0 248.0 243.0 Spottail Shiner 4 115.0 106.0-130.0 12.8 51.0 Walleye 8 297.0 157.0-533.0 288.9 2311.0 White Bass 7 209.6 85.0-254.0 131.4 920.0 Yellow Perch 43 175.6 114.0-213.0 64.2 2762.0 Subtotal 186 19,529.0 3 Brown Bullhead 1 276.0 276.0-276.0 284.0 284.0 Carp 6 371.0 297.0-457.0 821.3 4928.0 Channel Cat fish 2 246.5 163.0-330.0 216.5 433.0 Freshwater Drum 1 95.0 95.0- 95.0 8.0 8.0 Gizzard Shad 171 142.6 '85.0-390.0 47.0 8041.0 Gol d fi sh 2 359.5 314.0-405.0 683.0 1366.0
TABLE 5 (Con' t. ) RESul.TS OF GILL NET TING IN L AKE ERIE AT LOCllST POINT DllRit'r,1978 Station Date t""9th (mm) Weight (9) N mber-Species _ flea n Range flean Total 17-18 August 1978 3 Spottail Shiner 6 108.0 103.0-112.0 9.7 58.0 Walleye 3 268.7 262.0-277.0 158.0 474.0 White Bass 1 94.0 94.0- 94.0 11.0 11.0 Yellow Perch 48 170.2 135.0-212.0 59.8 2872.0 Subtotal 241 18,475.0 26 Brown Bullhead 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 i Carp 2 315.5 290.0-341.0 460.5 921.0 i Channel Catfish 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 freshwater Drum 3 294.7 93.0-319.0 137.7 413.0 Gizzard Shad 226 160.5 81.0-411.0 89.7 20282.0 Goldfish 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottall Shiner 26 114.3 100.0-215.0 13.3 347.0 Walleye 1 328.0 328.0-328.0 332.0 332.0 White Bass 1 87.0 87.0- 87.0 8.0 8.0 Yellow Perch 89 171.4 68.0-285.0 67.4 5996.0 Subtotal 348 28.299.0 TOTAL 897 82,131.0 24-25 September 1978 8 Alewi fe 43 98.8 80.0-120.0 8.3 357.0 Black Bullhead 2 230.5 230.0-231.0 191.0 332.0 Carp 2 350.0 345.0-355.0 525.0 1050.0 freshwater Drum 1 166.0 166.0-166.0 45.0 45.0 Gizzard Shad 36 132.9 85.0-170.0 26.0 937.0 Goldfish 1 299.0 299.0-299.0 374.0 374.0, Spottail Shiner 48 113.5 96.0-134.0 13.1 628.0 Walleye 2 377.5 305.0-450.0 563.0 1126.0
TABLE 5(Con't.) RESULTS OF GILL NEITING IN LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT 00 RING 1978 Station Dat N u @,. Length (mm) Weight (g) Species liea n Range itean Total 24-25 September 1978 8 White Bass 5 181.4 90.0-252.0 118.0 590.0 White Sucker 1 360.0 360.0-360.0 300.0 300.0 Yellow Perch 37 162.4 134.0-215.0 50.3 1860.5 Subtotal 178 7649.5 13 Alewi fe 136 100.5 76.0-117.0 8.5 1151.0 Black Bullhead 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Freshwater Drum 3 89.7 84.0- 95.0 6.7 20.0
,L Gizzard Shad 114 119.7 76.0-177.0 20.6 2350.0 V' Gold fi sh 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottail Shiner 38 111.4 98.0-129.0 12.4 473.0 Walleye 1 179.0 179.0-179.0 46.0 46.0 White Boss 2 135.0 130.0-140.0 31.5 63.0 White Sucker 1 350.0 350.0-350.0 475.0 475.0 Yellow Perch 71 167.5 130.0-210.0 58.8 4175.0 Subtotal 366 8753.0 3 Alewi fe .
130 98.5 72.0-130.0 5.9 761.0 Black Bullhead 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Emerald Shiner 9 109.1 97.0-125.0 7.3 66.0 Freshwater Drum 6 115.0 86.0-167.0 14.3 86.0 Gizzard Shad 88 119.7 35.0 182.0 16.2 1423.0 Gold fi sh 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 G.0 0.0 Sauger 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottail Shiner 53 109.7 87.0-130.0 9.9 524.0 Walleye 1 156.0 156.0-156.0 18.0 18.0 White Sucker 1 432.0 432.0-432.0 1000.0 1000.0 Yellow Perch 47 157.2 48.0-197.0 37.3 1753.0 Subtotal 335 5631.0
TABLr 5 (Con't.) RESULTS OF Gil.L flET f!IlG lil LAKE ERIE AT LOCllST POIllT DURiflG 1978 S ta t ion Oate Length (mm) lleight (g) Species tiea n Range flean Total 24-25 Septen ber 1978 26 Alewife 220 99.3 82.0-119.0 7.9 1729.6 Black Bullhead 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Emerald Shiner 2 121.0 115.0-127.0 12.5 25.0 Freshwater Drum 6 221.0 95.0-286.0 141.0 846.0 Gizzard Shad 210 137.7 72.0-407.0 32.2 b758.0 Goldfish 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottail Shiner 72 109.6 84.0-125.0 10.7 772.0 Walleye 1 125.0 125.0-125.0 65.0 65.0 g; White Sucker 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 i Yellow Perch 126 169.0 21.0-209.0 60.0 7566.0 Subtotal 637 17,761.6 TOTAL 1516 39,795.1 17-18 October 1978 8 Alewife 27 109.5 93.0-145.0 10.4 281.0 Freshwater Drum 1 256.0 256.0-256.0 144.0 144.0 Gizzard Shad 3 127.3 126.0-130.0 17.0 51.0 Gold fi s h 1 318.0 318.0-310.0 470.0 470,0 Spottall Shiner 15 111.6 103.0-122.0 12.4 186.0 Yellow Perch 7 179.1 142.0-202.0 59.0 413.0 Subtotal 54 1545.0 13 Alewi fe 36 105.7 85.0-135.0 9.6 346.0 Gizzard Shad 19 127.0 77.0-168.0 22.9 435.0 Spottail Shiner 27 110.0 100.0-125.0 11.2 303.0 White Sucker 1 270.0 270.0-270.0 244.0 244.0 Yellow Perch 10 176.6 135.0-192.0 70.4 704.0 Suhtotal 93 2032.0
TABLE 5 (Con't.) RISULTS OF GILL flElllllG Ifl LAKE ERIE AT LOCilST P0lill OURiflG 1978 Station Dat Length (mm) lleight (g) Species N Wer fican Range itean Total 17-18 October 1978 3 Alewi fe 57 105.0 87.0-128.0 8.7 498.0 Gizzard Shad 13 114.1 86.0-150.0 14.5 189.0 Spottail Shiner 32 111.5 100.0-124.0 11.0 351.0 White Bass 1 137.0 137.0-137.0 31.0 31.0 White Sucker 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Yellow Perch 11 163.6 141.0-190.0 53.5 589.0 Subtotal 114 1658.0
' 26 Alewi fe 8 104.0 96.0-124.0 8.8 70.0 7 Freshwater Drum 3 240.0 161.0-314.0 166.7 500.0 Gizzard Shad 3 148.3 127.0-162.0 24.0 72.0 Spottail Shiner 25 111.3 99.0-125.0 10.9 273.0 White Bass 1 243.0 243.0-243.0 96.0 96.0 White Sucker 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Yellow Perch 14 170.4 91.0-210.0 70.1 981.0 Subtotal 54 1992.0 TOTAL 315 7227.0 1-2 flovember 1978 8 Alewi fe 3 108.7 106.0-110.0 6.3 19.0 Gizzard Shad 3 149.0 135.0-175.0 32.7 98.0 Rainbow Smelt 1 148.0 148.0-148.0 21.0 21.0 Spottail Shiner 2 102.5 90.0-115.0 14.0 28.0 White Bass 1 259.0 259.0-259.0 224.0 224.0 Yellow Perch 25 166.7 20.0-211.0 65.0 1625.0 Subtotal 35 2015.0
TAul.E 5 (Con't.) Rf SULIS OF Gil.L NETTillG lll l.AKL tRif AT LOCUST POINT DURiliG 197L S ta t ion Date ,
, Length (mm) Lleight (g)
/ Spec ies
'/ liea n Ran9e flean Total l-2 November 1978 13 Alewi fe 41 103.5 85.0-132.0 9.1 Carp 372.0 1 297.0 297.0-297.0 378.0 378.0 Gizzard Shad 9 133.4 122.0-156.0 24.9 Spottail Shiner 224.0 26 109.2 96.0-128.0 11.9 310.0 White Bass 1 131.0 131.0-131.0 32.0 32.0 Yellow Perch 7 178.4 157.0-196.0 69.3 485.0
, Subtotal 85 1801.0 E,A 3 Alewi fe 121 103.9 80.0-143.0 9.7 1173.0 Carp 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 Gizzard Shad 0.0 11 127.8 87.0-152.0 F2.3 245.0 Sauger 1 345.0 345.0-345.0 405.0 Spottail Shiner 405.0 18 112.2 102.0-132.0 14.5 261.0 White Bass 2 127.5 125.0-130.0 26.0 52.0 White Sucker 1 377.0 377.0-377.0 720.0 720.0 Yellow Perch 4 178.8 160.0-221.0 72.6 581.0 Sublotal 162 3437.0 26 Alewi fe 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Carp 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Gizza.d Shad 1 165.0 165.0-165.0 50.0 50.0 Logperch I 112.0 112.0-112.0 15.0 15.0 Rainbow Smelt 1 156.0 156.0-156.0 19.0 19.0 Sauger 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Spottail Shiner 8 110.0 102.0-120.0 11.1 89.0 Walleye 1 492.0 492.0-492.0 1625.0 1625.0 White Bass 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 White Sucker 0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 Yellow "'rch 16 158.3 130.0-190.0 52.9 847.0 Subt;.al 28 2645.0 10 T Al. 310 9MR.0
(637 fisn), and minimum catch occurred at Station 3 in May (20 fish). 5;:ec ies captured were both adult fish and young-of-the-year, with yellow perch, spottail shiner, freshuater drum, g M ard shad, and wnite bass predominating. Shorc Seines. Shore seining during 1978 yielded 13,177 fish weighing 28.9 kg ani re~ presenting 13 species (Table 6). Monthly catches of all three stations combined ranged from 44 in October (CPE = 14.7) to 5,869 in June (CPE = 1,956.3). The large June catch consisted primarily of young-of-the-year gizzard shad (mean length = 37.8 mm) . Species captured shore seining were primarily young-of-the-year, with gizzard shad, alewife, emerald shiner, spottail shiner, and white bass predominating. Trawls. Trawling in the Locust Point vicinity during 1973 yielded 1,203 fish WiFinc 40.5 kg and representing 20 species (Table 7). Monthly catches from both transects combined ranged from 41 (CPE = 20.5) in May to 340 (CPE - 170.0) in August. Maximum catch occurred at Transect 8-13 in August (219 fish), and minimum catch occurred at Transect 8-13 in May (15 fish). Gizzard shad, white bass, and spottail shiner were the dominant species. Rainbow smelt, occasionally taken in larger numbers, were primarily young-of-the-year. _A.rg_1_y_s,i ,s, The Lake Erie fish community at Locust Point in previous years has been dominated by gizzard shad, alewife, spottail shiner, yellow perch, white bass, emerald shiner, and freshwater drum. Percentages of these species varied from year to year, but the same species dominated. During 1978, fish sampling at Locust Point yielded similar results. Large numbers of all the dominant species were young-of-the-year taken close to shore by Seining, but adults of these species were also numerically more abundant than other species captured during 1978. The open, wave-swept nature of the nearsnore zone at Locust Point precludes the establishment of large populations of species which require more sheltered, quiescent conditions (i.e. Carp, bullheads, smallmouth bass), altnougn small populations or transient individuais of such species do occur in the area. The less abundant species captured during 1978 were generally of this type. Pel3gic and benthipelagic schooling species consisting of intermediate predators (i.e., white bass, freshwater drum, and yellow perch) and forage fish (i.e. alewife, gizzard shad, spottail shiner, and emerald shiner) make up the bulk of the community, with terminal predators (i.e., walleye, sauger, and channel catfish) being connon but less abundant. The total number of fish captured at Locust Point durica C78 was greater than in 1977, but less than in 1978 (Reutter and Herdendorf,1977). Variability in catch from year to year at Locust Point is a function of both samcle timing and actual density of fish in the vicinity. The largest comptnent of variability is found in shore seine catcn, which consists primarily of young-of-the-year. Time of day, as well as season and actual population densities, can affect the abundance of young-of-the-year within range of shore seining on any sampling day. Results of this type are typical of schooling species, wnich are generally not uniformly distributed over a given area, and become more variaole as sampling frequency decreases. .o
TABLE 6 RESULTS OF Sil0RE SElfilflG IN LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST P0!flT DURIllG 1978I DATE SPECIES flVMBER - - - - LENGE (m) __ __EIGHT_[g) W (1EAN RANGE MEAN 101AL 10 flay 1978 2 Brown Bullhead 1 148.0 148.0 - 148.0 51.0 51.0 Carp 3 491.3 438.0 - 546.0 1768.7 5306.2 Emerald Shiner 11 69.8 50.0 - 113.0 4.4 48.0 freshwater Drum 1 341.0 341.0 - 341.0 450.0 450.0 Gizzard Shad 3 281.0 135.0 - 403.0 280.0 840.0 Logperch 3 62.7 42.0 - 75.0 4.0 12.0 Rainbow Smelt 1 135.0 135.0 - 135.0 14.0 14.0 Spottail Shiner 57 92.9 66.0 - 121.0 11.0 625.0 White Bass 3 141.3 124.0 - 159.0 35.7 107.0 subtotal 83 7453.2 E$ 29 June 1978 Carp 4 380.3 28.0 -605.0 1265.6 5062.3 Channel Catfish 2 112.0 110.0 -114.0 9.0 18.0 Emerald Shiner 101 71.3 35.0 - 104.0 2.6 263.0 Freshwater Drum I 117.0 117.0 - 117.0 12.0 12.0 Gizzard Shad 5572 37.8 21.0 - 205.0 0.4 2031.2 Spottail Shiner 9 92.7 84.0 - 108.0 7.2 65.0 White Bass 180 33.6 18.0 - 188.0 2.1 386.6 s ubto tal 5869 7838.1 24 July 1978 Emerald Shiner 1 67.0 67.0 - 57.0 2.0 2.0 Gizzard Shad 4433 42.2 30.0 - 75.0 1.0 4615.3 Spottail Shiner 4 39.3 30.0 - 49.0 0.6 ?.5 White Bass 22 46.0 30.0 - 190.0 5.1 113.0 subtotal 4460 4/32.8 17 August 1978 Alewife 164 55.8 33.0 - 67.0 1.1 174.6 Hrook Silverside 5 27.2 22.0 - 34.0 0.3 1.5 Channel Catfish 2 56.0 52.0 - 60.0 0.5 1.0 Emerald Shiner 406 1 r* 4
. 24.0 - 92.0 0.5 189.7 Giziard Shad 418 61.9 20.0 - 130.0 2.2 925.0 Spottail Shiner 7 57.6 52.0 - 65.0 0.7 5.0
s TABLE 6 (CotillfiUED) 1 ItESUL15 0F Sil0ltE Sl'itilt4G !!1 LAKE FRIE AT LOCU51 l'ultlT DUltif4G 1978 DATE SPEC 1ES fiUMllElt - g g,) l bb ggg - - - - - gg.g b b g)3t-17 August 1978 (cont'd' White Bass 47 74.6 32.0 - 210.0 S.4 200.5 subtotal 1049 1497.3 15 September 1978 Alewife 12 66.7 36.0 - 113.0 3.8 46.0 Carp 2 312.5 83.0 - 542.0 7.0 7.0 Channel Catfish 2 59.5 53.0 - 66.0 3.0 6.0 Emerald Shiner 187 58.3 34.0 - 98.0 3.6 76.0 Gizzard Shad 723 93.2 38.0 - 404.0 8.5 5959.0 Golden Shiner 5 69.4 45.0 - 84.0 5.0 10.0 Rainbow Smelt 1 46.0 46.0 - 46.0 0.5 0.5
, Spottail Shiner 52 65.6 46.0 - 106.0 6.8 89.0 y subtotal 1052 6290.0 18 October 1978 Emerald Shiner 22 49.5 41.0 - 59.0 0.9 19.5 Gizzard Shad 22 57.9 39.0 - 69.0 1.0 22.5 subtotal 44 42.0 2 flovember 1978 Emerald Shiner 539 51.3 35.0 - 112.0 1.4 74?.2 Gizzard Shad 81 68.8 48.0 - 120.0 3.9 315.0 subtotal 620 1057.2 TOTAL 13,177 28,910.6 1 Data presented as the sum of catch per unit effort (2 seine hauls) results from Stations 23, 24 and 25.
Only two stations (23 and 24) were sampled due to inclement weather.
lABLE 7 RESULTS Of TIMWLlHG Ifl LAKE ERIE AT l.0CllS1 P01'11 DURING 1978 Transect Species Nuiober - length (nm) Weight (g) ] Date Nean Range Mean Total l 12 Ilay 1978 3 - 26 freshwater Drum 2 , 203.5 132.0 - 275.0. 130.6 261.3 Spottail Shiner 13 93.9 70.0 - 130.0 13.0 168.4 Trout-perch 1 75.0 75.0 - 75.0 5.2 5.2 Walleye l 181.0 181.0 - 181.0 50.0 50.0 White Bass 4 144.3 122.0 - 163.0 39.3 157.4 Yellow Perch 5 161.0 88.0 - 190.0 58.9 294.5 subtotal 26 936.8 8 - 13 Channel Catfish 1 410.0 410.0 - 4'0.0 860.0 860.0 freshwater Drum 1 175.0 175.0 - 175.0 54.9 54.9 Rainbow Sinel t 1 130.0 130.0 - 130.0 11.2 '. d) Spottail Shiner 5 88.6 /5.0 - 127.0 9.6 48.*0 7' Trout-perch 2 86.0 84.0 - 88.0 7.2 14.4 Walleye 2 225.0 200.0 - 250.0 105.0 210.0 White Bass 2 151.5 148.0 - 155.0 45.9 91.8 Yellow Perch 1 185.0 185.0 - 185.0 86.2 86.2 subtotal 15 1376.5 TOTAL 41 2313.3 30 June 1978 3 - 26 Brown Bullhead :. 196.0 161.0 - 231.0 100.0 200.0 Carp 3 453.0 440.0 - 479.0 1116.1 3348.3 Channel Catfish 8 235.0 210.0 - 256.0 121.9 9/5.0 freshwater Drum 6 189.8 120.0 - 325.0 134.2 805.2 Spottail Shiner 1 25.0 25.0 - 25.0 0.5 0.5 Walleye 2 136.5 43.0 - 230.0 51.9 103.8 Uhite Bass 2 92.0 2/.0 - 15/.0 29.8 59.5 suhtotal 24 5492.3
TABLE 7 (CO:lliflulD) RESUllS OF 1RAWLitlG lil LAKE [Rll Al L OCUST l'0IN1 00RiflG 1978 Specles flumber Date Mean Range flean Total 30 June 1978 (cont'd) 8 - 13 Carp 4 428.8 365.0 - 455.0 1099.7 4398.9 Channel Catfish 14 250.5 188.0 - 373.0 145.8 2041.0 Freshwater Drum 16 180.5 113.0 - 277.0 88.1 1409.2 Quillback 3 204.7 198.0 - 208.0 117.7 353.0 Spottail Shiner 3 43.7 29.0 - 72.0 2.0 5.9 White Bass 5 54.0 22.0 - 163.0 13.6 68.2 Yellow Perch 1 175.0 175.0 - 175.0 67.4 67.4 sublotal 46 8343.6 TOTAL 70 13,835.9 y 25 July 1978 3 - 26 Carp 1 446.0 446.0 -446.0 1645.8 1645.8 Gizzard Shad 1 34.0 34.0 - 34.0 0.5 0.5 Rainbow Smelt 2 39.5 37.0 - 42.0 0.5 1.0 Spottail Shiner 8 45.3 38.0 - 52.0 0.8 6.5 White Bass 54 42.6 29.0 - 57.0 1.2 59.5 subtotal 66 1713.3 8 - 13 Black Bullhead 13 166.2 155.0 - 187.0 61.6 801.0 449.0 - 449.0 Carp 1 449.0 1532.3 1532.3 Channel Catfish 1 105.0 105.0 - 105.0 12.0 12.0 Gizzard Shad 2 96.5 90.0 - 103.0 10.0 20.0 Rainbow Smelt 1 36.0 36.0 - 36.0 0.5 0.5 Spottail Shiner 2 43.5 43.0 - 44.0 1.0 2.0 White Ilass 102 43.5 22.0 - 212.0 2.1 213.3 subtotal 122 2581.1 TOTAL 188 4294.4
a TABLE 7 (C0flTitlUEO) RESULTS Ol' IRAWLiflG lli LAKE ERil Al LOCUSl l'Ol'il DURIllG 1973 Transect length (nnn) Weight (9) Species ilumber Total Date ik3an Range fican 18 August 1978 3 - 26 Alewife 20 58.6 38.0 - 75.0 1.9 39.0 Carp 7 432.9 360.0 - 500.0 924.6 6472.0 Gizzard Shad 32 94.4 15.0 - 127.0 12.2 389.5 Rainbow Smelt 12 35.7 28.0 - 56.0 1.2 14.7 Spottail Shiner 1 58.0 58.0 - 58.0 0.5 0.5 White Bass 49 45.1 24.0 - 82.0 1.5 74.4 subtotal 121 6990.4 8 - 13 Alewife 17 66.4 55.0 - 76.0 1.7 23.9 Carp 2 432.0 429.0 - 435.0 1000.0 2000.0 A3 Gizzard Shad 109 87.1 27.0 - 132.0 6.9 749.4 i' Rainbow Smelt 47 36.4 22.0 - 49.0 0.3 10.6 Halleye 3 169.0 115.0 - 275.0 61.3 134.0 ilhite Bass 41 46.3 24.0 - 86.0 1.4 56.6 subtotal 219 3029.5 TOTAL 340 10,019.9 15 September 1978 3 - 26 Alewife 19 97.6 87.0 - 108.0 5.7 109.0 Black Bullhead 1 255.0 255.0 - 255.0 218.0 213.0 Carp 3 363.3 302.0 - 450.0 556.3 1669.0 Gizzard Shad 6 107.5 60.0 - 155.0 13.2 79.0 Rainbow Smelt 2 44.5 42.0 - 47.0 0.5 1.0 Spottail Shiner 8 85.0 55 0 - 117.0 6.6 53.0 Walleye 1 191.0 191.0 - 191.0 65.0 65.0 White Bass 7 59.1 40.0 - 74.0 2.3 16.0 White Crappie 1 57.0 57.0 - 57.0 1.0 1.0 Yellow Perch 1 150.0 150.0 - 150.0 30.0 30.0 subtotal 49 2241.0
TABLE 7 (CONTitlUEO) RESULTS Of 1RAWLitlG lil LAKE ERil Al LOCUST Pol'il DURiflG 1973 Transect [ Spec.ies Number Length (mm) Weight (g) Ode M Rge Mn To M 15 September 1978 (cont'd) Alewife 39 101.1 89.0 - 117.0 8.4 326.0 8 - 13 Black Bullhead 1 202.0 202.0 - 202.0 8.6 8.6 Emerald Shiner 2 82.5 80.0 - 85.0 2.5 S.0 Gizzard Shad 1 114.0 114.0 - 114.0 10.0 10.0 Rainbow Smelt 1 19.0 39.0 - 39.0 1.0 1.0 Spottail Shiner 5 100.2 73.0 - 127.0 8.2 41.0 White Bass 5 74.0 46.0 - 140.0 6.7 33.5 Yellow Perch 3 131.7 59.0 - 205.0 46.0 138.0 subtotal 57 563.1
, TOTAL 106 2804.1 ro
'19 October 1978 3 - 26 Alewi fe 4 83.0 63.0 - 105.0 4.0 16.0 Gizzard Shad 79 92.9 50.0 - 117.0 6.9 548.0 Spottail Shiner 92 97.1 30.0 - 135.0 9.3 860.0 White Bass 6 126.8 110.0 - 142.0 26.5 159.0 Yellow Perch 12 142.9 132.0 - 162.0 32.1 385.0 subtotal 193 1968.0
^
8 - 13 Alewife 18 108.1 91.0 - 127.0 8.6 154.0 Black Bullhead 1 227.0 227.0 - 227.0 130.J 130.0 Gizzard Shad 26 96.8 75.0 - 128.0 7.5 196.0 Logperch 1 60.0 60.0 - 60.0 1.0 1.0 Spottail Shiner 43 104.3 72.0 - 140.0 9.4 404.0 Trout-perch 1 67.0 6/.0 67.0 1.0 1.0 White Bass 2 125.5 123.0 - 128.0 24.0 48.0 White Crappie 1 60.0 60.0 - 60.0 1.0 1.0 Yellow Bullhead 1 221.0 221.0 - 221.0 136.0 136.0 Yellow Perch 16 141.1 62.0 - 185.0 29.8 476.0 suhto tal 110 1547.0 101AL 303 3515.0
TABLE 7 (C0tlTI'lVEO) IlESULTS Of lil4WL ING If1 i AKE ElllE AT LOCll5T P01'll DllitifiG 19/3 Iransect Lentith (pi) Wei9 ht (9) p ci s NuWaer Date flean Itange Mean Total 1 flovember 1978 3 - 26 Black Bullhead 1 210.0 210.0 - 210.0 105.0 105.0 Enerald Shiner 1 32.0 82.0 - 82.0 2.0 2.0 Gizzard Shad 18 111.4 70.0 - 180.0 17.5 315.0 Spottail Shiner 15 103.5 68.0 - 115.0 11.7 175.0 Yellow Bullhead 1 237.0 207.0 - 207.0 110.0 110.0 Yellow Perch 3 143.4 136.0 - 150.0 35.5 284.0 subtotal 44 991.0 8 - 13 Gizzard Shad 57 104.9 66.0 - 190.0 16.1 918.3 Spottail Shiner 42 103.8 72.0 - 135.0 12.8 537.0 , Yellow Perch 17 174.2 125.0 - 205.0 74.2' 1262.0 y! subtotal 116 2717.3 TOTAL 160 3708.3
In the past, analyses of gill netting results at individual stations indicated that fish densities were generally greatest closer to shore. Inis pattern was not highly (vident during 1978 except during May and June (Figure 2). Larger numbers of fish captured at all four stations during SeptemDer ' consistea primarily of alewife and gizzard shad. Abundance trends at control stations (3 and 26) were not markedly different from trends at test stations (8 and 13). Large numbers of fish captured during September at Station 26 may have been an artifact of co=ercial trapnetting in the area. Station 26 is relatively isolated northwest of the main comercial netting field and may be more advantageously situated to intercept schools of fish, which are otherwise diverted or obstructed among the trap net mazes. .M trend of attraction to or repulsion from the plume area (Station 13) or the intake area (Station E) was evident. Trawling results indicated that fish populations in the vicir.ity of tne intake-discharge complex (Transect 8-13) exhibited abundance trends similar to those around the control transect (Transect 3-25) (Figure 3). Somewhat greater abundance of fish around transect 8-13 may be attributed to increased cover for fish around the rip-rap material in the vicinity, but gill net results (Figure
- 2) do not support this conjecture.
In conclusion, fish populations at Locust Point during 1978 were similar to those observed in the past. No indication of adverse impact due to the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station was observed.
FIGURE 2 CCMPARISON OF GILL NETTING RESULTS FROM STATIONS 3, 8, 13, AND 26 JURING 1978 700 - 3 ____-8 600 - . . . . . 13 . .
...... 26 500 .- ".
400 - 300 -
- 200 - .
. ... ....- ... . .% s, ,
.. *e. . .....
~ .,
**** ~~~~.
100 - . . % '. . . . s ,. 0 I 15 15 15 3 15 15
~
i 15 MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER DATE
FIGURE 3 COMPARISON OF TRAWLING RESULTS FRCM TRANSECTS 8-13 AND 3-26 DURING 1978 700 - 600 500 - 400 - 300 - 200 - ,,,
^g s
,," N 100 - -
. , ' ' 'N ,
*,,, N, O
Y~ ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' 15 8 15 15 O' 15 3 15 15 MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEM5ER OCT05ER DATE LITERATURE CITED Bailey, R.M. , J.E. Fitch, E.S. Herald, E. A. Lachner, C.C. Lindsey, R.C. Robins, and W. B. Scott. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. Third ed. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Pub. No. 6. 150 pp. Reutter, J.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1977. Pre-operational aquatic ecology monito ing program for the Davis-Besse nuclear power station, unit 1. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. Progress Rept. July 1 - Dec. 31, 1976. Toledo Edisnn Co. 205 pp. Trautman, M.B. 1957. The Fishes of Ohio. The Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus, Ohio. 683 pp. 1 .
u XII O SECTION 3.1.2.A.4 ICHTHYOPLAf4KTON I L
CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.108 ICHTHYOPLANKTON STUDIES FROM LAKE ERIE NEAR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION i DURING 1978 Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.2.a.4 Ichthyoplankton Prepared by Jeffrey M. Reutter Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO February 1979
3.1.2.a.4 Ichthyoplankton Procedures Duplicate ichthyoplankton (fish eggs and larvae) samples wet e collected from the surface nd bottom of 5tations 3 (control station), 8 (intake),13 (plume area), 29 (control station), and Toussaint Reef (Figures 1 and 2) using a 0.75 meter diameter heavy-duty oceanographic plankton net (No. 00, 0.75 cui mesh) equipped with a calibrated General Oceanics flow meter. Each sample consisted of a 5-minute circular tow at 3 to 4 knots with this net. Samples were collected on 10 occasions (approximately 10-day intervals or as weather allowed) between 30 April 1978 and 1 September 1978 from the Locust Point vicinity and on 6 occassions at Toussaint Reef. Sampling was terminated after 1 September as only one sample on 23 August and none of the samples from 1 September contained ichthyoplankters. It sould be noted that U.S. EPA (Grosse Ile office) terminates their Western Basin sampling on 15 July each year. Samples were preserved in 5% formalin and returned to the saooratory for sorting and analysis. All specimens were identified and enumerated using the works of Fish (1932), Norden (1961a and b), and Nelson 3nd Cole (1975). Results were reported as the number of individuals per 100 m of water calculated from the volume filtered (flow meter) and the number of individuals within the sample. Results Specimens collected during the 1978 field season represented 11 tara,10 to the species level and one listed as unidentified shiner (Table 1). No eggs were collected at Toussaint Reef. Eggs were collected at Locust Point from the bottom of Stations 3 and 13 on June 8 (Table 1 and 2). Gizzard shad, emerald shiners, walleye, freshwater drum, and yellow perch were the dominant species representing 68.7 percent, 14.3 percent, 10.8 percent, 2.5 percent, and 2.1 percent, respectively of the total population at Locust Point (Table 1). No other species represented as much as 1.0 percent of the total. Gizzard shjd occurred from 8 June through 11 August and peaked on 8 June at 220.9/100 m . Emerald shigersWalleye occurred from were 8 June on collected through 22 May23 (61.0/100 August and m peakef) and 8on 5 July at June (75.8/100g). (0.1/100 m . Freshwater drum were collected fgom 8 June through 19 July maximum density recorded on 20 June, 11.8/100 m . Yellow pgrch were cor;ted 22 May, g June, and 20 June at densities of 6.3/100 m , 6.5/100 m', and 0.6/100 m , respectively. Statign 13 (plume area) exhibited the greatest mean larval density, 76.1/100 m , while, in the vicinity of the plant site, Station 8 (intake) Table 1). Overall, Toussaint Reef had the exhibited thedensity, lowest larval lowest larval density 16.1/100 m ((Table 2). All 5 stations exhibited much greater larval densities at the surface than at the bottom. However, this increased abundance at the surface was heavily weighted by the dominance of gizzard shad and emerald shiners. Drum and white bass were more abundant at the bottom and perch and walleye were uniformly distributed in the water column.
9 26 LAKE ERIE
&[
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.- ~
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- ' 9 15
- MARSH .*..D.*
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- 25 AREA
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. FIGURE 1 o u .
..- 1000 DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION, UNIT 1 o
AQUATIC SAMPLING STATIONS
,,,, r .. m
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- LAKE ERIE N
s
- ' %Q y gg, CONE REE, UNE P w
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- h OWMD REEF w ,
s ,,, e . G moc ... ... 3 g Davis-Besse ws A,yOn - 41 .35-B ATH Y METRIC MAP DEPTH CONTCURS IN FEET BELOW LOtt WATER DATU*A
* + LEAST DIPTH OVER REEF ,
CONT 0UR INTERVAL 6 FEET I FEET o soph sk so sopos MILES o va a : a e s a 7 s# e, 83*,p5' 83* 00' .., . uo r FIGURE 2. REEFS NEAR LOCUST POINT. T AN f 1 IO'1HYOPLAhrloN Oth511t[5 AT Locust P0thi - 1978* Aprt) 30 May 22 June 8 June 20 spgc;[s 3 d 13 29 Mean 3 8 13 29 Mean 3 8 13 29 Mean 3 8 13 is he an
- = - -
Pro-larvae 0.4 - 0.1 Carp Post-larvae - Surface Botton 0.8 - 0.3 Subtotal ** 0.4 - 0.1 Pro-larvae 0.6 - 0.2 tserald Post-larvae - Shiner Surface Bottom 1.1 - 0.4 Subto tal *
- 0.6 - 0.2 Pro-larvae 1.1 0.7 1.5 - 1.1 4.2 1.7 25.4 15.2 11.6 Freshwater Pos t-la rvae - 0.4 0.3 0.2 Drum Surface - 0.8 1.8 15.9 13.0 7.9 Botton 2.1 1.5 2.9 - 2.2 7.6 1.5 35.8 18.0 15.7 subtotal ** 1.1 0.7 1.5 - 1.1 4.2 1.7 25.8 15.5 11.8 Pro-larvae 105.2 33.7 57.4 - 65.4 0.7 0.7 1.3 0.8 Gittard Post-larvae 291.7 $2.9 121.7 - 155.4 47.6 15.7 30.7 49.3 35.8 inad Surface 646.8 106.1 239.1 - 3 30.7 53.6 31.4 32.3 59.4 44.2 Botton 147.0 67.1 119.2 - 111.1 41.7 1.4 30.5 41.8 28.8 Subtotal ** 396.9 86.6 179.1 - 220.9 47.6 16.4 31.4 50.6 36.5 Pro-larvae 1.8 4.5 1.6 -
Rainbo. Post-larvae - 5 celt surface 1.4 8.3 2.4 - Botton 2.3 0.8 0.8 - Sub to tal*
- 1.8 4.5 1.6 -
Pro-larvae 0.8 0.4 0.4 - 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 Spottall Post-larvae - 0.4 0.1 Shiner surface 0.6 0.8 - 0.5 0.8 0.6 1.1 0.7 0.8 Bottom 1.0 0.7 - 0.6 Subto tal*
- 0.8 0.4 0.4 - 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 Pro-larvae -
DnlJenttfled Post-larvae 0.3 - 0.1 Shiner Surface - Botton 0.6 - 0.2 subtotal ** 0.3 - 0.1 Pro-larvae 52.1 6.0 65.2 120.8 61.0 0.4 - 0.1 halley. s u 6-1. 2 - Surface 23.8 1.9 57.2 181.3 66 .1 0.8 - 0.3 Bottom 80.3 10.1 73.1 60.3 56.0 - Subto tal** 52.1 6.0 65.2 120.8 61.0 0.4 - 0.1 Pro-larvae 1.8 0.4 2.5 - 1.6 0.5 0.4 1.6 0.6 unite Post-larvae 1.0 0.4 - 0.5 2.1 0.4 1.3 3.1 1.7 Sans Surface 1.2 1.8 - 1.0 0.8 0.7 1.8 3.4 1.7 Ectton 4.4 1.5 3.2 - 3.0 4.3 0.7 0.8 6.0 3.0 Subtotal ** 2.8 0.8 2.5 - 2.0 2.6 0.8 1.3 4.7 2.4 Pro-larvae 0.4 0.1 - knttefish Post-larvae - Surfa,e 0.8 0.2 - Botton - Subto ta t** 0.4 0.1 - Pro-larvae 4.0 4.8 7.7 8.5 6.3 0.3 0.3 1.7 - 0.8 tellow Pos t-la rvae 5.6 4.5 7.0 - 5.7 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 Perch Surface 4.0 8.6 6.9 12.3 8.0 1.7 1.4 7.2 - 3.4 1.2 1.1 0.6 60ttos 4.1 1.0 8.5 4.8 4.6 10.2 8.3 10.2 - 9.6 0.8 1.3 0.5 SubtotaP* 4.0 4.8 7.7 8.5 6.3 5.9 4.8 8.7 - 6.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 Pro-larvae 0.4 C.1 56.1 10.8 74.7 133.9 68.9 109.8 35.5 64.3 - 69.9 5.1 3.0 26.7 18.1 13.2 Total Post. larvae 298.6 57.8 128.7 - 161.7 49.7 16.7 33.4 53.7 38.4 surface 0.8 0.2 27.8 10.5 65.5 201.8 76.4 650.3 107.4 249.6 - 251.8 56.2 35.8 52.3 76.5 55.2 buttom 64.4 11.1 83.9 65.9 61.3 166.4 79.1 136.4 - 127.3 53.6 3.6 67.8 67.1 48.0 sub:otal** 0.4 0.1 56.1 10.8 74.7 133.9 68.9 403.4 93.3 133.1 - 231.6 54.9 19.7 60.1 71.8 51.6 Surface (ggs Bot.oe 8.7 6.3 - 5.0 5.t total ** 4.3 3.1 - 2.5 TA8LE 1 (CONit huto) I ICHTHYOPL ANkiDN Df MSITIES AT LOCUST PolN7 1978* August 1 August 11 July 5 July 19 5T71101 3 8 13 29 hrsa 8 13 29 Mean 3 8 13 29 Hoan 6(IIs 3 8 13 29 Mean 3 i Pro. larvae 0.4 0.1 p ' Post-larvae : Swe:ase 0.9 0.2 j Gottom I 5 utotal** 0.4 0.1 i 58.4 66.8 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.1 Pro- l .irv ae 54.7 62.0 92.0 0.2 1.8 0.5
- coat' Pont-larvae 3.8 6.5 22.4 3.5 9.1 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 2.6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.5 0.6 3.6 1.1 vo c. r Surface 109.4 136.0 174.9 120.5 135.2 0.2 Battom 7.6 0.9 53.9 3.3 16.4 0.4 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.3 0.5 1.8 0.6 Suttotal** 58.5 68.5 114.4 61.9 75.8 Pro-la .te 1.0 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.7 "ie>I ater Pos t-larvae
- i. Surface 0.9 0.2 0.6 1.1 0.5 0.6 Luttum 1.2 0.3 1.8 0.4 1.6 1.0 5.btotal** 1. 0 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.7 1.0 0.7 Pro-larvae 5.8 12.7 198.1 54.2 1.4 7.4 12.4 5.3 1.6 0.4 13.7 66.5 0.3 0.3 20.2 9.8 5.1 2.6 18.4 9.0 1.3 7.2 2.3 11.3 5.5 1.5 0.3 3.9 3.4 2.3
.. i .* 2 a rd Post-larvae 128.8 28.2 101.8 82.0 85.2 9.4 25.7 98.9 6.3 33.2 N ia sorrace 51.3 57.5 358.5 9.7 119.3 12.4 5.31'.4 23.5 13.7 3.0 12.4 2.7 19.3 1.7 cottaa 217.9 24.3 241.4 154.3 159.5 7.1 7.7 6.5 38.1 14.9 2.9 2.0 2.0 3.3 2.6 4.6 34.8 6.7 1.1 11.8 SwLtotal** 134.6 40.9 299.9 82.0 139.4 9.8 6.5 10.0 30.8 14.3 2.9 7.2 2.3 11.3 5.9 15.2 66.8 4.2 3.7 22.5 Pro-larvac 0.4 0.3 0.2 sa n i s. Pe.t-larvae 0.2 0.3 0.1 It Suctace 0.8 0.5 0.3 catts, 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.2 Sottstal**
Pra-larvae 0.6 0.2
.ttall Post-larvie on r Surt'a e 1.2 0.3 Gattum 5.Ltotal** 0.6 0.2 frd-larvae i**cottlicJ P0st larv.se
%Incr Surface bo t ton.
5.btatal** I Pro-larvae ai 'ese Post-larvae Surface Bottom Swbtotal** 0.3 0.1 Pro-larvae
- Ite
- Icht*lafvJe
- 43. Sortace 0.5 0.1 bottom 0.3 5.btotal** 0.1l Pru-larvJe
.itetisn t'as t-larv ae Surface Lottaa tubtutal**
Pro-larvae telle. Post-larvae irrcn Sorface satt su s wD to tal** Pro-larvac 60.5 76.2 290.1 58.4 121.3 0.3 2.3 8.8 13.5 6.2 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.8 14.0 66.6 0.3 0.6 20.4
*vtal Pas t-lar sae 132.5 34.6 124.2 85.9 94.3 9.8 5.3 2.6 18.6 9.1 2.6 7.5 2.6 11.3 6.0 1.7 2.4 3.9 3.6 2.9 160.6 195.3 533.3 130.2 254.9 13.0 5.3 15.8 24.0 14.5 5.6 13.5 3.7 20.4 10.8 26.3 102.4 1.7 6.3 34.2 surfase 2.1 12.4 Lattom 225.4 26.4 295.3 157.6 176.2 7.1 9.9 7.0 40.3 16.1 2.9 2.0 2.0 3.3 2.6 5.1 35.6 6.7 swetota P* 193.0 110.8 414.3 143.9 215.5 10.1 7.6 11.4 32.1 15.3 4.2 7.8 2.8 11.9 6.7 15.7 69.0 4.2 4.3 23.3 5.rface
. Sattan 3.; t a t a l*
- Taalt 1 (C0%f14UED)
ICHTHYOPLANKTON DENSIT!ES AT LOCUST POINT 1978* Awgust 23 September 1 Mean
,T A l lo't .ittis 3 8 IJ 29 Mean 3 8 13 h Mean 3 8 13 29 Mean Pro. larvae < 0.1 < 0.1 L 3' P Post-larvae surface 0.1 < 0.1 Botton 0.1 < 0.1 SwL to t.) " < 0.1 <0.1 < 0.1 Pro-larvae 0.3 0.1 5.6 6.2 9.2 6.6 6.9
!.erald Post-larvae 1.4 0.9 2.2 0.4 1.2 w i e.c r br i ae 0.6 0.2 11.3 14.1 17.6 13.5 14.1 1.attom 0.9 0.1 5.4 0.4 1.7 bb t u tal " 0.3 0.1 7.0 7.1 11.4 7.0 8.1 Pro-larvae 0.6 0.4 3.3 1.8 1.5 leest ater l'u'. t- l a r vae
..m. sortace 0.1 0.3 1.7 1.5 0.9 1:ottum 1.0 0.6 3.9 2.2 1.9 s ubto tal " -
0.6 0.4 2.8 1.8 1.4 Pro-larvae 12.6 11.5 26.4 1.6 15.8 unzard Post-larvae 48.1 10.9 26.3 18.3 25.9 WJ Surface 79.3 31.2 64.8 13.1 47.1 Battav 42.1 13.7 40.1 26.5 30.6 Sutato tal " 60.7 22.4 52.7 19.8 38.9 Pro-larvae 0.2 0.5 0.2 Raintu.e Post-larvae 0.1 0.1 0.1 scelt surface 0.1 0.9 0.3 Bottom 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.1 isb tutal ** 0.1 0.2 0.6 0.2 Pro-larvae 0.1 0.2 0.1
+ottall Post-larvac m ner Surface 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 Go t to.a 0.1 0.1 0.1 Sot to tal " 0.1 0.1 0.2 (0.1 0.1 Fro-larvae t Jenttfled Post-larvae (0.1 ( 0.1 v.iecr Surfare totton 0.1 (0.1 Subtu tal ** (0.1 <0.1 Pro-larvae 5.2 0.6 6.6 13.4 6.1 .alle,c Post-larvac Surface 2.4 0.2 5.3 20.1 6.6 Bottom 8.0 1.0 7.3 6.7 5.6 Suttotal ** 5.2 0.6 6.5 13.4 6.1 Pro-larvae 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 ..nete Post-larvae 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2
- ass 5arface 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 c.ttom 0.9 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.6 SJ.t o tal " 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 Pro-larvae (0.1 (0.1 iltefisn Post-larvae <0.1 surface 0.1 B ttom (0.1 <0.1 sut tutal ..
Pro-larvae 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.7
)ellow Post-larvae 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.1 0.5 resen Surface 0.6 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.2 Bottom 1.4 0.9 2.0 0.7 1.3
$wbtotal " 1.0 1.0 1.7 1.0 1.2 Pro-larvae 0.3 0.1 24.8 19.5 46.5 25.0 29.0 Total Post-larvae 49.5 12.4 29.5 19.2 27.7 Surface 0.6 0.2 94.0 47.1 92.2 51.0 71.1 bottom 54.5 16.8 59.9 37.4 42.2 subtotal ** 0.3 0.1 74.3 31.9 76.1 44.2 56.6 surface (ep Bottom 0.9 0.6 0.2 Suntotal " 0.4 0.3 0.2
- Data presented as no./100m3, A
- dastl
- Indicates no collection due to bad weather. _g,
- Subtotal of Pro and Post - larvae, mean of surf.ce and bottom sarvles.
TABLE 2 RESULTS OF ICHTHYOPLANKTON COLLECTIONS AT TOUSSAINT REEF - 1978 April 30 May 22 June 20 July 5 g. Sypt. P4 a r CARP Prolarvae 0.0 0.1 Post Larvae Surface 1.6 C.3 Sotton Subtotal 0.8 c.) Eeerald Prolarvae 4.2 50.3 5.2 10.0 Shiner Post Latvae 61.6 1C.3 Surface 8.4 221.8 8.9 39.9 Bottom 1.9 1.6 C.E Subtotal 4.2 111.9 5.2 20.2 Freshwater Prolarvae 8.2 1.4 Orum Post Larvae Surface Botton 16.4 2.7 Subtotal 8.2 1.4 Gizzard Prolarvae 2.8 0.5 5had Post Larvae 2.4 13.6 2.7 Surface 2.0 22.0 4.0 Sottom 8.4 5.1 2.3 Subtotal 5.2 13.6 3.1 Rainbow Smelt Prolarvae Post Larvae 0.3 0.1 Surface 0.6 0.1 Bottom subtotal 0.3 0.1 Spotta11 Prolarvae Shiner Post Larvae 0.3 0.1 Surface 0.6 0 .1 Bottom Subtotal 0.3 0.1 Unidentified Prolarvae Shiner Post Larvae Surface Botton Subtotal Walleye Prolarvae 1.3 0.2 Post Larvae surface Botton 2.5 0.4 Subtotal 1.3 0.2 White Bass t Prolarvae Post Larvae Surface Bottom Suttotal White fish Proiarvae Post Larvae Surface Bottom Subtotal tellow Prolarvae 5.3 0.9 Perch Post Larvae surface 6.7 1.1 Bottom 3.9 0.7 Subtotal 5.3 0.9 TOTAL Prolarvae 6.6 15.3 51.1 5.2 13.0 Postlarvae 2.4 75.5 0.3 13.1 Surface 6.7 10.4 246.1 9.4 45.4 Sotton 6.4 24.8 7.0 1.6 6.6 Subtotal 6.6 17.7 126.6 5.5 26.1
- Samples could not be collected on 19 July and 23 August due to artillery firing into this zone and on 8 June and 1 August because of wind and high waves.
All raw data were keypunched and stored at the offices of the Ohio State University's Center for Lake Erie Area Research in Columbus, Ohio. A voucher collection of all samples is also maintained at these offices. A_n a_h,s_i__ E Ichthyoplankton populations have shown tremendous variations since 1974. Emerald shiners constituted 81 percent of the 1974 larvae,1 percent of the 1975 larvae, 60 percent of the 1976 larvae, 3 percent of the 1977 larvae, and 14 percent of the 1978 larvae. Yellow perch constituted 5 percent of the 1974 larvae, 70 percent of the 1975 larvae, 4 percent of the 1976 larvae, 26 percent of the 1977 larvae, and 2 percent of the 1978 larvae. Gizzard shad appear to have increased significantly reaching 34 percent of the 1976 larvae, 56 percent of the 1977 larvae, and 69 percent of the 1978 larvae. It is felt that the above described variability is largely due to the fact that we are sampling schooling specimens. Consequently, when the net is drawn through a school the density appears quite high. This is also quite dependent on the seasonal frequency of sampling. For example, if the weather allows more frequent spring sampling but prohibits summer sampling, then spring species such as perch and walleye appear relatively more abundant. This is the second year that walleye have constituted a significant portion of the catch. However, as noted last year, adult populations throughout the Western Basin are increasing greatly and, consequently, greater larval populations are to be expected (Scholl,1978). These walleye larvae contributed to the 53 percent 3 increase observed in larval densities from 1977 (mean density = 37.0/100 m ) to 1978 (mean density = 56.6/100 m3 ). However, gizzard shad were the mpjor source of this incgease as their mean densities increased frbm 20.7/100 m in 1977 to 38.9/ in 1978. Yelloy perch densities decreased significantly from 9.5/100 m}00 m in 1977 to 1.2/100 m in 1978. This decrease is similar to that observed by the Ohio Division of Wildlife for the adult population (Scholl,1979). In 1976, control stations (3 and 29) were established on either side of the intake (Station 8)/ discharge complex (Station 13) to determine if unusually large fish larvae populations were occurring due to possible spawning in the rip-rap material around these structures. This does not appear to be occurring to any significant degree as Station 13 (plume area) exhibited densities similar to Station 3 (control) and Station 8 (intake) exhibited the lowest densities. These lower densities observed at Station 8 are probably due to the fact that this station is the furthest from shore and in the deepest water. In sumary, there is no indication of significant spawning occurring at Locust Point. However, the nearshore waters here, as with the rest of the nearshore waters along the south shore of the Western Basin, appear to serve as a nursery ground for larvae. Furthermore, due to the similarity between test and control stations, there is no indication that the activities of the plant have significantly altered these populations. LITERATURE CITED Fish, M.P. 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-two species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 47:293-398. Nelson, D.D. and R. A. Cole. 1975. The distribution and abundance of larval fishes along the western shore of Lake Erie at Monroe, Michigan. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, Michigan. Institute of Water Research Tech. Rept. No. 32.4. 66 pp. Norden, C.R. 1961a. A key to larval fishes from Lake Erie. University of Southwesteru Louisiana, Lafayette. Mimeo. Rept. 4 pp. Norden, C.R. 1961b. The identification of larval perch, Perca flavescens, and walleye, Stizostedian v. vitreum. Copeia 61:282-288. Scholl, R.L. 1978. Status of Ohio's Lake Erie Fisheries: January 1, 1978. Ohio Dept. of Nat. Res. Div. of Wildlife. 20 pp. Scholl, R.L. 1979. Status of Ohio's Lake Erie Fisheries: January 1, 1979. Ohio Dept. of Nat. Res. Div. of Wildlife. 18 pp. v XIII SECTIO 1 3.1.2 4A.5 m FISH EGG AND _ARVAE tNTRAINMENT v
CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.104 4h n
?
~
FISH EGG AND LARVAE ENTRAINMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION DURING 1978
- Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.2.a.5 Fish Egg and Larvae Entrainment Prepared by Jeffrey M. Reutter Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohlo THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO February 1979
3.1.2.a.5 F sh Egg and Larvae Entrainment Procedures Fish egg and larvae (ichthyoplankton) entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station was computed by multiplying the ichthyoplankton concentration observed at Station 8 (intake) by the intake volume (Figure 1). Ichthyoplankton densities were determined at approximately 10-day intervals from four 3-minute, oblique (bottom to surface) tows at 3-4 knots made at night on each date (Table 1) with a 0.75 meter diameter heavy-duty oceanographic plankton net (No. 00, 0.75 mm mesh) equipped with a calibrated General Oceanics flowmeter. Oblique tows were selected as this is the technique required at intakes on Lake Erie by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Night sampling is also required by these agencies to minimize net avoidance by larvae and to more accurately assess populations of species which may cling to the bottom during daylight. Samples were preserved in 5% formalin and returned to the laboratory for sorting and analysis. All specimens were identified and enumerated using the works of Fish (1932), Norden (1961a and b), and Nelson and Cole 1975). Densities were presented as number of ichthyoplankters per 100 m 3 (of water. From the above estimates it was possible to determine an approximate period of occurrence for each species and a mean density during that period. For example, walleye were not found on 30 April or on 7 June or later (Table 1). They were present in samples from 11 May and 21 May. Therefore, the period of occurrence was estimated to have been from 6 May (the midpoint between 30 April and 11 May) to 30 May (the midpoint between 21 May and 7 June) (Table'2). The mean densjty of walleye during this period was estimpted to have been 41.6/100 m , computed from the concentfation of 79.2/100 m observed on 11 May observed on 21 May. It was this and the concentration concentration, of ,4.0/100 41.6/100 m m multiplied by the volume of water drawn which was through the plant from 6 May to 30 May. The daily intake volume was computed by multiplying the daily discharge volume by 1.3. The daily intake vnlumes were then added for all days within the period of occurrence of the species in question to determine the total intake volume during the period. All specimens were vouchered and all data were keypunched and stored at The Ohio State University's Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio. Results Ichthyoplankton densities observed at Station 8 (intake) during 1978 indicated that ichthyoplankters were entrained at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from 6 May to 17 August (Table 1). May 6 was selected as the first day since it is midway between 30 April and 11 May. August 17 was selected as the last day because larvae were present in night samples on 11 August (Table 1) but were absent from day samples at Station 8 on 23 August and later (See Table 1, Section 3.1.2.a.4 Ichthyoplankton).
0 26 LAKE ERIE [
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93 98 4 7 23 6 g1 '? ' *-. . , * , 0 15
- MARSH 13 e14 WER .
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. 25 AREA :*
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1000
~ DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION, UNIT 1 l AQUATIC SAMPLING STATIONS
TABLE 1 ICHTHYOPLANKTON DENSITIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE INTAKE OF THE DAVIS - BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION - 1978* DATE April May May June July July Aug. Aug. MEAN SPECIES 30 11 21 7 4 19 1 11 STAGE Carp Pro-larvae 0.3 0.04 Post-larvae Subtotal 0.3 0.04 Emerald Shiner Pro-larvae 14.7 1.84 Post-larvae 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.50 Subtotal 16.3 1.6 0.8 2.34 Freshwater Drum Pro-larvae 0.7 4.9 0.70 Post-larvae 0.4 0.05 Sub-total 0.7 5.3 0.75 Gizzard Shad Pro-larvae 16.4 0.4 2.10 Post-larvae 5.2 181.9 30.0 3.6 24.3 30.63 Subtotal 21.6 181.9 30.0 3.6 24.7 32.73 Rainbow Smelt Prc-larvae 0.7 0.09 Post-larvae 4.2 0.6 0.60 Subtotal 0.7 4.2 0.6 0.69 Spottail Shiner Pro-larvae 0.3 0.04 Post-larvae 0.4 0.2 0.08 Subtotal 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.11 Ualleye Pro-larvae 79.2 4.0 10.40 Post-larvae Subtotal 79.2 4.0 10.40 Yellow Perch Pro-larvae 1.4 1.8 0.40 Post-larvae Subtotal 1.4 1.8 0.40 TOTAL LARVAE Pro-larvae 80.6 7.2 16.7 19.9 0.4 15.60 Post-larvae 5.2 183.9 34.6 5.2 25.9 31.85 Subtotal 80.6 7.2 21.9 203.8 34.6 5.2 26.3 47.45 EGGS 2,4 0,30 Data presented as number of individuals per 100m 3and computed from 4 obliqLe tows (bottom to surface) collected at night. TABLE 2 ICHTHY 0 PLANKTON ENTRAINMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION - 1978 PERIOD DURING WHICH Volume of Larvae Number of SPECIES 3C ENTRAINMENT Water (100m3 ) per 100m Larvae OCCURRED a withdrawn Entrained b during period Carp 21 June - 12 July 20,443 0.30 6,133 Emerald Shiner 21 June - 17 August 73,704 4.68 344,933 Freshwater Drum 16 May - 12 July 49,951 2.00 99,901 Gizzard Shad 30 May - 17 August 91,598 52.37 4,796,964 Rainbow Smelt 16 May - 17 August 103,211 0.92 94,955 Spottail Shiner 30 May - 17 August 91,598 0.18 16,488 Walleye 6 May - 30 May 22,037 41.60 916,738 Yellow Perch 6 May - 30 May 22,037 1.60 35,259 TOTAL 6,311,371 Eggs 30 May - 21 June 18,449 2.40 44,278 " Estimated from Table 1. See discussion on page . b Estimated by multiplying daily discharge rate by 1.3 and adding all daily estimates for the specified period, c Average concentration during their period of occurrence. The mean larvae density from all night samples at Station 8 (47.5/100 m3 ) was 49 8percent Station greater (31.9/100 m 3)than the mean Gizzard density from shad constituted 69all day samples percent collected at of the night ichthyoplankton population followed by walleye at 22 percent and emerald shiners at 5 percent (Table 1). Based on the above results (Table 1), it is estimated that 6,311,371 larvae and 44,278 eggs.were entrained at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 (Table 2). Of this total, gizzard shad constituted 76 percent, walleye 15 percent, and emerald shiners 5 percent. Analgis_ Ichthyoplankton entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 was typical for an intake on the south shore of the Western Basin of Lake Erie--it was strongly dominated by gizzard shad. As explained in the ichthyoplankton section of this report (Section 3.1.2.a.4), gizzard shad are on the increase and, consequently, it would not be surprising if they represented even a greater portion of the entrainment next year. Walleye is another species which is increasing greatly in the Western Basin. This species constituted 0.02 percent of the 1976 population, 11 percent of the 1977 population and, now, 22 percent in 1978 (Reutter and Herdendorf,1977; Reutter,1978). The brood stock of walleye in the Western Basin is still increasing so ichthyoplankton densities next year may be even greater. Perch entrainment was very low in 1978 as would be expected since this population is currently declining (Scholl, 1979). One way to put entrainment losses into perspective is to look at fecundity. Based on an average of 300,000 eggs / female gizzard shad (Hartley and Herdendorf, 1977), the 4,796,964 larvae could have been produced by 16 females; based on an average of 331,000 eggs / female walleye (Hartley and Herdendorf, 1977), the 916,738 entrained larvae could have been produced by 3 females; and based on 44,000 eggs / female yellow perch (Hartley and Herdendorf, 1977) the 35,259 entrained larvae could have been produced by 1 female. In actuality, the above estimates of the number of females required to produce the entrained larvae are quite low since they do not take mortality from eggs to larvae into account. If we assume 99 percent mortality from eggs to larvae to be safe (90 percent is probably more reasonable) then the entrained larvae could have been produced by 1,600 gizzard shad, 300 walleyes, and 100 perch. These values are less than 0.1 percent of the number of perch and walleye captured by Ohio sport fishermen in 1978 (Scholl, 1979). Another way to determine the impact of entrainment losses is to estimate the number of adults the entrained larvae would have produced had they lived. This technique requires some knowledge of the mortality between larval stages and between year e. lasses. Patterson (1976) has developed such estimates for yellow perch, and, since it is in the same family, the estimates will also be used here for walleye. Several assumptions are involved. I. All entrained larvae are killed. II. All larvae lost by entrainment are in their late larval stage. This provides a conservative or high estimate because it does not account for early larval mortality which may range from 83-96 percent (Patterson, 1976). III. Yellow perch become vulnerable to commercial capture, and reach sexual maturity at age class III. IV. A one percent survival rate from late larvae to age III adults is assumed. Again, this is conservative since survival rates from: late larvae to YOY = 4 to 17 percent; YOY to age class I = 12 to 33 percent; age class I to age class II = 38 percent; age class II to age class III = 38 percent (Patterson, 1976, and Brazo, et al., (1975). This trend translates to a survivorship ranging from 0.1 percent to one percent over the period from the late larval stage to age class III. Based on the above assumptions, the 916,738 entrained walleye larvae could have produced 917-9,167 age class III adults and the 35,259 entrained yellow perch larvae could have produced 35-353 age class III adults. The author feels little weight should be placed on the above impact assessments since they are based on the number of entrained larvae which can vary greatly from year to year depending on the success of the hatch which in turn is dependent upon the size of the brood stock and weather conditions during spawning and incubation. In the case of Davis-Besse, the off-shore intake where larvae densities are lower (See Section 3.1.2.a.4) and the low volume intake (1978 mean = 21,389 gpm) due to the cooling tower and closed cooling system necessitate a very low-level impact on Western Basin fish populations. LITERATURE CITED Brazo, D.C., P.I. Tack and C.R. Liston. 1975. Age, growth and fecundity of yellow perch, Perca flavascens, in Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan. Proc. Am. Fish. Soc. 104:727. Fish, M.P. 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of sixty-two species of fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 47:293-398. Hartley, S.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1977. Spawning ecology of Lake Erie fishes. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. CLEAR Tech. Rept. No. 62. 10 pp. Nelson, D.D. and R. A. Cole. 1975. The distribution and abundance of larval fishes along the western shore of Lake Erie at Monroe, Michigan. Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, Michigan. Institute of Water Research Tech. Rept. No. 32.4. 66 pp. Norden, C.R. 1961a. A key to larval fishes from Lake Erie. University of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette. Mimeo. Rept. 4 pp. Norden, C.R. 1961b. The identification of larval perch, Perca flavescens, and walleye, Stizostedi_on v. vitreum. Copeia 61:282-288. Patterson, R.L. 1976. Analysis of losses in standing crop and fishery yields of yellow perch in the western basin of Lake Erie due to entrainment and impingement mortality at the Detroit Edison Monroe Power Plant. Large Lakes Research Station. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Grosse Ile, Mich. Reutter, J.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1977. Pre-operational aquatic ecology monitoring program for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit I. Prog. Rept. July 1-Dec. 31, 1976. Toledo Edison Co. 205 pp. Reutter, J.M. 1978. Ichthyoplankton studies from Lake Erie Near the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1977. The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, Ohio. CLEAR Tech Rept. No. 88. 8 pp. Scholl, R.L. 1978. Status of Ohio's Lake Erie Fisheries: January 1, 1978. Ohio Dept. of Nat. Res. Div. of Wildlife. 20 pp. I CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.103 FlSH IMPINGEMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION DURING 1978 Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.2.a.6 Fish Impingement Prepared by Jeffrey M. Reutter Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohlo THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO February 1979 i
3.1. 2. a.6 Fish Impingement Prccedures Between 1 January and 31 December 1978 the traveling screens at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station were operated 221 times. The date, time, and duration of each screen operation were recorded and keypunched, even when the impinged fish were not collected (Table 1). Collections of impinged fish were made by Toledo Edison personnel during 144 of the 221 screen operations by placing a screen having the same mesh size as the traveling screens ( -inch bar mesh) in the sluiceway through which the backwashed material passed. Fish collected in this manner were placed in plastic bags, labeled with the date and time of screen operation, and frozen. The samples were picked up by personnel of The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR) weekly. All specimens in all samples were identified (Trautman, 1957) and enumerated. All specimens, or a representative number thereof, were also weighed and measured. In addition to the information pertinent to traveling screen operation, the total number and total weight of each species and the length and weight of each individual fish were also keypunched. All these data were stored on magnetic tape at The Ohio State University for use with the Statistical Analysis System: SAS (Barr et al., 1976) on an IBM 370 computer. Since the time and duration of every screen operation was known, it was possible to determine the number of hours represented by each collection. From this a concentration, fish impinged / hour, was developed and used to estimate impingement on days when samples were not collected. Results A total of 6,607 fish representing 20 species was impinged on the traveling screens at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from 1 January through 31 December 1978 (Table 2). Goldfish was the dominant species impinged representing 49.9 percent of the total. Only 6 other species represented more than 1 percent of the total: yellow perch, 23.9 percent; emerald shiner, 15.0 percent; gizzard shad, 5.9 percent; bl ack crappie, 1.2 percent; freshwater drum, 1.2 percent; and rainbow smelt, 1.0 percent. Impingement was also computed on a monthly basis (Table 3). Most of the impingement occurred dur!ng April (43.5 percent) and December (35.3 percent). Of the 2,875 fish estimated to have been impinged during April, 834 (29.0 percent) were emerald shiners, 799(27.8 percent)weregoldfish,and 1,098 (38.2 percent) were yellow perch. Of the 2,330 fish estimated to have been impinged during December, 1,870 (80.3 percent) were goldfish and 360(15.5 percent') were gizzard shad.
TABLE I TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 2 January 1978 22.09 22.41 Y 46.41 4 21.30 22.00 Y 47.59 5 16.15 17.05 N 19.05 6 16.39 17.17 Y 24.12 8 16.01 16.37 Y 47.20 12 16.45 17.15 N 96.73 14 17.50 18.30 N 49.15 20 20.15 20.45 Y 146.15 22 17.30 18.00 Y 45.55 24 17.00 18.24 Y 48.24 28 18.00 19.30 Y 97.06 30 20.30 21.00 Y 49.70 1 February 1978 20.45 21.15 N 48.15 3 20.55 21.25 Y 48.10 5 16.45 17.16 Y 43.91 7 17.30 18.00 Y 48.84 9 21.00 21.30 Y 51.30 11 17.40 18.15 Y 44.85 13 20.00 20.40 Y 50.25 17 17.00 17.30 Y 92.90 19 17.12 17.45 Y 48.15 21 20.30 21.20 N 51.75 22 18.40 17.20 N 20.00 23 19.55 20.50 N 27.30 25 20.57 21.40 N 48.90 27 18.10 19.40 Y 46.00 1 March 1978 23.00 23.40 N 52.00 2 16.30 17.10 N 17.70 3 18.00 18.35 Y 25.25 5 20.30 21.00 Y 50.65 6 21.30 22.00 N 25.00 7 20.15 20.50 Y 22.50 10 19.40 20.10 Y 71.60 11 19.10 19.45 Y 23.35 12 17.20 17.50 N 22.05 13 17.30 18.00 N 24.50 15 17.50 18.22 Y 48.22 17 18.50 19.20 Y 48,98 19 20.40 21.12 Y 49.92 21 19.58 20.28 N 47.16 23 20.50 21.26 Y 48.98 25 22.40 23.10 Y 49.84 26 18.00 18.30 N 19.20 27 20.00 21.05 N 26.75 29 21.19 21.56 Y 48.51 TABLE 1 (Con't.) TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEM8ER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 19.40 y 93.84 2 April 1978 19.06 3 20.15 20.50 N 25.10
- 4. "
20.00 20.30 N 23.80 7 19.40 20.40 N 72.10 8 20.30 21.00 y 24.60 9 20.10 20.40 N 23.40 10 21.03 22.00 y 25.60 12 20.50 21.20 y 47.20 13 20.30 21.00 N 23.80 14 20.30 21.00 y 24.00 15 17.00 17.45 N 20.45 16 16.58 17.36 y 23.91 17 16.30 17.45 N 24.09 18 17.25 17.55 y 24.10 19 16.20 17.00 N 23.45 20 16.37 17.13 y 24.13 22 18.00 18.35 y 49.22 24 17.32 18.05 y 47.70 26 17.15 17.45 y 47.40 28 18.00 18.30 y 48.85 30 23.20 23.50 y 53.20 1 May 1978 18.30 19.00 N 19.50 2 18.45 19.15 y 24.15 5 10.30 11.00 N 63.85 6
" 21.15 21.45 y 34.45 8
20.25 20.55 y 47.10 10 16.55 17.25 y 44.70 12 22.00 22.30 y 53.05 14 16.30 17.00 y 42.70 16 16.35 17.05 y 48.05 18 16.10 16.40 y 47.35 20
" 17.00 17.30 N 48.90 22 19.00 20.30 y 51.00 24 16.32 17.04 y 44.74 26 14.40 15.10 y 46.06 28 18.03 18.33 Y 51.23 30 15.45 16.15 y 45.82 1 June 1978 16.25 17.00 y 48.85 3
14.50 15.20 y 46.20 5 18.55 19.35 y 52.15 6 18.30 19.15 N 23.80 7 21.05 21.35 y 26.20 9 21.36 22.06 y 48,71 10 16.15 16.36' N 18.30 11 17.55 18.30 y 25.94 TABLE I (Con't.) TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 12 June 1978 17.00 17.30 N 23.00 3
" 16.35 17.05 Y 23.75 15
" 12.52 13.24 Y 44.19 16
" 18.40 19.10 N 29.86 17
" 13.39 14.10 Y 19.00 19
" 18.45 19.25 N 53.15 20
" 16.25 16.55 N 21.30 21
" 16.07 16.37 Y 23.82 23 a 14.25 14.55 Y 46.18 25
" 16.10 16.50 Y 49.95 27
" 20.30 21.15 N 52.65 28 a 17.25 17.50 N 20.35 29 a 15.50 16.20 Y 22.70 30 a 16.09 16.30 N 24.10 2 July 1978 18.00 18.30 Y 50.00 4
" 17.15 17.45 Y 47.15 6
" 16.20 16.55 Y 47.10 8
" 14.20 14.50 Y 45.95 g a 18.20 18.50 N 28.00 10
" 18.40 19.20 Y 24.70 11
" 20.45 21.16 Y 25.96 13
" 21.15 21.45 N 48.29 14
" 18.45 19.15 Y 21.70 15
" 16.25 16.55 N 21.40 16
" 16.30 17.00 Y 24.45 17
" 19.20 19.50 Y 26.50 20
" 20.15 20.50 Y 73.00 22
" 19.25 19.55 Y 47.05 24
" 17.00 17.30 Y 45.75 25
" 20.45 21.20 Y 27.90 26 a 20.15 20.45 Y 23.25 27
" 16.55 17.25 N 20.80 28
" 18.25 19.00 Y 25.75 30
" 17.16 17.46 Y 46.46 1 August 1978 17.00 17.30 Y 47.84 2
" 16.20 16.50 N 23.20 3
" 16.35 17.05 Y 24.55 4
" 19.00 19.30 N 26.25 5
a 19.02 19.37 Y 24.07 7
- 16.45 17.15 Y 45.78 9
- 19.30 20.00 Y 50.85 11 a 16.20 16.50 Y 44.50 13
" 16.43 17.18 N 48.68 14
" 22.00 22.30 N 29.12 17 a 20.20 21.30 N 71.00 TABLE 1 (Con't.)
TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEM8ER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION' LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 19 August 1978 18.55 19.29 Y 45.99 21 19.20 20.15 Y 48.86 23 20.15 20.45 Y 48.30 25 18.35 19.10 Y 46.65 26 18.05 18.50 N 23.40 27 17.37 18.14 Y 23.64 29 16.45 17.15 Y 47.01 31 17.30 18.00 Y 48.85 1 September 1978 16.38 17.08 N 23.08 3 16.13 16.43 Y 47.35 4 16.35 17.25 Y 24.82 6 16.52 17.23 Y 47.98 8 18.07 18.37 Y 49.14 10 17.20 18.00 Y 47.63 12 20.13 20.45 Y 50.45 14 19.15 . 19.50 Y 47.05 16 17.30 1 18.20 N 46.70 18 21.30 22.05 Y 51.85 19 22.15 22.50 N 24.45 20 20.00 20.30 Y 21.80 22 23.00 23.30 Y 51.00 24 17.20 - 18.05 N 42.75 25 20.35 21.05 N 27.00 28 19.00 19.35 Y 70.30 30 16.55 17.25 Y 45.90 2 October 1978 19.25 19.55 , Y 50.30 3 18.20 18.40 N 22.85 4 17.45 18.15 Y 23.75 5 16.30 17.01 N 22.86 6 20.25 21.00 N 27.99 9 16.25 16.55 N 67.55 10 17.05 17.36 Y 24.81 11 15.05 15.35 N 21.99 12 18.43 19.17 Y 27.82 13 16.40 17.10 N 21.93 14 21.34 22.04 Y 28.94 16 17.00 17.30 Y 43.26 20 17.20 17.50 Y 96.20 22
" 21,45 22.20 Y 52.70 25 18.20 18.50 N 68.30 26 16.30 17.00 Y 22.50 28 20.05 20.40 Y 51.40 30 21.10 21.45 Y 49.05 TABLE 1 (Con't.)
TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 s TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 1 November 1978 18.45 19.17 Y 45.72 3 20.45 21.18 Y 50.01 5 20.08 20.40 Y 47.22 6 16.25 16.55 N 20.15 7 16.48 17.12 Y 24.57 8 16.40 17.10 N 23.98 9 16.50 17.20 Y 24.10 11 18.25 18.55 Y 49.35 12 17.05 17.35 N 22.80 13 i8,15 18.35 Y 25.00 14 16.26 17.00 N 22.65 15 18.30 19.00 Y 26.00 17 20.05 20.57 N 49.57 20 19.45 20.30 N 71.73 ?1 20.50 21.20 N 24.90 23 16.15 16.45 Y 43.25 24 19.00 20.08 N 27.63 25 20.00 20.30 Y 24.22 27 20.30 21.00 Y 48.70 29 20.15 20.45 Y 47.45 1 December 1978 19.15 19.45 Y 47.00 3 16.28 17.08 Y 45.63 5 16.00 17.34 N 48.26 6 17.55 18.25 Y 24.91 9 17.55 18.25 N 72.00 10 19.46 20.23 N 25.98 11 16.30 17.00 N 20.77 12 17.45 18.15 N 25.15 13 18.04 18.34 Y 24.19 15 17.20 17.50 Y 47.16 17 18.45 19.15 Y 49.E5 18 17.34 18.10 N 22.95 19 22.20 22.50 Y 28.40 20 18.20 18.50 N 20.00 21 16.25 16.59 Y 22.09 23 19.45 20.15 Y 51.56 24 19.35 20.05 N 23.90 25 21.50 22.20 Y 26.15 27 17.30 18.00 N 43.80 28 19.37 20.07 N 26.07 29 20.20 20.50 Y 24.43 30 17.30 19.30 N 22.80 31 18.35 19.08 Y 23.78 TABLE 2 FISH SPECIES IMPINGED AT THE CAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION: 1 January through 31 December 1978 NUMBER IMPINGED WEIGHT (grams) LENGTH (mm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 95% Confidence SPECIES Interval Interval Interval L wer Upper itean Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Es timate Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound Alewife 4 1 9 4 0 8 75 39 110 Black Crappie 82 53 128 17 16 17 117 116 119 Blackside Darter 1 0.5 4 1 27 i Bluegill Sunfish 5 3 9 10 9 10 68 67 68
- y Bluntnose Minnow 1 1 3 1 25
. Carp 6 3 15 2 1 3 56 51 60 Channel Catfish 3 1 7 0.4 59 Emerald Shiner 991 636 1,545 1 1 1 60 60 61 Freshwater Drum 80 55 114 4 3 4 81 78 83 Gizzard Shad 391 201 758 7 6 8 88 87 90 Goldfish 3,299 2,435 4,468 5 5 6 72 71 73 Green Sunfish 5 3 11 12 9 16 58 48 68 Logperch Darter 12 8 21 2 1 2 63 60 67 Pumpkinseed Sunfish 9 3 24 11 9 13 82 77 87 Rainbow Smelt 69 45 107 1 1 1 60 59 61 Spottail Shiner 15 9 25 2 2 2 65 63 66 Stonecat Madtom 1 1 3 1 30 Trout-perch 29 20 41 4 4 5 80 77 82 White Crappie 22 15 31 8 8 8 88 85 91 Yellow Perch 1,582 1,082 2,312 5 5 5 83 83 84 TOTAL 6,607 5,447 8,015 5 5 5 74 74 75
- Confidence intervals could not be computed when no more than one representative of a given species occurred.
TABLE 3 A SUtiMARY OF MONTHLY FISH IMPINGEMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE flVCLEAR POWER STATIONS: 1 January through 31 December 1978 NUMBER IMPINGED WEIGHT (grams) LENGTH (mm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 95% Confidence MONTHS Interval Interval Interval Lower Upper Estimate tiean Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound January 45 31 66 13 12 14 104 102 106 February 17 9 31 5 5 6 76 72 79 , March 13 7 25 4 4 4 72 70 73 m April 2,875 2,157 3,833 5 5 6 79 78 79 May 648 479 874 5 4 5 79 78 79 June 45 29 69 12 7 17 92 86 98 July 7 5 11 9 9 9 79 77 81 August 4 2 8 12 9 14 100 90 110 September 19 12 32 11 9 12 83 80 87 October 28 18 43 10 9 11 59 55 64 November 576 314 1,058 3 3 3 62 61 63 December 2,330 1,594 3,406 3 3 3 68 67 69 TOTAL 6,607 5,447 8,015 5 5 5 74 74 75
Analysis With the exception of the blackside darter and the bluntnose minnow, all species impinged at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station have been captured within the past 10 years at Locust Point (See Table 2, Section 3.1.2.a.3). However, both the blackside darter and bluntnose minnow have been reported from the island area of Lake Erie and most of the tributaries, including the Toussaint River and Turtle Creek near Locust Point (Trautman,1957). With the exception of goldfish and black and white cr3ppies the impinged fish occurred in relative numbers which were not unusual for populations in Lake Erie at Locust Point. These 3 species occurred in relative proportions well above that of the open lake. This indicates probable use of the intake canal as a permanent residence for these species. Furthermore, due to the small sizes of these fish (they were young-of-the-year) and results from previous trawling efforts (Reutter and Herdendorf, 1975), it appears that these species are also spawning within the intake canal and, consequently, these losses should not be considered as a negative impact on lake populations of these species. Impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 were extramely low even when compared to other plants on the Western Basin with lower generating capacities (Reutter et al.,1978). Tables 4-6 present sport and commercial fish landings from the Ohio waters of Lake Erie and commercial landings from all of Lake Erie. Although the fish impinged at Davis-Besse were primarily YOY (mean length, 74 m) and, consequently, much more abundant than the adults taken by comercial and sport fishermen, the total number impinged (including gizzard shad which are not taken by sport fishermen) was only 0.04 percent of the number harvested by Ohio sport fishermen. This figure becomes even less significant when one realizes that the Ohio sport catch was only 83.4 percent of the Ohio 1978 comercial catch and only 15.9 percent of the 1978 commercial catch from all of Lake Erie (Tables 4-6). The above comparisons make it obvious that impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station have an insignificant effect of Lake Erie fish stocks and further Justification of this is probably unnecessary. However, it should be noted that although by number impingement losses were 0.04 percent of the Ohio sport fishing harvest, by weight impingement was less than 0.001 percent of the Ohio sport harvest. Fdrthermore, based on the estimates of Patterson (1976) (See Section 3.1.2.a.5) the impingement of 1,582 young-of-the-year yellow perch, a species which is very important to sport and commercial fishermen, will result in the loss of only 28-75 adults which is from 0.0002 to 0.0007 percent of the number captured by Ohio sport fishermen in 1978.
.g.
TABLE 4 a ESTIt%TED 1978 SPORT AND COMtiERCIAL FISH HARVEST FROM THE OHIO WATERS OF LAKE ERIE SPORT HARVEST C0t1MERCIAL MARVEST TOTAL HARVEST No. of Weight No. of Weight No. of Weight Individuals (Kilograms) Individuals (Kilograms) Individuals (Kilograms) Yellow Perch 11,483,000 1,116,386 9,178,000 b 890,294 20,661,000 2,006,680 Walleye 1,652,000 1,515,906 0 0 1,652,000 1,515,906 White 8 ass 1,533,000 334,825 3,380,000 b 736,842 4,913,000 1,071,667 h Freshwater Drum 668,000 363,200 981,000 b 533,904 1,649,000 897,104 Channel Catfish 218,000 86,033 235,000 b 92,843 453,000 178,876 Smallmouth Bass 32,000 20,203 0 0 32,000 20,203 c c Others _ 1,867,983 d _ 1,867,983 0 TOTAL 15,586,000 0 3,436,553e _ 4,121,866 _ 7,648,419 a Scholl (1979) b Estimated based on mean weight of sport fish. c Data not available. d Thirty-eight percent carp.
- Excludes weight of "Others" caught by sport fishermen.
TABLE 5
. COMMERCIAL FISH LANDINGS FROM THE OHIO WATER OF LAKE ERIE: 1974-1978*
SPECIES 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Buffalo 14,528 14,982 13,620 15,890 16,344 Bullhead 12,258 14,074 19,522 29,056 32,688 Carp 1,284,366 1,265,298 1,196,290 1,249,408 701,430 Channel Catfish 136,200 117,586 101,242 115,316 92,843 Freshwater Drum 307,812 340,500 432,208 361,838 533,904 Goldfish 29,510 23,608 6" "'6 250,154 343,678 Quillback/ Shad ** 28,148 60,382 331,L, 274,670 752,732 Rainbow Smelt 2,270 4,086 15,890 454 4,994 Sucker 39,952 24,516 28,602 14,982 14,982 White Bass 1,314,330 760,450 680,546 501,216 736,842 yellow Perch 797,678 675,552 652,852 1,051,918 890,294 TOTAL 3,962,512 3,301,488 3,533,482 3,864,902 4,121,866
- Scholl (1979). Data presented in kilograms.
** This is primarily the quillback carpsucker (Carpiodes cyprinus), but occasionally some fishennen include gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum).
TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL FISH LANDINGS FROM LAKE ERIE: 1975 - 1978a WEIGHT (Kilograms) SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 MEAN c c 13,500 Bowfin 15,000 12,000 Buffib 30,000 43,000 34,000 25,000 33,000 Buliheaa 69,000 64,000 77,000 54,000 66,000 Carp 1,491,000 1,444,000 1,439,000 871,000 1,311,250 Channel Catfish 197,000 155,000 160,000 148,000 165,000 Freshwater Drum 538,000 619,000 538,000 692,000 596,750 Gizzard Shad 1,000 301,000 229,000 707,000 309,500 Goldfish 26,000 61,000 250,000 344,000 170,250 c c 2,000 2,500 Lake Whitefish 3,000 Quillback 60,000 58,000 47,000 47,000 53,000 Rainbow Smelt 7,688,000 7,845,000 9,700,000 11,002,000 9,058,750 c c Rock Bass 19,000 10,000 14,500 Sucker 52,000 48,000 31,000 33,000 41,000 c c 23,000 28,000 Sunfish 33,000 b Walleye 114,000 138,000 261,000 295,000 202,000 White Bass 1,932,000 1,162,000 948,000 1,590,000 1,408,000 Yellow Perch 4,597,000 2,903,000 4,801,000 4,918,000 4,304,750 Others 927,00 833,000 928,000 796,000 871,000 TOTAL 17,722,000 15,674,000 19,513,000 21,569,000 18,649,000 a Personal communication, Dr. David Wolfert, USFWS, Sandusky, Ohio. b Not taken commercially in Ohio and Michigan waters. c Included with "Others" during this year. LITERATURE CITED Barr, J., J.H. Goodnight, J.P. Sall, and T. Helwig. 1976. A user's guide to SAS
- 76. SAS Institute, Inc., Raleigh, N.C. 329 p.
Patterson, R.L. 1976. Analysis of losses in standing crop and fishery yields of yellow perch in the western basin of Lake Erie due to entrainment and impingement mortality at the Detroit Edison Monroe Power Plant, Large Lakes Research Station. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Grosse Ile, Mich. Reutter, J.M. and C.E. Herdendorf. 1975. Pre-operational aquatic ecology monitoring program for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1. Toledo Edison Co. Contract No. 1780. 123 p. Reutter, J.M., C.E. Herdendorf and G.W. Sturm. 1978. Impinnement and entrainment studies at the Bay Shore Power Station, Toledo Edison Company. The Ohio State University CLEAR Tech. Rept. No. 78b. Scholl, R.L. 1979. Status of Ohio's Lake Erie fisheries. Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Div. of Wildlife. Sandusky, Ohio. 19 p. Trautman, M.B. 1957. The Fishes of Ohio. The Ohio State University Press, Columbus, Ohio. 683 p. XV SECTION 3.1.2.b.1 BIRD COLLISION
ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE BIRD HAZARD MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY 1979 Manfred Temme, William B. Jackson, and William A. Peterman Environmental Studies Center Bird mortality at the Davis-Besse site was monitored for the sixth consecutive spring and seventh fall migration season. These data are summarized and compared with those from previous years. Necropsy examinations were continued, and the results updated and integrated into data from the entire period (1972 - 1978). Relation-ships of meteorological conditions to bird strikes in both migration seasons also are considered. The generating facility came on line, following an extended start-up program during the winter. However, a seneduled maintenance period resulted in the cooling tower not 3perating during most of the spring migratory period. The fall re-presents the first period when observations could be made under normal operating conditions. Mortality !!onitoring Pattern During Both Migration Seasons _1 During the spring migratory season daily surveys were conducted at the expected height of migration activities (April 30 to May 28). Alternating days were monitored from April 3 to 28 and again on liay 31 and June 7 to gain information on earlier and later migrating species. Fall monitoring activities were commenced on September 2; they were continued on September 7, and on an alternating-day basis until Sept-ember 24. Daily visits to the site were undertaken until October 15; two further surveys on October 21 and on November 28 concluded the field collections.
As in previous years, the routino observations were made around the base of the cooling tower and the area of the new microwave / met-eorological station. The perimeter of the Unit I structures and their roofs were not regularly accessible by us. By special arrangements with the security personnel, it was possible to inspect this area on Sunday mornings when working activities were low and security escort readily available. Areas under major guy wires and transmission lines also were checked for bird strikes on Sundays only. All surveys included the recording of current envircnmental con-ditions (estimations of previous weather, temperature, wind direction and speed, percentage of cloud cover, precipitation, and visibility) , numbers and species of birds and their locations. All birds were col-lected, identified to species, and frozen for later necropsy. Twenty-nine birds in spring and 10 specimens in fall were re-trieved from the water basin in the cooling tower a few days after their collision. They were badly decomposed and not examined in de-tail; identification was only possible by comparison with an extensive reference collection. Results: Spring: During the spring migration period a total of 78 bird specimens were found and collected (T.nble 1). These were 30 birds more than during the same period in 1977 (Table 2). As expected, the Warblers again comprised the greatest proportion of birds killed (69%) . Relatively high were the Vireos (14%) , while Kinglets and Finches remained very low, with only 1 and 2%, respectively. This also was true for other families (Table 2). A first-time occurrence, a female Golden-winged Warbler, was found on May 13, 1978. This species reportedly has become rarer in Ohio (Campbell, 1968). It is,
however, not an endangered species. No major deviations from mortality patterns observed in previous springs were noted. Since the power plant had been shut down for scheduled maintenance during most of this collection period and the base of the cooling tower drained, the dead birds inside the tower perimeter were picked up where they had dropped. This made it poss-ible ,in contrast to fall season 1977, to evaluate the proportions of birds found in each of the four sectors. As in all previous years, the nost birds (55%) were found in the NE sector. The number of birds retrieved from the Nu sector (25%) exceeded the proportions taken there in previous years. The SE sector ranked third (12%), followed by the SW sector with 8% (Figs. 1, 2). The average of the five-year period shows that bird mortalities during spring were recovered mainly in the NE sector of the cooling tower, the second highest numbers, in the S.E. sector (Fig. 2). Although several night observations were carried out during the spring migration period, actual collisions were not observed. Presum-ably, the migrants on their northerly heading collided with the cooling tower and were carried by strong drafts around the structure. Birds not killed on impact nay have drifted, fluttering their wings until death occurred. Occasionally birds were found still alive, sitting drowsily near the tower or in the drained base. They may have been able to take to the air again. When the base is water-filled, such birds likely will drown. Dortalities at the Unit I structures have steadily declined. Six birds were recovered on the ground in the NW sector of the shield building, while only two birds were found on roof four (Fig. 3). Even if the roofs are inspected only once a week, all birds, even in a
badly decomposed state, would remain, since no mammalian scavengers have access to the roofs. On the ground, however, undefined losses may occur due to scavenging activities by foxes, skunks, and raccoons. This has been indicated previously by security personnt.. Fall: Mortalities during the fall migration period were relative-ly low. Only 65 specimens were found at the cooling tower and six birds on the ground in the NW sector of the Unit I structures (Figs. 3 and 4, Table 3) . The number was about half that of the previous fell (Table 4). Warblers constituted most of the nortalities (61%), Kinglets and Finches, 10% and 4%, respectively. Generally the proportion of Kinglets was higher, the seven-year average being 24% (Table 5). As in previous fall seasons, the majority of birds were recovered in the SE sector (37%), followed by NE and SW sectors (both 26%), and the NW with 11%. The five-year mean frequency of mortality by quad-rants of the tower shows a clear preponderance of the SE sector (Fig. 2). This also can probably be explained by the existing air currents at the tower, the heading angle at impact, and the drifting of falling and fluttering birds. At the Unit I structure mammalian scavengers may have reduced the number of birds found around the perimeter of the building. 1:ow-ever, no specimens were found on the roof where predators have no access. These data suggest that bird strikes at both structures were indeed less this fall than in previous years. The number of mortalities at the Unit I structure is briefly sunnarized for the entire study period: Season Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Spring -- 4 11 16 8 6 8 Fall 5 47 53 15 22 20 6
!Jocropsy Examination:
riceropsy examination included determinations of the extent of hematoma under the skull, presence or absence of bone fractures (humerus, ulna, radius, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus), bill damage, and " broken" necks and skulls. Each bird collected during the fall was aged by determining the degree of skull ossification. These data are summarized and updated in Table 6. Most frequent injuries were to the head and bill. Weather and Bird Mortality: Spring: Synoptic weather patterns were noted for 36 days in the spring, beginning on April 23rd and ending on riay 28th. Of these days, 12 had recorded bird mortalities, with the bulk of tnem occurring between May loth and May 14th. On these five days there were 61 recorded nortalities. The total for the spring season was 77. Each day was categorized as to the actual synoptic pattern, and the usual breakdown into seven synoptic types was made. The data for each category and the observed mortalities are given in Table 7. As in past years, the highest mortalities were associated with weatner patterns that favored migration. In the spring this usually occurs with southerly flow in advance of an approaching cold front (synoptic category L-2). Such weather occurred on only two days in the spring of 1978, but on both occasions there '. ere 13 nortalities. The only other category with high nortality was L-1, which resulted in 28 mortalities on May 13th. May 10th through the 14th presented a strong and somewhat unusual weather pattern. On the morning of tiay loth a cold front passed
southwestward over Lake Eric and then stalled in western Pennsylvania. On tha 12th a low pressure system began forming over Lake Erie. In-stead of noving, this low continued to deepen and remained stationary; extensive rain occurred throughout the Great Lakes region during the period. On the 15th the low moved into western Maryland, where it remained, weakening until it dissipated on the 19th. It was during this period that 61 nortalities occurred, the highest being 28 on May 13th when the low was strongest. Fall: The fall 1978 weather patterns in the Lake Eric region were somewhat nontypical for the season of year. Normally the area is dominated by large, slowly moving, mostly polar high-pressure systems that bring cool, dry, " fall-like" weather to the area. This year, particularly in September, there were no strong high pressure systems, and the numbers of days for which high-and low-pressure patterns dominated were nearly equal for the two-month period. Weather analyses were carried out for 50 consecutive evenings, beginning on September 2 (evening of the 1st, morning of the 2nd) and ending on October 21; during this period there were 27 days that were classified as high-pressure events and 23 as low-pressure events. Past observations have shown that bird mortalities during the f all tend to be associated with the occurrence of high pressure; in the spring, with low pressure systems. Thus mortality appears to be rela *ed to migratory movements, since the fall migration usually follows a cold frontpassage and is associated with the northerly flow of air at the leading edge of a high pressurc system. In the spring the reverse is the case, with migration occurring on the trailing edge
of highs in advance of an oncoming cold front. Again fall 1978 was nontypical. Of the 78 recorded nortalities, 36 were found to be associated with high-pressure systems, while 35 were found to be associated with low-pressure systems. The date with the most mortalities (19) was, in fact, a low pressure event. September 13th, the date with the 19 mortalities, was not a typical weather pattern for that time of year. In the 24 hours preceding 0700 hours on the 13tn, approximately .6 inch of rain had fallen over the western Lake Erie basin, and rainfall was extensive throughout the Midwest. On the preceding day a weak cold front lay over Lake Erie in an east-west direction. By the 13th this front had begun to reorganize as warm front associated with a low pressure system developing over the high plains. Thus during the evening of the 12th and norning of the 13th, cold air lay just north of Lake Erie, while the southern shore was the scene of a developing frontal pattern with warm frontal type precipitation. Removal of September 13th from the analysis yields a more expected pattern. Of the eight days with the leading edge of a high over Lake Erie, six had recorded mortalities. No other weather conditions re-sulted in such a high percentage of days with mortalities. In fact, there were 13 (or 36% of the high pressure days had a mortality re-corded. In Tabic 8 the breakdown of mortalities by synoptic weather patterns is shown. Analysis of the data as they appear in the table verifies past observations that mortality is most likely to occur when migration is most expected, and that it can and does occur under any synoptic weather condition. Mortalities were most frequent when the leading edge of a high pressure system was over western Lake Erie and the
_a_ flow of air was northerly. Post-frontal low-pressure patterns (L-4) Also appeared to result in relatively high mortality. This perhaps was predictable in that again the air flow was northerly, which en-couraged migration. Category L-4 is in effect a transition from low to high pressure, and the difference between categories H-1 and L-4 is basically that the former has anti-cyclonic flow, while the latter has cyclonic.
== Conclusions:==
The fall 1978 patterns appear to be consistent with those of the past several years. Significant mortality occurred on one or two days, while it was low on most others. Patterns that encouraged migration were ones that showed slightly higher mortalities. Perhaps the intensity and duration of a " poor" weather event, like september 13th, determines the degree to which mortality occurs. In any case, the observations have and continue to show that mortalities will occur, and that in the fall they are more likely to occur under certain synoptic conditions, particularly those supporting northerly air flow. However, mortalities did not exceed 100 birds in any 24-hour period, thus indicating that the site was within specifications.
Tab 1n 1. 'ineci"n rrcovnrrd at 0:'vi: c uclr,r I o'-r it it.t on nito during the prirv. ninrntcry cn" con, 1073. npociei A.C.U.* CT 3T Totals __-=_ __ ... _ _ _ . Virgin n Rail 212 1 1 Hoch Dove 313 1 1 Long-billnd f.' 'rch "tren 725 1 1 C'.tbird 704 1 1 Swninson's Thrush 753 1 1 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 749 1 1 ~lihite-eyed Virco 631 1 1 Yellow-throated Virco G20 1 1 Red-eyed Virco 624 7 3 10 Philadclphin Virco GPG 2 P r31.,ck and whito licrblrr G30 9 9 Goldrn-wincied ~.inrbirr G42 1 1 Blur _wingrd /!nrbler C41 1 1 llachville 't ,r51er C49 1 1 Yellow starbler 650 1 1 thonolia "larbler 657 G G Dlack-throated Blue ?larbler ES4 1 1 Yellow-rumped ?larbler GBS 3 3 G1 c!:-throcted Grer n 7/arbler 667 0 Bleckburnian larbler CGP 2 2
^
Chontnut-ni.ded "Inrblrr GSU E Bay- bron-- ted 'l 'rb.i rr G60 3 1 a 9 0 Ovenbird G?4 Yellowthrort 631 1 1 13 Yellow-brranted Chrit 603 1 1 6'3G 1 1 "lilson 's 'llarbirr An ric'n W d7t rt 607 3 3
? o Northern Priolo 507 Slato-colored Junco 067 1 1 Bang Sparrow 591 1 1 1 1 Linidentificd Flycrtchrr Total Birds 70 G 78
====
+
= f.'o . cf ter A.C .I' . Chnch-lin t of I! orth Annric"n "iirds CT = Cooling Tower 3T = tinit I Duilding
Tnble 2. Families represented in birds recou' red at Davis-3c- c ::ocin,r rowcr Stition sito during the snring migr.7 tory car.ons of 1C?? and 1':78. Figures in parentheses represent percent values. Spring 1977 Spring 1C73 Family CT ST TL Total CT ST Total King 1 cts (Regulidan) 3(8) 3(6) 1(1) 1(1) 'llarbirrs (Pnrulidae) 15(30) 15(31) 51(73) 2(25) 53(69) Finchet (Fringillidae) 4(10) 1(50)5(11) 1(1) 1(13) 2(2)
- .'.inids (Mimidae) 1(17) 1(2) 1(1) 1(1)
Others 7(17) S(83) 1(50)13(27) 1S(23) 5(62) 20(26) Rails (Rallidae) 1 1 1 1 Pigeons (Columbidae) 1 1 1 1 Dr. Creeper (Certhidae) 1 1 2 llrens (Troglodytidae) 1 1 1 1 Thrushes (Turdidan) 4 9 11 3 14
'/ircos(Viroonidae) S 2 ?
Icterids(Icter3dac) Unidentificd 11(27) 11(23) 1(1) 1(1) To tal. birds 40(83) G(13) 2(4) 48(100) 70(90) 8(10) 70(100) CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit I Structures TL = Tr,nnmi sien linen
Tabic 3. Specion recnvered at Onvis-3c c.c t'ucle,r l'oarr it-tion cito during the fall migr, tory scanon, 1970. specien A.O.UI CT ST Totaln Orown Creeper 726 1 1 Golden-crowned Kinnlet 740 1 1 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 749 S 1 G Red-cyed Virco 674 4 1 S I'hiladelphia Virco G26 1 1 2 Olack nnd vihite 'llarbler 635 1 1 f!nchvillo 'larbler 64G 2 2 I'arula 'larbler 048 1 1 f.lagnolia Jiarbler GS7 4 4 Olnck-throated Blue Vlarbler GS4 2 2 Yellow-rumped ',lnrbler GSS 2 2 01_ckburnian nrbler GG? 5 5 Chnntnu t-sirled '?l 'rbler GS9 3 3 nny-brc~.trd arbler GCC 9 1 10 Glec!: pol.1 "larbinr GG1 4 1 S G74 2 ? Ovenbird Yello"ithrnat G81 G G 2 ? Canada 'Inrbl.cr GBG An ric'n Rodetert 637 2 2 1 Shirp-tailed Sparrow S49 1 1 Gwnnp Sparrow SG4 1 1 Sonq Gnnrrow 501 1 Unidentified birds G G Tot,1 Pirdn GF, G 71
===--
CT = Cooling Tower GT = Unit I Gtructurco
Tobic 4. Fa"1111cs represented in birds recoverrd at D'v'.c-3cmre flucienr Poeror titation site during thn fal.1 m!.nratory concons of 1C77 and 1973. Figuroc in parenthescs repror.nnt percent values. Fall 1977 Fall 1978 Family CT ST Total CT ST Total Kinglets (Regulidae) 17(13) 17(11) G(10) 1(17) 7(10) riarblers(Perulidae) 8S(65)13(65)98(65) 41(63) 2(33) 43(61) Finches (Fringillidac) 8(6) 8(6) 3(4) 3(4) Othera 13(10) 2(10) 1S(10) S(8) 3(50) O(11) Rails (Ra'lidae) 1 1 F'igeons(Columbindac) 1 1 Vloodot thers (Picidac) 1 1 2 Flycatchers (Tyranidae) 1 1 R br.f;uthatch (Sittidae) 2 2 Creepers (Certhiidae) 1 1 1 1
!rens (Troglodytidae) . 2 2 f *imids (fiinidae) 1 1 Vircos(Virconidae) 3 1 4 5 2 7 Icterids(Icteridae)
Unidentified 8(6) S(25)13(9) 10(1S) 10(14) Total birds 131(87)20(13)151(100) GS(92)6(8) 71(100) CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit I 3tructurns
Table S. Avinn nort.itian rer. overed at the Onvis Be nc ritr durinq the migratory no., conn (1972 - 1978) nu.amnrized by familins. Figures in parrnthenes reprcrent percrnt values. Fr.mily Sprinq Fn]1 Kinglets (angulidae) 10(3.8) 242(24.0) 'llarblers (Parulidae) 269 (56.9) SSS(55.1) Finches (Fringillidae) 47(9.9) 3G(3.G) flimids (Mimidae) 10(3.0) 2(0.2) Oth rs 106(29.4) 122(12.1) Unidentified 1S(3.2) c0 (S.0) Total Girds 473(100) 1007 (100)
Tabic 6. Summary of necropsy examinations of Davin 3ecce site avian mortalities fall 1972 - fall 1978 31te or type of injury FA':ILY HEf?ATCf2A CN HEAD HZf'ATUfaA CRUCHED FRACTURZS 3ILL f1ECK f;G NO. BIR33+ light heavy on breast skull tibio- tarso- wing injury broken signs examined tarsus m,ta-tarsus .Trdeidae 1 1 Rallidae 7 1 1 1 2 2 1 8 Laridae 1 1 1 Columbidac 3 3 1 1 6 Picidae 4 1 1 1 5 Tyr.nnidae
. 7 1 1 1 1 11 1
Corvidae 1 Gittidae 1 2 1 3 Carthiidae 1 S 1 6 Troglodytidae 4 5 1 1 10 f.limidae 6 7 1 1 1 9 Turdidae 8 5 ' 1 1 13 Reculidae 114 84 2 12 12 49 1 13 211 1 Sturnidae 1 1 Virconidae 38 34 2 4 8 3 2 3 4 77 Parulidae 375 161 31 46 4 3C 118 8 23 559 Icteridae S 1 1 2 2 10 1 Thrau idae 1 Fringillidao 33 15 3 5 2 6 1 1 49 Ploccidae 1 1 2 Totals 6C9 313 9 41 77 4 54 183 17 46 934 +
=2 engl.f 'i:rd may be cited in cno or more columns.
Table 7. Summary of spring synoptic weather patterns Synoptic Categories Mortalities Average H-1 0,0,0,0,1,6,1 1.1 H-2 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 0. H-3 2,0,0,3,0,0,0,2 0.9 L-I 0,1,0,28,4 6.6 L-2 13,13 13.0 L-3 0 0. L-4 0,0,0,0,3,0 0.5
Table 6. S umma ry o f fall synoptic weatner patterns Synoptic heatner Categories individual f brtal i ty Observations Average Dai l y Mortal ity H-1 leading edge of a high pressure 0,2,0,2,4,2,1,4 1.9 system over western Lake Erie (northerly flow) n-2 high pressure center over western 0,0,3,0,0 0.6 Lake Erie (calm or variable flow) n-3 traiiing edge of a high pressure 2,0,4,0,0,0,3,I,0,6,2,0,0,0 1.3 system over western Lake Erie (southerly flow) L-l low pressure center near or over 0 0.0 western take Eric L-2 warm sector witn a cold front C 1,0,2,0,0,0,2,0 0.4 immediately to the west or north-west of western Lake Erie L-3 warm front o vc r or immediately 0,0,19,1,1,0,0,0 2.6 to the south of western Lake Erie L-4 post frontal conditions with a 3,0,0,0.7 2.0 low to the east or northeast of western Lake Erie
- 10. l . Di; l.bution of 65 rnortalities recoverec _t the cooling tower during the 1978 cpring migration period. Recovery locaticns indicated by O . O O A o 00 .
O o o0 0o N o g O o O e 00 o e 00@ oOgO g O O n o oe( O o e Noo 3 o -r oo o n = 16 (25%) n = 36(55%) - Oo O O O oOeses 's o Oo s&N o
- C')o 0 3 _COOLIN G TOWER ' Ds ~~~
o Spring 1978 e out - ta ke o oO o o
'n = 5( 8%) , ' nz8(12%) e o--
0
- O
/o o ]]
o 6 o 00 0 0 o~ o o q o o o o o
'o 0 10 20 30 40 50 m t
RO^D
Fig. 2. A) U,cen frcourncy of bird mortalitier 5:.- curdrante at eccling toncr fcr the crrint' nrriodr. 1970 - 1E7L.
- 2) !!can frecuency of bird nortalitinc 5: cuadrcntr et ecoling to::cr for th: fall prricdc 1E73 - 1E7L. Thr fcll 1977 is excluded cinen the majority of birds wcrr found floating in the tower barc.
A) L B) 1) N N 13%M 54% 4% M30% SPRING M f FALL 12% W 21 % 15%M 52 %
Fig.3 aistribution or a :ortalitics recovered during the 1973 spring C and 6 mortalitics recovered during the 1973 fall migratory periodo at the Unit I str'cture. Fall recoveries indiccted by $ . e SO __...O 1 5 2 6 O o O** N f I UNIT I S T R U CT U R ES O = Spring 1978 O 9 = Fall 1978 7 O 3 0 10 20 30 40 m
Fig. 4. Distribution of SS mortalities recot ad at the cooling tower during _ the 19/8 fall migration period. Recovery locations indicated Y* _ . . O g , O g ) O o ' d O 0 0 N 3 0 g
' i- : ,\
OO O G 5 - ~s n = 7 (10.8 %) n = 17 (26,2 %) 's 0O e 's___ 00 COOLI N G TOWER O Fall 1978 - G -Y O n = 17 i2 6.2 %) n = 24 ( 3 6.9%) C~) O . O
. e 0
O OO OO O O O g3 OO . O O i O O O 10 20 3,0 4,0 50 m I ( R0AD ,
XVI SECTION 3.1.2.b.2 VEGETATION SURVEY
VEGETATION MONITORING WITH AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY AND GROUND OBSERVATIONS AT THE DAVIS-BESSE - NUCLEAR POWER PLANT SITE DURING 1978 PREPARED FOR TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY TOLEDO, OHIO ~ SUBMITTED BY NORTHERN ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES DIVISION NUS CORPORATION PITTSBURGH, PA ~ CLIENT NO. 2039 DECEMBER 1978 PREPARED BY R. R. PELLEK PROJECT MANAGER s APPROVED BY
- -_ =--
B Q . JOHNSON MANAGER W
f TABLE OF CONTENTS Page I
SUMMARY
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 IV RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION. . . . . . . . . . . . 5 V FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . g %l*
w 9 V W
S &L%RY Aerial color infrared photography and ground reconnaissance were used to assess the distribution and condition of vegetation, and to locate and identify patterns of major vegetation stress on the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power 'lant site and its immediate environs. There was no in-dication that operation of the cooling tower contributed to the vegetation stress on the Davis-Besse Site. Ground inspection revealed that within a radius of two miles from the cooling tower aquatic vegetation covers about two-thirds of the area. Past and present indications of vegetation stress are associated, for the most part, with fluctuations of the level of surface water and/ or the ground water table. Mortality was observed for ash, swamp white oak, eastern cottonwood, black willow and honey locust. Individual trees and small stands were af fected. Minor defoliation of ash leaves was due to a smut disease. The various vegetation types and location of stressed vegetation are depicted on a map (Figure 1).
INTRODUCTION The objectives of the vegetation monitoring program now being conducted by NUS Corporation at the Davis-Besse plant are to detect and assess stresses on vegetation in the vicinity of the plant. Stresses are determined by comparing periodic photo-graphic records taken with infrared photography. These patterns, past and existing, are evaluated to determine if the operation of the plant's cooling towers is affecting the vegetation near the plant. 2
METHODS The vegetation monitoring program being conducted by NUS involves: (1) acquisition of aerial infrared color photographs; (2) preliminary selection of areas of apparent stress; (3) ground verification and documentation of vegetative conditions and/or stress and; (4) pre-paration of interpretative maps. Aerial Photography Aerial infrared (IR) color photography at a scale of 1:6000 was flown by Aerial Surveys, Inc., of North Canton, Ohio on August 17, 1978. Af ter interpretation of the film began, it was discovered that 130 acres of mixed marshland, cropland and residential areas northwest of the Davis-Besse site and adjacent to Lake Erie was missing. This was due to photographer error as confirmed by Walter Olmstead of Aerial Surveys, Inc. Photo Interpretation The IR contact prints were interpreteu directly to identify differences in vegetation type and to determine potential stress patterns within a 2 mile radius of the cooling tower. A single mosaic of prints was constructed to facilitate accurate drawing of the radius. Color, tone and textural signatures were used to detect and identify areas of potential stress. 3
Ground Inspection and Cover Mapping After initial interpretation of the IR prints and selection of the areas for ground truthing, a field trip was conducted on the Davis-Besse site and environs on September 20-21, 1978. Ground observa-tions were conducted by Richard Pellek and Terry Rojahn of NUS Corporation who were accompanied on site by Mr. Ken Mauer and Mr. Matt Collins of Toledo Edison Cc=pany. General reconnaissance atd observations of specific points were conducted by walking and driving through the study area. Eleven field inventory plots of characteristic vegetation were described for subsequent preparation of an interpretative map (Figure 1). 4
RESULTS AND INTERPRETATION Nearly one-half of the area within the two mile radius from the cooling tower is occupied by Lake Erie. Of the remainder, aquatic regimes (marsh, wetland, open water) occupy about two-thirds of the surface. Overall topography of the terrain of the area is rather flat and most of the land is devoted to agriculture (Figure 1). Distince vegetation associations on nonfarm land is largely influenced by drainage. Low areas, especially those close to Lake Erie, are primarily of the elm-ash-maple forest type. American cim, ash, and red and silver maple are important canopy species but eastern cottonwood and willow are also common. Viburnums , buttonbush and smartweed are common in the understory. Cattails, pickerel weed, American lotus and duck-weed are important aquatic plants which occur in impoundments and minor depressions throughout the area. On the better drained sites, swamp white oak, red oak, honey locust and basswood are dominants in the canopy. Hawthorne, boxelder, dogwood and mulberry are well represented in the subcanopy. On gravel fill areas black walnut, yellow poplar and hackberry are common. Virginia creeper and wild grape are conspicuous climbers which invade the area. Multiflora rose, viburnum, clearweed and other sub-canopy species are prominent. 5
Dead trees are distributed sporadically but are mest of ten found where there is evidence of past or current fluctuations in the level of surface or ground water. Most of the dead trees are cottonwoods. Several dead cottonwoods appear on the IR photography as white " ghosts" in or near standing water. South of the cooling tower, several large dead and dying swamp white oak, honey locust and ash appeared to reflect changes in drainage. Extensive defoliation of ash, willow, oak and sycamore southeast of the cooling tower appears to be related to lot il flooding. Off-site, dead trees are restricted to small star.. where active drainage problems are evident. Leaf defoliation cue to smut disease is a minor stress condition wnich occurs in small groups of ash. There is no evidence that operation of the cooling tower b.ts created any stresses on the vegetation of the Davis-Besse Site. All major stress symptoms appear to be related to drainage problems as shown by Figure 1. One minor stress condition is pathogenic in origin. 6
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TERRESTRIAL ECOLOGY MONITORING FOR Tile DAVIS-3 ESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION, UNIT I ANNUAL REPORT, JANUARY 1978 v Prepared for Toledo Edisor Conpany Toledo, Ohio by Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 v
/f Ers /b"EG Inveronmental Studies Center Bow h n g Creen. Ohio 4140 3
'NC] Bowling Green State University abD W (419) 172 0207 MQ ANNUAL REPORT TERRESTRIAL MONITORING PROGR,tM JANUARY 1979 Preface During 1978, the first year that Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant was fully operational, terrestrial monitoring continued at both the Davis-Besse site and Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge (reference site) . Data were collected on soil, flora, fauna, and meteorology. As in previous years, interrelationships between soil moisture and germination and survival of seedlings were investigated. Trends appeared similar to other years. Saturated soil conditions in early spring appeared to influence nutrient uptake, soil oxygen, and thus successful germination, survival, and growth. Optimum moisture en-hanced seedling survival, while limited or excessive moisture in the spring or fall decreased survival. In the spring of 1978, saturated soils at both the Cooling Tower Woods and Ottawa reference site re-sulted in increased seedling mortality. Changing canopy conditions also were found to influence species composition. If stabilization of soil moisture occurs from the operation of the cooling tower, a more stable, shade-tolerant plant community could result. As in previous years, soil temperature and soil moisture data were taken at three peninsula sites, two Cooling Tower Woods sites, and two Ottawa Wildlife Refuge control sites. Data for all five rcporting years from the sumac community of the peninsula and the Fulton soil area of the Tower Woods have been summarized, graphically. i
Some general trends have been noted from the five years of data collected from these two areas. These trends show seasonal variations and changes which can be expected to occur in the Ful-ton soil area of the Tower Woods and the sumac community of the peninsula. Organic matter remains relatively low in the sumac community as compared to the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods. In both areas, cation exchange capacity fluctuates with changes in organic matter. In the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods, fluctuations in organic matter and cation exchange capacity have shown that organic matter and clay both are partially responsible for the cation exchange capacity in the Fulton soil. Soil moisture appears to be an important variable at both study sites. As indicated, spring, summer, and fall moisture conditions are critical to plant growth and survival. The Fulton soil of the Tower Woods has experienced extreme seasonal moisture variations, while soil moisture at the peninsula site exhibits more moderate changes. Data were collected on amphibians, reptiles, small and larger mammals, and birds. Small mammal populations fluctuated seasonally, and at the Davis-Besse and Ottawa sites were nonsynchronous, as observed in previous years. Reptile, amphibian, and winter bird populations and species diversity at both sites remained relatively stable. However, spring and summer bird populations decreased in diversity from the preceding year. Meteorological data were collected at three climatological stations at Davis-Eesse, one station at the Ottawa site, and at ii
the Bowling Green State University inland reference station from January 6 to December 22, 1978. Data are presented in monthly climatological summaries and in graphic form depicting weekly in-terstation deviations. In ti me , it is these variations between stations that will be the basis for determining any signigicant long-term environmental impacts. The Davis-Besse facility was fully opertcional for only a portion of the year. During most of the spring bird mig..ation season the cooling tower was not in use. Consequently, any direct impact of the facility operations would have been of relatively short duration. For none of the parameters studied in the various communities did we find any evidence of alteration or modification as a result of the cooling tower or other site operations. Variations between the Davis-Besse and Ottawa Refuge (control) sites were as great as variations within the communities. William B. Jackson Director and Professor of Biology Editor iii
ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-DESSE TERRESTRI AL MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY, 1979 A. Plant Communities Ernest S. Hamilton During the spring and fall of 1978 seedlings of woody species were sampled at all permanent sites at both Davis-Besse and the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. This included the 213 permanent x 2M quadrats in the five wooded areas at Davis-Besse and the 180 quadrats at the Ottawa site (Fig. A-1 & A-2). Davis-Besse Site: The vegetation and soil noisture data presented represent a continuation of data included in previous reports. These additional data are summarized, and some comparisons with previous years are made. Cooling Tower Woods: Moisture conditions in both the Toledo and Fulton soils were very high in the spring of 1973, with 100% saturation lasting well into July (Fig. A-3 ) . Visual observations indicated a wet surface in the Fulton soil and stand *.ng water in the areas of Toledo soils during much of the spring. The result-ing reduced aeration, particularly in the Toledo soil, undoubtedly reduced nutrient uptake, which in turn increased seedling mortality (IIanilton and Limbird, 1979). The late summer and fall of 1978 were characterized by some-what reduced soll noisture levels. This was particularly true in the Toledo soils, although some recharge was evident in the Fulton soils. tbisture levels in late fall fron October through the first part of November were zero, and noisture recharge did not commence
A-2 until the middle of November (Fig. A-3 ) . These moisture conditions, particularly in the Toledo soils, are reflected by the decrease in total numbers of individuals of the various species surviving in the Fulton soils undoubtedly re-flect the absence of spring standing water. Celtis occidentalis thus is able to germinate successfully and persist under these conditions of better soil aeration. The success rate of individuals occurring on the two soils from spring to fall of 1978 is almost identical (approximately 831) and further exemplifies the critical nature of the spring moisture conditions. If moisture levels permit species to germinate and persist, then they appear to be able to survive the normal drying conditions imposed during the late summer and early fall. These same trends are evident from the yearly data presented in Figure A- 3 and Tables Al&2.Both the spring and fall periods of 1975 were very moist. Consequently, species that were able to germinate in the spring did not survive the unusually moist condi-tions that persisted during the growing season, and the success rate dropped to about 28%. The somewhat drier spring conditions of 1976 then facilitated an increase in numbers of individuals, nany of which were able to survive rSe moderately moist conditions of the fall of 1976. The success rate during this period increased to approximately 79%. These same trends are illustrated when individual species are examined. Celtis occidentalis responds favorably to fluctuating seasonal moisture conditions. Thus, in the Fulton soil, seedling uortality is about 50% during the wet year of 1975. The increase
A-3 in numbers from the spring of 1976 through the spring of 1978 indi-cates that moisture conditions fall within this species' range of tolerance. The Toledo soils, however, appear to be too wet for survival of Celtis. If germination does occur, the seedlings do not survive. Cornus drummondi appears also to be intolerant of the wetter Toledo soils. Apparently the dry fall of 1974 allowed some seed germination and survival, but higher moisture conditions in sub-sequent years prevented establishment. Ilackberry-Box Elder and Hackberry II Communities: The moisture profiles for these two conmunities are illustrated in Figure A-4. Soil moisture in general appears to be more stable and the extremes are not as pronout;ed as in the Cooling Tower Woods. The Hackberry-Box Elder community appears to have adequate noisture during the grow-ing season, even though it is somewhat lower and not as well drained as the Hackberry Il community. The more stable noisture conditions are reflected in the seedling data, particularly Celtis occidentalis. This species has increased in nunbers dramatically, with very little decline from spring to fall 1978. The success rate of almost 93% indicates nearly optimum soil moisture conditions throughout the grow-ing season. The absence of spring flooding allowed a high germination rate with high survival through the growing season (Tables A-3 & A-4). Acer negundo, however, is declining rapidly even though soil moisture should not be limiting. The 75% drop in nunbers indicates some other factor. The response is undoubtedly to light, since visual observations the last few years indicated the canopy closing
A-4 over. This, coupled with increases in numbers and bulk of other species, produced an increase in shade, probably somewhat beyond the limits of tolerance for this species. Thus, even though there is an adequate seed source and ample moisture, light is restrict-ing the success of Acer negundo. The short-lived nature of this species, coupled with dying of the present mature trees, will fur-ther restrict it. Undoubtedly, it will be eliminated and replaced with Celtis in the foreseeable future. The Itackberry II community represents a developmental contin-uation from the IIackberry-Box Elder community. The earlier succes-sional species of Acer negundo and Prunus virginiana are non-impor-tant in this community even though moisture is adequate. Celtis occidentalis has again increased steadily in numbers in the seedling layer in response to the somewhat moderate soil moisture conditions that lack the more violent fluctuations characteristic of the Cool-ing Tower Woods. The thicker soil horizons and better soil develop-ment undoubtedly contribute to this adequate moisture supply. Ottawa IJational Wildlife Refuge: This woods was previously described in last year's report. During 1978 seedlings of woody species were sampled for the firsc time in the spring and fall of the same year (Table A-5). This layer is definitely dominated by Rhus radicans which is characteristically a shade intolerant species. It would appear that previous high lake water levels produced saturated soil conditions for long periods of time. Consequently, many canopy species either are now dying out or have already succumbed to the lack of oxygen and nutrient uptake. Many large canopy openings are the result. These high light areas on the forest floor are now filled with poison ivy. Moisture con-
A-5 ditions during this sampling period appear somewhat moderate (Fig. A-5) with the result that wetter type species in the canopy, such as Quercus palustris and Q. macrocarpa are not survivin" in the seedling layer. General Trends: As pointed out in the previous report, the most striking and revealing aspect of the data collected is the dramatic fluctuation of seedlings of woody species from season to season and year to year. In general, it appears that saturated soil and standing water in the early spring influence nutrient uptake, soil oxygen and thus successful seed germination and subsequent survival over the growing period. For instance, the abundance of soil moisture in the spring and particularly the fall of 1975 retarded seedling survival and resulted in a dramatic decrease in actual numbers. The spring of 1976, however, was somewhat dry, but moisture conditions improved over the growing season. Consequently, numbers of individuals of most species increased. This trend continued through the spring of 1978 before a significant decrease in numbers of individuals of the various species occurred. The data also indicate the importance of other environmental factors that may overshadow soil moisture. This is particularly true of changing canopy conditions which directly influence the amount of light that penetrates to the forest floor. Successional species that may tolerate fluctuating or saturated spring moisture conditions are nevertheless climinated when their light tolerance range is surpassed. Con sequen tly , species composition in the various study arcas is slowly changing. If soil moisture conditions are stabilized by input of moisture from plant operation, the process of
A-6 natural succession may be increased and a shade tolerant and rela-tively stable community may be created. This hypothetical community would undoubtedly not be the true climax of the area, but would be maintained by artificial conditions.
== Conclusions:==
No significant short-term effects on plant communities or dif-ferences between quadrats at the Davis-Besse and Ottawa sites can be determined from the data collected during the first operational year of the cooling tower. Data for the !!ackberry I and Kentucky Coffee Tree communities a'so have been included (Tables A-6 & A-7) . However, due to the small size of these study areas, no conclusions have been made concerning these two communities. References llamilton , E.S. and A. Limbird. In Press. Soil-plant relationships of a specific woodlot in Ottawa County, Ohio: soil types and arbores-cent species. Ohio J. Science.
Figure A-l. Vegetation monitoring study areas, Davis-Besse Site. From January, 1977, Semi-Annual Davis-Besse Terrestrial Monitoring Contract Report. p. A-18.
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TA52 A-1 Phytosociological data fer Caling Twer hoods derived frc:a fall and spring (1/2 x 2 n) quadrat studies, 1974-76, fall 1977 ad sprang .and fall 1978, mm M as cr Isory:nuats FJLTON SOIL (N=71) T0LEDO SOIL ().=35) Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Sprir.g Fall SOFCIES 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 7S 78 Parthenoc issus quinquefolia 42 72 18 93 19 497 165 137 5 78 10 12 4 208 57 26 Celtis occidentalis 45 87 40 15 43 50 100 87 3 3 6 4 4 14 6 4 Rhus raJicans 48 102 37 67 72 92 201 245 41 63 25 33 44 62 102 113 Acer negundo 33 531 125 154 104 539 434 304 8 186 42 33 23 238 26 21 Rites a.nericanum 23 24 12 28 35 123 43 32 35 40 29 40 31 41 23 52 Crataegus sp. 14 26 10 5 17 7 74 70 1 16 1 10 3 38 15 Vitis sp. 7 27 2 5 1 21 42 8 16 23 4 4 2 20 32 14 Cornus dru-aandi 7 to 1 2 4 28 18 9 14 2 1 Gledit sia triacanthos 1 15 1 2 21 11 5 1 31 3 13 6 Prunus sirginiana 1 4 2 1 1 U1:us rt.tra 1 1 2 Lonicera tatarica 10 4 10 1 F raxinus pennsylvanica 1 Gymnocladas dioica 3 4 Rabas sp. 2 1 Solan n dalcam ra 1 12 10 Menispermum canadense 1 TOTALS 223 909 250 379 298 1350 1105 913 121 455 115 157 115 586 309 262 O O O
TABE / ' Fhytosociological data for Cooling Taer Woods derived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 n,) qu.Jrat studies, 1974-76, fall 1977 a..d 3;' ring and fall 1978.
."PORTANCE VAlt:FS FULTON SOIL (Na71) TGLEDO SOIL (N=35)
Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Sff,C!! S 74 75 75 76 76 77 75 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 ?8 Parthenoclssas gainquefolia 23.36 16.00 10.44 24.72 8.27 34.50 14.41 14.63 5.48 16.02 7.50 7.53 4.53 31.20 16.99 10.33 Celtis ocridentalis 17.52 11.51 19.61 6.13 17.49 5.95 11.71 12.80 2.55 1.43 6.83 2.63 4.81 3.88 3.78 3.04 Rhas radicans 16.49 11.51 11.79 14.42 19.38 7.75 15.63 20.85 26.69 14.48 16.95 19.43 29.86 9.44 23.65 30.03 Acer redunJo 13.42 40.33 40.61 37.31 32.18 35.25 31.44 28.14 9.49 27.56 25.66 20.74 18.51 36.40 11.23 10.93 Ribes americanum 11.21 3.93 6.88 9.75 12.50 9.20 5.12 4.80 25.93 12.59 35.93 27.87 30.15 9.37 7.26 19.95 Crataegus sp. 7.64 4.09 4.65 1.52 6.13 0.80 8.40 10.45 2.83 4.10 1.30 5.77 2.64 11.82 8.25 Vitis sp. 6.32 6.17 2.00 2.96 0.68 3,25 4.22 1.69 18.25 12.10 5.84 15.02 7.16 5.46 13.61 8.83 Cornus drsanondi 2.67 1.46 0.95 1.09 3.03 4.83 3.50 5.25 2.67 2.33 0.97 Gleditsia trianeanthos 0.47 3.33 0.65 0.75 3.25 2.59 1.45 1.09 8.62 4.21 7.03 4.97 Frunus *.irginiana 0.47 0.60 0.52 0.30 0.42 U1=us rubra 0.47 0.21 2.44 Lonicera tatarica 0.87 2.41 2.11 0.92 Fraxinus pennsylvanica 1.02 Cyv.ocladus dioica 0.34 0.74 Rabu s sp. 0.30 0.30 Solanus dalcamara 0.24 Men t sperm.m canadense 0.30 2.63 *2.70 TOTALS 100.04 100.01 99.99 100.01 101.33 99.95 99.75 99.95 100.00 99.99 100.01 100.01 99.99 99.96 100.00 100.00 0 0 0
TABLE A-3. Phytosociological data for Hackterry II (N=22) derived frc:n fall and spring (1/2 x 2 m) quadrat stdies,1974-76, fall 1977 .nd spring .nd f all 1976. N;WF25 0F !NDIMDUALS IMPORTGCE VALUES Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall SM CIE S 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 '8 Pr . s virginiana 2 7 6 2.31 4.50 3.87 Parthenocissus gainquefolia 10 20 37 52 104 46 122 11.92 18.30 25.16 24.57 31.97 19.15 29.50 Rhas radicans 8 12 10 18 8 22 13 9 6.84 6.59 10.68 8.26 4.70 9.53 5.85 3.56 Vitis sp. 8 12 4 8 2 10 6 8.39 16.15 16.01 8.46 12.28 4.05 4.25 Staphylea trifolia Celtis occidentalis 18 25 20 44 34 56 95 126 14.93 11.94 27.51 22.23 22.11 23.48 33.95 32.34 Cornas drurondi 33 64 17 27 46 34 39 40 25.55 27.57 26.11 22.10 22.65 16.83 19.50 14.79 R bos occidentalis 7 14 4 8.39 9.18 7.24 Pa.Nias deltoides Fraxinas pennsylvanica Ribes americanum 17 9 8 19 22 22 13 33 17.02 6.40 12.46 12.13 10.80 12.53 5.85 9.96 Lonicera tatarica 1 2 1 4 1 1,61 3.67 1.65 2.89 1.63 ker r.enndo 1 0.91 Cy:nscladas dioica 2 1.04 C!editsia sp. Crataccas sp. 1.25 1.79 S:llax sp. 1 2 1.90 tasa idaeus 4 2.24 Menis; err.ua canadense 5 TMALS 101 158 63 154 168 253 224 351 96.96 99.80 100.01 99.99 100.00 100.02 101.20 100.00 O O O
TABLE A-1 Phytosociological data f ar liackberry Bat-IlJer C#.anunity (N=38) derived from fall and sprir.g (1/2 x 2 m) quadrat studies. 1974-76 fall 1977 and spring and fall 1978. VSbFR5 OF INDIVD:11LS !WRTu'CF \ ALri S Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Qrir.g Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall
- ?EFI!3 74 75 75 76 76 77 ?$ 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 'S 's P v.as virginiana 18 34 25 13 25 57 23 17.61 12.89 18.34 13.06 7.42 7.35 8.01 Parthenxissus quinquefolia 17 40 31 51 98 106 124 22.30 20.19 17.36 28.96 23.13 18.55 23.46 Rh2s radicans 1 1 1 3 2 6 11 10 1.42 0.66 2.78 1,91 1.53 3.76 1.90 3.94 Vitis sp. 3 5 2 3 2 4 4 6.50 3,40 2.10 2.68 0.69 2.10 1.83 Celtis occidentalis 18 31 22 14 33 113 214 201 22.95 13.44 52.01 7.35 19.60 33.37 34.50 37.86 Cornus dru.-sordi 16 16 8 13 9 8 18 12 15.19 5.41 21.47 6.41 8.42 3.32 4.65 4.55 Rites a ericanum 9 19 5 19 12 12 16 14 8.67 6.39 9.85 8.57 8.53 3.37 3.25 3.89 ker negando 5 122 4 90 18 63 88 22 5.35 33.80 10.21 32.24 13.02 21.97 19.00 9.73 CpnaclaJas dioica 8 1 4 4 5 7 4 3.83 3.68 1.88 4.19 2.35 1.90 1.38 Crat ac;us sp. 3 1.84 Robus occidentalis 1 4 6 0.69 1.65 2.50 Scitax sp. 6 2.93 TOTALS 87 276 41 204 145 333 525 426 99.99 1G0.01 100.00 98.00 99.99 100.07 95.15 100.01 O O O
TABII A-5. Seedling data for Ottawa National Wildlife Refur.c Sampling Area. Ottawa Vegetation 1/2 x 2 m, spring and fall 1978. NtrerRs OF INDIVIf"!ALS IffPORTECF VillfFS Spring Fall Spring Fall SPrCtrS 78 78 78 78 Rhus radicans 2356 2686 46.10 51.35 Vitis sp. 175 130 9.95 9.01 Fraxinus sp. 113 160 7.07 9.25 Comus druraondi 211 112 10.30 6.76 Parthenocissus quinquefolia 115 45 3.95 2.75 Ribes ascricanum 83 77 4.30 3.95 Crataegus sp. 24 53 2.06 3.06 Cornus obliqua 9 0.79 Comus amomum 40 40 1.95 2.67 Lindera benzoin 13 17 0.79 0.97 Quercus rubra 13 3 1.54 0.37 Ulmus rubra 11 10 1.32 1.10 Viburnum lentago 9 0.34 Rubus sp. 44 20 2.78 1.23 Tilia americana 11 10 0.97 0.68 Acer saccharinum 8 0.52 Quercus alba 2 0.23 Carya cordiformis 11 1.02 Acer rubrum 13 0.99 Corylus americana 2 0.13 Quercus bicolor 6 18 0.13 1.93 Xanthoxylum americanum 3 5 0.16 0.19 Ostrya virginiana 2 0.23 Prunus virginiana 2 0.22 Carya ovata 5 0.28 Monispermum canadense 18 1 1.10 0.13 Acer negundo 9 0.46 Viburnum sp. 4 39 0.34 2.99 Solanum dulcamara 4 3 0.29 0.26 Cymocladus dioica 5 0.21 Smilax glauca 9 7 0.39 0.73 Populus deltoides 1 0.13 TOTALS 3322 3445 100.39 100.03
TABLt. A-6 Phytosociological data for Hackberry 1 Corr. unity (N=7) derived from fall and spring (1/2 x 2 m) quadrat studies, 1974-76, fall 1977, ad spring ad fall 1978. NINP.ERS Or !NDIV!DUA!_S IWYRTANCE VALUES Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall SPI CIE S 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 70 77 78 78 Pres virginiana 11 13 24 14 26 43 21 24.97 41.63 40.10 24.87 38.50 28.75 25.95 Parthenocissus quingt.efolia 5 2 2 9 10 15 29 28 16.92 11.18 12.40 22.30 29.51 27.50 19.95 30.67 Rh25 radicans 2 1 7.61 Vitis sp. 4 1 6 2 9 4 3 18.02 8.24 9.91 9.32 4.13 3.35 4.97 Staphylea trifolia 10 12 10 8 1 3 11 9 19.41 31.33 5.61 15.78 5.16 9.25 7.75 11.93 Celtis occidentalls 2 2 4 7 1 46 11 4.60 13.42 6.38 17.11 12.38 29.75 22.13 Cornus dr m ondi 11 10 2 6 4 2 16.08 33.05 5.52 14.03 4.13 5.53 4.31 Fraainus pennsylvanica 1 29.91 Gleditsia triacanthos 1 1 9 5.61 4.13 5.01 74 100.00 99.99 100.00 99.99 100.00 100.02 100.09 100.01 TOTALS 43 30 26 53 40 56 146 O O O
TABLE A.7. Phytosxiological d.ta for Kentt.cky Coffee Tree Coraunity (N 6) derived from and fall and spring 2x 2m 76, fall 1977 spring an {1{1 1978 ) quadrat studies, 1974 N'S!BERS 0F INDIVIDCALS IWORTANCE VALUES Fall Spring Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fa!! Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall SPFCIES 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 74 75 75 76 76 77 78 78 Prunus virginiana 2 1 1 4 2 2 11.75 4.77 17.82 25.90 4.25 5.79 Parthenxissus qJinquefOlia 6 9 9 3 12 18 42 40. r , 32.26 45.77 29.11 47.52 27.10 33.80 Rhus r licans 2 3 1 3 1 3 14 1 10.01 8.76 14.35 18.63 13.71 13.67 14.45 2.91 Staphylea trifolia 6 3 4 11 20.16 11.91 33.73 12.00 Celtis occidentalis 1 3 2 5 6 9 7.23 8.14 32.04 25.16 17.40 16.60 Rubus occidentalis 1 2 2 3 5 2 9.87 15.21 34.10 13.67 7.20 3.41 Populus deltoides 2 8.93 Fraxinus peansylvanica 1 1 6.01 13.71 Ribes americanu:s 1 3 2 11.43 8.60 3.41 Cy nocladas dioica 1 1 9.70 3.95 Vitis sp. 2 2 4.25 3.41 Sallas sp. 31 23.30 Gleditsia triacanthas 3 3.95 Acer negt.nda 2 3.41 TOTALS 18 24 17 8 23 62 96 95.99 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.02 99.20 99.99 8 99.95 k O O O
A:4!1UAL REPORT DAVIS-BCSSC TURPLSTRI AL f10:lITORIllG CO:iTFACT JA13UARY 1979 B. Soil Environments Arthur Limbird Department of Geography The ronitoring of the soil environments follows the procedures described in pr vious reports. Soil temperatures and soil ruisture val uca have been ronitored on a weekly or continuous baniu at the three peninsula sites, the two Cooling Tower Woods sites, and the two uttawa Wildlife Re fuge control sites. Soil samples were secured from the peninsula, Tower Woods, and Ottawa sites in summer and from the Tower Woods sites in fall and chemically analyzed as in previous reports. Soil temperature data are reported for the wnole of 1978, while soil noisture data 4.rc reported for the period from the week o f J une 16, 1978, to lovember 24, 1978. Soil Temperatures Weekly air and soil temperature averages were used as in previous reports to sw.anarize the daily temperature changes and to discuss the seasonal changes which have occurred at the conitoring sites. The changes at 10, 20, and 50 cm. depths are assessed for each of the moni-toring sites. The sumac community on the peninsula, the ruiton soil area in the Tower Woods, and the Fulton soil area in the Ottawa Refuge nave continuous soil temperature records for the weeks of December 30, 1977, to December 22, 1978, which represents a continuation of the data presented in the previous report. Soil temperatures fluctuated in response to air temperature enanges with the buffering effect of the soil being more noticeable at tue 50 cm. depth than at the shallower 10 and 20 cm. depths (Table B-1).
The ranges in weekly soil temperatures decreased with depth except for a few weeks as discussed below (Figures B-1, B-2, and B-3). Temperature ranges in the soil peaked in the spring and became more uniform through the summer and fall, especially in the peninsula site. peninsula Area: Soil temperatures in the sumac community of the peninsula area at the 10 cm. depth were somewhat warmer at the start of the data period for 1978 than for the same time in 1977. Tempera-tures remained below freezing until a rapid increase (9.7 0 F.) occurred during the last week of March. Th crease coincides with the rapid thawing in 1977 when a change of 10.4 0 F. occurred in the final week of March. A second large temperature increase occurred in the last week of April, 1978. Through6ut the rest of the spring, the summer, and the early fall, soil temperatures at 10 cm. changed much more gradually than in the early spring. The temperatures did not reach as high a level as in 1977, but fall cooling was delayed considerably in 1978 compared to the previous year. The temperature at 10 cm. was 40 0 F. at the end of IJovember, 1978, in contrast with 33 0 F. for the same time in 1977. Soil moisture levels (see below for more complete discussion) were adequate at 10 cm. in both years, so the cooler summer temperatures and the warmer fall temperatures in 1978 than in 1977 can be attributed to the improved insulation of the increasing litter mat and to the tree canopy which has increased in thickness each reporting year. The range of soil temperatures at the 10 cm. depth also demonstrates the more uniform temperature values for 1978 (Figure B-1). While air temperature ranges were similar to previous years, the soil temperature range fluctuated markedly during the
spring warm-up and thaw period and then became more uniform for the rest of the 1978 reporting period compared to past years. The average soil temperature at the 20 cm. depth in the sumac community remained about the same as at the 10 cm. depth, except that it remained somewhat cooler in the spring and somewhat warmer in the late fall because the response to air temperatures was delayed compared to the shallower depth. Similar to the 10 cm. depth, a pronounced increase in temperature accompanied the end of March thaw. This same increase occurred in 1977. The temperature at 20 cm. cooled more slowly in 1978 than in 1977, reaching 43 0 F. by the end of Nov-ember compared to 31 0 F. for the previous year. Again, the warmer fall temperatures and the cooler summer temperatures compared to previous year. can be attributed to shade and insulation factors of the sumac community. The range of temperatures at the 20 cm. depth snowed a decided peak during the spring warm-up period and then be-came much more uniform through the remainder of 1978 (Figure B-1). The average soil temperatures at the 50 cm. depth in the sumac community generally responded less to air temperature changes than at the 10 and 20 cm. depths. However, the end of March thaw was accompanied by an increase in the weekly average temperature of 5.70 F. During the spring and early summer, temperatures at 50 cm. were very similar to 1977, but peak temperatures were delayed until late summer in 1978 (week of August 18) compared to midsummer (week of July 16) in 1977. The temperature at 50 cm. cooled more slowly in the fall of 1978 than in the previous year, so that at the end o f Nove mbe r , 1978, it was 45 0 F. compared to 39 0 F. in 1977. The
_a_ range of temperatures at the 50 cm. depth did not respond to the spring warm-up period, a situation similar to the previous year. Cooling Tower Woods: The average air temperature in the Tower Woods generally renained somewhat cooler than the peninsula area beginning with the spring thaw and continuing until late Decembar. In 1977, the Tower Woods' air temperatures did not decline as rr'- idly as in the peninsula area; thus the Tower Woods was warmer through the fall 1977 than the peninsula. However, in 1978 the Tower Woods' air temperatures did not exceed those of the peninsula area until the end of October and then again at the end of I:ovember. The generally lower air temperatures in the Tower Woods than in the peninsula area can be attributed to the more dense tree canopy in the Tower Woods which also contributes to a slower warning of the soils of the Tower Woods in the spring. The average soil temperature at 10 cm. responded to changes in air temperatures at the time of initial spring thaw during the week of riarch 31. The spring thaw was somewhat later than in 1977 and similar to the peninsula area for 1978. Perhaps more importantly, the soil temperature at 10 cm. did not warm to 400 P. until the last week in April, 1978, a delay of three weeks compared to the peninsula area in 1978 and to the Tower Woods in 1977. Peak temp-eratures were not reached until early September compared to late July for 1977. In addition, peak temperatures were about 3.5 0 p, lower than the previous year despite air temperatures which were as warm or warmer than in 1977. The temperature at 10 cm. in the Tower Woods cooled more rapidly in November than the peninsula area.
The Tower Woods was more than 8 0 F. cooler than the peninsula by the end of November. Ilowever, by the end of December, the soil tempera-ture at 10 cm. in the Tower Woods was only 1 0 F. cooler than the corresponding temperature in the peninsula area. The range of soil temperatures at 10 cm. was similar to 1977 except the peak values for temperature range occurred earlier in 1978 (early March to early April) than in 1977 (mid-March to early May). The average soil temperature at 20 cm. varied in a manner similar to the 10 cm. depth. Spring thaw occurred in the last week of March in 1978 compared to about one week earlier in 1977. Similar to the 10 cm. depth, the temperature at 20 cm. warred more slowly in the spring than in the peninsula area. The temperature in the Tower Woods reach-ed above 40 0 F. during the last week of April compared to three weeks earlier in the peninsula area in 1978 and two weeks earlier in the Tower Woods in 1977. The temperature at 20 cm. did not reach its peak until early September, 1978, compared to mid-July, 1977. While temperatures at 20 cm. in the Tower Woods reached approximately the same summer levels as in the peninsula area, the temperatures cooled more rapidly in November and early December than the peninsula area and registered about 8.5 0 F. cooler than the peninsula area in early Dece mbe r. The range of soil temperatures at 20 cm. was similar to 1977 cxcept for peak values in the spring which occurred about a month earlier in 1978 (second week in April) than in 1977 (third week in May) and were u3t as pronounced as in 1977. The soil temperatures at the 50 cm. depth generally warmed more slowly than the shallower depths in the Tower Woods and more slowly than the same depth in the peninsula area. The soil thawed at the
6-50 cm. depth one week later in 1978 than in 1977 and did not reach a 40 0 P. average value until early May, 1978, compared to mid-April, 1977. Peak temperatures were not reached until late August, 1978, compared to late July, 1977 The range of temperatures at 50 cm. in the Tower Woods was somewhat higher overall than in 1977, but as in previous years, tnere was no spring peak in temperature ranges in 1978. The overall delay in soil warning in the Tower Woods in 1978 compared to 1977 seems to have contributed to two general relation-ships in 1978: first, the cooler soil temreratures appear to have contributed to a delayed drying of the Tower Woods' soils; dryness in late sumner and fall 1978 coincides with temperatures that were warmer for this time period than in 1977; and second, abundant moisture in the fall of 1977 carried over to spring, 1978, influenc-ing the germination rate of plant species (see Section A). The late summer and fall dryness further had an effect on the regeneration rate or success rate of plants (see Section A). Gttawa Control Area The average air temperatures at Ottawa were generally more similar to the Tower Woods than to the peninsula area; temperatures were lower than in the peninsula area from the spring thaw in late March to the end of the data reporting period. The soil temperatures were not accurate during January to March, 1978, and the renote re-cording thermograph was then recalibrated to more accurately record the soil temperatures (Table B-1). The soil temperature at 10 cm. at the Ottawa site generally waa warmer than the same depth in the Tower Woods. Terperatures reached
maximum values in late July, 1978, compared to early July, 1977, and early September, 1978, in the Tower Woods. The range of temperatures at Ottawa was somewhat less erratic than in 1977 showing a peak in late April and smaller increases in late June ano late August, 1978, compared to numerous peaks in 1977 (Figure B- 3) . The warmer tempera-tures at the Ottawa site compared to the Tower Woods at the 10 cm. depth relate well to an earlier and more thorough drying of the soil in the Ottawa site. The average soil temperature at the 20 cm. depth at Ottawa warmed sooner than at the same depth in the Tower Woods (late July compared to car.r September) and at about the sa:.a rate as in 1977 for the Ottawa site. Temperatures did not reach the levels of 1977 for the 20 cm. depth in the Ottawa site, but were generally warmer than for the same depth in the Tower Woods. The soil cooled more slowly at Ottawa so that near the end of the data period the soil was 7.2 0 p, warmer than in the Tower Woods. The warmer temperatures coincide with somewhat drier conditions in the Ottawa site than the Tower Woods. The range of temperatures at the 20 cm. depth was somewhat less erratic than in 1977 with only one peak in late May, 1978. The average soil temperature at the 50 cm. depth in the Ottawa site warmed more slowly than at the shallower depths. The maximum average temperature was not reached until mid-September compared to late July for the 10 and 20 cm. depths and late August for the 50 cm. depth in the Tower Woods. The cooler temperatures at the 50 cm. depth coincide with higher moisture levels than at the shal-lower depths from mid-July to late August. The range of temperatures at the 50 cm. depth was somewhat less erratic than in 1977, but like 1977, generally showed less response to air temperatures than the 10
and 20 cm. depths. Now that two and a half 1.ars of air and soil temperature data have been collected for the Ottawa control site, it can be stated that while temperatures are not the same as in the Tower Woods, they are similar enough so that variations in seasonal cycles (such as soil moisture levels and plant species regeneration rates) can be attributed in part to temperature factors. In other words, cooler temperatures at one site compared to the other site may coincide well with higher noisture levels and greater seed germination, while warmer temperatures in one site compared to the other site may co-incide well with drier conditions and greater seedling mortality. Soil Moisture Soil moisture was recorded at the five monitoring locations at the Davis-Desse property and at the two control locations from the week of June 16 to the week of November 24, 1978. Soil noisture levels were generally mare similar to 1975 and 1976 than to the drier year of 1974 and the wetter year of 1977. In order to best compare the three study areas in terms of patterns of moisture availability, the sumac community of the peninsula, the Fulton soil area o f the Towe r Wcods , and the Fulton soil area of the Ottawa site were used (Table B-2). . At the beginning of the data period the sumac community showed the results of the high fall moisture levels in 1977 (see January, 1978, Annual Report) . Spring recharge was not needed in 1978 and taus the soil at the peninsula site was more moist in early summer, 1978, than for the same period in 1977. Ilowever, July, 1978, was drier than July, 1977, and despite relatively low actual evaporation levels, the soil began to dry out, especially at the 10 and 50 cm.
deptns. More precipitation in early August recharged partially the available noisture, especially at the 10 and 20 cn. depths. More precipitation in early Septerber more fully recharged moisture levels after drier conditions in middle to late August. Moisture levels remained high to the end of the data period as precipitation generally exceeded actual evaporation from late September to the end of December. Soil moisture levels at the 10 cm. depth in the peninsula area decreased to critically low levels for a three week period in July and again for the last week of August, 1978; in 1977, no week ex-perienced critically low moisture levels. The low moisture levels were of relatively short duration and should not have adversely af fected the growth of vegetation or the success rates of most seed-ling species (see Section A). Soil moisture levels at the 20 cm. depth in the peninsula area did not decrease to the sare critical levels as the 10 cm. depth. As in past years, the 20 cm. depth remained more moist than either the 10 or 50 cm. depths during the July dry period. While the soil at the 20 cm. depth was drier in 1978 than in 1977, the sustained moisture availability helped to maintain plant growth. Soil moisture levels at the 50 cm. depth in the peninsula area reached critically low levels by mid-July, partially recharged, reached critical levels again by mid-August, and then recharged fully by mid-September. The drying at the 50 cm. depth can be attributed to two factors: one, the reduced precipitation and increased evap-oration of July and mid-August; and two, a lowering of the water table which reduced upward capillary water movenent and reduced moisture availability.
Overall, the moisture levels in the peninsula area were lower than in 1977. However, this relationship must be put into perspec-
- ive. The actual evaporation total for the growing season of 1978 was the lowest of the five reporting seasons of this study (Tabl e B-3) .
As a result, actual evaporation exceeded precipitation by less than one inch making 1978 similar to 1975 and 1976 when precipitation and actual evaporation totals for the growing season were close to equal. Thus, moisture availability levels were quite similar for the three years during the growing season. In 1974, actual evaporation greatly exceeded precipitation making for a dry year relative to plant growth and regeneration. In 1977, precipitation greatly exceeded actual evaporation making for a wet year relative to plant growth and regen-eration. At the beginning of the data period the Fulton soil area of the Tower Unods showed the results of the high fall moisture levels in 1977 (see January, 1978, Annual Report) . Spring recharge was not needed to establish high moisture availability. In fact, in the other soil area of the Tower Woods (Toledo soil) high moisture levels and standing water tended to inhibit germination and seedling growth (see Section A) . In contrast, increased actual evaporation and rela-tively low precipitation during July started the process of lowering moisture levels. Sone recharge in early August and early Septenber delayed the total drying of the soil profile until late September. Recharge did not begin until mid-November. The noisture levels were much lower Turing the growing season of 19I8 than during the growing season of 1977. The dry fall contributed to the reduction of fall plant seedlings (see Section A). Soil moisture levels at the 10 cm. depth in the Tower Woods de-
creased to critically low levels briefly in late July, again in mid-August, and in late September. The critically low levels continued until mid-November. In 1977, moisture did not reach critical levels at all during the growing season at the 10 cm. depth. The low moisture levels in the fall of 1978 may have been an important factor in plant seedling success rates (see Section A). Soil noisture levels at the 20 cm. depth in the Tower Woods decreased to critical levels briefly in late July, again in mid-August, and in late September. Recharge did not begin until November. In 1977, no critical moisture levels occurred at the 20 cm. depth. These low rnisture levels at the 20 cm. depth in the fall of 1978 may have an adverse effect on seedling success rates and may also contribute to abnormal moisture and plant germination conditions in the spring o f 1179. Soil moisture levels at the 50 cm. depth in the Tower Woods de-creased to critical levels in mid-August, recharged briefly in late August, and then dried thoroughly and remained dry until the end of the data period. Thus, recharge from the surface which had contribut-ed to increasing moisture availability at the 10 and 20 cm. depths had not reached the 50 cm. depth by the end of November. The dryness of 1978 was contrary to the wetness of 1977 in the latter part of the qrowing season and into the late fall. Overall, the moisture levels in the Tower Woods were lower than in 1977. While actual evaporation was the lowest of the five growing seasons (1974-1978), precipitation was less than half that of 1977 (Taule B-3) . Each year actual evaporation has exceeded precipitation
in the Tower Woods during the growing season. The difference was the least in 1977 which was a moist year in the Tower Woods; the differ-ence was the greatest in 1974, a dry year in the Tower Woods. The di f ference in 1978 was the second lowest difference characterizing it as a moderately moist year from the standpoint of atmospheric moisture. Iloweve r, precipitation as " bunched" in late June, early August, and early September with entirely dry weeks between. Dry conditions in 1978 occurred later than in 1976 (when dryness occurred in July and again in mid- to late August) making for contrasting moisture conditions as they affect plant growth and regeneration rates. Thus, the late dry period of 1978 will probably have more of an ef fect on 1979 plant conditions than the earlier dry period of 1976 had on 1976 or 1977 plant conditions. The available moisture in the Fulton soil at the Ottawa control site was similar to the Tower Woods throughout the data period. The Ottawa soil dried out more thoroughly at the 10 and 20 cm. depths in July than the Tower Woods, recharged less in late August and in mid-September than the Tower Woods, and recharged more slowly toward the end of the data period than the Tower Woods. At the 50 cm. depth drying and recharge occurred more slowly at Ottawa than in the Tower Woods. Ilowever, the same general patterns of moisture drawdowns and recharges demonstrate that the Ottawa control site and the Tower Woods are quite similar in terms of moisture change and availability levels for plants. A comparison was made between peak moisture periods and the times of electrical generation at Davis-Besse. It was assumed that the cool-ing tower would be in operation during each period of generation. During June, soil moisture levels were high in the Tower Woods and at
the peninsula area, despite no electrical generation during I'ay or J une . Peaks in noisture in early August coincide with a najor pre-cipitation interval during the week of August 4. In late August and early Septenber, noisture levels in the Tower Woods and at the penin-sula area began to increase without the aid of a najor precipitation interval. Precipitation during the week of September 8 further re-charged the relatively low noisture supply. Electrical generation from August 30 to September 5 nay have had sone influence on the in-creased noisture availability. However, other factors such as ideal atnospheric conditions nust have triggered such a response. There are no other periods during 1978 in which soil noisture increased without a najor precipitation interval. A comparison was nade between tire periods of high and low noist-ure levels in the peninsula area and water levels of the narsh area cast of the Davis-Besse intake canal during 1978. The highest water level in the marsh was 572.45 feet during the weeks of April 7 and April
- 14. The lowest level was 570.60 feet during the week of June 2. The range of water levels was 1.85 feet for the year. The average water level was 571.51 feet based on 42 water level readings during the year.
An exanination of high and low noisture values in the Hackberry-Box Elder, Hackberry, and Sunac connunities of the peninsula area shows that there is no correlation between narsh water 1cvels and noisture values at the 10, 20, and 50 cm. depths. Soil Chemical Analyses Soil samples were collected for sunner fron each of the five monitoring locations on the Davis-Desse property and from the two sites at the Ottawa control area at the 10, 20, and 50 en. dep ths.
Due to an oversight, fall soil samples were collected only from the Tower Woods at the specified depths. Samples for the peninsula sites and for the Ottawa sites were not collected in the fall. All samples were analyzed as described in earlier reports. Results of these analyses are swn.r.arized in Table B-4. In the peninsula area the soils of all three sample sites show the youngness of the beach deposit environnent. The cation exchange complex is saturated with bases as indicated by the 100 percent base saturation at all three depths at all three sites. Cation exchange capacity (C.C.C.) is lowest in the sumac community as in previous years. The relatively low C.E.C. with a concentration of higher levels near the surface indicates a continued accumulation of organic matter which contributes most of the exchange sites. The liackberry-Box Elder II community has a somewhat higher C.E.C.; more organic matter is in-corporated to a greater depth in the profile of these young soils. The highest C.E.C. IcVels are found in the Hackberry-Box Elder I community which has consistently shown evidence of more maturity in the soil profile during the 5-year reporting period. The pattern of C.E.C. values is similar to past years. Organic matter in the soils of the peninsula area in 1978 has a similar pattern to previous years with concentration near the surface of each of the soil profiles. The depth of organic matter concentration increases from the least mature surcac community to the nature Ifackba- 7-Box Elder I community, and total organic matter increased from the least mature to most mature community. Organic matter levels continue to coincide with C.E.C. levels in each of the peninsula soils and contribute substantially to these C.E.C. levels. The pH values also continue in the neutral to slightly alkaline
range as in previous years for the peninsula sites. These neutral to alkaline pli values further demonstrate the youngness of these sites and coincide with the high tercent base saturation levels. The levels of sulfates (ppm) continue to be very low in the peninsula area. Decreases were experienced at all three depths at all three sites from fall 1977 to summer 1978. Such changes in sulfate levels are not uncommon in young coils; in the penin-sula area, the decrease in sulfate concentration has been accom-panied oy other changes in the soil chemistry over the 5-year reporting period. It remains to be seen if such changes are cyclical, if they are a sign of maturing of the peninsula soils, or if other factors are contributing to the changes. A noticeable pattern in the chr.nical analyses of the soils of the peninsula area has been tne seasonal changes in parts per million (ppm) of calcium, magnesium, and potassium over the report-ing period of five years. We now have data for four pairs of summer / fall changes to compare. c' rom summer to fall 1974 and summer to fall 1976, ppm of calcium increased at all three soil depths monitored. In 1975 ppm of calcium decreased at the 10 and 20 cm. depths, but increased at the 50 cm. depth. Moisture seems to be the most in-portant related factor because 1974 and 1976 were dry and moderately dry, respectively. 1975 was a moderately moist year with a surplus of precipitation over actual evaporation. In the wettest year of the reporting period, 1977, ppm calcium decreased at all three soil depths monitored. An important aspect of the decline in ppm calcium in 1977 was the levels of calcium in the fall of 1977 compared to the 5-year average values: 10 cm. - 1700 ppn compared to 2315 ppn average; 20 cm. - 1400 ppm compared to 1748 ppm average; and 50 cm. -
1100 ppm compared to 1211 ppm average. The greatest decrease is near the sur. ace, a response to dissolving calcium in the increased water falling on and moving tnrough the soil profile. The changes in ppm magnesium f rom sunmer to fall do not follow the same pattern as calcium in the peninsula area. The changes fron summer to fall 1974 and summer to fall 1975 are increases in ppm naq-nesium. The changes f rom summer to fall 1976 and summer to fall 1977 are decreases in ppm magnesium. These changes seem to be a factor of substitution in the exchange complex as potassium replaces magnesium. Such a relationship seems to be valid because the summer to fall change in 1975 was a decrease in ppm potassium when ppm nagnesium increased and increases in ppm potassium f rom summer to fall 1976 and summer to fall 1977 when ppm magnesium decreased. An inportant aspect of the changes in the ppm magnesium and potassium was that magnesium levels were near the S-year average and potassium levels were above the 5-year average: 10 cm.-magnesium 200 ppm compared to 224 ppm average; 20 cm. -magnesiun 160 ppm compared to 157 ppm average; 50 cm.-magnesium 100 ppm compared to 79 ppm average; 10 cn. potassium 50 ppn compared to 37 ppm average 20 cm.-potassium 40 ppm compared to 23 ppm average; and 50 cm.-pot-assium 20 ppm cocpared to 15 ppm average. perhaps even morc important has been the continued decrease in ppm of calcium and nagnesiun, and a renewed decrease i t. ppm potassium from fall 1977 to summer 1978. The fall of 1977 and spring of 1978 were wet; the added moisture may have dissolved and removed these soluble bases. However, percent base saturation has not decreased along with decreases in ppn of bases. The ef fects of the decreases must wait for analyses in 1979.
In the Tower Woods the soils of both sample sites demonstrate the stability of the more mature environrent compared to the pen-insula area. The relatively high cation exchange capacity is the result of die greater clay-humus complex in the Tower Woods' soils. The cation exchange capacity decreased somewhat from fall 1977 to summer 1978, but the change was within the range of changes that has occurred from season to season in past reporting years. While the cation exchange capacity decreased from fall 1977 to summer 1978, the percent base saturation remained high with saturation at 100 percent in the summer of 1978. Base saturation increased from summer 1977 to summer 1978 at the same time that ppm of the bases decreased. Such a contrast in changes cannot be explained using the data available. Organic matter in the soils of the Tower Woods is well distri-buted through the upper part of the soil profiles in well-de fined A horizons. The organic matter contributes to the high C.E.C. in tne Tower Woods' soils. The level of organic matter decreased in summer and fall 1978 from summer and fall 1977, but the decrease is within the range of changes experienced in previous years of the reporting period. The soils of the Tower Woods have remained nearly neutral or slightly acidic through the reporting period. The pli values in 1978 were nearly the same as pil values for 1977 with the exception of an increase in pli at the 50 cm. depth in the Toledo soil from summer 1977 to summer 1978. The increase in pli coincided with an increase in base saturation and a decrease in cation exchange capacity.
The levels of sulfates (ppm) continue to be low in the Tower Woods. In summer 1978, increases in ppm of sulfates occurred at the 20 and 50 cm. depths in the Fulton , oil and decreases in ppm of sulfates occurred at the 10 and 20 cm. depths in the Toledo soil. However, sulfate levels at all soil depths in both Fulton and Toledo soils increased fron summer, 1978, to fall, 1978. While changes have occurred from season to season and from year to year over the 3-year data period, the changes have been relatively small and cannot be attributed to enanges in other soil or related factors. A noticeable pattern in the chemical analyses of the soils of the Tower Noods has been the seasonal changes in parts per nillion (ppm) of calcium, magnesium, and potassium over the 5 year reporting period. A comparison can be made among four pairs of sumner/ fall changes. The ppm of ccicium increased from summer to fall at all three depths monitored in 1974, l'375, and 1976. These three years can be considered dry to moderately dry with respect to the precipi-tation - actual evapolation balance in the Tower Woods. In contrast, the ppm calcium decreased at all three depths from summer to f all 1977. In terms of moisture balance, 1977 can be considered a moist year in the Tower Woods. An important aspect in the decrease in ppm calcium in 1977 was the leve: . of calcium in fall 1977 compared to the 5-year average levels: 10 cm. - 4000 ppm calcium compared to 4458 ppm average; 20 cm. - 3900 ppm calcium compared to 4034 ppm average; and 50 cm. - 3400 ppm calcium compared to 3668 ppm aver-age. The decline relative to the average was greatest in the 10 cm. depth, indicating a- increased leaching from the surface downward. Perhaps even more inportant was the decline in ppm calcium from fall 1977 to summer 1978. The decreased ppm calcium was not accompanied
by a decrease in base saturation. The changes in ppm magnesium from summer to fall follow a pattern similar to the changes in the ppm calcium except for 1974. In 1974, the ppm magnesium increased at 10 cm. but decreased at 20 and 50 cm. The decrease at the lower depths can be attributed to substitution of calcium and potassium for magnesium in the cation exchange complex. In 1975 and 1976 the ppm magnesium increased from summer to fall, iloisture and cation substitution both contribute to these changes. The increases in 1975 and 1976 are related to the moderately dry conditions in the Tower Woods and the renewcd leaf supply in the fall whien released bases into the soil complex. In 1977 the moist condi-tions helped to reduce the ppm magnesium. The substitution of pot-assium for magnesium in 1977 also helped to explain the change in ppm magnesium. Potassium substitution seems to be a regular feature of the summer to fall changes in the Tower Wcods. Each year from 1974 through 1978 there has been a summer to fall increase in ppm pot-assium at all three depths monitored. The one exception was a de-crease in ppm potassium at the 10 cm. depth in 1975. An important aspect of the changes in ppm magnesium and potassium was that magne-sium levels declined below the 5-year averages, whereas potassium levels increased to be near or above the 5-year averages: 10 cm. - magnesium 450 ppm compared to 532 ppm average; 20 cm. - magnesium 450 ppm compared to 493 ppm average; 50 cm. - magnesium 430 ppm compared to 532 ppm average; 10 cm. potassium 210 ppm compared to 215 ppm average: 20 cm. - potassium 180 ppm compared to 160 ppm average; and 50 cm. - potassium 180 ppm compared to 136 ppm average.
Perhaps even more important has been a continued decrease in ppm calcium and magnesium and a renewed (but relatively small) decrease in potassium from fall 1977 to summer 1978. Fall 1977 and spring and early summer 1978 were moist; the added moisture may have con-tributed to increased solubility of bases and their removal from the soil profile. A comparison was made between the analyses of the circulating water from the cooling tower for 19 78 and soil analyses for the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods for 1978 and average analyse s values for the 5-year reporting period (Table B-5). Iligh and low values of calcium and magnesium in the circulating water did not correspond to higher or lower values in the Fulton soil for summer or fall. In other words, the circulating water appears to have little or no effect on the levc'c of calcium and magnesium in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods. Summer and fall values for calcium in the soil are lower than the 5-year aver-age. Magnesium values for fall are somewhat above the 5-year average in the soil and contribute to a greater percentage of the soil carbon-ates. Ilowever, the circulating water does not appear to have an effect on this change because die percentage of magnesium carbonates in the circulating water is similar to the 5-year average soil percentage. Sodium values increased sharply from summer to fall at the 10 cm. depth in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods (Table B-6) . Values at the 20 and 50 cm. depths more closely approached Ole 5-year average, whereas the value at 10 cm. was more than three times the average. Sodium concentrations in the circulating water ranged from 7.2 ppm to 30.5 pp...but did not increase toward the fall. It is possible that:
- 1) sodium fall-out from the cooling tower may be producing a cumulam
tive effect on the soil; 2) a drier fall has concentrated sodium near the soil surface due to evaporation; and/or 3) the fall value for sodium is an " abnormal" reading and will rectify itself by the spring or summer of 1979. The sodium level needs to be watched carefully and soil ana-lyses in 1979 will help to indicate if a new trend is emerging. Some General Trends Data from all five reporting years have been summarized in graphic form for the sumac community of the peninsula and the Fulton soil area of the Tower Woods (Figures B-4 to B-2 3) . In looking at these graphs, some general trends can be seen which demonstrate the natural seasonal cycles or ongoing changes which can be expected in the two monitored areas, the Tower Woods and the peninsula area. Organic matter in the soils of the peninsula area remains rela-tively low and concentrated near the surface. In drier years, it appears that there is a trend to increased organic matter from summer to f-ll (Figure B-4). Cation exchange capacity is closely related to organic matter content of the peninsula soils because of the low clay content in this area. Cation exchange capacity fluctuates from season to season and year to year in response to changes in organic matter. Iloticeable increases in C.E.C. in fall 1974 and fall 1976 coincide with the largest increases in organic matter (Figure B-5). Changes in C.E.C. are mostly restricted to the 10 and 20 cm. depths where organic matter is concentrated. Base saturation remains high (near 100%) at all three depths monitored (Figure B-6,7,8) . Potassium contributes a small but consistent percentage of the cation exchange. Calcium and magnesium vary inversely in their contributions to the cation exchange. Calcium contributes between 85 and 95% and magnesium
contributes between 6 and 13%. Moisture has proven to be one of the most important, if not TIIC most important, variables in the peninsula area (Figure B-4). Spring, summer, and fall moisture conditions can be critical to plant growth, seed germination, and even plant community composi-tion (see Section A) . Important variations in the timing of dry and wet periods have been a part of the moisture factor. The summers of 1974, 1976, and 1978 and spring 1977 were relatively dry. Unlike these seasons, spring 1975, fall 1975, spring 1976, summer 1977, and fall 1977 were all very moist. Perhaps the most critical and influential aspect of moisture in the peninsula area has been the lack of a completely dry period when there was near "0" roisture ass.iable. In contrast , the Tower Woods has suffered several very dry periods over the reporting years. The amount of organic matter in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods is greater than in the sumac community of the peninsula area. Changes in organic matter levels have generally been restricted to the 10 and 20 cm. depths with summer to fall decreases in 1974, 1975, and 1978 and summer to fall increases in 1976 and 1977 (Figure B-9). The increases in organic matter content from summer to fall in 1976 and 1977 were accompanied by increases in cation exchange capacity. These parallel changes indicate organic matter is at least partially res-ponsible for the cation exchange capacity of the Fulton soil. However, decreases in organic matter content from summer 1974 to fall 1974 to winter 1975, from summer to fall 1975, and from sumner 1978 to fall 1978 were accompanied by increases in cation exchange capacity. These opposed changes indicate clay also is at least partially responsible for the cation exchange capacity of the Fulton soil.
-2 3-The percent base saturation at the 10 cm. depth in the Fulton soil of the Tower Woods decreased sharply from fall 1975 to summer 1976 (Figure B-10). The decrease was accompanied by an equally sharp decrease in the percent calcium in the exchange complex. From summer to fall 1976 and from summer to fall 1977 important increases in percent base saturation and percent calcium saturation occurred.
At the 20 cm. depth summer declines in percent base saturation and in percent calciun saturation have occurred in each of the reporting years from 1974 through 1977 (Figure B-ll) . In each of the corres-ponding fall seasons, both total base percent and calcium percent saturation increased. The same pattern of summer decrease and fall increase occurred at the 50 cm. depth in 1975 and 1977 (Figure B-12). l'oisture appears to be a critical factor in the Tower Woods. The nature of the clay rich Fulton and Toledo soils in the woods means ve ry we t and very dry periods can and have been observed (Figure B-13) . Variations from season to season are common as well as from year to year. Even strong contrasts in moisture can be seen fion depth to depth as the fine textured clays recharge moisture supplies or dry more slowly than the sandy soils of the peninsula area. The summer and fall of 1974, summer 1975, summer 1976, and fall 1978 were noticeable dry periods at all three monitored soil depths. The fall 1975 at 50 cm. and the spring 1977 at 10 cm. were also drier than average for these particular seasons. Spring 1975, spring 1976, fall 1976, summer 1977, fall 1977 and spring 1978 were notice-able moist to wet periods over the reporting years. Most inI>or tan t are the extreme seasonal differences in moisture in the Tower Woods, unlike the nare moderate seasonal changes in the peninsula area (Figures B-13 and B-4).
TABLE B-1. Summary of weekly average soil and air temperatures ( F), Beach, Tower Woods , and Ottawa sites, weeks of December 30, 1977 to December 22, 1978. Beach Tower Woods Ottawa Week of 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air Dec 30, 1977 14.0 23.9 31.4 20.9 22.1 24.4 27.6 22.9 40.3 34.4 42.1 27 ' Jan 6, 1978 24.0 24.0 31.6 15.7 22.4 24.3 27.4 18.0 40.3 34.9 42.0 16.9 Jan 13 23.9 24.0 31.4 14.3 23.0 24 .7 27.4 16.0 40.1 34.7 41.9 15.7 Jan 20 24.0 23.4 30.7 16.3 23.1 24.9 27.1 18.1 40.9 35.1 43.0 17.7 Jan 27 23.1 23.0 30.0 8.6 22.0 23.6 26.4 11.4 40.9 35.4 43.3 11.6 Feb 3 21.9 21.6 28.7 8.9 23.6 24.6 26.9 10.3 41.1 35.4 43.3 9.6 Feb 10 21.7 21.4 28.4 12.4 23.7 24.7 26.7 16.4 41.3 35.1 43.1 14.1 Feb 17 21.9 22.4 29.0 10.7 24.0 25.0 26.9 13.0 42,0 35.9 43.4 10.4 Feb 24 22.4 23.3 28.3 20.4 23.7 24.7 25.9 21.3 40.7 34.9 42.4 20.0 Mar 3 24.7 25.3 28.3 11.9 24.7 25.4 27.0 16.7 40.4 34.6 42.6 15.0 M ar 10 24.3 24.3 26.3 28.3 24.3 25.3 26.7 32.3 39.7 33.1 40.9 30.3 Mar 17 28.9 27.9 32.0 30.7 24.6 25.4 26.4 3'.9 38.9 32.7 40.4 34.4 Mar 24 28.9 28.7 32.9 30.0 24.1 24.9 25.9 33.4 37.7 33.9 38.6 32.0 Mar 31 38.6 37.3 38.6 45.3 34.. 33.4 29.9 40.4 35.7 41.7 38.6 42.1 Apr 7 41.7 40.6 41.1 48.9 39.0 38.1 34.4 41.7 40.1 44.7 38.0 42.6 Apr 14 41.0 40.3 41.7 45.4 38.8 38.4 36.0 35.7 40.7 45.1 38.3 39.3 Apr 21 41.1 40.6 42.0 47.9 39.1 38.3 36.0 40.1 41.1 44.6 37.9 42.3 Apr 28 48.0 46.0 46.1 48.7 44.6 42.9 38.9 41.6 50.3 48.1 39.6 48.3 May 5 47.3 45.4 46.6 56.3 43.7 43.4 40.6 52.4 49.9 48.3 43.7 50.9 May 12 51.~ 50.0 49.4 62.9 49.4 45.0 44.0 51.6 54.6 53.3 45.1 56.0
TABLE B-1. (Con t' d) Beach Tower Woods Ottawa Week of 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air May 19 55.6 54.1 53.3 66.4 53.4 52.0 47.3 58.0 59.9 58.3 46.9 60.1 May 26 60.0 59.7 57.4 75.0 60.7 57.4 49.3 68.0 65.6 63.0 50.6 68.9 June 2 57.1 57.3 56.9 67.4 57.4 57.9 51.7 59.6 64.3 61.4 54.1 60.1 June 9 56.7 55.9 56.1 67.1 57.0 57.0 52.6 59.7 63.7 62.0 54.4 60.7 June 16 59.3 59.1 56.7 75.9 60.3 60.1 53.3 67.3 61.7 60.9 53.9 67.7 June 23 59.9 61.1 59.3 76.6 63.0 62.0 56.1 70.3 60.7 61.1 55.6 69.9 June 30 59.3 60.9 60.0 69.4 61.4 60.1 57.3 68.1 60.7 61.6 56.C 08.1 July 7 60.9 60.9 60.4 69.9 62.6 61.6 58.4 65.9 61.6 61.7 57.6 66.4 July 14 60.3 61.1 60.6 73.1 63.4 61.0 54.1 68.1 64.0 62.6 59.7 69.4 July 21 61.0 60.4 61.3 74.3 62.1 62.0 56.0 71.4 66.6 63.1 60.7 71.7 July 28 61.1 61.7 61.9 69.7 62.7 62.0 60.1 67.0 67.t 64.9 62.0 67.9 Aug 4 60.9 61.1 61.0 67.4 60.9 60.9 59.6 65.1 65.7 64.3 62.A 66.9 Aug 11 62.0 63.7 62.7 72.9 64.1 62.6 60.1 68.3 65.9 64.6 61.4 70.9 Aug 18 63.6 63.7 63.0 72.4 63.0 62.7 59.3 67.0 65.3 65.1 59.7 70.0 Au9 25 62.0 62.7 62.0 67.0 62.6 62.0 60.4 65.6 63.3 65.1 60.9 66.4 Sept 1 39.7 62.0 60.9 70.1 63.0 62.4 58.7 66.9 62.4 62.9 61.7 66.7 Sept 8 62.3 63.9 63.1 63.7 64.4 63.7 60.3 65.0 62.9 61.7 61.1 65.9 Sept 15 64.1 63.6 62.4 70.9 63.9 62.1 59.4 69.1 62.7 63.0 63.0 66.4 Sept 22 55.9 56.3 58.7 57.6 54.9 55.0 56.4 54.7 59.0 60.6 60.9 53.7 Sept 29 51.9 52.7 55.6 55.3 52.0 51.9 53.1 52.3 55.7 55.6 55.1 51.3 Oct 6 50.7 47.0 50.6 49.9 47.7 47.3 51.0 49.1 48.7 50.0 52.7 50.9 Oct 13 44.6 45.6 48.4 46.0 44.3 45.3 47.6 45.1 47.4 48.9 50.6 46.4 Oct 20 45.9 45.9 48.4 51.3 45.3 44.1 45.9 48.4 49.6 48.9 46.4 49.1 Oct 27 43.6 43.7 47.4 46.1 ~3.7 43.7 45.9 48.3 47.1 47.9 48.1 44.6
TABLE B-1. (Cont ' d) 50 Air 10 20 50 Air 10 20 50 Air Week of 10 20 46.9 48.9 50.4 48.3 44.1 44.7 45.6 49.7 47.4 47.6 48.1 47.1 Nov 3 Nov 10 48.7 50.3 53.1 43.3 41.3 42.7 43.6 43.0 43.9 44.9 45.3 41.9 Nov 17 44.6 47.4 49.4 38.6 38.7 39.0 41.6 37.0 42.6 43.9 42.1 36.6 Nov 24 41.1 43.3 44.7 31.7 32.9 35.7 39.0 32.1 40.7 42.3 41.1 31.9 Dec 1 37.1 39.7 41.4 33.1 29.7 31.1 35.3 30.7 33.6 35.8 36.5 32.7 Dec 8 35.1 37.1 40.0 25.1 27.9 30.0 33.9 24.6 32.7 34.0 36.6 24.6 Dec 15 34.4 35.9 38.3 31.3 29.1 29.7 34.0 30.3 34.4 36.9 37.6 30.7 Dec 22 34.1 35.4 38.0 25.9 33.1 33.4 34.4 23.9 35.0 36.6 37.0 24.4
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TABLE B- 3. Precipitation and Actual Evaporation Totals (inches), Growing Seasons, 1974-1978, Tower Woods and Beach Sites. Tower Woods Beach _ Year Actual E/aporation Precipitation Difference Actual Evaporation Precipitation Difference 1974 42.39 5.34 -37.05 20.81 9.36 -11.45 1975 30.29 11.85 -18.44 14.75 15.93 + 1.18 1976 35.40 9.36 -26.04 17.07 15.37 - 1.70 1977 31.08 $27.12 - 3.96 15.33 28.56 +13.23 1978 23.19 11.06 -12.13 13.40 12.59 - 0.89
TAB'g E B-4 Soil chemical analyses. s :. ruer and fall 1978, beach. Tower Woods, and Ottawa sites. Cation Exchange % Base Saturation % Organic Matter pH Value Sulfates (ppa) Site Depth (en) Su mer Fall Susae r Fall Summe r Fall Sunene r Fall Surmer Fall Beach trea - Sunac Co::r. unity 10 11,1 100.0 3.1 7.3 11 20 6.7 100.0 1.7 7.4 7 50 5.3 100.0 0.8 7.6 2 Hackberry-8ax Elder 1 10 22.3 100.0 6.9 7. 3 13 20 14.8 100.0 4.8 7.4 7 50 8.6 100.0 1.1 8.0 5 Hackberry-Box Elder II 10 11.2 100.0 4.4 7.2 5 20 13.4 100.0 4.0 7.3 8 50 9.7 100.0 0.9 8.0 2 Tower Woods Fulton Sott 10 21.7 24.0 100.0 90.0 6.1 4.4 6.8 6.5 16 37 20 18.7 24.0 100.0 87.7 5.6 3.5 6.6 6.3 13 17 50 16.8 22.0 100.0 100.0 1.8 1.6 6.9 6.6 12 38 Toledo Soit 10 20.8 25.0 90.4 82.7 4.8 4.1 6.2 6.5 22 34 20 14.4 26.0 91.4 86.8 4.0 2.2 6.4 6.1 16 33 50 18.0 28.0 100.0 90.0 1.7 1.8 7.0 6.0 22 64 Otta.a Refuge . Fulton Soit 10 20.6 90.4 5,8 6.2 16 20 15.6 100.0 3.8 6.6 13 50 16.3 99.8 1.2 6.9 18 Toledo Soit 10 19.0 84.4 6.3 6.0 20 20 17.3 88.5 4.4 6.1 15
%0 18.4 87.0 1.4 5.8 49
TABLE B-5. Summary of Tower Circulating Water and Fulton Soil (Tower Woods) Chemical Analyses. Calcium 14agnesium Sodium 1 of total carbonates ppm ppm ppm Circulating Water fligh Value 83.0% 120.0 24.5 30.5 Low Value 92.5% 29.6 2.4 7.2 Average 87.9% 68.3 9.4 15.5 Fulton Soil Summe r 10 cm 88.8% 3500 440 10.0 20 cm 88.2% 3000 400 9.0 50 cm 86.1% 2600 420 18.0 Pall 10 cm 86.0% 3200 520 181.0 20 cm 77.7% 2200 630 32.0 50 cm 76.0% 2500 790 37.0 5-Year Average *
+
10 cm 89.1% 4343 531 53.0 20 cm 88.4% 3867 506 25.8 50 cm 86.5% 3562 555 30.8
- average values for Ca and fig are based on 10 values from summer 1974 to fall 1978 and Ma is based on 7 values from fall 1975 to fall 1978.
+
average value at 10 cm includes the 181 ppm for fall 1978; excluding the fall 1978 value, the average is 31.7.
TABLE B-6. Sodium value's in ppm for 10, 20, and 50 cm depths in Fulton soil, Tower Woods, Fall 1975 to Fall 1978. cm depths 10 20 50 Fall 1978 181 32 37 Summer 1978 10 9 18 Fall 1977 13 16 21 Summer 1977 53 26 31 Fall 1976 45 38 44 Summer 1976 22 26 49 Pall 1975 47 34 16
Figure B-1. Beach Site - Temperature Ranges at 10, 20 and 50 cm depths and in air, weeks of December 30, 1977 to December 22, 1978.
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Figure B-2. Tower Woods Site - Temperature Ranges at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths and in air, weeks of December 30, 1977 to December 22, 1978.
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ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRI AL ftONITORING CONTRACT J ANUARY , 1979. C. Terrestrial Animals S.H. Vessey Department of Biological Sciences This year approximately equal efforts were utilized in sampling the peninsula study area at Davis-Besse and the Ottawa Wildlife Refuge refer-ence site. As in the past, qualitative data were collected on amphibians, reptiles, and large mammals, with indicators of abundance, while quantita-tive population estimates were obtained for birds and small mammals. Such an approach seems the most efficient way to detect any major shif ts in habitat utilization as a result of site operations. Water, alone or in conjunction with temperature, often is the most important ph"'ical factor af fecting the ecology of terrestrial organisms (Krebs, 1978). The problems that animals face with respect to water bal-ance dif fer substantially from those of plants, because animals are mobile and can escape from many moisture problens by selecting the proper habitat. Most of the research on terrestrial animals dealing with moisture concerrs adaptations for water conservation in desert forms, such as camels and kangaroo rats. Data on moisture tolerances for the terrestrial vertebrate species fornd in N. U. Ohio are lacking. We can assume that, because precipitation generally exceeds evaporation, 1 a:k of moisture is not likely to directly influence distribution and abundance. Possible exceptions are flooding, perhaps due to marsh management, and summer
C-2 drought. Amphibians and Reptiles The main source of data for herptiles comes from logs kept by B.G.S.U. personnel in the fiel3. The species and the indicators of abundance re-ported have remained similar over the past few years, suggesting rather s tal'le conditions. The dense woods at Ottawa, compared with the more diverse area being sampled at Davis-Besse, may account for the paucity of herptiles found at Ottawa. Eastern garter and northern water snakes continue to be the most abundant at Davis-Besse, while painted turtles were common along the edge of the Ottawa reference woods (Table C-1) Winter Birds Davis-Besse: Most of the winter birds observed during the peninsa 1 study area circuit were transient shore birds and ducks, the latter taking advantac of several open water holes. One of these holes was from warm-water discharge; several other generating sites in the Toledo area also have large numbers of waterfowl around discharge areas. The resident pop-ulation has remained reasonably constant since 1974, with batween 34 and 104 individuals seen; species density ranged from 10 - 16 (Tables C-2 and C-6). Species density is aboit one-half to one quarter of that in the s um-mer, with counts of individuals as little as 6% of summer numbers in 1978.
C-3 Although the fall and winter of 1976-77 were unusually cold and snow cover in 1977-78 unusually heavy, fluctuations in numbers seen were within the range of other years. Ottawa: Sightings at Ottawa were complicated somewhat this year by the presence of a large flock of tree sparrows, estimated at 250, on 12 February (Table C-3) . Although flocks this large are not an unusual sight in tne winter, it is not clear whether they were residing on the site. Large numbers of transient waterfowl, not feeding in the terrestrial com-mun ity , we re recorded earlier, on 7 January. Seven of the nine resident species also were seen at the Davis-Besse site. Not counting the tree sparrow flock, the two areas were quite similar in terms of numbers and diversity of winter residents. Spring and Summer Birds Davis-Besse: A decrease of seven species was noted this year at the Davis-Besse site, down from 42 to 35; but an increase of 60 individuals was noted, resulting in the rather low species diversity index of 2.79 (Table C-4). The increase in numbers was entirely due to red-winged blackbirds, f rom about 200 last year to 300 this year. Because of the large numbers of these birds, our counts are less precise than for other species. Resident birds seen last year but not seen this year include red-tailed hawk, sparrow hawk, red-headed woodpecker, least flycatcher, wood pewee, tufted titnouse, cedar waxwing, red-eyed virco, warbling vireo, pro-thontary warbler, and brown-headed cowbird. Black duck, downy woodpecker, barn swallow, blue jay, brown thrasher were present this year but were not seen last year. Thus, the changes in species density occur across a variety of taxa, and none of these species was represented by more than two pairs in a year. Some, such as the downy woodpeckar, were probably present in
C-4 1977, but not seen. Ottawa: The Ottawa site underwent an even greater redu' cion in both numbers of species and numbers of individuals, from 40 species to 27, and 372 individuals to 192 (Table C-5). Much of the decline in individuals was due to a reduction of mallards from about 100 in 1977 to only 10 in 1978, and a decline of grackles from 30 to 8. In spite of these large changes, species diversity was essentially unchanged; the smaller number of indivi-duals and species in 1978 was compensated for by a more even distribution of numbers across those species. Those species absent in 1978, but present the year before, cut across all taxa, with three species of sparrows and two species of flycatchers missing. The blue jay and brown-headed cowbird, both seen in all past years, were missing from both sites this year. Blue jay populations fluctuate widely in the northeast, in some years due to disease outbreaks. The year-to-year turnover within each site was of the same order of magnitude as the between-site turnover. In 1978, 13 resident species were seen at Davis-Besse that were not seen at Ottawa, and seven were seen at Ottawa that were not seen at Davis-Besse; this was not greatly different from previous years. In contrasting winter and summer resident populations at both sites, percentage-wise there cor..inues to be a greater year-to-year fluctuation in winter populations than summer (Table C-6). Diversity indices, with the exception of Winter, 1978 at Ottawa, have changed as much in summer as in winte r. The use of species diversity indices is attractive because it becones possible to evaluate and compare communities by inspecting a few numbers rather than considering each species present. With respect to birds, we
C-5 know that species diversity is correlated with diversity of foliage height, or structural diversity, rather than plant species diversity (MacArthur and !!ac Arthur , 1961). Changes in the environment which reduce the amount of structure, or layering, in the forest will cause a decrease in bird species diversity. This relationship only holds for resident, breeding birds; thus we have not considered migrants or transient feeders in our analyses. Small Mammal Populations By means of live-trapping grids at Ottawa Wildlife Refuge, Davis-Besse site, and Carter Woods, spring and fall estimates were made by mark-and-recapture method using Sherman traps. A tture of rolled cats and peanut butter was used as bait, and cotton nestlets were provided to reduce trap mortality. The only small mammal caught in the last five years at Davis-Besse has been the white-footed nouse (Peromyscus leucopus). Since all grids are in wooded areas, the absence of other species is not surprising; however, the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda), common in wooded areas in northwest Ohio, is present in large numbers at Carter Woods but has never been caught at the other two study areas. Capture data are summarized in tables C-7 through C-10. This year's spring ]spulation at Davis-Besse was extremely low, and no Lincoln-Peterson estimate could be calculated. Only two individuals were caught a total of six times in 240 trap nights. A much higher pop-ulation was present at Ottawa, with 17 individuals caught 28 times in 200 trag nights. By fall the Davis-Besse population was still very low, with five individuals being caught seven times in 240 trap nights. At Ottawa the fall population had decreased substantially, with five different indi-viduals being caught nine times in 200 trap nights. With five years of data at Davis-Besse and Carter Woods, we now have some idea about the range of variability in numbers we can expect to en-
C-6 counter from year to year. During the spring, Davis-Besse estimates have ranged from 2 to 28 mice per hectare, while Carter Woods has had a similar range, 7 to 27 (Table C-ll) . Fall populations are much more variable, ranging from 11 to 211 at Davis-Besse and 16 to 63 at Carter Woods. Spring populations are low and, to some extent, predict the size of the fall peak (Table C-ll) . An exception is 1977, where the population at Davis-Besse increased from 11 to 211, the highest ever recorded there. (That peak estimate, however, had a very high standard error because so few marked mice were recaptured. ) There is little indication of correlations among sites between high years and low years. At Davis-Besse 1974 and 1978 were low years, but not so at Carter Woods, where 1975 was a low year. An unusual pattern occurred at Ottawa in both 1977 and 1978, where numbers declined from spring to fall. We have noticed at Carter Woods, where trapping is conducted continuously from March through November, that in sore years the population peaks in August, declining precipitously during the fall, although still remaining above spring levels. Because of the large yearly fluctuations in numbers of white-footed mice, we will need to document changes persisting for several years before we can attribute them to long-term changes in food supply or habitat quality. P. leucopus is the only terrestrial mammal at the site that is easily cap-tured and that can be censused reliably. Medium-Sized Mammals A relatively small effort was made this year to mark and release rac-coons and opossums. The trapping ef fort in 1978 differed specifically from the previous years in that traps were set within the small-mammal grids and run in conjunction with them during the fall only; previously, the entire peninsula has been trapped at Davis-Besse and the entire woods at Ottawa. One 9 raccoon was caught in 48 trap nights at Davis-Besse, and three were captured at Ottawa in 34 trap nights. These results are consistent with last year's more extensive trapping in that raccoons were more abundant at Ottawa than
C-7 at Davis-Desse in both years. Even with the small effort this year, some opossums might have been expected at Davis-Besse. However, opossum numbers were unusually low this year, based on extensive trapping in Wood County and reports from game protectors. Severe winters can be expected to reduce numbers of this predominantly southern species. Miscellaneous observations of other mammals revealed no substantial changes from previous years. Rabbits were seen in low numbers at Ottawa, not having teen reported from there last year. The resident deer popula-tion at Davis-Besse has remained stable for five years. Similar numbers reside at Ottawa, in both cases a single buck with three or four does. Bats A red bat (Lasiurus borealis) was found dead at the cooling tower dur-ing the monitoring of fall bird migrations. Conclusions We now have five years of data from the Davis-Besse site, with quanti-fied results principally for birds and small mammals. The Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge reference area, with two years of data, is similar to Davis-Besse with resper _o these fauna. Thus, within-year fluctuations between the sites seem to be no greater than between-year changes within sites. The resident breeding bird populaticas are most easily and most accu-rately censused. There are about 40 such species, and the ecological tol-erances are well-described for many of them. Thus birds would seem to be the ideal vertebrate group to use for assessing environmental impact. Un-fortunately, nearly all of these species migrate to places where they are subjected to physical, chemical, and biotic influences that have nothing to do with conditions on the breeding ground. The reference area controls for some of these variables. hus, blue jays and cowbirds disappeared from both sites this year; either the same forces were operating at both sites
C-8 to eliminate them, or some of f-site change is affecting the migrant part of the population. At least we are reasonably sure that the changes are not site-specific. References Krebs, C.J. 1978. Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. Ilarper and Row, N.Y. MacArthur, R.ll. and J.W. MacArthur.1961. On bird species diversity. Ecology 42:594-598.
TABLE C-1. Obse vation of amphibians and reptiles at the Davis-Besse site and the Ottawa reference site, 1978. Abundant - lik 4y to be seen in large numbers (8-16) every visit. C Anon - may be seen most of the time, but in small numbers (3-8). Uncomon - may be seen sporadically in small numbers (1-3). DAVIS-BESSE Eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis) Abundant Northern watersnake (Natrix sipedon) Abundant American toad (Bufo americanus) Common Northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) Corxnon Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta) Common Blanding's turtle (Emydoidea blandingi) Common Five-lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus) Common Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) Uncommon OTTAWA Painted turtle Common Eastern garter snake Uncommon Northern watersnake Uncommon
TABLE C-2. Winter bird census at the Davis-Besse study-area circuit, 1978. Jates of Observation / January 1978 12 February 1978 Estimated Times of Observation 1100-1350 0915-1245 Resident Species Popu la tion Great Blue Heron 1 6 T Canada Goose 6 T Mallard 6 1 T Common Goldeneye 8 T Common Merganser 100 T Red-breas ted Merganser 16 T Red-ta iled li..wk 5 3 5 Rough-legged Hawk 1 1 Sparrow Hawk 1 1 Bald Eagle 2 T Herring Gull 100 T Downy Woodpecker 2 1 2 Common Crow 1 1 Black-capped Chickadee 1 1 Brown Creeper 2 2 Golden-crowned Kinglet 3 T Northern Shrike 1 1 House Sparrow 2 2 Cardinal 6 6 Slate-colored Junco 2 2 Tree Sparrow 4 4 Song Sparrow 7 1 7 10TALS Species 16 11 13 Individuals 50 239 35 6 = 3.34 T = transient
TABLE C-3. Winter Bird Census, Ottawa Circuit, 1978. Dates of Observation January 7 February 12 Estimated Times of Observation 1400-1600 1300-1510 Resident Species Population Canada Goose s3000 T Mallard s6000 T Black Duck s1000 T Pintail 1 i Red-tailed Hawk 2 2 Rough-legged Hawk 1 1 Marsh Hawk 1 1 Downy Woodpecker 1 1 Starling 5 5 House Sparrow 5 5 Red-winged Blackbird 1 T Cardinal 1 1 Tree Sparrow s250 250 Song sparrow 10 10 TOTALS Species 13 1 9 Individuals 10,277 1 276 D = 0.68 D = 2.45 without tree sparr T = transient
TABLE C-4, Summer Bird Census, Davis Besse study area circuit. 1978 Number of Birds seen Dates of Observations June 15 June 16 Jane 17 Estimated Min. Times of Observations 1120-1430 0900-1215 1250-1530 Resident Pop. circuit total circuit total circuit total Pied-billed Grebe 3 3 2 2 2 Great Blue Heron 15 85 35 45 15 20 i Green Heron 2 2 2 2 2 2 Common Egret 7 9 9 12 10 T Black-crowned Night Heron 70 70 80 80 60 60 T Canada Goose 50 60 60 T Mallard 5 6 5 6 4 11 6 Black Duck 3 3 4 Blue-winged Teal 8 2 4 2 Wood Duck 4 4 4 3 4 6 4 Common Gallinule
- 8 10 10 10 10 American Coot 3 4 6, 8 12 19 12 Killdeer 3 3 3 3 4 Spotted Sanapiper 1 2 1 2 2 Herring Guli 30 30 22 25 30 30 T Ring-billed Gull 40 48 40 40 40 40 T Black Tern 5 5 2 2 2 2 T Yellow-billed Cuckoo 1 1 2 Great Horned Owl 1 1 1 1 2 Common Flicker 1 1 1 1 2 Downy Woodpecker 2 2 2 Eastern Kingbird 1 1 1 1 2 Great Crested Flycatcher 1 1 2 Eastern Phoebe 1 1 1 1 2 Tree Swallow 40 70 40 50 30 40 40 Barn Swallow 1 2 1 1 2 Purple Martin 8 8 8 Blue Jay 1 1 2 House Wren 4 4 4 4 6 6 6 Long-billed Marsh Wren 3 4 6 6 4 4 6 Catbird 4 4 4 4+++ 3 3' 4 Brown Thrasner 5 5 6 Starling 6 6 30 50 15 40 30 Yellow Warbler 50 50 50 50 40 40 50 Yellowthroat 2 3 2 2 2 Yellow-breasted Chat 1 1 1 1 1 2 Red-winged Blackbird 300 500 300 500 300 500 300 Common Grackle 3 4 3 5 5 7 6 Cardinal 3 3 3 3 2 2 4 Indigo Bunting 1 1 1 1 2 American Goldfinch 1 1 1 1 2 Song Sparrow 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 TOTAL Species 27 27 36 35 Individuals 618 661 608 536
+ D = 2.79
= 5 young
* = according to a person doing a special study there, it is a very
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= 3 young in nest T = transient
TABLE C-5. Sumcr Bird Census, Ottawa Refuge Control Site,1978 Number of Individuals Dates of Oaservations June 15 June 16 June 17 Estimated Min. Times of Observations 0830-1100 1240-1450 0930-1230 Resident Pop. Great Blue Heron 3 6 8 T Common Egret 3 3 T Canada Goose 6 15 6 T Mallard 3 9 3 10 Pintail 2 2 Blue-winged Teal 1 2 Wood Duck 5 2 6 Red-tailed Hawk 1 2 Sparrow Hawk 1 2 Killdeer 5 6 T Herring Gull 1 Yellcw-billed Cuckoo 1 2 Common Flicker 1 1 2 Downy Woodpecker 1 1 2 Eastern Kingbird 2 2 Eastern Phoebe 1 2 Tree Swallow 15 20 10 20 Barn Swallow 1 2 House Wren 4 6 4 6 Carolina Wren 1 1 1 2 Catbird 2 2 Starling 2 8 3 8 Red-eyed Vireo 1 2 Yellow Warbler 7 3 3 8 Yellowthroat 2 2 2 Red-winged Blackbird 80 60 60 80 Northern Oriole 1 1 P Comon Grackle 2 7, 2 8 Indigo Bunting 3 6 4 6 American Goldfinch 2 1 2 Song Sparrow 1 2 1 2 TOTAL Species 19 22 ?1 27 Individuals 136 161 123 192 D = 3.61 with nest material T = transient
TABLE C-6. Summary of Censuses of Resident Birds Davis-Besse Site Date: Janua ry 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Total Birds 14 104 53 34 35 Species Density 6 16 15 10 13 6* 2.47 3.38 3.47 2.73 3.3a Date: June Total Birds 168** 155** 376 476 536 Species Density 38 38 43 42 35 6* - - 4.13 3.56 2.79 Ottawa Site Date: January Total Birds - 276*** Species Density - 9 D* 0.68 Date: June Total Birds 372 192 Species Density 40 27 b* 3.67 3.61
- Shannon-Weiner information theory species diversity index
** Not including red-winged blackbirds or yellow warblers; 6 not calculated *** Includes 250 tree sparrows
TABLE C-7. White-footed mouse captures at the peninsula study site, Davis-Besse, Spring, 1978. DATE OF CAPTURE MAY Date of Last Capture 27 28 29 30 May 27 1 0 0 28 1 1 1 29 Previously marked 0 1 1 2 Previously unmarked 1 1 0 0 Caught 1 2 1 2 Released 1 2 1 2 Note: Population seems to be 2 males.
TABLE C-8 White footed mouse capturas at the Ottawa study site, Spring 1978. Date of Capture Date of Last June Captere 4 5 6 7 June 4 2 1 0 5 4 0 6 4 7 Previously Marked 0 2 ,5 4 Previously Unmarked 0 6 2 3 Caught 6 8 7 7 Released 6 8 7 7 Lincoln-Peterson estimate using June 4 and 5 as mark-release and June 6 and 7 as recapture. M = 11 different mice marked and released 4-5 June n = 10 different mice caught 6 27 June m = 5 different mice caught 6-7 June that were marked during 4-5 June N = 22 7 (S.E.) in 0.66 hectares, or 33 per hectare
TABLE C-9. White-footed mouse captures, Fall 1978, Davis-Besse. DATE OF CAPTURE Date of last Oct. 1 Oct. 2 Oct. 3 Oct. 4 Capture October 1 0 1 0 2 0 0 3 1 Total Previously marked 0 0 1 1 Total Previously unmarked 1 4 0 0 Total Caught 1 4 1 1 Total Released 1 4 1 1 Population too low to estimate. Probably between 5 and 10.
TABLE C-10. White-footed mouse captures, Ottawa,1978. DATE OF CAPTURE September Date of Last Capture 24 25 26 27 September 24 0 0 0 25 1 0 26 2 27 Total previously marked 0 0 1 2 Total previously unmarked 2 3 0 1 Total caught 2 3 1 3 Total released 2 3 1 3 P:ipulation too low to estimate by Lincoln-Peterson, probably between 6 and 10 mice.
TABLE C-ll. Summary of Lincoln-Peterson population estimates of white-footed mice at Davis-Besse peninsula study site, Ottawa reference e.,;, and Carter Woods. Estimates are mice per hectare. Year Spring (May) Fall (October) Carter Carter Davis-Besse Ottawa Woods Davis-Besse Ottawa Woods 1974 2 - 13 36 - 31 1975 28 - 7 144 - 16 197f 13 - 21 116 - 53 1977 11 55 27 211 36 55 1976 3 33 25 11 14 63
TABLE C-12. Results of medium-sized mammal live-trapping at Davis-Besse and Ottawa. 1978. Ear Tag Site Species Date Weight (lbs) Sex flumber Davis-Besse Raccoon 2 Oct. 13 F 242* Ottawa Raccoon 24 Sept. 2 F 287 Ottawa Raccoon 27 Sept. 13 F 290 Ottawa Raccoon 27 Sept. 11 M 291
- caught in 1976 and 1977
TABLE C-13. Miscellaneous Mammal Observations, 1973. Davis-Besse Woodchucks - common Rabbits - common Muskrats - common Fox squirrels - common Raccoon scats and tracks - abundant Deer - 1 buck 1-2 years old, 4 does Ottawa Woodchuck - uncommon Rabbits - uncommon Fox squirrels - common Deer - I buck 3-6 years old, 3 does 2 yearlings
ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERREbiRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY 1979 D. Atmospheric Environment Glen R. Frey Department of Geography Introduction The network of climatological stations monitoring the atmospheric environ-ment near the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant has been in operation since April 1974 with no significant problems. The format and procedures for the systematic observatiens were originally outlined in Section D, Semi-Annual Report, June 1974. Most of the observations recorded this year can be included in the operational data base even through the plant was not in continuous operation for the year. The vapor plume generated by the cooling tower can change certain atmospheric conditions at a given instant. Within a radius of 1,000 feet, the tower mist can add to the precipitation totals. If the vapor plume comes in contact with the ground, relative humidities an:1 dew points are increased. A temperature decrease of nine degrees was observed when the plume shaded a station under strong insolation conditions in early spring. Similarly, the plume could blanket an area at night under negative net energy flux and cause temperatures to be warmer than expected. Any cf these changes individually or in combination will change the amount of evaporation. The frequency of this occurrence is not large with a tall cooling tower and variabic wind patterns such as that at Davis-Besse. In addition, climatological averaging masks these fluctuations so that any impact would not be obvious. If any significant atmospheric environmental changes did occur they would be revealed as long-term changes in the relationships between stations in the O immediate surrounding region. Purpose The purpose of this study is to isolate and identify the basic variation patterns for and between stations. These variability patterns are the key to any
D-2 possible environmentally induced changes. Instruments and Measurements Climatological stations are maintained at three primary locations on the Davis-Besse site. Station "T" is the base station at the microwave /meteorolog-ical tower and is set up according to weather service standards. It is located in a fenced in area on a grass surface. Because of the great distance from any trees or other obstructions and ve_y level terrain, advection processes are at a maximum. Station "A" is in the cooling tower woods and highly influenced by a continuous and complete forest canopy. The fairly close proximity to open water and generally open nature of the woods all influence climatological measurements. Station "B" is located in the woods on the sandy soil of a former beach ridge. The station, in a clearing, does not have a forest canopy but instead is surrounded by dense growth that limits advection. The sandy soil, which dries very rapidly, coupled uith an almost complete lack of wind currents results in dif ferent climatic characteristics. Four supplemental locations on the Davis-Besse site are set up with non-recording rain gauges and read weekly to provide additional data on rainfall patterns. Station "0W" is the basic off-site reference station located in the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. This location was chosen because of its similar vegetative cover, proximity to Lake Erie, and upwind position (in terms of climatic normals). This station has a setting very similar to Station "A", on a margin of swamp area in a woods with complete canopy cover. Because of the greater extent and density of the woods it is less influenced by the wind. Station "BG", the inland reference station, at Bowling Green State University is slightly influenced by proximity to buildings. Instrumentation in the climate shelters record- data continuously on paper strip charts. From this, the information is summarized by day, week, month, and reporting period. Each period is analyzed slightly differen\tly to
D-3 stress interstation fluctuations. Recording evapometers were reinstalled according to schedule at the end of April. Evaporation amounts were obtained until the end of October. All hygrothermographs were brought in during the month of June for a cleaning and calibration check. No data vere lost because the back-up hygrothermograph was rotated between sites. For the remainder of the period calibration of the hygrothermographs was verified by using the Assuun Psychro-meter and by rotating the back-up unit between sites. Evaporation instrumenta-tion was calibrated primarily by rotating the back-up evapometer between sites. Soil temperatures were checked by portable soil thermometers. Some problems were encountered in maintaining calibration. In particular the "0W" soil thermograph constantly reads low, requiring some data interpolation. Since the sensing elements and timing mechanisms are exposed to the fluctuations of weather they deteriorate causing neasurements to drif t, resulting in a loss of accuracy. Up to this point the data obtained still represent true conditions because frequent calibration checks are being made. The biggest difficulty is that more and more effort mur' be made in checking calibration and making adjustments. Replacement of some of these parts should be done before an inordinate amount of time has to be spent in checking and testing. Presentation of Data The data reviewed in this ren at are based primarily on the weekly periods January 6,1978, through December 22, 1978. Files are maintained and analyzed by day, week, and month. In addition, graphic displays are completed by week and month for summarized normals, standard deviations, departures from average and deviations from Station "T". Data are presented in two basic parts for this report. Part I: Figures D-1 through D-12 are monthly summaries of normals and variations of the elements. Figures D-13 through D-24 are discriminant function coefficients. Part II: Figures D-25 through D-32 represent weekly
D-4 interstation deviations with fluctuations being graphed about the values for the base Station "T". Interpretation of Data ENTIRE PERIOD. Throughout 1978 extremes in temperature were the distinguish-ing feature. The frigid cold of January and February was in sharp contrast to very warm readings in August and September. tiarch and April were very cool, averaging well below normal. The cold spring retarded vegetation growth at least two weeks behind what would be considered normal for the region. Precipitation was below normal for the year in spite of the blizzard which
- moulted in high values for the month of January. July, the only other month that had significantly high rainfall totals, also had a highly variable spatial pattern. Even including the climatological extremes, the patterns of fluctuation were similar to previr years. The completa set of graphs (Figures D-25 through D-32) illustrates t?.e mic shif t between :: inter and summer inter-station variability. The typical interstation fluctuation is small in winter and is considerabic in the warmer part of the year. The months of January through May had relatively small fluctuations. June had an abrupt shift to a hi gh degree of interstation differences which continued through October. This shift in the interstation fluctuation occurred one month later than in previous years.
This is for both summer and winter. In November and December there was no gradual change to the typical winter pattern exhibited in previous years but rather a constant intermediate level. This is attributed to the relatively mild conditions of those months. Ibximum temperature departures from base Station "T" are typical of shif ts that occur from one season to another (Figure D-25). In the first third of the year, interstation fluctuations were small. Throughout the summer portion both "BG" and "B" were warmer than Station "T". The University site was the warmest because of the distance from water, with "B" slightly warmer because of sandy soils and greatly reduced advection. Stations "0W" and "A" were cooler because
D-5 of the vegetation canopy. Conditions were more similar in the fall of the year however the stations exhibited a larger fluctuation pattern than would be expected for that time of the year. Minimum temperatures, un terms of departures from Station "T", are an excellent example of the changes that occurred throughout this reporting interval (Figure D-26). During January and February all station fluctuations were similar to Station "T". Most averaged warmer while Station "0W" was slightly cooler. During the summer portion "BG", because of its inland location, and "B" with reduced advection were warmer than the reference Station "T" while all the other stations influenced by woods were considerably cooler. In the las half of the year the woods stations gained relative to "T". This general shift in position between coastal and inland stations is the same as in previous years. However the variation between stations was larger than in the past. Average temperature departures from Station "T" are a conposite of conditions described under maximum and minimum temperatures (Figure D-27). Most of the year interstation fluctuations were relatively small. There was a general shift of positions with respect to the base station. During the first part of the year most stations were slightly warmer while later most were cooler than "T". The Station "BG" was constantly warmer; "B" was slightly cooler, with "A" and "0W" distinctly cooler for the period shich maintained the established pattern. During November and December rost stations were cooler than "T" which was unusual. Temperature range had the same basic pattern throughout the course of the year as in previous years (F4 Lore D-28). The greatest departures were during the warmer periods. In the cooler aonths, the range of temperatures was vary similar. Throughout the year "BG" and "B" had greater ranges than "T", with "A" and "0W" smaller. Evaporation departures from Station "T" again are dependent upon the basic seasonal fluctuations (Figure D-29). The evaporation meters are in operation
D-6 only durin; the warmer months of the year since they usc distilled water and could easily be damaged. Most stations had values less than "T". It is expected that most stations would be less since "T" is the most exposed to wind currents. Station "BG" had higher values reflecting the warmer conditions. Precipitation had several distinct periods of high variability. During the summer this was due to convectional storms passing over some stations and not others (Figure D-30). The higher fluctuations in the first half of the year cannot be explained in this canner since precipitation in each instance was wide-spread. High winds during snow storms resulted in poor sets of readings. Humidity is given both in the terms of relative humidity (Figure D-31) and dew point (Figure D-32). Generally there was a high degree of week-to-week fluctuation. Many factors affected the humidity, i ~' uding evaporation, proximity to water, wind currents, and vegetation growth. Since the degree of interstation variability was relatively constant throughout the period, no specific sections need further discussion. JANUARY. It was one of the coldest months in the history of climatological records in northwest Ohio. In addition to the colder than normal temperatures there was the blizzard with record-breaking snowfalls. Despite the record cold, all monthly temperature characteristics between stations were quite similar (Figures D-1 and D-13). The greatest differences according to the discriminant function coefficients were in total precipitation and minimum temperature. The largest interstation variations were between "A" "T" and "A" "0W". This is obvious when looking at total precipttation bctween stations. The actual amounts may not have been accurately recorded because there was great dif ficulty in getting measurements during blizzard conditions. FEBRUARY. This month exhibited great variability in temperatures with record lows in the first part and mild temperatures during the last. Conditions were relatively similar amongst most stations. Station "BG" was slightly
D-7 warmer than the others (Figures D-2 and D-14). The greatest discrepancies between stations were between "A" "0W" and "T" "BG". In these instances, the greatest monthly interstation variability was total precipitation and average air temperature. MARCll. Much cooler than normal and relatively dry is the best description of the weather in March. The temperature averaged 5 F cooler than the long-term statistical average. All stations showed this trend. "BG" was slightly warmer because of its inland location (Figures D-3 and D-15). The greatest interstation differences were between "T" "BG" based on variations in average air temperatures. APRIL. Cool temperatures were the key distinguishing factor of the month. Overall, there was minimum interstation fluctuation (Figures D-4 and D-16). No one element was outstanding, however, maximum temperature and precipitation made "BG" different from other stations. MAY. There was a sharp break from previous conditions (Figures D-5 and D-17). Iligh temperatures and lack of rainfall were characteristic. Differences betwe.n stations were not large compared to previous years. "A" "B" and "T" -
"B" had the greatest differences.
JUNE. Temperatures and precipitation were normal for the month (Figures D-6 and D-18). Most elements had a degree of variability so that there was considerable difference between stations. Highest overall Dsq values were between "BG" and all other stations. Although all elements contributed to this fluctuation the most important were average air temperature and evaporation. JULY. Precipitation was below normal. There was considerable variation between stations "B" "BG" and "T " "BG". Precipitation was the key factor leading to the dif ferences. Temperatures throughout the region were similar and normal (Figure.- D-7 and D-19).
D-8 AUGUST. Rainfall for the month was below normal and highly variable between stations. Overall, August had the greatest amount of interstation variability of any month over the last two years (Figures D-8 and D-20). The greatest combined differences occurred between Stations "A" "BG" and "A" - "B". The specific elements that led to these differences were maximum temperature, evaporation, and total precipitation. SEPTEMBER. Precipitation was below average while temperatures for September were above (Figures D-9 and D-21). Variability was less than August with Stations "T" "BG" having the most significant differences. The specific elements that ranked highest were evaporation and precipitation. OCTOBER. The month was cool and dry. Precipitation was below normal at all stations (Figures D-10 and D-22). Bowling Green was again the warmest station but the differences between locations were smaller than the preceding summer nonths. The fluctuation patterns that gradually shift from highly variable to more similar conditions did not. Greatest differences were between Station "B" and all others. Evaporation and precipitation were the principal elements causing the variability. NOVEMBER. Above normal temperatures and average precipitation were characteristic (Figures D-ll and D-23). Station "BG" still ranked the warmest but overall differences were smaller. The Dsq ranking had the most significant fluctuations between Stations "B" "BG" and "T" "BG". Maximum temperature and temperature range were the most important elements leading to that difference. DECEMBER. Temperatures were colder than normal with precipitation slightly below average (Figures D-12 and D-24). Most elements were more similar in their fluctuation patterns as they were in November, but not yet as low as previous years. The interstation variability was greatest between "A" "B" and "B" "BG". Precipitation was again the leading element in determining the variations.
D-9 Conclusion No cignificant statisr.ical differences were found between the atmospheric conditions during pre- and post-operational phases near the Davis-Besse site. Therefore, no short-term effects have been determined.
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR JANUARY 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. HEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 19.74 7.13 23.55 8.28 MIN TEMP AIR 9.87 8.50 13.06 8.74 AVE TEMP AIR 14.32 7.92 18.29 8.97 RANGE TEMP AIR , 9.94 6.43 10.81 1 6 .67 TOTAL PRECIP' , JN 0.97 l 3.74 ACTUAL EVAr -4 TION AVE REL HL...DITY 89.03 7.53 81.16 20.67 AVE DEV POINT 11.90 8.51 15.68 9.51 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 20.61 7.79 19.65 7.57 21.52 7.76 MIN TEMP AIR 12.52 8.44 9.90 8.94 10.97 9.16 16.90 8.07 14.71 8.59 16.42 8.30
, AVE TEMP AIR 8.10 5.15 9.77 5.39 10.55 6.36 RANGE TEMP AIR TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.98 2.96 1.96 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 84.13 7.50 85.42 8.20 89.81 7.84 AVE REL HUMIDITY 13.48 8.68 11.42 9.06 14.00 9.13 AVE DEW POINT 22.90 0.82 23.94 0.35 41.00 0.98 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 22.52 0.71 23.68 0.47 40.10 1.06 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CH 22.61 0.70 23.81 0.40 40.55 0.94 AVE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 0.39 0.55 0.26 0.44 0.90 0.73 RANGE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 24.45 0.66 23.94 0.25 35.42 0.87 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CH 24.29 0.68 23.58 0.55 34.42 0.61 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 24.42 0.61 23.77 0.42 34.94 0.76 AVE TEMP 50ll 20 CM RANGE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 0.16 0.37 0.35 0.48 1.00 0.76 27.35 0.74 31 .29 0.63 43.03 1.31 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 27.10 0.69 30.84 0.72 41.90 0.93 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM AVE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 27.23 0.66 31.06 0.76 42.48 1.13 RANGE TEMP 50lt 50 CH 0.26 0.44 0.45 0. 9a 1.10 1.03 FIGURE D-1
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR FEBRUARY 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STC. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 21.18 5.24 23.43 5.33 MIN TEMP AIR 6.04 4.86 8.39 6.49 AVE TEMP AIR 13.25 5.26 17.04 5.95 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.64 3.52 14.68 3.81 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.70 1.53 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 79.96 4.45 84.04 5.63 AVE DEW POINT 9.04 5.38 13.54 5.56 STATION A STATION 8 STATION OW STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN 21.89 5.38 21.50 5.70 l 21.36 5.45 l MAX TEMP Ala 8.36 5.95 6.36 6.42 5.79 4.62 MIN TEMP AIR 15.04 5.56 12.96 6.36 13.36 5 . 68___ AVE TEMP AIR 13.25 3.86 15.11 3.52 15.82 3.33 RANGE TEMP AIR l.77 1.51 1.80 TOTAL PRECIPITATION ACTUAL EVAPORATION 81.04 4.05 81.43 5.03 83.93 6.31 AVE REL HUMIDITY 10.64 5.62 8.68 6.34 9.93 6.03 AVE DEW P0lNT 23.75 0.83 22.04 0.42 41.64 1.01 MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CH 23.21 0.98 21.14 0.74 40.50 0.82 MIN TEMP S0ll 10 CM 23.46 0.94 21.75 0.63 41.21 0.98 AVE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 0.54 0.57 0.89 0.56 1.14 0.58 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 24.71 0.75 22.39 0.56 36.07 0.88 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 24.32 0.85 21.21 1.03 34.46 0.57 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CH 24.54 0.73 21.89 0.72 35.32 0.80 AVE TEMP Soll 20 CH 0.39 0.62 1.14 0.91 1.61 0.72 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 26.71 0.65 29.25 0.43 44.00 0.96 MAX TEMP 50ll 50 CM 26.32 0.85 28.25 0.87 42.00 0.60 MIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 26.50 0.73 28.82 0.54 43.04 0.78 AVE TEMP S0ll 50 tM 0.39 0.49 1.00 0.93 l 2.00 0.93 RANGE TEMP S0lt 50 CM FIGURE D-2 k
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR MARCH 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. HAX TEMP AIR 34.52 11.48 38.87 11.01 MIN TEMP AIR 21.77 11.54 24.39 11.62 AVE TEMP AIR 27.29 10.81 32.68 10.67 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.42 6.29 14.48 6.77 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.83 4.05 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 83.16 9.15 77.35 11.04 23.06 10.84 26.58 10.71 AVE DEW POINT STATION A STATION 8 STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 35.84 10.36 33.58 10.59 35.16 9.30 MIN TEMP AIR 23.29 11.72 20.52 10.17 22.65 11.67 29.39 10.48 25.52 10.95 28.13 10.66 AVE TEMP AIR 12.23 5.61 13.06 6.80 12.19 6.05 RANGE TEMP AIR 1.98 2.16 1.98 TOTAL PRre 'ITATION ACTUA'_ E v..PORAT I ON AVE REL HUMIDITY 82.52 8.44 82.55 9.20 84.29 9.37 24.97 10.40 21.03 10.37 24.55 10.50 AVE DEW POINT 25.45 3.00 28.55 5.35 39.77 1.66 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 24.81 2.67 26.55 3.73 38.84 1.83 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CH 25.03 2.68 27.19 4.28 39.19 1.53 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM RANGE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 0.68 0.89 2.03 2.39 0.94 1.22 MAX TEMP S0lt 20 CM 25.74 1.81 27.84 4.10 34.48 1.85 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 25.45 1.52 26.48 3.14 33.35 1.18 25.58 1.64 26.97 3.45 33.90 1.61 AVE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 0.29 0.52 2.35 5.45 1.13 1.07 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 26.77 0.83 31.23 3.04 41.29 1.89 26.52 0.80 30.55 2.53 39.94 1.83 MIN TEMP S0lt 50 CM AVE TEMP 50ll 50 CH 26.58 0.71 29.90 5.94 40.65 1.89 RANGE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 0.23 0.42 0.68 1.00 1.35 1.09 FIGURE D-3
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR APRIL 1978 STATION T STAlION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 51 .57 10.20 58.70 8.30 MIN TEMP AIR 35.17 4.60 39.67 4.66 AVE TEMP AIR 41.57 5.67 48.13 6.40 RANGE TEMP AIR 16.40 9.86 19.03 .6.98 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 3.26 3.03 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.16 0.48 86.07 9.39 69.90 17.54 AVE REL HUMIDITY AVE DEW POINT 37.73 5.45 37.53 6.08 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 47.27 9.50 I 57.07 10.43 50.37 8.46 33.30 4.43l 39.50 4.65 35.20 6.11 MIN TEMP AIR 39.20 6.00 46.60 6.23 41.57 6.39 AVE TEMP AIR RANGE TEMP AIR 14.13 8.98 17.57 8.52 14.80 7.56 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.86 3.12 2.95 0.12 0.36 0.06 0.20 0.13 0.40 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 84.60 10.35 84.20 11.02 87.57 9.22 AVE REL HUMIDITY AVE DEW P0lHT 34.37 5.61 41.80 6.26 38.13 6.28 41.17 3.94 45.80 4.66 37.10 1.25 MAX TEMP S0ll 10 CM 36.13 3.72 38.37 4.06 36.03 1.38 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 38.57 3.99 41.43 4.16 36.60 1.25 RANGE T~MP S0lt 10 CM 5.03 1.89 7.43 3.45 1.07 1.12 MAX TEMP S0lt 20 CM 38.57 3.08 42.70 3.45 45.80 2.10 36.90 2.90 38.07 3.08 44.00 2.18 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM AVE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 37.83 2.97 40.33 3.21 44.87 2.12 l.67 1.16 4.80 1.53 1.93 1.15 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 34.77 2.36 43.87 8.79 39.00 1.06 34.60 2.50 41.03 1.99 37.27 1.24 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 34.60 2.50 41.47 1.93 38.17 1.21 RANGE TEMP 50lt 50 CM 0.17 0.37 1.17 0.97 !I 1.77 1.17 FIGURE D-4
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR MAY 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 64.74 11.90 70.77 13.38 MlH TEMP AIR 50.26 8.16 54.00 8.87 AVE TEMP AIR 57.52 9.60 61.84 10.51 RANG:i TEMP AIR 14.48 6.45 16.45 6.69 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 3.32 2.03 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.13 0.84 AVE REL HUMIDITY 90.29 8.21 82.82 15.06 AVE DEW POINT 54.61 10.06 55.71 9.52 STATION A STATION B STATION OW MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. ItEAN STD. DEV. ItAX TEMP AIR l 60.32 11.22l 70.55 12.'02 64.65 .10.69 l MIN TEMP AIR 49.23 9.00 55.97 7.84 50.52 6.95l AVE TEMP AIR l 54.87 9.58 62.84 9.71 57.29 8.57 RANGE TEMP AIR 10.81 5.49 14.42 7.40 14.13 6.38 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 3.13 2.94 2.54 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.39 1.57 0.76 0.46 1.05 0.92 AVE REL HUlilDITY 84.61 7.11 88.97 9.11 91.16 8.84 AVE DEU POINT 50.26 9.16 59.58 10.47 54.90 9.37 MAX TEttP 50ll 10 CM 52.23 6.58 54.84 5.96 35.19 1.61 filN TEftP 50ll 10 CM 48.58 6.47 50.42 6.29 34.19 1.53 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 50.39 6.52 52.48 5.99 34.84 1.57 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 3.65 1.70 4.42 2.65 1.00 0.80 MAX TEftP 50ll 20 CM 49.55 5.40 52.55 5.31 55.42 6.00 MIN TEllP 50ll 20 CM 48.03 5.69 49.61 6.69 53.35 5.28 AVE TEltP 50ll 20 CM 48.94 5.55 51.16 5.52 54.52 5.62 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 1.52 1.58 2.97 1.31 2.06 1.24 MAX TEltP 50ll 50 CM 44.71 3.74 51.35 4.17 37.32 1.28 tilN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 44.13 3.57 50.10 3.83 35.74 1.66 AVE TEMP 50ll 50 CM 44.52 3.68 50.77 4.12 36.68 1.33 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM) 0.58 0.79 1.26 1.01l 1.58 1.13 FIGURE D-5 x
CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMKARY FOR JUNE 1978 STATION T STATION B3 MEAN STD. DEV. KEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 75.33 7.84 81.23 6.37 MIN TEMP AIR 59.00 6.99 62.10 6.70 AVE TEMP AIR 67.03 7.02 71.30 6.58 RANGE TEMP AIR 16.33 5.23 18.77 5.31 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 6.47 5.59 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.11 1.49 2.91 1.03 AVE REL HUMIDITY 81.92 12.74 75.07 13.75 8.54 62.33 8.37 AVE DEW POINT 61.39 STATION A STATION B STATION ON MEAN STD. DEV.,MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 71.20 6.72 82.73 6:60 72.47 6.77 MIN TEMP AIR 58.90 6.25 64.00 7.93 57.97 6 52 AVE TEMP AIR 64.57 6.48 71.80 6.35 64.90 6.19 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.23 3.73 19.67 4.69 14.50 5.32 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 6.9 6.95 6.56 _ 6.78 ACTUAL EVAPORATION l.22 0.66 0.97 0.47 1.0a 0.70 AVE REL HUMIDITY 78.00 8.85 84.40 8.38 86.57 7.23 I AVE DEW POINT 57.63 7.84 67.33 7.24 .__60.87 6.82 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 61.17 3.42 59.40 3.04 63.77 1.76 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM 58.27 3.59 58.07 2.79 61.50 2.17 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 59.73 3.24 58.40 3.05 62.63 1.92 RANGE TEMP Soll 10 CH 2.90 1.40 1.33 1.47 2.27 1.31 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 59.60 2.36 59.60 2.73 62.77 1.52 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 59.13 2.03 57.87 2.96 61.33 1.01 AVE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 59.37 2.26 58.60 2.78 61.47 2.08 RANGE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 0.47 0.62 1.73 1.00 1.43 1.23 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 53.73 2.17 58.00 2.00 54.73 1.29 HIN TEMP 50ll 50 CM 53.17 ?.24 56.90 1.83 54.23 1.26 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 53.40 2.24 57.43 1.84 54.50 1.18 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM 0.57 0.76 1.10 0.91 0.50 0.72 FIGURE D-6
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR JULY 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 76.87 7.23 82.29 7.69 MIN TEMP AIR 63.06 6.53 64.42 5.31 AVE TEMP AIR 70.32 5.53 72.90 5.71 RANGE TEMP AIR 14.06 5.27 17.81 6.21 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.24 0.97 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.05 1.08 2.93 1.59 AVE REL HUMIDITY 78.63 8.34 79.58 13.24 AVE DEW POINT 63.48 5.66 65.97 6.60 STATION A STATION B STATION OW l MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV.1 MAX TEMP AIR ! 73.97 7.64 81.97 6.20 76.74 7.03 MIN TEMP AIR 61.48 4.29 62.48 6.15 61.68 4.14 AVE TEMP AIR 68.26 5.57 71.26 4.84 68.55 5.24 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.52 4.76 18.77 5.88 e5.10 4.73 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 0.12 0.39 0.69 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.64 1.72 0.57 0.50 1.29 0.44 AVE REL HUMIDITY 81.19 8.01 83.28 12.12 82.39 10.62 AVE DEW POINT 62.42 5.99 65.71 6.56 63.19 6.76 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 CM 63.90 2.02 61 .32 1.75 65.00 2.81 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 CM 60.87 1.76 59.61 1.68 62.65 3.14 62.32 1.86 60.48 1.62 63.94 2.90 AVE TEMP S0lt 10 CM 3.03 1.31 1.68 0.93 2.32 1.35 RANGE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 62.00 1.67 61.58 1.50 63.23 1.50 MAX TEMP 50ll 20 CM 60.81 1.42 60.35 1.58 62.42 1.16 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 61.23 1.52 60.87 1.48 62.58 1.24 AVE TEMP 50ll 20 CM l.16 0.92 1.42 0.83 0.81 0.69 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM MAX TEMP 50ll 50 CM 57.23 2.39 61.19 1.06 59.23 2.24 MIN TEMP S0lt 50 CM 56.45 2.31 60.06 1.34 58.52 2.26 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 56.90 2.39 60.74 1.14 59.00 2.17 0.77 0.91 1.16 0.68 0.71 0.68 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CM FIGURE D-7 s
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR AUGUST 1978 STATION T STATI0ft BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 82.00 4.75 83.00 3.90 M I N T EtiP. A I R 59.57 3.77 63.61 5.14 AVE TEMP AIR 69.43 3.92 72.71 4.08 RANGE TEMP AIR 23.00 3.16 19.71 5.32 TOTAL PRECIPITATION l.84 1.64 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 2.36 0.36 2.71 0.93 AVE REL HUMIDITY 76.85 3.81 77.03 10.30 AVE DEW P0 lilt l 62.42 4.68 65.32 5.69 STATI0t1 A STAT 10fl B STATI0il ON ttEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. ItEAN STD. DEV. ItAX TEtiP AIR I 70.58 3.46 l 81.23 3.63 74.74 4.63 l 61.26 3.94 61.29 4.81 58.94 4.38 l lilN TEMP AIR AVE TEttP AIR 66.52 2.89 70.00 3.96 l 68.74 3.26 l 9.32 3.28 19.77 4.76 15.68 4.85 l RANGE TEt1P AIR 1.30 1.90 1.02 l TOTAL PRECIPITATION l l 1.09 0.75 0.77 0.25 1.11 0.60 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 85.23 5.98 87.16 8.82 81.35 7.58 AVE REL HUtilDITY 62.03 3.81 65.50 6.91 62.75 5.68 l AVE DEW POINT , 63.81 2.04 63.00 1.88 65.97 1.33 MAX TEMP 50ll 10 Cri 61 .29 1.73 60.97 1.47 63.97 2.01 tilN TEttP 50ll 10 Cri 62.68 l.75 61.97 1.60 65.23 1.36 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 2.55 1.41 2.00 1.16 2.00 1.46 RANGE TEliP 50ll 10 CM 62.74 1.32 63.48 1.50 65.13 0.87 ftAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 61.48 1.07_ 61.87 1.48 64.45 0.76 tilti TEttP 50ll 20 CM 62.00 1.19 62.71 1.59 64.81 0.78 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 1.26 0.72 1.61 0.83 0.77 0.66 RANGE TEttP 50ll 20 CM 60.00 0.80 62.52 1.10 61.19 1.09 tiAX TEMP S0ll 50 Cri 59.58 0.87 61.84 1.32 60.81 1.18 tilN TEf tP S0ll 50 Ctt 59.87 0.71 62.13 1.18 61.19 1.40 AVE TEttP 50ll 50 Ctt RAtlGE TEtiP 50ll 50 Cr4 j 0.42 0.49 l 0.74 0.62 l 0.48 0.84 FIGURE D-8
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR SEPTEMBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 75.80 8.64 80.80 7.61 MIN TEMP AIR 58.37 6.96 60.57 8.08 hAVE TEMP AIR 66.13 7.10 69.90 7.27 RANGE TEMP AIR 17.43 5.52 20.53 5.83 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.65 2.40 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.92 0.80 2.34 1.23 AVE REL llUMIDITY 77.30 8.89 76.53 12.15 AVE DEU POINT 59.25 8.92 62.10 9.41 STATION A STATION B STATION 0',l MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR l 69.93 8.15 79.93 8.26 ( 71.50 9.19 MIN TEl1P AIR 57.83 7.15 58.23 7.75 55.90 7.14 l AVE TEMP AIR 63.07 6.77 66.30 7.32 62.43 7.17 l RANGE TEMP AIR l 12.30 6.21 21.37 7.37 l 14.77 5.77 l TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.08 3.06 1.73 l ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.27 0.72 0.77 0.43 1.10 0.56 AVE REL llUtilDITY 82.30 7.43 87.33 7.84 82.20 9.20 AVE DEW POINT l 57.87 8.05 62.70 9.49 I 56. 53 7.75 l MAX TEMP SOIL 10 CM 62.23 4.71 61.03 4.19 62.07 3.80 illN TEMP S31L 10 CM 59.70 5.12 59.23 4.06 60.23 2.09 AVE TEMP S0ll 10 CM 60.93 4.96 60.00 4.11 61.47 1.98 RANGE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 2.60 1.62 1.83 1.49 2.43 1.61 MAX TEMP Soll 20 CM 60.93 3.95 61.77 3.80 62.30 1.97 MIN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 59.70 3.98 60.27 3.76 61.50 1.78 AVE TEMP 50ll 20 CM 60.27 4.28 60.93 3.76 61.73 1.71 RANGE TEMP 50ll 20 CM l.13 0.88 1.73 1.18 0.90 0.75 MAX TEMP S0ll 50 CM 58.70 1.69 61.67 2.31 61.97 2.07 tilN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 58.13 1.31 60.33 2.33 60.63 2.02 AVE TEftP S0ll 50 CM 58.40 1.59 60.93 2.29 61.33 1.97 RANGE TE11P S0IL 50 CM 0.57 0.53 1.37 0.84 l 1.33 1.22 l FIGURE D-9
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR OCTOBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 57.87 7.08 60.19 7.74 HIN TEMP AIR 42.16 6.62 43.29 6.48 49.71 5.75 50.94 6.60 AVE TEMP AIR RANGE TEMP AIR 16.55 6.30 if.94 5.81 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.16 1.01 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1 .31 0.69 1.12 0.96 77.29 7.54 79.16 8.70 AVE REL HUMIDITY AVE DEW POINT 43.00 6.73 44.06 6.51 STATION A STATION B STATION ON STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN 54.55 6.87 59.61 7.29 56.61 6.95 l MAX TEMP AIR 41.90 4.95 40.19 5.47 40.35 6.91 l MIN TEMP AIR 48.26 5.07 49.42 5.43 48.55 5.89 AVE TEMP AIR 12.58 6.68 19.06 5.25 16.26 6.32 RANGE TEMP AIR 1.68 2.27 1.25 TOT AL PRECIPITATION l 0.82 0.47 0.47 0.22 0.83 0.57 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 81.29 6.87 79.57 7.24 80.39 8.11 AVE REL llUMIDITY { 42.42 5.00 43.71 5.17 41.40 5.97 AVE DEW POINT 47.74 3.32 47.13 2.77 50.10 2.64 MAX TEMP S0ll 10 CM 45.10 3.48 45.84 4.41 48.58 3.10 MIN TEMP 50ll 10 Cn 46.42 s3.36 47.10 5.74 49.39 2.81 AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 2.55 1.43 1.87 1.DA 1.52 1.36 RANGE TEMP 50ll 10 CM ! 46.74 3.08 48.10 '.07 50.65 2.24 MAX TEMP S0lt 20 CM 45.52 3.04 45.87 3.02 49.35 2.47 MIN TEMP S0lt 20 CM 46.26 3.01 46.71 2.95 49.97 2.38 AVE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 1.81 o gp 1.26 0.84 RANGE TEMP S0ll 20 CM 1.23 0.97 48.74 3.29 50.32 2.61 51.39 2.15 MAX TEMP 50ll 50 CM MIN TEMP S0lt 50 CM 48.32 3.18 48.77 3.02 50.40 2.75 48.55 3.22 49.90 2.75 50.39 4.54 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 0.42 0.55 1.23 0.79 l 0.90 1.12 RANGE TEMP S0ll 50 CH FIGURE D-10
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR NOVEMBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 47.40 10.90 49.50 12.45 HIN TEMP AIR 34.90 5.78 37.30 7.93 AVE TEMP AIR 40.50 7.12 42.63 9.29 RANGE TEMP AIR 12.30 7.11 12.53 6.37 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 2.71 2.15 ACTUAL EVAPORATION 0.83 0.79 AVE REL HUMIDITY 82.20 7.07 87.37 7.00 AVE DEW POINT 35.42 6.37 39.33 8 . 5 '- STATION A STATION B STATION O'4 MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 45.83 11.35 48.00 11.62 { 47.00 11.37 l l MIN TEMP AIR 36.07 7.16 34.73 6.20 32.73 5.05 AVE TEMP AIR 41.07 8.50 40.77 7.92 39.63 7.63 I RANGE TEMP AIR 9.77 5.96 13.43 8.48 14.00 8.63 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.91 2.51 2.04 l ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 85.50 7.38 85.35 9.93 79.96 9.85 AVE DEW POINT 36.67 7.49 36.37 8.40 34.27 6.61 MAX TEliP S0ll 10 CM 40.93 5.34 46.20 3.41 44.50 3.02 d6.4/ 4.42 44.6/ J.1/ 43.17 2.81 l Min TEMP 50ll 10 CM AVE TEMP 50ll 10 CM 39.53 4.57 45.30 3.15 43.87 2.78 l RANGE TEMP 50ll 10 CH 2.47 1.93 1.57 1.38 1.33 1.25 liAX TEMP S0ll 20 CM 41.50 4.06 47.93 3.56 45.47 2.51 filN TEMP 50ll 20 CM 40.13 3.58 46.30 3.02 44.23 2.23 AVE TEMP S0lt 20 CM 40.73 3.75 47.23 3.19 44.80 2.14 RANGL TEMP 50ll 20 CM 1.37 l.02 1.53 1.18 1.23 1.20 MAX TEMP 50ll 50 CM 43.00 2.65 49.67 3.34 45.07 3.46 MIN TEMP S0ll 50 CM 42.43 2.55 48.73 3.39 43.87 2.80 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CM 42.63 2.65 49.27 3.34 l 44.43 2.99 RANGE TEMP 50ll 50 CM 0.60 0.71 l 0.90 0.79 l 1.20 1.22 FIGURE D-ll
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR DECEMBER 1978 STATION T STATION BG MEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. MAX TEMP AIR 34.81 8.12 36.87 8.70 MIN TEMP AIR 23.68 6.00 24.29 6.41 AVE TEMP Ala 30.03 6.59 30.90 6.32 RANGE TEMP AIR 11.13 5.16 12.58 5.73 TOTAL PRECIPITATicil 1.52 1.82 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUMIDITY 76.84 8.59 84.39 7.93 AVE DEW POINT 23.68 7.45 27.06 7.19 STATI0il A STATI0fl B STATION OW tiEAN STD. DEV. MEAN STD. DEV. ItEAN STD. DEV. liAX TEl1P AIR 32.13 8.09 l 34.55 7.54 34.13 7.52 l l lilti TEliP AIR 23.55 5.74 23.23 6.22 _??.45 7.42 AVE TEMP AIR 27.90 6.34 29.23 6.15 cd.68 6.67 RANGE TEliP AIR 8.48 4.72 11.32 4.91 12.29 5.50 TOTAL PRECIPITATION 1.41 1.22 1.27 ACTUAL EVAPORATION AVE REL HUtilDITY 83.06 7.78 79.21 8.76 75.23 8.93 AVE DEU PolflT 23.81 7.24 23.03 7.13 22.35 7.92 MAX TEttP 50ll 10 Cri 31.03 2.81 35.48 2.09 34.23 1.54 tilN TEitP S0lt 10 Cit 29.87 2.70 34.35 1.36 33.29 1.80 AVE TEftP 50ll 10 Cri 30.35 2.63 34.94 1.81 33.74 1.54 RAtlGE TEliP 50ll 10 CM l.10 1.09 1.10 1.30 0.94 1.08 itAX TEtiP Soll 20 Cti 31.68 2.04 37.32 2.51 36.06 1.48 11111 TEMP S0ll 20 CM 30.97 2.10 36.29 1.87 37.29 1.37 AVE TEttP S0ll 20 CM 31 . 39 1.99 36.81 2.26 35.68 1.55 RANGE TE!iP 50ll 20 Cli 0.71 0.77 1.06 1.16 0.77 0.79 ftAX TEitP Soll 50 CM 34.65 0.82 39.39 1.68 37.13 0.98 tilu TEMP S0ll 50 CM 34.16 0.92 38.90 1.73 36.39 1.04 AVE TEMP 50ll 50 Cri 34.45 0.80 39.16 1.78 36.81 0.96 RANGE TEltP S0lt 50 CM 0.48 0.50l 0.42 0.55 l 0.74 0.84 I FIGURE D-12
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR JANUARY 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.01229 0.02133 -0.04839 -0.04481 0.02827 MIN AIR TEMP -0.01472 4 -0.02167 0.04804 0.04288 -0.03247
-0.00486 0.00300 -0.00838 0.00051 -0.00375 AVE AIR TEMP RANGE AIR TEMP -0.01431 -0.02118 0.04734 0.04323 -0.03201 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00345 0.02682 -0.03249 -0.01437 -0.02341 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00373 -0.00063 -0.00197 0.00046 -0.00225 AVE DEW POINT 0.00839 -0.00228 0.00837 0.00015 -0.00843 OVERALL DSQ l.02444 0.41582 0.40307 0.65590 0.58642 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEtiP 0.00022 -0.00321 -0.03505 -0.02806 0.00197 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00358 -0.00077 0.03631 0.02568 0.00035 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00705 0.00748 -0.00235 0.00473 -0.00196 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00349 -0.00067 0.03543 0.02625 -0.00065 TOTAL PRECIP -0.03129 -0.00908 0.00564 -0.00453 0.00035 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00427 0.00011 -0.00143 0.00037 -0.00064 AVE DEW POINT 0.01115 -0.00411 0.00132 -0.00343 0.00049 OVERALL DSQ l.13139 0.72380 0.39443 0.48806 0.32698 FIGURE D-13
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR FEBRUARY 1978 T-A T-B T-0W l T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00159 -0.00247 0.00428 0.UO558 0.00070 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00138 0.00384 l -0.00371 0.0C013 -0.00168 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00539 0.00129- 0.00126 -0.00615 0.00045 RANCE AIR TEMP -0.00052 0.00376 -0.00677 -0.00296 -0.00346 TOTAL PRECIP 0.00683 -0.00934 0.01296 -0.00572 0.01646 ' ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00153 0.00178 -0.00303 -0.00283 -0.00053 AVE DEW POINT -0.00413 -0.00280 -0.C0031 -0.00135 0.00129 OVERALL DSQ 0.40100 0.29599 0.98579 1.51723 0.38770 A-0W A-BG l B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP 0.00174 0.00187 0.00866 l 0.00004 0.00263 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00243 0.00286 -0.00707 0.00521 -0.00677 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01228 -0.00234 0.00033 -0.00419 0.C?c68 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00752 -0.00228 -0.00925 0.00168 -0.00651 TOTAL PRECIP 0.02820 0.01801 -0.00399 -0.01784 0.00834 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00129 -0.00268 -0.00130 -0.00164 -0.00088 AVE DEW POINT -0.00990 -0.30381 -0.00150 -0.00293 -0.00007 OVERALL DSQ l.68498 1.30575 I 0.46120 l 1.38340 0.84227 _ FIGURE D-14
O DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR MARCH 1978 T-A T-B T-JW l T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.00003 -0.00410 , 0.00003 0.00548 0.00436 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00537 0.00516 0.00T J 0.00325 -0.00760 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00259 0.00427 0.00400 -0.00684 -0.00650 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00312 0.00480 -0.00009 -0.00076 -0.00596 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00833 0.01555 -0.00704 , -0.00210 0.00140 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM -0.00lGE l. 0.00167 0.00106 0.00202 -0.00335 t AVE DEW POINT 0.0033R -0.0n578 I -0. i n ni n , _-0.pn?R1 0.01084 OVERALL DSQ 0.32774 0.22507 0.12818 .67290 0.68117 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00114 0.00237 -0.00346 0.00671 -0.00614 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00248 0.00324 0.00581 -0.00165 -0.00101 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00642 -0.00275 0.00514 0.00251 0.00876 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00107 0.00060 0.00413 -0.00455 0.00250 TOTAL PREClP -0.00713 -0.00219 0.00176 -0.00543 0.00438 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00026 0.00211 0.00187 0.00323 -0.00061 AVE DEW POINT -0.00287 -0.00369 i -0.00827 n.n0R74 -0.00174 OVERALL DSQ 0.24389 0.83489 I. 0.53780 , 1.49651 1.38437 FIGURE D-15
DISCRIMINANT FUNCT.ON COEFFICIENTS FOR APRIL 1978 T-A T-B T-0W l T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00196 0.00137 -0.00266 -0.00055 -0.00800 MIN AIR TEhP -0.00112 0.00240 0.00416 0.00417 0.00074 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00825 0.00130 -0.00444 0.00066 0.00426 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00071 -0.00100 0.00341 0.00120 0.00633 TOTAL PRECIP 0.00648 -0.00246 0.00702 0.01',76 0.01215 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00167 0.00038 -0.00140 -0.00092 0.00053 AVE DEW POINT -0.00737 -0.00161 0.00292 -0.00123 -0.00277 OVERALL DSQ 0.67683 -0.89920 l 0.18156 2.13324 2.38717 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00244 -0.01043 -0.00099 0.00042 -0.00221 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00199 0.00413 ' O.00394 -0.00065 0.00641 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00546 0.00167 0.00527 0.00237 -0.00065 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00177 0.00850 0.00185 -0.00071 0.00391 TOTAL PRECIP 0.0l067 -0.00876 0.0J110 0.01130 0.02488 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00093 0.00119 0.00133 -0.00031 -0.00117 AVE DEW POINT -0.00660 -0.00073 0.00587 l -0.00281 -0.00142 OVERALL DSQ 0.68336 3.26044 ___ 0.92527 1,13545 2.55657 FIGURE D-16
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR MAY 197S T-A T-B T-CU T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.00854 0.01789 -0.01359 -0.00248 -0.00917 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00752 0.00859 0.03755 -0.00843 -0.00471 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00462 -0.02429 -0.02863 0.00100 0.00279 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.01227 -0.00588 0.02576 -0.00111 -0.00146 TOTAL PRECl? -0.01445 -0.00213 -0.01294 -0.01855 -0.00749 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00165 -0.03534 -0.00200 0 00719 AVE REL HUM -0.00433 -0.00131 -0.00063 -0.00141 -0.00600 AVE DEW POINT 0.00450 0.00097 0.00461 0.00934 0.01006 OVERALL 05Q l.96962 2.62981 0.57632 2.44903 2.72650 A-0V A-BG B-CW B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00652 -0.00636 0.01028 0.00139 -0.00277 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00584 -0.00228 -0.00165 -0.00135 0.00381 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01556 -0.01660 0.00207 -0.007E9 0.00811 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00293 -0.00098 -0.00712 -0.00088 0.00180 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00322 0.01806 -0.00457 0.01712 -0.02170 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00200 -0.01685 AVE REL HUM -0.00185 -0.0095? 0.00185 -0.00113 0.00109 AVE DEW POINT -0.00278 0.02565 -n nn7cn n nnprq -0 nr?'1 OVERALL DSQ 2.00711 2.47242 3 47993 1.85203 2.27922 FIGURE D-17
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR JUNE 1978 T-A T-B T-CW T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.00255 0.00713 -0.00087 0.00a69 -0.00599 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00161 0.00022 0.00130 -0.00042 0.00068 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00418 -0.00409 0.00090 0.00481 -0.00009 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00485 0.00005 0.00098 -0.00079 -0.00538 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00161 -0.00853 0.00272 -0.00079 -0.00869 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00928 -0.02687 0.01482 0.00676 0.02617 AVE REL HUM -0.00092 0.00127 l -0.00097 0.00255 -0.00292 AVE DEW POINT 0.00294 0.00041 -0.00167 -0.00756 0.00514 OVERALL DSQ l.20941 4.53280 1.73676 1.49775 5.92802 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W 0.00473 -0.00244 0.00689 -0.00493 0.00067 MAX AIR TEtP MIN AIR TEMP 0.00659 0.00300 0.00153 -0.00085 0.00077 0.00002 -0.01076 -0.00277 l 0.01825 0.00933 AVE AIR TEMP
-0.00369 -0.00334 0.00152 0.00179 0.00187 RANGE AIR TEMP TOTAL PRECIP -0.00231 -0.00505 -0.00155 0.01395 0.01146 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00354 -0.03623 -0.03264 0.05846 0.03544 AVE REL HUM -0.00023 -0.00356 -0.00031 0.00545 0.00268 AVE DEW POINT -0.00993 0.00870 -0.00148 -0.01535 -0.00962 DVERALL DSQ 2.43411 6.77475 3.60564 7.91453 5.75255 FIGURE D-18
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR JULY 1978 T-A T-B l T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00051 0.00847 0.00187 0.02827 -0.00674 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00141 0.00033 0.00025 -0.00225 -0.00469 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00206 -0.00720 -0.00751 -0.01011 0.01245 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00060 0.00276 0.00308 -0.00994 -0.00288 TOTAL PRECIP -0.39678 0.34480 0.07824 -0.01469 -0.40585 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00100 -0.04620 -0.02216 0.02077 0.01389 AVE REL HUM 0.00228 0.00154 -0.00049 0.01094 0.00182 AVE DEW POINT 0.00374 -0.00255 0.00335 -0.01713 0.00031 OVERALL DSQ 2.95778 7.03731 2.03904 7.11077 5.13391 A-0W A-BG ; B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00264 -0.00658 -0.00038 0.00213 0.01293 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00480 -0.00425 -0.00378 0.00144 -0.01353 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01151 -0.00048 0.00463 0.00177 0.00974 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00276 -0.00196 -0.00065 0.00064 -0.01151 TOTAL PRECIP -0.04373 -0.03322 0.03638 -0.01892 -0.04175 ACTUAL EVAP 0.00638 -0.00622 -0.07683 0.04982 0.03182 p AVE REL HUM 0.00290 l -0.00501 -0.00156 0.00648 0.00624 AVE DEW P0lnT -0.00309 0.01068 -0.00026 -0.01679 -n.Ono7? 0VERALL DSQ l.85068 2.56337 4.24791 9.72359 5.15921 FIGURE D-19
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR AUGUST 1978 T-A T-3 T-CW T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.00483 0.00205 -0.00464 0.00648 -0.01636 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00166 -0.00133 -0.00836 0.00724 0.00203 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00398 0.00202 0.01313 -0.00252 0.01299 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00878 0.00425 -0.00111 0.00384 -0.00198 TOTAL PRECIP -0.01137 0.02631 -0.01853 0.01010 -0.02255 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00001 -0.08848 -0.03827 0.01630 0.06755 AVE REL HUM 0.01104 -0.00449 0.00078 0.00627 0.00951 AVE DEW PO!NT -0.01184 0.00418 0.00139 -0.00880 -0.01320 CVERALL DSQ 9.73072 9.13799 4.02141 3.90065 18.27399 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP 0.00047 -0.03080 0.01007 0.00492 0.01806 0.01104 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00234 -0.01987 0.00240 0.00015 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00583 0.00687 -0.00701 -0.00360 -0.02530 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00278 -0.01118 0.00072 -0.00223 0.00160 TOTAL PRECIP 0.01710 -0.07331 0.02428 -0.02605 _ 0.06354 ACTUAL EVAP 0.02359 -0.02117 -0.06703 0.09263 0.05304 AVE REL HUM 0.00444 -0.01365 -0.00302 0.00613 0.00242 AVE DEW POINT -0.00184 0.03072 0.00135 -0.00428 -0.00175 OVERALL DSQ 4.81811 19,50943 L 6.46996 ' 12.8095R 11.57136 FIGURE D-20
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION CCEFFICIENTS FCR SEPTEMBER 1978 T-A , T- B 1 T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.00791 -0.00253 -0.00313 -0.00943 0.00001 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00777 0.00924 0.00215 0.00325 -0.00146 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00760 -0.00280 0.00565 0.00796 -0.00366 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00800 0.00487 0.00226 0.00549 0.00214 TOTAL PRECIP -0.03807 0.01881 0.01898 -0.03692 -0.02419 ACTUAL EVAP 0.02636 -0.12161 0.00884 0.11026 0.01471 AVE REL HUM 0.00525 -0.00785 -0.00079 0.01341 0.00144 AVE DEW POINT 0.00369 0.00181 -0.00324 -0.009?1 0.00417 OVERALL DSQ 5.64334 8.59695 ' 2.07889 14.81575 , 2.24063 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-EG BG-0W MAX AIR TEMP -0.00512 0.00514 -0.00816 -0.01013 -0.n0:54 MIN AIR TEMP 0.00673 -0.00436 0.00940 0.00502 0.00248 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00697 -0.00520 -0.00024 0.00020 0.00308 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00378 -0.00773 L 0.01130 0.00585 0.00496 TOTAL PRECIP -0.00429 -0.00663 0.05137 0.0llil 0.00589 ACTUAL EVAP 0.02029 -0.00068 -0.13085 0.05686 0.01439 AVE REL HUM -0.00019 0.00099 -0.00777 0.00214 -0.00004 AVE DEW POINT 0.00516 0.00122 0.00408 0.00201 0.U0077 CVERALL DSQ l.26171 i 3.20073 8.74211 , 6.92949 2.57875 FIGURE D-21
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR OCTOBER 1978 T-A T-B T-0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR .'EMP -0.00022 0.00454 0.00579 0.00725 -0.00388 , MIN AIR TEMP -0.00530 -0.00376 -0.00448 -0.00428 -0.00582 AVE A!R TEMP 0.00897 0.00815 0.00660 -0. 00 n c;q 0.00803 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00261 0.00090 -0.00554 -0.00450 -0.00163 TOTAL PRECIP -0.02208 -0.00665 -0.03707 -0.06191 -0.03873 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00535 -0.11192 -0.03502 0.00310 0.14?00 AVE REL HUM 0.00518 0.00020 0.00155 0.00361 0.00835 AVE DEW POINT -0.00333 -0.00697 -0.00lln -0.00126 0.00325 OVERALL DSQ 3.37117 7.42774 1.76359 7.49756 13.18821 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W l MAX AIR TEMP -0.00009 -0.00705 0.00363 0.00333 -0.07067 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00284 0.00105 0.00380 0.00155 l 0.07631 AVE AIR TEMP 0.00142 0.00516 -0.00369 -0.00275 ! -0.00505 RANGE alp. TEMP -0.00237 0.00241 0.00158 -0.00005 I 0.07453 TOTAL PRECIP -0.02902 0.04548 0.01389 -0.04981 -0.06732 ACTUAL EVAP 0.03127 -0.00883 -0.1 3/36 0.05761 0.01949 AVE REL HUM 0.00244 -0.00066 -0.00657 0.00743 0.00290 AVE DEW POINT 0.00179 -0.00014 0.00011 -0.00168 0.00061 OVERALL DSQ l.46687 0.98867 l 7.69419 8.55988 1.91122 FIGURL D-22
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION C O E F F I C I Er,'S FOR NOVEMBER 1978 T-A T-B T-CW T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP -0.02025 -0.01101 0.00139 -0.00906 I 0.00937 MIN AIR TEMP 0.01475 0.00786 0.00558 0.00684 -0.01356 AVE AIR TEMP 0.01050 0.00318 -0.00876 0.00331 0.00745 __ RANGE AIR TEMP 0.01784 0.00995 -0.00113 0.00962 -0.01120 TOTAL PRECIP -0.01759 -0.00187 O.00454 -0.00633 -0.02701 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00542 -0.00083 -0.00271 0.00567 0.00475 AVE DEW POINT -0.00345 -0.00033 0.00421 0.00046 -0.0018? OVERALL DSQ 3.52649 0.46544 1.13012 4.87829 4.10918 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-CW MAX AIR TEMP -0.00950 -0.00261 -0.00893 -0.00088 0.00119 MIN AIR TEMP 0.01047 0.00021 0.01176 0.00055 0.00373 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00082 0.00888 -0.00355 0.00230 -0.00827 RANGE AIR TEMP 0.00761 -0.00007 0.00807 0.00251 l 0.00034 TOTAL PRECIP 0.00489 0.00214 ' O.01279 -0.02443 -0.00050 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00072 0.00029 -0.00282 0.00539 0.00113 AVE DEU POINT 0.00236 -0.00673 0.00195 -0.00075 0.00577 OVERALL DSQ l.49637 l 0.75393 l 1.59322 5.234?9 P.1175R FIGURE D-23
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS FOR DECEMBER 1978 T-A T-B " 0W T-BG A-B MAX AIR TEMP 0.02486 -0.02145 0.00437 0.00075 0.03751 MIN AIR TEMP -0.03073 0.03029 -0.00301 0.00563 -0.04308 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00003 -0.00282 -0.00007 0.00005 -0.01618 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.03075 0.02656 -0.00442 0.00748 -0.04392 TOTAL PRECIP -0.02880 0.03078 0.00613 0.03004 -0.05260 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00470 -0.00105 -0.00106 -0.00273 0.00282 AVE DEW POINT 0.00337 -0.00565 0.00002 -0.00481 0.01880 OVERALL DSQ 4.52802 1.24899 0.47788 2.84448 9.73546 A-0W A-BG B-0W B-BG BG-0W __l MAX AIR TEMP 0.00657 0.00146 0.00635 -0.00034 0.00182 MIN AIR TEMP -0.00618 0.00078 -0.00147 0.00613 -0.00315 AVE AIR TEMP -0.00722 -0.00501 0.00287 1 0.01551 -0.00653 RANGE AIR TEMP -0.00942 -0.00277 -0.00393 0.00381 -0.00328 TOTAL PRECIP -0.03297 -0.00951 0.02597 0.04223 -0.01627 ACTUAL EVAP AVE REL HUM 0.00121 -0.00046 -0.00105 !
-0.00042 0.00027 _
AVE DEW POINT 0.00617 0.00233 -0.00627 -0.02040 0.00802 OVERALL DSQ 2.39836 _ 0.70910 _ , 1.91556 6.85175 1.42233 F : C L .1 J-21
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XV11 SECTION 3.2 ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL fiONITORING
HAZLEIQT @ ENVIACNMENTAL SC:ENCES CN CC A ACAAT:
'5CC 8 AC N7 AGE AC AC NC A'"8 AC O < iLLINC'S 60062. ' ,5 A REPORT TO TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY TOLEDO, OHIO OPERATIONAL EN'J1RONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION OAK HARBOR, OHIO ANNUAL REPORT
SUMMARY
AND INTERPRETATION JANUARY - DECEMBER 1978 FOR SUBMITTAL TO THE NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION PREPARED AND SUBMITTED BY HAZLETCN ENVIRCNMENTAL SCIENCES CORPORATICN PROJECT NO. 5501-07786 Approved by: b.M.E A D G. W. Wadley, Ph.D. Scientific Director 8 March 19 79 AwCNE :3*2) S64-0?CC o ' ELE x E e-9483 'H AZE5 NSE<:
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES PREFACE The staff of the Nuclear Sciences of Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation (HESC) were responsible for the acquisition of the data presented in this report. Samples were collected by members of the staff of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station and be local sample collectors. The report was prepared by L. G. Huebner, Director, Nuclear Sciences. He was assisted in the report preparation by the follow-ing staff members: S. J. Bartman, C. A. Johnson, C. R. Mai. cut, L. A. Nicia, and Dr. R. E. Wild. ii
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CCNTENTS Page Pre face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v I. Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. Program Modification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 B. The Air Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 C. The Terrestrial Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 D. The Aquatic Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 E. Program Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 IV. Results and Discussion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A. Effects of Chinese Atmospheric Nuclear Detonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 B. Census of Milch Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 C. The Air Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D. The Terrestrial Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 13 E. The Aquatic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 V. Methodology Figures and Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . 21 VI. References Cited. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 iii
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES No. Caption Page 1 Sa'pling locations on the site boundary of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. . . 22 2 Sampling locations (except those on the site periphery), Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 iv
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES No. Title , Pace 1 Sampling locations, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2 Type and frequency of collections. . . . . . . . . . 26 3 Sample codes used in Table 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4 Sampling summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 5 Environmental radiological monitoring program sumn.nry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 V
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES I. Ir_troduction Because of the many potential pathways of radiation exposure to man from both natural and man-made sources, it is necessary to document levels of radioactivity and the variability of these levels which exist in an area prior to the anticipated release of any additional radioactive nuclides. To meet this objective, an extensive preoperational environmental radiological monitoring program was initiated for the Toledo Edison Company in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site. This program in-cluded collection (both onsite and of fsite) and radiometric analyses of airborne particulates, airborne iodine, ambient gamma radiation, milk, groundwater., meat and wildlife , fruits and vegetables , animal and wildlife feed, soil, surface water, fish, and bottom sediments. BIO-TEST /NALCO ES completed the first four-and-one-half years of preoperational monitoring in December of 1976 and one year of preoperational and operational monitoring in December of 1977. Fuel elements were loaded in Unit 1 on 23 through 27 April 1977 and the initial criticality was achieved on 12 August 1977. Unit 1 achieved one hundred percent of its operational capacity on 4 April 1978. This report, prepared by Hazleton Environmental Sciences (HES), presents one full year of operational data for the enviror. mental radiological monitoring at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. 1
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES II. Summary Results of sample analyses during the period January - December 1978 are summarized in Table 5. Tabulations of data for all samples collected during this period, additional statistical analyses of the data, and graphs of data trends are presented in a separate report to the Toledo Edison Company. Monitoring data collected furing the period January - December 1978 were similar to data obtained during 1977, but slightly higher than in 1976. The major contributor to these elevated levels was residual fallout from the atmospheric detonation of a 20 kiloton device detonated on 17 September 1977 and of a less than 20 ki' ton device detonated on 14 March 1978. None of the results indicate any effect on the radiological environment due to the operation of Davis-Besse Nuclear Station, Unit 1. 2
HAZLETON ENVIACNMENTAL SCIENCES III. Methodology The sampling locations for the Preoperational Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station are shown in Figures 3 and 2. Table 1 describes the loca-tions, lists for each its direction and distance from the station, and indicates wnich are indicator and which are control locations. The sampling program monitors the air, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. The types of samples collected at each location and the frequency of collections are presented in Table 2 usinc codes defined in Table 3. Below, the collections and analyses that comprise the program are described. Finally, the execution of the program in the current reporting annual period (January - December 1978) is discussed. A. Program Modification During the reporting period the monitoring program was modified slightly to include annual collection and analyses of soil s r.nples . Details are given in Section III.C.7. B. The Air Program
- 1. Airborne Particulates The airborne particulate samples are collected on 47 mm diameter membrane filters of 0.8 micron porosity at a valu-metric rate of approximately one cubic foot per minute. The filters are collected weekly from eleven locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, T-8, T-9.,
T-ll, T-12, T&23, and T-27), placed in 9 3
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES individual glassine protective envelopes, and dispatched by mail to HES for radiometric analyses. The filters are analyzed for gross beta activity approximately five days after collection to allow for decay of naturally-occurring short-lived radionuclides. The quarterly composites of all air particulate scmples from indi-cator locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, and T-8) and of all air particulate samples from control locations (T-9, T-ll, T-12, T-23, and T-27) are gamma-scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90.
- 2. Airborne Iodine Each air sampler is equipped with a charcoal trap in-line af ter the filter holder. The charcoal trap at each loca-tion is changed at the same time as the particulate filter and analyzed for iodine-131 immediately after arrival at the laboratory.
- 3. Ambient Gamma Radiation The integrated gamma-ray background from natural radiation is measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD).
Monthly and quarterly TLD's are placed at thirteen locations (the eleven air sampling locations and locations T-5 and T-24) . Each shipment of TLD's includes controls which are stored in a shield at the station and returned with the field TLD's after their removal. In-transit exposures are measured by the control TLD's and subtracted from the field TLD measurements to obtain their net exposure. C. The Terrestrial Procram
- 1. Milk Two gallon milk samples are collected semi-monthly 4
HAZLETON ENVIACNMENTAL SCIENCES during the grazing period (May through October) and monthly during the rest of the year from two indicator locations (T-8 and T-20) and one control location (T-24). The milk samples are analyzed for iodine-131, strontium-89 and -90, calcium, stable potassium, and are gamma-scanned.
- 2. Groundwater One-gallon well water samples are collected quarter-ly from two indicator locations (T-7 and T-17) and from one control location (T-27). The gross beta activity is determined on the suspended and dissolved solids of each sample. The samples are also gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90, and tritium.
- 3. Edible Meat Semi-annually, domes tic meat samples (chickens )
are collected from one indicator location (T-32) and one control location (T-34) and one representative species of wildlife (musk-rat or raccoon) is collected onsite (T-31). In addition, one waterfowl species and one snapping turtle are collected annually onsite (T-31) or in the site vicinity (T-33). Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed on the edible portions of each sample.
- 4. Fruits and Vecetables Semi-annually , two varieties of fruits and vegetables are collected from each of the two indicator locations (T-3 and T-25) and from one control location (T-34). The edible portions are gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90.
5
HAZL.ETON ENVIAONMENTAL. SCIENCES
- 5. Green Leafy Vegetables Monthly, during the harvest season, green leafy vegetables are collected from one indicator location (T-36) and one control location (T-37). The samples are analyzed for iodine-131. Should greea leafy vegetables from private gardens not be available, nonedible plants with similar leaf characteristics from the same vicinity may be substituted.
- 6. Animal-Wildlife Feed Animal feed is collected semi-annually from one indicator location (T-8) and one control location (T-34). Cattle-feed is collected during the first quarter and grass is collected during the third quarter. Also, once a year, a samp.le of smartweed is collected from location T-31 (onsite) . Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed on all samples.
- 7. Soil Once a year, soil samples are collected from all eleven air sampling locations ; six indicator locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, and T-8) and five control locations (T-9, T-ll, T-12, T-23, and T-27). Gamma-spectroscopic analysis is performed en all samples.
D. The Aquatic Program
- 1. Treated Surface Water Weekly grab samples of treated water are collected at one indicator location (T-28, Unit 1 treated water supply, on-site) and two control locations (T-ll and T-12, Port Clinton and Toledo filtration plants ) . The samples from each location are 6
HAZLETON ENVIACNMENTAL SCIENCES composited monthly and analyzed for gross beta activity in dis-solved and suspended solids. Quarterly composites from each loca-tion are gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90, and tritium.
- 2. Untreated Surface Water Weekly grab samples of untreated water from Lake Erie are collected from one indicator location (T-3) and from two control locations (T-ll and T-12, Port Clinton and Toledo filtration plants, untreated water tap). In addition, hourly grab samples are collected from one in-plant water supply (T-28, Unit 1 untreated water supply, onsite). The samples from each location are composited monthly and analyzed for gross beta activity in dissolved and suspended solids. Quarterly composites from each location are gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-89 and -90, and tritium.
- 3. Fish Two species of fish are collected semi-annually from each of two locations in Lake Erie; from one indicator location in the vicinity of the discharge (T ^3) and one control location approximately 15 miles frem the plant (T-34; Put-In-Bay area). The flesh is separated from the cones and analyzed for gross beta and gamma-emitting isotopes.
- 4. Bottom Sediments Semi-annually , bottom sediments are collected from three locations in Lake Erie; at two indicator locations , intake (T-29) and discharge (T-30), and at one control location about 5.3 7
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES miles WNW from the plant (T-27). The samples are gamma scanned and analyzed for gross beta and strontium-89 and -90. E. Program Execution Program execution is summarized in Table 4. The program was executed as described in the preceding sections with the following exceptions : (1) There were no air particulate or I-131 data from location T-3 for the week of 1-2 3-78 to 2-0 2-78 ; from location T-4 for the weeks of 3-20-78 to 3-37-78 and 4-17-78 to 4-24-78 ; from location T-8 for the week of 8-28-78 to 9-05-78 ; from location T-12 for the week of 9-25-78 to 10-02-78 ; and from location T-27 for the weeks of 1-09-78 tol-17-78, 1-17-78 to 1-23-78, 1-23-78 to 1 78, 10-09-78 to 10-16-78, and 11-27-78 to 12-04-78 because the pumps failed. (2) There were no air particulate or I-131 data from location T-27 for the week of 1-31-78 to 2-06-78 cecause of the power failure and timer malfunction. (3) Well uaner sample was not collected from location T-7 in January of 1978 because water line was frozen. (4) Snapping turtle was collected from location T-31 because it was not available at location T-33. (5) Weekly samples of untreated surface water were not collected from Lake Erie (T-3) during the months of January, February, and March of 1978 because the lake was frozen. (6) There was no iodine-131 datum from location T-9 for the week of 2-13-78 to 2-21-78 because the sample was not sent to the. laboratory due to over'.4ight. 8
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IV. Results and Discussion The results for the reporting period January to December 1978 are presented in summary form in Table 5. For each type of analysis of each sampled medium, this table shows the annual mean and range for all indicator locations and for all control locations. The location with the highest annual mean and the results for this location are also given. The discussion of the results has been divided into three broad categories; the air, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. Within each category, samples are discussed in the order listed in Table 4. Any references to previous envircnmental data for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station refer to data collected by Hazleton Environmental Sciences /N ALCO Environmental Sciences , or Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. The tabulated results of all measurements made during 1978 are not included in tais section, although references to these results are made in the discussion. The complete tabulation of the results is submitted to the Toledo Edison Company in a separate report. A. Effects of Chinese Atmospheric Nuclear Detonations Two atmospheric nuclear detonations by the People's RepubJic of China had some impact on program results in 1978. The first of the detonations occurred on 17 September 1977 and had some residual effect on the results. Th second detonation conducted on 14 March 1978 had a more pronounced effect on the results, especially on air particulates data. A third detonation conc.ucted by China 9
HAZLETON ENVIACNMENTAL SCIENCES on 14 December 1978 produced no noticeable effects. This section briefly reviews information about the tests and the environmental effects as reported by the EPA (U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978). The 17 September 1977 test had an estimated yield of 20 kilotons and injected radioactive debris into the upper troposphere (30,000 to 40,000 feet). The leading edge of the contaminatad air mass passed over the western edge of the continental United States on 21 September 1977 and probably reached Michigan two days later. It caused elevated gross beta activities in air particulates and elevated levels of iodine-131 in milk in nearly all parts of the United States. The 14 March 1978 test had an estimated yield'of less than 20 kilotons. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion predicted that the fallout cloud would reach the United States on March 18. EPA gross beta results for air particulates indicated that the main body of the cloud had reached the central United States by 23 March 1978. Elevated levels of iodine-131 in milk were also detected throughout che United States. The 14 December 1978 test had an estimated yield of less than 20 kilotons. Results of measurements made by the EPA in response to this test are not yet available. Data collected by Hazleton at seven sites in the North Central United States has not shown any elevated results attributable to fallout from this test. 10
HAZLETON ENVIACNMENTAL SCIENCES B. Census of Milch Animals In compliance with the Environmental Technical Specifi-cations for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, the annual census of milch animals was conducted on 25 May 1978 by plant personnel. There were no known goats within a 15 mile radius of the station. Cow herds counted were: Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of the station, 40 cows; Daup Farm, 5.4 miles SSE of the station, 25 cows; and Gaetes Farm, 5.5 miles WSW of the station, 30 cows. The Moore and Daup farms are indicator location T-8 and control location T-20, respectively. C. The Air Environment
- 1. Airborne Particulates Cross beta measurements yielced annual means that were nearly identical at the five control locations (0.095 pCi/m 3) and at the six indicator locations (0.096 pCi/m 3). The location with the highest annual mean (0.108 pCi/m )3 was control location T-9 at Oak Harbor, 6.8 miles SW of the station.
Gross beta activities at all locations were also statistically analyzed by months and quarters. The highest averages were for the month of March and the first and second quarters. The March peak in gross beta activity was due to fal.'.out from the 14 March 1978 weapons test. Activity due to fallout prevented ob-servatic n of the normal spring peak in gross beta activity, which has been observed almost annually (1976 was an exception) for many years (Wilson et. al., 1969) and has been attributed to fallout of of nuclides from the stratosphere (Gold et. al., 1964). 11
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES Strontium-90 annual mean activity was identical for indicator and control locations. Strontium-89 mean annual activity was somewhat higher for indicator locations (0.00251 pCi/m 3) than for control locations (0.00169 pCi/m 3). The highest strontium-89 and -90 activity was measured during the second quarter, and was due to the Chinese nuclear test conducted on 14 March 1978. Gamma spectroscopic analysis of qu'rterly composites of air particulate filters yielded nearly identical results for indicator and control locations. The predominant gamma-emitting isotope was beryllium-7 which is produced continuously in the upper atmosphere by cosmic radiation (Arnold and Al-Salih, 1955). Trace amounts of circoniam-95, niobium-95, rathenium-103, ruthenium-106, cesium-137, and cerium-144 were also detected in some samples. Activities of these isotopes reached their highest levels during the first and second quarter and then decreased for the remainder of the year. The higher activity of fission products was attributable to the 3pring nuclear test. There was no indication of a station effect on the data.
- 2. Airborne Iodine Weekly levels of airborne iodine-131 were equal to or below the lower limit of detection (LLD) of 0.02 pCi/m 3 through-out 1978. Only ten of 536 samples yielded detectable results ranging from 0.02 0.01 pCi/m 3 to 0.04t0.01 pCi/m 3 . The activity was detected approximately two weeks after the Chinese nuclear test conducted on 14 March 1978.
12
HAZ1.ETON ENVI ACNMENTAL. SCIENCES
- 3. Ambient Gamma Radiation Monthly TLD's at the indicator locations measured a mean equivalent dose of 15.6 mrem /91 days at indicator locations and a mean of 17.7 mrem /91 days at control locations. These results were in agreement with the values obtained by quarterly TLD'r. The highest annual means for monthly TLD's (19.9 mrem /91 days) and for quarterly TLD;s 20. 4 mrem /91 days) occurred af_ control loca* ion T-24. The annual mean dose equivalent for all locations measured by monthly and quarterly TLD's was 16.3 mrem /91 days, and was similar to the dose measured in 1977 (16.8 mrem /91 days). This is slightly lower than the average natural tackgrcund radiation for Middle America, 19.5 mrad / quarter.1 D. The Terrestrial Environment
- 1. Milk A total of 54 analyses for iodine-131 in milk were performed during the reporting period. All samples except one contained less than 0.5 pCi/l of iodine-131. The single exception was the milk sample collected on 11 April 1978 from the Daup Farm (T-20), 5.4 miles SSE of the station. The analysis yielded 0.8!0.2 pCi/l of iodine-131. The detected activity is attributable to the Chinese weapons test conducted on 14 Mrach 1978.
l' This estimate is based on data on pp. 71 and 108 of the reporr Natural Background Radiation in the United States (Na tional Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, 1975). The terrestrial absorbed dose (uncorrected for structural and body shielding) ranges from 35 to 75 mrad /y and averages 46 mrad /y for Middle America. Cosmic radiation and cosmogenic radionuclides contribute 32 mrad /y for an average oi 78 mrad /y or 19.5 mrad / quartet. 13
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Strontium-89 was detected in one of 54 milk samples. The value of 5.5 pCi/l was detected in the milk sample collected on 6 February 1978 from control location T-24 (Toft's Dairy, 24.9 miles SE of the station). The . detected strontium-89 activity was attribu-table to the Chinese nuclear tests conducted in the fall of 1977. Strontiun '30 activity was detected in 51 of 54 samples analyzed and ranged from 0.6 to 3.2 pCi/1. The ranges were similar at both control and indicator locations. The annual mean value for strontium-90 was slightly higher at the indicator locations (2.0 pCi/1) than at the control locations (1.31 pCi/1). The loca-tion with the highest mean (2.2 pCi/1) was control location T-24 The mean values were similar to those measured in 1977. The activities of Ba-140 were below the LLD for all samples collected. Results for cesium-137 and potassium-40 were nearly identical at control and indicator locations (4. 2-4. 5 pCi/l and 1340 - 1390 pCi/l for cesium-137 nad potassium-40, respectively). Indicator location T-8 had the highest mean (4.5 pCi/1) for cesium-137 and for potassium-40 (1390 pCi/1). Since the chemistries of calcium and strontium, and potassium and cesium are similar, organisms tend to deposit cesium-137 in muscle and soft tissue and strontium-89 and -90 in bones. In order to detect potential environmental ac .muiation of these radionuclides, the ratios of the strontium-90 activity to the weight of calcium and of the cesium-137 activity to weight of stable potassium were monitored in milk. The measured concentrations of calcium ard stable potassium were in agreement with previously 14
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES determined values of 1.16 0.08 g/l and 1.50!0.21 g/1, respectively (National Center for Radiological Health, 1968). No statistically significant variations in the ratios were observed.
- 2. Groundwater (Well Water)
Gross beta activities in suspended solid were below the LLD of 0. 3 pCi/l for all samples . Gross beta activities in dissolved solids averaged 4.1 pCi/l at the indicator :ocations and 2.8 pCi/l at the control location. The location with the highest annual mean was the indicator location T-7 and averaged 4.4 pCi/1. Four of eleven samples contained more than the LLD of 180 pCi/l of tritium. An activity of 320 pCi/l was detected at indicator location T-7. The mean value for all locations was 240 pCi/1. Strontium-89 activity was below the LLD of 2.0 pCi/l for all samples. There was one detectable strontium-90 activity, 1.5 pCi/1, collected at indicator location T-7. All samples were below the LLD of 3.7 pCi,/1 for cesium-137 activity. The activities 6+tected in well water were not significant when compared with the LLD and were not attributable to the r,tation operation.
- 3. Edible Meat In edible meat samples (chicken, raccoon, goose, and snapping turtle) the mean potassium-40 activity was 1.9 pCi/g 15
HAZLETON ENVI AONMENTAL SCIENCES wet weight for the indicator locations and 2.0 pCi/g wet weight fcr the control location. The difference was not statistically significant. All cesium-li7 activities were below the LLD (0.02 pCi/g wet weight) .
- 4. Fruits and Vegetables Strontium-89 activity was below the LLD of 0.008 3 pCi/gm wet weight for all samples.
Strontium-90 activities averaged 0.0125 pCi/g wet weight at the indicator locations and 0.0180 pCi/g wet weight at the control location. All samples were collected in mid-July and early October. The strontium-90 activity detected was attributable to fallout from previous nuclear tests. The only gamma-emitting isotope detected was potassium-40. The mean activities were 2.1 pCi/g wet weight for indicator locations and 2.0 pCi/g wet weight for the control loca-tions. The activity detected was similar to that detected in 1977. All other gamma-emitting isotopes were below their respective LLD's.
- 5. Green Leafy Vegetables Green leafy vegetables (cabbage, cauliflower leaves, lettuce, and celery) collected during harvest season were analyzed for iodine-131. All results were below the LLD of 0.01 pCi/g wet weight. All gamma-emitting isotopes , except potassium-40, were below their respective LLD 's . Potassium-40 activity averaced 3.0 pCi/g wet weight and 2.3 pCi/g wet weight for indicator and control loc.'tlons, respectively.
16
HA2LETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
- 6. Animal-Wildlife Feed In grass, smartweed, and silage the predominant gamma-emitting isotope was potassium-40. The annual mean for control location T-34 was higher (9.7 pCi/g wet weight) than the mean value for indicator locations (5.0 pCi/g wet weight) .
The cesium-137 level was 0.11 pCi/g wet weight in smartweed collected at indicator location T-31 and 0.05 pCi/g wet weight in grass collected at control location T-34. All other gamma-emitting isotopes were below their respective LLD's.
- 7. Soil Soil samples were collected in June of 1978 and analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes. The predominant activity was potassium-40 which had a mean of 19.7 pCi/g dry weight at indicator locations and of 25.4 pCi/g dry weight at control loca-tiona. Cesium-137 was detected in seven of eight samples and cerium-144 was detected in one of eight samples analyzed. The mean activities of these isotopes ranged from 0.089 to 3.439 pCi/g dry weight. With the exception of cerium-144, which was detected at only one indicator location, the mean activities were higher at control locations (1.094 pCi/g versus 0.599 pCi/g dry weight) .
The highest cesium-137 activity, 3.439 pCi/g, was detected at the control location T-23, 14.3 miles SE of station. All other gamma-emitting isotopes were undetectable. 17
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES E. The Aquatic Environment
- 1. Water Samples - Treated
, In treated water samples the gross beta activity in suspended solids was below the LLD of 0.4 pCi/l at all locations . Gross beta activity in dissolved solids averaged 2.9 pCi/l at indicator locations and 3.2 pCi/1 at control locations . The values are similar to those measured in 1975, 1976 and 1977. Annual mean tritium activity was identical at both indicator and control loca-tions. Strontium-89 and strontium-90 activities were below their respective LLD's of 2.0 pCi/l and 0.9 pCi/1. Cesium-137 activity was below the LLD of 3.7 pCi/1.
- 2. Water Samples - Untreated In untre .ted water samples the mean gross beta activity in suspended solids was 2.5 pCi/l at indicator locations and 2.1 pCi/l at control locations. In dissolved solids the mean activity was 4.2 pCi/l at both indicator and control locations.
For total residue the mean activities were 6.4 pCi/l at indicator locations and 5.4 pCi/1 at control locations. None of these results show statistically significant differences batween indicator and control locations. The me7n tritium activity for indicator and control locations were nearly identical (310 pCi/1 and 320 pCi/1, respec-tively). These results were in agreement with those obtained for treated water. i8
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES Strontium-89 was below the LLD of 2.0 pCi/l for all samples, while strontium-90 was above the LLD of 0.9 pCi/l in four of fifteen samples. The mean strontium-90 activity was 1.0 pCi/l for indicator locations and 1.1 pCi/l for control locations. The measured valuc s were similar to those obtained in 1977 and were not significantly different between indicator and control locations. Cesium-137 activity was below the LLD of 3.7 pCi/l for all locations.
- 3. Fish The mean gross beta activity in fish muscle was 2.46 pCi/g wet weight for indicator locations and 2.15 pCi/g wet weight for control locations.
Potassium-40 and cesium-137 were the only gamma-emitting isotopes detected. The mean potassium-40 activity was 2.2 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator location and 2.1 pCi/g wet weight for tile control location. The mean cesium-137 activity was 0.027 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator location end 0.035 pCi/g wet weight for the control location. The differences were not statistically significant.
- 4. Bottom Sediments The mean gross beta activity for bottom sediments was 19.4 pCi/g dry weight for indicator locations and 11.7 pCi/g dry weight for the control location. The location with the highest mean was indicator location T-29 (19.8 pCi/g dry weight). Location T-30 had the highest mean potassium-40 activity (21.1 pCi/g dry weight) which was the major contributor to the gross beta activi ty
. at all locations. 19
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Strontium-89 activity was below the LLD of 0.0075 pCi/g dry weight for all locations. The mean strontium-90 activity was 0.027 pCi/g dry weight for indicator locations and 0.015 pCi/g for control location. The location with the highest mean was indicator location T-29 (0.033 pCi/g). Cesium-137 activity was below the LLD of 0.06 pCi/g for control location and 0.15 pCi/g for indicator locations. 20
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V. Methodology Figures and Tables 21
~-
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' i ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES NORTilDR00K, ILLINOIS 60062 h** \
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Figure 1. Sainpling locations on the site periphery of the Davis-Desso Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 1
A w'
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\ 30ml IIAZLF. TON D ENVIRONMENTAT. SCIENCES Fosforia i
.h NORTHDROOK, ILLlHOIS 60067 Figure 2. Sampling locations (excep t i n 1.ia r - on the site periphery) , Davis-nesse Nuclear Power S tation, Unit No. 1.
HAZLETON ENV!RONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 1. Sampling locations, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit No. 1. Type of Code Location" Location T- 1 I Site boundary, 0.6 miles NE of station, near intake canal. T- 2 I Site boundary, 0.9 miles E of station. T- 3 I Site boundary, 1.4 miles SE of station, near Toussaint River and storm drain. T- 4 I Site boundary, 0.8 miles S of station, near Locust Point and Toussaint River. T- 5 I Main entrance to site, 0.25 miles W of station. T- 7 I Sand Ecach, 0.9 miles NNW of station. T- 8 I Earl Moore Farm, 2.7 miles WSW of station. T- 9 C Oak Harbor, 6.8 miles SW of station. T-ll C Port Clinton, 11.5 miles SE of station. T-12 C Toledo, 23.5 miles WNW of station. T-17 I Irv Fick's well onsite, 0.7 miles SW of station. T-20 C Daup Farm, 5.4 miles SSE of station. . T-23 C Put-In-Bay Lighthouse, 14.3 miles ENE of station. T-24 C Sandusky, 24.9 miles SE of station. T-25 I Winter Farm, 1.3 miles S of station. T-27 C Magee Marsh, 5.3 miles WNW of station. T-28 I Unit 1 treated water supply, onsite. T-29 I Lake Erie, Intake area, 1.5 miles NE of station. T-30 I Lake Erie, discharge area, 0.9 miles ENE of station. T-31 I Onsite. 24
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 1. (continued) Type of " Code Incation Location T-32 I Land, within 5 miles radius of station. T-33 I Lake Erie, within 5 miles radius of station. T-34 C Land, greater than 10 miles radius of station. T-35 C Lake Erie, greater than 10 miles radius of station. T-36 I Miller Farm, 3.7 miles S of station (or the private garden or farm having the highest X/Q). T-37 C Fruit stand, 12.0 miles SW of station for the farm 10 to 20 miles from the site in the least prevalent wind direction).
- I = Indicator locations; C = Control locations.
25
Table 2. Type and frequency of collection. Famplinj Location Type Weekly Monthly Guarterly Semi-Annually Annually 1 I AP AI TLD TLD SO 2 I AP AI TLD TLD SO 3 I AP AI SWU TLD TLD SO 4 I AP AI TLD TLD SO I 5 I TLD TLD D 7 I AP AI TLD TLD WW SO a c 8 I AP AI TLD M TLD Vh AF SO q 9 C AP AI TLD TLD SO O 11 C AP AI SWU SWT TLD SO 2 12 C AP AI SWU SWT TLD TLD SO m 17 I WW 2 20 23 C C AP AI TLD M" TLD SO fo $ 24 C TLD M" TLD Z 25 I v[ E 27 C AP AI TLD TLD WW BS SO m 28 I SWU SWT 29 I BS 30 r I BS 31 m I WL SMW n 32 I ME 5 33 d 2 I P WP ST 34 C ME VE A 35 C d m F to 36 I GLV 37 C GLV b S mi-m nthly during the grazing season, May through October. c 'lVo varie ties from each location. Cattlefeed collected during the 1st quarter, grass collected during 3rd quarter.
'1Vo species from each location.
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 3. Sample codes used in Table 2. Code Description AP Airborne Particulate AI Airborne Iodine TLD (M) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter - Monthly TLD (Q) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter - Quarterly SWU Surface Water - Untreated SWT Surface Water - Treated (tap) WW Well Water (Ground Water) BS Bottom Sediments SO Soil M Milk , ME Dor.2: tic Meat WL Wildlife F Fish VE Fruits and Vegetables SMW Smartweed AF Animal Feed (silage , grain, grass) F7 Waterfowl ST Snapping Turtle GLV Green Leafy Vegetables 27
Table 4. Sanpling summary. Collection Humber of Nunbe r o f Sample Type and Nunber of Samples Samples ype Frequency Inca ti ons Collected Missed Rema rks Ai r Environtent Ai rborne part.iculates C/W 11 561 11 See text p. Alrborne lodine C/W 11 560 12 See text p. TLD's C/M 13 156 0 C/Q 13 52 0 7 Terrestrial Environnent N Milk (May-Oct.) G/SM 3 36 0 (!k> v . - Ap r . ) Groundwate r G/M G/Q 3 3 18 11 0 1 See text p.
}O Edible neat 2
- a. Donestic meat G/SA 2 4 0 m
- n. Wildlife (one species)
C/SA 1 2 0 fg
- c. Waterfowl G/A 1 1 0 o y d. Snapping turtle G/A 1 1 0 2 Fruits and Vegetables G/SA 3 12 0 $
(two varieties from each location)
}g Green leafy vegetables G/M 2 6 0 P F
(during harvest season) g Animal-wildli fe feed c)
- a. Ca ttle feed G/A 2 2 0 Collected 1st Q jii
- b. Grass G/A 2 2 0 Collected 3rd Q 2
- c. Smartweed G/A 1 1 0 h Soil G/A 11 11 0 See text p. m Aquatic Environment Treated surface water G/WM 3 156 0 Untreated surface water G/WM 3 143D 13 See text p.
G/IIM 1 52 b o 1ish (two species) G/SA 2 8 0 liottom sediments G/SA 3 6 0 a Type of collection is coded as follows: C/ = continuous; G/ = grab. Frequency is coded as follows:
/11M " hourly grab composited monthly; /WM = weekly grab conposited monthly; /W = weekly; /SM = semi-nonthly; /M = unnthly; /Q = quarterly; /SA = semi-annually; /A = annually.
Samples are sent to laboratory weekly.
Tale 5. Invironnental Radioloyical Honitoring Program Suneary. Docket No. 50-346 Nanus of facility Davas-liesse Nuclear towc r St ation location of f acility OttasaT Ohio Reporting periodlanuary - thacernber 1978 (county, state) Inli cat or
~
location with slighest Control Annual Nan locations Nuder of Sample Type and Ic.. Laons Typo Hunber ofa Aean(F)c Nan (F) N an (F) non-routine Analysos LLD b 'ange C locationd Range Rango Results" (tin i t s ) . I Ai r bo me CB 555 f 0.001 9.096 (304 /304) T-9 Oak Harbor 0.108 (51/51) 0.095 (251/251) O p (0.015-0.646) 6.8 mL Snd (0.013-0.669) (0.007-0.669) y Partleglates (pCi/m ) g-0.00169(2/4) 0 g3 Sr-89 8 0.00008 0.00251 ( 3/4) NA9 (0.00017-0.00659) (0.00090-0.00248) -4 0.00008 0.00116 (4/4) NA 0.00116 (4/4) 0 0 Sr-90 8 2 (0.00027-0.00215) (0 00031-0.00217) y scan 8 m Be-7 0.002 0.098 (4/4) NA 0.101 (4/4) 0 Z (0.077-0.108) (0.089-0.116) g NA (LLD D D E-40 0.006 ( LID 0 0.0051 (2/4) 0 2 $ Nb-95 0.0005 0.0052 (2/4) (0.0044-0.0060) NA (0.0041-0.0060) (LLD 0 N Zr-95 0.002 0.005 (1/4) NA 2
-t 0.L 12 (1/4) 0 D Ru-103 0.0000 0.0074 (2/4) NA F
M (0.0018-0.0130) (A Ru-106 0.005 0.014 (3/4) NA 0.016 (1/4) g (0.009-0.018) m Cs-134 0.0004 (LLD NA (LLD 0 2 O Cs-137 0.0003 0.0022 (4/4) NA 0.0024 (4/4) O m (0.0007-0.0043) y) (0.n009-0.0034)
Tatal o 3. (continued) Hamo of foollity Dayle-Beogst!!gelgatibwgr St atinn Samile IR icator IncnLion w1 W ill6 hest Control Typo and locattons Annual Haan T thuwber of 1.ocations Numl>or of Haan(f) kan(Q Nan (f) @MM M fu i m) Analyses A Li tN lungo Incation _ Itango Itas,ge Ite s ul t s Aittsorno Co-141 0.001 7 0.011 (1/4) NA '> Particylates (pC1/m )(cont.
- 0.010 (3/4) 0 1 Ot-144 0.0016 0.017 (4/4) NA
- ~
(0.003-0.030) 0.019 (4/4) 0 D (0.004-0.035) d Ai r ti.a r na I-131 540 h 0.02 0.03 (5/297) O iodine T-2 0.9 al E, T-3 0.04 (5/246) (PCi/ml) (0.02-0.04) 2. 4 al Sr, T-7 0.9 - 0.03 (5/243) 0 2 mi Nriti, T-9 6.0 ml (0.02-0.04) sw,T-11 9.5 mi sE O TLD Gamma 156 7-24 Toft's Dairy' 2 Monthly (areN 2 15.6 (84/84) 19.9 (12/12) < (14.3-16.2) " Y 17.7 (72/72) 0 - q u.s r te r s (17.4-23.2) U (15.7-19.9) $ TLD Gamma T-24 Toft's Dairy, O 51 2 14.9 (27/27) 2 Quarterly Sandusky 20.4 (4/4) 17.1 (24/24) (9.6-20.2) 24.9 ml Sg 0 g (a renVgua rte s) (18.8-21.2) (12.1-21.9) g Milk (pci/1) l-l?1 54 0.5 (LLD T-20 Daup Farm 0.8 (1/18) 7 5.4 mi SSE - 0.8 (1/36) 0 St-89 54 3.0 (11D T-2 4 To f t 's Da l ry . f~ Sandusky 5.5 (1/18) 5.5 (1/36). O M 24.9 mi SE _ g Sr-90 54 1.1 2.0 (18/18) T-24 Toft's Dairy, 2.2 (17/10) 1,81 (33/36) N (0.6-3.2) Sandusky (1.5-3.1) 0, (0. 6- 3.1 ) 2 y scan 54 24.9 mt SE O K-40 70 m 1390 (18/18) T-8 Earl Mooro 1390 (18/18) M (1290-1470) Farm 1340 (36/36) 0 (1290-1470) (1250-1410) 2.7 mi WS9
Talato 5. (continued) Namo of facility Davis-Desse Nuclear Power Station leulicator Incation wit). Highest Control Sample Typa and Locations Annual Hoan Locations NunJ;cr of Typo Numtscr of Hean(f) Hean (f) Hean(f) non-routine (Units) Analysca" LLDb Range Location Rango Range Results Milk (cont.) Cs-?$7 3.8 4.5 (4/18) T-8 Earl Hoore 4.5 (4/18) (pCi/1) (4.1-5.4) Farm 4.2 (7/36) 0 D (4.1-5.4) (3.8-5.4) N 2.7 mi WSW Ba-140 3.7 (LLD - - (Lla 0 {d (g/1) L'a 54 0.01 D 1.18 (18/18) T-8 Earl tbore 1.18 (18/18) 1.15 (36/36) (1.09-1.38) Form (1.09-1.38) 0 2 2.7 mi WSW (0.92-1.59) N (9/l) K (stable) 54 0.04 1.58 (18/18) 2 T-8 Earl Mooro 1.58 (18/18) 1.53 (36/36) 0 < (1.47-1.67) Farm (1.47-1.67) (1.42-1.60) 2.7 mi WSW 3 g d (pCi/9) ur-90/C4 54 0.9 1.75 (17/18) T-24 To m e Dairy. 2.0 (17/18) 1.66 (31/36) 0 2 (0.9-2.9) " Y gg (1.3-2 7) (0.9-2.1) { (IC1/g) 's-137/K 54 2.6 2.9 (3/18) m T-20 Daup Fara 3.0 (3/18) 2.9 (6/36) 0 (2.7-3.4) 5.4 mi SSE (2.6-3.6) (2.6-3.6) 7 Wall Water ;u (SS) 11 0.3 (LU) - (pCi/1) (LLD 0 p
;B (DS) 11 4.1 (7/7) 1 T-7 Sand Beach 4., ( 3/ 3) 2.8 (2/4) 0 M (3.0-5.5) 0.9 mi NNW ( 3. i)-5. 5 ) (1.7-3.8) O
.D (TH) 11 T-7 Sand Beach 1 4.1 (7/7)
(3.0-5.5) 0.9 mi NNW 4.4 (3/3) 2.8 (2/4) 0 b (3.0-5.5) (1. 7- 3. 8 )
.l- 3 11 100 240 (4/7) 7-7 Sand Beach 280 (2/3) (LLD 0 E (180-320) 0.9 mi NNW (240-320) @
ir-89 11 2.0 (LLD - - (LLD 0 k
Tablo 5. (continued) Nau.o of facility Davls-Dosso Nuclear Powe r st at iren IEllcator Locatton with Itighest Control Sample Type and Locations Annual Mean Locations tJuud)er of Type thunbu r o f llean ( f) Kian {f) Mean(f) non-routino (Unit s) Analysos a 7tnb nanga Location Rango Rango Results I uell Water Sr-90 11 1.4 1. 5 . (1/7 ) T-7 Sand Beach 1.5 (1/3) ( LID 0 D (cont.) - e 0.9 mi NN1f - N (~ y scan 11 m 4 Cs-137 3.7 ( LID - - (uD 0 0 Edible Heat y scan 8 Z (pci/g) E K-40 0.1 1.9 (6/6) T-31 m alte 2.0 (3/3) 2.0 (2/2) 0 2 (1.5-2.7) 0.6 al NE (1.6-2.7) (1.3-2.6) [ Cs-137 0.02 ( LID - - (LLD 0 I) O fruits and Sr-89 12 0.0083 ( LI.D - - ( LID 0 2 Vegutablem (pC1/g wet) 12 0.0125 (6/8) 0.0201 (3/4) { Sr-90 0.0048 T-25 Winter Farm 0.0190 (3/4) 0 gg (0.0010-0.0336) 1.3 mi S (0.0010-0.0336) (0.0015-0.0409) y scan 12 7 4 K-40 0.1 2.1 (8/8) T-25 Winter Fars 2.2 (4/4) 2.0 (4/4) 0 g-(1.0-3.9) 1.3 mi S (1. 0 - 3. 6 ) (0.9-2.8) m Nb-95 0.01 (LLD - - ( LID 0 0 Zr-95 0.04 (LLD - - ( LID 0 Hu-106 0.1 (LID - - (LLD 0 0 Cs-137 0.01 (LLD - - (LLD 0 0 Ce-141 0.04 (LLD - - (LLD 0 cc-144 0.07 (LLD - - (LLD 0
Tablu 5. (continued) H.amo of f acility Davis-Des so Nuclear l>tmai r St a t i on DL11cator Location wI1TiiT<ihest Control Samplu Type and Is.ations Annual Mean Locations Nun.ber of Typo Htunbar of tic an ( f) haan(f) Hean(f) non-routine jlgt ) Analy a;o s" LLD b ita nge Location Rango Banga Rosults Green laafy I-131 6 0.01 <LLD I Vegutables
<tLD 0 p (pC1/g wet) y scan 6 N p
K-40
. m 0.1 3.0 (3/3) T-36 Miller Farm 3.0 (3/3) 2.3 (3/3) 0 .{
(1.7-4.8) 3.7 mi S (1.7-4.8) (1.3-4.1) O Nb-95 0.009 <LLD - -
<LLD 0 m
Zr-95 0.02 (LLD - -
< Ltm 0 g Co-137 0.01 (LLD - -
(LLD 0 3 Ce-141 0.02 (LLD - -
<LLD 0 0 Ce-144 0.07 <LLO <LLD 0 2
g g W Animal - y scan 5 m Wildlife Feed 2 (pci/g wet) Be-7 0.2 (LLD - - LLD 0 -{ K-40 0.1 5.0 (3/3) T-34 Land 9.7 (2/2) 9.7 (2/2) 0 f* (2.6-6.7) 25 mi SE (5.0 - 14 . 4 ) (5.0-14.4) g tib-95 0.03 (LLD - - (LLD 0 n m Zr-95 0.04 <LLD - - (LLD 0 2 O Itu-10 3 0.03 (LLD - - (LLD 0 m Ru-106 0.2 <LLD (LID 0 Cs-137 0.03 0.11 (1/3) T-31 Site boundary 0.11 (1/1) 0.05 (1/2) 0 0.6 mi HE - -
Tablo 5. (continued) Hame of f acllity Davis-Desse= N ucl ea LP(ywe r_ Stat ion Inilicator Location with liighest Control Samplu Type and Locations Annual Mean Locations tionhor of Type Number of Henn(f) Hean(f) Hoan(f) non-routine (lin i t m) Analysos a LLDb lbu.g o Location Hango Rango Results I Animal - Cu-141 0.08 (LLD - - (LLD 0 D tilldlife Feed N (pCi/g wet) Co-144 0.2 0.8 (1/3) T-31 Site boundar) 0.8 (1/1) ( LID 0 I (cont.) - 0.6 sai NE - Soil y scan 11 O (pcl/g dry) 2 ho-7 6.7 (LLD - - (LLD 0 g F- 4 0.1 19.74 (6/6) T-9 Oak Harbor 36.72 (1/1) 25.41 (5/5) 0 2 (14.67-29.40) 6.8 al SW - (10.11-36.72) $ tr-95 0.84 (LLD - - (LLD 0 n 0 Hb-95 0.48 (LLD - - (LLD 0 2 Hu-103 1.8 E (LLD - - ( LID 0 m pu-106 0.40 ( LID - - (LLD 0 Cs-137 0.024 0.599 (5/6) T-23 Put-in-Day 3.439 (1/1) 1.094 (5/5) 0 g-(0.091-1.879) Lighthause - (0.089-3.439)
- 14. 3 mi 121E II)
O Co-141 (LLD 21.5 (1/1) 7.6 T-ll Port Clinton 9.5 mi SE - 21.5 (1/5) 0 Z Co-144 0.50 0.77 (2/6) T-1 Sito boundary 0.93 (1/1) (LLD 0 O (0.60-0.93) 0.6 mi NE - U I/) Treated GD (SS) 36 0.4 ( LIS - - (LLD 0 Surfaco Water (pCi/1) Gil (DS) 36 0.4 2.9 (12/12) T-11 Port Clinton 3.6 (12/12) 3.2 (24/24) 0 (2.2-4.6) tap water (2.5-4.9) (2.1-4.9) 9.5 mi SE
Tablo 5. (conti r.ued ) Hame of facility Davis-Dense Nuclear ITwe r St a t inn
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Inllic a tor loca t lon widMit3c h t Control S an.p l o Typo and loca t ionis Asinual Mean Locations Husiber of Typo Hambor of Mean(f) Huan(f) Menn(f) non-routino (tini t s) Analysos a g,t9 b ha nja Locatlon Dango Dango Results I Treated Cu (TR) 36 0.4 2.9 (12/12) T-11 Port Clinton 3.6 (12/12) 3.2 (24/24) 0 b Surface Water (2.2-4.6) tap water (2.5-4.9) (2.1-4.9) N (pC1/1) 9.5 ani SE f* (cont.) N 11 - 3 12 180 280 (4/4) 280 (8/8) 0 -i (250-310) (200-370) O Z m Z Sr-89 12 2.0 (LLD - - (LLO O <
.ir-90 12 0.9 (LLD - -
(LLD 0 ta ( scan 12 2 W Cs-137 3.7 <LLD - -
<tLD 0
{ m Un t re at ed Gu (SS) 45 0.5 2.5 (18/21) T-3 Lake Erie, 3.4 (9/9) 2.1 (14/24) 0 2 Surfaco water (0.5-7.0) site boundary, (1.0-7.0) (0.6-5.4) (pci/1) 1.4 mi SE of h g-Toussaint R. and storm dialn m O Gu (DS) 45 C.5 4.2 (21/21) T-3 Lake Erie, 5.1 (9/9) 4.2 (24/24) 0 g (1.8-8.6) site boundary, (3.1-8.6) (2.2-7.6) 1.4 mi SE of 7 Toussaint R. and O btorm drain m UI GB (TH) 45 0.5 6.4 (21/21) T-3 Lake Erie, E.5 (9/9) 5.4 (24/24) 0 (2. 3- 15. 6 ) uite boundary, (4.6-15.6) (3.0-13.0) 1.4 mi SE of Toussaint R. and storm drain
4 g ,g g ggggy Davia-Deno Nuclear Powur Station Ti'd Ica to r Location wftIDif0 host control Sample Type and locations Annual Menn, Locatione Nanhar of Typo Nunior of Henn(f) Hean (() Huan(f) non-routino (Uni g Analyse 6 a LLDb Rango 1.ocation Rango _ pango Husults I Untzuatad H-3 15 170 310 (7/7) T-11 Port Clinton 340 (4/4) 320 (8/8) O p Surfaco Water (170-480) water intake (320-3'30) (lad-430) y (pCi/1) 9.5 mi Se p (cont.) g
,0 Sr-89 15 2.0 (LLD - -
(LLD .{ S r-9 0 15 0.9 1.0 (3/7) T-12 Toledo water 1.1 (1/4) 1.1 (1/0) 0 (0.9-1.2) intake e - 23.5 mi Mnf m y scan 15 2 g Cu-137 3.7 (LLD - - (LLD Q E 3 ribh Gu 8 0.02 2.46 (4/4) T-33 Lako Erie 2.46 (4/4) 2.15 (4/4) 0 2 (.3 (pC1/9 Wet) (1.78-2.98) 1.5 mi NC (1.78-2 98) (1.31-3.67) (h y scan 8 0 Z K-40 0.1 2.2 (4/4) T-3 3 take P.r iu 2.2 (4/4) 2.1 (4/4) 0 -j (2.0-2.4) 1.5 mi HE (2.0-2.t) (1.6-2.5) > I Cs-137 0.009 0.027 (3/4) T- 35 Lak e Erie 0.035 (3/4) 0.035 (3/4) 0 g {0.021-0.031) 15 mL Hr. (0.012-0.050) (0.012-0.050) g Bottom GB 6 1.4 19.4 (4/4) T-29 Lake Eriu, 19.8 (2/2) 11.7 (2/2) 0 N Se d i r.c n t s (12.9-25.2) intake asea (19.7-19.9) (10.2-13.1) 2 (pCi/9 dry) 1.5 mi HE O
~
m Sr-89 . 6 0.0075 <!1D - - (LLD 0 [f) St-90 6 0.008 0.027 (4/4) T-29 Lake Erie, 0.033 (2/2) 0.015 (2/2) 0 (0.014-0.033) intake area - (0.009-0.021) 1.5 mi NE. 8 l
Tablo 5. (cont i nued) Nama of faollity Davis-Den se tJuclear Powe r St ation frid E$or 115Elon wlFlfl~UIsiAt Control san.pl e Type at.l !a> cations Annual Mgan Locations tJunber of Typu thut.be r o t' Mcan(f) fiaan (f) Henn(f) non-routino gnitm) Analysen a Ltg)# Ita n<j u I.ncatton Dango Ranjjo lic s ul t s battom y scan 6 I Se di nne n t u b (sci e /9 day) M-40 0.1 20.6 (4/4 ) N (cont.) T-30 Lake Erie, 21.1 (2/2) 16.1 (2/2) 0 { (16.2-26.0) dluchange area (16.2-26.0) - III 0.9 mai ifHi d ca-137 0.06 0.1s (3/4) O T-29 I.ake Erie 0.20 (2/2) (LLO O Z (0.06-0.27) intake area (0.13-0.27) 1.s mi NE N 1 2 Gu < b groas beta, SS = auspended solida, DS = disuolved solids, Tu = total residue. _ Lt.D = nominal lower limit of detection based on 3 miyma counting error for background sample. D ta
, Mean teased upon detectatino awanurements only. Pr act ion of elet ectable measurements at specified locat tores th indicated O 4
in parenthuses (r). 2
" 1.oestions are specified by station code (Table 1) a nd d i s t a nce- (miles) and direction rotativs to reactor site. $
Non-avutinu results are those which exceed ten times the control station value. A Six collectiun periods with low results have been oncluded in the deturn.ination of the means and ranges of gross beta Z y in air particulates. These results .rere unreliable duo to appas ent pump malfunction, y
- Oaarterly composites of all samples from indicator locations and control locations were gamma scanned separately. b g' Thus, the location with the highest annual sioan cannot Im identified.
Twe n t y a e s u1 t a have twen excluded in the determination of the nicano and ranges of airborne iodine-131. These [" results havo been excluded due to apparent 1, ump malfunction or low volun.e. g n m Z n m Ul
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES S VI. References Cited Arnold, J. R. and H. A. Al-Salih, 1955. Beryllium-7 Produced by Cosmic Rays . Science 121: 451-453. Gold, S., H. W. Barkhau, 3. Sh10in, and 3. Kahn , 1964. Measurement of Naturally Occurring Radionuclides in Air, in the Natural Radiation Environment, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, 369-382. NALCO Environmental Sciences , 1976a. Preoperational Environmental Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Etwer Plant, Oak Harbor, Ohio. Semi-Annual Report, January - June, 1976.
, 1976b. Preoperational Environmental Monitoring for tne Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant , Oak Harbor, Chio, Semi-Annual Report, July - December, 1976.
, 1978. Preoperational and Cperational Radiological Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Oak Harbor, Ohio, Annual Report. January - December 1977.
National Center for Radioloaical Healthr 1968. Section 1 vi'> and Food. Radiological Health Data and Reports. Vol. 9, November 12, 730-746. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. Environmental Radiation Data, Report 12 (April 1978) and Report 14 (October 1978) . Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomerv.r Alab ama . Wilson, D. W., G. M. Ward, and J. E. Johnscn, 1969. 7" 7""" on-mental Contamination by Radioactive Materials, International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 125. 38
f w XVIII SECTION l-l .1 OPERATIONAL 10ISE SURVEILLANCE v L
NUS-TM-319 SUPPLEMENTAL NOISE SURVEY OF THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION UNIT 1
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Prepared for THE TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY by Roger P. Andes Joel H. Klotz
- February 1979 NUS Corporation 4 Research Place Rockville, Maryland 20850 j
Approved: M
/ G - H. Firstenberg Manager Air Quality Assessments h
m
TABLE OF CCNTENTS ~ Section Page I. Introduction 1 II. Characteristics of Sound 2 III. Regulations and Criteria 5 IV. Noise Survey Methods and Measurements 7 V. Results and Discussion 9 References 11 M N w W w w h
e LIST OF TABLES Page Noise Sampling Locations at the Davis-Besse 12 I. Nuclear Power Station, November 20-21,1978 II. Sound Pressure Level Measurements and Noi a 13 Sources at the Davis . :se Nuclear Power Station,
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November 20-21,1978 III. Octave Band Sound Pressure Levels at the 14
- Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, November 20-21,1978 - IV. Wind Speed and Direction During the Noise 15 Survey at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, November 20-21,1978 W
M h N
=
N emw e-N
.m- ~ LIST OF FIGURES - Page h Sampling Locations at the Davis-Besse Nuclear 16 1 Generating Station During the Noise Survey of November 20-21,1978 2 Operational Sound Pressure Levels at the 17 Davis-Besse Nuclear Generating Station, dBA m 6 emmWD w w h% 6 h D m
I. INTRODUCTION A noise survey was conducted at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit 1 on November 20-21, 1978 to assess the operational noise impact of Davis-Besse Unit I at full load conditions. Station operational noise data collected during this survey supplements data collected during a previous noise survey while the station was not
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operating at full load. Due tc the high wind speeds during the survey, sampling locations were limited to the immediate area around the major noise sources. The major noise se- _es include the natural draf t cooling tower, the transformers, and the turbine building. Station operational noise was not measurable offsite or at _ the site boundary due to wind and wave noise. However, the maximum noise impact of the station of fsite has been determined by comparing the measured sound levels from the cooling tower with sound level measurements of other natural draf t cooling towers. The noise impact of the station has been determined based on the noise from the cooling tower because the cooling tower is the predominant noise source. This report presents a description of the characteristics of sound, the methodology used during the survey, a summary of the collected sound level data,
~
and a discussion of the results. h W eeupua N
=
h 1
II. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND Noise can be defined as undesirable sound. Sound is created when a pressure disturbance is propagated through air in the form of compression waves, for which the following relationship holds c=fA (1) where c = velocity of sound (1130 ft/sec for standard atmospheric conditions of 70 F and 29.92 in. Hg) f = frequency, Hz A = wavelength, f t. The pressure fluctuation at a point in space from sound wave.s is measured in terms of the sound pressure levels, defined as: L
- p = 20 log 10 (
o; where
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L = sound pressure level, decibels referenced to p g p p = . sound pressure, N/m pg = reference sound pressure, N/m2 , A sound pressure variation that barely can be detected by the human ear is defined as the threshold of hearing, and has been established as 2 x 10~0N/m 2 . This value is used as the reference sound pressure, pg .
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Sounds are composed of many frequencies, with a sound pressure level associated with each frequency, but most humans perceive only those in the frequency range of 20 to 20,000 Hertz. This wide frequency range is usually divided into octave bands to provide a more detailed description of noise. The upper frequencies of these bands are twice the lower frequencies. Since the response of people to sound is frequency dependent, a sound is often measured in terms of the A-weighted 2 sound pressure level (dBA re 2 x 10-5N/m ), which adjusts the contribution of each 2
octave band according to the frequency response curve of the human ear. The A-weighted sound pressure level is an approximation of human ear response to a given level of noi<e. The contribution of a given noise source to the background sound levels can be estimated based on its sound power level frequency spectrum. The sound power level frequency spectrum of a noise source is a measure of the total sound energy radiated by the sburce per unit time as a function of frequency. The sound pressure level at a distance r from a source is related to the sound power level at a given
~
frequency by the following equation:(1,2) Lp( , 6,f) = L,(f) - 20 lag r
+ 10 log Q ( 6,f) - An (O r - 0.5 (3) where 2
L (r, 6,f) = sound pressure level, dB re 2 x 10 N/m L ,(f) = sound power level, dB re 10-12 watts r = distance frorn source, ft f = frequency, Hz An(f) = excess attenuation, dB/f t Q( 6,f) = directisity factor, dimensionless. The term A n(f) accounts for excess attenuation from atmospheric, terrain, and _ vegetation effects, and can be determined from field studies and empirical equations based on experimental data. The sound power level frequency spectrum, L,(f), may be evaluated for a given source based on sound level measurements around the source or calculated from measurements made around similar sources. The directivity factor, Q, is defined as the ratio of the mean square sound pressure, at some fixed distance, averaged over all directions from the source. The directivity index is defined as G ( 6,f) = 10 log Q ( 6,f) 3
For uniform spherical sound propagation G=0; for uniform hemispherical sound prop agation G=3. Several environmental factors will affect the sound levels at a given location, including variations in both meteorological conditions and the state of vegetation and ground cover.U' Variations in vegetation and groundcover, because of seasonal effects, will result in varying amounts of excess attenuation through the year, depending on the nature of the intervening vegetation and groundcover between the source and the receptor.U' Meteorological conditions will affect the sound levels at any location. Vertical temperature and wind gradients will affect the directivity of a noise source because of the variation in the speed of sound with height, sometimes resulting in shadow zones into which sound waves are not effectively propagated. A shadow zone is commonly encountered upwind from the source, where the wind gradient _ refracts the sound waves upward. Downwind, the wind gradient refracts sound waves downwar" 'nd no shadow none is produced. This results in a greater noise impact downwind of a source than upwind, along the direction of the prevailing wind. Temperature induced sound refraction tends to be symmetrical about the source. A shadow zone may completely encircle a source during unstable conditions with a ~ strong negative temperature gradient (Pasquill A or B stability class), and low wind speeds, such as on a calm, sunny day. However, there will be no shadow zone during stable conditions with a strong positive temperature gradient (Pasquill E or F stability class) and low wind speeds, such as on a clear, calm night. This results _ in a greater noise impact under very stable atmospheric conditions than under very unstable conditions. Under low-level inversion conditions, in which the temperature decreases to a certain level and then begins to increase, a channeling effect can occur in which the sound waves are refracted back into the levels beneath the inversion, leading to higher sound levels than normal and longer range sound propagation.
III. REGULATIONS AND CRITERIA U.S. Environmental Protection Agencv (EPA) In a residential environment, the time-weighted day / night outdoor average sound level, L dn, f 55 dBA has been identified as compatible with the protection of public health and welfare.(6) This guideline protects the majority of the exposed population, under most conditions,against annoyance. To determine the L dn sound level, the equivalent sound level, L , is first computed from
~
L = 10 log
; y-f.(10 L;/10') (5) eg 100 i1 where L. = sound level in the it .5 time interval, dBA f; = percentage of total analysis time represented by the il " time in terval.
The time-weighted day / night outdoor average sound level, Ldn, is computed from ( Ld/10 1" + 10V10 - Ldn = 10 log 15 (10 ) + 9 (10 ) (6) where L d
- f r the daytime (0700 to 2200 hours) eq L
n
= L for the nighttime (2200 to 0700 hours) eq These are noise level guidelines which EPA recommends; they are not standards.
According to EPA, nearly half the nation's population is exposed to L sound levels
~
dn of 55 dBA or greater. In a long-term national strategy document for noise abatement and control,( the following regulatory actions are recommended:
- a. Immediate reduction of environmental noise exposure of the population to an L dn value fn m re than 75 dBA; 5
reduction of environmental noise exposure levels to an Ldn ""I"* I
~
b. 65 dBA or lower through vigorous regulatory and planning actions;
- c. aiming for environmental noise levels that do not exceed an Ldn value of 55 dBA in future programs affecting environmental noise exposure.
U.S. Deoartment of Housing and Urban Develooment (HUD) The HUD noise impact criteria state that noise levels below 45 dBA are Acceptable for continuous 24-hr exposure; levels up to 65 dBA are Normally Acceptable provided that 65 dBA is not exceeded more than 8 hr/ day; levels exceeding 65 dBA more than 8 hr/ day are Normally Unacceptable; and levels which exceed 75 dBA
~
more than 8 hr/ day or 80 dBA more than 60 min / day are Unacceptable.(6) The HUD noise criteria are standards only for HUD sponsored projects, and may be considered recommended guidelines otherwise.
-m m
6
IV. NOISE SURVEY METHODS AND MEASUREMENTS In devising the methodology used during the noise survey, consideration was given to the American National Standards Institute (ANSD guidelines which establish a method for the evaluation of noise in an area in which the ambient sound levels result from the superposition of multiple noise sources. '
} Sound pressure level measurements were obtained at the seven locations shown in Figur e 1. Table I presents a description of each location including the distances from major noise ~
Sour Ces. The instrumentation used during the survey consisted of the following:
- l. Bruel and Kjaer Type 2209 Precision Sound Level Meter
- 2. Bruel and Kjaer Type 4145 Condenser Microphone
- 3. Bruel and Kjaer Type 4220 Pistonphone
- 4. Nagra Type SJS Magnetic Tape Recorder This instrumentation meets the requirements of the ANSI standards for a Type I or precision sound level meter.III) A 1-inch diameter condenser .nicrophone was used to assure that accurate low level ambient sound measurements could be made. The meter was acoustically calibrated using the B&K Pistonphone before and af ter each
~ measurement period to assure continued accuracy. Headphones were used to determine any distortion, improper amplification characteristics, and intermittent electrical connections. The microphone w,s tripod mounted and located a sufficient distance away from all vertical surf aces to mini aize reflection effects.
All measurements were made using an open celled polyurethane foam wind screen to attenuate the effect of wind generated noise around the microphone. However, with a steady wind of 12 mph during the survey, the wind induced noise on the sound level meter was approximately 42 dBA.02) Occasional gusts of wind would
~
increase the wind induced sound level reading. Thus, except for location one, sound level measurements at the Davis-Besse station were limited to those areas with sound levels above 50 dBA to insure the accuracy of the measurements. A measurement below 50 dBA was obtained at location one when the wind speed had dropped to 9 mph. The gust effects were discernible during the measurement period. 7
~
Sound level measurements were made with the sound level meter operated in the A-weighted slow response mode. The instrument reading method involved observing and recording the meter reading once every five seconds, regardless of the location of the needle within its swing. These creasurements were repeated until a statistically reliable sample was obtained. The number of readi gs required to achieve this condition was determined by the variability of the ambient sound level. The measurement approach of taking a sample every five seconds resulted in a statistically independent sample because the interval was considerably greater than the meter averaging time. Table II presents the noise sources and the L 50 sound levels (the sound level exceeded 50% of the time) at each sarnpling location for the indicated dates and times during the survey. Octave band analyses were obtained during all but one measurement period to identify the presence of any pure tone. The instrument reading method during the octave band analyses involved observing and recording the sound level corresponding to approximately the L sound level for each octave band. The 50 measured sound levels in each octave band are presented in Table III for each samplir,g location and measurement period. The sound levels measured in the 31.5 Hz and 63 Hz center band frequencies can be attributed to the wind effect on the microphone windscreen. The measurements in the center band frequencies above
~
63 Hz were not af fected by the wind.(I The hourly "indspeeds and directions as recorded at the Davis-Besse site meteorologic .il tower during the survey are presented in Table IV for the 35 foot and 250 foot levels. The wind speeds presented are average hourly wind speeds. During the survey the average wind speed ranged from 9 to 14.5 mph at the 35 foot level while the wind direction varied from 15 through 50 degrees. 8
V. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS With the exception of measurements in one octave band near the cooling tower, the sound level measurements during the November 1978 survey at the Davis-Besse __ station are consistent with the sound levels measured during the first operrtional noise survey in March 1978. The cooling tower noise predominates throughout the Davis-Besse station except in the immediate vicinity of the turbine building and the step-up transformers. Since the cooling tower is the major noise source, the noise impact of the station offsite can be determined from the sound levels from the tower. Although sound level measurements could be made only close to the tower due to the wind conditions, the maximum contribution of tower noise to the offsite sound levels has been determined by comparing the measured sound levels
~
with sound level measurements of other natural draf t cooling towers. A study of
- measured sound levels from twelve natural draf t cooling towers resulted in the development of a curve of maximum predicted sound levels versus distance from a . natural draf t tower. The measured sound levels from the Davis-Besse tower are 1 to 2 dB less than the maximum predicted levels at specific distances near the tower. Therefore, the sound levels offsite will be less than the maximum values cetermined in the study. Figure 2 presents the sound level isopieths around the Davis-Besse station based on the measured sound levels within 1000 feet of the ~
tower and the maximum predicted sound levels determined by the tower noise study for distances beyond 1000 feet. Since the water flow through the tower is
~
constant, the sound levels in Figure 2 represent approximately the L eg sound levels. Actual sound levels will vary depending on the operation of auxiliary equipment,
- the use of equipment producing intermittent noise, and meteorological conditions.
The maximum expected sound level at the site boundary due to cooling tower noise is 52 dBA in the absence of any excess attenuation due to meteorological effects. The maximum expected distance for a 45 dBA sound level contribution from the tower extends to just south of the Sand Beach residences. Neither the HUD acceptable level of 45 dBA nor the EPA L g level of 55 dBA will be exceeded at Sand Beach due to the operation of Davis-Besse Unit 1. However, the noise from wave action can normally exceed 50 dBA at Sand Beach.(15) Depending on the size
~
of the waves, the wave noise will partially or completely mask the cooling tower noise at Sand Beach. 9
During the November survey the water flow rate through the tower was at the maximum rate of 480,000 gallons per minute, but during the March survey the water flow rate was only half the maxi.num rate. During the November survey the
^
L sound levels at !ocation 2 near the cooling tower were 2 to 3 dBA higher than 50 the L sound levels in March. However, the sound levels measured at the base of 50 the tower, location 3, in November were nearly identical to the sound levels measured in March. This indicates that the difference in the sound levels measured
- at location 2 can not be attributed to an increase in the tower water flow rate.
Rather, an increase in the background sound levels due to wind and wave noise is most likely responsible for the difference in the measured sound levels between the
- -arveys.
There was one noticeable difference in the tower noise between the March and November survey. In the 125 Hz centerband frequency the sound level at location 3 had increased from 57 dB in March to between 74 to 82 dB in November. This low pitched drone from the tower was distinctly audible over the other frequencies even at a distance of several hundred feet. The increase in the 125 Hz band did not affect the A-weighted measurements because the sound pressure levels in the 125 _ Hz band are attenuated by 16 dB in the A-weighted full spectrum sound level measurements. The increased sound level in the 125 Hz band may be due to a combination of the increase in water flow and a corresponding increase in air flow through the tower between the two surveys. M W e 10
REFERENCES
- 1. Harris, C.M., Handbook of Noise Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New s _. York,1957.
- 2. Beranek, L.L., Noise and Vibration Control, McGraw-Hill Book Company, m
New York,1971.
- 3. Wiener, F.M., and D.N. Keast,"An Experimental Stddy of the Propagation of Sound Over G:ound," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 31, No. 6, June 1959, pp. 724-733.
- 4. Aylor, D., " Noise Reduction by Vegetation and Ground", Journal of the
- Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 51, No. I (Part 2),1972.
- 5. Ingard, U., "A Review of the Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Sound Propagation," Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, Vol. 25, No.1, May 1953, pp. 405-411.
- 6. U.S. En"ironmental Protection Agency, Information on Levels of Endronmental Noise Recuisite to Protect the Public Health and Welfare with an Adequate Margin of Saferv, EPA 550/9-74-004, March 1974.
- 7. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Toward a National Strategy for Noise Control, April 1977. .-- 8. U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Noise Abatement and Control. Deoartment Policy. Imolementation Responsibilities and Standards, Circular 1390.2, July 16,1971.
- 9. American National Standards Institute, Draf t Method for Measurement o_f Community Noise, ANSI S3W50, November 11, 1969.
- 10. American National Standards Is,,titute, Method for the Measurement of Sound Pressure Levels, ANSI S1.13-1971, August 14,1971.
- 11. American National Standards Institute, Soecifications for Sound Level Meters, St.4-1971,1971.
- 12. Bruel and Kjaer, Condenser Microphones and Microchone Preamolifiers, Theory and Acolication Handbook, May 1977.
- 13. Andes, R., and J. Klotz, Operational Noise Survey of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, NUS Corporation, NUS-TM-316, May 1973.
- 14. Capano, G.A., and W.E. Bradley, " Noise Prediction Techniques for Siting
~ Large Natural-Draft and Mechanical-Draft Ccoling Towers", Proceedings of-the American Power Conference. Volume 38,1976, pp. 756-762.
- 15. Toledo Edison Company, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No.1, Sucolement to Environmental Reports. Ooerating License Staee, Prepared by NUS Corporation,1974 11
~
TABLE 1 NOISE SAMPLING LOCATIONS AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION _ NOVEMBER 20-21, 1978 Location Description 1 On the southern side of the intake canal, approximately 1000 feet east of the plant.
- 2 On the perimeter access road approximately 700 feet north of the cooling tower.
3 Approximately 100 feet north of the cooling tower. 4 At the flagpole in parking lot, approximately 200 feet east of transformer. 5 At the entrance gate to tower and perimeter access road, approximately 700 feet west of the cooling tower. _ 6 At the southeastern corner of the parking lot. 7 On access road between the switchyard and the teactor building. we N 12
TABLE Il
~
SOUND PRESSURE LEVEL MEASUREMENTS AND NOISE SOURCES AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION NOVEMBER 20-21, 1978 Sampling Location Date Time L N ise Sources 50 1 11/21 21:03 44 Turbine building, cooling tower 2 11/20 15:17 SS 11:00 1 Cooling tower, 11/21 57 ,
~
wind, birds 11/21 21:20 58 3 11/20 15:45 70 Cooling 11/21 11:23 70 L tower 11/21 21:32 70 i 4 11/20 16:45 60 ' Transformer, i1/21 14:45 62 turbine building, bell, 11/21 20:05 62 cooling tower 5 11/20 17:10 58 / Cooling tower, 11/21 15:00 60 f traffic 6 11/21 14:20 51 Wind, turbine and water treatment buildings, vehicles 7 11/21 20:25 53 Turbine building, cooling tower h 13
I I I I I ( l' I I I I I I I I ( I I I T A B L E III OCTAVE BAND SOUND PRESSURE LEVELS AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION NOVEMBER 20-21, 1978
~
2 Octave Band Sound Preswre Levels (dB re 2 x 10 ' N/m ) Location Date Time 31.5 63 125 250 500 1000 2000 4000 8000 16000 (Hertz) i 11/21 21:04 68 60 52 48 48 48 40 4' 30 26 2 11/20 15:20 53 56 67 50 50 52 53 48 34 8 11/21 11:10 56 58 70 50 50 52 52 44 32 9 11/21 21:25 62 50 64 52 43 44 47 42 33 10 3 11/20 15:46 62 58 74 54 55 57 58 57 52 40 11/21 11:28 61 63 80 59 60 64 64 63 58 44 11/21 21:35 60 62 80 57 60 63 64 63 58 44 7 4 11/20 16:55 72 68 73 63 56 54 44 36 -' - 11/21 14:50 74 68 74 65 56 55 48 40 32 17 11/21 20:10 71 69 76 63 56 54 47 40 32 32 5 11/20 17:15 60 54 66 48 55 53 52 47 33 8 11/21 15:05 62 68 68 51 52 54 53 49 32 18 6 11/21 14:20 (no data due to wind) 7 11/21 20:25 64 57 55 52 51 54 53 46 29 11
TABLE IV WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION DfJRING THE NOISE SURVEY AT THE _ DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POV'ER STATION, NOVEMBER 20-21, 1978 35 Foot Wind Data 250 Foot Win J Data
~
Wind Speed Wind Direction Wind Speed Wind Direction Date Hour (mph) (degrees) (mph) (degrees)
~
11/20 14:00 12.0 025 12.5 035 15:00 14.5 030 15.0 045 16:00 12.5 035 13.5 045 17:00 13.5 040 15.0 050 11/21 11:00 12.5 030 13.5 040 12:00 12.5 025 13.5 035 13:00 13.0 025 14.0 035
~
14:00 13.5 025 14.0 035 15:00 12.0 025 13.0 035
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16:00 11.0 025 12.0 035 17:00 10.0 025 10.0 040 1.S :00 9.5 025 10.5 040 19:00 8.0 015 10.5 035 _ 20:00 10.0 020 12.0 025 21:00 9.0 020 11.0 030 22:00 9.0 020 11.0 030 m h 15
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e--' -- OPERATIONAL SOUND PRESSURE A LEVELS AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR GENERATING STATIGN, dBA 17
9 XIX SECTION 4.2 FISH IMPINGEMENT STUDY s
4.2 Fish Impingement Study The fish impingement study is reported in Section 3.1.2.a.6.
XX SECTI0ti 4.3 CHLORINE T0XICITY STUDY J o a
s 4.3 Chlorine Toxicity Study The chlorine toxicity study was not required for the year .1978. O-
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