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{{#Wiki_filter:.I00 @0..ooO0...*o*. 00 o°o. *OoOO.* S o~NWMINORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application forRadioisotope Production FacilityNWMI-2013-021, Rev. QAJune 2015Prepared by:Northwest Medical Isotopes, LLC815 NW 9th Aye, Suite 256Corvallis, Oregon 97330 | |||
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* O 0.* 0NWMINORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application forRadioisotope Production FacilityNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AJune 2015Prepared by:Northwest Medical Isotopes, LLC815 NW 9th Ave, Suite 256Corvallis, Oregon 97330 S. | |||
* g g.00 gOo.O *Oo~ .* 0 OONWMINORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application forRadioisotope Production FacilityNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AJune 2015Prepared by:Northwest Medical Isotopes, LLC815 NW 9th Ave, Suite 256Corvallis, Oregon 97330 | |||
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INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application forRadioisotope Production FacilityNWMI-2013-021, Rev. QADate Published:June 29, 2015Title: Chapter 19.0, Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application for Radioisotope Production FacilityApproved by Carolyn Haass Signature: C wtiY #o- | |||
!NWM I* I.: ORTHWdEST MED CAL SOTAPESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThis page intentionally left blank. | |||
WMI* e.B ,NORTHWEST MEDCIO TOENWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewRev0Date1/5/20156/29/20 15Reason for RevisionInitial ReportRevised ByNot requiredC. HaassOAUpdate due to maturation of design | |||
:!::!NWM I* ,. ...5ORTHWEST MEDCALISOTOPSNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThis page intentionally left blank. | |||
ChaperI1NWM-2013-o2, Rev. OA: l Chpter 9.0 -Environmental Review* ...NORTHWEST MREDICAL ISOTOPESCONTENTS19.0 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW .............................................................. 19-119.1 Introduction............................................................................. 19-119.1.1 Purpose and Need for Action ................................................ 19-319.1.1.1 Background...................................................... 19-319.1.1.2 Molybedum-99 History......................................... 19-419.1.1.3 Molybdenum Today ............................................ 19-619.1.2 Regulatory Provisions, Permits and Required Consultations............. 19-719.1.2.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency....................... 19-719.1.2.2 U.S. Department of Transportation............................ 19-919.1.2.3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers............................... 19-1019.1.2.4 Occupational Safety and Health Administration ........... 19-1019.1.2.5 Missouri State Agencies ...................................... 19-1019.1.2.6 Local Governments............................................ 19-1419.1.2.7 Permit and Approval Status .................................. 19-1719.1.3 Consultation and Coordination............................................. 19-2119.2 Proposed Action ...................................................................... 19-2319.2.1 Description of Proposed Action and Connected Actions ................ 19-2319.2.1.1 Schedule........................................................ 19-2419.2.1.2 Affected Land.................................................. 19-2419.2.1.3 Personnel, Materials, and Equipment Required DuringProject Phases.................................................. 19-2419.2.1.4 Applicant for the Proposed Action........................... 19-2519.2.2 Radioisotope Production Facility Site Location and Layout ............ 19-2519.2.2.1 Site Location ................................................... 19-2519.2.2.2 Site Layout ..................................................... 19-2919.2.2.3 Infrastructure Improvements.................................. 19-3119.2.2.4 Existing Infrastructure ........................................ 19-3 119.2.2.5 Other Nearby Facilities/Buildings ........................... 19-3 119.2.2.6 Monitoring Stations ........................................... 19-3119.2.3 Radioisotope Production Facility Description............................ 19-3219.2.3.1 Process Description............................................ 19-3719.2.3.2 Facility Areas .................................................. 19-4019.2.4 Water Consumption and Treatment ....................................... 19-4719.2.4.1 Water Consumption ........................................... 19-4719.2.4.2 Water Sources Independent of Municipal orCommercial Supply ........................................... 19-4819.2.4.3 Water Treatment............................................... 19-4819.2.5 Cooling and Heating Dissipating Systems ................................ 19-4819.2.5.1 Cooling Water Systems ....................................... 19-4819.2.5.2 Heating Systems ............................................... 19-4919.2.5.3 Heat Dissipation Systems..................................... 19-4919.2.6 Auxiliary Systems........................................................... 19-49 NWM' ChpeIWI-030 ev. O:lvChater19.0 -Environmental Review* ....NORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPES19.2.7 Waste Systems............................................................... 19-4919.2.7.1 Process System Liquid Wastes............................... 19-5019.2.7.2 Process System Solid Waste.................................. 19-5019.2.7.3 Waste Handling Process Systems............................ 19-5 119.2.7.4 Construction Waste............................................ 19-5219.2.7.5 Recycling and Reclamation .................................. 19-5219.2.8 Storage, Treatment, and Transportation of Radioactive andNonradioactive Materials, including Fuel, Waste, Radioisotopes,and Any Other Materials................................................... 19-5419.2.8.1 Storage and Treatment ........................................ 19-5419.2.8.2 Transportation of Material.................................... 19-5519.3 Affected Environment................................................................ 19-5819.3.1 Land Use and Visual Resources............................................ 19-5819.3.1.1 Land Use ....................................................... 19-5819.3.1.2 Visual Resources............................................... 19-6519.3.2 Air Quality and Noise....................................................... 19-7519.3.2.1 General Regional Climate .................................... 19-7519.3.2.2 Air Quality ..................................................... 19-8319.3.2.3 Noise............................................................ 19-8519.3.3 Geologic Environment...................................................... 19-8619.3.3.1 Regional Geology ............................................. 19-8619.3.3.2 Geology at the Proposed Site................................. 19-8919.3.3.3 Site-Specific Volcanic Hazard Analysis..................... 19-9319.3.3.4 Onsite Soil Types.............................................. 19-9319.3.3.5 Prime Farmland................................................ 19-9619.3.3.6 Shrink-Swell Potential ........................................ 19-9819.3.3.7 Erosion ......................................................... 19-9819.3.3.8 Previous Geological Studies by Others...................... 19-9819.3.3.9 Regional and Local Tectonics ................................ 19-9919.3.3.10 Seismic Hazard Assessment ................................ 19-10219.3.3.11 Other Geologic Hazards ..................................... 19-10619.3.3.12 Tectonic Uplift and Subsidence............................. 19-10719.3.3.13 Earthquake Ground-Shaking Amplification............... 19-10719.3.3.14 Earthquake-Induced Landslides............................. 19-10719.3.3.15 Liquefaction .................................................. 19-10719.3.3.16 Caves and Sinkholes......................................... 19-10819.3.4 Water Resources ........................................................... 19-10919.3.4.1 Surface Hydrology........................................... 19-10919.3.4.2 Groundwater Resources ..................................... 19-11819.3.4.3 Preexisting Environmental Conditions..................... 19-12019.3.4.4 Historical and Current Hydrological Data ................. 19-12219.3.4.5 Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Water Use.. 19-12219.3.4.6 Water Rights and Resources ................................ 19-12219.3.4.7 Quantitative Description of Water Use..................... 19-12319.3.4.8 Contaminant Sources ........................................ 19-124ii | |||
: W INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.5 Ecological Resources...................................................... 19-13119.3.5.1 Wetlands...................................................... 19-13119.3.5.2 Offsite Areas.................................................. 19-13219.3.5.3 Onsite Areas .................................................. 19-13419.3.5.4 History......................................................... 19-13619.3.5.5 Places and Entities of Special Interest ..................... 19-13619.3.5.6 Aquatic Communities and Potentially Affected WaterBodies......................................................... 19-13819.3.5.7 Terrestrial Communities..................................... 19-13919.3.5.8 Wildlife ....................................................... 19-13919.3.5.9 Protected Species and Habitats ............................. 19-14119.3.6 Historical and Cultural Resources ........................................ 19-14419.3.6.1 Cultural Setting............................................... 19- 14519.3.6.2 Recent History -Discovery Ridge ......................... 19-14819.3.6.3 Previous Investigations...................................... 19-14919.3.6.4 Recent Cultural Resources Surveys ........................ 19-14919.3.6.5 Literature Review ............................................ 19- 14919.3.6.6 Pedestrian Survey ............................................ 19-15119.3.6.7 Previously Recorded Historic Structures and Districts .. 19-15319.3.6.8 Native American and State Agency Consultation ........ 19-15519.3.7 Socioeconomics ............................................................ 19-15519.3.7.1 Boone County ................................................ 19-15619.3.7.2 Local Schools................................................. 19-15819.3.7.3 Population Map............................................... 19-15919.3.7.4 Transportation Systems...................................... 19-15919.3.7.5 Taxes .......................................................... 19-16119.3.7.6 Public Recreation Facilities ................................. 19-16 119.3.8 Human Health.............................................................. 19-16319.3.8.1 Sensitive Receptor Locations ............................... 19-16319.3.8.2 Major Sources and Levels of Background Radiation ....19-16519.3.8.3 Major Sources and Levels of Chemical Exposure ........ 19-16819.3.8.4 Occupational Injury Rates ................................... 19-17019.3.9 Connected Action -University Reactor Network ...................... 19-17 119.3.9.1 University of Missouri Research Reactor.................. 19-17 119.3.9.2 Oregon State University Radiation Center Complex.....19-17 119.3.9.3 Third Reactor................................................. 19-17219.4 Impacts of Proposed Construction Operations, and Decommissioning ........ 19-17319.4.1 Land Use and Visual Resources .......................................... 19-17319.4.1.1 Land Use...................................................... 19-17319.4.1.2 Visual and Aesthetics Resources ........................... 19-17519.4.2 Air Quality and Noise ..................................................... 19-18019.4.2.1 Air Quality.................................................... 19-18019.4.2.2 Monitoring.................................................... 19-19119.4.2.3 Noise .......................................................... 19-193iii | |||
:" NW M Chapter 19. -niomna Review*".."""NORTHWEST MEDICAL IS0TOPES19.4.3 Geologic Environment .................................................... 19-19519.4.3.1 Soils and Bedrock............................................ 19-19519.4.3.2 Large-Scale Geologic Hazards ............................. 19-19619.4.4 Water Resources............................................................ 19-19619.4.4.1 Surface Water................................................. 19-19619.4.4.2 Groundwater.................................................. 19-19719.4.4.3 Monitoring.................................................... 19-19819.4.5 Ecological Resources...................................................... 19-19819.4.5.1 Impacts of Construction ..................................... 19-19819.4.5.2 Impacts of Operation......................................... 19-19919.4.5.3 Impacts of Decommissioning............................... 19-19919.4.5.4 Monitoring.................................................... 19-19919.4.6 Historical and Cultural Resources ........................................ 19-19919.4.7 Socioeconomics ............................................................ 19-20019.4.7.1 Population .................................................... 19-20019.4.7.2 Housing ....................................................... 19-20219.4.7.3 Public Services ............................................... 19-20219.4.7.4 Public Education ............................................. 19-20319.4.7.5 Tax Revenues................................................. 19-20319.4.7.6 Transportation ................................................ 19-20419.4.8 Human Health.............................................................. 19-20519.4.8.1 Nonradiological Impacts..................................... 19-20519.4.8.2 Radiological Impacts ........................................ 19-2 1019.4.8.3 Radiological Impacts During Decommissioning.......... 19-2 1219.4.8.4 Radiological Monitoring Program.......................... 19-2 1219.4.9 Waste Management........................................................ 19-21619.4.10 Transportation.............................................................. 19-2 1619.4.10.1 Transportation Mode and Projected Distances ............ 19-21719.4.10.2 Incident-Free Radiological Dose ........................... 19-2 1819.4.11 Postulated Accidents....................................................... 19-22419.4.11.1 Accident Categories.......................................... 19-22519.4.11.2 Postulated Accident Impacts ................................ 19-23019.4.12 Environmental Justice ..................................................... 19-23019.4.12.1 Methodology ................................................. 19-23119.4.12.2 Minority Population.......................................... 19-23219.4.12.3 Household Income ........................................... 19-23219.4.12.4 Assessment of Disproportionate Impacts .................. 19-23219.4.13 Connected Actions -University Reactor Network ..................... 19-23419.4.13.1 Irradiation Services .......................................... 19-23419.4.13.2 Transportation ................................................ 19-23919.4.13.3 Waste Management .......................................... 19-23919.4.14 Cumulative Impacts ....................................................... 19-24019.4.14.1 Methodology.................................................. 19-24019.4.14.2 Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable FutureProjects........................................................ 19-24 119.4.14.3 Summary of Cumulative Impacts .......................... 19-259iv | |||
*.N V INWMI-03-2IRe.OMEDCALChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.5 Alternatives .......................................................................... 19-26319.5.1 The No-Action Alternative ............................................... 19-26319.5.2 Reasonable Alternatives................................................... 19-26319.5.2.1 Site Alternatives.............................................. 19-26319.5.2.2 Screening ....................................................... 19-26419.5.2.3 University of Missouri Research Reactor SiteEvaluation .................................................... 19-26719.5.2.4 Process Alternatives.......................................... 19-27119.5.3 Cost-Benefit of the Alternatives .......................................... 19-27319.5.4 Comparison of the Potential Environmental Impacts................... 19-27719.6 Conclusions .......................................................................... 19-27919.6.1 Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts of the ProposedAction ...................................................................... 19-27919.6.1.1 Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts ofConstruction .................................................. 19-27919.6.1.2 Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts ofOperations .................................................... 19-28 119.6.2 Relationship between Short-Term Uses and Long-TermProductivity of the Environment......................................... 19-28419.6.2.1 Construction of the Radioisotope Production Facilityand Long-Term Productivity ................................ 19-28419.6.2.2 Operation of the Radioisotope Production Facility andLong-Term Productivity..................................... 19-28519.6.2.3 Summary of the Relationship Between Short-Term Useand Long-Term Productivity ................................ 19-28519.6.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources Used toSupport the Proposed Action ............................................ 19-28619.6.3.1 Irreversible Environmental Commitments of Resources. 19-28619.7 References............................................................................ 19-288APPENDICESAppendix A -Consultation Letters.................................................................... A-iAppendix B -Missouri State Historic Preservation Office Consultation Letterand Response ........................................................................... B-iv | |||
* .NRHWESMDICOOPENWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewFIGURESFigure 19-1.Figure 19-2.Figure 19-3.Figure 19-4.Figure 19-5.Figure 19-6.Figure 19-7.Figure 19-8.Figure 19-9.Figure 19-10.Figure 19-11.Figure 19-12.Figure 19-13.Figure 19-14.Figure 19-15.Figure 19-16.Figure 19-17.Figure 19-18.Figure 19-19.Figure 19-20.Figure 19-2 1.Figure 19-22.Figure 19-23.Figure 19-24.Figure 19-25.General Molybdenum-99 Process Flow and Distribution ..................... 19-3Historical Timeline of U.S. and WorldwideMolybdenum-99 Production Industry.......................................... 19-6Overview of Current Molybdenum-99 Worldwide Process................... 19-7200 km (124-mi) Radius with Cities and Roads .............................. 19-26Illustration of 8 km (5-mi) Radius from the Center of the Facility.......... 19-27Radioisotope Production Facility Site Boundary ............................. 19-30Radioisotope Production Facility Site Layout ................................ 19-32General Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility..................... 19-33Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility First LevelFloor Plan......................................................................... 19-34Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility SecondLevel Floor Plan ................................................................. 19-35Radioisotope Production Facility Hot Cell Details ........................... 19-36Radioisotope Production Facility Block Flow Diagram ..................... 19-37First-Level Confinement of the Radioisotope Production Facility.......... 19-45Layout of Discovery Ridge Research Park Showing Lot 15, theProposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site.............................. 19-58Land Use and Cover within the 8 km (5 mi) Region of Influence of theProposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site.............................. 19-62Special Land Use within the Region of Influence of the ProposedRadioisotope Production Facility Site ......................................... 19-63September 2013 Visual Reconnaissance Photo Locations ................... 19-67View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site fromIntersection of Rolling Hills and Bass Roads, Photo Location #1........... 19-68View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site from GansRoad, approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) North Photo Location #2 .............. 19-68Direct View of Radioisotope Production Facility Site from DiscoveryParkway near the Overpass, Photo Location #3 .............................. 19-69View of Radioisotope Production Facility Site from the North Edge ofPerry Phillips Lake, Photo Location #4 ....................................... 19-69View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site from Boys andGirls Town of Missouri, Photo Location #5 .................................. 19-70View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site from S. Lenoirand Roosevelt Avenue, Photo Location #6.................................... 19-70View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site fromIntersection of New Haven and Rolling Hills Roads, Photo Location #7 .. 19-71View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site fromRoute WW at Old Hawthorne, Photo Location #8 ........................... 19-71vi NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-26.Figure 19-27.Figure 19-28.Figure 19-29.Figure 19-30.Figure 19-31.Figure 19-32.Figure 19-33.Figure 19-34.Figure 19-35.Figure 19-36.Figure 19-37.Figure 19-38.Figure 19-39.Figure 19-40.Figure 19-41.Figure 19-42.Figure 19-43.Figure 19-44.Figure 19-45.Figure 19-46.Figure 19-47.Figure 19-48.Wind Rose from South Farm, 2000-2010 (University of MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station)............................................... 19-80Wind Rose from Automatic Weather Station, Columbia, Missouri,2007-2012 (Western Regional Climate Center)............................... 19-81Geologic Features within an 8 km (5-mi) Radius of the RadioisotopeProduction Facility Site ......................................................... 19-90Map of Missouri Quaternary Age Geology ................................... 19-9 1Soil Map within a 1.6 km (1-mi) Radius of the Proposed RadioisotopeProduction Facility Site ......................................................... 19-94Map Showing U.S. Department of Agriculture Prime Farmland .............19-97Geologic Faults Map........................................................... 19-101Hazard Mitigation Map........................................................ 19-105Streams of Southern Boone County, Missouri............................... 19-110Map Showing Bonne Femme Watershed .................................... 19-111lInpaired Streams Map......................................................... 19-1 16Aquifer Map .................................................................... 19-119Region of Influence in Relation to Ecoregions and Subregions ........... 19-133Wetlands Map .................................................................. 19-135Archeology and Survey Layers Map in Relation to the RadioisotopeProduction Facility Site ........................................................ 19-150Sensitive Receptors ............................................................ 19-164Radioisotope Production Facility Visualization............................. 19-176Research and Diagnostic Laboratory Facility Located at DiscoveryRidge ............................................................................ 19-176ABC Laboratories Facility Located at Discovery Ridge ................... 19-177Stack Potentially Visible Areas ............................................... 19-178Location of On-site Environmental Thermoluminescent Dosimeters andContinuous Air Monitors...................................................... 19-2 15Molybdenum-98 Bombarded with Neutrons to Form Molybdenum-99... 19-272Molybdenum-100 High Energy Reactions to Form Molybdenum-99 ....19-272vii NWI* P. O ,NRTCWESI MW CALISOTOPE$NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTABLESTable 19-1.Table 19-2.Table 19-3.Table 19-4.Table 19-5.Table 19-6.Table 19-7.Table 19-8.Table 19-9.Table 19-10.Table 19-11.Table 19-12.Table 19-13.Table 19-14.Table 19-15.Table 19-16.Table 19-17.Table 19-18.Table 19-19.Table 19-20.Table 19-21.Table 19-22.Table 19-23.Table 19-24.Table 19-25.Table 19-26.Table 19-27.Table 19-28.De Minimis Emission Levels of 10 CSR 10-6.020(3)(A).................... 19-11Emission Levels of Common Air Pollutants .................................. 19-11Required Stream Buffer Width, Identified by Stream Type ................. 19-16Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)...................................... 19-17Consultation Required for Construction and Operation Status (2 pages) ... 19-2 1Resources Required During Radioisotope Production Facility Phases ....19-24Estimated Materials Consumed During Construction Phase ................ 19-25Northwest Medical Isotopes Ownership Summary ........................... 19-25Sensitive Populations (2 pages) ................................................ 19-28Facility Areas and Respective Confinement Zones .......................... 19-44Radioisotope Production Facility Water Flow Rates and ConsumptionInformation ....................................................................... 19-48Liquid Waste Produced Annually from the Radioisotope ProductionFacility............................................................................ 19-50Solid Waste Produced at the Radioisotope Production Facility ............. 19-50Summary of Radioactive Materials and Wastes Required or Generatedat the Radioisotope Production Facility for Ongoing Operations ........... 19-57U.S. Geological Survey Land Use Categories for the 8 km (5-mi)Region of Influence Surrounding the Proposed RadioisotopeProduction Facility .............................................................. 19-6 1Discovery Ridge Viewshed ..................................................... 19-66Scenic Quality Inventory and Evaluation Chart............................... 19-73Scenic Quality Rating, by View................................................ 19-74Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate, HistoricTemperature Summary, 1969-2012............................................ 19-76Columbia, Missouri, Five-Year Temperature Summary, 2008-20 12 .....19-77Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate, HistoricPrecipitation Summary, 1969-2012............................................ 19-78Relative Humidity Data for Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012............... 19-78Mean Wind Speed for Columbia, Missouri, from 2008-20 12 .............. 19-79Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scales Used to Determine TornadoIntensity........................................................................... 19-82Listing of Severe Weather Events from 1950 to 2010 within an 80 km(50-mi) Radius of the Radioisotope Production Facility Site................ 19-82Summary of Notable Storm Events In and Near the Region ofInfluence, Recorded from 1996 to 2013....................................... 19-83National Ambient Air Quality Standards Applicable in Missouri........... 19-84Description of Soil Type, Mexico Silt Loam, 1-4 percent Slopes,Eroded ............................................................................ 19-95viii NWM INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-29.Table 19-30.Table 19-3 1.Table 19-32.Table 19-33.Table 19-34.Table 19-35.Table 19-36.Table 19-37.Table 19-38.Table 19-39.Table 19-40.Table 19-41.Table 19-42.Table 19-43.Table 19-44.Table 19-45.Table 19-46.Table 19-47.Table 19-48.Table 19-49.Table 19-50.Table 19-5 1.Table 19-52.Table 19-53.Table 19-54.Table 19-55.Table 19-56.Table 19-57.Table 19-58.Site Soil Chemical Characteristics for Boone County, Missouri............ 19-96Prime Farmland and Farmland of Statewide Importance .................... 19-98Plasticity and Liquid Limit Testing ............................................ 19-99Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages) .......................... 19-102Projected Earthquake Hazards for Boone County........................... 19-106General Stream Water Properties by Site (2 pages)......................... 19-112Average Fecal Coliform and E. coli Concentrations........................ 19-114State-Regulated Facility ....................................................... 19-12 1Water Use in Boone County, 2000 ........................................... 19-123Missouri Dam Report, by County ............................................ 19-124Major Surface Water Pollution Sources in Missouri Classified Waters... 19-126Major Contaminants in Missouri Classified Waters ........................ 19-127Missouri Waters Protected for Various Uses ................................ 19-128Major Sources of Groundwater Contamination in Missouri................ 19-129Missouri Department of Natural Resources Missouri GroundwaterContamination Summary...................................................... 19-130Federal and State Listed Endangered/Threatened, or Species ofSpecial Concern ................................................................ 19-141Boone County Listings on the National Register of Historic Places(3 pages)......................................................................... 19-153Population Growth in Boone County from 1960 (Estimated) through2030.............................................................................. 19-157Public Schools and Enrollment within an 8 km (5-mi) Radius of theProposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site............................. 19-159Traffic Volume on Local Road Systems ..................................... 19-159Parks within an 8 km (5-mi) Radius of the Radioisotope ProductionFacility Site ..................................................................... 19-162Total Personnel Dose to University of Missouri Research ReactorFacility Employees............................................................. 19-170Activity Parameters for Earth Moving ....................................... 19-182PM-10 and PM-2.5 Emission Factors for Earth-Moving ActivitiesDuring Construction............................................................ 19-182Annual PM-10 and PM-2.5 Emissions from Earth-Moving ActivitiesDuring Construction............................................................ 19-183Annual PM-10 and PM-2.5 Emissions from Wind Erosion of BareGround .......................................................................... 19-183Total PM-b1 and PM-2.5 Emissions from Construction ................... 19-183Total Mileage Estimates for On-Road Vehicles............................. 19-184On-Road Vehicle Emissions (During Construction) ........................ 19-185Air Pollutant Emissions Factors for Off-Road Construction Equipment. 19-186ix | |||
* I.;,. NWRrNISME[LISOENWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-59.Table 19-60.Table 19-61.Table 19-62.Table 19-63.Table 19-64.Table 19-65.Table 19-66.Table 19-67.Table 19-68.Table 19-69.Table 19-70.Table 19-71.Table 19-72.Table 19-73.Table 19-74.Table 19-75.Table 19-76.Table 19-77.Table 19-78.Table 19-79.Table 19-80.Table 19-81.Table 19-82.Table 19-83.Table 19-84.Table 19-85.Table 19-86.Table 19-87.Anticipated Gaseous Effluents and Their Associated Air QualityParameters for Construction................................................... 19-186Emissions for Standby Emergency Diesel Generator....................... 19-188Natural Gas-Fired Boiler Total Annual Emissions.......................... 19-189AERSCREEN Model Total Annual Emissions ............................. 19-189Vehicle Emissions During Operations ....................................... 19-190Expected Green House Gas Emissions from Radioisotope ProductionFacility Project ................................................................. 19-192Workforce Required for Construction........................................ 19-201Workforce Required for Operations .......................................... 19-201Estimated Annual Tax Payments ............................................. 19-204Chemical Inventory for the Radioisotope Production Facility............. 19-207General Route Information.................................................... 19-219Route Segment Information................................................... 19-220Unirradiated Target Shipment Source Term................................. 19-221Irradiated Targets for Oregon State University and Third ReactorRadiological Characteristics................................................... 19-221Irradiated Targets for University of Missouri Research ReactorRadiological Characteristics................................................... 19-222Low-Enriched Uranium Radiological Characteristics ...................... 19-223Estimated Waste Radiological Characteristics............................... 19-223Molybdenum-99 Product Radiological Characteristics..................... 19-223Chemical Dose Analysis Results ............................................. 19-230Percent Population Distribution by Race..................................... 19-23 3Estimated Household Income Within Various Distance Bands andWithin State and County (2 pages) ........................................... 19-233Annual Occupational Dose Summary for MURR Reactor OperationsGroup (typically 28 people badged within the group) ...................... 19-236Annual Occupational Dose Sunmmary for MURR Reactor HealthPhysics Group (typically 8 people badged within the group) .............. 19-23 6Annual Occupational Dose Summary for the Shipping Group (typically8 people badged within the group)............................................ 19-236Summation of the Annual Dose Equivalent for the MURREnvironmental Thermoluminescent Dosimeters............................. 19-237Annual Summary of Occupational Doses Received at the Oregon StateUniversity TRIGA Reactor.................................................... 19-238Total Annual Dose Equivalent Measured at the Oregon State UniversityTRIGA Reactor Fence Line................................................... 19-239Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions (19 pages) .... 19-241Summary of Site-Specific Scoring Criteria (2 pages)....................... 19-264x NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-88.Table 19-89.Table 19-90.Table 19-9 1.Table 19-92.Table 19-93.Evaluation of Alternative Sites ............................................... 19-266Cost-Benefit Summary of the Alternatives (4 pages)....................... 19-273Comparison of the Potential Construction Impacts of the DiscoveryRidge Site and Alternatives.................................................... 19-277Comparison of the Potential Operational Impacts of the DiscoveryRidge Site and Alternatives.................................................... 19-278Construction-Related Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts(2 pages)......................................................................... 19-279Operations-Related Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts(3 pages)......................................................................... 19-282xi | |||
.W INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTERMSAcronyms and Abbreviations41Ar7Be14C1311132I98Mo99Mo'OOMo63NilO6Rh99Tc99m~Tc235U237U238U133XeABC LaboratoriesA.D.ADUNAECLAEGLALARAANSTOB.C.BLMBMPBRRBTEXCAMCATSOCDBGCEQCERCLISCFRCNSCCOCO2_COLTCSRCWADBADEQDiscovery Ridgeargon-4 1beryllium-7carbon- 14cesium- 137iodine- 13 1iodine- 132potassium-40molybdenum-98molybdenum-99molybdenum-l100nickel-63palladium-i 112rhodium- 106technetium-99technetium-99mtellurium- 132uranium-235uranium-237uranium-23 8xenon- 133Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc.Anno Dominiacid-deficient uranyl nitrateAtomic Energy of Canada. LtdAcute Exposure Guideline Levelas low as reasonably achievableAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganizationBefore ChristBureau of Land Managementbest management practiceBEA Research Reactorbenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenescontinuous air monitorColumbia Area Transportation Study OrganizationCommunity Development Block GrantCouncil on Environmental QualityComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabilityInformation SystemCode of Federal RegulationsCanadian Nuclear Safety Commissioncarbon monoxidecarbon dioxideColumbia TerminalCode of State RegulationsClean Water Actdesign basis accidentDivision of Environmental QualityDiscovery Ridge Research Parkxii | |||
;:NWM INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewDOADoDDOEDOTEF scaleEPAEPCRAERERPGF scaleFDAFEMAFSARGCRAGHGGISHAPHEPAHEUHFRHICHVACHWMCICP-MSIPaCIREIRUIXKrLEULLMW LLCLQGLUSTMallinckrodtMARMDCMDNRMHAMHPMIDUSMMIMMRPCMNRCMoDOTMOIMUMURRNAAQSNASNEPADepartment of AdministrationU.S. Department of DefenseU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Transportationenhanced Fujita tornado intensity scaleU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEmergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Actenvironmental reviewEmergency Response Planning Guideline(original) Fujita tornado intensity scaleU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationFederal Emergency Management AgencyFinal Safety Analysis ReportGans Creek Recreation Areagreenhouse gasGeographical Information Systemhazardous air pollutanthigh-efficiency particulate airhigh-enriched uraniumHigh-Flux Reactorhigh-integrity containerheating, ventilation, and air conditioningHazardous Waste Management Commissioninductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryinformation, planning, and conservationInstitute of Radioelementsiodine retention unition exchangekryptonlow-enriched uraniumlow-level mixed wastelimited-liability companylarge-quantity generatorleaking underground storage tankMallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Inc.material at riskMissouri Department of Conservation Missouri Department of Natural Resourcesmaximum hypothetical accidentmobile home parkMedical Isotope Depleted Uranium ShieldedModified Mercalli IntensityMid-Missouri Regional Planning CommissionMcClellan Nuclear Research CenterMissouri Department of Transportationmaximally exposed off-site individualUniversity of MissouriUniversity of Missouri Research ReactorNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Academy of SciencesNational Environmental Policy Actxiii NOEW.ETMEIA iSOOE hpe NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewNESHAP National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air PollutantsNMSZ New Madrid Seismic ZoneNO2 nitrogen dioxideNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOx nitrogen oxidesNPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination SystemNPL National Priority ListNRC U.S. Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNRCS Natural Resources Conservation ServiceNRHP National Register of Historic PlacesNRU National Research UniversalNSR new source reviewNWMI Northwest Medical Isotopes, LLC03 ozoneOPAL Open Pool Australian LightwaterORNL Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSTR Oregon State University TRIGA ReactorOSU Oregon State UniversityPAC Protective Action CriteriaPAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPb leadPCB polychlorinated biphenylPCCE private common collector eliminationPM particulate matterPM-2.5 particulate matter, 2.5 micronPM-b1 particulate matter, 10 micronPPE personal protective equipmentPSAR preliminary safety analysis reportPTE potential to emitQA quality assuranceRADIL Research and Diagnostic LaboratoryRCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery ActROI region of influenceRPF radioisotope production facilityRSAC Radiological Safety Analysis CodeSAFARI-b South African Fundamental Reactor Installation 1SHPO State Historic Preservation OfficeSHWF State hazardous waste facilitySLA street light additionSMART Simple Multi-Attribute Rating TechniqueSO2 sulfur dioxideSOx sulfur oxidesSPCC spill prevention, control, and countermeasureSRS Savannah River SiteSVOA semivolatile organic analyteSWPPP stormwater pollution prevention planTDD Transportation Development DistrictTDS total dissolved solidTEEL Temporary Emergency Exposure LimitTerracon Terracon Consultants, Inc.xiv TLDTMDLTPHUUC DavisUnion CarbideUO2U.S.U.S.C.USDAUSFWSUSGSVKMVMTVOAVOCWCSWNAWWTPXeUnits°C0FbCicmcm2dBdBaftft2ft3ggalhahrin.kgkmkm2knkVkWLlbmNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Reviewthermoluminescent dosimetertotal maximum daily loadtotal petroleum hydrocarbonuraniumUniversity of California at DavisUnion Carbide Nuclear Corporationuranium dioxideUnited StatesUnited States CodeU.S. Department of AgricultureU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Geological Surveyvehicle kilometer traveledvehicle miles traveledvolatile organic analytevolatile organic compoundWaste Control SpecialistsWorld Nuclear Associationwastewater treatment plantxenondegrees Celsiusdegrees Fahrenheitmicronmicrogram microsiemensbarncuriecentimetercubic centimetersdecibelA-weighted decibelfeetsquare feetcubic feetgramgallonhectarehourinchkilogramkilometersquare kilometersknotskilovoltkilowattliterpoundmetersquare meterXV MEDCAL.SO.PA Captr Rev. oA:l:Chptr 9.0 -Environmental Reviewm3 cubic metermCi millicuriemEq milliequivalentmg milligramMgal million gallonsmi mileml- square milemin minutemL milliliterML million litersmmho millimhomR milliroentgenmrem milliremmSv millisievertMT metric tonMW megawattMWD megawatt daysNTU nephelometric turbidity unitoz ouncepCi picocurieppb parts per billionppm parts per millionsec secondSv sievertt tonne (metric)wt% weight percentyd3 cubic yardyr yearxvi Chapter NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AIIVYChVpter19.0 -Environmental Review19.0 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW | |||
==19.1 INTRODUCTION== | |||
Licensing BackgroundNorthwest Medical Isotopes, LLC (NWMI) is applying to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) to obtain a license for a production facility under Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)Part 50 (10 CFR 50), "Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities." Embedded in the10 CFR 50-licensed facility will be several activities subject to 10 CFR 70, "Domestic Licensing ofSpecial Nuclear Material," to receive, possess, use, and transfer special nuclear material and 10 CFR 30."Rules of General Applicability to Domestic Licensing of Byproduct Material," to process and transportmolybdenum-99 (99M0) for medical applications.NWMI intends to submit a single 10 CFR 50 license application for the radioisotope production facility(RPF) following the guidance in NUREG- 1537, Guidelines for Preparing and Reviewing Applications forthe Licensing of Non-Power Reactors -Format and Content, that encompasses activities regulated underdifferent NRC requirements (e.g., 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30.), in accordance with 10 CFR 50.3 I,"Combining Applications." and 10 CFR 50.32, "Elinmination of Repetition.'"The NRC has determined that a radioisotope separation and processing facility, which also conductsseparation of special nuclear material, will be considered a production facility and as such, will be subjectto licensing under 10 CFR 50. A significant portion of the NWMI RPF is focused on the disassembly ofirradiated low-enriched uranium (LEU) targets, separation and purification of fission product 99Mo, andthe recycle of LEU that is licensed under 10 CFR 50. The RPF will also include the fabrication of LEUtargets, which will be licensed under 10 CFR 70. These targets will be shipped to NWMI's network ofresearch or test reactors for irradiation (.considered a connected action) and returned to the RPF forprocessing. The LEU used for the production of the LEU target materials will be obtained from the U.S.Department of Energy (DOE) and from LEU reclaimed from processing the irradiated targets.NWMI's licensing approach for the RPF defines the following unit processes and areas that fall under thefollowing NRC regulations:10 CFR 50, "Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities"-Irradiated LEU Target receipt (from network of university research or test reactors)-Irradiated LEU Target disassembly and dissolution-Mo recovery and purification-Uranium recovery and recycle-Waste management-Associated laboratory and support areas* 10 CFR 70, "Domestic Licensing of Special Nuclear Material"-Receipt of fresh LEU (from DOE)-LEU target fabrication-Associated laboratory and support areasAny byproduct materials produced or extracted in the RPF will be licensed under 10 CFR 30.19-1 NW MI Cate NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewIntroductionIn accordance with the provisions of 10 CFR 50 and supporting guidance, NWMI is providing thisApplicant's Environmental Report -Construction Permit Stage (ER) in support of an application toconstruct and operate an RPF at Discovery Ridge Research Park (Discovery Ridge) in Columbia,Missouri. This ER is consistent with the content and organization of NRC-201 1-0135, Final Interim StaffGuidance Augmenting NUREG-1537, "Guidelines for Preparing and Reviewing Applications for theLicensing of Non-Power Reactors," Parts 1 and 2, for Licensing Radioisotope Production Facilities andHomogeneou~s Reactors (NRC, 2012a), Chapter 19.The ER supports the regulatory review that is performed by the NRC under 10 CFR 51, "EnvironmentalProtection Regulations for Domestic Licensing and Related Regulatory Review," which requires thatenvironmental impacts from the project be evaluated and described in a concise, clear, and analyticalmanner. This document also provides information for the NRC to conducts its environmental review inaccordance with 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, "National Environmental Policy Act -Regulations ImplementingSection 102 (2)."This ER addresses the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.) actionsneeded to support activities that will be provisions incorporated in the requested 10 CFR 50 license,including certain activities regulated under 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30.An overview of the assessment of the environmental effects of construction, operation, anddecommissioning of the RPF on the site and surrounding areas is provided in the ER. The document isstructured as follows:*Section 19.1 presents the purpose and need of the proposed action, and the regulatory provisions,permits, and required consultations.*Section 19.2 presents the proposed action. This section includes the proposed site location andlayout; facility description; process description; operations and systems descriptions; waterconsumption and treatment; cooling and heat dissipating systems; waste systems, storage, andtreatment; and transport of the radioactive and nonradioactive materials, and the scheduleassociated with the major phases of the project.*Section 19.3 presents the affected environment. This section describes existing conditions at thesite of the proposed action and serves as the baseline to measure changes in the affectedenvironment caused by the proposed action. Resources applicable to the scope of the action arepresented and include land use, visual resources, air quality, meteorology, noise, geologicenvironment, water resources, ecological resources, historical and cultural resources,socioeconomics, and human health.*Section 19.4 presents the direct, indirect, and cumulative effects/impacts to the resourcesdescribed in Section 19.2.1.3 associated with construction, operations, and decommissioning ofthe proposed action. Data and analyses presented in this section are commensurate with theimportance of the impact, with less important material summarized, consolidated, or referenced.This section also discusses postulated accidents and environmental justice.*Section 19.4.13 presents the alternatives and associated costs and benefits. This section discussesthe costs and benefits of each alternative and the proposed action, including a qualitativediscussion of environmental impacts.*Section 19.6 presents the conclusions, which address the unavoidable adverse environmentalimpacts of the proposed action, the relationship between short-term uses and long-termproductivity of the environment, and irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources usedto support the proposed action.*Section 19.7 provides a list of references cited within this chapter.19-2 NW MvIihpe NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A: : Capter19.0 -Environmental Review19.1.1 Purpose and Need for ActionNWMI has formed a team of United States (U.S.) universities and companies to cost-effectively addressthe need for a domestic 9Mo supply. NWMI intends to provide approximately 50 percent of the 99Modemand in North America and has developed an approach, including manufacturing and processing, using a"total LEU solution" to be implemented by 2017.As set forth in Section 19.2.1, the proposed action is the issuance of an NRC license under 10 CFR 50,with provisions for 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30 that would authorize NWMI to construct and operate theRPF for the production of 99Mo at a site located in Columbia, Missouri. Proposed RPF activities include:* Receiving LEU from DOE* Producing LEU target materials and fabrication of targets* Packaging and shipping LEU targets to the university reactor network for irradiation* Returning irradiated LEU targets for dissolution, recovery, and purification of 99Mo* Recovering and recycling LEU to minimize radioactive, mixed, and hazardous waste generation* Treating/packaging wastes generated by RPF process steps to enable transport to a disposal siteFor purposes of complying with NEPA requirements, two or more university research reactors areassumed to obtain a license amendment authorized by the NRC to irradiate LEU targets. The ER includesan evaluation of irradiating LEU targets in a reactor. For a specific university research reactor to irradiateLEU targets, an amendment to the university's 10 CFR 50 NRC license and an analysis of site-specificenvironmental impacts related to such an amendment would be required.Figure 19-1 illustrates the NWMI's general 99Mo process and distribution flow.Fresh LEUFrom DOEShip ShipUnirradiated IrradiatedI t LEU Targets LEU TargetsI I I i o r ut I iLE agt I LEU Tagat ! Irradiated g LEU Target ! ~ PtdC Product Ship geo MedcalFEU Targett Target Receipt ! Mattera ! !iw Con~on ! Product to Co untabia io R~eactor & aaaaelti! Dacldulla I ificaton i & Packaging DIsXbuor..... ... .... ..Uranium RecyleFigure 19-1. General Molybdenmn-99 Process Flow and DistributionThe NWMI process to manufacture 99Mo is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).No direct approvals from the FDA to manufacture 99Mo for commercial use at the RPF will be needed.However, each pharmaceutical distributer of Technetium-99m (99r11Tc) generators desiring to purchase99Mo from NWMI may need to seek FDA approval of NWMI as a manufacturer of the99Mo used in themanufacturer's 99mTc generators.19.1.1.1 Background99mTc is used for over 40 million nuclear medicine procedures annually. The characteristics of 99mTCallow high quality images with low radiation exposure to patients. 99nTc is very versatile for attaching todifferent chemical substances used to target different organs and diseases, as required by differentdiagnostic procedures. The two most widely used 99mTc-based procedures are for imaging blood flow toheart muscles (e.g., myocardial perfusion imaging) and mapping the spread of cancer to bones (e.g.,skeletal metastases imaging).19-3 lviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewThe medical use of 99m~Tc has grown significantly since the early 1990s and is expected to have amoderate overall growth of 3-5 percent per year, with stronger growth in countries expanding healthcareprograms (NAS, 2009).Due to the short half-life of 99nrTc of about 6 hours (hr), its parent isotope, 99Mo, which has a 66-hr half-life, is the key supply chain product. 99Mo is produced by bombarding uranium-235 (235U) targets withneutrons from a nuclear reactor, with the resulting fission reaction producing 99Mo and more than 250 otherisotopes. After irradiation, targets are transferred to a processing facility and go through a number ofextract and purification steps to produce 99Mo. From the processing facility, the 99M0 is shipped toradiopharmaceutical distributors (e.g., Lantheus Medical Imaging, Mal linckrodt Pharmaceuticals(Mallinckrodt), and GE Healthcare). The distributors then purify to FDA standards and package the 99Moin a radionuclide generator. This generator is called a 99mTc Generator Kit or "moly cow." The packagedkit is then shipped to nuclear pharmacies to be prepared for individual patient administration. Due to theshort half-life, the 99Mo must be efficiently processed and distributed.The nuclear pharmacy uses the generator to facilitate the decay process from 99Mo to 99mTc, extract the99mTC doses, and bind the doses to compounds specific for an individual test needs. The 99mTTc-compounded drug is then injected into the patient for various diagnostic-scanning purposes. This entireprocess usually takes place within six to nine days.19.1.1.2 Molybedum-99 HistoryBeginning with the discovery of the 99mTc isotope by Emilio and Glenn Seaborg in 1938, therelationship between 99Mo and 99mWTC was clearly evident. As an observable fission product of 235U in oneof later experiments, 99Mo, having a half-life of about 66 hr, was observed emitting beta particlesin its progression to a more stable state. In 1958, Walter Tucker and Margaret Green, two scientists underthe direction of Powell Richards at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, hypothesized, based on their workwith iodine-132 (132I) and tellurium-132 ('32Te), that a "generator" could be developed using 99Mo toproduce 99mTc. In 1960, Richards became the first to suggest using 99mTc as a medical radionuclide tracer.Benefitting from advancements in gamma camera technology, the production and medical use of 99mTcgrew rapidly in the 1960s. Nuclear Consultants, Inc. and Union Carbide Nuclear Corporation (UnionCarbide) began to manufacture commercial 99mlTc generators. Mallinckrodt first undertook the productionof 99Mo using the research reactor at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR); however, thesize and flux capacity of the MURR reactor was insufficient to sustain a constant supply, and productionof the isotope was stopped in the early 1980s. From 1968 to 1972, Union Carbide successfully developeda process using high-enriched uranium (HEU) targets at its Cintichem Facility in Tuxedo, New York,which permitted easy separation of the products of the fission process, thus, beginning domestic 99Moproduction in 1980.Separating from Union Carbide, Cintichem Inc. became the sole producer of domestic 99Mo during the 1980s.International production began in the same timeframe (e.g., Canada and Australia). A balance within theproduction-supply chain soon existed between the U.S., Canada, Netherlands, Belgium, and Australianproduction facilities, each having a share in the market and working collaboratively to help fill shortagescreated by a number of varying effects, including maintenance, inspection, and plant modifications.In 1989, the Cintichem Facility had an underground leak of radioactive products that affected thesurrounding environment. Due to this release, the surrounding community pressured the New York Stategovernment to have the Cintichem Facility cease production of 99Mo. In May 1990, the CintichemFacility closed and filed for decommissioning of its 99Mo production facility, essentially shifting allproduction to Canada and Europe.19-4 Chptr1MII-03-2,Rev. O:--.'- Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review"NOAI"EWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESDuring the same timeframe, the use of 99mTc in diagnostic scanning continued to grow. In compliancewith national regulatory agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency recommendations, sixreactor facilities sustain the HEU production supply:* National Research Universal (NRU), Ontario, Canada* High-Flux Reactor (HFR), Petten, Netherlands* Belgian Reactor 2 (BR2), Mol, Belgium* OSIRIS, near Paris, France* MARIA, near Warsaw, Poland* South African Fundamental Reactor Installation 1 (SAFARI-I), Pelindaba, South AfricaTwo reactor facilities sustain the regional LEU production supply: Open Pool Australian LightwaterReactor (OPAL, South Sydney, Australia) and RA-3 (Buenos Aires, Argentina). With a relativelyconstant supply and demand using all of the production facilities, the industry was able to produce thequantity of 99Mo needed to fill generator orders from nuclear pharmacies all over the world. However, asthese production facilities began to age, additional maintenance and facility improvements becameinevitable, requiring temporary shutdowns for individual production facilities.The first significant worldwide shortage came in November 2007, when the NRU reactor was shutdownfor about month for routine maintenance. While the reactor was offline for repairs, the managing agency(Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd [AECL]) decided to install an additional seismically qualified emergencypower system for the two cooling pumps in the reactor, as required by the Canadian Nuclear SafetyCommission (CNSC) operating license (amended in 2006). Instead of allowing for full inspections andtesting of the new pumps, the Canadian House of Commons passed emergency legislation, without theconsent of the CNSC, to restart NRU for commercial production with only one of the two seismicconnections complete. With a 120-day grace period of operation issued by the Canadian House ofCommons, NRU completed the second seismic connection in February 2008.The most significant impact on 99Mo production began in 2009, when the NRU reactor was shutdownduring an unplanned shutdown of the HFR. ln May 2009, a small heavy water leak was detected in theNRU reactor. While originally seen as a routine production stoppage, because of new regulations passedin January 2009, all operating reactors had to undergo intensive design reviews to comply with new safetystandards to obtain a license renewal from the CNSC for commercial isotope production. Compliancewith the new regulations consequently evolved from an anticipated 90-day renovation into a 17-monthcomplete restructuring and redesign of the reactor and facility. With two-fifths of the world's 99Mosupply facilities rendered inoperative for that period, production shifted to the Netherlands and other 99Moproduction sites.As with the Canadian plant, the plant in the Netherlands faced renewal of its license in May 2010. Withthe supply of 99Mo already depleted, the closing of the Dutch production plant placed a heavy strain onthe worldwide production of 99Mo. Nearly two-thirds of the production supply of 99Mo for medicalapplications went offline for about six months. While the market did cope with the severe shortages byshifting production to other facilities and finding new ways to produce 99mlTc through other isotope decay,the worldwide shortage exposed the large variability and fragility within the production process.The National Research Council (NAS, 2009) documented the history of the development of the 99Mointernational isotope production industry and the U.S. role. This history is summarized in Figure 19-2.The report identified 99Mo production before 2009.19-5 | |||
.::.;;i;. N hpe NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAlvi.i ......... hpe 19.0 -Environmental Review1980s 2007US Cintichem (NY) Facility 1" major shutdown -Early 1960s Becomes Sole Producer; Canadian NRU site1940: Commercial Controls Majority of (40%wolwdvvTc first Development in Worldwide Market supply) closes forSand Worldwide .....-......maintenance -, .\14s I O11 s I SO1 s I f197Os I 11 I I I9 ' ........ ,r.....J *r1989 20092010First 1970s Cintichem facility 2major closing of Canadiangenerator Commercial Efforts detects cooling NRU site due to heavy water leakproposed Grow Worldwide water leak; closes (closure 17 months); Petten also(eg., Petten Constructed) in 1990 and all closes due to safety concems -production shifts 66% of world supply offline forinternationally 6 months (Feb. 2010-Aug.2010)Figure 19-2. Historical Timeline of U.S. and WorldwideMolybdenum-99 Production Industry19.1.1.3 Molybdenum TodayThere are currently no domestic suppliers of 99Mo. The U.S. supply chain structure includes six majorreactors, four major processors, and two U.S. generator manufacturers. The irradiators, all using HEUtargets, are spread across three continents and include: NRU in Canada (operating since 1957), owned byAECL; HFR in the Netherlands (operational since 1961), owned by the Institute of Energy of the JointResearch Center of the European Commission; OSIRIS owned by the French Atomic EnergyCommission; BR-2 owned by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre; MARIA owned by the PolishInstitute of Atomic Energy; and SAFARI-i owned by the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa.Only the OPAL reactor in Australia, owned by Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization,and the RA-3 reactor in Argentina, owned by lINVAP S.E., currently produce 99Mo from LEU.The HEU processors include Nordion Inc. in Canada, National Institute of Radioelements (IRE) inBelgium, Mallinckrodt (previously known as Covidien) in the Netherlands, and NTP Radioisotopes SOCLtd, a subsidiary of the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation. The LEU processors include theAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) and INVAP S.E. The current U.S.radiopharmaceutical distributors manufacture the 99~ generator kits and distribute them to hospitals andclinics. ANSTO is the only LEU 99Mo producer that provides 99Mo in very small quantities to the U.S.through Lantheus Medical Imaging.The entire reactor network is currently operating at or near capacity. Any unscheduled maintenance orother production disruption immediately translates into a supply disruption. Reliance on such a limitedand aging resource results in an extremely delicate supply chain, the vulnerability of which washighlighted late in 2009 when an extended shutdown of the NRU reactor led to a critical 99Mo shortage inNorth America, and the shutdown of the HFR reactor in August 2008 and November 2013 to the presenthas caused 99Mo shortages in North America and Europe.An estimated 40-50 kilograms (kg) (107-134 pounds [lb]) of HEU are used per year for the production of99Mo worldwide. In the past several years, nuclear non-proliferation and security concerns have led toincreased worldwide pressure to mandate migration of HEU targets towards LEU targets by 2016.Conversion from HEU to LEU targets is both expensive and technically challenging for current producersof 99Mo. This LEU mandate further exacerbates the risk of assured 99Mo supply. Only the OPAL reactorin Australia currently produces 99Mo from LEU. NWMI proposes to replace foreign HEU reactorirradiation with a domestic network of university reactors using LEU targets and a domestic processingfacility for the extraction and purification of 99M0.19-6 | |||
*" ,.:::: NRTWESMEICAIODNWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-3 presents an overview of the worldwide nuclear reactors and radioisotope production facilitiesthat currently produce 99Mo.PhysicsChemistryMedicineStep 1: ReactorIrradiation -Irradiationof UO2 targets toproduce isotopesHEU Reactors* NRU (Canada) -1957* HFR (The Netherlands) -1961* BR2 (Belgium) -1961* MARIA (Poland) -1974* OSIRIS (France) -1966* SAFARI-1 (SOuth Africa) -19655LEU Reactors* OPAL (Australia) -2006* RA-3 (Argentina) -1961Step 2: "Mo Producers -"Mo purified and thenshipped to manufacturingfacility and distribution toradiopharmaceuticalmanufacturesWorld-Wide HEUProcessing Facility* Nordion (Canada)* HFR (The Netherlands)* IRE (Belgium)* NTP (South Africa)Regional LEU Facility* ANSTO (Austraia)* INVAP (Argentina)Step 3: RadiopharmnaceuticalManufacturers -generator ("Mo cow)manufacturing anddistribution to nuclearlradiopharmaciesand hospitalsNorth AmericanDistributors* MallinckrodtPharmaceuticals* Lantheus Medical Imaging* GE HealthcareStep 4: Radiopharmaciesand Hospitals -Unitdose compounding anddistribution to hospitalsand clinicsPrimary U.S. NuclearPharmacyCardinal Health ServicesGE HeatthcareTnad IsotopesStep 5: Physiciansand Patients -Criticalphysiological diagnosisenabling informedtherapeutic decisionsHospitalsClinics2013-021_002r0Figure 19-3.Overview of Current Molybdenum-99 Worldwide Process19.1.2 Regulatory Provisions, Permits and Required ConsultationsIn addition to NRC licensing and regulatory requirements, a variety of Federal, State, and localenvironmental requirements apply to the RPF. Some require construction and operating permits orapprovals, and others require facility compliance demonstrations. The following sections summarize theenvironmental requirements applicable to the RPF by the various regulatory agencies. Permits, approvals,and consultations necessary for RPF construction and operation are identified in Section 19.1.2.7 andSection 19.1.3.19.1.2.1 U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has primary authority for implementing theenvironmental requirements discussed in the following sections. The state of Missouri is delegated theauthority to issue permits on behalf of EPA, and to administer and enforce many of the requirementsapplicable to the RPF, except for requirements under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) (42 U.S.C. Chapter 116 § 11001-11050).19-7 Chapter NWM,-2013-021, Rev. OAlviChater19.0 -Environmental Review*.. , ,NDRTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPIES19.1 .2.1.1 Clean Air ActThe Clean Air Act of 1970 (42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.) establishes regulations to ensure air quality andauthorizes individual states to issue and manage air quality permits. The Act requires (1) NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect the public health, (2) national standards ofperformance for new or modified stationary sources of atmospheric pollutants, (3) evaluation of specificemission increases for prevention of significant deterioration in air quality, and (4) standards for thereleases of hazardous air pollutants, including radionuclides. Implementing regulations include thefollowing:* 40 CFR 50, "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards"* 40 CFR 60, "Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources"* 40 CFR 61, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants" (NESHAP)* 40 CFR 63, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories"19.1.2.1.2 Clean Water ActThe Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA) (33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.) requires states to set water qualitystandards for bodies of water within their boundaries, and directs EPA to regulate stormwater andwastewater discharges per the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permittingprogram. The EPA issues discharge permits under the requirements of 40 CFR 122, "EPA AdministeredPermit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." The permit program controlswater pollution by regulating point source discharges of pollutants into U.S. surface waters.The NPDES construction stormwater program applies to sites with land disturbance of 0.4 hectares (ha)(1 acre) or more, including smaller sites in a larger common plan of development or sale. The NPDESindustrial program applies to 10 categories of industrial activities conducted at facilities. Applicants mayapply for either individual or a general NPDES permits. Individual permits are specifically tailored to theindividual facility, and general permits cover multiple facilities with a specific category of discharges(e.g., stormwater discharges). NPDES permits specify the control technology applicable to eachpollutant, the effluent limitations, and the deadline for compliance.Wastewater generated from any facility or structure must be disposed through wastewater treatment anddisposal systems. Facilities that discharge to a municipal or publically owned treatment works do nothave NPDES permits but must meet pretreatment regulations. The pretreatment regulations requireindustrial users to obtain permits or authorizations and to use pollutant control mechanisms prior todischarging to the publically owned treatment works.1 9.1 .2.1.3 Safe Drinking Water ActThe Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. § 300I1f] et seq.) was enacted in 1974 to establish minimumnational standards for public water supply systems. This Act authorizes EPA to set national standards fordrinking water; provides guidance, assistance, and public information about drinking water; collectsdrinking water data; and oversees State drinking water programs. Primary and secondary drinking waterregulations and regulations applicable to drinking water systems are identified in 40 CFR 141 and 142,"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Implementation," and 40 CFR 143, "National SecondaryDrinking Water Regulations." The EPA and states work together to ensure that these standards are met.19-8 NW MI~f i WM-0321Rev. 0*.. : Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.1.2.1.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery ActThe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) (42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq.) requires EPAto define and identify hazardous waste; establish standards for transportation, treatment, storage, anddisposal; and require permits for persons engaged in hazardous waste activities. RCRA regulations arefound in 40 CFR 260, "Hazardous Waste Management System: General," through 40 CFR 282,"Approved Underground Storage Tank Programs.""Mixed waste" is hazardous waste containing radioactive material. This waste is regulated by RCRA andthe Atomic Energy Act (42 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq.). In 40 CFR 266, "Standards for the Management ofSpecific Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities," EPAconditionally exempts low-level mixed waste (LLMW) from the definition of hazardous waste in40 CFR 261.3, "Definition of Hazardous Waste." The conditional exemption applies to (1) wastegenerated under a single NRC license that meets certain conditions for management, and (2) stored andtreated tanks or containers meeting substantive RCRA requirements. LLMW that meets the applicabletreatment standards in 40 CFR 268, "Land Disposal Restrictions," may also be exempt from RCRAtransportation and disposal requirements.19.1.2.1.5 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know ActThe EPCRA establishes the requirements for Federal, State, and local governments; Indian Tribes; andindustry regarding emergency planning and community right-to-know reporting on hazardous and toxicchemicals. The EPCRA is implemented by:* 40 CFR 355, "Emergency Planning and Notification"* 40 CFR 370, "Hazardous Chemical Reporting: Community Right-To-Know"* 40 CFR 372, "Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: Community Right-To-Know"* 40 CFR 373, "Reporting Hazardous Substance Activity When Selling or Transferring FederalReal Property"EPCRA requires a submission of: (1) a list of hazardous chemicals present at the facility in excess of10,000 lb for which material safety data sheets are required, (2) an Emergency and Hazardous ChemicalInventory Form (Tier II Form) identifying the inventory of hazardous chemicals present during thepreceding year, and (3) notification to the State Emergency Response Commission and the local EmergencyPlanning Committee of any accidental releases of hazardous chemicals in excess of reportable quantities.The list of hazardous chemicals and the Tier II Form are submitted to regional fire departments. Facilitiesalso must submit a toxic chemical release report to the EPA and the resident state if toxic chemicals areused at the facility in excess of established threshold amounts.19.1.2.2 U.S. Department of TransportationThe Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975 (49 U.S.C. §§ 5 101-5127) regulates transportationof hazardous material in and between states. States may regulate the transportation of hazardousmaterials as long as the State requirements are consistent with the Act or U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) regulations. DOT regulations of interest to this action include the following:* 49 CFR 107, "Hazardous Materials Program Procedures," Subpart G, "Registration and fee toDOT as a person who offers or transports hazardous materials"* 49 CFR 171, "General Information, Regulations, and Definitions"* 49 CFR 172, "Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous MaterialsCommunications, Emergency Response Information, Training Requirements and Security Plans"19-9 N MEIA ISOOE hpe NWI212,Rev. ONORTHCEapteri19.0 -Environmental Review* 49 CFR 173, "Shippers -General Requirements for Shipments and Packages"* 49 CFR 175, "Carriage by Aircraft"* 49 CFR 177, "Carriage by Public Highway"19.1.2.3 U.S. Army Corps of EngineersBoth the EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers jointly administer Section 404 of the CWA, whichrequires permits for the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S. The requirements forSection 404 permits are identified in 40 CFR Subpart 230.404(b)(I), "Guidelines for Specification ofDisposal Sites for Dredged or Fill Material." States are responsible for issuing Section 401 certificationsfor NPDES and Section 404 permits that certify the permitted activity complies with all applicable Statewater quality standards, limitations, and restrictions.19.1.2.4 Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationThe Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. §§ 657-658) is designed to increase thesafety of workers in the workplace. The Act stipulates that the U.S. Department of Labor is expected torecognize the dangers that may exist in workplaces and establishes employee safety and health standards.The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates mitigation requirements andmandates proper training and equipment for workers as established in 29 CFR 1910, "OccupationalSafety and Health Standards."19.1.2.5 Missouri State AgenciesSeveral programs responsible for protection and management of the environment and public health inMissouri are applicable to the proposed RPF. These programs are managed by the Missouri Departmentof Natural Resources (MDNR), the Department of Health and Senior Services, and the Department ofConservation.The proposed facility site is located at the Discovery Ridge on property owned by the University ofMissouri (MU) System headquartered in Columbia, Missouri. Discovery Ridge is being developed underthe guidance of the Discover', Ridge Master Plan and Protective Covenants (MU, 2009). ConsolidatedPublic Water Supply District #1 has extended drinking water services to the site and sewer lines. TheMaster Plan requires tenant compliance with the Discovery Ridge Master Storm Water Management Planthat is developed on a project-by-project basis and is based on regional accepted practices for stormwatermanagement, including MDNR regulations (MDNR, 201 2a). General environmental requirements andpermits for new facilities are discussed in the following sections. Integration with the existing services orplans of Discovery Ridge is discussed, as applicable.19.1.2.5.1 Missouri Department of Natural ResourcesThe Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ), within the MDNR, includes the Air Pollution ControlProgram, Water Protection Branch, Hazardous Waste Program, Public Drinking Water Branch, and StateHistoric Preservation Office. The following sections summarize these programs.19.1.2.5.1.1 Air Pollution Control ProgramThe Air Conservation Commission administers the air quality standards and requirements within the Codeof State Regulations (CSR), specifically 10 CSR Division 10, "Air Conservation Commission."19-10 NW MIChapter 19.0- n iromna Rev.iew..NOTWSMEDICAL IDOTOPDSR veConstruction permits -Construction permits are also called new source review permits and are issuedby the Air Conservation Commission. Construction permits allow for construction and operation of an airemission source and are required prior to commencing construction of an air emission source. All newinstallations built with the potential to emit (PTE) a regulated air pollutant in an amount equal to orgreater than the de minimis (threshold) level are required to obtain a construction permit.A construction permit is not required if potential emissions of the entire installation are less thanregulatory de minimis levels or potential emissions of the proposed project are below the insignificancelevels. Permit exemptions are detailed in 10 CSR 10-6.061, "Construction Permit Exemptions."The regulated air pollutants, de minimis emissions levels, and insignificance levels for determiningexemptions and new source review thresholds are listed in Table 19-1 and Table 19-2.Table 19-1. De Minimis Emission Levels of 10 CSR 10-6.020(3)(A)Carbon monoxide (CO) 90.71 100 IAsbestos 0.0064 0.007Particulate matter22.6725Sulfur acid mist6.357Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 36.28 40 Hydrogen sulfide 9.07 10Lead 0.544 0.6 Reduced sulfur compounds 9.07 10(including hydrogen sulfide)Beryllium 0.00036 0.0004 Sum of hazardous air pollutants 22.67 25Source: 10 CSR 10-6.020, "Definitions and Common Reference Tables," Missouri Code of State Regulations,as amended.VOC = volatile organic compound.Table 19-2. Emission Levels of Common Air PollutantsPM-10 0.45 1.00 13.6 15 90.7 100 226.8 250NOx 1.25 2.75 36.29 40 90.7 100 226.8 250CO 3.12 6.88 90.7 100 90.7 100 226.8 250aOr the hazardous emission threshold as established in Subsection (12)(J) of 10 CSR 10-6.060, "ConstructionPermits Required," whichever is less.CO = carbon monoxide. PM-10 = particulate matter, 10 ~i.HAP = hazardous air pollutant. SOx = sulfur oxides.NOx = nitrogen oxides. VOC = volatile organic compound.NSR = new source review.19-11 MEDCA IOTPESChptr NWMI-130,Re.AE :Chptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewThe PTE of the RPF project will be calculated based on the maximum design capacity of the equipment,assuming continuous operation (24 hr/day, 365 days/year). In the Construction Permit Application, theRPF may request emission limits that, if accepted by the Missouri Air Pollution Control Program, willbecome part of the constraints in the construction permit. The proposed limits could change the type ofRPF construction permit issued and the operating permit status.Operating permits -Operating permits are issued by the Air Pollution Control Program in accordancewith Title V of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments and implementing regulations in 40 CFR 70, "StateOperating Permit Programs." All sources with a PTE-regulated air pollutant above de minimis levels arerequired to obtain an operating permit. There are three classes of operating permits in Missouri:40 CFR 70 operating permit -This is required for installations with potential emissionsexceeding 91.7 tonne per year (t/yr) (100 tons per year [tons/yr]) of any criteria pollutant,(9.07 t/yr) 10 tons/yr of any single hazardous air pollutant (HAP), or 22.7 t/yr (25 tons/yr) ofcombined HAPs; or if the EPA Administrator requires a 40 CFR 70 permit as part of a Federalrulemaking. These emissions levels are calculated after control devices and are called the majorsource threshold.*Intermediate (or synthetic minor) operating permit -These permits may be obtained byinstallations with a PTE above the major source threshold that request a voluntary limit onoperations to keep emissions below the major source threshold. Conditions could includeabsolute emissions limits, recordkeeping of operating hour limits, or production limits.*Basic State operating permit -This permit is required if the PTE is between de minimnis and majorlevels. All incinerators must obtain an operating permit, regardless of the level of emissions.Sources of nonradioactive criteria air pollutants or HAPs from RPF construction may include fugitive dustand vehicle emissions (on-road and off-road vehicles). Vehicle emissions are also a source of greenhousegases (GHG). Operation of the RPF may generate criteria air pollutants, HAPs, and GHGs from diesel-fired boilers, electric diesel generators, and facility chemical usage.The NRC implements the primary radiation protection standards for RPF air emissions. Radioactive airemissions will be addressed in the license application and subject to the dose limits and requirements of10 CFR 20, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation."19.1.2.5.1.2 Water Protection BranchThe MDNR Clean Water Commission administers water quality standards and requirements in 10 CSRDivision 20, "Clean Water Commission." The Clean Water Commission issues construction andoperating permits as required in 10 CSR 20-6.0 10, "Construction and Operating Permits," to persons whobuild, erect, alter, replace, operate, use, or maintain existing point sources, or intend these actions for aproposed point source, water contaminant sources, or wastewater treatment facilities. These permitsenforce the Missouri Clean Water Law and regulations and administer the NPDES program. Nonpointsource discharges and service connections to wastewater sewer systems are exempt from permittingrequirements.The proposed lot for the RPF at Discovery Ridge is approximately 3.0 ha (7.4 acres). An NPDESconstruction stormwater management permit is required for disturbances of greater than 0.4 ha (1 acre) ofland. The RPF would either operate under a Missouri General Operating Permit MO-RIOA000 for landdisturbance on new sites or conform to the criteria and standards of the Discovery Ridge Master StormWater Management Plan under a stormwater management permit issued to the site.19-12 Chptr1MWI-0I-21 ev. OIIVVChapter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewMEDICAL ISOTOPESThe Clean Water Commission issues a 401 Water Quality Certification to any facility requiring a FederalSection 404 (of the CWA) permit. This includes facilities that place material or fill into the jurisdictionalwaters of the U.S. The Section 401 certification is verification by the state of Missouri that the projectwould not violate water quality standards. The construction, operation, and decommissioning of the RPF isnot anticipated to need a Federal Section 404 permit or Section 401 certification from the Commission.Under 10 CSR 20-6.0 10, facilities that discharge wastes into a sewerage system are not required to obtainan NPDES permit if the owner of the sewerage system has a valid NPDES permit. The RPF would notdischarge process wastewater into the Discovery Park sewer system. Sanitary wastewater would bedischarged in accordance with Boone County sewer regulations.19.1.2.5.1.3 Hazardous Waste ProgramThe Hazardous Waste Management Commission (HWMC) administers the hazardous waste standardsand requirements in 10 CSR Division 25, "Hazardous Waste Management Commission."The HWMC regulates hazardous waste and administers a permitting program for owners and operators oftreatment, storage, and disposal facilities. 10 CSR Division 25 hazardous waste management rulesincorporate by reference, unless otherwise modified, the Federal hazardous waste managementregulations. The effective date for rules for mixed radioactive and hazardous wastes in Missouri wasMarch 12, 1993.Under 10 CSR 25-7.270, "Missouri Administered Permit Programs: The Hazardous Waste PermitProgram," a permit is required for the treatment, storage (generated onsite and stored beyond thetimeframes allowed without a permit pursuant to 10 CSR 25-5.262, "Standards Applicable to Generatorsof Hazardous Waste") or disposal of hazardous waste. Resource recovery of hazardous waste is regulatedby 10 CSR 25-9.020, "Hazardous Waste Recovery Processes," and an owner or operator of a facility thatuses, reuses, or recycles hazardous waste must be certified under 10 CSR 25-9, "Resource Recovery," orpermitted under 10 CSR 25-7, "Rules Applicable to Owners/Operators of Hazardous Waste Facilities."A permit is not required for an elementary neutralization unit or a wastewater treatment unit thatreceives hazardous waste generated onsite and demonstrates compliance with the requirements of10 CSR 25-7.270(2)(A)3 to the satisfaction of the HWMC.The RPF would generate hazardous, universal, and mixed waste (hazardous waste containing radioactivematerial) from facility processes. The waste may exhibit hazardous characteristics (e.g., corrosivity ortoxicity) and contain spent regulated solvents. Waste would generally be managed under requirements of10 CSR 25-5.262 and 10 CSR 25-16.273, "Standards for Universal Waste Management." Treatment,including elementary neutralization or resource recovery of solvents, may occur without a permit, subjectto certification and demonstrations required under 10 CSR 25-9 and 10 CSR 25-7.270(2)(A)(3).LLMW generated by the RPF would be managed to meet the storage and treatment conditional exemptionin 10 CSR 25-7.266, "Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types ofHazardous Waste Management Facilities" (incorporating 40 CFR 266, Subpart N, "ConditionalExemption for Low-Level Mixed Waste Storage, Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal"). The RPFmixed waste would be exempt from the definition of hazardous waste in 10 CSR 25-3.260, "Definitions,Modifications to Incorporations, and Confidential Business Information," as the waste would begenerated under a single NRC license, stored, and treated in a tank or container, and managed accordingto conditions that include the following:* NWMI would notify MDNR, in writing and by certified delivery, to claim a conditionalexemption for LLMW stored in the facility.19-13 NOTWETMEIL ISOOE hpe NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0A.NWChapte 19.0 -Environmental Review* LLMW would be stored and treated in tanks or containers in compliance with the licenserequirements that apply to the proper storage of LLMW (not including those requirements thatrelate solely to recordkeeping).*LLMW would be stored and treated in tanks or containers in compliance with chemicalcompatibility requirements.*Inventory of the stored conditionally exempt LLMW would be conducted at least annually and beinspected at least quarterly for compliance with 10 CSR 25-7.*Facility personnel who manage stored conditionally exempt LLMW would be certified andtrained in a manner to ensure that the conditionally exempt waste is safely managed; this includestraining in chemical waste management and hazardous materials incident response that meets thepersonnel training standards.*An emergency plan would be maintained and provided to all local agencies that may respond to afire, explosion, or release of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents.19.1.2.5.1.4 Public Drinking Water BranchThe Safe Drinking Water Commission administers the public drinking water standards and requirementsin 10 CSR Division 60, "Safe Drinking Water Commission." The mission of the Public Drinking WaterProgram is to provide safe and adequate public drinking water supplies for residents of and transients inthe state. Drinking water for the RPF would be provided through service connections in accordance withthe Columbia Code of Ordinance requirements (City of Columbia, 2013a).19.1 .2 .5.1.5 Department of Health and Senior ServicesThe Department of Health and Human Services administers a radiation control program under therequirements of 19 CSR 20-10, "Protection Against Ionizing Radiation." Exemptions to the regulationsare identified in 19 CSR 20-10.020, "Exemptions from Requirements of this Chapter," and include use ofradioactive sources licensed by the NRC to installations in Missouri. Radioactive sources, as applicableto the RPF, would be managed under requirements of the NRC license and excluded from Missouriregulation.19.1.2.5.1.6 Department of ConservationThe Department of Conservation is charged with the protection and management of Missouri fish, forest,and wildlife resources. Conservation requirements are identified in 3 CSR Division 10, "Department ofConservation." The department maintains two references relating to the status of listed plants andanimals in Missouri: The Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist (Stateof Missouri, 2014), and Wildlife Code of Missouri (3 CSR 10-4.110, "General Prohibition; Applications,"and 3 CSR 10-9.11l0[l1][B], "General Prohibition; Applications"). The Conservation Concern Checklist isused mostly for planning and communication purposes.All birds, fish, crayfish, mussels, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, or other forms of wildlife, includingother invertebrates listed in the checklist, are protected by the Wildlife Code. Collection or harvest ofthese species during RPF construction, operation, or decommissioning would only be performedaccording to applicable permits as prescribed in Chapter 5 of the Wildlife Code.19.1.2.6 Local GovernmentsThe RPF would be located in Columbia, Missouri, in Boone County. The following sections summarizehow local jurisdictions implement environmental requirements for land disturbances, stormwatermanagement, sewer discharges, and drinking water connections.19-14 1iiNWM,-2013-021. Rev. OAIwu Chpe9.0 -Environmental ReviewMEDICAL ISOTOPES19.1.2.6.1 Boone CountyThe Boone County Resource Management Department centralizes the engineering, planning, andinspection services provided by the county. County requirements address stormwater management,stream buffers, floodplain regulations, driveway location, road design, subdivision requirements, andbuilding construction. Boone County requires a land disturbance permit prior to land-clearing activitiesequal to or greater than 0.4 ha (1 acre) or within close proximity to an environmentally sensitive area.If not covered under Discovery Ridge land disturbances permits, NWMI would request a land disturbancepermit through the Resource Management Department. The department also offers an electronicstormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) for land disturbance projects disturbing 0.4 ha (1 acre) ormore. The SWPPP template would guide NWMI through the SWPPP development process to helpensure that the SWPPP addresses all the necessary elements stated in the Missouri State General Permitand Boone County regulations (Boone County, 2013a).The Boone County Regional Sewer District provides wastewater management services to DiscoveryRidge. The NWMI facility must comply with the applicable requirements of Chapter 2 of the SanitarySewer Use Regulations, including Section 2.12, "Unlawful Dischargers," establishing pollutant limits andpretreatment requirements, and Section 2.17.2, "Operating, Inspection, and Monitoring," which is forindustrial users (Boone County, 2013b).The Missouri State Legislature (Missouri Revised Statutes, Chapter 64.850, "County commission mayprescribe zoning regulations") delegated the responsibility to local governmental units to adopt floodplainmanagement regulations designed to protect health, safety, and general welfare. This ordinance applies toall lands within the jurisdiction of Boone County, identified as numbered and unnumbered A, AE, AO,and AH zones on Panel 290 19CINDOA of the Flood Insurance Rate Map for Boone County (BooneCounty, 2011). A floodplain development permit must be acquired for all proposed construction or otherdevelopment, including the placement of manufactured homes, in those zones. The RPF site is notlocated within any of these zones.19.1.2.6.2 City of ColumbiaPotable water connections -The Columbia Water Treatment Plant is owned and operated by the City ofColumbia and the Water and Light Department. The system supplies water to approximately45,500 customers. The water system has approximately 46,250 service connections, and the averagedaily consumption is 47.69 million liters (ML)/day (12.6 million gallons per day ([IMgal/day]). TheColumbia Water Treatment Plant is in compliance with all State and Federal drinking water regulations.The plant is in the Northeast Regional Office district of the MDNR. Requests for drinking waterconnections would be made in accordance with Code of Ordinances, Chapter 27, "Utilities for the City ofColumbia" (City of Columbia, 2013a). Code of Ordinances, Chapter 6, "Buildings and BuildingRegulations" (City of Columbia, 2013b), adopts the 2009 Edition of the International Building Code(IBC, 2009) by reference with amendment, and would be the building standard for the RPF.Stormwater regulation -The City of Columbia and Boone County adopted stormwater regulations inresponse to requirements mandated by EPA as part of implementing Phase II of the CWA (MDNR, 2012a).These regulations were adopted by the city in 2007 and the county in 2010. Two components are withineach set of regulations: Stormwater Management Standards, and Stream Buffer Standards.Storm water management -The adopted city and county regulations address the water quantity and waterquantity that leaves a development site. The regulations specify that the volume of post-developmentrunoff cannot exceed that of a site's predevelopment state. Therefore, many new developments requiresignificant on-site detention and filtration facilities. Previous regulations allowed stormwater to be dischargeddirectly into the creeks (MDNR, 2012a). Under the city stormwater regulations, subdivisions preliminarilyplatted prior to September 2007 are exempt from the new regulations (City of Columbia, 2013a).19-15 | |||
., NWMIChapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AThe goal of the new city regulations is to mitigate flooding, erosion, pollution of streams, and personalproperty damage caused by development activities.Stream buffers -A major component of the City of Columbia and Boone County stormwater regulationsis the stream buffering requirement. Stream buffers are natural vegetation areas that serve as boundariesbetween disturbed land and local waterways. Thebuffers act as filtration systems for stormwater Table 19-3. Required Stream Buffer Width,runoff entering creeks and protect aquatic habitat. Identified by Stream TypeStream buffers also stabilize stream banks, mitigateflooding, and preserve natural areas that serve asvital habitat and corridors. Stream buffers are -measured from the ordinary high-water mark and 1 Perennial 31 100vary in width depending on stream type. The three 2 1~in 52 5regulated stream types identified in the city and 3Ehmrl 92 3county regulations are shown in Table 19-3.Stream buffers were expanded to include slopes greater than 15 percent that are adjacent to outer buffers.City and county regulations include a 61 meter (in) (200-foot [ft]) buffer from karst features (e.g.,sinkholes). The inner half of stream buffers must be left as undisturbed natural vegetation. In Columbia,but not in Boone County, accessory structures (e.g., sheds) may be built within the outer half of thesebuffers. Trails and maintained lawns may be situated within the outer buffer.Landscaping regulations -Landscaping and screening standards exist as part of the city zoningordinance. These provisions are intended to accomplish the following:* Establish healthy environmental conditions by providing shade, air purification, oxygenregeneration, groundwater recharge, stormwater runoff retardation, erosion control, and noise,glare, and heat abatement* Provide visual buffering from streets, to buffer potentially incompatible land uses and togenerally enhance the quality and appearance of a development site* Encourage the preservation of existing trees and vegetation* Supplement the land disturbance permit requirementsThe landscaping standards apply to all new development and new parking lots exceeding a minimumthreshold size. There are several exclusions to the landscaping requirements, which are explained in thezoning ordinance (City of Columbia, 1998).Tree preservation regulations -While City of Columbia requires tree preservation, Boone County hasno specific tree preservation ordinance. However, with the recent adoption of the county stream bufferregulations, there exists an opportunity to implement the first ongoing regulation that would have a directeffect on tree preservation.According to the MDNR, tree preservation has been most effective on unsubdivided parcels greater than0.4 ha (1 acre) inside the city limits. This is the result of the city requirement that a tree survey beconducted to determine what climax forest exists on a site prior to land-clearing activities.19-16 | |||
: : Chpter 9.0 -Environmental Review* .=.. , "NOThwESr MEWICALISOTQPIS19.1.2.7 Permit and Approval StatusA final determination of permits and approvals applicable to the RPF would be made with appropriateregulatory interface. Consultations will ensure that applications or certifications are prepared andsubmitted in accordance with requirements, and approved in a timely manner. Permits and approvalsnecessary for RPF construction and operation are identified in Table 19-4.Table 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)19-17 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)19-18 N Chapter 1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0Alv'i-,-i hate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)Resource Conservation Notification of Obtain Missouri Registration to be*and Recovery Act Regulated Activity identification number filed 90 days prior toMissouri Revised Statute for generation of generating hazardousChapter 260 hazardous waste waste10 CSR Division 25 Certified Resource Reuse, reclamation, or Application to beRecovery Facility recycling 1,000 kg submitted 90 daysApplication (2,204.6 lb) or more of prior to operationssite-generatedhazardous waste in amonthNotification to Notify MDNR in Notification to beMDNR of writing and by certified submitted 90 daysConditional delivery of the claim of prior to operationsExemption a conditionalexemption for LLMWstored and treated inthe facilityHazardous WastePermitTreatment, storage ordisposal of hazardouswasteNot requiredClean Water ActMissouri RevisedStatute, Chapter 64Boone CountyStormwater OrdinanceStormwaterDischarge PermitStormwatermanagementApplication to besubmitted 30 daysprior to constructionApplication to besubmitted 30 daysprior to constructionLand DisturbancePermitActivity disturbing0.4 ha (1 acre) or moreof land or disturbing278.7 m2 (3,000 ft2) inenvironmentallysensitive areasClean Water Act Sanitary sewerMissouri Revised Statute connection approvalChapter 250Chapter 2 of BooneCounty Sanitary SewerUse RegulationsBuilding connection toDistrict wastewatertreatment worksRequired informationto be submitted30 days prior toconstruction19-19 | |||
.-.-,.I* :" NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)a Full references are provided in Section 19.7.b Only required when oil is stored in a tank or shell with a capacity over 1,320 gallons (gal), and the oil couldreasonably reach navigable water.CFR = Code of Federal Regulations. NRC = U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.CSR = Code of State Regulations. RCRA = Resource Conservation and RecoveryEPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Act.HVAC = heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. RPF = radioisotope production facility.LLMW = low-level mixed waste. SPCC = spill prevention, control, andMDNR = Missouri Department of Natural Resources, countermeasure.NPDES = National Pollutant Discharge Elimination U.S. = United States.System.19-20 "i: NWMIS-. .Mli I3OTOPBNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review19.1.3 Consultation and CoordinationTable 19-5 lists the consultations required for construction and operation of the proposed RPF. The tableprovides the following information for each consultation, as applicable, including the name of theresponsible regulatory agency; applicable law, ordinance, or regulation; required consultation; summaryof any surveys required to complete the consultation; and status.Table 19-5. Consultation Required for Construction and Operation Status (2 pages)FederalState of MissouriMissouri Rules of Department of None None Consultation letter wasDepartment of Conservation (3 CSR 10) submitted to the MDC onConservation July 14, 2014. Noresponse has been received.Osage Nation | |||
* National EnvironmentalPolicy Act* National HistoricPreservation Act* Native American GravesProtection andRepatriation Act(25 U.S.C. § 3001 et seq.)Consultation regarding Noneprotection of traditionalNative Americanreligious and culturalresourcesConsultation letter wassubmitted to the OsageNation on July 14. 2014.No response has beenreceived.19-21 | |||
~yNWMINWMI-2013.-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-5. Consultation Required for Construction and Operation Status (2 pages)Kaw Nation | |||
* National Environmental Consultation regarding None Consultation letter wasPolicy Act protection of traditional submitted to the Kaw* National Historic Native American Nation on July 14, 2014.Preservation Act religious and cultural No response has been* Native American Graves resources received.Protection andRepatriation ActOmaha Tribe | |||
* National Environmental Consultation regarding None Consultation letter wasPolicy Act protection of traditional submitted to the Omaha* National Historic Native American Tribe on July 14, 2014. NoPreservation Act religious and cultural response has been received.* Native American Graves resourcesProtection andRepatriation Acta Full references are provided in Section 19.7.b Unless noted otherwise, copies of the consultation letters submitted/received are provided in Appendix A.CSRIPaCMDC= Code of State Regulations.= information, planning, and conservation.= Missouri Department of Conservation.U.S.C. = United States Code.USFWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.19-22 ChaperI1NWM-2013-o2, Rev. OAflIVChapter 9.0 -Environmental Review19.2 PROPOSED ACTIONAs described in Section 19.2.1, the proposed action requires authorization by the NRC for NWMI to constructand later operate the proposed RPF at Discovery Ridge to commercially produce 99Mo using LEU.Section 19.2.1 also describes actions that are connected to the proposed action. Connected actions fall withinthe scope of the actions evaluated in an environmental impact statement (40 CFR 1508.25, "Scope").19.2.1 Description of Proposed Action and Connected ActionsThe proposed action is the issuance of an NRC Construction Permit and Operating License under10 CFR 50 and provisions of 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30 that would authorize NWMI to construct andoperate a 99Mo RPF at a site located in Columbia, Missouri. Proposed RPF activities include:* Receiving LEU from DOE* Producing LEU target materials and fabrication of targets* Packaging and shipping LEU targets to the university reactor network for irradiation* Returning irradiated LEU targets for dissolution, recovery, and purification of 99Mo* Recovering and recycling LEU to minimize radioactive, mixed, and hazardous waste generation* Treating/packaging wastes generated by RPF process steps to enable transport to a disposal siteThe RPF is being designed to have a nominal operational processing capability of one batch per week ofup to 12 targets from MURR for up to 52 weeks per year and approximately 30 targets from the OregonState University (OSU) TRIGA1 Reactor (OSTR) or a third university reactor for eight weeks per year perreactor. The impacts analyzed for this ER were based on the bounding scenario of MURR operating52 weeks per year, with both the OSTR and third reactor operating eight weeks per year, for a total of68 batches of irradiated LEU targets processed at the RPF annually.For the proposed RPF to fulfill its function, other "connected actions" would also occur. The RPF connectedaction is the use of a network of university research reactors for the irradiation of LEU targets. The ERevaluates transport of the unirradiated LEU targets to each university research reactor, irradiation of theLEU targets at each reactor, and transport of the irradiated LEU targets back to the RPF. Licenseamendments associated with university research reactors irradiating LEU targets would be completed byeach reactor organization and would be separate from this proposed action.NWMI has currently identified two university research reactors to be part of the irradiation network:MURR and OSTR.reactor will be added to the network that is similar to OSTR. An analysis torecommend the third university reactor is currently underway. The university reactors being consideredinclude [Proprietary Information]. NWMI has bounded the decision for the third reactor by the universityreactor that is the [Proprietary Information].The primary activities to be completed during construction, pre-operation, operation, anddecommissioning are described below.Construction -During the construction phase of the RPF, the following types of construction activitieswould be completed, including land clearing, set up of equipment laydown areas, utility installation,buildings, parking lots, and roads.Pre-Operations -Prior to commercial operations, the RPF would go through a commissioning phase toensure that the facility functions as designed and meets all NRC license and State and local requirements.The commissioning process comprises the integrated application of a set of engineering techniques andprocedures to check, inspect, and test every operational component of the project, from individualfunctions (e.g., instruments and equipment), to complex modules, subsystems, and systems.STRIGA (Training. Research. Isotopes. General Atomics) is a registered trademark of General Atomics. San Diego. California.19-23 | |||
,,. N W 'Chaper. NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0Alvii;.°. hate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewOperations -The RPF would have the operations capacity to produce 50 percent of the U.S. 99Modemand. 99Mo produced from the proposed NWMI RPF would indistinguishable from 99Mo from theexisting fleet of nuclear reactors and would not require redesign of the 99Mo generator technology in theU.S. supply chain.Decommissioning -The process of closing and securing a nuclear facility would provide adequateprotection from radiation exposure and to isolate radioactive contamination from the environment.Activities include surveillance, maintenance, decontamination, and/or dismantlement. These actions aretaken at the end of the life of a facility to retire it from service, with adequate regard for the health andsafety of workers and the public and protection of the environment.19.2.1.1 ScheduleThe schedule for proposed RPF construction, operation, and decommissioning is as follows:* Start date of site preparation/construction: First quarter 2016* End date of construction: First quarter 2017* Start date of facility startup and cold commissioning (pre-operational): Second quarter 2017* Date of hot commissioning and commercial operations: Third quarter 2017* Date of decommissioning: 204719.2.1.2 Affected LandDuring construction the total affected land would 3.0 ha (7.4 acres) or 100 percent of the site. The entiresite (3.0 ha [7.4 acres]) would be permanently affected as a result of operational activities.19.2.1.3 Personnel, Materials, and Equipment Required During Project PhasesAll work completed prior to receiving the Construction Permit Application for the proposed RPF wouldbe completed in accordance with 10 CFR 50.10(a)(2), "License Required; Limited Work Authorization."Table 19-6 provides an estimate of the resources required during each of the major facility phases(construction, pre-operation, operation, and decommissioning) of the proposed action.Table 19-6. Resources Required During Radioisotope Production Facility Phasesil-~ lll S~l l1 il [0] -II l ,I1 StI SSl i i *li~lli 3-lel i0 li Average workforce 38 21 98 15Delivery trucks (per week) 20241Fuel (diesel), L/month (gal/month) "1,647 (435) b189 (50) b189 (50) 1,647 (435)a The majority of the diesel fuel is consumed during the first three months of construction.b Diesel fuel is used for backup generator.C LEU needed for hot commissioning and initial RPF startup.d LEU needed in Operation [Proprietary Information] for addition of second university reactor.eLEU needed in Operation [Proprietary Information] for addition of third university reactor.19-24 | |||
*.NWMI.4o** SMEOICA ISOTQPIfSNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewMaterials consumed during the construction phase are shown in Table 19-7.Table 19-7. Estimated Materials Consumed During Construction PhaseConcreteMiscellaneous steelt~#r3,257 m3363 t45 tl2Tt4,260 yd3Asphalt400 tons50 tonsStone gr~n~uli~r materii~1Roofing245 m3 320 yd31~300~' 1~700yd34,645 m2 50,000 ft2435t 4U~ohs140 toni IIPre~ast c~4,645 m2 50,000 ft219.2.1.4 Applicant for the Proposed ActionNWMI is an Oregon limited-liability company (LLC). The company was formed solely to provide 99Moto the medical industry. NWMI's owners are listed in Table 19-8.Table 19-8. Northwest Medical Isotopes Ownership SummarySamaritan Health Services, Inc.Orion Ventures, LLCTalents Venture FundaOtherOregon, not-for-profit corporationOregon, limited-liability companyDelaware, limited-liability company[Proprietary Information][Proprietary Information][PoreayIfrain[Proprietary Information]=i ..... % I¸ ii # X a Membership interests are less than 2 percent.19.2.2 Radioisotope Production Facility Site Location and Layout19.2.2.1 Site LocationThe proposed 3.0 ha (7.4-acre) RPF site is situated within Discovery Ridge, north of Discovery RidgeDrive. Discovery Ridge is located in the City of Columbia, Boone County, Missouri. The site is situatedin central Missouri, approximately 201 kilometer (kin) (125 miles [mi]) east of Kansas City and 201 km(125 mi) west of St. Louis. The site is 7.2 km (4.5 mi) south of U.S. Interstate 70, just north of U.S.Highway 63 (Figure 19-4). The Missouri River lies 15.3 km (9.5 mi) west of the site. The site is located5.6 km (3.5 mi) southeast of the main MU campus.The approximate center of the RPF is longitude 920 16' 34.63" and latitude 380 54' 3.31" (NAD 83, 1983).Figure 19-5 illustrates the 8 km (5-mi) radius from the center of the facility and shows highways, rivers,and other local bodies of water.19-25 NWMI.-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewA RPF SiteQ 200kmn (124 mile) Radius frmRPF StMajor RiverState BoundariesCity0I1I3Interstate Highways60 90 120Miles Mark Twain National ForestFigure 19-4. 200 km (124-mi) Radius with Cities and Roads19-26 | |||
*~. NWMIFtORTHWS MW A SOOPSNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewA RPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF SiteInterstate Highways-Highways( City LimitsMark Twain National Forest0 0.5 12 3 4, , ,MilesFigure 19-5. Illustration of 8 km (5-mi) Radius from the Center of the Facility19-27 NMAIMNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2 .2.1 .1 PopulationThe 2010 Census reported that Columbia had a population of 108,500, which increased by 20.1 percentover the 10 preceding years (USCB, 2010a/b). Ashland is located approximately 14.5 km (9 mi) south ofthe proposed RPF site and had a 2010 Census population of 3,707, which increased 50 percent over the10 preceding years. The population of Columbia resides primarily north-northwest of the proposed site.The 2010 Census Boone County population was 162,642 (USCB, 2010a/b). In the fall of 2012, MU hada population of approximately 34,748 students (MU, 2013).19.2.2.1.1.1 Sensitive PopulationsTable 19-9 provides a list of the sensitive populations (e.g., schools, daycares, retirement homes) within a5-mi radius of the proposed RPF site. The list was developed using multiple sources and surveys.Google Earth was used to determine the distances from the site.Table 19-9. Sensitive Populations (2 pages)Nearest full-time resident0.43 0.27 SouthIISunset Mobile Home Park0.93 0.58 NorthwestRock Bridge High School 5.25 3.26 West I Hickman High School 8.52 5.3 NorthwestRock Bridge Elementary 5.12 3.18 WestSchoolCedar Ridge Elementary 4.08 2.54 NorthSchoolField Elementary School7.96 4.95 Northwest7.85 4.88 Northwest@Grant Elementary SchoolWestern Governors 2.16 1.34 Northwest jSteven's College 6.92 4.3 NorthwestUniversity Missouri ILittle Miracles Preschool2.8 1.74 North I Fr. Tolton Catholic HighI School1.42- 0.88 Southwest19-28 | |||
:. NWMfINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-9. Sensitive Populations (2 pages)I -I .---Green Meadows PreschoolLuke's Child Care andPreschoolDown to Earth Preschool6.92 4.3 WestTiger Tots Child DevelopmentCenter7.43 4.62 Northwest3.62L9~ Southeast Bi~d of>~be ~aip~ow5.463.39 North2.25 NorthAcademy of Early ChildhoodLearning5.8 3.6 West---. -ILenoir Woods Senior LivingBluff Creek Terrace1.462.530.91 Northwest Columbia Manor Care Center1.57 Northwest2.991.86 West...IProvidence Urgent Care5.38 3.34 WestGreen Meadows Pediatric andAdolescent Medicine5.95 3.7 WestMissouri Orthopedic 5.83 3.62 Northwest University of Columbia 6.13 3.81 NorthwestInstitute HospitalPeditri Plsti Suger, 616 .83Northwest University of Missouri, Mohs 5.95University of Missouri & Dermatology Surgery ClinicChildren's HospitalJ3.7 Northwest19.2.2.2 Site LayoutThe RPF site is 3.0 ha (7.4-acre) and is located entirely on property owned by MU. Figure 19-6 shows afootprint of the major structures, site layout, fence line, and site boundary (Lot 15). The major structuresinclude the RPF, Waste Staging and Shipping Building, and Diesel Generator Building. Additionally, thesite has an Administration Building and Security Stations. These major facilities also receive, store/hold,or process chemicals, oil, diesel fuel, and other hazardous and radioactive materials. The site presentlyconsists of grass fields and is primarily relatively flat surfaces at an elevation of 231 m (758 ft). Accessto the site is provided from Discovery Drive and Discovery Parkway.19-29 | |||
.NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewRough Estimate of Operations Boundary and Eme~rgency Planning loneSSite Boundary. Area Under the NRC Facility Operating l~icensc. Controlled AreaMilesFigure 19-6. Radioisotope Production Facility Site Boundary19-30I.= | |||
'. il-. V............ Chptr 9.0- Environmental ReviewThe RPF main building is approximately 106.7 m (350 ft) long and 56.4 m (185 ft) wide. The heightabove grade is 14 m (46 ft) for the mechanical/electrical bay roof, 19.8 m (65 ft) for the high bay roof,and 22.9 m (75 ft) for the facility stacks. The site is enclosed by perimeter fencing to satisfy safeguardsand security and other regulatory requirements. The total fenced area includes paved roads laid out asappropriate for the turning radius of tractor/trailers used to transport the irradiated target shipping andwaste handling casks.19.2.2.3 Infrastructure ImprovementsDiscovery Ridge has the infrastructure (power, sewer, and water) required to support the proposed RPF.Sanitary sewer, electric power, municipal water, and natural gas are installed from the facility to theutility connections presently located at the southwest corner of the site.19.2.2.4 Existing InfrastructureThe RPF site has no existing underground storage tanks, wells, pipelines, water supply, sewage, orstormwater systems.19.2.2.5 Other Nearby Facilities/BuildingsAnalytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories -Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc. (ABC Laboratories),is located approximately 0.48 km (0.3 mi) west of the proposed RPF within Discovery Ridge. ABCLaboratories is a contract research organization that delivers a broad array of product development andanalytical testing services to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, animal health, crop protection, andchemical industries. The facility is an 8,361 square meter (in2) (90,000-square foot [ft2]) facility thatincludes chemical and biochemical laboratories and associated systems and equipment. The facility is aRCRA large quantity generator-permitted facility.Research and Diagnostic Laboratory Facility -The Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (RADIL)facility, located approximately 0.16 km (.0.1 mi) northwest of the proposed RPF within Discovery Ridge.RADIL is owned by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., who purchased the facility from the MU College ofVeterinary Medicine. The 5,667 m-2 (61,000 ft2) facility provides health monitoring and diagnostic testingservices to bioresearch customers. The facility is a RCRA small quantity generator-permitted facility.19.2.2.6 Monitoring StationsThe need for monitoring stations is discussed in the following sections:* Air monitoring -Section 19.4.2.2* Groundwater monitoring -Section 19.4.4.3* Surface water monitoring -Section 19.4.4.3* Meteorological monitoring -Section 19.4.2.2.5* Ecological monitoring -Section 19.4.5.4* Radiological monitoring -Section 19.4.8.419-31 | |||
:i; N.,..Chaper NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GA* Chater 9.0 -Environmental Review19.2.3 Radioisotope Production Facility DescriptionThe proposed RPF would support target fabrication, recovery and purification of the 99Mo product fromirradiated LEU targets that would be generated by irradiation in multiple university research reactors, anduranium recovery and recycle to produce 99Mo. Figure 19-7 shows the proposed site layout, including theRPF, adjacent administration and support buildings, security buildings and associated security fence.RI)]I O 15 F , RE WATIER PU[JMP SKID)7.4 ACRES ,WASTE MANAGEMEINT BIDCP.L C.IgVE\ //WASTE MANAGIEMENT CANOPYR-105.42' /SIDE SETBACK -IS FEETSPACE RESERVIED PO FIRE WA11 ...PARKING LOT 32 --FRN STAC.-,35 FEET N'P!, CURVE -JL-I117.75'... OEE N lIOR,,74.30' TRAP AREAPLAN= 5F~ LOT E4 TOTAL 0 100' 200'L,-359.S4'R=154,283'Figure 19-7. Radioisotope Production Facility Site LayoutFigure 19-8 is first level general layout of the RPF. Figure 19-9 and Figure 19-10 are preliminary layoutsof the first level and second level, respectively, of the RPF. A mezzanine area above a portion of theprocess area would be for utility, ventilation and offgas equipment. The following sections provide adescription of the major rooms included in the facility layout.The first level (excluding the tank pit area) and second levels of the RPF are currently estimated tocontain approximately 4,282 m2 (46,088 ft2) and 1,569 m2 (16,884 ft2) of floor space, respectively. Theprocessing hot cell and waste management temporary storage floor space area is approximately 544 m2(5,857 ft2). The maximum height of the building is 19.8 m (65 ft) with a maximum stack height of 22.9 m(75 ft). The depth of the processing hot cell belowgrade, without footers, is 4.6 m (15 fi) of enclosureheight in rooms containing process equipment.19-32 | |||
(. NWMINSST~ S MESS A SO S ESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewFigure 19-8.II II II IIGeneral Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility19-33 | |||
* e.e "NORTHWEST MEDICAL SOTOPESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-9. Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production FacilityFirst Level Floor Plan19-34 | |||
.;;@NWMI* ..i.e.°." ' NORTHWEST MEOICA(.ISOTOPESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-10. Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production FacilitySecond Level Floor Plan19-35 | |||
..,,o;*NRTWESMEICAIOONWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-11 illustrates the hot cell details for target disassembly dissolution, Mo recovery andpurification, uranium recovery and recycle, and waste management.[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-11. Radioisotope Production Facility Hot Cell Details19-36 MI.NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2.3.1 Process DescriptionA flow diagram of the primary process to be performed by the proposed RPF is provided in Figure 19-12.Target FabricationS UnardaeTarget ShqsnI to Urversity8 ReactorU'Irradiated Target Disassemblyand Dissolution:0IrradiatedTargetShipping andReceivinTargetCladdin toSolid WasteHandingI!Fissio Product Soluteoit toLqiad Waste H anllngtrrpSatProduct CaskCustomner9gMo ProductionILegend1Reactor OperationsSRPF OperationsFigure 19-12. Radioisotope Production Facility Block Flow DiagramRPF operations include the following general process steps (which correspond with the above figure).o LEU target material is fabricated using a combination of fresh LEU and recycled uranium.§ Target material is encapsulated using metal cladding to contain the LEU and fission productsproduced during irradiation.* Fabricated targets are packaged and shipped to university reactors for irradiation.o After irradiation, targets are shipped back to the RPF.* Irradiated targets are disassembled and metal cladding is removed.O Targets are then dissolved into a solution for processing.O Dissolved LEU solution is processed to recover and purify 99Mo.O Purified 99Mo is packaged in certified shipping containers and shipped to a radiopharmaceuticaldistributor.* LEU solution is treated to recover uranium and remove trace contaminants and is recycled backto Step 1 to be made into new targets via the target fabrication system.19-37 | |||
.N W M ISOOE Catr WM-031Rev. Qlvii: .......... hpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAll process wastes that contain unwanted isotopes are converted to a disposal form by the waste handlingsystem, where the wastes are placed in casks for shipment to a disposal site. Offgases are captured andtreated through appropriate treatment systems and then released through a stack.1 9.2 .3.1.1 Target Fabrication Summary (Steps 0, 0, and 0)The target fabrication process converts fresh and recycled uranium into LEU target material, which isthen loaded into target hardware for shipping to the reactors for irradiation. The material being processedin the target fabrication area requires no shielding; the equipment is contact-handled.LEU target material production (Step 0) -LEU target material is produced using an internal gelationprocess. The material is produced from a combination of recycled uranyl nitrate, fresh uranium metal,and uranium compounds recycled from various points in the target fabrication system. The recycleduranyl nitrate is converted to acid-deficient uranyl nitrate (ADUN) using a solvent extraction process,which selectively removes nitrate ions from the solution. The resulting ADUN is mixed with the uranylnitrate produced by dissolution of fresh uranium. This ADUN is evaporated to achieve the desireduranium concentration, and is then chilled before mixing with urea and hydroxymethyltetramine (HMTA)to form the gelation broth. This broth is injected into a column of heated silicone oil. At the base of thecolumn, the LEU target material is filtered from the oil and washed with a solvent, ammonium hydroxideand water. The target material is then reduced in a stream of dilute hydrogen within a furnace. The LEUtarget material is sampled and analyzed to ensure that it meets quality requirements before routing to thetarget fabrication system.Encapsulation (Step 0) -LEU target material is loaded into the target hardware. This hardware isprefabricated and cleaned before entering the facility. The targets are filled with LEU target materialsand helium cover gas. Once the targets have been loaded and welded, they undergo inspection andquality assurance (QA) checks, including leak testing. Targets that pass the QA checks are shipped to theuniversity reactors for irradiation. Targets that fail the QA checks are disassembled. The LEU targetmaterial is recycled, and the hardware is cleaned and disposed of as nonradioactive scrap.Target packaging and shipment (Step 0) -Assembled targets are loaded into shipping casks fortransport to the university reactors. Transport will be via ground transportation.19.2 .3.1.2 Irradiated Target Receipt, Disassembly, and Dissolution Summary (Steps 0, 0,and 0)Target receipt and disassembly (Steps 0 and 0) -The irradiated targets are received in shieldedshipping casks. The irradiated LEU targets are moved into the hot cell via a below-grade tunnel to the hotcell access point that mates up with either the shipping cask or a transfer cask. The targets aredisassembled by puncturing the target, collecting any fission product gases, severing the target in half,and transferring the irradiated LEU target material into a transfer container. The spent target areinspected and disposed of as solid waste.Target dissolution (Step 0) -The target dissolution process is operated in a "batch" fashion, with theirradiated LEU target material transferred into a dissolver. The LEU material is dissolved in hot nitricacid. The offgas containing the fission product gases goes through a series of cleanup columns. Thenitrogen oxides (NO0) is removed by a reflux condenser and several NO0 absorbers, the fission productgases (noble and iodine) are captured on absorbers, and the remaining gas is filtered and discharged intothe process ventilation header. The dissolver solution is diluted, cooled, filtered, and pumped to the 99Mosystem feed tank. Only one of the two dissolvers is planned to be actively dissolving LEU target materialat a time.19-38 I AIflNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A..,,,.. NWMI Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2 .3.1 .3 Molybdenumn-99 Product Recovery and Purification System (Steps Gand 0)The dissolver solution from the target dissolution operation is processed to purify the 99Mo. The uranium-containing solutions from the 99Mo ion exchange (IX) columns are transferred to the uranium recoverysystem. The remaining waste solutions are sent to low- or high-dose waste storage tanks.Mo recovery and purification (Step 0) -The dissolver solution from the target dissolution operation ispumped through the first TX column (Mo recovery). The 99Mo and trace components are absorbed ontothe media. The uranium and most of the fission products and other contaminates flow through thecolumn and are sent to the lag storage tanks in the uranium recovery and recycle system. The 99Mo iseluted from the first column and purify in the second and third IX columns. The product purificationprocess primarily consists of a series of chemical adjustments and IX columns to remove unwantedisotopes from the 99Mo product solution.99Mo product packaging and shipping (Step 0) -Product solution is sampled to verify compliancewith acceptance criteria after a final chemical adjustment. The product solution in small vials is thenplaced into shipping containers that are sequentially loaded into shipping casks. The casks are removedfrom the hot cell, surveyed, and manifested for transport to the customer. 99Mo product is transported viaair or ground transportation depending on which radiopharmaceutical distributor is receiving the shipment.19.2.3.1.4 Uranium Recovery and Recycle Summary (Step 0,)The uranium process system consists of solution storage vessels, TX columns, and concentrators foruranium recovery and recycle. The lag storage tanks minimize upstream processing delays and provideseveral weeks of decay time before the material is processed through the system.First cycle uranium recovery -The LEU stream from the first cycle molybdenum TX column is held inlag storage tanks to allow selected radionuclides to decay. The solution is then diluted and pumpedthrough the first TX columns to separate the bulk of the fission product contaminants from the uranium.The waste is sampled and sent to the high-dose liquid waste accumulation tank. The uranium is eluatedfrom the TX columns, and a concentrator/condenser is used to control the volume of the uranium interimproduct. The condensate is send to the low-dose liquid waste accumulation tank.Second cycle uranium recycle -The interim uranium product solution is processed through a secondstage TX column to remove trace contaminates. The waste is sampled and sent to the high-dose liquidwaste accumulation tank. The uranium is eluated from the TX columns, and a concentrator/condenser isused to control the volume of the recycled uranium product. The condensate is sent to the low-dose liquidwaste accumulation tank. The final uranium product solution is sampled to confirm that it meets therecycle specification.Product uranium lag storage -This subsystem consists of a series of solution storage vessels. Thevessels allow the time necessary for uranium-237 (237U) to decay to contact-handled levels in the uraniumproduct solutions. The decayed uranium product is returned to target fabrication.19.2.3.1.5 Waste Management System DescriptionThe waste management system is divided into three subsystems: (1) the liquid waste system, (2) the solidwaste system, and (3) specialty waste systems.Liquid waste system -The liquid waste disposal system consists of storage tanks for accumulating wasteliquids and adjusting the waste composition. Liquid waste is split into high-dose and low-dose streams byconcentration. The high-dose fraction is further concentrated, adjusted, and mixed with adsorbentmaterial. A portion of the low-dose fraction is expected to be suitable for recycle to selected systems asprocess water. Water that is not recycled is adjusted and then mixed with an adsorbent material. Bothsolidified streams are held for decay and shipped to a disposal facility.19-39 NODW.ETMEIA ISOOE hpe NWM-2013-02, Rev. QA:lvChater19.0 -Environmental ReviewSolid waste system -The solid waste disposal system consists of an area for collection, size reduction,and staging of solid wastes. The solids are placed in a waste drum and encapsulated by adding a cementmaterial to fill voids remaining within the drum. The solidified waste is held for decay and shipped to adisposal facility.Specialty waste system -A specialty waste disposal system is based on addressing small quantities ofunique wastes generated. The goal is to reuse as much of the material as possible. Examples of theseprocesses may include organic and non-organic reclamation processes and silicone oil wasteaccumulation. These waste streams are containerized, stabilized, as appropriate, and shipped offsite fortreatment and disposal.19.2 .3.1.6 Process Offgas SystemsThe process offgas subsystem is connected directly to the process vessels and maintains a negativepressure within the vessels. Process vessel ventilation systems include a set of subsystems that arespecialized to the equipment that the subsystems support. These systems merge together at the processoffgas filter train.Dissolver offgas subsystem -The dissolver offgas subsystem is connected directly to the process vesselsassociated with the irradiated target dissolution process. There are two primary features of this system:(1) recover NOx from the nitric acid dissolution of irradiated targets, and (2) capture fission product gasesreleased from the irradiated targets. This subsystem is installed in the remote hot cell.Iodine potential offgas subsystem -The iodine potential offgas subsystem is connected directly toprocess vessels or equipment that contain tellurium isotopes that decay and form iodine isotopes. Withinthis subsystem, an iodine capture system is included to ensure that any iodine evolving from the processis captured on the treatment media. After iodine treatment, the subsystem merges with the other processventilation subsystems.LEU targetltarget fabrication offgas subsystem -The microsphere/target offgas subsystem isconnected directly to the process vessels and equipment that are associated with the wet portion of themicrosphere/target fabrication process. Filtration is required for this subsystem prior to merging with theother process ventilation subsystems. There are controls/design features in place to maintain the reducinggas within flammability limits.19.2,3.2 Facility Areas19.2 .3.2.1 Irradiated Target Receipt BayThe irradiated target receipt bay is used to receive irradiated fuel elements in shipping casks loaded onsemi-truck trailers. The traveling bridge crane is used to transfer a shipping cask from the trailer onto atransfer cart for transfer to the hot cells. The shipping cask/transfer cart is transferred from the receiptbay airspace through a doorway into the hot cell operating gallery. The cask is introduced to a shieldedtransfer port in the hot cell, where the cask is remotely opened and targets are removed and staged withinthe hot cell for disassembly.19.2 .3.2 .2 Remote Hot CellsIrradiated target processing is performed using equipment that is located in shielded hot cells to protectoperating personnel from doses generated by radioactive materials. The hot cells provide remoteoperation and maintenance capabilities with features such as (1) shielding windows and in-cell andthrough-wall manipulators for equipment operation and maintenance, (2) access via cover blocks andbridge crane to support remote maintenance activities, and (3) equipment (e.g., pumps and valves) thatremotely operated from outside the hot cell.19-40 | |||
: : Chapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe hot cells and associated ventilation equipment also provide containment and confinement for thepotential release of radioactive materials from a process vessel during maintenance activities or off-normal operating conditions. The hot cell area will have a criticality favorable floor/sump geometryconfiguration and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters on the ventilation inlets and outlets. Thehot cell is divided up into the following areas:* LEU target disassembly and dissolution area* Mo recovery and purification area* Uranium recovery and recycle area* Operating gallery area* Maintenance areas* Remote support systems areasLow-Enriched Uranium Target Disassembly and Dissolution AreaThe disassembly area has a feature that mates with the shielded cask and enables the target basket withirradiated LEU targets to be placed in the hot cell. Two disassembly stations are currently envisioned assemi-automated devices that pick one target at a time from the shipping basket, puncture and delid thetarget, and pour target material into a transfer container. The spent target is inspected to ensure that it isempty, passed through to the waste management area, and disposed of as solid waste. The area alsocontains the dissolver vessels, dissolver offgas treatment equipment, and fission gas capture columns.The disassembly stations are supported with leaded windows and/or cameras and master-slavemanipulators.Molybdenum-99 Recovery and Purification AreaCells are included in the remote hot cell to house equipment associated with the Mo recovery andpurification system. The cells include a series of small LX columns with containers, peristaltic pumps,and collection tanks. Operations and maintenance of the process are performed by the through-wallmanipulators. An egress point is included for load-in and load-out of the 99Mo shipping cask. This areaof the hot cell will have design features that support FDA requirements.Uranium Recovery and Recycle AreaEquipment associated with the LEU recovery and recycle system is also located within the remote hot cellarea. This equipment will be much larger than the small Mo recovery and purification equipment, anduse a large portion of the remote hot cell. The process equipment includes a series of LX columns;lag storage, feed, and product tanks to support operation of IX columns; and concentrator systems.The process equipment is skid-mounted, which enables remote replacement and ensures critically safespacing between skids.Operating Gallery AreaThe operating gallery is situated adjacent to the hot cell. The operating gallery is an area used bypersonnel to physically operate remote wall-mounted manipulators. Local control stations are provided inthe operating gallery to support process operations. The operating gallery width is sufficient to allowremoval of a wall-mounted manipulator for maintenance or repair. After removal from the wall, amanipulator is transported via a cart system to the maintenance area where actual repairs are performed.Maintenance AreasTwo maintenance areas are used for facility equipment maintenance: the maintenance shop and themanipulator repair room.19-41 NOhWETMEICA hpe NWI212,Rev. OlviChptr 9.0- Environmental ReviewRemote Support SystemsRemotely operated equipment is used to perform the core operations of processing irradiated targets,recovering 99Mo for shipment to customers, and recycling LEU for fabrication into targets for futureirradiation. These operations are backed by remotely operated support systems, including the main craneand manipulator arms. These two systems provide the ability to keep the process in operation for years.Along with the manipulator arms, the main crane provides the heavy-lifting capacity needed to lift the hotcell cover blocks, remove nonfunctional items from the remote hot cell, and bring in replacementcomponents. An additional crane is provided for remote operations and lifting waste packages in thewaste management area.19.2 .3.2 .3 Target Fabrication AreaThe target fabrication area contains equipment associated with the LEU target material and targetfabrication systems. Material processed by the system is unirradiated LEU, obtained as feed from DOE,and LEU recycled from processing irradiated targets. Recycled LEU is purified in the remote hot cell andtransferred as a solution to the microsphere fabrication vessels. Verification measurements are performedon the purified recycled LEU solutions prior to transfer into the fabrication area to confirm that therecycled LEU material satisfies criteria that allow processing in the unshielded process enclosures.The microsphere/target fabrication area includes the following sub-areas:Target fabrication wet area -The wet area contains the process equipment for conversion ofuranium compounds to LEU target material. Most of the equipment processes aqueous solutionsof uranium. The equipment includes concentrators, dissolvers, liquid-liquid contactors, lagstorage and blending tanks, columns for forming and washing LEU target materials, a filtersystem, furnace boat loading and transfer systems, and furnaces for drying and reducing the LEUtarget material. The LEU target material is manually transferred from the wet area to the dryarea.*Target fabrication dry area -The dry area is used to encapsulate LEU target material in thetarget hardware. Activities performed in this area are primarily receipt and inspection of targethardware components, loading LEU target material into the target, filling the target with helium,and seal welding the targets.*Target fabrication QA/laboratory area -This area is used to perform the various tests andinspections for monitoring and QA of the target fabrication processes. Tests are performed onliquid solutions, LEU target material, and assembled targets.*Storage areas -These are secure rooms within the target fabrication area that store materialsused by the above processes. These rooms contain storage racks that segregate raw andin-process materials from the final product.19.2.3.2.4 Waste Management AreaThe waste management area includes shielded enclosures for tanks collecting liquid waste and containersused to stage solid wastes generated by the process systems. Portions of the waste management system thatare dedicated for high-dose liquid waste are included in the remote hot cell. There are three shielded areasin the waste management area: (1) the high-integrity container (HIC) vault, where filled waste containersare held for several months to allow short-lived radioisotopes to decay to lower doses, (2) the hot cell solidwaste export area, where equipment and empty targets are passed out of the hot cell, and (3) the solidificationcell, where liquid waste is processed/mixed with materials to prepare waste packages for disposal.19-42 | |||
* I.i...V.......... Ihptr 9.0- Environmental ReviewThe solid waste is moved to the waste loading area, where the waste is loaded into a shipping cask(typically already on a truck trailer) to be transported to a disposal site. The waste management area isserviced by a bridge crane.19.2 .3.2 .5 Mechanical/Electrical RoomsThe mechanical/electrical rooms are located on the second floor on both sides of the hot cell. Themechanical/electrical rooms house electrical systems, motor control centers, pumps, boilers, aircompressors, and ventilation supply equipment. The heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC)chillers are located outside of the facility, in the same area as the process water chillers. The mechanicalroom over the laboratory/chemical make-up areas houses the exhaust fans and filter trains.19.2 .3 .2.6 Process Offgas RoomThe process offgas room is connected directly to the process vessel and process offgas subsystems to treatthe stream and maintain negative pressure within the vessels. The process offgas room containsabsorbers, filters trains, and fans. Process offgas is discharged from the primary building exhaust system.19.2.3.2.7 Laboratory and Research and Development Hot CellAn analytical laboratory and research and development hot cell area support the production of the 99Moproduct and recycle of uranium. Samples from the process are collected, transported to the laboratory,and prepared in the laboratory hot cell.Other laboratory features include the following:* Hoods and/or gioveboxes to complete sample preparation, waste handling, and standardspreparations* Rooms with specialty instruments, including an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)--a gamma spectroscopy system, an alpha spectroscopy system, a liquid scintillationsystem, and a beta-counting system* Chemical and laboratory supplies storage* Bench-top systems (e.g., balances, pH meters, ion-chromatography)19.2 .3.2 .8 Chemical Make-up and Gas Storage RoomThe chemical make-up room includes tanks supplying aqueous chemicals to the process systems,flammable material storage cabinets used to segregate incompatible materials, and storage of chemicalsolids used in the process systems. The gas distribution room serves as a location for storage of smallquantity gases (stored in gas cylinders) and distribution manifolds. Large quantities of gases are storedoutside of the RPF in appropriate storage tanks or trailers. These areas are designed to segregateincompatible chemicals.19.2 .3 .2.9 Raw Materials and Molybdenum-99 Product Shipping and Receiving AreasTwo separate access points are proposed to move process materials into and out of the facility and ship99Mo product to the radiopharmaceuticai distributors. Both access points are truck bays that interfacewith process areas near the chemical make-up room. The 99Mo product bay functions as an airlock as partof the confinement ventilation control strategy for exporting the casks transported by a cargo vehicle.The second access point next to the 99Mo product area is a shipping/receiving room and loading dock forthe movement of smaller packages using handcarts or forklift. This area is the planned location for thereceipt of chemicals and will have a pad/berm for spill protection and collection.19-43 NMI'NORTHW1EST MEDICALISOTOPESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. QAChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2.3.2.10 Support Staff AreasThe support staff areas are an annex to the RPF and include various areas supporting the process. Thesupport staff areas include a shift office, health physics office, break room, support offices/workroom,change rooms/bathrooms, storage areas, and personnel airlock.19.2.3.2.11 Control RoomThe control room houses the process control system for operating and monitoring the facility. Thecontrol room door into the facility is equipped with controlled access. The control console has two orthree operator interface stations or human-machine interfaces (one being a dedicated engineeringinterface), a master programmable logic controller or distributed controller, and all related and necessarycabinetry and subcomponents (e.g., power supplies and uninterruptable power supply). This controlsystem is supported by a data highway of sensing instrument signals in the facility process areas that aregathered throughout the facility by an Ethernet conmmunication-based interface backbone and brought intothe control room and onto the console displays. T~shla 10.11l~f l~ilit Arois annd lRpSnpptivpDedicated controllers and human-machinemonitoring interfaces or stations for other equipmentsystems are also in the control room. A controlpanel for all facility on-site and off-site (if required)communications (e.g., telephone, intercom) willpotentially be located in the control room.19.2.3.2.12 General Ventilation SystemThe facility ventilation system maintains a seriesof cascading pressure zones to draw air from thecleanest areas of the facility to the mostcontaminated areas. Zone IV is a clean zone and isindependent of the other ventilation zones.Zone IV will be slightly positively pressurizedwith respect to the atmosphere. Zone III is thecleanest of the potentially contaminated areas, witheach subsequent zone being more contaminated andhaving lower pressures. Table 19-10 defines theventilation zone applicable to major spaces.Figure 19-13 graphically presents the ventilationzone for the first level of the RPF.A common supply air system provides 100 percentoutdoor air to all Zone III areas and some Zone IIareas that require make-up air in addition to thatcascaded from Zone III. Three separate exhaustsystems maintain zone pressure differentials andcontainment: (1) the Zone I exhaust systemservices the hot cell, waste loading areas, targetfabrication enclosures, and process offgassubsystems in Zone I; (2) the Zone I1/III exhaustsystem services exhaust flow needs from Zone IIand Zone III in excess of flow cascaded to interiorzones; and (3) a laboratory exhaust system servicesfume hoods in the laboratory area.Confinement ZonesHot cells (production) ITank hot cell ISolid waste treatment hot cell IHigh-dose waste solidification hot cell IUranium decay and accountability hot cell IHIC vault IAnalytical laboratory gloveboxes IR&D hot cell laboratory hot cells ITarget fabrication room and enclosures IIUtility room IIAnalytical laboratory room and hoods IIR&D hot cell laboratory room and hoods IIWaste loading hot cell IIMaintenance gallery IIManipulator maintenance room IIExhaust filter room IIAirlocksa II, IIIIrradiated target basket receipt bay IIIWaste loading truck bay IIIOperating gallery and corridor IIIElectrical/mechanical supply room IIIChemical supply room IIICorridors IIIDecontamination room IIILoading docks IVWaste management loading bay IVIrradiated target receipt truck bay IVMaintenance room IVSupport staff areas IVConfinement zone of airlocks will be dependent on thetwo adjacent zones being connected.HIC = high-integrity container.R&D = research and development.19-44 NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-13. First-Level Confinement of the Radioisotope Production Facility19-45 NOhWETMEICSOOEChpe1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewThe supply air is conditioned using filters, heater coils, and cooling coils to meet the requirements of eachspace. Abatement technologies (primarily HEPA filtration and activated carbon) are used to ensure thatair exhausted to the atmosphere meets NESHAP and applicable State law. A stack monitoring system isemployed to demonstrate compliance with the stated regulatory requirements for exhaust.The systems and components of the main ventilation system are described in the following subsections.Supply Air SubsystemThe supply air system provides filtered and conditioned air to all Zone III spaces and some Zone II spacesat a ventilation rate of 100 percent outside air. The three supply air handling units are sized at 50 percentcapacity each, for redundancy. Two of the three units will be operating, while the third is on standby.Each unit consists of an outdoor air louver, filters, a cooling coil, a heating coil, a heat recovery coil,isolation dampers, and a fan.Variable-speed fans are modulated to control the pressure in the common air plenum. The heating andcooling coils in each air-handling unit are controlled based on a common supply air temperature sensor.Reheat coils are provided in the supply ducts to each space, as required, to further condition the supplyair, based on space temperature thermostats.Exhaust Air SubsystemsFour exhaust air subsystems are provided: Zone I exhaust, Zone I111II exhaust, laboratory exhaust, andprocess offgas exhaust. Each exhaust system is provided with two 100 percent capacity exhaust fans andfilter trains for complete redundancy on all exhaust subsystems. This redundancy is important to ensureconfinement ventilation pressure differentials are maintained at all times. Each exhaust filter trainconsists of prefiiters, two stages of HEPA filters, carbon adsorbers, and isolation dampers. Exhaust ductsupstream of the filter trains are round to minimize areas where contamination can accumulate, and aresized to minimize particulate settling in the duct. Each exhaust system has a separate stack, with theexception of the process offgas subsystem, which merges with the Zone I exhaust stream. A stackmonitoring system is provided on each stack to demonstrate compliance with applicable State law.Zone I Exhaust SubsystemThe Zone I exhaust system serves the hot cell, HIC loading area, and solid waste loading area. Thisexhaust system maintains Zone I spaces at negative pressure with respect to atmosphere. Thedisassembly station is maintained at a slightly lower pressure due to the increased likelihood ofcontamination in that area. All make-up air to Zone I spaces are cascaded from Zone II spaces. Spacetemperature control is not provided for Zone I spaces unless thermal loads are expected to causetemperatures to exceed equipment operating ranges without additional cooling. HEPA filters are includedon both the inlet and outlet ducts to Zone I. The outlet HEPA filters minimize the spread ofcontamination from the hot cell into the ductwork leading to the exhaust filter train. The inlet HEPAfilters prevent contamination spread in case of an upset condition that results in positive pressurization ofZone I spaces with respect to Zone II spaces. The process offgas subsystem enters the Zone I exhaustsubsystem just upstream of the filter train.Zone II/III Exhaust SubsystemThe Zone 111111 exhaust system serves the Zone II spaces and those Zone III spaces that do not providecascaded air flow into Zone II. This exhaust system maintains Zone II spaces at negative pressure andZone III spaces at a less negative pressure with respect to atmosphere. Make-up air to Zone II spaces iseither cascaded from Zone III spaces or supplied from the supply air subsystem to meet additional spaceconditioning needs. All make-up air to Zone III spaces is provided from the supply air subsystem.19-46 ChptrMWM-2I302,Rev. oAEUVVChapter19.0 -Environmental Review* m .NORTHWEST MEOICAL ISOTOPESLaboratory Exhaust SubsystemThe laboratory exhaust system provides fume hood and glovebox exhaust capability. This essentially is aZone I system, but is separate from the main Zone I exhaust system to accommodate the large flowfluctuations from changing fume hood positions. These highly variable flow conditions are controlledbetter through a separate exhaust system. This exhaust system minimizes the potential pressureperturbations and control difficulties that could result from including the fume hoods on the main Zone Iexhaust system. Make-up air for increased fume hood exhaust flow is supplied from the common supplyair system.Cleanroom SubsystemThe cleanroom subsystem is designed to provide filtered and conditioned air at an exchange rate to meetthe standards of an ISO 14644-1, "Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Environments--Part 1:Classification of Air Cleanliness," Class 8 cleanroom. The cleanroom is maintained at a slightly positivepressure relative to its surroundings to ensure that unfiltered air does not infiltrate the cleanroom. Airinside the cleanroom is continually recirculated through a dedicated filtration system to remove internallygenerated contaminants. Air would be 100 percent recirculated, with the only air exchange with thesurroundings of the cleanroom occurring through exfiltration and make-up air entering on the suction sideof the fan. The cleanroom air handling unit and filters are located inside the hot cell and, therefore, mustbe remotely maintainable. Periodic cleanroom certification testing also needs to be performed remotelywith permanently installed instrumentation.19.2.3.2.13 Other Radioisotope Production Facility Support BuildingsExternal waste management storage and shipping building -The waste management building isapproximately 111.5 m2 (1,200 ft2) and will provide additional waste storage and shipping preparation forradioactive waste prior to disposal.Diesel generator building -The diesel generator building houses the RPF backup generator, which isused for temporary operation and safe shutdown of the RPF if required. The diesel fuel tank is storedaboveground next to the building, with an approximate volume of 3,785 liters (L) (1,000 gallons [gal]).Security buildings -The RPF will have to two security buildings, one for personnel access and one forshipping and receiving of materials and waste. NWMI will establish, implement, and maintain itsauthorization program in accordance with NRC requirements.19.2.4 Water Consumption and Treatment19.2.4.1 Water ConsumptionThe water supply source for the proposed RPF is the municipal water system. Connection to this systemwill comply with applicable State or local requirements. Required ancillary equipment (e.g., pressureregulators, backflow preventers) is installed as required by local ordinances.The demineralized water system supplies demineralized water to the process for water addition, flushing,and chemical dilution. The demineralized water system can also potentially provide make-up water to thesteam boilers. Wash water is used to washdown the tractor/trailers.Final flow rates and process needs are determined on completion of performance testing (e.g., fireprotection systems). Additional pumps and regulators may be installed to meet the performance needs ofthe systems. Where appropriate, water recycle or reuse systems are employed. Lavatory and office supplywater systems are provided. These systems are designed and installed in accordance with local code.19-47 l.ii Chapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GA""Chater19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe RPF water flow rates and consumption data is summarized in Table 19-11. The chilled water andsteam systems are closed-loop systems and require water during startup, with minimal make-up waterrequirements during operation.Table 19-11. Radioisotope Production Facility Water FlowRates and Consumption InformationTarget disassembly and dissolution 1,500 400--Uranium recovery and recycle system 500,410 132,200--Laboratory facilities 2,000 530--Total 530,910 140,260 360,000 95,100aThese numbers do not account for planned process recycle.bAssumes 260 days of operation per year.19.2.4.2 Water Sources Independent of Municipal or Commercial SupplyThe RPF will not use water sources independent of the municipal or commercial supply.19.2.4.3 Water TreatmentPotable water is provided through the public utility system and will require no additional treatment.Contaminated process wastewater storage and treatment systems are addressed in Section 19.2.7.3.19.2.5 Cooling and Heating Dissipating Systems19.2.5.1 Cooling Water SystemsThe process chilled water system provides cooling for the process equipment. Cooling is required forcondensing offgas from the concentrators and for cooling the process stream. Chilled water is deliveredto cooling jackets in a closed loop system. Redundancy is provided for components that present a single-point failure risk in the process chilled water system to ensure that cooling remains available forcontinued production.Air-cooled chillers are located outside of the RPF. These chillers are expected to be typical commercialHVAC chillers. Redundancy for cooling capacity is provided by sizing each of the three chillers at50 percent of the design cooling capacity. Chilled water is circulated from the chillers to an intermediateheat exchanger in the secondary loop. The primary loop then circulates and distributes chilled water fromthe heat exchanger to the various process loads in a closed loop. The chilled water pumps are typicalcentrifugal pumps used in HVAC systems.19-48 ChaperI1NWM,-2013-021, Rev. OA: UVChapter 9.0 -Environmental Review* ?..." ORTH4WEST MIEOICAL ISOTOPE$The intermediate heat exchanger is provided to minimize the risk of contamination spread outside of thefacility in case of a process system leak into the chilled water system. To further minimize this risk,pressure differentials are maintained to ensure that flow is from lower contaminated systems into highercontaminated systems. The primary loop is maintained at a higher pressure than the process equipment, andthe secondary loop is maintained at a higher pressure than the primary loop.Some process cooling loads (e.g., the fission gas-trap and target fabrication equipment) require lowersupply temperatures (e.g., below 0 degrees Celsius [°C]). These loads are served by standalone processchillers.The RPF is designed to have zero liquid discharge from the radiologically controlled area (i.e., no liquidwould be released from the facility).19.2.5.2 Heating SystemsProcess steam is used to provide heating for process equipment. Heating is required for the concentratorsand process stream. The steam from the boilers flows to an intermediate heat exchanger in the secondaryloop. The primary loop then circulates and distributes steam from the heat exchanger to the variousprocess loads in a closed loop. The steam is assumed to be supplied to the heating jacket, condensed, andreturned to the intermediate heat exchanger in a closed loop system. Redundancy is provided forcomponents that present a single-point failure risk in the process steam system to ensure that heatingremains available for continued production. Three electric boilers are located in the mechanical room ofthe facility. The boilers are assumed to be standard, commercially available, packaged high-pressuresteam boilers. Each boiler is sized at 50 percent of the design capacity to provide redundancy for heating.19.2.5.3 Heat Dissipation SystemsThe RPF has no additional heat dissipation systems, besides the process chilled water system described inSection 19.2.5.1.19.2.6 Auxiliary SystemsThe compressed air system supplies instrument-quality (dry and oil-free) air to power air-actuated valvesand dampers and for instruments that require compressed air (e.g., bubbler tube-level indicators). Thecompressed air system can also provide process air, although these loads are undefined.The system is assumed to consist of a packaged air compressor system, with the compressor mounted onthe receiver tank with associated filters, coolers, and pressure relief. A separate modular, heatlessdesiccant-type air dryer is provided. Process air can be taken directly from the air receiver, prior todrying and further filtering.The HVAC chillers are located outside the facility, in the same area as the process chilled water chillers.The hot water boilers are located in the mechanical room. Pumps and supporting distribution systemequipment for both systems are located in the mechanical room.19.2.7 Waste SystemsThe waste management area includes shielded enclosures for tanks collecting liquid waste and containersused to stage solid wastes generated by the other process systems. Liquid waste is mixed with a sorbent(or solidification agent) material in a HIC that is stored and eventually loaded into a shielded wastetransport cask. The solid waste is size-reduced, placed in a drum, and encapsulated by adding a cementmaterial. The drum is then closed and loaded into a shielded waste transport cask.There is no solid or liquid waste disposal at the RPF site. Air effluents are discussed in Section 19.4.2.1.19-49 | |||
~.NWMI~qW _, OfIhWEST ITOSNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review19.2.7.1 Process System Liquid WastesWhere practicable, liquid wastes arecondensed and/or treated or recycled toreduce the environmental impacts associatedwith disposal. The liquid waste streamsgenerated during the processing operationsare handled with the aqueous waste-handling system discussed inSection 19.2.7.3.1. The individual liquidwastes generated during processing aresummarized in Table 19-12.19.2.7.2 Process System Solid WasteWhere practicable, solid wastes arecondensed and/or packaged to reduce theenvironmental impacts associated withdisposal. The individual solid waste streamsgenerated during the processes aresummarized in Table 19-13.Table 19-12. Liquid Waste Produced Annually fromthe Radioisotope Production FacilityaTarget disassembly and dissolution 1,500 396sy st .....e............maUranium recovery/recycle system -1,120,000 295,873.. .. ........t..e? Laboratory facilities2,000 530a Annual waste transferred to waste processes forconcentration and solidification. These numbers do not accountfor planned process recycle.bWastes processed do not produce liquid waste other thansmall quantities of specialty wastes.Table 19-13. Solid Waste Produced at the Radioisotope Production FacilityTarget fabricationaNANAbMo recovery and Exchange resins and other solid wastepurification20 L (5 gal)-Waste managementSolid wastes encapsulated in cementHigh-dose solidified liquidsLow-dose solidified liquids8,000 L (2,113 gal)200,000 L (52,834 gal)150,000 L (39,625 gal)Facility supportMunicipal waste (e.g., paper)Potentially contaminated waste(e.g., decontamination materials, PPE)26,000 L (6,868 gal)40,000 L (10,566 gal)a Solid waste generated during target fabrication is anticipated to be decontaminated and free-released.b Transferred to waste processing system for final disposition.c The waste quantities current bounding estimates. Optimization of waste processing should reduce thevolume of liquid waste generation.NA = not applicable.PPE = personal protective equipment.19-50 Chptr1MWI-0I-21 ev. O: : Chapter 9.0 -Environmental Review* R..;.NORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPES19.2.7.3 Waste Handling Process SystemsSolid and liquid waste generated by the other system operations discussed in Section 19.2.3.1.5 isprocessed by the waste handling process system. The waste handling process consists of three majorsubsystems:* Liquid waste handling and disposal* Solid waste handling and disposal* Specialty waste handling and disposal19.2.7.3.1 Liquid Waste Handling and Disposal SystemThe liquid waste handling system includes two subsystems: high-dose liquid waste solidification, andlow-dose liquid waste solidification.*High-dose liquid waste solidification -Accumulation tanks provide the needed handlingcapacity to match the volume of wastewater generated by the upstream processes. Causticsolution is added as needed to neutralize the excess acidity. The liquid is forwarded to a packageconcentrator in which water is evaporated from the high-dose liquid, condensed, and directed to acondensate holding tank. The concentrated high-dose liquid is directed to a concentrate holdingtank.From the concentrate tank, the high-dose liquid is metered into a specialty inline mixer that meldstogether the high-dose liquid and a powder solidification agent (sorbent or solidification agent).A vibratory motor ensures that the mixture falls from the inline mixer into a HIC. With time, themixture solidifies. The filled HIC is moved via remote equipment to one of several decaystations where the waste is held for several months. During that time, the short-livedradioisotopes in the waste that cause the container to register a very high dose rate decay to muchlower levels. Afterward, the HIC is moved into a transport cask on a trailer. Cask operationalsteps are completed prior to shipment offsite for disposal.*Low-dose liquid waste solidification -Accumulation tanks provide the needed handlingcapacity to match the volume of wastewater generated by the upstream processes. Condensatesare held in a storage/recycling tank that provides make-up water to the LEU recovery process.Excess condensate, along with all the other low-dose liquid, is forwarded to a staging tank. Inthis heated tank, the liquid is held at elevated temperatures, and high rates of ventilation air passthrough the tank. The heated tank contents, plus the high ventilation, cause a significant amountof the water to evaporate from the low-dose liquid.The excess low-dose liquid is then metered into a specialty inline mixer that melds theliquid and a powder solidification agent together. A vibratory motor ensures that themixture falls from the inline mixer into a waste container. With time, the mixture willsolidify. The waste container is then shipped for disposal offsite.19.2.7.3.2 Solid Waste Handling and Disposal SystemThe solid waste disposal system includes areas for collection, size reduction, and staging of solid wastes.The solids are placed in a 208 L (55-gal) waste drum and encapsulated by adding a cement material to fillvoids remaining within the drum. The drum is then loaded in a cask for transfer to a disposal site. Theradioactive solid wastes have been identified and include:* Hardware from target disassembly* Resins and exchange media from the Mo recovery and purification process* Resins from the uranium recovery and recycle process19-51 N MEIAIOOEChpe1 NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0ANO :ES Chaper 9.0 -Environmental Review* Low-dose solid waste from the hot cell and support areas* Slightly contaminated hardware (low levels of LEU) from the target fabrication area* Instruments, connectors, jumpers, and other hardwareSolid waste encapsulation -High-dose solid wastes are remotely moved in the hot cell to a staging areain the waste handling facility area. Size-reduction and handling tools are envisioned to place the wastesinto a disposal container. Nominally of 454 L (120-gal) capacity, the container holds four weeks ofwastes generated from the process. When practicable, the accumulated wastes are encapsulated with afluid cement. The material solidifies and provides the needed stabilization to meet disposal criteria. Thefilled container is remotely moved to a transport cask via a shielded loading cask. The appropriate caskoperational steps are completed prior to shipment for disposal offsite.Support system waste -Spent filters containing suspended solids from dissolver solutions are disposedas solid waste. The number of filters to be disposed has not been determined, but is expected to be nomore than one per batch of targets. Empty target hardware containing trace contamination is disposed assolid waste.1 9.2.7.3.3 Specialty Waste Handling and Disposal SystemA specialty waste disposal system addresses small quantities of unique wastes generated by otherprocesses. A reclamation process is included to recycle trichloroethylene from waste liquid. Specialtywastes are assumed to be shipped offsite for treatment and disposal. These wastes include:* Used silicone oil* Solvent waste* Facility maintenance fluids (e.g., paints, lubricants)* Spent batteries, spent fluorescent lighting tubes, and others* Personal protective equipment (PPE) waste* Laboratory waste for expired chemicals and expired radioactive sources19.2.7.4 Construction WasteDuring construction, efforts are made to minimize the environmental impact. Erosion, sedimentation,dust, smoke, noise, unsightly landscape, and waste disposal are controlled to practical levels andapplicable regulatory limits. The wastes generated during site preparation and construction are varied,depending on the activities in progress. The bulk of the waste consists of nonhazardous materials such aspacking materials, paper, and scrap lumber. These wastes are transported offsite to an approved landfill.These wastes that are generated are handled by approved methods and shipped offsite to approveddisposal sites.Best management practices (BMP) are used during construction to minimize the possibility of spills ofhazardous substances, minimize environmental impacts of any spills, and ensure prompt and appropriateremediation.19.2.7.5 Recycling and ReclamationWith a continued focus on managing economic and environmental cost and impacts, proposed RPFprocesses involve recycling throughout each step. The following subsections summarize the systemsdesignated for specific recycling efforts. Paper, plastic, and other administrative supplies are alsorecycled as appropriate.19-52 | |||
: UVChapter 9.0 -Environmental Review* e.e:,NORTHIWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESSolvent recovery -Forming of the LEU target material requires use of a common solvent(trichioroethylene). Used solvent falls under the F-code type of waste disposal, making the solvent apotentially costly disposal and treatment path. Because most solvents are not spent after their use, thesolvent could be recovered for reuse to minimize the final waste volume that is sent offsite for treatmentand disposal. Standard industrial units are available for solvent reclamation. The used solvent from theprocess is loaded into the unit and vaporized, and then condensed to yield reclaimed solvent ready forreuse. The residue is contained in a concentrated solvent heel that is sent offsite for treatment anddisposal.Uranium -A major portion of hot cell operations is to recover and recycle uranium. This approachsignificantly reduces the amount of waste that has to be disposed. Section 19.2.3.1.4 discusses therecovery and recycle of uranium. The target fabrication process also recycles the uranium scrapgenerated during processing.Process water -The waste management system segregates and recycles process condensates to be usedback in the processes as make-up and flush water. The recycle will reduce the low level waste generatedby about 50 percent.19.2. 7.5.1 Direct Radiation Sources Stored Onsite the Radioisotope Production FacilityDirect radiation sources stored onsite -The waste listed in Table 19-14 is stored onsite for a period oftime to allow decay before the waste is shipped offsite. The frequency of shipments for each type ofwaste is also provided in Table 19-14.19.2. 7.5.2 Direct Radiation Sources Stored at Nearby Operating FacilitiesFacilities that handle and store radioactive materials in the area of the RPF are discussed inSection 19.2.2.5 and 19.3.8.2.2.19.2. 7.5.3 Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization ProgramPollution prevention and waste minimization activities promote practices that maximize beneficial effectsand minimize harmful effects on the surrounding environment. These activities include efforts to preventpollution by minimizing the "kinds and amounts of waste generated. The RPF will have a pollutionprevention and waste minimization program that includes the following:* Employee training and education* Waste minimization and recycling programs for various phases (e.g., construction, operations)* Recognition of employees for improved environmental conditions* Responsibilities and requirements to consider in day-to-day activitiesPollution prevention involves source reduction, or preventing pollution at its source, before it isgenerated. Source reduction includes any practice that reduces the quantity and/or toxicity of pollutantsentering a waste stream prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal. Examples include equipment ortechnology modifications, substitution of less toxic raw materials, and improvements in work practices,maintenance, worker training, and inventory control.Waste minimization refers to the use of source reduction and/or environmentally sound recycling methodsprior to energy recovery, treatment, or disposal of wastes. Waste minimization does not include wastetreatment (i.e., any process designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological composition of wastestreams).19-53 NdRW.ETMEIAIOPEChpe1 NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental Review19.2.8 Storage, Treatment, and Transportation of Radioactive and NonradioactiveMaterials, including Fuel, Waste, Radioisotopes, and Any Other Materials19.2.8.1 Storage and TreatmentStorage, handling, and treatment of materials, product, and wastes are performed in a time-sensitivemanner, in assigned areas, and using approved waste management, security, health and safety, andshielding procedures. This approach ensures that appropriate volume reduction is achieved, whileminimizing the risk of exposure to the worker, public, or the environment.19.2.8.1.1 Storage of Chemicals and SuppliesA chemical management plan, product handling plan, or radioactive materials management plan isdeveloped to ensure that:* Noncompatible chemicals are separated* Flammable chemicals/items are stored in a flameproof cabinet, as applicable* Oxidizers are stored separate from flammable chemicals and reducers* Radioactive sources or supplies are stored in locked cabinets/areas such that any potentialexposure is kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)* New feed and recycled LEU is stored in an appropriate configuration and in a locked storage areauntil needed in the process19.2.8.1.2 Treatment and Temporary Storage of Waste OnsiteTreatment and temporary storage of radioactive and mixed wastes are performed predominantly onsitewithin the RPF.*Liquid waste that is not recycled/reused is eventually concentrated and mixed with sorbentmaterial in the waste management area.* High-dose material, solidified (if necessary) and encapsulated, is held in a shielded enclosure inthe RFP, interim-stored for radioactive decay to meet shipping and disposal requirements, andthen loaded into a cask and shipped to a disposal site.* Low-dose stream, mixed with sorbent, is placed in drums, moved to the external wastemanagement building for staging, and then shipped to a disposal site.* Solid waste is typically size-reduced as necessary, placed in containers, encapsulated, moved tothe external waste management building for staging, and then shipped to a disposal site.*Target fabrication solvent reclamation area allows reuse of key materials. Any spent solvent istreated and packaged for shipment to a treatment and disposal facility.* Other industrial or commercial wastes (e.g., chemicals, paper products) will be managed in anenvironmentally and economically responsible manner. Recycling programs are used as needed.19.2.8.1.3 Capacity of Onsite Radioisotope Production Facility Materials StorageMaterials needed for LEU target fabrication (e.g., solvents, silicon oil, cladding) are received and stored.Finished LEU targets are interim-stored until shipped to a university reactor system for irradiation.19-54 NWMI Chapter 19. -WEnvironmenta ReviewBecause of the short half-life of 99Mo, there is almost no accumulation of 99Mo product. The 99Moproduct is shipped out twice per week. Chemicals and process supplies are stored according to thechemical management plan or facility procedures to ensure the lowest risk of exposure/contamination oraccidental release.19.2.8.2 Transportation of MaterialThe transport of radioactive materials and waste and other hazardous materials associated with the RPFmust comply with applicable NRC and DOT regulations. DOT specifies the requirements for marking,labeling, placarding, providing emergency response information, and training hazardous materialtransport personnel in 49 CFR 172. Specific packaging requirements for radioactive materials areprovided in 49 CFR 173, Subpart I, "Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials." These requirements invoke theNRC packaging requirements for radioactive material per 10 CFR 71, "Packaging and Transportation ofRadioactive Material." The DOT requirements for truck transportation of radioactive and other hazardousmaterials are specified in 49 CFR 177 and 49 CFR 397, "Transportation of Hazardous Materials; Drivingand Parking Rules." Requirements affecting the shipment of 99Mo are specified in 49 CFR 175 and arethe responsibility of the air carrier chosen to transport the 99Mo product.19.2.8.2.1 Packaging SystemsThe majority of the radioactive components being shipped to and from the RPF require special containersystems to ensure that protection of the public and the environment is achieved. Each of these containersis designed to meet certain NRC and DOT standards. Although the irradiated targets are not identified asa spent nuclear fuel shipment, NWMI will also use the guidance provided in NUREG-0561, PhysicalProtection of Shipments of lrradiated Reactor Fuel.The primary radioactive materials and wastes that require a specialty container or cask are as follows:Fresh LEU -Fresh LEU will be shipped from the DOE Y- 12 Program Office in Oak Ridge,Tennessee to the NWMI RPF using an ES-3 100 Package (Certificate of Compliance No. 9315)(NRC, 2005). The DOE Y-12 Program Office routinely uses the package, which is currentlylicensed for the NWMI feed materials. DOE has a dedicated QA program for package use andmaintenance, and all procedures are in a mature state.The ES-3 100 package is a cylindrical container that is approximately 110 centimeter (cm)(43 inches [in.]) in overall height and 49 cm (19 in.) in overall diameter, and has an outer drumassembly and an inner containment vessel. The containment vessel is placed inside the drum andsurrounded by a cement-based borated neutron absorber, Catalog 277-4. The purpose of theES-3 100 is to transport bulk high enriched or LEU uranium in various forms.* Unirradiated targets -Unirradiated targets will be shipped using the ES-3 100 or similarpackage, as described above. Unirradiated targets will be shipped to the network of universityresearch reactors.* Irradiated targets -Irradiated targets will be received from the university reactors in a BEAResearch Reactor cask or similar (Certificate of Compliance No. 9341) (INL, 2011). Within thecask, the irradiated targets are contained in basket structures that are specifically designed forNWMI's target and provide for optimum heat rejection and criticality control.19-55 | |||
*..NW MCape NWMI-2013-021, Rev. QAlviChater19.0 -Environmental Review*,.., .NORTHNWEST MEDICAL ZSOTOPESThe BEA Research Reactor cask is a truck-mounted cask designed for the shipment of researchreactor fuel. The cask fully loaded weighs approximately 14,515 kg (32,000 lb). The overallheight of the package with impact limiters is 3.04 m (119.5 in.). The outer diameter of the bodyis 0.97 m (38 in.). The outer diameter of the impact limiters is 1.52 m (60 in.), and each weighsapproximately 1,043 kg (2,300 lb). The cask body is shielded with 20.3 cm (8 in.) equivalency oflead. The inner cavity of the BEA Research Reactor cask is 0.46 m (16 in.) in diameter and1.70 m (67 in.) in height.The cask currently is designed to hold four different baskets for the different fuel families.NWMI will need to obtain a license amendment for transport of irradiated targets in the BEAResearch Reactor cask.*99Mo product -The 99Mo product will be placed into a Medical Isotope Depleted UraniumShielded (MIDUS) Type B(U) container (Certificate of Compliance USA/9320/B(U)-96) (NRC,2008a) or similar. The MIDUS container is currently used by U.S. and other radiopharmaceutical99Mo producers worldwide.*Radioactive waste -High-dose radioactive waste will be loaded in HICs and shipped in a cask,such as the Model 10-160B cask (ES, 2012). This type of cask is a lead-shielded carbon steelcask with a double-lid, bolted closure and is top-loaded. The cask is shipped vertically, withremovable top and bottom polyurethane foam-filled impact limiters. Low-dose radioactive wastewill be loaded into 208 L (55-gal) waste drums.*Contact-handled waste -Standard industrial waste drums or other appropriate containers will beused to dispose of contact-handled radioactive waste. Contact-handled waste is defined as wastethat is less than 2 millisievert (mSv)/hr (200 millirem per hour [mrem/hr]) on contact and0.1 mSv/hr (10 mrem/hr) at 1 m (3.3 ft). These containers must be handled according to thefacility radioactive waste management plan to ensure that dose is kept ALARA. These wastecontainers generally do not require shielded casks or special shielding for transportation purposes.19.2.8.2.2 Estimated Type and Quantity of Radioactive Materials and WastesThe estimated type and quantity of radioactive materials and wastes, number of shipments, shipment type,distance, and destination are summarized in Table 19-14. These distances and times may vary dependingon available shipping routes or weather conditions. The number of shipments per year may also varydepending on what reactor is used for irradiation.19-56 NW IINORTJ4WS MO ANWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-14. Summary of Radioactive Materials and Wastes Required or Generatedat the Radioisotope Production Facility for Ongoing OperationsFresh LEUAnnuallyInitial needOperation[ProprietaryInformation]Operation[ProprietaryInformation](U308or metal)SolidES-3 100 2 (operationscask annual average)[ProprietaryInformation]S[ProprietaryInformation]d[ProprietaryInformation]e[ProprietaryInformation]From DOE Y- 12(Oak Ridge,Tennessee)953 (592)Irradiated LEU Solid [Proprietary 0BRR cask 104 From MURR 9.6 (6)targets Information]Solid [Proprietary aBRR cask 16 From OSTR 3,320 (2,0(Information]Solid [Proprietary aBRR cask 16 From third [ProprietaInformation] reactor Informatio63)ry)n]Spent LEU Solid [Proprietary ES-3 100 2 To SRS 1,345 (836)Information] caskaPackage type identified can be changed to another similar package.b Only includes road miles traveled.cLEU needed for hot commissioning and initial RPF startup.d LEU needed in Operation (Proprietary Information] for addition of second reactor.e LEU needed in Operation [Proprietary Information] for addition of third reactor.BRRDOELEUMIDUS= BEA Research Reactor. OSTR= U.S. Department of Energy.= low-enriched uranium. SRS= Medical Isotope Depleted Uranium Shielded. MURR= Oregon State University TRIGAReactor.= Savannah River Site.= University of Missouri ResearchReactor.19-57 NW IRENM-0301 Rev. O19.0 -Environmental Review'.° *. ORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPES19.3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT19.3.1 Land Use and Visual Resources19.3.1.1 Land UseThis section characterizes land use associated with the proposed RPF. The facility is proposed to be sitedat Discovery Ridge, located on property owned by MU. The university occupies a 505 ha (1,250-acre)campus and is located 4.8 km (3 mi) southeast of Discover Ridge, which is just south of downtownColumbia. Land uses are within an 8 km (5-mi) region of influence (ROD. The ROI is the geographicarea associated with each resource that could potentially be affected by the proposed action. The land usefor the site was analyzed using data from the National Land Cover Database (Fry et al., 2011).19.3.1.1.1 Site -Description of the Proposed PropertyThe RPF would be located in Lot 15 of the Discover Ridge Phase II section. The Phase II area is 22.2 ha(54.9 acres) and, as shown in Figure 19-14, is bounded by the Phase III area to the north, DiscoveryParkway and the Phase I section to the west/northwest, Discovery Drive to the south/southwest, Lot 14and stormwater management areas to the east, and private property to the south.-.0APhln 13OPh.. U 5A*'1F-212AMSource: MU 01, "Phasing Overview," Maps and Roads, Research Parks & Incubators, Discovery Ridge,www.umsystem.edu/umrpi/discoveryridge/maps, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, accessed July 2013.Figure 19-14. Layout of Discovery Ridge Research Park Showing Lot 15,the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-58 MEIA STPSCatr1NWMI-0i-21 ev. OIIVYChapter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewLot 15 is 3.0 ha (7.4 acres) and contains no existing structures (MU, 2011). Currently, the 46.1 ha(114-acre) research park is being developed under the guidance of the Discovery Ridge Master Plan andProtective Covenants (MU, 2009). Figure 19-6 shows the site boundaries and proposed structures.Dimensions of the RPF are approximately 106.7 x 56.4 m (350 x 185 ft) by 19.8 m (65 ft) in heightabovegrade (maximum). The facility would occupy a rectangular area approximately 213 x 91 m (700 x300 ft) at the outer perimeter and cover approximately 1.95 ha (4.8 acres) on Lot 15. The restricted areawould be the area inside the fence surrounding the facility. The unrestricted area would be the areaoutside the fence surrounding the main building.19.3.1.1.2 Major Population Centers and Infrastructure -Local SettingThe proposed site resides entirely within the Columbia city limits and is approximately 200 km (124 mi)south of St. Louis (population 319,294); 203 km (126 mi) east of Kansas City (population 459,787); and45 km (28 mi) north of Jefferson City (population 43,088) (USCB, 2010a). The proposed site lies inBoone County (population 162,642) (USCB, 2010~b).19.3.1.1.3 Transportation InfrastructureSection 19.3.7 provides a description of the regional air, road, and rail transportation systems.The Missouri River is one of the largest river systems in the U.S. and the largest river in Boone County.The river originates in south central Montana and generally flows in an easterly and southeasterlydirection before entering the Mississippi River in eastern Missouri, a length of about 4,345 km(2,700 mi). The river lies approximately 11.7 km (7.3 mi) to the west of the proposed RPF and forms thesouthwestern border of Boone County. The Missouri River is the only river system in Boone Countylarge enough for commercial navigation; however, there are no ports that directly service Columbia(MU, 2006a).19.3.1.1.4 Local SettingDiscovery Ridge lies at the crossroads of U.S. Highway 63 and Gans Road, which is near the MU maincampus, U.S. Interstate 70, Columbia Regional Airport, University Hospital, Columbia RegionalHospital, downtown Columbia, and Jefferson City. Discovery Ridge, when fully developed, will occupy223 ha (550 acres) and is bounded by East Sugar Grove Road to the north, South Rolling Hills Road tothe east, U.S. Highway 63 to the south, and Sunset Mobile Home Park to the west. Perry Phillips Park(57 ha [140 acres] and a 16 ha [40-acre] lake) and the Frank G. Nifong Memorial Park (23 ha [58 acres])are located nearby to the west. The MU Bradford Research and Extension Center (a 239 ha [591-acre]research farm) lies to the north of Discovery Ridge. Figure 19-5 shows the local setting for the proposedRPF site.19.3.1.1.5 Regional SettingThe ROI is defined as the area within an 8 km (5-mi) radius of the proposed facility centerpoint(Figure 19-5). The ROI includes nearly half of Columbia and the entire MU area. The MU studentpopulation, when in full session, is approximately 34,658 (MU, 2013).19-59 ChaperI1NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0A: : Chpter 9.0 -Environmental Review* ..0 .N TWETMEOICAL ISOTOPESExisting land uses in a concentric ring pattern around the RPF can generally be described as follows (MU,2006a):*0-1 km (0-0.6 mi) -There is very little residential development within the immediate area of theproposed RPF. Most of the land is owned and operated by MU. Recreational areas include a golfcourse to the west and a park to the south. Three MU sports venues are located within this area:Memorial Stadium/Faurot Field, Mizzou Arena, and Hearnes Center.* 1-2 km (0.6-1.3 mi) -Residential areas are located north, northwest, and south of the proposedRPF site. A shopping center, business district, two hospitals, and a large portion of the MU maincampus are located within this area. With the exception of a small area to the southeast, there isno room for any substantial residential or nonresidential (industrial, commercial, or business)development.*2--4 km (1.3-2.5 mi) -The major residential areas are located in the northern half of the ROI andto the southwest. A shopping center, business district, two hospitals, two colleges, three highschools, three middle/junior high schools, and nine elementary schools are located in this area.Recreational areas include two golf courses and eight parks. The downtown area of Columbia,comprised mainly of government offices and retail, commercial, and business uses, is located tothe northeast. Development is expected to continue within this area, probably to the south of theproposed RPF.*4--6 km (2.5-3.7 mi) -Most residential development is within the northern half of the ROI.Three shopping centers, two hospitals, one middle/junior high school, three elementary schools,and an industrial park are located in this area. Recreational areas include two golf courses andfive parks. Substantial amounts of land exist for residential or nonresidential development.*6-8 km (3.7-5 mi) -The only substantial residential development is northeast of the proposedRPF site. A shopping center, two middle/junior high schools, and four elementary schools arelocated in this area. Recreational areas include one park. Substantial amounts of land presentlyexist for residential or nonresidential development.19.3.1.1.6 Land Use and Cover within the Regional SettingThere are 20,342 ha (50,265 acres) in the 8 km (5-mi) ROI surrounding the proposed RPF. According tothe data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (Fry et al., 2011), approximately 25 percent of the landis developed (i.e., residential, commercial). Forest and pasture land are the next highest uses at 31 and30 percent, respectively. Cultivated cropland follows next at 9 percent. The remaining land use typestotal less than l percent of each category and include barren land, evergreen forest, grassland/herbaceous,mixed forests, open water, scrub, and woody and emergent herbaceous wetlands.19-60 | |||
""NW MI* .,. 4'NORTHW ST M EO4 CA NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewLand use, as categorized by the USGS, is presented in Table 19-15. Figure 19-15 shows the distributionof these land uses within the ROI. Most developed lands lie to the northwest, while agricultural lands lieto the east and southeast. Deciduous forest is interspersed throughout the ROI.Table 19-15. U.S. Geological Survey Land Use Categories for the 8 km (5-mi)Region of Influence Surrounding the Proposed Radioisotope Production FacilityBarren landDeciduous forestDeveloped, low intensityDeveloped, open spaceEvergreen forestMixed forestsPasture/hayWoody wetlands16.196,365.641,892.741,666.96216.30139.6189.756, 134.34 146.9593.66463, I15,729.814,677.062,794,119.15534.48468.8715,158.25363.130.1931.299.308.191.060.9330.160.72¸2¸¸¸¸¸ ......Source: Fry, J., G. Xian, S. Jin, J. Dewitz, C. Homer, L. Yang, C. Barnes, N. Herold, and J. Wickham, 2011,"Completion of the 2006 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States," PhotogramnmetricEngineering & Remote Sensing Journal, Volume 77(9):858-864, Bethesda, Maryland, 2001.19.3.1.1.7 Special Land UsesSpecial land uses within the ROI include public stewardship lands and prime farmlands (farmland isdiscussed in Section 19.3.1.1.10). There is no Federal land held in trust for American Indian tribes withinthe ROI. Approximately 7 percent (1427 ha [3,527 acres]) of the land is public stewardship lands (e.g.,parks, conservation areas) that primarily lie southwest of the proposed RPF. There are no militaryreservations or Federally designated wild and scenic rivers, national parks, national forests, or coastalzone areas within the ROI. Figure 19-16 shows the location and extent of the special land uses.19-61 | |||
~NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewA RPF Site Land Use ~ZEvergreen Forest8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands V]Deciduous Forest__Wodelad Barren LandCultivated Crops Developed High Intensity--- Highways J Pasture/i lay Devcloped, Medium Intensityg3City Limits K i Grassland/Ilerbaceous Developed, Low Intensity3Shrub/Scrub [I]Developed, Open Space0.5 1 2 3 4n,,,Miles Mixed Forest Water0Land UseCalo~n: USGS 2006 Naioa Lend Cover CONUS Len CoverdIgglal datai: mdc.govFigure 19-15. Land Use and Cover within the 8 km (5 mi)Region of Influence of the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-62 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewA RPF SiteC8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site----Interstate Highways-- HighwaysCity Limits00.45 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6MDOC Conservation Management AreasColumbia City Parks71 MDNR Wild AreasMDNR State ParksMark Twain National ForestMiles ISpecial tLand UseFigure 19-16. Special Land Use within the Region of Influenceof the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-63 NW KI NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AMOTJVVS MDALilChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.1.1.8 Applicable Land Use Plans and GuidanceDiscovery Ridge was developed under Section 172.273 of the Missouri Revised Statutes, which providedthat "the Curators of the University of Missouri may establish research, development, and office parkprojects in order to promote cooperative relationships and to provide for shared resources between privateindividuals, companies and corporations, and the University of Missouri, for the advancement of theUniversity in carrying out its educational mission and such projects are declared to be in furtherance ofthe purposes of the University."The Discovery Ridge Master Plan an~d Protective Covenants (MU, 2009) is the applicable land useguidance for the research park. Discovery Ridge is zoned commercial in the A-1 district (City ofColumbia, 2012a), under the Section 29-18 provision, Board of Adjustment (City of Columbia, 2012b).The Columbia Code (Section 29-18) has height restriction for A-i of 10.7 m (35 ft).Missouri Revised Statute, Section 172.273, exempts university research parks, including DiscoveryRidge, from local land development regulations. This allows MU to develop Discovery Ridge to its ownmaster plan and to include non-agriculture-related structures with sizes in excess of the A-I zoningrequirements, provided MU gives Columbia courtesy review of the plan and design drawings andaddresses the city's comments and concerns. The master plan and covenants for the development do notspecify height restrictions."Columbia Imagined, The Plan for How We Live & Grow" is the current comprehensive plan forColumbia (City of Columbia, 201 3c), and the Boone Count, Master Plan (Boone County, 1996) guidesdevelopment of lands outside of city limits but within the county.19.3.1.1.9 Future DevelopmentOnly a few tenants currently occupy Discovery Ridge. According to the master plan and covenants(MU, 2009), the future and growth of Discovery Ridge itself will be market-driven. Future tenants areexpected to be businesses that are compatible and synergistic with the research programs at MU. Tenantsobtain a ground lease from the university and construct their own facilities. Facilities are designed toconform to uniform building codes and design standards listed in the "Declaration of Covenants,Conditions, Restrictions, and Easements for Discovery Ridge" (MU, 2009). Expansion and/or propertyacquisition beyond the 223 ha (550 acres) currently defining Discovery Ridge is possible in the future andrequires approval by the MU Board of Curators.Nearby future development includes a city park and a large commercial and residential development thatis planned for the west side of U.S. Highway 63, adjacent to the overpass that provides access to theDiscovery Ridge Parkway. According to Columbia (20 13c)," the city's planning staff is studying steeringemployment to developing office and industrial centers, which includes Discovery Ridge, in response tocitizen goals and objectives offered through the city's comprehensive plan planning process. Thisapproach is being considered as the city continues to study and identify anticipated future economicgrowth.19.3.1.1.10 Agricultural Resources and FacilitiesThe principal agricultural products of Boone County, as estimated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA), are corn for grain, corn silage for greenchop, spring/winter wheat for grain, and oats and barleyfor grain (USDA, 2007). Livestock also has significant importance because much of the land is not suitedfor row crops.19-64 ChptrWWM-03-2,Rev. Q: Eli;.. .............. Chpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAgriculture resources nearest to the RPF site are associated with MU and include the following:South Farm -A 588 ha (1,452-acre) complex that supports research, outreach, and teachingmissions of animal science, plant science, veterinary science, biology, botany, and otherdisciplines. The farm is home to the Swine Research Complex, Beef Research and TeachingFarm, Turf Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, and Horse Farm. The complex alsosupports research and demonstration projects in entomology, poultry, and maize genetics. TheMissouri Foundation Seed Program uses South Farm to increase the sales of newly developedseed varieties to dealers. Hands-on teaching is provided to more than 1,500 students annually.* Jefferson Farm and Gardens -A 27 ha (67-acre) educational facility that provides informationon farming, gardening, and conservation.*Bradford Research and Extension Center -A 239 ha (591-acre) research farm that providesland, equipment, and facilities to assist university and USDA scientists and extension personnelin performing research in crop, soils, entomology, pathology, turf, and other disciplines on morethan 25,000 plots.A number of privately owned farms also lie in the surrounding area.19.3.1.1.1 1 Mineral ResourcesAccording to the EPA Western Ecology Division's Ecoregions of Missouri (Chapman et al., 2002), theproposed RPF site is part of the Claypan Prairie Level IV ecoregion, which is located within the CentralIrregular Plains Level III ecoregion.Well-developed claypan soils on glacial till typify the Claypan Prairie ecoregion. This region has a morelevel, gently rolling topography than surrounding regions. Expansive cropland and pastureland, with anemphasis on livestock production, is common. The potential natural vegetation is tall grass prairie withless woodland than surrounding regions. Streams run generally west to east, draining into the MississippiRiver, in contrast to the northwest-to-southeast drainage of ecoregions to the west.The Claypan Prairie ecoregion was glaciated in the pre-Illinoian time period. The continental drift,largely derived from limestone and shale, is composed of clay with a high percentage of rock fragments.Groundwater tends to be saline, unlike the freshwater of ecoregions to the southeast. The mix of land-useactivities includes mining operations of high-sulfur bituminous coal. Although, historically, mining wasmore widespread, a few new mines continue to open. The disturbance of these coal strata in southernIowa, areas of northern and southwestern Missouri, and southeastern Kansas has degraded water qualityand affected aquatic biota (Chapman et al., 2002).19.3.1.2 Visual ResourcesA viewshed is an area of land, water, sky and associated environmental elements that is visible to thehuman eye from a fixed vantage point. Viewsheds often contain relatively large expanses of natural areassuch as watersheds, unfragmented habitat, and unobstructed views. Viewsheds typically are spaces thatare readily visible from public areas such as from roadways, parks, or high-rise buildings. The beauty ofthese areas contributes to the short-term and long-term quality of life for the people and communities whoexperience them. In urban areas, appealing viewsheds attract people and businesses and are associatedwith higher property values.Visual resource management is the identification of visual values and establishment of objectives formanaging those values. NRC (20 12a) identifies the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Visual ResourceManagement System (BLM, 1986) as the method for rating the aesthetic/scenic quality of a proposed site.19-65 NWMI Catr ~RThe BLM process involves a scenic quality evaluation, sensitivity level analysis, and a delineation ofdistance zones. Based on these three factors, lands are categorized by their relative visual value, whichprovides the basis for considering these values and impacts during the planning process. The BLMprocess is considered the standard for visual resource management. In overview, the process involves thefollowing steps:* Inventory -An inventory provides written descriptions and photos of the views or open space ofconcern. The inventory may also include site information regarding distinguishingcharacteristics, parcel size, ownership, access points for best view, and potential threats topreservation.* Rating -For each inventory item, a rating is assigned that considers such factors as scenicquality, sensitivity level, and distance zones. Based on the rating, lands are categorized intovisual resource importance classes. The classifications typically range from most valued to leastvalued classes and assign value to the visual resource.*Protection level -Levels provide the basis for considering visual values in the planning process.For example, during an environmental analysis, a project that is found to impact highly importantvisual resources might be redesigned, relocated, or resituated to lessen its impact.The process of determining the affected environment for visual resources begins with a description of thevisual setting and the regulatory requirements affecting the setting.19.3.1.2.1 Description of the Visual SettingDiscovery Ridge is located on the edge of Columbia in a suburban/rural interface setting where farmland,parks, and natural areas are widespread and interspersed with residential dwellings, community andtransportation infrastructure, and business establishments. Discovery Ridge is minimally developed atthis time.A Phase I environmental site assessment included a cursory visual reconnaissance and description of thearea that included Lots 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, and adjoining properties(Terracon, 201 la). The assessment describes the overall visual setting in which Lot 15 lies; the lot onwhich the proposed RPF would be located. All except Lot 5 are vacant; that lot is developed with astorage building. The ground is generally grass-covered, with portions of cultivated fields in the vicinityof Lot 16. The general topography slopes slightly to moderately downward toward the south and west(Terracon, 201 la). Table 19-16 presents information from the site assessment that describes the viewshedfrom Discovery Ridge boundaries.Table 19-16. Discovery Ridge ViewshedNorth Ed's Mobile Home Park and Sunset Mobile Home Park to the northwest, and farmland withUniversity of Missouri storage buildings, farmland, and Sugar Grove Lane to the north andnortheastSouth Lenoir Street, a residential house, U.S. Highway 63, Ponderosa Drive, and farmlandSource: Terracon, 201 la, Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Discovery Ridge Lots 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Terracon Consultants, Inc., prepared for University of Missouri and Trabue, Hansen& Hinshaw, Inc., Terracon Project No. 09117701, March 23, 2011.19-66 NWMI~~ftfri UDoNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewPhotos were taken from the locations indicated on Figure 19-17 toward the proposed RPF in September2013. Figure 19-18 through Figure 19-25 show the views. Most views are of undeveloped or minimallydeveloped areas, with occasional trees, roads, power lines, and farmland.-TOC3Photopoints -HighwaysRPF Site -Interstate8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site C Lmt0 0.25 0.511.52MilesFigure 19-17. September 2013 Visual Reconnaissance Photo Locations19-67 | |||
.'NWIV,'NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-18. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Intersection of Rolling Hills and Bass Roads, Photo Location #1Figure 19-19. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Gans Road, approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) North Photo Location #219-68 NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-20. Direct View of Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Discovery Parkway near the Overpass, Photo Location #3Figure 19-21. View of Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom the North Edge of Perry Phillips Lake, Photo Location #419-69 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-22. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production FacilitySite from Boys and Girls Town of Missouri, Photo Location #5Figure 19-23. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom S. Lenoir and Roosevelt Avenue, Photo Location #619-70 "NWMIV.OH.M.IS M,...NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewFigure 19-24. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Intersection of New Haven and Rolling Hills Roads, Photo Location #7Figure 19-25. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Route WW at Old Hawthorne, Photo Location #819-71 N MDIL ISOPSCatr1 WM-0321Re.AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.1.2.2 Tallest StructuresThe tallest structural components of the RPF would be the three exhaust stacks, which extend 22.9 m(75 ft) high. The next highest portion of the building, the high bay, would be the second story above theprocess area, at 19.8 m (65 ft). The stacks would be visible from approximately 3.2 km (2 mi) away.The scenic vistas of the nation's national parks and wilderness areas are protected under amendments ofthe Clean Air Act. Protected areas are "known as Federal Class 1 areas. Congress declared the followingas a national visibility goal for these areas:The prevention of any fu~ture, and th~e remedying of any existing impairmen~t of i'isibilit, inmandatory class I Federal areas which impairment results from, manmade air pollution.(42 U.S.C. § 7491 Section 169A)To address the problem of long-range transport of regional haze and to meet this goal, the EPA adoptedregulations, known as the Regional Haze Rule (40 CFR 51, "Regional Haze Regulations"), to addressvisibility impairment caused by one or a small group of human-made sources generally located in closeproximity to a specific Class I area. States are required to improve visibility in these areas incrementallyover the next 60 years. The first milestone is to develop a regional haze plan to reduce causes of haze tomake reasonable progress by 2018.There are no Federal Class I areas, as defined by 40 CFR 81.416, "Identification of Mandatory Class IFederal Areas where Visibility is an Important Value, Missouri," within Boone County, Columbia, theROI, or anywhere near the proposed RPF site. The site lies within the BLM Northeastern States FieldOffice planning district, which covers 20 states. The Milwaukee Field Office administers the nearestpublic land to the RPF site. Within that area, there are no BLM-managed acres that are classified asClass I. The RPF site also lies within the Forest Service Eastern Region. The Forest Service manages theonly two Class I areas in the state. These Class I areas include the Hercules-Glades Wilderness Area, a4,983.7 ha (12,315-acre) area approximately 352.4 km (219 mi) south of Columbia, and the MingoWilderness Area, a 3,237.5 ha (8,000-acre) area approximately 420 km (261 mi) southeast of Columbia.19.3.1.2.3 Aesthetic and Scenic Quality RatingThe scenic quality of the proposed site was rated using the BLM Visual Resource Management System(BLM, 1986). The scenic quality classification is the rating of the visual appeal of the land designated forthe site and is based on an evaluation of seven key factors: landform, vegetation, water, color, adjacentscenery, scarcity, and cultural modifications. Notes are taken at the observation points describing thesecharacteristics and scored according to the criteria shown in Table 19-17. The RPF site scoring andphotographs were used to determine the visual quality of the site. Scenic quality is classified as either A,B, or C, based on total score, with A being a high-quality visual classification and C being a low-qualityvisual rating. Table 19-18 shows the scoring and the final NWMI site determination as a C classification.19-72 | |||
~.NWM INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-17. Scenic Quality Inventory and Evaluation Chart-.S | |||
* S --5 0~LandformHigh vertical relief as expressed inprominent cliffs, spires, or massiverock outcrops; or severe surfacevariation or highly eroded formations,including major badlands or dunesystems; or detail features dominantand exceptionally striking andintriguing, such as glaciersScore: 5Steep canyons, mesas,buttes, cinder cones, anddrumlins; or interestingerosional patterns or varietyin size and shape oflandforms; or detail featuresthat are interesting thoughnot dominant or exceptionalScore: 3Low rolling hills,foothills, or flat valleybottoms; or few or nointeresting featuresScore: 1Water Clear and clean appearing, still, or Flowing, or still, but not Absent or present, but notcascading white water, any of which dominant in the landscape noticeableare a dominant factor in the landscapeScore: 5 Score: 3 Score: C3)Influence of Adjacent scenery greatly enhances Adjacent scenery Adjacent scenery has littleadjacent visual quality moderately enhances overall or no influence on overallscenery visual quality visual qualityScore: 5Score: 3 Score: 0Cultural Modifications add favorably to visual Modifications add little or Modifications add varietymodifications variety while promoting visual no visual variety to the area but are very discordantharmony and introduce no discordant and promote strongelements disharmonyScore: 2Score: 0Score: -419-73 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-18. Scenic Quality Rating, by ViewPhoto Loc. #3, 1Figure 19-2010Level to rolling topography, agriculture-relatedstructures in the backgroundGrass area, shrubs in foreground, trees inbackgroundNoneLittle contrast in vegetation tones, mainlymonochromaticAdjacent scenery is similarCommon for the areaAgriculture structures, utility pad4 C A=l19 or more; B =12-18; C =11or less010Photo Loc. #4,Figure 19-21I10Level to rolling topography, agriculture-relatedstructures and utility poles in the backgroundGrass in foreground, dirt in background, trees indistanceNoneContrast in soil, rock, and vegetation; not uniqueAdjacent scenery is similarCommon for the area0 Agriculture structures, power lines4 C A=19ormore;B=12-18;C=llorless0Iill ...........................................Photo Loc.#7,Figure 19-241I01Level topography, farm field and trees in thebackgroundPavement and grass in foreground, agriculturefields in backgroundNoneContrast in crop color is similar to contrast ingrass areaAdjacent scenery is similarCommon for the areaPavement, power lines, signs4 C A=19 or more; B =12-18; C =11or less0RPF = radioisotope production facility.0RPF = radioisotope production facility.19-74 ChptrWMI-03-2,Rev. Olvii-. hpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe sensitivity level, a measurement of the public concern for scenic quality, was also analyzed using sixdifferent indicators of public concern: types of users, amount of use, public interest, adjacent land uses,special areas, and other factors. The sensitivity level of the public concern for scenic quality is rated on ahigh (H), moderate (M), or low (L) scale. The site has an L sensitivity rating, as an area with low scenicvalues resulting from a low sensitivity to changes in visual quality by the type of users in the area, a lowamount of use by viewers, low public interest in changes to the visual quality of the site, and a lack ofspecial natural and wilderness areas.19.3.2 Air Quality and Noise19.3.2.1 General Regional ClimateGeomorphic, or physiographic, regions are broad-scale subdivisions of the nation that are based on terraintexture, rock type, geologic structure, and history. There are eight regions, subdivided into 25 provinces,and further subdivided to 85 sections within the U.S. (Fenneman, 1946). The characteristics and locationsof these landforms influence local and regional climate and weather patterns.The proposed RPF site lies at the southern edge of the Central Lowlands physiographic province, within avery few miles of the adjacent Ozark Plateau province, both of which lie within the larger Interior Plainsphysiographic region. The Central Lowlands includes most of the Corn Belt and lies within the heartlandof America.The proposed RPF location places the facility in the Humid Continental-Warm Summer climatic zone.This type of climate has a characteristic long, warm summer with moderate relative humidity. Thewinters are cool to cold and mark a period of lower precipitation than during the remainder of the year.Because of its geographical location far inland, the region is subject to significant seasonal and dailytemperature variations. Air masses moving over the state during the year include cold continental polarair from Canada, warm and humid maritime tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea,and dry eastward flowing air masses from the Rocky Mountains located to the west. Prolonged periods ofextreme hot or cold temperatures are unusual (MU, 2006b).The general geostrophic airflow pattern and the prevailing jet stream track shuttle precipitation-producingmid-latitude cyclones (lows) across the state from west-to-east throughout the year. Consequently,precipitation events in all seasons move through from a westerly direction (MU, 2006b).Spring, summer, and early fall precipitation occurs in the form of rain and thunderstorms. Severethunderstorms typically occur during the period from mid- to late-spring through early summer. Hail maybe expected as a product of these storms. Wind speeds of up to 97 km/hr (60 mi/hr) or more may beexperienced once or twice a year during a severe thunderstorm (MU, 2006b). Winter precipitation isgenerally light to moderate and occurs in the form of rain or snow or a mixture of both with anoccasional, though infrequent, thunderstorm. Occasional heavy snowfall episodes occur infrequently, andwhen they do occur, the accumulation does not last for any significant duration. Surface temperatureconditions sometimes produce freezing rain or drizzle, although normally not more than a couple timeseach season.The historical climate data within this section were obtained primarily from the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) High Plains Regional Climate Center historical climate datasummaries for Columbia (NOAA, 2013a and 2013b). In addition, MU has a weather station atSouth Farm, less than 1.6 km (1 mi) away from the proposed site and approximately 6.4 km (4 mi) fromColumbia. The weather station is used in conjunction with the MU agricultural program. The universitymakes the weather data available via its website. Simple searches may be performed and variousaverages can be obtained through this database.19-75 | |||
* 14 19.0 -Environmental ReviewOther sources were used as needed (e.g., Decker, 2013) to augment NOAA data, particularly to betterunderstand the immediate area around the proposed site.19.3.2.1.1 TemperatureThough temperatures reached a record high of 41.7°C (107 degrees Fahrenheit [0F]) in 2012, in general,temperatures rarely exceed 38°C (I100°F) in the summer and rarely fall below -1 8°C (0°F) in the winter.The mean maximum temperatures in Columbia, collected from the reporting station at the ColumbiaRegional Airport (Station 231791) over a 43-year period, ranged from 2.8°C (37.2°F) in January to31 .4°C (88.5°F) in July. Daily temperatures during that period showed a wider variance, from -28.8°C(-20°F) in December to 44°C (Ill °F) in July. A summary of average and extreme temperature data for1969 through 2012 is shown in Table 19-19.Table 19-19. Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate,Historic Temperature Summary, 1969-2012Average max. °C 2.9 6.1 12.7 18.9 23.6 28.5 31.4 30.7 26.0 19.6 12.0 5.1 18.1temperature 0F 37.2 43.0 54.9 66.1 74.4 83.3 88.5 87.3 78.8 67.2 53.6 41.2 64.6Daily extreme c°C 23.3 27.8 29.4 32.2 33.3 a89 43.9 43.3 38.3 34.4 28.3 24.4 43.9high OF 74.0 82.0 85.0 90.0 92.0 a107 111.0 110.0 101.0 94.0 83.0 76.0 111.0Average mean °C -1.9 0.9 6.9 12.9 17.8 22.8 25.4 24.6 19.9 13.5 6.7 0.4 12.5'F 28.5 33.6 44.5 55.2 64.1 73.0 77.8 76.3 67.8 56.3 44.1 32.7 54.5Source: WRCC, 2013a, "Period of Record General Climate Summary -Temperature, 1969 to 2012, Station231791 Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliGCStT.pl?mo 1791, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.a Occurred during 2008-2012 time period.Average temperature data for the Columbia, Missouri, weather station was reviewed for the most recentfive years having data available (2008 to 2012). The lowest average temperature was -4. I°C (24.65°0F),recorded in January 2010, and the highest average temperature was 29.5°C (85 .06°F), recorded inJuly 2012. The five-year annual average temperature was 13.1 °C (55.58°F).A five-year temperature summary is presented in Table 19-20. The five-year average temperature for thesame time period, reported at the South Farm weather station, was 12.3°C (54.2°F). The averageminimum temperature was 6.9°C (44.5°F), and the average maximum temperature was 17.9°C (64.3°F)(MU, 2014).19-76 | |||
..lvi:..II I! ChpeI NWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAST... ........... Chapter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-20. Columbia, Missouri, Five-Year Temperature Summary, 2008-2012°C -3.1 2.4 8.1 11.7 17.9 23.3 22.5 21.9 18.6 10.2 9.8 -1.1 11.82009OF 26.5 36.3 46.5 53.1 64.2 73.9 72.5 71.4 65.5 50.3 49.6 30.0 53.30C -3.9 -0.1 6.6 14.0 16.9 24.0 27.5 24.9 17.6 14.2 8.9 3.1 12.820110F 24.9 31.9 43.9 57.2 62.5 75.1 81.6 76.7 63.7 57.5 48.1 37.5 55.0'C -2.0 0.6 8.6 13.7 18.3 24.0 25.9 24.2 18.9 12.8 8.5 -0.2 13.1Mean'F 28.4 33.1 47.5 56.6 64.9 75.3 78.7 75.5 66.1 55.0 47.3 31.7 55.6Source: WRCC, 2013b, "Station Monthly Time Series, Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012, Station 231791Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edulcgi-bin/wea..mnsimts.pl?IaKCOU, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.19.3.2.1.2 PrecipitationAccording to the historical data from Station 231791, precipitation in the Columbia area averagesapproximately 103.1 cm (40.6 in.) per year. Of that amount, the mean snowfall is 57.7 cm (22.7 in.) peryear. The city has measurable amounts of precipitation 111 days per year. The maximum annualprecipitation of 159 cm (62.49 in.) was measured in 1993, and the minimum annual precipitation of 60 cm(23.66 in.) was measured in 1980. On a monthly basis, rainfall amounts range from a high of 12.4 cm(4.89 in.) in May to a low of 4.62 cm (1.82 in.) in January (WRCC, 2013a).According to the historical data from Station 231791, snow falls from November through April. Duringthat period, a high of 16 cm (6.3 in.) was recorded in February 2011, and a low of 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) wasrecorded in 1980. A summary of average and extreme precipitation data for 1969 through 2012 is shownin Table 19-21.19-77 | |||
...Rev. 0A*.o I'.,V.o .vhaper19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-21. Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate,Historic Precipitation Summary, 1969-2012i kTl I,."111 i IIIvAverage cm 4.62 5.44 8.10 11.23 12.42 10.24 9.58 10.06 9.53 8.28 7.72 6.02 103.12totalprecipitation in 1.82 2.14 3.19 4.42 4.89 4.03 3.77 3.96 3.75 3.26 3.04 2.37 40.60cm 0.13 0.28 1.98 2.26 a3.33 0.89 0.61 0.53 1.14 "0.91 1.07 1.22 60.10Lowin 0.05 0.11 0.78 0.89 a 1.31 0.35 0.24 0.21 0.45 a 0.36 0.42 0.48 23.66Average cm 15.75 a 16.00 7.37 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.57 12.70 57.66totalsnowfall in 6.20 a6.3 2.90 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 5.00 22.70Source: WRCC, 2013a, "Period of Record General Climate Summary -Temperature, 1969 to 2012, Station231791 Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliGCStT.pl?mo 1791, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.a Occurred during 2008-2012 time period.A recent five-year precipitation summary of the station data was obtained and reviewed. For each monthduring this time period, a portion of the data was missing, with the missing data ranging fromapproximately 15-30 percent of the total data. Precipitation data from the South Farm weather stationwas also reviewed. The averages shown on the site were different than the Columbia weather station by afactor of five. Thus, the Columbia weather station historical summary serves as the more completepicture of precipitation at the proposed RPF site.19.3.2.1.3 HumidityAverage relative humidity data for the Columbia, Missouri, weather station was reviewed for 2008 to2012. The lowest average relative humidity was 51.89 percent, recorded in August 2012, and the highestaverage relative humidity was 82.13 percent, recorded in September 2008. The five-year annual averagewas 69.18 percent. The five-year relative humidity data summary is shown in Table 19-22.Table 19-22. Relative Humidity Data for Columbia, Missouri, 2008-20122008 60.51 72.02 66.68 64.85 69.49 71.40 74.38 78.87 82.13 77.52 65.87 71.48 71.182010 75.69 73.42 70.33 61.24 74.71 76.64 79.19 75.19 76.17 58.65 64.86 72.85 71.58..... ... ... .1 .]l2012 64.05 63.72 63.58 65.03 61.33 54.89 52.96 51.89 69.64 66.76 62.25 70.91 61.46Source: WRCC, 2013b, "Station Monthly Time Series, Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012, Station 231791Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/wea mnsimts.pl?laKCOU, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.19-78 lviCatr1NWMI ,M-20o3-o2, Rev. GANO.T goE.,.o WCLI Chapter 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.2.1.4 WindExtreme wind speeds are uncommon in central Missouri. When they do occur, they are usually caused bypressure gradients and temperature contrasts present in the mid-latitude cyclones that pass through thestate. These cyclones may spawn storms that produce high winds from gust fronts, microbursts, andtornadoes. Non-storm-related extreme winds are rare. Occasionally, cold high-pressure air filling inbehind a front causes high wind, especially in the winter when temperature contrasts are large.Average wind speed data for the Columbia, Missouri, weather station was reviewed for 2008 to 2012.The lowest mean wind speed was 8.8 km/hr (5.47 milhr) in August 2008, and the highest was 19.1 km/hr(11.87 mi/hr) recorded in December 2008. The five-year annual average was 14.25 km/hr (8.86 mi/hr).The five-year mean wind speed data summary is shown in Table 19-23.Table 19-23. Mean Wind Speed for Columbia, Missouri, from 2008-2012208(km/br) 18.85 17.03 16.96 17.53 15.76 13.97 11.28 8.80 10.01 11.59 14.32 19.10 14.93(mi/hr) 11.71 10.58 10.54 10.89 9.79 8.68 7.01 5.47 6.22 7.20 8.90 11.87 9.28200(km/br) 13.74 13.73 15.96 17.06 12.79 11.43 10.06 9.88 12.17 16.30 14.73 13.41 13.10(mi/br) 8.54 8.53 9.92 10.60 7.95 7.10 6.25 6.14 7.56 10.13 9.15 8.33 8.14202(krn/hr) 16.98 15.64 16.53 15.19 13.42 13.68 10.56 11.35 11.57 13.79 14.97 14.18 13.97(mi/br) 10.55 9.72 10.27 9.44 8.34 8.50 6.56 7.05 7.19 8.57 9.30 8.81 8.68Source: WRCC, 2013b, "Station Monthly Time Series, Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012, Station 231791Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/wea~mnsimts.pl?laKCOU, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.Wind data from the South Farm weather station was also reviewed. The average shown on the site wasdifferent than the Columbia weather station by a factor of two. Thus, the Columbia weather station dataprovides a more comprehensive study of wind activity at the proposed site.Two wind roses are presented to show the general historic wind flow patterns in the immediate area andthe ROI. Figure 19-26 shows the wind pattern as measured at South Farm, located immediately north ofthe proposed RPF site. These data were collected by MU. Figure 19-27 shows the wind patternsrecorded at the Columbia Remote Automatic Weather Station.Both wind roses show that the prevailing surface wind direction is from the south. The South Farm windrose shows a total average wind speed of 11.3 km/hr (7 milhr), while the Columbia wind rose shows atotal average speed of 14.16 km/hr (8.8 mi/hr). Both wind roses show that the average frequency ofhigher speed winds falls into the 24-40 km/hr (15-25 mi/hr) range.19-79 NWINWMI-2013-021, Rlev. OAChapter 19.0 -Environmental RleviewWIND SPEED(mph)* o0- 15010.0-50c~~.0 J%Figure 19-26. Wind Rose from South Farm, 2000-2010(University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station)19-80 | |||
" Q NOTWESMEICtSTI$Station : C!Latitude :Longitude : 9:Elevation : 0Eleuent : 144w/OLUMBIA 14O49' 0I" N2" 13' 06" Wft.Pan Wind SoeedNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review1.3 -44-88 -1313 -1.919 -25"25324747EStart Date: Aug'. 1,, End Date: Iec..31, 2Q12 -@ of Days : 1910 of 1910V obs:poss: 44105 of 47520V) Western Region~al Climate CenterSubinterval Wrndw:Start EndDate: Jai. 01Dec.hour: 00 23SFigure 19-27. Wind Rose from Automatic Weather Station, Columbia, Missouri, 2007-2012(Western Regional Climate Center)19.3 .2.1.5 Extreme WeatherThe American heartland has the distinction of also being known as "tornado alley," a nonmeteorologicalterm that references the area where 90 percent of tornadoes have occurred as a result of the mixing ofcold, dry air from Canada and the Rocky Mountains with warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico andhot, dry air from the Sonoran Desert. This area exhibits considerable atmospheric instability, heavyprecipitation, and many intense thunderstorms.19-81 | |||
.,. N, VI.:. NWMI-201 3-021, Rev. 0'EDIo;L." Chapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTornados are extreme wind speed events that are classified according to the enhanced Fujita tornadointensity scale (EF scale). The scale matches wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by a tornado.The process involves determining the degree of damage according to a predefined damage scale of28 indicators. The observed damage is associated with estimated wind speeds during the storm, and anEF scale number is assigned. Measuring tornadoes from EF-1 to EF-5, the scale uses more specificstructural damage guidelines than the original Fujita tornado intensity scale (F scale), which wasestablished in 1971. Table 19-24 shows the F and EF scales.Table 19-24. Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita ScalesUsed to Determine Tornado Intensity0 64- 116 40-72 72- 126 45-78 0 105- 137 65-852 182-253 113- 157 189-259 118- 161 2 178-217 111-1354 334- 418 208 -260 337 -420 210- 261 4 266- 322 166- 200EF scale = enhanced Fujita tornado intensity scale.F scale = Fujita tornado intensity scale.According to compiled information from several extreme weather databases, including the U.S. Tornadoand Weather Extremes database (1950 to 2010), a total of 625 tornado events that had a recordedmagnitude of two or above were documented in Missouri (World, 2013). Of that total, 50 tornado eventsof the same magnitude were recorded within 80 km (50 mi) of Columbia. A listing of severe weatherevents is shown in Table 19-25. Columbia, in a ranking of 1,237 other Missouri cities, ranked 810 fortornados. The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data and is an indicatorof the tornado level in a region. According to this ranking, 809 Missouri cities have a higher chance oftornado events than Columbia (World, 2013).Table 19-25. Listing of Severe Weather Events from 1950 to 2010 withinan 80 km (50-mi) Radius of the Radioisotope Production Facility SiteBlizzard Iesom25Dense fog 29 Thunderstorm winds 1,236Flood 466 Winter storm 84Heat 72 Other 86Source: World, 2013, "Natural Disasters & Extremes," www.usa.com/columbia-mo-natural-disasters-extremes.htm#Tornadolndex, World Media Group, LLC, Bedminster, New Jersey, accessed August 2013.19-82 | |||
~. r~I~f~JNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAccording to the NOAA National Climatic Data Center Storm Events Database (NOAA, 201 3b), for thetime period January 1996 to May 2013, there were 420 severe storm events (defined as an individual typeof storm event) recorded in either Boone County or the Boone Zone. The most notable of the 420 eventsare summarized in Table 19-26.Table 19-26. Summary of Notable Storm Events In and Near the Region of Influence,Recorded from 1996 to 2013Blizzard1*,1 51 cm (20 in.) of snow recordedExcessive heat (heatwave)14Funnel cloud *' 1 -Heavy rain 1' 1 7.6-15.2 cm (3-6 in.) recordedIce stormThunderstorm wind,/vf4 0.64-1.27 cm (0.25-0.5 in.) recorded118 50-75 kn recorded25 --Winter storm1*,Source: NOAA, 2013b, "Storm Events Database," www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C., accessed August 2013.aAs rated with the enhanced Fujita tornado intensity scale.19.3.2.2 Air QualityMissouri is located in EPA Region 7. The Missouri DEQ is the regulatory agency responsible to protectand enhance the quality of the Missouri environment and its citizens. The MDNR operates an extensivenetwork of ambient air monitors to comply with the Clean Air Act and its amendments.The ambient air quality monitoring network for Missouri consists of State and local air monitoringstations, special purpose monitoring stations, and national core monitoring consistent with requirementsin 40 CFR 58.10, "Annual Monitoring Network Plan and Periodic Network Assessment."19-83 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0--o o++.;..."Chapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe only MDNR air monitor in Boone County is located at Finger Lakes and monitors for ozone (03)from May to October each year. The MDNR continuous air monitors nearest to the proposed RPF site,also in similar urban locales, are at the following locations:* Mark Twain State Park -In Stoutsville, Monroe County, approximately 103 km (64 mi)northeast of the RPF site. Monitors for sulfur dioxide (SO2), 03, and inhalable particulatesPM-10 (particulate matter, 10 micron and PM-2.5 (particulate matter, 2.5 | |||
* El Dorado Springs -In Cedar County, approximately 261 km (162 mi) southwest of the site.Monitors for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), inhalable particulate PM-2.5, and 03.Both air monitoring locations are well outside of the ROI.The EPA has set national air quality standards for six common pollutants (also referred to as "criteria"pollutants). These standards are known as NAAQS. Missouri DEQ monitors for CO, NO2, 03, totalsuspended particulate, inhalable particulates (PM-10 and PM-2.5), and lead (Pb). Other pollutants orcompounds are measured as part of air toxics or particulate speciation sampling. Legal descriptions of thestandards are available in the 6 CSR Division 10, "Air Quality Standards, Definitions, Sampling andReference Methods and Air Pollution Control Regulation for the Entire State of Missouri." The NAAQSare summarized in Table 19-27.Table 19-27. National Ambient Air Quality Standards Applicable in MissouriCarbon 1 hr Not to be exceeded more than once per year 35 ppm -monoxide 8 hr Not to be exceeded more than once per year 9 ppm -Nitrogen 1 hr 3-year average of the maximum daily 98th percentile 100 ppb Nonedioxide 1-hr averageAnnual Annual arithmetic mean 53 ppb S3 ppbPM-2.5 24 hr 98th percentile of the 24-hr values determined for 35 ~ig/m3 35 ~ig/m3each year; 3-year average of the 98th percentile valuesAnnual 3-year average of the annual arithmetic mean 15 jtg/in3 15 jig/mn3Sulfur 24 hr NA 0.14 ppm Nonedioxide 1 yr NA 0.03 ppm None1 hr/3 yr To attain the 1 -hr/3-yr standard, the 3-yr average of 75 ppb Nonethe 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hraverage at each monitor within an area must notexceed 75 ppbSource: MDNR, 2013a, "National Ambient Air Quality Standards," dnr.mo.gov/env/esp/aqm/standard.htm,Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Quality, Jefferson City, Missouri, accessedAugust 2013.NA = not applicable. NAAQS = National Ambient Air Quality Standards.19-84 | |||
..,vi. Chapter.1NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AA 50;1°0FChater 9.0 -Environmental ReviewNonattainment means that a geographic area has not consistently met the clean air levels set by the EPAin the NAAQS. There are several nonattainment areas in Missouri; however, none of them are withinBoone County, Columbia, the ROI, or anywhere near the proposed RPF site. Most nonattainment areasare located in St. Louis (201 km [125 mi] to the southeast) and in the nearby counties of Dent, Franklin,Iron, Jefferson, Reynolds, St. Charles, and St. Louis.Maintenance areas are geographic areas that had a history of nonattainment, but are now consistentlymeeting the NAAQS. Maintenance areas have been redesignated by EPA from "nonattainment" to"attainment with a maintenance plan," or designated by the Environmental Quality Commission. Thereare no maintenance areas within Boone County, Columbia, the ROI, or anywhere near the proposed RPFsite. The closest maintenance area (for Pb) is located in Bixby, Missouri (Iron County), 238 km (148 mi)to the southeast. Other maintenance areas are found in the cities of Herculaneum (Pb), St. Louis (CO),and Kansas City (03).19.3 .2 .2.1 Greenhouse GasesThere are currently no programs or policies established or drafted related to operations at DiscoveryRidge. NWMI will develop a comprehensive program to avoid and control GHG emissions associatedwith the RPF. This program will include elements such as:* Developing a GHG emission inventory* Investigating and implementing methods for avoiding or controlling the GHG emissionsidentified in the inventory* Encouraging carpooling or other measures to minimize GHG emissions due to vehicle trafficduring construction and operation of the RPF* Conducting periodic audits of GHG control procedures* Implementing corrective actions when necessary19.3.2.3 NoiseNoise is generally defined as "unwanted sound." At high levels, noise can damage hearing, cause sleepdeprivation, interfere with communication, and disrupt concentration. In the context of protecting thepublic health and welfare, noise implies adverse effects on people and the environment.Sound is the result of a source inducing vibration in the air, creating sound waves. These waves radiate inall directions from the source and may be reflected and scattered or, like other wave actions, may turncorners. Sound waves are a fluctuation in the normal atmospheric pressure, which is measurable. Thissound pressure level is the instantaneous difference between the actual pressure produced by a soundwave and the average or barometric pressure at a given point in space. The fundamental method ofmeasuring sound is in decibel (dB) units. The most commonly used noise metric for measuring noise isA-weighted decibels (dBA).The following sections discuss the baseline noise conditions within the ROI. The ROI for noise is the8 km (5 mi) radius from the centerline of the RPF site.19-85 | |||
*~*NW M I NWI21-2,Rev. G: : Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.2.3.1 Baseline Noise ConditionsAs discussed in Section 19.3.1, the proposed RPF site is located on Lot 15 of the Discovery Ridgeindustrial park near the MU campus, and is currently an agricultural field. Existing noise sources in thearea consist of agricultural equipment (e.g., tractors, forklifts), HVAC systems associated with existingbuildings, and traffic noise from U.S. Highway 63 and the surrounding areas. The highest noise levels inthe area originate from the intermittent operation of agricultural equipment associated with theMU School of Agriculture, and range from 80 to 100 dBA (Baker, 1997). When agricultural equipment isnot running, noise levels are similar to that of a suburban community area, typically around 55 dBA(Berger et al., 2003).Traffic-related noise sources include airports, railways, and highways. The Columbia Regional Airport isapproximately 12 km (7.5 ml) from the proposed NWMI site, and the Columbia Terminal (COLT), afreight-only railway, is approximately 2.7 km (1.7 mi) from the proposed site (Terracon, 2006). Both theairport and railway are located a sufficient distance from the proposed RPF site to attenuate the noiseassociated with these locations to background levels. U.S. Highway 63 is approximately 0.4 km (0.25 mi)from the proposed site. Based on the most recent peak 1-hr traffic count summary from the MissouriDepartment of Transportation, the expected noise levels at the proposed RPF site resulting from traffic onU.S. Highway 63 range from 54 to 58 dBA (MoDOT, 2009).Noise receptors include nearby residents, commercial workers at ABC Laboratories and RADIL,agricultural students and faculty present in the agricultural research areas, recreational users of the threesports venues in the area, site visitors, and domesticated and research wildlife.19.3 .2 .3.2 Past Noise StudiesThere are no known noise studies that have been performed in the audible range of the proposed RPF site.1 9.3 .2.3.3 Sound Level StandardsPermissible noise levels in Discovery Ridge are governed by both the Discovery Ridge Master Plan andProtective Covenants (MU, 2009) and the Columbia Code of Ordinances (City of Columbia, 201 3d).Section 2.2 of the Covenants document specifies that buildings cannot be used for "excessive noise," andSection 3.3 requires that preliminary building plans specify the extent of noise that may be created byoperation of the building (MU, 2009). Section 16-265 of the Ordinances states that site preparation andbuilding construction cannot be performed outside the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on weekdays and9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays without a special permit from the Director of Public Works.Sections 16-264 and 16-266 of the Ordinances prohibit the creation of "excessive noise" in connectionwith loading or unloading any vehicle, or in the vicinity of schools, hospitals, churches, and courts(City of Columbia, 2013d).19.3.3 Geologic Environment19.3.3.1 Regional GeologyThis section provides summary descriptions of geomorphic provinces and their tectonic development.The glacial history responsible for surface topography features found today in Missouri is also described.The descriptions are based on a review of relevant, readily available published reports and maps and,where available, records and unpublished reports from Federal and State agencies. Information on thesite conditions has been acquired from these same sources and from site-specific investigations, includinggeotechnical field studies.19-86 | |||
..ii Chapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A:.;o.. Chpter19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.1.1 Geomorphic ProvincesMissouri is divided into three geomorphic provinces:* Interior Plains Province -Also referred to as the Central Lowland Province (northern Missouri,north of the Missouri River)* Interior Highlands (central Missouri, south of the Missouri River)* Atlantic Plains -Also referred to as the Coastal Plains Province (the "boot heel" or southeasterncorner of Missouri)The proposed RPF site is located north of the Missouri River within the Interior Plains Province. TheInterior Plains are defined by the general texture of the surface terrain, rock type, and geologic structure.The province is characterized by moderately dissected, glaciated, flat-to-rolling plains that slope gentlytoward the Missouri and Mississippi River valleys. Local relief is 6.1-50.3 m (20-165 ft). Drainage isdendritic; current geomorphic processes are fluvial erosion, transport and deposition, and minor masswasting. Elevations range from 183-457 m (600-1,500 ft) above mean sea level, with the proposed RPFsite averaging 245 m (805 ft) above mean sea level (USGS, 2013a).19.3.3.1.1.1 Interior Plains ProvinceThe Interior Plains Province is a vast region spread across the stable core (craton) of North America. Thisarea formed when several small continents collided and welded together over a billion years ago, duringthe Precambrian Era. Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks now form the basement of the InteriorPlains and make up the stable core of North America. Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras, thelow-lying Interior Plains remained relatively unaffected by mountain building and tectonic collisions inthe western and eastern margins of the continent. During the Mesozoic Era, the majority of the NorthAmerican continental interior was above sea level, with two notable exceptions. The first occurred duringthe Jurassic Era (208-144 million years ago), when rising seas flooded the low-lying areas of thecontinent, and most of the Interior Plains were eventually submerged beneath the shallow Sundance Sea.The second exception occurred during the Cretaceous Period, when record high sea levels flooded thecontinental interior with shallow seas. During this time, the Interior Plains continued to receive depositsfrom the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ouachita-Ozark Mountains to theeast and south throughout the most recent Cenozoic Era. The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflectionof the platform of mostly flat-lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic andCenozoic Eras. The overlying sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of limestone, sandstone, andshales (USGS, 2013a).19.3.3.1.1.2 Interior Highlands ProvinceThe southern portion of Missouri, south of the Missouri River, is located within the Interior HighlandsProvince. The Interior Highlands includes the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains of southern Missouri,Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma. The rocky outcrops that make up the core of the Interior Highlands arePaleozoic age carbonates and other sedimentary rocks that were originally deposited on the sea floor. Inthe Ouachita Mountains, these ancient marine rocks are now contorted by folds and faults. The ancient,eroded mountains of the Interior Highlands stand surrounded by nearly flat lying sedimentary rocks anddeposits of the Interior and Atlantic Plains provinces.The Interior Highlands consist of thick bedrock units of sandstone and shale, with lesser amounts of chertand novaculite (a fine-grained silica rock, like flint), deposited in a deep sea that covered the area fromLate Cambrian through Early Pennsylvanian time. The area was then folded and faulted in such a mannerthat resistant beds of sandstone, chert, and novaculite now form long, sinuous mountain ridges that tower152-457 m (500-1,500 ft) above adjacent valleys formed in easily eroded shale (USGS, 2013a).19-87 N.., VIVII .NWMI-201 3-021, Rev. 0A.*o 1 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.1.13 Atlantic Plains ProvinceThe Atlantic Plain Province is the flattest of all the provinces and stretches over 3,540 km (2,200 mi)from Cape Cod to the border of Mexico and southward another 1609 km (1,000 mi) to the YucatanPeninsula. The Atlantic Plains slope gently seaward from the Interior Highlands in a series of terraces.The gentle sloping continues far into the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, forming the continental shelf.Eroded sediments from the Interior Highlands were carried east and southward by streams and graduallycovered the faulted continental margin, burying it under a wedge composed of layered sedimentary andvolcanic debris thousands of feet thick. The sedimentary rock layers that lie beneath much of the coastalplain and fringing continental shelf remain nearly horizontal or tilt gently toward the sea (USGS, 2013b).19.3.3.1.2 Glacial HistoryThe MDNR describes the glacial history of the area as follows:Recent studies of ice cores, stalagmites, and other temperature dating methods haveconcluded that there have been 30 sustained periods of frigid temperatures in the last3 million years. Of the classical glacial periods, only two: pre-Illinoian (Nebraskan-Kansan) and Illinoian are now recognized as having left glacial deposits in the state ofMissouri. The pre-lllinoian was the most severe. Amongst its legacy was the changing of thecourse of the Missouri River to its present location, the scouring and filling of NorthernMissouri topography, and extensive outwash gravels left to the south of the present MissouriRiver. Although the Ozarks were not glaciated in the recent past, a cover of Pleistocene loessof varying thicknesses extends over all of the state except for the highest parts of the OzarkMountains. Residuum, otherwise known as soil, clay, and rock fragments degrade fromexposed and subsurface bedrock. Gravity and streams move this residuum, depositing it insometimes graded layers (MDNR, 201 3b).In Boone County, the glacial till averages over 43 m (140 ft) thick in the northeastern portion of thecounty, and the loess material reaches a maximum depth of 6.1 m (20 ft) along the Missouri River Bluffs(Boone County, 2013a).19.3 .3.1.3 Local Topography and Soils of Boone CountyThe topography of Boone County ranges from highly dissected hills to flat floodplains and nearly flatuplands. Elevations range from approximately 274 m (900 ft) above mean sea level along the northernboundary of Boone County to approximately 165 m (540 ft) above mean sea level in the southern tip ofthe county. Several areas of the county contain well-developed cave and sinkhole formations.Ordovician to middle Pennsylvania age dolomite, limestone, sandstone, coal, and shale deposits arevisible throughout Boone County in geologic outcrops and roadcuts. The Mississippian age BurlingtonLimestone is easily weathered by acidic groundwater and contains some unique natural resources ofBoone County, including the most famous Devil's Ice Box cave system, located approximately 2.4 km(1.5 mi) southwest of the proposed RPF site. There are numerous caves in Boone County and418 documented sinkholes (Boone County, 2013a).19-88 | |||
:.. NWK1,hapte NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A.GTSV~ 19.0- Environmental ReviewPennsylvanian age deposits are overlaid by glacial till and loess. The soils of Boone County are includedin parts of two major land resource areas:Central Claypan Area -The Central Claypan Area soils were formed in glacial till and coverthe northeastern and east-central portions of Boone County. Claypan soils display extremevariability within the soil profile and across the landscape; therefore, plant growth within thesesoils must contend with distinctively contrasting physical, chemical, and hydrologic properties atdifferent soil depths. The depth to the claypan soils varies from approximately 10 cm (3.93 in.)on ridge tops up to 100 cm (39.4 in.) on back slopes. The soil horizons preceding the claypan aredepleted of clay minerals, cations, and have a very low pH. The claypan horizon typically has anabrupt upper boundary with 100 percent more clay than the preceding horizon, and very lowpermeability.*Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes -This major land resource area consists of adissected glacial till plain composed of rolling narrow ridge tops and hilly to steep ridge slopes.The small streams in this area have narrow valleys with steep gradients. The major rivers havenearly level broad floodplains, and the valley floors are tens of meters below the adjoininghilltops. Most of the soils within the central Mississippi Valley wooded slopes area are found insilty loess or glacial till, are moderately to fine-grained in texture with a mixed mineralogy, andare well-drained to moderately well-drained. These soils are typically observed on ridge tops andsupport forest flora (Boone County, 2013a).19.3.3.2 Geology at the Proposed SiteThe ROI for the geologic resource is defined as the 8 km (5 mi) radius surrounding the RPF site. Thegeologic units that underlie the proposed RPF site and/or properties within the ROI, from youngest tooldest, are as follows:* Quaternary Age Holocene Series (Qal)* Pennsylvanian Age Desmoinesian Series Marmaton Group (Pm)* Pennsylvanian Age Desmoinesian Series Cherokee Group (Pc)* Mississippian Age Osagean Series Burlington Formation (Mo)* Mississippian Age Kinderhookian Series (Mk)* Late to Early Devonian Age (D)* Early Ordovician Age Ibexian Series (Ojc)Figure 19-28 provides a map of the features within the ROI.19.3.3.2.1 Quaternary Age Holocene Series (Qal)The surface topography of the proposed RPF site and surrounding properties consists of Quaternary agebedrock overburden characterized by upland areas covered by a thin loess blanket and glacial drift."Highly plastic clays that exhibit volume change with variations in moisture are commonly encounterednear the ground surface" (Terracon, 201 lb). The surface topography of the proposed RPF site andsurrounding properties consists of upland areas covered by a thin loess blanket and glacial drift. Previousinvestigations of Discovery Ridge noted that "Highly plastic clays that exhibit volume change withvariations in moisture are commonly encountered near the ground surface" (Terracon, 201 lb).Figure 19-29 depicts the Quaternary age bedrock overburden at the proposed RPF site as clay loam till(No. 27). Clay loam till is also depicted on all adjacent properties to the north, east, south, and west.Additional Quaternary age deposits located within an 8 km (5-mi) radius of the proposed RPF site includealluvium (No. 10), loess (No. 18), sandy clay (No. 40), and thin, cherty clay solution residuum (No. 41).19-89 | |||
, : ..RIIAIA/I I.:-"'.'.;..;,..-I 111 1111 11111* +*..', ; " NOflTHWEST NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewJA RPF SitelIJ 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site--Interstate Highways* '- HighwaysCity LimitsGeologic FcaturesLabel, Rock Type I. Rock Type 2D, limestone, sandstoneMk, limestone, siltstoneMo, limestone, chertOjc, dolostone (dolomite), sandstonePc, shale, sandstonePmo, limestone, shaleQal, clay or mud, silt0 0.5 1N2 3 MilesFigure 19-28. Geologic Features within an 8 km (5-mi) Radiusof the Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-90 | |||
::NWMIoOe ThwOONWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review,A RPF Site1J 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site---Highways--"Interstate HighwaysCity Limits00.51 2 3 4,, , MilesQuaternary Geology of MissouriDESCR! PTION1 0 -Alluvium27 -Clay loam till18 -Loess40 -Sandy clay41 -Thin cherty clay solution residuumUS(S 1996. MO 1996 ISLIPPIdigital datal Ap~m~lis missouri cdu pub aI (iop icaI MO( 1996 Q~uatcrman (icog) shp tipFigure 19-29. Map of Missouri Quaternary Age Geology19-91 | |||
""Chapter NWM,-2013-021, Rev. GAChapterI 19.0 -Environ mental ReviewThe typical Quaternary age groundcover found in Boone County consists of alluvial (stream-deposited)clays, sand, and gravels (with a few poorly consolidated sandstones); glacial tills (sand and well-sortedgravels); and eolian (windblown) clays and loess (an extremely fine "rock flour," which forms solidmasses) (MDNR, 2013c).These glacial deposits mantle the upland areas and consist of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, sand, andpebbles of diverse rock types. The deposits vary greatly in thickness and are as much as 42.7 m (140 ft)thick in the northern portion of Boone County. This material is relatively impermeable and supplies verylittle water to wells (MU, 2006a).19.3 .3.2 .2 Pennsylvanian Age Desmoinesian Series Marmaton Group (Pm) and CherokeeGroup (Pc)Pennsylvanian age strata (both Marmaton and Cherokee Groups) consists largely of clay and shale withminor accounts of coal and thin, impure limestone beds. The total thickness may be as much as 33.5 m(110 ft). These beds produce only small quantities of water and are not used in this area as a source ofsupply. The water found in this unit is usually high in iron and sulfur content (MU, 2006a).Limestone and shale beds are generally thin and very widespread lateral units. Pennsylvanian depositsare quite extensive across Missouri, and they usually form thin to medium-bedded layers of distinctivecomposition, called cyclothems. A cyclothem results when a sea transgresses and regresses very rapidlyalong a coastal area, and in a repeating pattern. Often, this pattern consists of a sandstone (beach), siltyshale or siltstone (tidal), freshwater limestone (lagoon), underclay (terrestrial), coal (terrestrial swampyforest), shale (near shore tidal), limestone (shallow marine), and black shale (deep marine). Thissequence can then repeat itself as the sea first regresses from the land, and then transgresses again(MDNR, 201 3c).19.3.3.2.3 Mississippian Age Osagean Series Burlington Formation (Mo)The Mississippian age Burlington Formation stratum is the most extensively studied Mississippian agestrata in Missouri. This crystalline, extremely fossiliferous limestone covers most of the state and extendsinto Iowa and Arkansas. Typical characteristics include white-to-gray, medium-to-coarsely grained layersof chert nodules, and a coarse-grained sedimentary structure called "styolites" formed from pressuresolution. The pores in the styolites are often filled with chert or quartz deposits (MDNR, 2013d).Burlington limestone is the principle limestone exposed in quarries, creek banks, and road cuts near andaround Columbia. The limestone is approximately 49 m (160 ft) thick in the Columbia area, but thethickness can be variable. The limestone may also contain minor amounts of pyrite and limonite. Thisformation has historically been economically important as a limestone resource where exposed and ashost rock for lead and zinc deposits in the presently inactive Tri-State mining district of Missouri, Kansas,and Oklahoma (MU, 2006a).Burlington limestone contains many relatively shallow drilled wells and yields sufficient quantities ofrelatively hard water for rural domestic supplies. The limestone is relatively soluble and contains manycaverns and solutions passages. Solution features, including caves and sinkholes, are commonly presentin this formation (MU, 2006a). Terracon reported the following:No caves or sinkholes are known to exist, or are published to exist within approximately I miof the Discovery Ridge Research Park. However, several areas of known karst activity arepresent west and southwest of this project area and are in various stages of development.Site grading and drainage may alter site conditions and could possibly cause sinkholes inareas that have no history of this activity. (Terracon, 201 lb)19-92 lviiChaper 1NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A* ; Th_.T.MENW ML Chptr9.0 -Environmental Review19.3 .3 .2.4 Mississippian Age Kinderhookian Series Chouteau Limestone (Mk)The Mississippian age Chouteau Limestone stratum is a very fine-grained carbonate and, for the mostpart, is an evenly bedded bluish gray limestone. The upper part is somewhat massive and high inmagnesium. Chouteau limestone is relatively impermeable due to its fine texture, restricting themovement of water to joints and small fissures. This unit is a poor source of water but yields smallquantities to a few wells (MU, 2006a).19.3.3.2.5 Late to Early Devonian Limestone (D)Devonian limestone strata deposits greatly vary in lithology, and range from very fine-grained to coarselytextured beds. Some of the beds are slightly sandy. In some areas of Columbia, Missouri, the Devonianlimestone beds are approximately 9 m (30 ft) thick; in other well locations this limestone bed iscompletely absent. Devonian limestone is not a valuable water producer (MU, 2006a).19.3.3.2.6 Early Ordovician Age Ibexian Series Dolomites (Ojc)Ordovician age deposits found in the Columbia area include the following, from youngest to oldest(MU, 2006a):*St. Peter Sandstone -This formation, which is a very important aquifer in eastern and northernMissouri, has no importance in the Columbia area. The formation is present only as localizedmasses in the depressions of older rocks.*Jefferson City Formation -This predominantly dolomite formation averages approximately122 m (400 ft) in thickness in the Columbia area, and wells drilled into the formation producemoderate quantities of relatively hard water. The formation probably has more rural domesticwells terminating in it than any other formation is this area.*Roubidoux Formation -This formation consists of alternating sandstone and dolomite beds andaverages approximately 30.5 m (100 ft) in thickness. This formation is a very dependable waterproducer.*Gasconade Formation -This unit consists of mostly light-gray dolomite with sandstone(Gunter) at the base. The thickness is approximately 85.3 m (280 ft). This dolomite unit is verycavernous and contains many interconnected solution passages. The sandstone is approximately4.6 m (15 ft) thick, is very permeable, has a wide aerial extent, and is a good source of water.19.3.3.3 Site-Specific Volcanic Hazard AnalysisThe proposed RPF site is located in a tectonically stable region of the North American continental plate,identified as the Interior Plains Province. Volcanoes tend to cluster along narrow mountainous belts,where folding and fracturing of the rocks provide channelways to the surface for the escape of magma.The lack of magma forming in the Interior Plains Province prevents the formation of volcanoes in theregion.19.3.3.4 Onsite Soil TypesThe USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Geographic database for BooneCounty (NRCS, 2014) lists the soil type beneath the proposed RPF site as the Mexico Silt Loam,1-4 percent slopes (Map No. 50059). In addition to the Mexico silt loam, 27 other soils types are locatedwithin a 1.6 km (1-mi) radius of the proposed site, as depicted in Figure 19-30.19-93 | |||
* WW.INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewI5.Ik+t MapN -I ploKo- slt Iatm t0, outo 2% 109% o5010 Mexoo.,-It,. blada*ompIe 00, 2% %lp900 | |||
* K',akuh olay 9 to.. 5014% t.lgop6(019 (- *oI~toa* d.LI. ; oo 5-R so.A. o..l. 5 o7%omo 60022 -l+ oo rl,. l lemm 2os, 6'. lolpes, ero&lki-Wdkr l oelst bool 2 to 5%+ dopesVo+eler tol bats, S o 9% does erodedWdlkt r4bas. tod ispls 210m9%. olopes60033- oill l~oe.. $50 t~o10esstl'* dope. oo1+401034. aill day koare. 5 0, 4 dopes. a't, odad6i 003_5. Wrs-npassl-Ulst latl a*orpelst+910t 14% 60) (037.- Wiestgas oill losn,. 910t 14 % 103- FrdopsusiItossda.ss + o+ p x. 4125%slp%6601.00 .M roall 04h los.., 0102 % .Iopes. ooaooI) Iloodest67000. W.Osto o+ ill s.., I 10 1% slolpes. rael+ flooded99001.+ WalesLocalOn MapA RPF- Site C 5 Mile ( kmn) Radius fo P i4,,,,,,-Interstate Highways-- HighwaysO 0.1 02 04 00 08 r*m -- ' City l~imitsFigure 19-30. Soil Map within a 1.6 km (1-mi) Radiusof the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-94 | |||
*. -e JeAINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review19.3 .3.4.1 Site Soil Physical CharacteristicsThe soils were formed primarily from glacial processes that occurred in the region. Reworked loess is theprimary parent material of the soil. The site soil composition, physical characteristics, and typical profilefor the Mexico Silt Loam, 1-4 percent slopes (Map No. 50059) are listed in Table 19-28.Table 19-28. Description of Soil Type, Mexico Silt Loam, 1--4 percent Slopes, ErodedMap Unit SettingLandscape: Till plains, uplandsElevation: 183 -396 m (600-1,300 ft)Mean annual precipitation: 94-119 cm (37-47 in.)Mean annual air temperature: 52-57°FFrost-free period: 184-228 daysMap Unit CompositionMexico and similar soils: 85%Minor components: 15%Typical profile0 -17.8 cm (0-7 in): Silt loam17.8- 30.5 cm (7-12 in): Silty clay loam30.5 -66.4 cm (12-26 in): Silty clay66.4 -86.4 cm (26-34 in): Silty clay loam86.4 -203 cm (34-80 in): Silty clay loamMinor ComponentsLeonardPercent of map unit: 5%Landform: HillsLandform position (two-dimensional): ShoulderLandform position (three-dimensional): Head slopeDown-slope shape: ConcaveAcross-slope shape: ConcaveEcological site: Mollic loess upland prairie (R 11 3XY002MO)Other vegetative classification: Mixed/transitional (mixednative vegetation)a Source: USDA, 2013a, "Web Soil Survey," Online Mapping Tool, websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov, U.S.Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., accessed July 10, 2013.19-95 | |||
: :Chapter 1 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.4.2 Site Soil Chemical CharacteristicsThe site soil chemical characteristics of the Mexico Silt Loam, 1-4 percent slopes (Map No. 50059) andthe definitions of each chemical characteristic are listed in Table 19-29.Table 19-29. Site Soil Chemical Characteristics for Boone County, Missouri* 17.8-30.5 7-12 14-20 12-18 5.2-7.1 0 0 0.0-2.0 066.4-86.4 26-34 2 1-36 2 1-28 4.7-6.8 0 0 0.0-2.0 0Source: NRCS, 2014, "Soil Data Mart," soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/ReportViewer.aspx?Eile=a27391c0-b6ab-4278-871 f-6f091I cc 147fa.PDF&Name= Chemical_SoiLProperties&Wait= 1, Natural Resources ConservationService, Washington, D.C., accessed July 16, 2013.19.3.3.5 Prime FarmlandPrime farmland, as defined by the USDA, is land that has the best combination of physical and chemicalcharacteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is available for these uses.Prime farmland can be cultivated land, pastureland, forestland, or other land, but is not urban or built-upland or water areas. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are those needed for the soilto economically produce sustained high yields of crops when properly managed, including managementof water and applying acceptable farming methods (NRCS, 2013).In general, prime farmland has an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation orirrigation, a favorable temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable saltand sodium content, and few or no rocks. The land is permeable to water and air. Prime land is notexcessively erodible or saturated with water for long periods, and is either not frequently flooded duringthe growing season or is protected from flooding. Areas of prime farmland in Missouri that do not requiredraining or flooding protection are comprised largely of Weller silt loam, Jemerson silt loam, andLenzburg silty clay loam.Farmland that is considered of statewide importance is land, in addition to prime farmlands, that is ofstatewide importance for the production of food, feed, fiber, forage, and oilseed crops. Criteria fordefining and delineating this land are to be determined by the appropriate State agency or agencies.Generally, additional farmlands of statewide importance include those that are nearly prime farmland andthat economically produce high yields of crops when treated and managed according to acceptablefarming methods. Some may produce as high a yield as prime farmlands if conditions are favorable. Insome states, additional farmlands of statewide importance may include tracts of land that have beendesignated for agriculture by State law. Farmlands of statewide importance in Missouri primarily includethe Weller silt loam, Weller-Urban land complex, Wrengart silty clay loam, and Hatton silt loam (NRCS,2013). Of these, the predominant soil type found in both prime farmland and farmlands of statewideimportance is Weller silt loam. Approximately 4218 ha (10,424 acres), or one-fifth of the 8 km (5-mi)ROI, are prime or important farmland (NRCS, 2013). The proposed RPF site and the research park lie inareas not listed as prime farmland (Figure 19-31).19-96 | |||
*. NWSTMEICA STPNWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAd RPF Site8 km (S mile) Radius from RPF Site-"Interstate Highways-- Highways(?City LimitsUSDA Prime FarmlandDec~riptionPrimec Farmland if DrainedFarmland of Statew ide rntportanecAll Areas are Prime FarmlandPrime Farmland if Protected from FloodingLocation MaD)0 0.15 0.30.60.91.2m m MilesNPrime FarmlandCitation: NRCS 2012 S.nI/Nun'rv (~r~raph,("dutabase for &s*m' "(onmn; Mos.oors [digital data!: http: +/-Figure 19-31. Map Showing U.S. Department of Agriculture Prime Farmland19-97 | |||
++NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-30 shows the breakdown of primefarmland and farmland of statewide importancewithin the ROI.19.3.3.6 Shrink-Swell PotentialThere are moderate to highly plastic clays atDiscovery Ridge from approximately 0.9-3.7 m(3-12 ft) below ground surface (Terracon, 201 lb).Such soils are commonly referred to as''expansive'' or ''swelling'' soils because theyexpand or swell as their moisture contentincreases. These soils, in turn, contract or shrinkas their moisture content decreases. Footings,floor slabs, and pavements supported on expansivesoils will often shift upward or downward causingpossible distortion, cracking, or structural damage(Terracon, 201 lb).19.3.3.7 ErosionTable 19-30. Prime Farmland and Farmland ofStatewide ImportanceNot listed as prime farmland......... .........; + <Farmland of statewideimportancePrime farmland if protectedfrom flooding2,3059,1029333,6832,793 1,130!= i iii ;i!!!iili= ]=i=== I= =£Source: NRCS, 2013, "National Soil SurveyHandbook," soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/contents/part622.html, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington,Erosion is a naturally occurring process that is D.C., accessed July 25, 2013.unnaturally accelerated by land development. Thehighest risks for erosion occur in areas with fine soils, on steep slopes, and in areas undergoing activeconstruction activities. Impervious surfaces do not allow water infiltration into the soils and instead causeincreased stormwater runoff.Soils denuded of vegetation and impervious surfaces are two potential effects of land development thatcontribute to greater peak flows, longer duration of high flows, and increased sedimentation. Erodedmaterial is often deposited downstream where the material decreases culvert and channel capacity.The soils beneath the proposed RPF site are Mexico silt loam and are listed as hydrologic soil Group D(NRCS, 2014). Group D soils have a very slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet, leading to highrunoff potential. Mexico Silt Loam consists chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential andhave a high water table (NRCS, 2013).19.3.3.8 Previous Geological Studies by Others19.3.3.8.1 Preliminary Geotechnical InvestigationIn 2011, Terracon completed a preliminary geotechnical investigation for the Discovery Ridge CertifiedSite Program, which included Lot 2 and Lots 5 through 18 of Discovery Ridge (Terracon, 201 lb). Theproposed RPF site (Lot 15) is within the investigation area. The purpose of the investigation was toprovide preliminary geotechnical recommendations concerning earthwork and the design and constructionof foundations, floor slabs, and pavements for Discovery Ridge properties. As part of the study, nine soilborings (B-1 through B-9) were installed to depths ranging from 4-6 m (13-20 ft) below ground surfaceto determine shallow subsurface soil geotechnical properties and shallow groundwater depth. Soilboring B-5 is nearest to the proposed RPF site, along the eastern boundary between Lots 14 and 15.19-98i NWMI-Chapter 1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. OA,lviio o... hpe9.0 -Environmental ReviewDiscovery Ridge surface soils from 0.6-0.15 m (0.2-0.5 ft) below ground surface were found to be brown,friable topsoil with significant amounts of organic matter. Subsurface soils from approximately 0.9-3.6 m(3-12 ft) below ground surface were lean clay, lean-to-fat clay, and fat clay with moderate-to-highplasticity. Material beneath 3.6 m (12 ft) is listed only as limestone. Plasticity and liquid limit tests werecompleted for soils encountered from only four soil borings, as shown in Table 19-31.Table 19-31. Plasticity and Liquid Limit TestingB-I1 0.9-1.5 3-5 43 15 28B-5 0.3-0.9 1-3 31 21 10Source: Terracon, 2011 b, Preliminary Geotechnical Engineering Report Discovery Ridge-Certified SiteProgram Lots 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Terracon Consultants, Inc., prepared forUniversity of Missouri and Trabue, Hansen & Hinshaw, Inc., Terracon Project No. 09105094.1, February 11,2011.At the time of drilling, some of the soils displayed moisture levels greater their measured plastic limits."Soils with moisture levels above their measured plastic limits may be prone to rutting and can developunstable subgrade conditions during general construction operations" (Terracon, 201 lb). Moderate tohigh plasticity clays were observed at the site. Such soils are commonly referred to as "expansive" or"swelling" soils because they expand or swell as their moisture content increases. These soils in turn,contract or shrink as the moisture content decreases. Footings, floor slabs, and pavements supported onexpansive soils often shift upward or downward causing possible distortion, cracking, or structural damage.19.3.3.9 Regional and Local TectonicsThe most significant seismological feature in Missouri is the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), locatedin the southeastern corner of the state and extending into parts of the contiguous states of Arkansas,Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois. The NMSZ is the most seismically active region in the U.S. east ofthe Rocky Mountains and is located approximately 483 km (300 mi) southeast of the proposed RPF site.During the winter of 1811-1812, the NMSZ was the location of some of the highest intensity seismicevents ever noted in U.S. history. Hundreds of aftershocks, some severely damaging, continued for years.Records show that since 1900, moderately damaging earthquakes have struck the NMSZ every fewdecades. Prehistoric earthquakes similar in size to those of 1811-1812 occurred in the middle 1400s andaround 900 A.D. Strongly damaging earthquakes struck the southwestern end of the NMSZ nearMarked Tree, Arkansas, in 1843 (magnitude 6.0), and the northeastern end near Charleston, Missouri, in1895 (magnitude 6.6) (USGS, 2011 a).The NMSZ is made up of reactivated faults that formed when what is now North America began to splitor rift apart approximately 500 million years ago. The resulting rift system died out before an ocean basinwas formed, but a deep zone of weakness was created, referred to as the Reelfoot rift (USGS, 201 lb).This fault system extends 241 km (150 mi) southward from Cairo, Illinois, through New Madrid andCaruthersville, Missouri, down through Blytheville, Arkansas, to Marked Tree, Arkansas. The Reelfootrift dips into Kentucky near Fulton and into Tennessee near Reelfoot Lake, extending southeast intoDyersburg, Tennessee. The rift then crosses five state lines and crosses the Mississippi River in at leastthree places. The fault system is buried beneath as much as 8 km (5 mi) of sediment for much of the faultlength and typically cannot be seen at the surface (USGS, 201 Ib).19-99 NW MI NWI21301 ev.19.0 -Environmental ReviewFour of the largest faults are recognized as alignments of abundant small earthquakes, and movementsalong two of these faults dammed rivers and created lakes during the earthquakes of 1811-1812. A fewmore deeply buried faults were detected during oil and gas exploration, and a few small faults are knownfrom geologic mapping (USGS, 201 lb).The remainder of the state, including the proposed RPF site located in central Missouri, is typical of thestable midcontinent U.S. However, this area is not immune to seismic activity.19.3 .3.9.1 Local Fault ZonesThere is one major fault zone located within the ROI of the proposed RPF site (Figure 19-32). The FoxHallow Fault is located approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) southeast of the site. The Fox Hollow Fault is asmall fault, striking northeast and fades into a monocline at its two ends. The fault is reportedly a normalfault with a throw of approximately 37 m (120 ft) down to the southwest, and shows Mississippian ageChouteau limestone beds faulted against Ordovician age Jefferson Dolomite (Union Electric Company,2008).19-100 NW IV!jNOUlIWES M Si ANWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewA RPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site-'-Interstate Highways--- HighwaysC) City Limitso0O5 1 2 3 4Fault StructuresNAMEFemme Creek graben-A- -A- Fox Hollow fault and monoclineSapp monoclineMilesM~oDNR 2010 MO 2010 Tedcrnk: Fault (SHP)MoDNR DOLS (iSP Idiglt1 datl] lOp imtdi ns,,ounr edA pu~b(ieopOlyiculMO 2010 Tewonic Fluhl Shp. tipFigure 19-32. Geologic Faults Map19-101 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.10 Seismic Hazard AssessmentEarthquakes occur on faults within bedrock, usually several miles deep. According to the USGS,earthquakes in the central and eastern U.S. typically are felt over a much broader region than in thewestern U.S. East of the Rocky Mountains, an earthquake can be felt over an area ten times larger than asimilar magnitude earthquake on the west coast.The written record of earthquakes in Missouri prior to the nineteenth century is virtually nonexistent.Historical earthquakes along the NMSZ in southeastern Missouri have been some of the largest in U.S.history since European settlement. The Great New Madrid Earthquake of 1811-1812 was a series of over2,000 earthquakes that caused destruction over a very large area. According to information fromMissouri's State Emergency Management Agency Earthquake Program, some of the earthquakes measureat least 7.6 in magnitude and five of them measured 8.0 or greater (USGS, 201 Ia). The 1811-1812 serieschanged the course of the Missouri River, and some shocks were felt as far away as Washington, D.C.,and Boston, Massachusetts (MMRPC, 2010). The NMSZ has experienced numerous earthquakes sincethe 1811-1812 series, and at least 35 aftershocks of Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of V (i.e., felt bynearly everyone, many awakened) or greater that have been recorded Missouri since 1811. Numerousearthquakes originating outside of Missouri boundaries have also affected the state. Table 19-32 lists thehistorical earthquakes that have affected Missouri.Table 19-32. Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages)12/16/1811(1811-1812series)New MadridRegion,Missouri7.7 Generated great waves on the Mississippi River causingmajor flooding, high river back cave-ins. Topographicchanges affected an area of 78,000 to 130,000 km2(30,116 to 50,193 mi2). Later geologic evidence indicatedthat the epicenter was likely in northeast Arkansas. Themain shocks were felt over an area covering at least5,180,000 km2 (2,000,000 mi2). Chimneys were knockeddown in Cincinnati, Ohio, and bricks were reported to havefallen from chimneys in Georgia and South Carolina. Thefirst shock was felt distinctively in Washington, D.C.,1,127 km (700 mi) away.2/7/1812 New Madrid,(1811-1812 Missouriseries)7.7 Three main shocks reaching MMI of XII, the maximum onscale. Aftershocks continued to be felt for several yearsafter the initial tremor. Historical accounts and laterevidence indicate that the epicenter was close to the townof New Madrid, Missouri. This quake produced the largestliuuefactions fields in the world.19-102 | |||
...NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-32. Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages)I. | |||
* 0 -. 0*~OO. .S~4/24/1867 Eastern KansasNot listed Reports indicated that an earthquake occurred in easternKansas and was felt as far eastward as Chicago, Illinois.The earthquake may have been noticeable in Columbia.10/31 /1895 Charleston,Missouri6.6 Largest earthquake to occur in the central Mississippi Rivervalley since the 1811-1812 series. Structural damage andliquefaction phenomena were reported along a line fromBertrand, Missouri, in the west to Cairo, Illinois, to theeast. Sand blows were observed in an area southwest ofCharleston, Puxico, and Taylor, Missouri; Alton, and Cario,Illinois; Princeton, Indiana; and Paducah, Kentucky. Theearthquake caused extensive damage (including downedchimneys, cracked walls, shattered windows, and brokenplaster) to schools, churches, and private residences. Everybuilding in the commercial area of Charleston wasdamaged. Cairo, Illinois, and Memphis, Tennessee,suffered significant damage. Near Charleston, 1.6 ha(4 acres) of ground sank and a lake formed. The shock wasfelt over all or portions of 24 states and in Canada. Groundshaking was recorded along the Ohio River Valley.4/9/1917 St. Genevieve/ Not listedSt. Mary'sArea, MissouriA sharp disturbance at St. Genevieve and St. Mary' s,Missouri. According to the Daily Missourian, No. 187,dated April 9, 1917, the earthquake was not felt inColumbia. However, on the following day, several peoplereported feeling the shock and attributed it to an explosion.No damage was reported in Columbia. Reportedly felt overa 518,000 km2 (200,000 m12) area from Kansas to Ohio andWisconsin to Mississippi.8/19/1934 Rodney, Listed asMissouri strongAt nearby Charleston, windows were broken and chimneyscollapsed or were damaged. Similar effects were observedin Cairo, Mounds, and Mounds City, Illinois, and atWickliffe, Kentucky. The area of destructive intensityincluded more than 596 km2(230 mi2)19-1 03 | |||
.NWM:: I VIVINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-32. Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages)I. * .6 *!-- *i S. *@3/3/1963 Near Not listed MMI of III was recorded in Columbia. The approximatelyMenorkanut, distance from the epicenter to Columbia was 317 kmMi~niiri (197 miV11/9/1968 Wabash ValleySeismic Zone,southernIllinois5.4 Strongest magnitude in central U.S. since the 1895earthquake. Moderate damage to chimneys and walls atHermann, St. Charles, St. Louis, and Sikeston, Missouri.Shaking was felt. Areas include all or portions of 23 statesfrom Minnesota to Georgia and from Pennsylvania toKansas, and in multi-story buildings in Boston,Massachusetts and southernmost Ontario. Canada.2002 Wabash Valley 4.6 Moderate earthquake caused chimney damage and crackedSeismic Zone, windows in and near Evansville, Indiana. Shaking wasPosey County, reported in seven states, including Missouri.SW IndianaSources:USGS, 201 3c, "Three Centuries of Earthquakes Poster," pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-28 12/i-28 12.jpg,U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, accessed July 23, 2013.USGS, 2002, "Earthquakes in the Central United States 1699 -2002," pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2812/i-2812.jpg,U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, June 18, 2002.MU, 2006a, Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR) Safety Analysis Report, MU Project# 000763,University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, August 18, 2006.MMI = Modified Mercalli Intensity.In 2002, the USGS released the following projected hazards for Boone County, if an earthquake occurredalong the NMSZ in the following 50 years (USGS, 2003):S25 to 40 percent chance of a magnitude 6.0 and greater earthquake7 to 10 percent chance of a magnitude 7.5-8.0 earthquakeAccording to the USGS, Boone County is one of the 47 counties in Missouri that would be severelyimpacted by a 7.6 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter on or near the NMSZ.According to the Boone County Hazard Mitigation Plan for 2010 (MMRPC, 2010), the Missouri StateEmergency Management Agency has made projections of the highest earthquake intensities that would beexperienced throughout Missouri if various magnitude earthquakes occur along the NMSZ(Figure 19-33), as measured by the MMI scale.19-104 | |||
""+NWMI.'t , NOlThAE$ MIEDAL AISOTOIESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review+NA RPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site--State Boundaries-HighwaysCounty BoundariesCityMissouri Seismic Hazards MapModified Mercalli Intensity ScaleV -Rather StrongnVI -StrongSvii -Very StrongVIII -DestructiveIX -RuinousX -Disastrous0 20 40 80(C'moH.,w, 202Uq. r( tH: .t+tt 120160eMilesFigure 19-33. Hazard Mitigation Map19-1 05 | |||
* :.hpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe pertinent earthquake hazard information for Boone County is summarized in Table 19-33.Table 19-33. Projected Earthquake Hazards for Boone County6.7 25-40% VI, strong Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors, walkunsteadily. Windows, dishes, glassware broken; booksfall off shelves; some heavy furniture moved oroverturned; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damageslight.Mid-Missouri1Regiona PlanigCmmstrongtt oifMissulrtisad EmegencyMant agmetAgenc ry, orhbandlyMissouri, Julyadbe ousa 15,wals,2010.~anNMSZ = New Madrid Seeismicoa Zone.chmneyThe UGS Ntiona Seimic azardMapsdispak earthquakies g orond icns for toarios poabdigitylevls cros te US. nd re ppled n sismcpovisdions l;oof ebik 41fo buildings;ds nurnert stucues,groud shking fauts, eismcity andgeodsy.The resul etingmaps and damaged; from soimc sandandcurvs caculaed n a rid f sies crosgtheU. l ~that ecibeuk the irqun.yoxedigastoScource:g MMRCt010 Boone County Hazard Mitigation Planfo 2010 MMRPCorg),the-regobontie-countyiaMirissouri Rfegisona PanningthCommission, State ofZ rasnah Missouri EmrenyMaaeent Acyl bpashicland,ampiissouin July s 15, RPC2010.)NMSZ..1 Ntew ari Seismgic azone.Theoi uSGSf Natinal seismideceHzrapipaerhuk ground-saigmotiainlnsions, for viueartious preobailtrskecassessments, andsoither pubich policyake. UdThes svtoo these masicroaterd newpfndins on seaerthquakersgrncldin shaing faults sloeismicityon, anrgodesiy. tohe resultin mapshqare mantderived from syeisfcthazrparoposaed OPstheri weloithntchraowslarhuk hazardsrsntiaartevroneanwth pieak acceleratountyn potentalsn of2-(UsGsur 2008)lThi categor an indicates.a siae oiotlgon hkn ee ewe -n10t19-106 | |||
""NWMIISOTOPESChapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0Alv.i,........ihpe 19.0- Environmental Review19.3.3.12 Tectonic Uplift and SubsidenceFaulting due to compressive forces elevates rocks of the up-thrown side of the fault, while the down-thrown side of the fault undergoes tilting and subsidence. A regional example of this is the OzarkPlateau.19.3.3.13 Earthquake Ground-Shaking AmplificationEarthquakes generate seismic waves at a wide variety of frequencies, and certain frequencies may beamplified by site-specific soil conditions. Soils and soft sedimentary rocks near the surface can modifybedrock ground shaking caused by an earthquake. This modification can increase (or decrease) thestrength of shaking or change the frequency of the shaking. The nature of the modification is determinedby the thickness of the geologic materials and their physical properties (e.g., stiffness).Areas with thin sedimentary deposits experience less severe amplification than areas with thick deposits.In areas with thick sedimentary deposits, low frequency seismic energy is amplified, yielding slow,rolling-type shaking that can damage tall buildings, bridges, and overpasses. Areas with thin sand andgravel layers deposited on top of bedrock amplify high-frequency seismic waves that yield intense groundvibrations causing more damage to shorter buildings (USGS, 201 lb).Lateral spreading can occur during periods of extended seismic ground shaking. This is commonly seenin areas with saturated soils near bays or rivers. During the 1811-1812 New Madrid series ofearthquakes, lateral spreading produced extensive ground deformation along the banks of theMississippi River (USGS, 2009).19.3.3.14 Earthquake-Induced LandslidesEarthquake-induced landslides are secondary hazards that occur from ground shaking, primarily in areaswith steep slopes. Not all earthquake-induced landslides occur in the first few minutes following anearthquake, some can occur days later. A landslide occurs when the force that is pulling the slopedownward exceeds the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope.Large areas between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers are blanketed by Pleistocene loess and glacialdrift. Particularly susceptible to slumps and earth flows are loess along major river valleys and theirtributaries, clayey till on slopes underlain by shale, and some Pennsylvanian shale units in southwesternIowa, northwestern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma.The 1811-1812 earthquakes caused many types of ground failures, including landslides along theMississippi River bluffs from Mississippi to Kentucky (USGS, 2009).19.3.3.15 LiquefactionLiquefaction is a process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluidwhen exposed to strong seismic shaking. The shaking causes the grains to lose grain-to-grain contact, sothe sediment tends to flow. Liquefaction most likely occurs in loose sandy soil with a shallow water table(which is common for areas around floodplains or bays). Liquefaction often leads to overpressured fluidsthat can erupt to the surface, forming features known as sand blows. The 1811-1812 earthquakes causedground subsidence by soil liquefaction across the Mississippi River flood plain and along tributaries to theMississippi River over at least 15,000 square kilometers (kin2) (9,320.6 square miles [mi2]). Liquefactionalong the Mississippi River Valley during the 1811-1812 earthquakes created one of the world' s largestsand-blown fields. According to the USGS, recent sand blows dot the landscape surrounding NewMadrid, Missouri (USGS, 201 lb).19-1 07 ChptrM IMI203-2,oRv. QIUVV Chaper 9.0- Environmental Review19.3.3.16 Caves and SinkholesIn the U.S., the most damage in areas composed of karst terrain tend to occur in the states of Florida,Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. Karst, as defined by the USGS, "is aterrain with distinctive landforms and hydrology created from the dissolution of soluble rocks, principallylimestone and dolomite. Karst terrain is characterized by springs, caves, sinkholes, and a uniquehydrogeology that results in aquifers that are highly productive but extremely vulnerable tocontamination" (MMRPC, 2010).According to the MDNR, 59 percent of the state is underlain by thick, carbonate rock units that host awide variety of karst features (MDNR, 201 3c). The Missouri Speleological Survey reports that there arenow more than 6,000 known caves in Missouri (MSS, 2013). Of those recorded, the most famous is theDevil's Ice Box in Rock Bridge State Park. According to the Boone County Stormwater Program (BooneCounty, 2013a), there are 418 documented sinkholes with a depth of 6.1 m (20 ft) or greater within thecounty. All of these sinkholes are relatively stable but some do discharge into the cave system andgroundwater. About 290 of these sinkholes are located between U.S. Interstate 70 and Ashland, Missouri,in the southwestern corner of Boone County. The karst regions of the southwestern portion of the countymake the area a prime location for this hazard. Development on karst terrain can present certain hazardssuch as unstable soil foundation for structures, flooding, groundwater contamination, and public safetyhazards related to sinkhole collapses.Sinkholes, like landslides, are a form of ground movement that can happen suddenly and withoutwarning, causing major damage. Sinkholes are common where the bedrock below the land surface iscomposed of limestone, dolomite, or gypsum that can naturally be dissolved by circulating groundwater(USGS, 2007).While many sinkholes occur as circular, bowl-shaped depressions, others are not readily visible on thesurface because voids are plugged or capped with soil or thin layers of rock. The sinkholes begin withslow soil piping (erosion) over a long period. When the soil above the void can no longer support itself,the soil collapses to reveal a deep hole that connects to an underlying bedrock opening. These voids maybe discovered during excavation, by drilling or through geophysical exploration. Residential andcommercial development in a karst area can pose environmental and logistical problems. Aside fromstructurally impacting foundations of homes and other buildings, sinkholes often serve as direct conduitsfor rapid surface water infiltration into the underlying groundwater aquifer. Contaminants near or at thesurface can quickly enter the aquifer and pollute drinking water supplies. Increased stormwater runoffresulting from parking lots, highways, and household guttering often is diverted into sinkholes. Theincreased inflow of water not only can transport contaminants but also can lead to the accelerateddevelopment and growth of sinkholes (MDNR, 2013e).Sinkholes vary in size. They can be small and have little impact on people, or they can be catastrophicand destroy property, underground utilities, buildings, lagoons, and contaminate groundwater resources(USGS, 2007).During the geotechnical investigation conducted by Terracon in 2011, there was no evidence of shallowbedrock, karst features, and/or extensive pervious deposits of water-bearing sand observed in the soilcuttings from Boreholes B-i through B-9. In addition, Terracon reported that they did not observeevidence of subsidence or sinkholes within the Discovery Ridge project area (Terracon, 201 Ib).19-108 | |||
...i Chapter 1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GANO.,.,E." CEhapterSOT 1S9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.4 Water ResourcesThe ROI for the water resource is defined as the 8 km (5-mi) radius surrounding the RPF site. About66 percent of Missouri water resources are obtained from surface water bodies, and the remaining34 percent are obtained from groundwater wells. During a normal precipitation year, approximately45.4 trillion L (12 trillion gal) of water are supplied to Missouri by runoff from precipitation within thestate. Rainfall averages approximately 97 cm (38 in.) statewide, with approximately 25.4 cm (10 in.)becoming surface water runoff or groundwater recharge. The remaining 71 cm (28 in.) are returned to theatmosphere by evaporation or plant use.Surface water sources provide the bulk of water withdrawals statewide. In 1990, freshwater surface waterwithdrawals in Missouri were estimated at 1,866 ML/day (493 Mgal/day), compared to 700 ML/day(185 Mgal/day) from groundwater sources. The majority of these withdrawals came from surface waterintakes along major streams and rivers where streams have adequate low flows. The Missouri andMississippi Rivers supply municipal water to approximately one-third of the state population(DuCharme and Miller, 1996).More than 500,000 Missourians rely on other surface water sources, including human-made reservoirs,for their water needs. Although many of the state's larger reservoirs (e.g., Truman Reservoir, MarkTwain Lake) serve some water supply purposes, a substantial segment of the population uses muchsmaller lakes constructed specifically to meet local water needs. Sufficient water supplies from theselocations are readily available for local public water supply districts and municipalities. Approximately123 reservoirs are currently in use as public water supply sources in Missouri, and all but eight of thesereservoirs are located in northern and western Missouri (DuCharme and Miller, 1996).Missouri groundwater resources come primarily from two sources: bedrock aquifers and shalloweralluvial aquifers. Most public water supply facilities currently operating in Missouri rely, to some extent,on groundwater wells as a source of water supply. Most self-supplied residential, commercial, andindustrial water withdrawals are extracted via groundwater wells.19.3.4.1 Surface HydrologySurface waters in central and southern Boone County drain into the Missouri River through a number oftributaries, including Bonne Femme, Cedar, Little Cedar, Hinkson, Jemerson, and Perche Creeks(Figure 19-34). The other major drainage feature in the county is a system of karst topography west andsouth of Columbia. Numerous sinkholes, some filled with water, overlie a complex network of caves andsprings. Gans Creek, which drains Discovery Ridge and the proposed RPF site, is located within theBonne Femme Watershed.19.3.4.1.1 Bonne Femme WatershedThe Bonne Femme Watershed is comprised of two major sub-watersheds: the Bonne Femme and theLittle Bonne Femme. Topographical contours of the land define the Bonne Femme Watershed, whichencompasses approximately 241 km2 (93 mi2) (approximately 15 percent) of Boone County, including theproposed RPF site (BFSC, 2007). The RPF site is located within the northern portion of this watershed(Little Bonne Femme sub-watershed) and is approximately 0.4 km (1/4A-mi) north of Gans Creek (seeFigure 19-35).19-1 09 | |||
* ..NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewAcRPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF SiteInterstate HighwaysHighwaysCity Limits'%'-Streams*Lakes4-0 0.51 2 3 4Miles1.4.1.1 J.I. Ag.~ ma, hralru cA. pit mnLn..nc.1Figure 19-34. Streams of Southern Boone County, Missouri19-110 | |||
:"" NW MI5o5Th S m ,NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewA RPF Sitet3 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site""Interstate HighwaysHighways"r;' City LimitsSubwatershedNameBonne Femme CreekCallahan Creek-Perche CreekFowler Creek-Cedar CreekSLittle Bonne Femme Creek-Missouri RiverLittle Cedar CreekLower Hinkson CreekMiddle llinkson CreekMillers Creek-Cedar CreekRocky Fork Creek0 I.2 3 4MilesFigure 19-35. Map Showing Bonne Femme Watershed19-111 | |||
* :.;.:=;,.!Chapter 1I INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A* '*t IIV VI Chpe 9.0 -Environmental Review* ~T*h. Both the Bonne Femme and Little Bonne Femme creeks flow from east to west in a dendritic alignmentinto the Missouri River and are interconnected by the Devil's Icebox Cave Branch. Where Gans Creekmeets Clear Creek, the Little Bonne Femme begins and flows south toward the Mayban Branch. TheLittle Bonne Femme enters the Missouri River approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi) south of this confluence.To the south, the Bonne Femme meets with the Fox Hollow Branch and then flows into the MissouriRiver (BFSC, 2007).The most distinctive characteristic of the Bonne Femme Watershed is its karst topography. Within thekarst terrain, the hydrology becomes complex because of losing and gaining sections of streams. Roughestimates show approximately 33 stream segments composing approximately 37 km (23 mi) of losingstreams (143 km [89 mi] of gaining stream) within the watershed. There are two main recharge areas tiedto these losing and gaining sections of stream, including (1) Devil's Ice Box recharge zone (3,397 ha[8,394 acres] of drainage), and (2) Hunter's Cave recharge zone (3,330 ha [8,228 acres] of drainage)(BFSC, 2007).A mixture of land uses occurs within the Bonne Femme watershed. The predominant land use accountingfor 61.5 percent of the watershed is agricultural activities, including row crop productions, pasture, andrange lands. Forested areas make up nearly one-third of the watershed, mainly within the central andwestern portion of the watershed. These forested areas also encompass most of the publicly owned lands,including Rock Bridge Memorial State Park and Three Creeks Conservation Area (BFSC, 2007).19.3.4.1.2 Water Quality of Bonne Femme WatershedWater quality monitoring studies began in the Bonne Femme Watershed in 1999 and included two sites:Hunters and Devil's Icebox Spring Branches. In 2001, the monitoring program was expanded to includesix surface sub-watersheds (Clear Creek, Upper Bonne Femme Creek [at U.S. Highway 63], TurkeyCreek, Lower Bonne Femme Creek [at Nashville Church Road], Little Bonne Femme Creek, and FoxHollow Creek), and the two cave systems. In 2003, two additional sub-watersheds (Gans Creek and BassCreek) were included to the monitoring plan (BFSC, 2007).19.3.4.1.2.1 General Stream ParametersSamples were collected quarterly from the eight sites beginning with the third quarter of 2004. Sampleswere analyzed for general stream parameters, including temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolvedoxygen, and turbidity (BFSC, 2007). The results of the monitoring are listed in Table 19-34.Table 19-34. General Stream Water Properties by Site (2 pages)Clear Creek 13.1 55.6 7.88 525 11.84 111.2 3.6Devils Icebox 11.6 52.9 7.53 424 11.05 101.7 22.9CaveTurkey Creek 13.8 56.8 7.49 586 12.04 117.1 22.7Bass Creek 13.7 56.7 7.80 455 14.39 140.3 12.619-112 NW MICatr1 W I21-01 e.Q:'lvii." Cate 9.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-34. General Stream Water Properties by Site (2 pages)Lowter Bonne 12.8 55.0 7.47 408 11396 108.6 12.1Femme CreekAverage across 12.9 55.2 7.61 465 11.54 109.0 15.4the sitesSource: BFSC, 2007, Bonne Femme Watershed Plan, www.cavewatershed.org/plan.asp, Bonne FemmeStakeholder Committee, Boone County Planning and Building Department, Columbia, Missouri, February 2007.a This value is the minimum difference between sites to be considered statistically different.b NS -not significantly different across sites. Data are averaged over 10 quarters (third quarter 2004 tofourth quarter 2006).NTU = nephelometric turbidity units.The following excerpt from the 2007 Bonne Femme Watershed Plan provides greater detail regarding theresults of data analysis and general stream parameters for the sites listed in Table 19-34.The pH concentration in the Upper Bonne Femme Creek site was lower than all other sites.This result is likely due to the fact that the Upper Bonne Femme Creek sub-watershed isprimarily utilized for row crops (67% of the sub-watershed), and the lower pH may reflectthe impact of fertilizer usage. The Upper Bonne Femme Creek and Turkey Creekoccasionally had very high specific conductance levels exceeding 700 pS/cm. These resultsmay have been due to the use of salt on U.S. Highway 63 during the winter months. Eight often sites had average dissolved oxygen levels that were at or near 100% saturation. Thelowest observed dissolved oxygen levels occurred in the third quarter of each year when thestream water temperature was highest. The lowest dissolved oxygen level observed was5.11 mg/L (62.6% saturation); therefore, no site was under the state standard level of 5.0 mg/L.The high saturation levels observed at Turkey and Bass Creeks reflected the persistent nuisancealgal growth conditions at these sites. Turbidit~y measures the clarity of the water and, thus,both suspended sediment and algae can contribute to lower clarity and higher turbidity.Highest turbidity was observed under runoff conditions when the suspended sediment contentof the water is high. Turbidity levels were occasionally elevated under low flow conditions,suggesting that algal growth was negatively impacting water clarity, especially in the secondand third quarters of the year. (BFSC, 2007)Bacteria analyses -Two indicator groups of waterborne pathogens (fecal coliform and E. coli) weremonitored in the streams within the Bonne Femme Watershed. Both groups are considered indicatororganisms associated with improper waste management. Fecal coliforms represent a broad array ofbacterial species present in mammal feces, while E. coli is a single bacterial species that is also present inmammal feces. These indicator bacteria generally do not survive long in soils or water; thus, theirconsistent detection in water over time indicates one or more sources of continual input.19-113 Rev. 0A-'IUVV -lvChater19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe two sites with the highest fecal coliform concentrations, Turkey Creek and Fox Hollow, hadstatistically greater concentrations than the five sites with the lowest concentrations (Clear Creek,Gans Creek, Bass Creek, Hunters Cave, and Lower Bonne Femme Creek). Table 19-35 lists the averageconcentrations.Table 19-35. Average Fecal Coliform and E. coli ConcentrationsClear Creek 1.72 1.54Devils Icebox Spring Branch 2.30 2.06Turkey Creek 2.46 2.38Bass Creek 2.00 1.84Little Bonne Femme Creek 2.14 1.94Average across the sites 2.13 1.95Source: BFSC, 2007, Bonne Femme Watershed Plan, www.cavewatershed.org/plan.asp, Bonne FemmeStakeholder Committee, Boone County Planning and Building Department, Columbia, Missouri, February 2007.aStatistical analysis was performed on log transformed data.b This value is the minimum difference between sites to be considered statistically different.According to the 2007 Bonne Femme Watershed Plan:The three sub-watersheds with the highest levels of bacterial contamination (Turkey Creek,Fox Hollow, and Devil's Icebox Spring Branch) have consistently greater inputs of fecalbacteria compared to the other sites. Although these data do not indicate the source of thefecal bacteria, there are three likely sources in the Bonne Femme watershed -onsite sewers,livestock, and wildlife. (BFSC, 2007)Specific water-borne pathogens -In the third quarter of 2005, the USDA Agricultural Research Serviceconducted additional analyses of three specific water-borne pathogens: E. coli 0157:H7, salmonella, andshigella. These three organisms are known human pathogens capable of causing food-bornegastrointestinal illnesses, but they are also associated with feces and, therefore, may contaminate streamsand lakes, causing disease through oral contact or ingestion of contaminated water. Like fecal coliformsand generic E. coli, these disease-causing bacteria can enter surface waters through sewage overflows,polluted stormwater runoff, and polluted agricultural runoff.Each of the three pathogens was detected at most of the ten sites monitored, and at least onepathogen was detected at every site. Shigella was detected at eight of ten sites, but generallyat lower frequency than Salmonella or E. coli 0157:H7.19-114 NWMIRev. OADVI..I Cate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewSalmonella was the most commonly detected pathogen at four of the ten sites, with 33% of thesamples collected from Turkey and Little Bonne Femme Creeks testing positive forSalmonella. E. coli 0157:H7 was the most commonly detected of the pathogens, with at leastone detection at every site. Five of the ten sites had multiple detections of E. coli 0157:H7.Three sites (Gans Creek, Turkey Creek, and Lower Bonne Femme Creek) had E. coli0157:H7 detected in 33% of their samples, and Fox Hollow had E. coli 0157:H7 detected in58% of the samples.These data do not definitively indicate source, but they do point to cattle as a probable sourceof E. coli 0157:H7 at those sites with frequent detections. Of the common carriers of E. coli0157:H7 (cattle, swine, and deer), swine can be eliminated as there are no sizable swineoperations within the Bonne Femme watershed. Deer are likely responsible for thewidespread nature of the detections, explaining the presence of E. coli 0157:H7 at sites withotherwise low fecal contamination, such as Clear Creek and Hunters Cave. Although dataon specific numbers of cattle by sub-watershed cannot be reliably compiled, there are majorcattle operations in the four watersheds with the highest detection frequency of E. coli0157:H7. Furthermore, the Fox Hollow sampling site is immediately downstream from alarge cattle grazing operation. (BFSC, 2007)19.3.4.1.3 Impaired WatersThe USGS and the MDNR ambient water quality monitoring network collect water quality data each yearpertaining to Missouri water resources. These data are stored and maintained in the USGS NationalWater Information System database. The MDNR is responsible for the implementation of the FederalCWA in Missouri. Section 305(b) of the CWA requires that each State develop a water qualitymonitoring program and periodically report the status of its water quality. Water quality status isdescribed in terms of the suitability of the water for various uses, including drinking, fishing, swimming,and support of aquatic life. These uses formally are defined as "designated uses" in Federal and Stateregulations. Section 303(d) of the CWA requires that certain waters that do not meet applicable waterquality standards must be identified and total maximum daily loads (TMDL) must be determined for thesewaters. TMDLs establish the maximum amount of an impairing substance that a water body canassimilate and still meet the water quality standards. A TMDL addresses a single pollutant for each waterbody (Barr, 2012).Impaired waters within close proximity to the proposed RPF site are discussed in greater detail in thefollowing sections.19.3.4.1.3.1 Gans CreekIn accordance with Section 303(d) of the CWA, MDNR identified Gans Creek (Water Body ID No. 1004)as an impaired water body in 2012 (Figure 19-36).19-115 | |||
~i:.~NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review~'--Section 303d Impaired StreamsA RPF Site(J 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF SiteInterstate Highways-HighwaysCity Limits2 3 4'A-StreamsSection 303d Impaired LakesLakes0 0.5 1, MilesFigure 19-36. Impaired Streams Map19-116 | |||
.. NW Chpter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A'lvii Cate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewGans Creek is listed as impaired by bacteria on the Missouri 2012 303(d) list of impaired waters, whichwas approved in whole by the EPA on November 13, 2012 (EPA, 2012). Gans Creek is designated forthe whole body contact recreation (Category A use). 10 CSR 20-7.031l, "Water Quality Standards," statethat for waters designated for whole body contact recreation (Category A), the E. coli bacteria count,measured as a geometric mean, shall not exceed 126 colonies per 100 milliliters (mL) (3.4 ounces [oz]) ofwater during the recreational season (defined as being from April 1 to October 31).DNR judges a stream to be impaired by bacteria if the water quality criterion for E. coli isexceeded in any of the last three years for which there is adequate data (minimum of fivesamples taken during the recreational season). High counts of E. coli are an indication offecal contamination and an increased risk of pathogen-induced illness to humans. E. coli arebacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals and are used as indicators of therisk of waterborne disease from pathogenic (disease causing) bacteria or viruses. Missouri'swhole body contact bacteria criteria are based on specific levels of risk of acutegastrointestinal illness. The level of risk correlating to the Category A criterion is no morethan 8 illnesses per 1,000 swimmers in fresh water (0.8 percent). Sufficient recreationalseason E. coli data to assess the Gans Creek was collected in 2008 and 2009. The geometricmeans of the data exceeded the whole body contact Category A criterion in both years. Forthis reason, Gans Creek has been assessed as impaired by E. coli. (MDNR, 2013f)The TMDL information for Gans Creek includes a segment stream length of 8.9 km (5.5 mi) and anaffected watershed size of 39 km2 (15 mi2). The four designated beneficial uses of Little Bonne FemmeCreek include:* Livestock and wildlife watering* Protection of warm water aquatic life* Protection of human health (fish consumption)* Whole body contact recreation -Category ACategory A whole body contact recreation is the only impaired designated beneficial use.1 9.3.4.1.3 .2 Little Bonne Femme CreekIn accordance Section 303(d) of the CWA, MDNR identified the Little Bonne Femme Creek (Water BodyID No. 1003) as an impaired water body in 2012.Little Bonne Femme Creek is also listed as impaired by bacteria on Missouri 2012 303(d) list of impairedwaters. Little Bonne Femme Creek is designated for the whole body contact recreation Category B use.Missouri's Water Quality Standards in 10 CSR 20-7.031 (4)(C) state that for waters designated for wholebody contact recreation Category B, the E. coli bacteria count, measured as a geometric mean, shall notexceed 206 colonies per 100 mL (3.4 oz) of water during the recreational season.Missouri's whole body contact bacteria criteria are based on specific levels of risk of acutegastrointestinal illness. The level of risk correlating to the Category B criterion is no morethan 10 illnesses per 1,000 swimmers in fresh water (1 percent). Sufficient recreational seasonE. coli data to assess the Little Bonne Femme Creek was collected in 2008 and 2009. Thegeometric means of the data exceeded the whole body contact Category B criterion in bothyears. For this reason, Little Bonne Femme Creek has been assessed as impaired by E. coli.(MDNR, 2013g)The TMDL information for Little Bonne Femme Creek includes a segment stream length of 14.5 km(9 mi) and an affected watershed size of 102 km2 (39.2 mi2). The four designated beneficial uses of LittleBonne Femme Creek include:* Livestock and wildlife watering* Protection of warm water aquatic life19-117 | |||
:'~I YVI hpe NWMI-21-2,Rev.A.N°-:t.)E Chapter 1OPES9.0 -Environmental Review* Protection of human health (fish consumption)* Whole body contact recreation -Category BCategory B whole body contact recreation is the only impaired designated beneficial use.19.3.4.1.3.3 Perry Phillips LakePerry Phillips Lake, located approximately 1.2 km (3/4A-mi) west of the proposed RPF site, was first listedas an impaired water body in 2010. This lake was originally given the State-listed water identificationnumber MO 1003U-01. In 2012, that number was changed to MO 7628. The TMDLs are to beestablished by Missouri in 2015. Information available for this impaired water body is as follows(MDNR, 2013h):State Listed Water ID Nos. MO 7628 and MO 1003U-01Location: Boone CountyHydrologic Unit Code 8, No. 10300102State Water Body Type: Lakes, reservoirs, and pondsImpaired Segment Size (mi/acres): 32Classified Segment Size (mi/acres): 32Cause of Impairment: Mercury in fish tissueImpaired Uses: GEN19.3.4.2 Groundwater ResourcesLess than one-half of the Missouri population obtains its water supply from groundwater resources.Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in the Ozarks and the Southeast Lowlands for bothpublic and private supplies. The cities of St. Joseph, Independence, Columbia, and St. Charles usegroundwater from the alluvial aquifer of the Missouri River. In the plains region of the state, many smallcommunities are able to obtain adequate water from shallow alluvial wells near rivers or large creeks.Many individual households still rely on the shallow upland aquifer even though it yields only very smallamounts of water (MDNR, 201 2b).Groundwater is the source of 74 percent of all rural domestic self-supplied water, 75 percent of allirrigation water, and 39 percent of all industrial self-supplied water, excluding water for thermoelectricpower generation. The groundwater is generally suitable for most uses, except where it is saline. Medianconcentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, nitrate, fluoride, and sulfate are less than theprimary and secondary national drinking water regulations established by the EPA; however, localizedcontamination from manufactured organic compounds has been recognized in four of the six principalaquifers in Missouri, including both shallow and deep aquifers (USGS, 1986).The six principal aquifers in Missouri include:* Major river valleys* Alluvial (in southeastern Missouri)* Wilcox and Claiborne* McNairy* Ozark* Mississippian aquifer (Kimmswick-Potosi)The groundwater aquifer beneath the proposed RPF site is the Mississippian aquifer (also referred to asthe Kimmswick-Potosi aquifer). Figure 19-37 is a map of the aquifer.19-118 | |||
*:';.: NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review-- Static Water LevelA RPF Sitec~8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site-""Interstate Highwayso 0.5 1234, , ,Milesi~HighwaysCity LimitsFigure 19-37. Aquifer Map19-119 ISOTPESChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe Mississippian aquifer is the principal aquifer supplying groundwater to Boone County. Inaccordance with drillers reports generated from 1987 to 2005, the estimated static water level in the areanear the proposed RPF site was approximately 198.1 m (650 ft) below ground surface (MDNR, 2006).19.3 .4.2.1 Mississippian AquiferThe Mississippian aquifer consists of consolidated dolomite, limestone, and some sandstone beds that aregenerally confined. The Keokuk limestone and Burlington limestone are the principal water-yieldingformations within this aquifer. Both formations consist of crystalline limestone and yield water primarilyfrom solution cavities. In most places, the aquifer is overlain by a confining unit of Pennsylvanian shaleand sandstone and glacial till. The aquifer is typically underlain by a confining unit of Mississippianshale. Recharge occurs primarily from precipitation infiltrating overlying aquifers. The top of thisaquifer is approximately 548.6 m (1,800 ft) below ground surface and is a primary source of water inseven counties north of the Missouri River (Miller and Appel, 1997).19.3 .4.2 .2 Water Quality of the Mississippian AquiferThe quality of water obtained from wells drilled into the Mississippian aquifer varies considerably acrossMissouri due to the aquifer containing both freshwater and slightly saline to very saline water. Totaldissolved solids concentrations of water from the aquifer generally are greatest where the aquifer isoverlain by a thick confining unit and least where it is unconfined or overlain by a thin or semi-confiningunit. Very saline water is thought to have entered the Mississippian aquifer either by upward leakagefrom the underlying Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer or by the discharge of eastward-moving saline waterfrom the upper aquifer unit of the Western Interior Plains aquifer system (Miller and Appel, 1997).In a study conducted by the USGS in 1985, the Mississippian aquifer was determined to have lowpermeability with a median TDS concentration of approximately 500 milligram per liter (mg/L)(0.06 oz/gal). The maximum TDS concentration measured in this study was approximately 4,700 mg/L(0.572 oz/gal) to the north, where water becomes saline. The median concentration of fluoride was1.0 mgfL (0.00012 oz./gal) and the median concentration of sulfate was 56.0 mg/L (0.0068 oz/gal). Thesewere the largest median values of all of the six principal aquifers in Missouri (Miller and Appel, 1997).According to the study, the Mississippian aquifer is intensively used for public water supply andirrigation; however, since the early 1900s, water quality in this aquifer has not changed appreciably(Miller and Appel, 1997).A more recent assessment was conducted by the MDNR in 2002 (MDNR, 2002), which determined thatthe aquifers in Missouri consisting of Mississippian age limestone and Ordovician and Cambrian agedolomites and sandstones can yield 56.8-1,892.7 L/minute (mmn) (15-500 gal/min) of water. Yieldslocally exceed 3,785.4 L/min (1,000 gal/min) in some areas, including in Springfield, Columbia, andRolla.19.3.4.3 Preexisting Environmental ConditionsThe RADIL facility at Discovery Ridge is a regulated State hazardous waste facility (SHWF) locatedapproximately 0.16 km (0.1 mi) northwest of the proposed RPF site. A second SHWF, ABC Laboratories,is located approximately 0.54 km (0.33 mi) west of the proposed RPF site. These facilities are discussedin greater detail in the following sections and in Section 19.2.2.5. Based on a regulatory review and siteassessments conducted by others, these SHWFs do not appear to represent environmental concerns to theproposed RPF site.19-120 MEDC..ISOOPE Chpte.1NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A,lvi-i " hate 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.4.3.1 2011 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Discovery Ridge, Lot 2 and Lots 5through 18A Phase I environmental site assessment included interviews with the MU Genetics Farm Manager and aUSDA site employee to determine the historical uses of the Discovery Ridge area. The interviewsrevealed that minor amounts of herbicides and fertilizers are currently used on the MU Genetics Farmproperty (Lots 16, 17, and 18 of Discovery Ridge) (Terracon, 201 la).The review identified one MDNR State-regulated RCRA large-quantity generator facility, ABCLaboratories (Lot 1 of Discover Ridge). However, this facility was not found to be a recognizedenvironmental concern due to its regulatory status and duration of operation (built in 2007) (Terracon,201 Ia). Additional information is listed in Table 19-36 and Sections 19.3.8.2 and 19.3.8.3.Table 19-36. State-Regulated FacilityAnalytical Bio Chemistry Laboratories RCRA- Approximately 0.54 km No4780 Lenoir Street LQG (0.33-mi) west(Lot 1 of the Discovery Ridge Research Park)LQG = large-quantity generator. RPF = radioisotope production facility.RCRA = Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.Other observations noted during the Phase I environmental site assessment that could pose preexistingenvironmental conditions included the following (Terracon, 2011 la):*Three pad-mounted transformers were observed on the southwestern portion of Lot 15 (proposedRPF site), one pad-mounted transformer was located on the southeastern portion of Lot 17, andthree inactive pole-mounted transformers were observed on the northern portion of Lot 17.However, there were no signs or staining that would be evidence of possible polychiorinatedbiphenyl (PCB) release.*Approximately 0.4 ha (1 acre) of fill dirt was observed on the northern portion of Lot 9. Per theMU South Farms Field Office, fill material had been placed onsite over the past two years andoriginated from the future location of the Missouri Conservation Facility located south of GansRoad, approximately 2.4 km (1.5 mi) south of the ROI.*An intermittent stream was observed on Lots 9, 10, and 11 of the Discovery Ridge ROI,traversing the site in a north-to-south orientation. No evidence of chemical sheens was observedon the surface of the pools of water, and no noxious odors were observed emanating from withinthe intermittent stream at the site during site reconnaissance.19.3 .4.3 .2 2011 Preliminary Geotechnical Engineering Investigation of Discovery RidgeLot 2 and Lots 5 through 18A 2011 preliminary geotechnical engineering investigation report stated the following (Terracon, 201 lb):*Fill soils were encountered in borings B-3 and B-4 at depths ranging from 0.9-3.7 m (3-12 ft)below ground surface. Boring B-3 was drilled on the central portion of Lot 2, and Boring B-4was drilled on the central portion of Lot 8. The engineered fill material was placed as part of amass grading project in 2008; that placement was observed and the soil density and moisturecontent tested during placement.19-121 ChptrWWMI03-2, Rv. OI:V Chapter19.0 -Environmental Review*Based on a USGS map and aerial photographs, a pond may have been located in the vicinity ofLot 16, and the existing pond located north of the RADIL facility previously extended west ontoa portion of Lot 2.*The near-surface soils have shrink/swell potential and are prone to volume change with variationsin moisture content.*The 2006/2009 International Building Code seismic site classification for the ROI is C. ForClass C soils, the 2006/2009 code requires that a site soil profile determination extending to adepth of 30.5 m (100 ft) be conducted.* The MMI scale for seismic events for Boone County, Missouri, is VII.* Groundwater was observed in Boring B-5 (located midway between Lots 14 and 15) and inBoring B-6 (located on Lot 10) at depths ranging from approximately 3.7-5.6 m (12-1 8.5 ft)below ground surface.19.3.4.3.3 2006 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Discovery Ridge East of LenoirStreet and South of Sugar Grove LaneAccording to the Phase I environmental site assessment (Terracon, 2006), the MU South Farms facilitywas identified as an SHWF. An interview with Mr. John Poehlmann, Director of the MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station and MU South Farms Superintendent, identified the historical uses of thefacility. These uses include agricultural research of maize genetics crop research, swine nutrition, beefcattle management and grazing, agricultural equipment development, and cropping for grain silage anduptake of nutrients from lagoon application. According to Mr. Poehlmann, the nine buildings on theproperty within the ROI were built between 1970 and 2002, and there are pits for the collection of animalwaste beneath one building that housed sheep and swine. The wastes were surface and injection appliedas plant nutrients. The on-site lagoon operated under MDNR permit MO-GO010024.19.3.4.4 Historical and Current Hydrological DataThere is no historical or current hydrological data for the proposed RPF site.19.3.4.5 Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Water UseWater use by the proposed RPF is described in Section 19.2.4.1 and would be supplied from theColumbia, Missouri, standard municipal water system.19.3.4.6 Water Rights and ResourcesMissouri water resources, including surface water and groundwater supplies, are applied to a variety ofuses. Large consumptive water uses included thermal electrical generation, municipal, industrial, andagricultural uses. Nonconsumptive water uses include recreation, commercial navigation, hydroelectricpower generation, and mining operations.Missouri is called a riparian water law state, meaning that each individual landowner is entitled to makeuse of the water found on or beneath his/her property. The laws that address riparian rights are restrictivein that the landowner cannot make unlimited or unrestricted use of that water in any way he or shechooses. "Riparian lands," as defined by the courts, include all lands above underground waters andbeside surface waters (MDNR, 2000).19-122 Si;:NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.4.7 Quantitative Description of Water Use19.3.4.7.1 Drinking Water SupplyThe potable water supply to Discovery Ridge is provided by Public Water District No. 1. Additionaldetail on the water supply system is provided in Section 19.3.7.1.9.3.19.3.4.7.1.1 Wastewater Treatment SystemsTwo main wastewater collection providers service the metro area: the Columbia sewer utility and theBoone County Regional Sewer District. Several private, on-site wastewater treatment systems also servethe metro area. These systems require permits from and are inspected by the MDNR.The ultimate wastewater service area is 311 km2 (190 m12) and includes three major watersheds: thePerche, Hinkson, and Little Bonne Femme. In 2010, the actual connected population was approximately100,000; this figure is projected to reach 160,000 users by 2030. Approximately 45.4-56.7 ML/day(12-15 Mgal/day) of wastewater are currently generated; this is estimated to increase to 106 ML/day(28 Mgal/day) by 2030 (City of Columbia, 2013a).A large number of older homes are connected to private common collector sewers. These systems areshared by two or more residences; many are poorly designed and prone to backing up (Columbia SourceWater Protection Task Force, 2013).19.3.4.7.1.2 Stormwater ManagementIn 2012, Columbia maintained over 304,800 m (1 million linear feet) of storm sewers. With its clientbase surpassing 100,000 residents, a change in the type of NPDES storm sewer permit, granted by theEPA, was required. The city transitioned from a Phase II permit to a Phase I permit, an effort thatincluded specific measures to address the minimization of pollution in city storm sewers and other areas(City of Columbia, 2013a).19.3.4.7.2 Nonconsumptive Water UseThe MDNR reported that in 2000, the total waterusage for Boone County totaled approximately26,876 ML (7,100 Mgal) (MDNR, 2003). Waterusage categories are listed in Table 19-37.19.3.4. 7.3 Water ImpoundmentsThe MDNR regulates all non-Federal,nonagricultural dams that are at least 10.6 m (35 ft)in height. Currently, there are 590 dams regulatedin Missouri. The MDNR inspects each regulateddam at least once every 5 years to determine if thedams pose a safety threat to the public.Table 19-37.Water Use in Boone County, 2000L'AIWL*FL~~iI'FIFLS1L'DomesticElectricMunicipal379-1,5140-75,70811,356-37,854100-4000-20,0003,000-10,000156Source: MDNR, 2003, Major Water Use inMissouri: 1996-2000, Water Resources Report No. 72,Missouri Department of Natural Resources, GeologicalSurvey and Resource Assessment Division, JeffersonCity, Missouri, 2003.19-1 23 ChaperI1NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0A: ; Chpter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewAs of March 9, 2007, the MDNR listed a total of 127 dams within Boone County (MDNR, 2007). Ofthese 127, a total of 17 dams are regulated by the MDNR. Two dams are located within 1.6 km (1 mi) ofthe proposed RPF site. The MU Ri Dam is located approximately 152.4 m (500 ft) northwest of theproposed RPJF site. This dam is not a regulated water body. The Bristol Lake Dam is locatedapproximately 0.8 kmn (0.5 mi) west-southwest of the proposed site and is listed as regulated. Additionalinformation on each of these water bodies is provided in Table 19-38.Table 19-38. Missouri Dam Report, by CountyBristol MO10019 $32 T48N 1965 14 m 300 m 146 ha 13.4 ha 2 R-223Lake Dam R12W (46 ft) (985 ft) (360 acres) (33 acres)ii i s{zi R W(1 ft) (140 a;ri) (1 .....Source: MDNR, 2007, "Missouri Dam Report by County," www.dnr.mo.govlenvlwrc/damsft/CrystalReportsldamsfty~state~nid.pdf, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri, March 9, 2007.NA = not applicable.19.3 .4.7.4 Major Water UsersIn Missouri, a major water user is defined by the MDNR as any surface or groundwater user with a watersource and the equipment necessary to withdraw or divert 378,541 L/day (100,000 gal/day) or more fromany stream, river, lake, well, spring, or other water source. All major water users are required by law toregister water use annually. In Boone County, there are a total of 19 major water users registered with theMDNR. The registration of major water users in Missouri helps the MDNR with the following:* Providing information required for technical assessment of current and future requirements forthe regulation of water° Gaining foresight on water supplies* Applying conservation measures during periods of limited or diminishing supplies of water° Determining where to locate stream and reservoir gauges and the groundwater levelobservation wells19.3.4.8 Contaminant SourcesThe most likely contaminant sources that may be affecting groundwater and/or surface water resourceswithin the Columbia area include unregulated discharges from commercial and industrial processes, landdevelopment, pesticides from agricultural land-use practices, stormwater runoff, sediment erosion, andwastewater discharges. Other contaminant sources may include solid waste landfills and surface orunderground mining operations.Development within a watershed can contribute to water quality problems. Loads of sediment, petroleumhydrocarbons, metals, nutrients, and other pollutants are also higher in developed areas. This furtherdecreases the natural habitat value of the streams and riparian areas.Pollutants are carried by stormwater from upland areas into receiving waters. Land use not onlyinfluences the quantity of stormwater runoff, but also the quality of the runoff. Areas of highimperviousness (e.g., industrial areas, streets) can have some of the highest pollutant loads, while openspaces have the lowest.19-124 I;:.NW MI Catr1N k2i01,Rev.A19.3.4.8.1 Columbia Source Water Protection Task Force Contaminant Inventory for 2012The Columbia Source Water Protection Task Force completed a contaminant inventory for Columbia in2012. The contaminant inventory was conducted to identify contaminant materials and develop a line ofdefense to protect the city's deep bedrock wells and the McBaine Bottoms Well Field.Contaminant inventories reviewed included fuel and oils, pesticides, nutrients, synthetic organicchemicals, volatile organic compounds (VOC), animal waste, and/or raw sewage. Other potentialcontaminant sources can include gas stations or retailers that may stock chemicals such as pesticides, oil,gasoline, and cleaners.The Columbia Source Water Protection Task Force (2013) did not identify any potential threats to the olddeep bedrock wells; however, seven potential threats to the McBaine Bottoms wells were identified:1. Malicious tampering with individual source water (or nearby monitoring wells)2. Use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers3. Seepage from Columbia wastewater treatment wetlands4. Groundwater migration from under the Eagle Bluffs conservation wetlands5. Infiltration from the Missouri River6. Future activities in the McBaine bottoms area7. Petroleum pipelines through the well field19.3 .4.8.2 MDNR Surface Water Assessment for the State of MissouriAccording to the 2012 Missouri Water Quality Report (MDNR, 2012b), there are 39,318 km (24,431 mi)of classified streams, approximately 48,280 km (30,000 mi) of unclassified streams, and a total of122,566 ha (302,867 acres) of classified lakes in Missouri. Classified streams are defined as permanentlyflowing streams or streams that maintain permanent pools during dry weather. Unclassified streams aredefined as streams that are without water during dry weather. All classified waters of Missouri, includingsignificant public lakes, are classified for protection of aquatic life, livestock and wildlife watering, andfish consumption by humans. The water quality standards for these uses set the maximum allowableconcentrations for 117 chemicals in these waters. A subset of these waters classified for drinking watersupply and groundwater has maximum allowable concentrations for an additional 79 chemicals in thestandards. Waters protected for whole body contact recreation (e.g., swimming, water skiing) also have amaximum allowable bacteria standard (MDNR, 2012b).19.3.4.8.3 Major Surface Water Pollution Sources in Missouri's Classified WatersThe major surface water pollution sources and major contaminants in Missouri classified waters are listedin Table 19-39 and Table 19-40.19-125 N.%,1WM IWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-39. Major Surface Water Pollution Sources in Missouri Classified Waters*~ -g * ** -ea C S.S * -SUnknownGrazing activitiesUrban runoff andconstruction3,229.089.81,660.52,006.455.81,031.88%4%70419,8521,74049,0551%16%Mining 871.5 541.5 2%Other mining 41.5 25.8aactivitiesHydromodification 170.4 105.9Flow regulationl 46.7 29.0modificationa100 246a i=......i ===',,,i=i,= Industrial point 67.3 41.8sourcesNatural sources3.7 2.3Source: Table 3, p. 7, of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305[b] Report), MissouriDepartment of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Less than 1%.19-126 | |||
:.,....NWMI..NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-40. Major Contaminants in Missouri Classified WatersBacteria 4,7I39.5 2,94:5.U 12%7 ---Mercury 401.4 249.4 1% 9,939 24,560 8%Lea4 ii~~~iiCadmiumNickelArsenicUnknown203.9 126.71%1%17.29.21.410.5.7a716.6445.32%ChlorideSediment depositionSulfatePesticidesChlorophyllPhosphorus105.9 65.858.132.218.236.120.011.3aAaa3.6920,13624549,75785416%16%Source: Table 4, pp. 7-8 of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305[b] Report), MissouriDepartment of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Less than 1%.19.3.4.8.4 Water Quality of Missouri Surface WaterThe MDNR rates the quality of Missouri surface water by its conformance with the Missouri WaterQuality Standards (10 CSR Division 20). The standards were first implemented in 1970 and are revisedat least every three years. Table 19-41 lists the various uses of Missouri surface waters and the portionsof the state waters that are protected for each use.19-127 | |||
~NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-41. Missouri Waters Protected for Various UsesProtection of aquatic life andfish consumptionaCool-.water fisheryLivestock and wildlife watering39,318 24,431 100 12,2563 30,2867 1005,241 3,257 13 0 0 039,318 24,431 100 12,2563 302,867 10014,279 8,872 36 103,840 256,601 852.558 1.590 7 2.816 6.9592Secondary contact recreationIndustrialAntidegradation: Outstanding 327 c204State Resource WatersSource: Table 4, p. 15 of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 3051[b] Report), MissouriDepartment of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Smallmouth bass, rock bass.b Trout.Outstanding State Resource Waters also include 109 ha (270 acres) of marsh wetlands in three locations.19.3 .4.8.5 Missouri Department of Natural Resources Groundwater AssessmentLess than one-half of Missourians rely on groundwater as the source of their drinking water.Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in the Ozarks and the Southeast Lowlands for bothpublic and private supplies. In the Ozarks, groundwater yields are usually large and of excellent quality.Many municipalities pump groundwater directly into the water supplies without treatment. Due to largeamounts of rainfall and surface water runoff funneling through the geologic formations of the Ozarks,groundwater can be more easily contaminated. This is due to surface water flows directly enteringgroundwater through cracks, fractures, or solution cavities in the bedrock, with little or no filtration.Contaminants from leaking septic tanks, storage tanks, or surface waters affected by domestic wastewater,animal feedlots, and other pollution sources can move directly into groundwater through these cavities inthe bedrock (MDNR, 201 2b).Groundwater is of good quality in the southeast lowlands. Contaminants are filtered by thick deposits ofsand, silt, and clay as they move through the groundwater system. While shallow groundwater wells aresubject to the same problems as seen in the Ozarks, with elevated levels of nitrate or bacteria, deep wellsare generally unaffected by contaminants. Shallow groundwater in northern and western Missouri tendsto be more mineralized and to have taste and odor problems due to high levels of iron and manganese.Like shallow wells in the southeast lowlands, wells in this part of Missouri can be affected by nitrates,bacteria, or pesticides. In urban areas, alluvial aquifers of large rivers such as the Missouri River haveoccasionally been locally contaminated by spills or improper disposal of industrial or commercialchemicals (MDNR, 2012b).19-128 | |||
'*NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe major sources and contaminants of groundwater in Missouri are listed in Table 19-42. Table 19-43summarizes the MDNR groundwater contamination summary for Missouri.Table 19-42. Major Sources of Groundwater Contamination in MissouriAgricultural chemical facilitiesAnimal feedlotsDrainage wellsFertilizer applicationsIrrigation practicesPesticide applicationsLand applicationMaterial stockpilesAboveground storage tanksUnderground storage tanksSurface impoundmentsWaste pilesWaste tailingsDeep injection wellsLandfillsSeptic systemsShallow injection wellsHazardous waste generatorsHazardous waste sitesIndustrial facilitiesMaterial transfer operationsMining and mine drainagePipelines and sewer linesSalt storage and road saltingSalt water intrusionSpillsXA, C,D, ENitrateOrganic pesticidesX A,B,C, D,EX A,D,ENitrate, pathogens (bacteria, protozoa,viruses)Petroleum compoundsXA, B,C,D, Euiv itieXA,D, ENitrate, pathogens (bacteria, protozoa,viruses)XXXXXA, B,C, DOrganic pesticides, halogenated solvents,metals, radionuclidesA, B, C,E Nitrate, ammonia, pentachlorophenol,dioxinA,EFCA, B,C, EMetalsSalinity/brineOrganic pesticides, petroleum compounds,halogenated solvents, ammoniaTransportation of materials ......-Urban runoff ......-Source: Tables 10 and 11, p. 28-29 of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305[b] Report),Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Not in priority order.A = Human health or environmental toxicity risk. D = Number and/or size of contaminantB = Size of population at risk, sources.C = Location of sources relative to drinking water sources. E = Hydrogeologic sensitivity.19-129 NWINWMI-201 3-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-43. Missouri Department of Natural ResourcesMissouri Groundwater Contamination SummaryNPL25 25 251DoD/DOE 305 37 33 1,2,3,4 50 213 23118 45RCRACorrectiveAction=i ii i !iiii ii!i !! iiii I !iiiliii iiii iii iii!ii: iiiii ii iii ilii !!ii i ii£ili !i£= iilii i ! ! =Iii!i!ii i! :i i i!iii !Iii i i" !ii== 11!ii ii iiiiiiii, i i!i!ii ,:,=: ,== ==,=I = =]4 = -;=== ,= .......... =i!i iiiiii! ii!iS ! Ii i= ilii !i iiii i ii:'= ....... .! = =: .... ....!ii:£! !i!ilGII ilG iil iiii iI:= iii i!{ii iiii !!i89 89 55 1,2,3,4 49 39 27 26 16State sites 856 856 387 1, 2, 3, 4 847 575 57549 575Other- --- ---(specify)Source: Table 11, p. 30 of MDNR, 201 2b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305(b) Report), Missouri Department ofNatural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Contaminants: I = VOAs, SVOAs, solvents, PCBs, dioxin, PA~s, herbicides, pesticides, metals, explosives.2 = VOAs, PCBs, pesticides, dioxin, metals, radionuclides, semivolatile organic compounds, etc.3 = BTEX, TPH, methyl-t-butyl ether, PAHs, metals, SVOA.4 = Creosote, pentachlorophenol, organic solvents, chlorinated solvents, petroleum, and asbestos.b Includes sites where chemicals were injected into groundwater as part of approved remediation plan.BTEX = benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes.CERCLIS = Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability InformationSystem.DoD = U.S. Department of Defense.DOE = U.S. Department of Energy.LUST = leaking underground storage tank.NPLPAHPCBRCRASVOATPHVOA= National Priority List.= polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.= polychlorinated biphenyl.= Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.= semivolatile organic analyte.= total petroleum hydrocarbon.= volatile organic analyte.19-1 30 | |||
}} | }} | ||
Revision as of 13:57, 20 April 2018
| ML18025B170 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Northwest Medical Isotopes |
| Issue date: | 06/30/2015 |
| From: | NRC/OGC |
| To: | NRC/OCM |
| SECY RAS | |
| References | |
| 50-609-CP, Construction Permit Mndtry Hrg, RAS 54184 | |
| Download: ML18025B170 (154) | |
Text
.I00 @0..ooO0...*o*. 00 o°o. *OoOO.* S o~NWMINORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application forRadioisotope Production FacilityNWMI-2013-021, Rev. QAJune 2015Prepared by:Northwest Medical Isotopes, LLC815 NW 9th Aye, Suite 256Corvallis, Oregon 97330
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INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application forRadioisotope Production FacilityNWMI-2013-021, Rev. QADate Published:June 29, 2015Title: Chapter 19.0, Environmental ReviewConstruction Permit Application for Radioisotope Production FacilityApproved by Carolyn Haass Signature: C wtiY #o-
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WMI* e.B ,NORTHWEST MEDCIO TOENWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewRev0Date1/5/20156/29/20 15Reason for RevisionInitial ReportRevised ByNot requiredC. HaassOAUpdate due to maturation of design
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ChaperI1NWM-2013-o2, Rev. OA: l Chpter 9.0 -Environmental Review* ...NORTHWEST MREDICAL ISOTOPESCONTENTS19.0 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW ..............................................................19-119.1 Introduction.............................................................................19-119.1.1 Purpose and Need for Action ................................................19-319.1.1.1 Background......................................................19-319.1.1.2 Molybedum-99 History.........................................19-419.1.1.3 Molybdenum Today ............................................19-619.1.2 Regulatory Provisions, Permits and Required Consultations.............19-719.1.2.1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.......................19-719.1.2.2 U.S. Department of Transportation............................19-919.1.2.3 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers............................... 19-1019.1.2.4 Occupational Safety and Health Administration ........... 19-1019.1.2.5 Missouri State Agencies ...................................... 19-1019.1.2.6 Local Governments............................................ 19-1419.1.2.7 Permit and Approval Status .................................. 19-1719.1.3 Consultation and Coordination............................................. 19-2119.2 Proposed Action ...................................................................... 19-2319.2.1 Description of Proposed Action and Connected Actions ................ 19-2319.2.1.1 Schedule........................................................ 19-2419.2.1.2 Affected Land.................................................. 19-2419.2.1.3 Personnel, Materials, and Equipment Required DuringProject Phases.................................................. 19-2419.2.1.4 Applicant for the Proposed Action........................... 19-2519.2.2 Radioisotope Production Facility Site Location and Layout ............ 19-2519.2.2.1 Site Location ................................................... 19-2519.2.2.2 Site Layout ..................................................... 19-2919.2.2.3 Infrastructure Improvements.................................. 19-3119.2.2.4 Existing Infrastructure ........................................ 19-3 119.2.2.5 Other Nearby Facilities/Buildings ........................... 19-3 119.2.2.6 Monitoring Stations ........................................... 19-3119.2.3 Radioisotope Production Facility Description............................ 19-3219.2.3.1 Process Description............................................ 19-3719.2.3.2 Facility Areas .................................................. 19-4019.2.4 Water Consumption and Treatment ....................................... 19-4719.2.4.1 Water Consumption ........................................... 19-4719.2.4.2 Water Sources Independent of Municipal orCommercial Supply ........................................... 19-4819.2.4.3 Water Treatment............................................... 19-4819.2.5 Cooling and Heating Dissipating Systems ................................ 19-4819.2.5.1 Cooling Water Systems ....................................... 19-4819.2.5.2 Heating Systems ............................................... 19-4919.2.5.3 Heat Dissipation Systems..................................... 19-4919.2.6 Auxiliary Systems........................................................... 19-49 NWM' ChpeIWI-030 ev. O:lvChater19.0 -Environmental Review* ....NORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPES19.2.7 Waste Systems............................................................... 19-4919.2.7.1 Process System Liquid Wastes............................... 19-5019.2.7.2 Process System Solid Waste.................................. 19-5019.2.7.3 Waste Handling Process Systems............................ 19-5 119.2.7.4 Construction Waste............................................ 19-5219.2.7.5 Recycling and Reclamation .................................. 19-5219.2.8 Storage, Treatment, and Transportation of Radioactive andNonradioactive Materials, including Fuel, Waste, Radioisotopes,and Any Other Materials................................................... 19-5419.2.8.1 Storage and Treatment ........................................ 19-5419.2.8.2 Transportation of Material.................................... 19-5519.3 Affected Environment................................................................ 19-5819.3.1 Land Use and Visual Resources............................................ 19-5819.3.1.1 Land Use ....................................................... 19-5819.3.1.2 Visual Resources............................................... 19-6519.3.2 Air Quality and Noise....................................................... 19-7519.3.2.1 General Regional Climate .................................... 19-7519.3.2.2 Air Quality ..................................................... 19-8319.3.2.3 Noise............................................................ 19-8519.3.3 Geologic Environment...................................................... 19-8619.3.3.1 Regional Geology ............................................. 19-8619.3.3.2 Geology at the Proposed Site................................. 19-8919.3.3.3 Site-Specific Volcanic Hazard Analysis..................... 19-9319.3.3.4 Onsite Soil Types.............................................. 19-9319.3.3.5 Prime Farmland................................................ 19-9619.3.3.6 Shrink-Swell Potential ........................................ 19-9819.3.3.7 Erosion ......................................................... 19-9819.3.3.8 Previous Geological Studies by Others...................... 19-9819.3.3.9 Regional and Local Tectonics ................................ 19-9919.3.3.10 Seismic Hazard Assessment ................................ 19-10219.3.3.11 Other Geologic Hazards ..................................... 19-10619.3.3.12 Tectonic Uplift and Subsidence............................. 19-10719.3.3.13 Earthquake Ground-Shaking Amplification............... 19-10719.3.3.14 Earthquake-Induced Landslides............................. 19-10719.3.3.15 Liquefaction .................................................. 19-10719.3.3.16 Caves and Sinkholes......................................... 19-10819.3.4 Water Resources ........................................................... 19-10919.3.4.1 Surface Hydrology........................................... 19-10919.3.4.2 Groundwater Resources ..................................... 19-11819.3.4.3 Preexisting Environmental Conditions..................... 19-12019.3.4.4 Historical and Current Hydrological Data ................. 19-12219.3.4.5 Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Water Use.. 19-12219.3.4.6 Water Rights and Resources ................................ 19-12219.3.4.7 Quantitative Description of Water Use..................... 19-12319.3.4.8 Contaminant Sources ........................................ 19-124ii
- W INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.5 Ecological Resources...................................................... 19-13119.3.5.1 Wetlands...................................................... 19-13119.3.5.2 Offsite Areas.................................................. 19-13219.3.5.3 Onsite Areas .................................................. 19-13419.3.5.4 History......................................................... 19-13619.3.5.5 Places and Entities of Special Interest ..................... 19-13619.3.5.6 Aquatic Communities and Potentially Affected WaterBodies......................................................... 19-13819.3.5.7 Terrestrial Communities..................................... 19-13919.3.5.8 Wildlife ....................................................... 19-13919.3.5.9 Protected Species and Habitats ............................. 19-14119.3.6 Historical and Cultural Resources ........................................ 19-14419.3.6.1 Cultural Setting............................................... 19- 14519.3.6.2 Recent History -Discovery Ridge ......................... 19-14819.3.6.3 Previous Investigations...................................... 19-14919.3.6.4 Recent Cultural Resources Surveys ........................ 19-14919.3.6.5 Literature Review ............................................ 19- 14919.3.6.6 Pedestrian Survey ............................................ 19-15119.3.6.7 Previously Recorded Historic Structures and Districts .. 19-15319.3.6.8 Native American and State Agency Consultation ........ 19-15519.3.7 Socioeconomics ............................................................ 19-15519.3.7.1 Boone County ................................................ 19-15619.3.7.2 Local Schools................................................. 19-15819.3.7.3 Population Map............................................... 19-15919.3.7.4 Transportation Systems...................................... 19-15919.3.7.5 Taxes .......................................................... 19-16119.3.7.6 Public Recreation Facilities ................................. 19-16 119.3.8 Human Health.............................................................. 19-16319.3.8.1 Sensitive Receptor Locations ............................... 19-16319.3.8.2 Major Sources and Levels of Background Radiation ....19-16519.3.8.3 Major Sources and Levels of Chemical Exposure ........ 19-16819.3.8.4 Occupational Injury Rates ................................... 19-17019.3.9 Connected Action -University Reactor Network ...................... 19-17 119.3.9.1 University of Missouri Research Reactor.................. 19-17 119.3.9.2 Oregon State University Radiation Center Complex.....19-17 119.3.9.3 Third Reactor................................................. 19-17219.4 Impacts of Proposed Construction Operations, and Decommissioning ........ 19-17319.4.1 Land Use and Visual Resources .......................................... 19-17319.4.1.1 Land Use...................................................... 19-17319.4.1.2 Visual and Aesthetics Resources ........................... 19-17519.4.2 Air Quality and Noise ..................................................... 19-18019.4.2.1 Air Quality.................................................... 19-18019.4.2.2 Monitoring.................................................... 19-19119.4.2.3 Noise .......................................................... 19-193iii
- " NW M Chapter 19. -niomna Review*".."""NORTHWEST MEDICAL IS0TOPES19.4.3 Geologic Environment .................................................... 19-19519.4.3.1 Soils and Bedrock............................................ 19-19519.4.3.2 Large-Scale Geologic Hazards ............................. 19-19619.4.4 Water Resources............................................................ 19-19619.4.4.1 Surface Water................................................. 19-19619.4.4.2 Groundwater.................................................. 19-19719.4.4.3 Monitoring.................................................... 19-19819.4.5 Ecological Resources...................................................... 19-19819.4.5.1 Impacts of Construction ..................................... 19-19819.4.5.2 Impacts of Operation......................................... 19-19919.4.5.3 Impacts of Decommissioning............................... 19-19919.4.5.4 Monitoring.................................................... 19-19919.4.6 Historical and Cultural Resources ........................................ 19-19919.4.7 Socioeconomics ............................................................ 19-20019.4.7.1 Population .................................................... 19-20019.4.7.2 Housing ....................................................... 19-20219.4.7.3 Public Services ............................................... 19-20219.4.7.4 Public Education ............................................. 19-20319.4.7.5 Tax Revenues................................................. 19-20319.4.7.6 Transportation ................................................ 19-20419.4.8 Human Health.............................................................. 19-20519.4.8.1 Nonradiological Impacts..................................... 19-20519.4.8.2 Radiological Impacts ........................................ 19-2 1019.4.8.3 Radiological Impacts During Decommissioning.......... 19-2 1219.4.8.4 Radiological Monitoring Program.......................... 19-2 1219.4.9 Waste Management........................................................ 19-21619.4.10 Transportation.............................................................. 19-2 1619.4.10.1 Transportation Mode and Projected Distances ............ 19-21719.4.10.2 Incident-Free Radiological Dose ........................... 19-2 1819.4.11 Postulated Accidents....................................................... 19-22419.4.11.1 Accident Categories.......................................... 19-22519.4.11.2 Postulated Accident Impacts ................................ 19-23019.4.12 Environmental Justice ..................................................... 19-23019.4.12.1 Methodology ................................................. 19-23119.4.12.2 Minority Population.......................................... 19-23219.4.12.3 Household Income ........................................... 19-23219.4.12.4 Assessment of Disproportionate Impacts .................. 19-23219.4.13 Connected Actions -University Reactor Network ..................... 19-23419.4.13.1 Irradiation Services .......................................... 19-23419.4.13.2 Transportation ................................................ 19-23919.4.13.3 Waste Management .......................................... 19-23919.4.14 Cumulative Impacts ....................................................... 19-24019.4.14.1 Methodology.................................................. 19-24019.4.14.2 Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable FutureProjects........................................................ 19-24 119.4.14.3 Summary of Cumulative Impacts .......................... 19-259iv
- .N V INWMI-03-2IRe.OMEDCALChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.5 Alternatives .......................................................................... 19-26319.5.1 The No-Action Alternative ............................................... 19-26319.5.2 Reasonable Alternatives................................................... 19-26319.5.2.1 Site Alternatives.............................................. 19-26319.5.2.2 Screening ....................................................... 19-26419.5.2.3 University of Missouri Research Reactor SiteEvaluation .................................................... 19-26719.5.2.4 Process Alternatives.......................................... 19-27119.5.3 Cost-Benefit of the Alternatives .......................................... 19-27319.5.4 Comparison of the Potential Environmental Impacts................... 19-27719.6 Conclusions .......................................................................... 19-27919.6.1 Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts of the ProposedAction ...................................................................... 19-27919.6.1.1 Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts ofConstruction .................................................. 19-27919.6.1.2 Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts ofOperations .................................................... 19-28 119.6.2 Relationship between Short-Term Uses and Long-TermProductivity of the Environment......................................... 19-28419.6.2.1 Construction of the Radioisotope Production Facilityand Long-Term Productivity ................................ 19-28419.6.2.2 Operation of the Radioisotope Production Facility andLong-Term Productivity..................................... 19-28519.6.2.3 Summary of the Relationship Between Short-Term Useand Long-Term Productivity ................................ 19-28519.6.3 Irreversible and Irretrievable Commitments of Resources Used toSupport the Proposed Action ............................................ 19-28619.6.3.1 Irreversible Environmental Commitments of Resources. 19-28619.7 References............................................................................ 19-288APPENDICESAppendix A -Consultation Letters.................................................................... A-iAppendix B -Missouri State Historic Preservation Office Consultation Letterand Response ........................................................................... B-iv
- .NRHWESMDICOOPENWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewFIGURESFigure 19-1.Figure 19-2.Figure 19-3.Figure 19-4.Figure 19-5.Figure 19-6.Figure 19-7.Figure 19-8.Figure 19-9.Figure 19-10.Figure 19-11.Figure 19-12.Figure 19-13.Figure 19-14.Figure 19-15.Figure 19-16.Figure 19-17.Figure 19-18.Figure 19-19.Figure 19-20.Figure 19-2 1.Figure 19-22.Figure 19-23.Figure 19-24.Figure 19-25.General Molybdenum-99 Process Flow and Distribution ..................... 19-3Historical Timeline of U.S. and WorldwideMolybdenum-99 Production Industry.......................................... 19-6Overview of Current Molybdenum-99 Worldwide Process................... 19-7200 km (124-mi) Radius with Cities and Roads .............................. 19-26Illustration of 8 km (5-mi) Radius from the Center of the Facility.......... 19-27Radioisotope Production Facility Site Boundary ............................. 19-30Radioisotope Production Facility Site Layout ................................ 19-32General Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility..................... 19-33Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility First LevelFloor Plan......................................................................... 19-34Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility SecondLevel Floor Plan ................................................................. 19-35Radioisotope Production Facility Hot Cell Details ........................... 19-36Radioisotope Production Facility Block Flow Diagram ..................... 19-37First-Level Confinement of the Radioisotope Production Facility.......... 19-45Layout of Discovery Ridge Research Park Showing Lot 15, theProposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site.............................. 19-58Land Use and Cover within the 8 km (5 mi) Region of Influence of theProposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site.............................. 19-62Special Land Use within the Region of Influence of the ProposedRadioisotope Production Facility Site ......................................... 19-63September 2013 Visual Reconnaissance Photo Locations ................... 19-67View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site fromIntersection of Rolling Hills and Bass Roads, Photo Location #1........... 19-68View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site from GansRoad, approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) North Photo Location #2 .............. 19-68Direct View of Radioisotope Production Facility Site from DiscoveryParkway near the Overpass, Photo Location #3 .............................. 19-69View of Radioisotope Production Facility Site from the North Edge ofPerry Phillips Lake, Photo Location #4 ....................................... 19-69View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site from Boys andGirls Town of Missouri, Photo Location #5 .................................. 19-70View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site from S. Lenoirand Roosevelt Avenue, Photo Location #6.................................... 19-70View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site fromIntersection of New Haven and Rolling Hills Roads, Photo Location #7 .. 19-71View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site fromRoute WW at Old Hawthorne, Photo Location #8 ........................... 19-71vi NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-26.Figure 19-27.Figure 19-28.Figure 19-29.Figure 19-30.Figure 19-31.Figure 19-32.Figure 19-33.Figure 19-34.Figure 19-35.Figure 19-36.Figure 19-37.Figure 19-38.Figure 19-39.Figure 19-40.Figure 19-41.Figure 19-42.Figure 19-43.Figure 19-44.Figure 19-45.Figure 19-46.Figure 19-47.Figure 19-48.Wind Rose from South Farm, 2000-2010 (University of MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station)............................................... 19-80Wind Rose from Automatic Weather Station, Columbia, Missouri,2007-2012 (Western Regional Climate Center)............................... 19-81Geologic Features within an 8 km (5-mi) Radius of the RadioisotopeProduction Facility Site ......................................................... 19-90Map of Missouri Quaternary Age Geology ................................... 19-9 1Soil Map within a 1.6 km (1-mi) Radius of the Proposed RadioisotopeProduction Facility Site ......................................................... 19-94Map Showing U.S. Department of Agriculture Prime Farmland .............19-97Geologic Faults Map........................................................... 19-101Hazard Mitigation Map........................................................19-105Streams of Southern Boone County, Missouri............................... 19-110Map Showing Bonne Femme Watershed .................................... 19-111lInpaired Streams Map......................................................... 19-1 16Aquifer Map .................................................................... 19-119Region of Influence in Relation to Ecoregions and Subregions ........... 19-133Wetlands Map .................................................................. 19-135Archeology and Survey Layers Map in Relation to the RadioisotopeProduction Facility Site ........................................................19-150Sensitive Receptors ............................................................ 19-164Radioisotope Production Facility Visualization............................. 19-176Research and Diagnostic Laboratory Facility Located at DiscoveryRidge ............................................................................ 19-176ABC Laboratories Facility Located at Discovery Ridge ...................19-177Stack Potentially Visible Areas ............................................... 19-178Location of On-site Environmental Thermoluminescent Dosimeters andContinuous Air Monitors...................................................... 19-2 15Molybdenum-98 Bombarded with Neutrons to Form Molybdenum-99... 19-272Molybdenum-100 High Energy Reactions to Form Molybdenum-99 ....19-272vii NWI* P. O ,NRTCWESI MW CALISOTOPE$NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTABLESTable 19-1.Table 19-2.Table 19-3.Table 19-4.Table 19-5.Table 19-6.Table 19-7.Table 19-8.Table 19-9.Table 19-10.Table 19-11.Table 19-12.Table 19-13.Table 19-14.Table 19-15.Table 19-16.Table 19-17.Table 19-18.Table 19-19.Table 19-20.Table 19-21.Table 19-22.Table 19-23.Table 19-24.Table 19-25.Table 19-26.Table 19-27.Table 19-28.De Minimis Emission Levels of 10 CSR 10-6.020(3)(A).................... 19-11Emission Levels of Common Air Pollutants .................................. 19-11Required Stream Buffer Width, Identified by Stream Type ................. 19-16Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)...................................... 19-17Consultation Required for Construction and Operation Status (2 pages) ... 19-2 1Resources Required During Radioisotope Production Facility Phases ....19-24Estimated Materials Consumed During Construction Phase ................ 19-25Northwest Medical Isotopes Ownership Summary ........................... 19-25Sensitive Populations (2 pages) ................................................ 19-28Facility Areas and Respective Confinement Zones .......................... 19-44Radioisotope Production Facility Water Flow Rates and ConsumptionInformation ....................................................................... 19-48Liquid Waste Produced Annually from the Radioisotope ProductionFacility............................................................................ 19-50Solid Waste Produced at the Radioisotope Production Facility ............. 19-50Summary of Radioactive Materials and Wastes Required or Generatedat the Radioisotope Production Facility for Ongoing Operations ...........19-57U.S. Geological Survey Land Use Categories for the 8 km (5-mi)Region of Influence Surrounding the Proposed RadioisotopeProduction Facility .............................................................. 19-6 1Discovery Ridge Viewshed ..................................................... 19-66Scenic Quality Inventory and Evaluation Chart............................... 19-73Scenic Quality Rating, by View................................................ 19-74Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate, HistoricTemperature Summary, 1969-2012............................................ 19-76Columbia, Missouri, Five-Year Temperature Summary, 2008-20 12 .....19-77Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate, HistoricPrecipitation Summary, 1969-2012............................................ 19-78Relative Humidity Data for Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012............... 19-78Mean Wind Speed for Columbia, Missouri, from 2008-20 12 .............. 19-79Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita Scales Used to Determine TornadoIntensity........................................................................... 19-82Listing of Severe Weather Events from 1950 to 2010 within an 80 km(50-mi) Radius of the Radioisotope Production Facility Site................ 19-82Summary of Notable Storm Events In and Near the Region ofInfluence, Recorded from 1996 to 2013....................................... 19-83National Ambient Air Quality Standards Applicable in Missouri........... 19-84Description of Soil Type, Mexico Silt Loam, 1-4 percent Slopes,Eroded ............................................................................ 19-95viii NWM INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-29.Table 19-30.Table 19-3 1.Table 19-32.Table 19-33.Table 19-34.Table 19-35.Table 19-36.Table 19-37.Table 19-38.Table 19-39.Table 19-40.Table 19-41.Table 19-42.Table 19-43.Table 19-44.Table 19-45.Table 19-46.Table 19-47.Table 19-48.Table 19-49.Table 19-50.Table 19-5 1.Table 19-52.Table 19-53.Table 19-54.Table 19-55.Table 19-56.Table 19-57.Table 19-58.Site Soil Chemical Characteristics for Boone County, Missouri............ 19-96Prime Farmland and Farmland of Statewide Importance .................... 19-98Plasticity and Liquid Limit Testing ............................................ 19-99Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages) .......................... 19-102Projected Earthquake Hazards for Boone County........................... 19-106General Stream Water Properties by Site (2 pages)......................... 19-112Average Fecal Coliform and E. coli Concentrations........................19-114State-Regulated Facility ....................................................... 19-12 1Water Use in Boone County, 2000 ........................................... 19-123Missouri Dam Report, by County ............................................ 19-124Major Surface Water Pollution Sources in Missouri Classified Waters... 19-126Major Contaminants in Missouri Classified Waters ........................ 19-127Missouri Waters Protected for Various Uses ................................ 19-128Major Sources of Groundwater Contamination in Missouri................ 19-129Missouri Department of Natural Resources Missouri GroundwaterContamination Summary...................................................... 19-130Federal and State Listed Endangered/Threatened, or Species ofSpecial Concern ................................................................ 19-141Boone County Listings on the National Register of Historic Places(3 pages)......................................................................... 19-153Population Growth in Boone County from 1960 (Estimated) through2030.............................................................................. 19-157Public Schools and Enrollment within an 8 km (5-mi) Radius of theProposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site............................. 19-159Traffic Volume on Local Road Systems ..................................... 19-159Parks within an 8 km (5-mi) Radius of the Radioisotope ProductionFacility Site ..................................................................... 19-162Total Personnel Dose to University of Missouri Research ReactorFacility Employees............................................................. 19-170Activity Parameters for Earth Moving ....................................... 19-182PM-10 and PM-2.5 Emission Factors for Earth-Moving ActivitiesDuring Construction............................................................ 19-182Annual PM-10 and PM-2.5 Emissions from Earth-Moving ActivitiesDuring Construction............................................................ 19-183Annual PM-10 and PM-2.5 Emissions from Wind Erosion of BareGround .......................................................................... 19-183Total PM-b1 and PM-2.5 Emissions from Construction ................... 19-183Total Mileage Estimates for On-Road Vehicles............................. 19-184On-Road Vehicle Emissions (During Construction) ........................ 19-185Air Pollutant Emissions Factors for Off-Road Construction Equipment. 19-186ix
- I.;,. NWRrNISME[LISOENWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-59.Table 19-60.Table 19-61.Table 19-62.Table 19-63.Table 19-64.Table 19-65.Table 19-66.Table 19-67.Table 19-68.Table 19-69.Table 19-70.Table 19-71.Table 19-72.Table 19-73.Table 19-74.Table 19-75.Table 19-76.Table 19-77.Table 19-78.Table 19-79.Table 19-80.Table 19-81.Table 19-82.Table 19-83.Table 19-84.Table 19-85.Table 19-86.Table 19-87.Anticipated Gaseous Effluents and Their Associated Air QualityParameters for Construction................................................... 19-186Emissions for Standby Emergency Diesel Generator....................... 19-188Natural Gas-Fired Boiler Total Annual Emissions.......................... 19-189AERSCREEN Model Total Annual Emissions ............................. 19-189Vehicle Emissions During Operations ....................................... 19-190Expected Green House Gas Emissions from Radioisotope ProductionFacility Project ................................................................. 19-192Workforce Required for Construction........................................ 19-201Workforce Required for Operations .......................................... 19-201Estimated Annual Tax Payments ............................................. 19-204Chemical Inventory for the Radioisotope Production Facility............. 19-207General Route Information.................................................... 19-219Route Segment Information................................................... 19-220Unirradiated Target Shipment Source Term................................. 19-221Irradiated Targets for Oregon State University and Third ReactorRadiological Characteristics................................................... 19-221Irradiated Targets for University of Missouri Research ReactorRadiological Characteristics................................................... 19-222Low-Enriched Uranium Radiological Characteristics ...................... 19-223Estimated Waste Radiological Characteristics............................... 19-223Molybdenum-99 Product Radiological Characteristics..................... 19-223Chemical Dose Analysis Results ............................................. 19-230Percent Population Distribution by Race..................................... 19-23 3Estimated Household Income Within Various Distance Bands andWithin State and County (2 pages) ........................................... 19-233Annual Occupational Dose Summary for MURR Reactor OperationsGroup (typically 28 people badged within the group) ...................... 19-236Annual Occupational Dose Sunmmary for MURR Reactor HealthPhysics Group (typically 8 people badged within the group) .............. 19-23 6Annual Occupational Dose Summary for the Shipping Group (typically8 people badged within the group)............................................19-236Summation of the Annual Dose Equivalent for the MURREnvironmental Thermoluminescent Dosimeters............................. 19-237Annual Summary of Occupational Doses Received at the Oregon StateUniversity TRIGA Reactor.................................................... 19-238Total Annual Dose Equivalent Measured at the Oregon State UniversityTRIGA Reactor Fence Line................................................... 19-239Past, Present, and Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions (19 pages) ....19-241Summary of Site-Specific Scoring Criteria (2 pages)....................... 19-264x NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-88.Table 19-89.Table 19-90.Table 19-9 1.Table 19-92.Table 19-93.Evaluation of Alternative Sites ............................................... 19-266Cost-Benefit Summary of the Alternatives (4 pages)....................... 19-273Comparison of the Potential Construction Impacts of the DiscoveryRidge Site and Alternatives.................................................... 19-277Comparison of the Potential Operational Impacts of the DiscoveryRidge Site and Alternatives.................................................... 19-278Construction-Related Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts(2 pages)......................................................................... 19-279Operations-Related Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Impacts(3 pages)......................................................................... 19-282xi
.W INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTERMSAcronyms and Abbreviations41Ar7Be14C1311132I98Mo99Mo'OOMo63NilO6Rh99Tc99m~Tc235U237U238U133XeABC LaboratoriesA.D.ADUNAECLAEGLALARAANSTOB.C.BLMBMPBRRBTEXCAMCATSOCDBGCEQCERCLISCFRCNSCCOCO2_COLTCSRCWADBADEQDiscovery Ridgeargon-4 1beryllium-7carbon- 14cesium- 137iodine- 13 1iodine- 132potassium-40molybdenum-98molybdenum-99molybdenum-l100nickel-63palladium-i 112rhodium- 106technetium-99technetium-99mtellurium- 132uranium-235uranium-237uranium-23 8xenon- 133Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc.Anno Dominiacid-deficient uranyl nitrateAtomic Energy of Canada. LtdAcute Exposure Guideline Levelas low as reasonably achievableAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology OrganizationBefore ChristBureau of Land Managementbest management practiceBEA Research Reactorbenzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenescontinuous air monitorColumbia Area Transportation Study OrganizationCommunity Development Block GrantCouncil on Environmental QualityComprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and LiabilityInformation SystemCode of Federal RegulationsCanadian Nuclear Safety Commissioncarbon monoxidecarbon dioxideColumbia TerminalCode of State RegulationsClean Water Actdesign basis accidentDivision of Environmental QualityDiscovery Ridge Research Parkxii
- NWM INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewDOADoDDOEDOTEF scaleEPAEPCRAERERPGF scaleFDAFEMAFSARGCRAGHGGISHAPHEPAHEUHFRHICHVACHWMCICP-MSIPaCIREIRUIXKrLEULLMW LLCLQGLUSTMallinckrodtMARMDCMDNRMHAMHPMIDUSMMIMMRPCMNRCMoDOTMOIMUMURRNAAQSNASNEPADepartment of AdministrationU.S. Department of DefenseU.S. Department of EnergyU.S. Department of Transportationenhanced Fujita tornado intensity scaleU.S. Environmental Protection AgencyEmergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Actenvironmental reviewEmergency Response Planning Guideline(original) Fujita tornado intensity scaleU.S. Food and Drug AdministrationFederal Emergency Management AgencyFinal Safety Analysis ReportGans Creek Recreation Areagreenhouse gasGeographical Information Systemhazardous air pollutanthigh-efficiency particulate airhigh-enriched uraniumHigh-Flux Reactorhigh-integrity containerheating, ventilation, and air conditioningHazardous Waste Management Commissioninductively coupled plasma mass spectrometryinformation, planning, and conservationInstitute of Radioelementsiodine retention unition exchangekryptonlow-enriched uraniumlow-level mixed wastelimited-liability companylarge-quantity generatorleaking underground storage tankMallinckrodt Pharmaceuticals, Inc.material at riskMissouri Department of Conservation Missouri Department of Natural Resourcesmaximum hypothetical accidentmobile home parkMedical Isotope Depleted Uranium ShieldedModified Mercalli IntensityMid-Missouri Regional Planning CommissionMcClellan Nuclear Research CenterMissouri Department of Transportationmaximally exposed off-site individualUniversity of MissouriUniversity of Missouri Research ReactorNational Ambient Air Quality StandardsNational Academy of SciencesNational Environmental Policy Actxiii NOEW.ETMEIA iSOOE hpe NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewNESHAP National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air PollutantsNMSZ New Madrid Seismic ZoneNO2 nitrogen dioxideNOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNOx nitrogen oxidesNPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination SystemNPL National Priority ListNRC U.S. Nuclear Regulatory CommissionNRCS Natural Resources Conservation ServiceNRHP National Register of Historic PlacesNRU National Research UniversalNSR new source reviewNWMI Northwest Medical Isotopes, LLC03 ozoneOPAL Open Pool Australian LightwaterORNL Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOSHA Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationOSTR Oregon State University TRIGA ReactorOSU Oregon State UniversityPAC Protective Action CriteriaPAH polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonPb leadPCB polychlorinated biphenylPCCE private common collector eliminationPM particulate matterPM-2.5 particulate matter, 2.5 micronPM-b1 particulate matter, 10 micronPPE personal protective equipmentPSAR preliminary safety analysis reportPTE potential to emitQA quality assuranceRADIL Research and Diagnostic LaboratoryRCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery ActROI region of influenceRPF radioisotope production facilityRSAC Radiological Safety Analysis CodeSAFARI-b South African Fundamental Reactor Installation 1SHPO State Historic Preservation OfficeSHWF State hazardous waste facilitySLA street light additionSMART Simple Multi-Attribute Rating TechniqueSO2 sulfur dioxideSOx sulfur oxidesSPCC spill prevention, control, and countermeasureSRS Savannah River SiteSVOA semivolatile organic analyteSWPPP stormwater pollution prevention planTDD Transportation Development DistrictTDS total dissolved solidTEEL Temporary Emergency Exposure LimitTerracon Terracon Consultants, Inc.xiv TLDTMDLTPHUUC DavisUnion CarbideUO2U.S.U.S.C.USDAUSFWSUSGSVKMVMTVOAVOCWCSWNAWWTPXeUnits°C0FbCicmcm2dBdBaftft2ft3ggalhahrin.kgkmkm2knkVkWLlbmNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Reviewthermoluminescent dosimetertotal maximum daily loadtotal petroleum hydrocarbonuraniumUniversity of California at DavisUnion Carbide Nuclear Corporationuranium dioxideUnited StatesUnited States CodeU.S. Department of AgricultureU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceU.S. Geological Surveyvehicle kilometer traveledvehicle miles traveledvolatile organic analytevolatile organic compoundWaste Control SpecialistsWorld Nuclear Associationwastewater treatment plantxenondegrees Celsiusdegrees Fahrenheitmicronmicrogram microsiemensbarncuriecentimetercubic centimetersdecibelA-weighted decibelfeetsquare feetcubic feetgramgallonhectarehourinchkilogramkilometersquare kilometersknotskilovoltkilowattliterpoundmetersquare meterXV MEDCAL.SO.PA Captr Rev. oA
- l:Chptr 9.0 -Environmental Reviewm3 cubic metermCi millicuriemEq milliequivalentmg milligramMgal million gallonsmi mileml- square milemin minutemL milliliterML million litersmmho millimhomR milliroentgenmrem milliremmSv millisievertMT metric tonMW megawattMWD megawatt daysNTU nephelometric turbidity unitoz ouncepCi picocurieppb parts per billionppm parts per millionsec secondSv sievertt tonne (metric)wt% weight percentyd3 cubic yardyr yearxvi Chapter NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AIIVYChVpter19.0 -Environmental Review19.0 ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
19.1 INTRODUCTION
Licensing BackgroundNorthwest Medical Isotopes, LLC (NWMI) is applying to the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission(NRC) to obtain a license for a production facility under Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations (CFR)Part 50 (10 CFR 50), "Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities." Embedded in the10 CFR 50-licensed facility will be several activities subject to 10 CFR 70, "Domestic Licensing ofSpecial Nuclear Material," to receive, possess, use, and transfer special nuclear material and 10 CFR 30."Rules of General Applicability to Domestic Licensing of Byproduct Material," to process and transportmolybdenum-99 (99M0) for medical applications.NWMI intends to submit a single 10 CFR 50 license application for the radioisotope production facility(RPF) following the guidance in NUREG- 1537, Guidelines for Preparing and Reviewing Applications forthe Licensing of Non-Power Reactors -Format and Content, that encompasses activities regulated underdifferent NRC requirements (e.g., 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30.), in accordance with 10 CFR 50.3 I,"Combining Applications." and 10 CFR 50.32, "Elinmination of Repetition.'"The NRC has determined that a radioisotope separation and processing facility, which also conductsseparation of special nuclear material, will be considered a production facility and as such, will be subjectto licensing under 10 CFR 50. A significant portion of the NWMI RPF is focused on the disassembly ofirradiated low-enriched uranium (LEU) targets, separation and purification of fission product 99Mo, andthe recycle of LEU that is licensed under 10 CFR 50. The RPF will also include the fabrication of LEUtargets, which will be licensed under 10 CFR 70. These targets will be shipped to NWMI's network ofresearch or test reactors for irradiation (.considered a connected action) and returned to the RPF forprocessing. The LEU used for the production of the LEU target materials will be obtained from the U.S.Department of Energy (DOE) and from LEU reclaimed from processing the irradiated targets.NWMI's licensing approach for the RPF defines the following unit processes and areas that fall under thefollowing NRC regulations:10 CFR 50, "Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities"-Irradiated LEU Target receipt (from network of university research or test reactors)-Irradiated LEU Target disassembly and dissolution-Mo recovery and purification-Uranium recovery and recycle-Waste management-Associated laboratory and support areas* 10 CFR 70, "Domestic Licensing of Special Nuclear Material"-Receipt of fresh LEU (from DOE)-LEU target fabrication-Associated laboratory and support areasAny byproduct materials produced or extracted in the RPF will be licensed under 10 CFR 30.19-1 NW MI Cate NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewIntroductionIn accordance with the provisions of 10 CFR 50 and supporting guidance, NWMI is providing thisApplicant's Environmental Report -Construction Permit Stage (ER) in support of an application toconstruct and operate an RPF at Discovery Ridge Research Park (Discovery Ridge) in Columbia,Missouri. This ER is consistent with the content and organization of NRC-201 1-0135, Final Interim StaffGuidance Augmenting NUREG-1537, "Guidelines for Preparing and Reviewing Applications for theLicensing of Non-Power Reactors," Parts 1 and 2, for Licensing Radioisotope Production Facilities andHomogeneou~s Reactors (NRC, 2012a), Chapter 19.The ER supports the regulatory review that is performed by the NRC under 10 CFR 51, "EnvironmentalProtection Regulations for Domestic Licensing and Related Regulatory Review," which requires thatenvironmental impacts from the project be evaluated and described in a concise, clear, and analyticalmanner. This document also provides information for the NRC to conducts its environmental review inaccordance with 10 CFR 51, Subpart A, "National Environmental Policy Act -Regulations ImplementingSection 102 (2)."This ER addresses the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) (42 U.S.C. § 4321 et seq.) actionsneeded to support activities that will be provisions incorporated in the requested 10 CFR 50 license,including certain activities regulated under 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30.An overview of the assessment of the environmental effects of construction, operation, anddecommissioning of the RPF on the site and surrounding areas is provided in the ER. The document isstructured as follows:*Section 19.1 presents the purpose and need of the proposed action, and the regulatory provisions,permits, and required consultations.*Section 19.2 presents the proposed action. This section includes the proposed site location andlayout; facility description; process description; operations and systems descriptions; waterconsumption and treatment; cooling and heat dissipating systems; waste systems, storage, andtreatment; and transport of the radioactive and nonradioactive materials, and the scheduleassociated with the major phases of the project.*Section 19.3 presents the affected environment. This section describes existing conditions at thesite of the proposed action and serves as the baseline to measure changes in the affectedenvironment caused by the proposed action. Resources applicable to the scope of the action arepresented and include land use, visual resources, air quality, meteorology, noise, geologicenvironment, water resources, ecological resources, historical and cultural resources,socioeconomics, and human health.*Section 19.4 presents the direct, indirect, and cumulative effects/impacts to the resourcesdescribed in Section 19.2.1.3 associated with construction, operations, and decommissioning ofthe proposed action. Data and analyses presented in this section are commensurate with theimportance of the impact, with less important material summarized, consolidated, or referenced.This section also discusses postulated accidents and environmental justice.*Section 19.4.13 presents the alternatives and associated costs and benefits. This section discussesthe costs and benefits of each alternative and the proposed action, including a qualitativediscussion of environmental impacts.*Section 19.6 presents the conclusions, which address the unavoidable adverse environmentalimpacts of the proposed action, the relationship between short-term uses and long-termproductivity of the environment, and irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources usedto support the proposed action.*Section 19.7 provides a list of references cited within this chapter.19-2 NW MvIihpe NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A: : Capter19.0 -Environmental Review19.1.1 Purpose and Need for ActionNWMI has formed a team of United States (U.S.) universities and companies to cost-effectively addressthe need for a domestic 9Mo supply. NWMI intends to provide approximately 50 percent of the 99Modemand in North America and has developed an approach, including manufacturing and processing, using a"total LEU solution" to be implemented by 2017.As set forth in Section 19.2.1, the proposed action is the issuance of an NRC license under 10 CFR 50,with provisions for 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30 that would authorize NWMI to construct and operate theRPF for the production of 99Mo at a site located in Columbia, Missouri. Proposed RPF activities include:* Receiving LEU from DOE* Producing LEU target materials and fabrication of targets* Packaging and shipping LEU targets to the university reactor network for irradiation* Returning irradiated LEU targets for dissolution, recovery, and purification of 99Mo* Recovering and recycling LEU to minimize radioactive, mixed, and hazardous waste generation* Treating/packaging wastes generated by RPF process steps to enable transport to a disposal siteFor purposes of complying with NEPA requirements, two or more university research reactors areassumed to obtain a license amendment authorized by the NRC to irradiate LEU targets. The ER includesan evaluation of irradiating LEU targets in a reactor. For a specific university research reactor to irradiateLEU targets, an amendment to the university's 10 CFR 50 NRC license and an analysis of site-specificenvironmental impacts related to such an amendment would be required.Figure 19-1 illustrates the NWMI's general 99Mo process and distribution flow.Fresh LEUFrom DOEShip ShipUnirradiated IrradiatedI t LEU Targets LEU TargetsI I I i o r ut I iLE agt I LEU Tagat ! Irradiated g LEU Target ! ~ PtdC Product Ship geo MedcalFEU Targett Target Receipt ! Mattera ! !iw Con~on ! Product to Co untabia io R~eactor & aaaaelti! Dacldulla I ificaton i & Packaging DIsXbuor..... ... .... ..Uranium RecyleFigure 19-1. General Molybdenmn-99 Process Flow and DistributionThe NWMI process to manufacture 99Mo is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA).No direct approvals from the FDA to manufacture 99Mo for commercial use at the RPF will be needed.However, each pharmaceutical distributer of Technetium-99m (99r11Tc) generators desiring to purchase99Mo from NWMI may need to seek FDA approval of NWMI as a manufacturer of the99Mo used in themanufacturer's 99mTc generators.19.1.1.1 Background99mTc is used for over 40 million nuclear medicine procedures annually. The characteristics of 99mTCallow high quality images with low radiation exposure to patients. 99nTc is very versatile for attaching todifferent chemical substances used to target different organs and diseases, as required by differentdiagnostic procedures. The two most widely used 99mTc-based procedures are for imaging blood flow toheart muscles (e.g., myocardial perfusion imaging) and mapping the spread of cancer to bones (e.g.,skeletal metastases imaging).19-3 lviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewThe medical use of 99m~Tc has grown significantly since the early 1990s and is expected to have amoderate overall growth of 3-5 percent per year, with stronger growth in countries expanding healthcareprograms (NAS, 2009).Due to the short half-life of 99nrTc of about 6 hours6.944444e-5 days <br />0.00167 hours <br />9.920635e-6 weeks <br />2.283e-6 months <br /> (hr), its parent isotope, 99Mo, which has a 66-hr half-life, is the key supply chain product. 99Mo is produced by bombarding uranium-235 (235U) targets withneutrons from a nuclear reactor, with the resulting fission reaction producing 99Mo and more than 250 otherisotopes. After irradiation, targets are transferred to a processing facility and go through a number ofextract and purification steps to produce 99Mo. From the processing facility, the 99M0 is shipped toradiopharmaceutical distributors (e.g., Lantheus Medical Imaging, Mal linckrodt Pharmaceuticals(Mallinckrodt), and GE Healthcare). The distributors then purify to FDA standards and package the 99Moin a radionuclide generator. This generator is called a 99mTc Generator Kit or "moly cow." The packagedkit is then shipped to nuclear pharmacies to be prepared for individual patient administration. Due to theshort half-life, the 99Mo must be efficiently processed and distributed.The nuclear pharmacy uses the generator to facilitate the decay process from 99Mo to 99mTc, extract the99mTC doses, and bind the doses to compounds specific for an individual test needs. The 99mTTc-compounded drug is then injected into the patient for various diagnostic-scanning purposes. This entireprocess usually takes place within six to nine days.19.1.1.2 Molybedum-99 HistoryBeginning with the discovery of the 99mTc isotope by Emilio and Glenn Seaborg in 1938, therelationship between 99Mo and 99mWTC was clearly evident. As an observable fission product of 235U in oneof later experiments, 99Mo, having a half-life of about 66 hr, was observed emitting beta particlesin its progression to a more stable state. In 1958, Walter Tucker and Margaret Green, two scientists underthe direction of Powell Richards at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, hypothesized, based on their workwith iodine-132 (132I) and tellurium-132 ('32Te), that a "generator" could be developed using 99Mo toproduce 99mTc. In 1960, Richards became the first to suggest using 99mTc as a medical radionuclide tracer.Benefitting from advancements in gamma camera technology, the production and medical use of 99mTcgrew rapidly in the 1960s. Nuclear Consultants, Inc. and Union Carbide Nuclear Corporation (UnionCarbide) began to manufacture commercial 99mlTc generators. Mallinckrodt first undertook the productionof 99Mo using the research reactor at the University of Missouri Research Reactor (MURR); however, thesize and flux capacity of the MURR reactor was insufficient to sustain a constant supply, and productionof the isotope was stopped in the early 1980s. From 1968 to 1972, Union Carbide successfully developeda process using high-enriched uranium (HEU) targets at its Cintichem Facility in Tuxedo, New York,which permitted easy separation of the products of the fission process, thus, beginning domestic 99Moproduction in 1980.Separating from Union Carbide, Cintichem Inc. became the sole producer of domestic 99Mo during the 1980s.International production began in the same timeframe (e.g., Canada and Australia). A balance within theproduction-supply chain soon existed between the U.S., Canada, Netherlands, Belgium, and Australianproduction facilities, each having a share in the market and working collaboratively to help fill shortagescreated by a number of varying effects, including maintenance, inspection, and plant modifications.In 1989, the Cintichem Facility had an underground leak of radioactive products that affected thesurrounding environment. Due to this release, the surrounding community pressured the New York Stategovernment to have the Cintichem Facility cease production of 99Mo. In May 1990, the CintichemFacility closed and filed for decommissioning of its 99Mo production facility, essentially shifting allproduction to Canada and Europe.19-4 Chptr1MII-03-2,Rev. O:--.'- Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review"NOAI"EWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESDuring the same timeframe, the use of 99mTc in diagnostic scanning continued to grow. In compliancewith national regulatory agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency recommendations, sixreactor facilities sustain the HEU production supply:* National Research Universal (NRU), Ontario, Canada* High-Flux Reactor (HFR), Petten, Netherlands* Belgian Reactor 2 (BR2), Mol, Belgium* OSIRIS, near Paris, France* MARIA, near Warsaw, Poland* South African Fundamental Reactor Installation 1 (SAFARI-I), Pelindaba, South AfricaTwo reactor facilities sustain the regional LEU production supply: Open Pool Australian LightwaterReactor (OPAL, South Sydney, Australia) and RA-3 (Buenos Aires, Argentina). With a relativelyconstant supply and demand using all of the production facilities, the industry was able to produce thequantity of 99Mo needed to fill generator orders from nuclear pharmacies all over the world. However, asthese production facilities began to age, additional maintenance and facility improvements becameinevitable, requiring temporary shutdowns for individual production facilities.The first significant worldwide shortage came in November 2007, when the NRU reactor was shutdownfor about month for routine maintenance. While the reactor was offline for repairs, the managing agency(Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd [AECL]) decided to install an additional seismically qualified emergencypower system for the two cooling pumps in the reactor, as required by the Canadian Nuclear SafetyCommission (CNSC) operating license (amended in 2006). Instead of allowing for full inspections andtesting of the new pumps, the Canadian House of Commons passed emergency legislation, without theconsent of the CNSC, to restart NRU for commercial production with only one of the two seismicconnections complete. With a 120-day grace period of operation issued by the Canadian House ofCommons, NRU completed the second seismic connection in February 2008.The most significant impact on 99Mo production began in 2009, when the NRU reactor was shutdownduring an unplanned shutdown of the HFR. ln May 2009, a small heavy water leak was detected in theNRU reactor. While originally seen as a routine production stoppage, because of new regulations passedin January 2009, all operating reactors had to undergo intensive design reviews to comply with new safetystandards to obtain a license renewal from the CNSC for commercial isotope production. Compliancewith the new regulations consequently evolved from an anticipated 90-day renovation into a 17-monthcomplete restructuring and redesign of the reactor and facility. With two-fifths of the world's 99Mosupply facilities rendered inoperative for that period, production shifted to the Netherlands and other 99Moproduction sites.As with the Canadian plant, the plant in the Netherlands faced renewal of its license in May 2010. Withthe supply of 99Mo already depleted, the closing of the Dutch production plant placed a heavy strain onthe worldwide production of 99Mo. Nearly two-thirds of the production supply of 99Mo for medicalapplications went offline for about six months. While the market did cope with the severe shortages byshifting production to other facilities and finding new ways to produce 99mlTc through other isotope decay,the worldwide shortage exposed the large variability and fragility within the production process.The National Research Council (NAS, 2009) documented the history of the development of the 99Mointernational isotope production industry and the U.S. role. This history is summarized in Figure 19-2.The report identified 99Mo production before 2009.19-5
.::.;;i;. N hpe NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAlvi.i ......... hpe 19.0 -Environmental Review1980s 2007US Cintichem (NY) Facility 1" major shutdown -Early 1960s Becomes Sole Producer; Canadian NRU site1940: Commercial Controls Majority of (40%wolwdvvTc first Development in Worldwide Market supply) closes forSand Worldwide .....-......maintenance -, .\14s I O11 s I SO1 s I f197Os I 11 I I I9 ' ........ ,r.....J *r1989 20092010First 1970s Cintichem facility 2major closing of Canadiangenerator Commercial Efforts detects cooling NRU site due to heavy water leakproposed Grow Worldwide water leak; closes (closure 17 months); Petten also(eg., Petten Constructed) in 1990 and all closes due to safety concems -production shifts 66% of world supply offline forinternationally 6 months (Feb. 2010-Aug.2010)Figure 19-2. Historical Timeline of U.S. and WorldwideMolybdenum-99 Production Industry19.1.1.3 Molybdenum TodayThere are currently no domestic suppliers of 99Mo. The U.S. supply chain structure includes six majorreactors, four major processors, and two U.S. generator manufacturers. The irradiators, all using HEUtargets, are spread across three continents and include: NRU in Canada (operating since 1957), owned byAECL; HFR in the Netherlands (operational since 1961), owned by the Institute of Energy of the JointResearch Center of the European Commission; OSIRIS owned by the French Atomic EnergyCommission; BR-2 owned by the Belgian Nuclear Research Centre; MARIA owned by the PolishInstitute of Atomic Energy; and SAFARI-i owned by the Nuclear Energy Corporation of South Africa.Only the OPAL reactor in Australia, owned by Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization,and the RA-3 reactor in Argentina, owned by lINVAP S.E., currently produce 99Mo from LEU.The HEU processors include Nordion Inc. in Canada, National Institute of Radioelements (IRE) inBelgium, Mallinckrodt (previously known as Covidien) in the Netherlands, and NTP Radioisotopes SOCLtd, a subsidiary of the South African Nuclear Energy Corporation. The LEU processors include theAustralian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization (ANSTO) and INVAP S.E. The current U.S.radiopharmaceutical distributors manufacture the 99~ generator kits and distribute them to hospitals andclinics. ANSTO is the only LEU 99Mo producer that provides 99Mo in very small quantities to the U.S.through Lantheus Medical Imaging.The entire reactor network is currently operating at or near capacity. Any unscheduled maintenance orother production disruption immediately translates into a supply disruption. Reliance on such a limitedand aging resource results in an extremely delicate supply chain, the vulnerability of which washighlighted late in 2009 when an extended shutdown of the NRU reactor led to a critical 99Mo shortage inNorth America, and the shutdown of the HFR reactor in August 2008 and November 2013 to the presenthas caused 99Mo shortages in North America and Europe.An estimated 40-50 kilograms (kg) (107-134 pounds [lb]) of HEU are used per year for the production of99Mo worldwide. In the past several years, nuclear non-proliferation and security concerns have led toincreased worldwide pressure to mandate migration of HEU targets towards LEU targets by 2016.Conversion from HEU to LEU targets is both expensive and technically challenging for current producersof 99Mo. This LEU mandate further exacerbates the risk of assured 99Mo supply. Only the OPAL reactorin Australia currently produces 99Mo from LEU. NWMI proposes to replace foreign HEU reactorirradiation with a domestic network of university reactors using LEU targets and a domestic processingfacility for the extraction and purification of 99M0.19-6
- " ,.:::: NRTWESMEICAIODNWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-3 presents an overview of the worldwide nuclear reactors and radioisotope production facilitiesthat currently produce 99Mo.PhysicsChemistryMedicineStep 1: ReactorIrradiation -Irradiationof UO2 targets toproduce isotopesHEU Reactors* NRU (Canada) -1957* HFR (The Netherlands) -1961* BR2 (Belgium) -1961* MARIA (Poland) -1974* OSIRIS (France) -1966* SAFARI-1 (SOuth Africa) -19655LEU Reactors* OPAL (Australia) -2006* RA-3 (Argentina) -1961Step 2: "Mo Producers -"Mo purified and thenshipped to manufacturingfacility and distribution toradiopharmaceuticalmanufacturesWorld-Wide HEUProcessing Facility* Nordion (Canada)* HFR (The Netherlands)* IRE (Belgium)* NTP (South Africa)Regional LEU Facility* ANSTO (Austraia)* INVAP (Argentina)Step 3: RadiopharmnaceuticalManufacturers -generator ("Mo cow)manufacturing anddistribution to nuclearlradiopharmaciesand hospitalsNorth AmericanDistributors* MallinckrodtPharmaceuticals* Lantheus Medical Imaging* GE HealthcareStep 4: Radiopharmaciesand Hospitals -Unitdose compounding anddistribution to hospitalsand clinicsPrimary U.S. NuclearPharmacyCardinal Health ServicesGE HeatthcareTnad IsotopesStep 5: Physiciansand Patients -Criticalphysiological diagnosisenabling informedtherapeutic decisionsHospitalsClinics2013-021_002r0Figure 19-3.Overview of Current Molybdenum-99 Worldwide Process19.1.2 Regulatory Provisions, Permits and Required ConsultationsIn addition to NRC licensing and regulatory requirements, a variety of Federal, State, and localenvironmental requirements apply to the RPF. Some require construction and operating permits orapprovals, and others require facility compliance demonstrations. The following sections summarize theenvironmental requirements applicable to the RPF by the various regulatory agencies. Permits, approvals,and consultations necessary for RPF construction and operation are identified in Section 19.1.2.7 andSection 19.1.3.19.1.2.1 U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyThe U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has primary authority for implementing theenvironmental requirements discussed in the following sections. The state of Missouri is delegated theauthority to issue permits on behalf of EPA, and to administer and enforce many of the requirementsapplicable to the RPF, except for requirements under the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (EPCRA) (42 U.S.C. Chapter 116 § 11001-11050).19-7 Chapter NWM,-2013-021, Rev. OAlviChater19.0 -Environmental Review*.. , ,NDRTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPIES19.1 .2.1.1 Clean Air ActThe Clean Air Act of 1970 (42 U.S.C. § 7401 et seq.) establishes regulations to ensure air quality andauthorizes individual states to issue and manage air quality permits. The Act requires (1) NationalAmbient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect the public health, (2) national standards ofperformance for new or modified stationary sources of atmospheric pollutants, (3) evaluation of specificemission increases for prevention of significant deterioration in air quality, and (4) standards for thereleases of hazardous air pollutants, including radionuclides. Implementing regulations include thefollowing:* 40 CFR 50, "National Primary and Secondary Ambient Air Quality Standards"* 40 CFR 60, "Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources"* 40 CFR 61, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants" (NESHAP)* 40 CFR 63, "National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source Categories"19.1.2.1.2 Clean Water ActThe Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA) (33 U.S.C. § 1251 et seq.) requires states to set water qualitystandards for bodies of water within their boundaries, and directs EPA to regulate stormwater andwastewater discharges per the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permittingprogram. The EPA issues discharge permits under the requirements of 40 CFR 122, "EPA AdministeredPermit Programs: The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System." The permit program controlswater pollution by regulating point source discharges of pollutants into U.S. surface waters.The NPDES construction stormwater program applies to sites with land disturbance of 0.4 hectares (ha)(1 acre) or more, including smaller sites in a larger common plan of development or sale. The NPDESindustrial program applies to 10 categories of industrial activities conducted at facilities. Applicants mayapply for either individual or a general NPDES permits. Individual permits are specifically tailored to theindividual facility, and general permits cover multiple facilities with a specific category of discharges(e.g., stormwater discharges). NPDES permits specify the control technology applicable to eachpollutant, the effluent limitations, and the deadline for compliance.Wastewater generated from any facility or structure must be disposed through wastewater treatment anddisposal systems. Facilities that discharge to a municipal or publically owned treatment works do nothave NPDES permits but must meet pretreatment regulations. The pretreatment regulations requireindustrial users to obtain permits or authorizations and to use pollutant control mechanisms prior todischarging to the publically owned treatment works.1 9.1 .2.1.3 Safe Drinking Water ActThe Safe Drinking Water Act (42 U.S.C. § 300I1f] et seq.) was enacted in 1974 to establish minimumnational standards for public water supply systems. This Act authorizes EPA to set national standards fordrinking water; provides guidance, assistance, and public information about drinking water; collectsdrinking water data; and oversees State drinking water programs. Primary and secondary drinking waterregulations and regulations applicable to drinking water systems are identified in 40 CFR 141 and 142,"National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Implementation," and 40 CFR 143, "National SecondaryDrinking Water Regulations." The EPA and states work together to ensure that these standards are met.19-8 NW MI~f i WM-0321Rev. 0*.. : Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.1.2.1.4 Resource Conservation and Recovery ActThe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976 (RCRA) (42 U.S.C. § 6901 et seq.) requires EPAto define and identify hazardous waste; establish standards for transportation, treatment, storage, anddisposal; and require permits for persons engaged in hazardous waste activities. RCRA regulations arefound in 40 CFR 260, "Hazardous Waste Management System: General," through 40 CFR 282,"Approved Underground Storage Tank Programs.""Mixed waste" is hazardous waste containing radioactive material. This waste is regulated by RCRA andthe Atomic Energy Act (42 U.S.C. § 2011 et seq.). In 40 CFR 266, "Standards for the Management ofSpecific Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities," EPAconditionally exempts low-level mixed waste (LLMW) from the definition of hazardous waste in40 CFR 261.3, "Definition of Hazardous Waste." The conditional exemption applies to (1) wastegenerated under a single NRC license that meets certain conditions for management, and (2) stored andtreated tanks or containers meeting substantive RCRA requirements. LLMW that meets the applicabletreatment standards in 40 CFR 268, "Land Disposal Restrictions," may also be exempt from RCRAtransportation and disposal requirements.19.1.2.1.5 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know ActThe EPCRA establishes the requirements for Federal, State, and local governments; Indian Tribes; andindustry regarding emergency planning and community right-to-know reporting on hazardous and toxicchemicals. The EPCRA is implemented by:* 40 CFR 355, "Emergency Planning and Notification"* 40 CFR 370, "Hazardous Chemical Reporting: Community Right-To-Know"* 40 CFR 372, "Toxic Chemical Release Reporting: Community Right-To-Know"* 40 CFR 373, "Reporting Hazardous Substance Activity When Selling or Transferring FederalReal Property"EPCRA requires a submission of: (1) a list of hazardous chemicals present at the facility in excess of10,000 lb for which material safety data sheets are required, (2) an Emergency and Hazardous ChemicalInventory Form (Tier II Form) identifying the inventory of hazardous chemicals present during thepreceding year, and (3) notification to the State Emergency Response Commission and the local EmergencyPlanning Committee of any accidental releases of hazardous chemicals in excess of reportable quantities.The list of hazardous chemicals and the Tier II Form are submitted to regional fire departments. Facilitiesalso must submit a toxic chemical release report to the EPA and the resident state if toxic chemicals areused at the facility in excess of established threshold amounts.19.1.2.2 U.S. Department of TransportationThe Hazardous Materials Transportation Act of 1975 (49 U.S.C. §§ 5 101-5127) regulates transportationof hazardous material in and between states. States may regulate the transportation of hazardousmaterials as long as the State requirements are consistent with the Act or U.S. Department ofTransportation (DOT) regulations. DOT regulations of interest to this action include the following:* 49 CFR 107, "Hazardous Materials Program Procedures," Subpart G, "Registration and fee toDOT as a person who offers or transports hazardous materials"* 49 CFR 171, "General Information, Regulations, and Definitions"* 49 CFR 172, "Hazardous Materials Table, Special Provisions, Hazardous MaterialsCommunications, Emergency Response Information, Training Requirements and Security Plans"19-9 N MEIA ISOOE hpe NWI212,Rev. ONORTHCEapteri19.0 -Environmental Review* 49 CFR 173, "Shippers -General Requirements for Shipments and Packages"* 49 CFR 175, "Carriage by Aircraft"* 49 CFR 177, "Carriage by Public Highway"19.1.2.3 U.S. Army Corps of EngineersBoth the EPA and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers jointly administer Section 404 of the CWA, whichrequires permits for the discharge of dredged or fill material into waters of the U.S. The requirements forSection 404 permits are identified in 40 CFR Subpart 230.404(b)(I), "Guidelines for Specification ofDisposal Sites for Dredged or Fill Material." States are responsible for issuing Section 401 certificationsfor NPDES and Section 404 permits that certify the permitted activity complies with all applicable Statewater quality standards, limitations, and restrictions.19.1.2.4 Occupational Safety and Health AdministrationThe Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (29 U.S.C. §§ 657-658) is designed to increase thesafety of workers in the workplace. The Act stipulates that the U.S. Department of Labor is expected torecognize the dangers that may exist in workplaces and establishes employee safety and health standards.The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates mitigation requirements andmandates proper training and equipment for workers as established in 29 CFR 1910, "OccupationalSafety and Health Standards."19.1.2.5 Missouri State AgenciesSeveral programs responsible for protection and management of the environment and public health inMissouri are applicable to the proposed RPF. These programs are managed by the Missouri Departmentof Natural Resources (MDNR), the Department of Health and Senior Services, and the Department ofConservation.The proposed facility site is located at the Discovery Ridge on property owned by the University ofMissouri (MU) System headquartered in Columbia, Missouri. Discovery Ridge is being developed underthe guidance of the Discover', Ridge Master Plan and Protective Covenants (MU, 2009). ConsolidatedPublic Water Supply District #1 has extended drinking water services to the site and sewer lines. TheMaster Plan requires tenant compliance with the Discovery Ridge Master Storm Water Management Planthat is developed on a project-by-project basis and is based on regional accepted practices for stormwatermanagement, including MDNR regulations (MDNR, 201 2a). General environmental requirements andpermits for new facilities are discussed in the following sections. Integration with the existing services orplans of Discovery Ridge is discussed, as applicable.19.1.2.5.1 Missouri Department of Natural ResourcesThe Division of Environmental Quality (DEQ), within the MDNR, includes the Air Pollution ControlProgram, Water Protection Branch, Hazardous Waste Program, Public Drinking Water Branch, and StateHistoric Preservation Office. The following sections summarize these programs.19.1.2.5.1.1 Air Pollution Control ProgramThe Air Conservation Commission administers the air quality standards and requirements within the Codeof State Regulations (CSR), specifically 10 CSR Division 10, "Air Conservation Commission."19-10 NW MIChapter 19.0- n iromna Rev.iew..NOTWSMEDICAL IDOTOPDSR veConstruction permits -Construction permits are also called new source review permits and are issuedby the Air Conservation Commission. Construction permits allow for construction and operation of an airemission source and are required prior to commencing construction of an air emission source. All newinstallations built with the potential to emit (PTE) a regulated air pollutant in an amount equal to orgreater than the de minimis (threshold) level are required to obtain a construction permit.A construction permit is not required if potential emissions of the entire installation are less thanregulatory de minimis levels or potential emissions of the proposed project are below the insignificancelevels. Permit exemptions are detailed in 10 CSR 10-6.061, "Construction Permit Exemptions."The regulated air pollutants, de minimis emissions levels, and insignificance levels for determiningexemptions and new source review thresholds are listed in Table 19-1 and Table 19-2.Table 19-1. De Minimis Emission Levels of 10 CSR 10-6.020(3)(A)Carbon monoxide (CO) 90.71 100 IAsbestos 0.0064 0.007Particulate matter22.6725Sulfur acid mist6.357Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 36.28 40 Hydrogen sulfide 9.07 10Lead 0.544 0.6 Reduced sulfur compounds 9.07 10(including hydrogen sulfide)Beryllium 0.00036 0.0004 Sum of hazardous air pollutants 22.67 25Source: 10 CSR 10-6.020, "Definitions and Common Reference Tables," Missouri Code of State Regulations,as amended.VOC = volatile organic compound.Table 19-2. Emission Levels of Common Air PollutantsPM-10 0.45 1.00 13.6 15 90.7 100 226.8 250NOx 1.25 2.75 36.29 40 90.7 100 226.8 250CO 3.12 6.88 90.7 100 90.7 100 226.8 250aOr the hazardous emission threshold as established in Subsection (12)(J) of 10 CSR 10-6.060, "ConstructionPermits Required," whichever is less.CO = carbon monoxide. PM-10 = particulate matter, 10 ~i.HAP = hazardous air pollutant. SOx = sulfur oxides.NOx = nitrogen oxides. VOC = volatile organic compound.NSR = new source review.19-11 MEDCA IOTPESChptr NWMI-130,Re.AE :Chptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewThe PTE of the RPF project will be calculated based on the maximum design capacity of the equipment,assuming continuous operation (24 hr/day, 365 days/year). In the Construction Permit Application, theRPF may request emission limits that, if accepted by the Missouri Air Pollution Control Program, willbecome part of the constraints in the construction permit. The proposed limits could change the type ofRPF construction permit issued and the operating permit status.Operating permits -Operating permits are issued by the Air Pollution Control Program in accordancewith Title V of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments and implementing regulations in 40 CFR 70, "StateOperating Permit Programs." All sources with a PTE-regulated air pollutant above de minimis levels arerequired to obtain an operating permit. There are three classes of operating permits in Missouri:40 CFR 70 operating permit -This is required for installations with potential emissionsexceeding 91.7 tonne per year (t/yr) (100 tons per year [tons/yr]) of any criteria pollutant,(9.07 t/yr) 10 tons/yr of any single hazardous air pollutant (HAP), or 22.7 t/yr (25 tons/yr) ofcombined HAPs; or if the EPA Administrator requires a 40 CFR 70 permit as part of a Federalrulemaking. These emissions levels are calculated after control devices and are called the majorsource threshold.*Intermediate (or synthetic minor) operating permit -These permits may be obtained byinstallations with a PTE above the major source threshold that request a voluntary limit onoperations to keep emissions below the major source threshold. Conditions could includeabsolute emissions limits, recordkeeping of operating hour limits, or production limits.*Basic State operating permit -This permit is required if the PTE is between de minimnis and majorlevels. All incinerators must obtain an operating permit, regardless of the level of emissions.Sources of nonradioactive criteria air pollutants or HAPs from RPF construction may include fugitive dustand vehicle emissions (on-road and off-road vehicles). Vehicle emissions are also a source of greenhousegases (GHG). Operation of the RPF may generate criteria air pollutants, HAPs, and GHGs from diesel-fired boilers, electric diesel generators, and facility chemical usage.The NRC implements the primary radiation protection standards for RPF air emissions. Radioactive airemissions will be addressed in the license application and subject to the dose limits and requirements of10 CFR 20, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation."19.1.2.5.1.2 Water Protection BranchThe MDNR Clean Water Commission administers water quality standards and requirements in 10 CSRDivision 20, "Clean Water Commission." The Clean Water Commission issues construction andoperating permits as required in 10 CSR 20-6.0 10, "Construction and Operating Permits," to persons whobuild, erect, alter, replace, operate, use, or maintain existing point sources, or intend these actions for aproposed point source, water contaminant sources, or wastewater treatment facilities. These permitsenforce the Missouri Clean Water Law and regulations and administer the NPDES program. Nonpointsource discharges and service connections to wastewater sewer systems are exempt from permittingrequirements.The proposed lot for the RPF at Discovery Ridge is approximately 3.0 ha (7.4 acres). An NPDESconstruction stormwater management permit is required for disturbances of greater than 0.4 ha (1 acre) ofland. The RPF would either operate under a Missouri General Operating Permit MO-RIOA000 for landdisturbance on new sites or conform to the criteria and standards of the Discovery Ridge Master StormWater Management Plan under a stormwater management permit issued to the site.19-12 Chptr1MWI-0I-21 ev. OIIVVChapter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewMEDICAL ISOTOPESThe Clean Water Commission issues a 401 Water Quality Certification to any facility requiring a FederalSection 404 (of the CWA) permit. This includes facilities that place material or fill into the jurisdictionalwaters of the U.S. The Section 401 certification is verification by the state of Missouri that the projectwould not violate water quality standards. The construction, operation, and decommissioning of the RPF isnot anticipated to need a Federal Section 404 permit or Section 401 certification from the Commission.Under 10 CSR 20-6.0 10, facilities that discharge wastes into a sewerage system are not required to obtainan NPDES permit if the owner of the sewerage system has a valid NPDES permit. The RPF would notdischarge process wastewater into the Discovery Park sewer system. Sanitary wastewater would bedischarged in accordance with Boone County sewer regulations.19.1.2.5.1.3 Hazardous Waste ProgramThe Hazardous Waste Management Commission (HWMC) administers the hazardous waste standardsand requirements in 10 CSR Division 25, "Hazardous Waste Management Commission."The HWMC regulates hazardous waste and administers a permitting program for owners and operators oftreatment, storage, and disposal facilities. 10 CSR Division 25 hazardous waste management rulesincorporate by reference, unless otherwise modified, the Federal hazardous waste managementregulations. The effective date for rules for mixed radioactive and hazardous wastes in Missouri wasMarch 12, 1993.Under 10 CSR 25-7.270, "Missouri Administered Permit Programs: The Hazardous Waste PermitProgram," a permit is required for the treatment, storage (generated onsite and stored beyond thetimeframes allowed without a permit pursuant to 10 CSR 25-5.262, "Standards Applicable to Generatorsof Hazardous Waste") or disposal of hazardous waste. Resource recovery of hazardous waste is regulatedby 10 CSR 25-9.020, "Hazardous Waste Recovery Processes," and an owner or operator of a facility thatuses, reuses, or recycles hazardous waste must be certified under 10 CSR 25-9, "Resource Recovery," orpermitted under 10 CSR 25-7, "Rules Applicable to Owners/Operators of Hazardous Waste Facilities."A permit is not required for an elementary neutralization unit or a wastewater treatment unit thatreceives hazardous waste generated onsite and demonstrates compliance with the requirements of10 CSR 25-7.270(2)(A)3 to the satisfaction of the HWMC.The RPF would generate hazardous, universal, and mixed waste (hazardous waste containing radioactivematerial) from facility processes. The waste may exhibit hazardous characteristics (e.g., corrosivity ortoxicity) and contain spent regulated solvents. Waste would generally be managed under requirements of10 CSR 25-5.262 and 10 CSR 25-16.273, "Standards for Universal Waste Management." Treatment,including elementary neutralization or resource recovery of solvents, may occur without a permit, subjectto certification and demonstrations required under 10 CSR 25-9 and 10 CSR 25-7.270(2)(A)(3).LLMW generated by the RPF would be managed to meet the storage and treatment conditional exemptionin 10 CSR 25-7.266, "Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes and Specific Types ofHazardous Waste Management Facilities" (incorporating 40 CFR 266, Subpart N, "ConditionalExemption for Low-Level Mixed Waste Storage, Treatment, Transportation, and Disposal"). The RPFmixed waste would be exempt from the definition of hazardous waste in 10 CSR 25-3.260, "Definitions,Modifications to Incorporations, and Confidential Business Information," as the waste would begenerated under a single NRC license, stored, and treated in a tank or container, and managed accordingto conditions that include the following:* NWMI would notify MDNR, in writing and by certified delivery, to claim a conditionalexemption for LLMW stored in the facility.19-13 NOTWETMEIL ISOOE hpe NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0A.NWChapte 19.0 -Environmental Review* LLMW would be stored and treated in tanks or containers in compliance with the licenserequirements that apply to the proper storage of LLMW (not including those requirements thatrelate solely to recordkeeping).*LLMW would be stored and treated in tanks or containers in compliance with chemicalcompatibility requirements.*Inventory of the stored conditionally exempt LLMW would be conducted at least annually and beinspected at least quarterly for compliance with 10 CSR 25-7.*Facility personnel who manage stored conditionally exempt LLMW would be certified andtrained in a manner to ensure that the conditionally exempt waste is safely managed; this includestraining in chemical waste management and hazardous materials incident response that meets thepersonnel training standards.*An emergency plan would be maintained and provided to all local agencies that may respond to afire, explosion, or release of hazardous waste or hazardous constituents.19.1.2.5.1.4 Public Drinking Water BranchThe Safe Drinking Water Commission administers the public drinking water standards and requirementsin 10 CSR Division 60, "Safe Drinking Water Commission." The mission of the Public Drinking WaterProgram is to provide safe and adequate public drinking water supplies for residents of and transients inthe state. Drinking water for the RPF would be provided through service connections in accordance withthe Columbia Code of Ordinance requirements (City of Columbia, 2013a).19.1 .2 .5.1.5 Department of Health and Senior ServicesThe Department of Health and Human Services administers a radiation control program under therequirements of 19 CSR 20-10, "Protection Against Ionizing Radiation." Exemptions to the regulationsare identified in 19 CSR 20-10.020, "Exemptions from Requirements of this Chapter," and include use ofradioactive sources licensed by the NRC to installations in Missouri. Radioactive sources, as applicableto the RPF, would be managed under requirements of the NRC license and excluded from Missouriregulation.19.1.2.5.1.6 Department of ConservationThe Department of Conservation is charged with the protection and management of Missouri fish, forest,and wildlife resources. Conservation requirements are identified in 3 CSR Division 10, "Department ofConservation." The department maintains two references relating to the status of listed plants andanimals in Missouri: The Missouri Species and Communities of Conservation Concern Checklist (Stateof Missouri, 2014), and Wildlife Code of Missouri (3 CSR 10-4.110, "General Prohibition; Applications,"and 3 CSR 10-9.11l0[l1][B], "General Prohibition; Applications"). The Conservation Concern Checklist isused mostly for planning and communication purposes.All birds, fish, crayfish, mussels, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, or other forms of wildlife, includingother invertebrates listed in the checklist, are protected by the Wildlife Code. Collection or harvest ofthese species during RPF construction, operation, or decommissioning would only be performedaccording to applicable permits as prescribed in Chapter 5 of the Wildlife Code.19.1.2.6 Local GovernmentsThe RPF would be located in Columbia, Missouri, in Boone County. The following sections summarizehow local jurisdictions implement environmental requirements for land disturbances, stormwatermanagement, sewer discharges, and drinking water connections.19-14 1iiNWM,-2013-021. Rev. OAIwu Chpe9.0 -Environmental ReviewMEDICAL ISOTOPES19.1.2.6.1 Boone CountyThe Boone County Resource Management Department centralizes the engineering, planning, andinspection services provided by the county. County requirements address stormwater management,stream buffers, floodplain regulations, driveway location, road design, subdivision requirements, andbuilding construction. Boone County requires a land disturbance permit prior to land-clearing activitiesequal to or greater than 0.4 ha (1 acre) or within close proximity to an environmentally sensitive area.If not covered under Discovery Ridge land disturbances permits, NWMI would request a land disturbancepermit through the Resource Management Department. The department also offers an electronicstormwater pollution prevention plan (SWPPP) for land disturbance projects disturbing 0.4 ha (1 acre) ormore. The SWPPP template would guide NWMI through the SWPPP development process to helpensure that the SWPPP addresses all the necessary elements stated in the Missouri State General Permitand Boone County regulations (Boone County, 2013a).The Boone County Regional Sewer District provides wastewater management services to DiscoveryRidge. The NWMI facility must comply with the applicable requirements of Chapter 2 of the SanitarySewer Use Regulations, including Section 2.12, "Unlawful Dischargers," establishing pollutant limits andpretreatment requirements, and Section 2.17.2, "Operating, Inspection, and Monitoring," which is forindustrial users (Boone County, 2013b).The Missouri State Legislature (Missouri Revised Statutes, Chapter 64.850, "County commission mayprescribe zoning regulations") delegated the responsibility to local governmental units to adopt floodplainmanagement regulations designed to protect health, safety, and general welfare. This ordinance applies toall lands within the jurisdiction of Boone County, identified as numbered and unnumbered A, AE, AO,and AH zones on Panel 290 19CINDOA of the Flood Insurance Rate Map for Boone County (BooneCounty, 2011). A floodplain development permit must be acquired for all proposed construction or otherdevelopment, including the placement of manufactured homes, in those zones. The RPF site is notlocated within any of these zones.19.1.2.6.2 City of ColumbiaPotable water connections -The Columbia Water Treatment Plant is owned and operated by the City ofColumbia and the Water and Light Department. The system supplies water to approximately45,500 customers. The water system has approximately 46,250 service connections, and the averagedaily consumption is 47.69 million liters (ML)/day (12.6 million gallons per day ([IMgal/day]). TheColumbia Water Treatment Plant is in compliance with all State and Federal drinking water regulations.The plant is in the Northeast Regional Office district of the MDNR. Requests for drinking waterconnections would be made in accordance with Code of Ordinances, Chapter 27, "Utilities for the City ofColumbia" (City of Columbia, 2013a). Code of Ordinances, Chapter 6, "Buildings and BuildingRegulations" (City of Columbia, 2013b), adopts the 2009 Edition of the International Building Code(IBC, 2009) by reference with amendment, and would be the building standard for the RPF.Stormwater regulation -The City of Columbia and Boone County adopted stormwater regulations inresponse to requirements mandated by EPA as part of implementing Phase II of the CWA (MDNR, 2012a).These regulations were adopted by the city in 2007 and the county in 2010. Two components are withineach set of regulations: Stormwater Management Standards, and Stream Buffer Standards.Storm water management -The adopted city and county regulations address the water quantity and waterquantity that leaves a development site. The regulations specify that the volume of post-developmentrunoff cannot exceed that of a site's predevelopment state. Therefore, many new developments requiresignificant on-site detention and filtration facilities. Previous regulations allowed stormwater to be dischargeddirectly into the creeks (MDNR, 2012a). Under the city stormwater regulations, subdivisions preliminarilyplatted prior to September 2007 are exempt from the new regulations (City of Columbia, 2013a).19-15
., NWMIChapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AThe goal of the new city regulations is to mitigate flooding, erosion, pollution of streams, and personalproperty damage caused by development activities.Stream buffers -A major component of the City of Columbia and Boone County stormwater regulationsis the stream buffering requirement. Stream buffers are natural vegetation areas that serve as boundariesbetween disturbed land and local waterways. Thebuffers act as filtration systems for stormwater Table 19-3. Required Stream Buffer Width,runoff entering creeks and protect aquatic habitat. Identified by Stream TypeStream buffers also stabilize stream banks, mitigateflooding, and preserve natural areas that serve asvital habitat and corridors. Stream buffers are -measured from the ordinary high-water mark and 1 Perennial 31 100vary in width depending on stream type. The three 2 1~in 52 5regulated stream types identified in the city and 3Ehmrl 92 3county regulations are shown in Table 19-3.Stream buffers were expanded to include slopes greater than 15 percent that are adjacent to outer buffers.City and county regulations include a 61 meter (in) (200-foot [ft]) buffer from karst features (e.g.,sinkholes). The inner half of stream buffers must be left as undisturbed natural vegetation. In Columbia,but not in Boone County, accessory structures (e.g., sheds) may be built within the outer half of thesebuffers. Trails and maintained lawns may be situated within the outer buffer.Landscaping regulations -Landscaping and screening standards exist as part of the city zoningordinance. These provisions are intended to accomplish the following:* Establish healthy environmental conditions by providing shade, air purification, oxygenregeneration, groundwater recharge, stormwater runoff retardation, erosion control, and noise,glare, and heat abatement* Provide visual buffering from streets, to buffer potentially incompatible land uses and togenerally enhance the quality and appearance of a development site* Encourage the preservation of existing trees and vegetation* Supplement the land disturbance permit requirementsThe landscaping standards apply to all new development and new parking lots exceeding a minimumthreshold size. There are several exclusions to the landscaping requirements, which are explained in thezoning ordinance (City of Columbia, 1998).Tree preservation regulations -While City of Columbia requires tree preservation, Boone County hasno specific tree preservation ordinance. However, with the recent adoption of the county stream bufferregulations, there exists an opportunity to implement the first ongoing regulation that would have a directeffect on tree preservation.According to the MDNR, tree preservation has been most effective on unsubdivided parcels greater than0.4 ha (1 acre) inside the city limits. This is the result of the city requirement that a tree survey beconducted to determine what climax forest exists on a site prior to land-clearing activities.19-16
- : Chpter 9.0 -Environmental Review* .=.. , "NOThwESr MEWICALISOTQPIS19.1.2.7 Permit and Approval StatusA final determination of permits and approvals applicable to the RPF would be made with appropriateregulatory interface. Consultations will ensure that applications or certifications are prepared andsubmitted in accordance with requirements, and approved in a timely manner. Permits and approvalsnecessary for RPF construction and operation are identified in Table 19-4.Table 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)19-17 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)19-18 N Chapter 1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0Alv'i-,-i hate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)Resource Conservation Notification of Obtain Missouri Registration to be*and Recovery Act Regulated Activity identification number filed 90 days prior toMissouri Revised Statute for generation of generating hazardousChapter 260 hazardous waste waste10 CSR Division 25 Certified Resource Reuse, reclamation, or Application to beRecovery Facility recycling 1,000 kg submitted 90 daysApplication (2,204.6 lb) or more of prior to operationssite-generatedhazardous waste in amonthNotification to Notify MDNR in Notification to beMDNR of writing and by certified submitted 90 daysConditional delivery of the claim of prior to operationsExemption a conditionalexemption for LLMWstored and treated inthe facilityHazardous WastePermitTreatment, storage ordisposal of hazardouswasteNot requiredClean Water ActMissouri RevisedStatute, Chapter 64Boone CountyStormwater OrdinanceStormwaterDischarge PermitStormwatermanagementApplication to besubmitted 30 daysprior to constructionApplication to besubmitted 30 daysprior to constructionLand DisturbancePermitActivity disturbing0.4 ha (1 acre) or moreof land or disturbing278.7 m2 (3,000 ft2) inenvironmentallysensitive areasClean Water Act Sanitary sewerMissouri Revised Statute connection approvalChapter 250Chapter 2 of BooneCounty Sanitary SewerUse RegulationsBuilding connection toDistrict wastewatertreatment worksRequired informationto be submitted30 days prior toconstruction19-19
.-.-,.I* :" NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-4. Regulatory Compliance Status (4 pages)a Full references are provided in Section 19.7.b Only required when oil is stored in a tank or shell with a capacity over 1,320 gallons (gal), and the oil couldreasonably reach navigable water.CFR = Code of Federal Regulations. NRC = U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.CSR = Code of State Regulations. RCRA = Resource Conservation and RecoveryEPA = U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Act.HVAC = heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. RPF = radioisotope production facility.LLMW = low-level mixed waste. SPCC = spill prevention, control, andMDNR = Missouri Department of Natural Resources, countermeasure.NPDES = National Pollutant Discharge Elimination U.S. = United States.System.19-20 "i: NWMIS-. .Mli I3OTOPBNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review19.1.3 Consultation and CoordinationTable 19-5 lists the consultations required for construction and operation of the proposed RPF. The tableprovides the following information for each consultation, as applicable, including the name of theresponsible regulatory agency; applicable law, ordinance, or regulation; required consultation; summaryof any surveys required to complete the consultation; and status.Table 19-5. Consultation Required for Construction and Operation Status (2 pages)FederalState of MissouriMissouri Rules of Department of None None Consultation letter wasDepartment of Conservation (3 CSR 10) submitted to the MDC onConservation July 14, 2014. Noresponse has been received.Osage Nation
- National EnvironmentalPolicy Act* National HistoricPreservation Act* Native American GravesProtection andRepatriation Act(25 U.S.C. § 3001 et seq.)Consultation regarding Noneprotection of traditionalNative Americanreligious and culturalresourcesConsultation letter wassubmitted to the OsageNation on July 14. 2014.No response has beenreceived.19-21
~yNWMINWMI-2013.-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-5. Consultation Required for Construction and Operation Status (2 pages)Kaw Nation
- National Environmental Consultation regarding None Consultation letter wasPolicy Act protection of traditional submitted to the Kaw* National Historic Native American Nation on July 14, 2014.Preservation Act religious and cultural No response has been* Native American Graves resources received.Protection andRepatriation ActOmaha Tribe
- National Environmental Consultation regarding None Consultation letter wasPolicy Act protection of traditional submitted to the Omaha* National Historic Native American Tribe on July 14, 2014. NoPreservation Act religious and cultural response has been received.* Native American Graves resourcesProtection andRepatriation Acta Full references are provided in Section 19.7.b Unless noted otherwise, copies of the consultation letters submitted/received are provided in Appendix A.CSRIPaCMDC= Code of State Regulations.= information, planning, and conservation.= Missouri Department of Conservation.U.S.C. = United States Code.USFWS = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.19-22 ChaperI1NWM-2013-o2, Rev. OAflIVChapter 9.0 -Environmental Review19.2 PROPOSED ACTIONAs described in Section 19.2.1, the proposed action requires authorization by the NRC for NWMI to constructand later operate the proposed RPF at Discovery Ridge to commercially produce 99Mo using LEU.Section 19.2.1 also describes actions that are connected to the proposed action. Connected actions fall withinthe scope of the actions evaluated in an environmental impact statement (40 CFR 1508.25, "Scope").19.2.1 Description of Proposed Action and Connected ActionsThe proposed action is the issuance of an NRC Construction Permit and Operating License under10 CFR 50 and provisions of 10 CFR 70 and 10 CFR 30 that would authorize NWMI to construct andoperate a 99Mo RPF at a site located in Columbia, Missouri. Proposed RPF activities include:* Receiving LEU from DOE* Producing LEU target materials and fabrication of targets* Packaging and shipping LEU targets to the university reactor network for irradiation* Returning irradiated LEU targets for dissolution, recovery, and purification of 99Mo* Recovering and recycling LEU to minimize radioactive, mixed, and hazardous waste generation* Treating/packaging wastes generated by RPF process steps to enable transport to a disposal siteThe RPF is being designed to have a nominal operational processing capability of one batch per week ofup to 12 targets from MURR for up to 52 weeks per year and approximately 30 targets from the OregonState University (OSU) TRIGA1 Reactor (OSTR) or a third university reactor for eight weeks per year perreactor. The impacts analyzed for this ER were based on the bounding scenario of MURR operating52 weeks per year, with both the OSTR and third reactor operating eight weeks per year, for a total of68 batches of irradiated LEU targets processed at the RPF annually.For the proposed RPF to fulfill its function, other "connected actions" would also occur. The RPF connectedaction is the use of a network of university research reactors for the irradiation of LEU targets. The ERevaluates transport of the unirradiated LEU targets to each university research reactor, irradiation of theLEU targets at each reactor, and transport of the irradiated LEU targets back to the RPF. Licenseamendments associated with university research reactors irradiating LEU targets would be completed byeach reactor organization and would be separate from this proposed action.NWMI has currently identified two university research reactors to be part of the irradiation network:MURR and OSTR.reactor will be added to the network that is similar to OSTR. An analysis torecommend the third university reactor is currently underway. The university reactors being consideredinclude [Proprietary Information]. NWMI has bounded the decision for the third reactor by the universityreactor that is the [Proprietary Information].The primary activities to be completed during construction, pre-operation, operation, anddecommissioning are described below.Construction -During the construction phase of the RPF, the following types of construction activitieswould be completed, including land clearing, set up of equipment laydown areas, utility installation,buildings, parking lots, and roads.Pre-Operations -Prior to commercial operations, the RPF would go through a commissioning phase toensure that the facility functions as designed and meets all NRC license and State and local requirements.The commissioning process comprises the integrated application of a set of engineering techniques andprocedures to check, inspect, and test every operational component of the project, from individualfunctions (e.g., instruments and equipment), to complex modules, subsystems, and systems.STRIGA (Training. Research. Isotopes. General Atomics) is a registered trademark of General Atomics. San Diego. California.19-23
,,. N W 'Chaper. NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0Alvii;.°. hate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewOperations -The RPF would have the operations capacity to produce 50 percent of the U.S. 99Modemand. 99Mo produced from the proposed NWMI RPF would indistinguishable from 99Mo from theexisting fleet of nuclear reactors and would not require redesign of the 99Mo generator technology in theU.S. supply chain.Decommissioning -The process of closing and securing a nuclear facility would provide adequateprotection from radiation exposure and to isolate radioactive contamination from the environment.Activities include surveillance, maintenance, decontamination, and/or dismantlement. These actions aretaken at the end of the life of a facility to retire it from service, with adequate regard for the health andsafety of workers and the public and protection of the environment.19.2.1.1 ScheduleThe schedule for proposed RPF construction, operation, and decommissioning is as follows:* Start date of site preparation/construction: First quarter 2016* End date of construction: First quarter 2017* Start date of facility startup and cold commissioning (pre-operational): Second quarter 2017* Date of hot commissioning and commercial operations: Third quarter 2017* Date of decommissioning: 204719.2.1.2 Affected LandDuring construction the total affected land would 3.0 ha (7.4 acres) or 100 percent of the site. The entiresite (3.0 ha [7.4 acres]) would be permanently affected as a result of operational activities.19.2.1.3 Personnel, Materials, and Equipment Required During Project PhasesAll work completed prior to receiving the Construction Permit Application for the proposed RPF wouldbe completed in accordance with 10 CFR 50.10(a)(2), "License Required; Limited Work Authorization."Table 19-6 provides an estimate of the resources required during each of the major facility phases(construction, pre-operation, operation, and decommissioning) of the proposed action.Table 19-6. Resources Required During Radioisotope Production Facility Phasesil-~ lll S~l l1 il [0] -II l ,I1 StI SSl i i *li~lli 3-lel i0 li Average workforce 38 21 98 15Delivery trucks (per week) 20241Fuel (diesel), L/month (gal/month) "1,647 (435) b189 (50) b189 (50) 1,647 (435)a The majority of the diesel fuel is consumed during the first three months of construction.b Diesel fuel is used for backup generator.C LEU needed for hot commissioning and initial RPF startup.d LEU needed in Operation [Proprietary Information] for addition of second university reactor.eLEU needed in Operation [Proprietary Information] for addition of third university reactor.19-24
- .NWMI.4o** SMEOICA ISOTQPIfSNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewMaterials consumed during the construction phase are shown in Table 19-7.Table 19-7. Estimated Materials Consumed During Construction PhaseConcreteMiscellaneous steelt~#r3,257 m3363 t45 tl2Tt4,260 yd3Asphalt400 tons50 tonsStone gr~n~uli~r materii~1Roofing245 m3 320 yd31~300~' 1~700yd34,645 m2 50,000 ft2435t 4U~ohs140 toni IIPre~ast c~4,645 m2 50,000 ft219.2.1.4 Applicant for the Proposed ActionNWMI is an Oregon limited-liability company (LLC). The company was formed solely to provide 99Moto the medical industry. NWMI's owners are listed in Table 19-8.Table 19-8. Northwest Medical Isotopes Ownership SummarySamaritan Health Services, Inc.Orion Ventures, LLCTalents Venture FundaOtherOregon, not-for-profit corporationOregon, limited-liability companyDelaware, limited-liability company[Proprietary Information][Proprietary Information][PoreayIfrain[Proprietary Information]=i ..... % I¸ ii # X a Membership interests are less than 2 percent.19.2.2 Radioisotope Production Facility Site Location and Layout19.2.2.1 Site LocationThe proposed 3.0 ha (7.4-acre) RPF site is situated within Discovery Ridge, north of Discovery RidgeDrive. Discovery Ridge is located in the City of Columbia, Boone County, Missouri. The site is situatedin central Missouri, approximately 201 kilometer (kin) (125 miles [mi]) east of Kansas City and 201 km(125 mi) west of St. Louis. The site is 7.2 km (4.5 mi) south of U.S. Interstate 70, just north of U.S.Highway 63 (Figure 19-4). The Missouri River lies 15.3 km (9.5 mi) west of the site. The site is located5.6 km (3.5 mi) southeast of the main MU campus.The approximate center of the RPF is longitude 920 16' 34.63" and latitude 380 54' 3.31" (NAD 83, 1983).Figure 19-5 illustrates the 8 km (5-mi) radius from the center of the facility and shows highways, rivers,and other local bodies of water.19-25 NWMI.-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewA RPF SiteQ 200kmn (124 mile) Radius frmRPF StMajor RiverState BoundariesCity0I1I3Interstate Highways60 90 120Miles Mark Twain National ForestFigure 19-4. 200 km (124-mi) Radius with Cities and Roads19-26
- ~. NWMIFtORTHWS MW A SOOPSNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewA RPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF SiteInterstate Highways-Highways( City LimitsMark Twain National Forest0 0.5 12 3 4, , ,MilesFigure 19-5. Illustration of 8 km (5-mi) Radius from the Center of the Facility19-27 NMAIMNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2 .2.1 .1 PopulationThe 2010 Census reported that Columbia had a population of 108,500, which increased by 20.1 percentover the 10 preceding years (USCB, 2010a/b). Ashland is located approximately 14.5 km (9 mi) south ofthe proposed RPF site and had a 2010 Census population of 3,707, which increased 50 percent over the10 preceding years. The population of Columbia resides primarily north-northwest of the proposed site.The 2010 Census Boone County population was 162,642 (USCB, 2010a/b). In the fall of 2012, MU hada population of approximately 34,748 students (MU, 2013).19.2.2.1.1.1 Sensitive PopulationsTable 19-9 provides a list of the sensitive populations (e.g., schools, daycares, retirement homes) within a5-mi radius of the proposed RPF site. The list was developed using multiple sources and surveys.Google Earth was used to determine the distances from the site.Table 19-9. Sensitive Populations (2 pages)Nearest full-time resident0.43 0.27 SouthIISunset Mobile Home Park0.93 0.58 NorthwestRock Bridge High School 5.25 3.26 West I Hickman High School 8.52 5.3 NorthwestRock Bridge Elementary 5.12 3.18 WestSchoolCedar Ridge Elementary 4.08 2.54 NorthSchoolField Elementary School7.96 4.95 Northwest7.85 4.88 Northwest@Grant Elementary SchoolWestern Governors 2.16 1.34 Northwest jSteven's College 6.92 4.3 NorthwestUniversity Missouri ILittle Miracles Preschool2.8 1.74 North I Fr. Tolton Catholic HighI School1.42- 0.88 Southwest19-28
- . NWMfINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-9. Sensitive Populations (2 pages)I -I .---Green Meadows PreschoolLuke's Child Care andPreschoolDown to Earth Preschool6.92 4.3 WestTiger Tots Child DevelopmentCenter7.43 4.62 Northwest3.62L9~ Southeast Bi~d of>~be ~aip~ow5.463.39 North2.25 NorthAcademy of Early ChildhoodLearning5.8 3.6 West---. -ILenoir Woods Senior LivingBluff Creek Terrace1.462.530.91 Northwest Columbia Manor Care Center1.57 Northwest2.991.86 West...IProvidence Urgent Care5.38 3.34 WestGreen Meadows Pediatric andAdolescent Medicine5.95 3.7 WestMissouri Orthopedic 5.83 3.62 Northwest University of Columbia 6.13 3.81 NorthwestInstitute HospitalPeditri Plsti Suger, 616 .83Northwest University of Missouri, Mohs 5.95University of Missouri & Dermatology Surgery ClinicChildren's HospitalJ3.7 Northwest19.2.2.2 Site LayoutThe RPF site is 3.0 ha (7.4-acre) and is located entirely on property owned by MU. Figure 19-6 shows afootprint of the major structures, site layout, fence line, and site boundary (Lot 15). The major structuresinclude the RPF, Waste Staging and Shipping Building, and Diesel Generator Building. Additionally, thesite has an Administration Building and Security Stations. These major facilities also receive, store/hold,or process chemicals, oil, diesel fuel, and other hazardous and radioactive materials. The site presentlyconsists of grass fields and is primarily relatively flat surfaces at an elevation of 231 m (758 ft). Accessto the site is provided from Discovery Drive and Discovery Parkway.19-29
.NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewRough Estimate of Operations Boundary and Eme~rgency Planning loneSSite Boundary. Area Under the NRC Facility Operating l~icensc. Controlled AreaMilesFigure 19-6. Radioisotope Production Facility Site Boundary19-30I.=
'. il-. V............ Chptr 9.0- Environmental ReviewThe RPF main building is approximately 106.7 m (350 ft) long and 56.4 m (185 ft) wide. The heightabove grade is 14 m (46 ft) for the mechanical/electrical bay roof, 19.8 m (65 ft) for the high bay roof,and 22.9 m (75 ft) for the facility stacks. The site is enclosed by perimeter fencing to satisfy safeguardsand security and other regulatory requirements. The total fenced area includes paved roads laid out asappropriate for the turning radius of tractor/trailers used to transport the irradiated target shipping andwaste handling casks.19.2.2.3 Infrastructure ImprovementsDiscovery Ridge has the infrastructure (power, sewer, and water) required to support the proposed RPF.Sanitary sewer, electric power, municipal water, and natural gas are installed from the facility to theutility connections presently located at the southwest corner of the site.19.2.2.4 Existing InfrastructureThe RPF site has no existing underground storage tanks, wells, pipelines, water supply, sewage, orstormwater systems.19.2.2.5 Other Nearby Facilities/BuildingsAnalytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories -Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc. (ABC Laboratories),is located approximately 0.48 km (0.3 mi) west of the proposed RPF within Discovery Ridge. ABCLaboratories is a contract research organization that delivers a broad array of product development andanalytical testing services to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, animal health, crop protection, andchemical industries. The facility is an 8,361 square meter (in2) (90,000-square foot [ft2]) facility thatincludes chemical and biochemical laboratories and associated systems and equipment. The facility is aRCRA large quantity generator-permitted facility.Research and Diagnostic Laboratory Facility -The Research and Diagnostic Laboratory (RADIL)facility, located approximately 0.16 km (.0.1 mi) northwest of the proposed RPF within Discovery Ridge.RADIL is owned by IDEXX Laboratories, Inc., who purchased the facility from the MU College ofVeterinary Medicine. The 5,667 m-2 (61,000 ft2) facility provides health monitoring and diagnostic testingservices to bioresearch customers. The facility is a RCRA small quantity generator-permitted facility.19.2.2.6 Monitoring StationsThe need for monitoring stations is discussed in the following sections:* Air monitoring -Section 19.4.2.2* Groundwater monitoring -Section 19.4.4.3* Surface water monitoring -Section 19.4.4.3* Meteorological monitoring -Section 19.4.2.2.5* Ecological monitoring -Section 19.4.5.4* Radiological monitoring -Section 19.4.8.419-31
- i; N.,..Chaper NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GA* Chater 9.0 -Environmental Review19.2.3 Radioisotope Production Facility DescriptionThe proposed RPF would support target fabrication, recovery and purification of the 99Mo product fromirradiated LEU targets that would be generated by irradiation in multiple university research reactors, anduranium recovery and recycle to produce 99Mo. Figure 19-7 shows the proposed site layout, including theRPF, adjacent administration and support buildings, security buildings and associated security fence.RI)]I O 15 F , RE WATIER PU[JMP SKID)7.4 ACRES ,WASTE MANAGEMEINT BIDCP.L C.IgVE\ //WASTE MANAGIEMENT CANOPYR-105.42' /SIDE SETBACK -IS FEETSPACE RESERVIED PO FIRE WA11 ...PARKING LOT 32 --FRN STAC.-,35 FEET N'P!, CURVE -JL-I117.75'... OEE N lIOR,,74.30' TRAP AREAPLAN= 5F~ LOT E4 TOTAL 0 100' 200'L,-359.S4'R=154,283'Figure 19-7. Radioisotope Production Facility Site LayoutFigure 19-8 is first level general layout of the RPF. Figure 19-9 and Figure 19-10 are preliminary layoutsof the first level and second level, respectively, of the RPF. A mezzanine area above a portion of theprocess area would be for utility, ventilation and offgas equipment. The following sections provide adescription of the major rooms included in the facility layout.The first level (excluding the tank pit area) and second levels of the RPF are currently estimated tocontain approximately 4,282 m2 (46,088 ft2) and 1,569 m2 (16,884 ft2) of floor space, respectively. Theprocessing hot cell and waste management temporary storage floor space area is approximately 544 m2(5,857 ft2). The maximum height of the building is 19.8 m (65 ft) with a maximum stack height of 22.9 m(75 ft). The depth of the processing hot cell belowgrade, without footers, is 4.6 m (15 fi) of enclosureheight in rooms containing process equipment.19-32
(. NWMINSST~ S MESS A SO S ESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewFigure 19-8.II II II IIGeneral Layout of the Radioisotope Production Facility19-33
- e.e "NORTHWEST MEDICAL SOTOPESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-9. Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production FacilityFirst Level Floor Plan19-34
.;;@NWMI* ..i.e.°." ' NORTHWEST MEOICA(.ISOTOPESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-10. Preliminary Layout of the Radioisotope Production FacilitySecond Level Floor Plan19-35
..,,o;*NRTWESMEICAIOONWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-11 illustrates the hot cell details for target disassembly dissolution, Mo recovery andpurification, uranium recovery and recycle, and waste management.[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-11. Radioisotope Production Facility Hot Cell Details19-36 MI.NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2.3.1 Process DescriptionA flow diagram of the primary process to be performed by the proposed RPF is provided in Figure 19-12.Target FabricationS UnardaeTarget ShqsnI to Urversity8 ReactorU'Irradiated Target Disassemblyand Dissolution:0IrradiatedTargetShipping andReceivinTargetCladdin toSolid WasteHandingI!Fissio Product Soluteoit toLqiad Waste H anllngtrrpSatProduct CaskCustomner9gMo ProductionILegend1Reactor OperationsSRPF OperationsFigure 19-12. Radioisotope Production Facility Block Flow DiagramRPF operations include the following general process steps (which correspond with the above figure).o LEU target material is fabricated using a combination of fresh LEU and recycled uranium.§ Target material is encapsulated using metal cladding to contain the LEU and fission productsproduced during irradiation.* Fabricated targets are packaged and shipped to university reactors for irradiation.o After irradiation, targets are shipped back to the RPF.* Irradiated targets are disassembled and metal cladding is removed.O Targets are then dissolved into a solution for processing.O Dissolved LEU solution is processed to recover and purify 99Mo.O Purified 99Mo is packaged in certified shipping containers and shipped to a radiopharmaceuticaldistributor.* LEU solution is treated to recover uranium and remove trace contaminants and is recycled backto Step 1 to be made into new targets via the target fabrication system.19-37
.N W M ISOOE Catr WM-031Rev. Qlvii: .......... hpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAll process wastes that contain unwanted isotopes are converted to a disposal form by the waste handlingsystem, where the wastes are placed in casks for shipment to a disposal site. Offgases are captured andtreated through appropriate treatment systems and then released through a stack.1 9.2 .3.1.1 Target Fabrication Summary (Steps 0, 0, and 0)The target fabrication process converts fresh and recycled uranium into LEU target material, which isthen loaded into target hardware for shipping to the reactors for irradiation. The material being processedin the target fabrication area requires no shielding; the equipment is contact-handled.LEU target material production (Step 0) -LEU target material is produced using an internal gelationprocess. The material is produced from a combination of recycled uranyl nitrate, fresh uranium metal,and uranium compounds recycled from various points in the target fabrication system. The recycleduranyl nitrate is converted to acid-deficient uranyl nitrate (ADUN) using a solvent extraction process,which selectively removes nitrate ions from the solution. The resulting ADUN is mixed with the uranylnitrate produced by dissolution of fresh uranium. This ADUN is evaporated to achieve the desireduranium concentration, and is then chilled before mixing with urea and hydroxymethyltetramine (HMTA)to form the gelation broth. This broth is injected into a column of heated silicone oil. At the base of thecolumn, the LEU target material is filtered from the oil and washed with a solvent, ammonium hydroxideand water. The target material is then reduced in a stream of dilute hydrogen within a furnace. The LEUtarget material is sampled and analyzed to ensure that it meets quality requirements before routing to thetarget fabrication system.Encapsulation (Step 0) -LEU target material is loaded into the target hardware. This hardware isprefabricated and cleaned before entering the facility. The targets are filled with LEU target materialsand helium cover gas. Once the targets have been loaded and welded, they undergo inspection andquality assurance (QA) checks, including leak testing. Targets that pass the QA checks are shipped to theuniversity reactors for irradiation. Targets that fail the QA checks are disassembled. The LEU targetmaterial is recycled, and the hardware is cleaned and disposed of as nonradioactive scrap.Target packaging and shipment (Step 0) -Assembled targets are loaded into shipping casks fortransport to the university reactors. Transport will be via ground transportation.19.2 .3.1.2 Irradiated Target Receipt, Disassembly, and Dissolution Summary (Steps 0, 0,and 0)Target receipt and disassembly (Steps 0 and 0) -The irradiated targets are received in shieldedshipping casks. The irradiated LEU targets are moved into the hot cell via a below-grade tunnel to the hotcell access point that mates up with either the shipping cask or a transfer cask. The targets aredisassembled by puncturing the target, collecting any fission product gases, severing the target in half,and transferring the irradiated LEU target material into a transfer container. The spent target areinspected and disposed of as solid waste.Target dissolution (Step 0) -The target dissolution process is operated in a "batch" fashion, with theirradiated LEU target material transferred into a dissolver. The LEU material is dissolved in hot nitricacid. The offgas containing the fission product gases goes through a series of cleanup columns. Thenitrogen oxides (NO0) is removed by a reflux condenser and several NO0 absorbers, the fission productgases (noble and iodine) are captured on absorbers, and the remaining gas is filtered and discharged intothe process ventilation header. The dissolver solution is diluted, cooled, filtered, and pumped to the 99Mosystem feed tank. Only one of the two dissolvers is planned to be actively dissolving LEU target materialat a time.19-38 I AIflNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A..,,,.. NWMI Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2 .3.1 .3 Molybdenumn-99 Product Recovery and Purification System (Steps Gand 0)The dissolver solution from the target dissolution operation is processed to purify the 99Mo. The uranium-containing solutions from the 99Mo ion exchange (IX) columns are transferred to the uranium recoverysystem. The remaining waste solutions are sent to low- or high-dose waste storage tanks.Mo recovery and purification (Step 0) -The dissolver solution from the target dissolution operation ispumped through the first TX column (Mo recovery). The 99Mo and trace components are absorbed ontothe media. The uranium and most of the fission products and other contaminates flow through thecolumn and are sent to the lag storage tanks in the uranium recovery and recycle system. The 99Mo iseluted from the first column and purify in the second and third IX columns. The product purificationprocess primarily consists of a series of chemical adjustments and IX columns to remove unwantedisotopes from the 99Mo product solution.99Mo product packaging and shipping (Step 0) -Product solution is sampled to verify compliancewith acceptance criteria after a final chemical adjustment. The product solution in small vials is thenplaced into shipping containers that are sequentially loaded into shipping casks. The casks are removedfrom the hot cell, surveyed, and manifested for transport to the customer. 99Mo product is transported viaair or ground transportation depending on which radiopharmaceutical distributor is receiving the shipment.19.2.3.1.4 Uranium Recovery and Recycle Summary (Step 0,)The uranium process system consists of solution storage vessels, TX columns, and concentrators foruranium recovery and recycle. The lag storage tanks minimize upstream processing delays and provideseveral weeks of decay time before the material is processed through the system.First cycle uranium recovery -The LEU stream from the first cycle molybdenum TX column is held inlag storage tanks to allow selected radionuclides to decay. The solution is then diluted and pumpedthrough the first TX columns to separate the bulk of the fission product contaminants from the uranium.The waste is sampled and sent to the high-dose liquid waste accumulation tank. The uranium is eluatedfrom the TX columns, and a concentrator/condenser is used to control the volume of the uranium interimproduct. The condensate is send to the low-dose liquid waste accumulation tank.Second cycle uranium recycle -The interim uranium product solution is processed through a secondstage TX column to remove trace contaminates. The waste is sampled and sent to the high-dose liquidwaste accumulation tank. The uranium is eluated from the TX columns, and a concentrator/condenser isused to control the volume of the recycled uranium product. The condensate is sent to the low-dose liquidwaste accumulation tank. The final uranium product solution is sampled to confirm that it meets therecycle specification.Product uranium lag storage -This subsystem consists of a series of solution storage vessels. Thevessels allow the time necessary for uranium-237 (237U) to decay to contact-handled levels in the uraniumproduct solutions. The decayed uranium product is returned to target fabrication.19.2.3.1.5 Waste Management System DescriptionThe waste management system is divided into three subsystems: (1) the liquid waste system, (2) the solidwaste system, and (3) specialty waste systems.Liquid waste system -The liquid waste disposal system consists of storage tanks for accumulating wasteliquids and adjusting the waste composition. Liquid waste is split into high-dose and low-dose streams byconcentration. The high-dose fraction is further concentrated, adjusted, and mixed with adsorbentmaterial. A portion of the low-dose fraction is expected to be suitable for recycle to selected systems asprocess water. Water that is not recycled is adjusted and then mixed with an adsorbent material. Bothsolidified streams are held for decay and shipped to a disposal facility.19-39 NODW.ETMEIA ISOOE hpe NWM-2013-02, Rev. QA:lvChater19.0 -Environmental ReviewSolid waste system -The solid waste disposal system consists of an area for collection, size reduction,and staging of solid wastes. The solids are placed in a waste drum and encapsulated by adding a cementmaterial to fill voids remaining within the drum. The solidified waste is held for decay and shipped to adisposal facility.Specialty waste system -A specialty waste disposal system is based on addressing small quantities ofunique wastes generated. The goal is to reuse as much of the material as possible. Examples of theseprocesses may include organic and non-organic reclamation processes and silicone oil wasteaccumulation. These waste streams are containerized, stabilized, as appropriate, and shipped offsite fortreatment and disposal.19.2 .3.1.6 Process Offgas SystemsThe process offgas subsystem is connected directly to the process vessels and maintains a negativepressure within the vessels. Process vessel ventilation systems include a set of subsystems that arespecialized to the equipment that the subsystems support. These systems merge together at the processoffgas filter train.Dissolver offgas subsystem -The dissolver offgas subsystem is connected directly to the process vesselsassociated with the irradiated target dissolution process. There are two primary features of this system:(1) recover NOx from the nitric acid dissolution of irradiated targets, and (2) capture fission product gasesreleased from the irradiated targets. This subsystem is installed in the remote hot cell.Iodine potential offgas subsystem -The iodine potential offgas subsystem is connected directly toprocess vessels or equipment that contain tellurium isotopes that decay and form iodine isotopes. Withinthis subsystem, an iodine capture system is included to ensure that any iodine evolving from the processis captured on the treatment media. After iodine treatment, the subsystem merges with the other processventilation subsystems.LEU targetltarget fabrication offgas subsystem -The microsphere/target offgas subsystem isconnected directly to the process vessels and equipment that are associated with the wet portion of themicrosphere/target fabrication process. Filtration is required for this subsystem prior to merging with theother process ventilation subsystems. There are controls/design features in place to maintain the reducinggas within flammability limits.19.2,3.2 Facility Areas19.2 .3.2.1 Irradiated Target Receipt BayThe irradiated target receipt bay is used to receive irradiated fuel elements in shipping casks loaded onsemi-truck trailers. The traveling bridge crane is used to transfer a shipping cask from the trailer onto atransfer cart for transfer to the hot cells. The shipping cask/transfer cart is transferred from the receiptbay airspace through a doorway into the hot cell operating gallery. The cask is introduced to a shieldedtransfer port in the hot cell, where the cask is remotely opened and targets are removed and staged withinthe hot cell for disassembly.19.2 .3.2 .2 Remote Hot CellsIrradiated target processing is performed using equipment that is located in shielded hot cells to protectoperating personnel from doses generated by radioactive materials. The hot cells provide remoteoperation and maintenance capabilities with features such as (1) shielding windows and in-cell andthrough-wall manipulators for equipment operation and maintenance, (2) access via cover blocks andbridge crane to support remote maintenance activities, and (3) equipment (e.g., pumps and valves) thatremotely operated from outside the hot cell.19-40
- : Chapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe hot cells and associated ventilation equipment also provide containment and confinement for thepotential release of radioactive materials from a process vessel during maintenance activities or off-normal operating conditions. The hot cell area will have a criticality favorable floor/sump geometryconfiguration and high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters on the ventilation inlets and outlets. Thehot cell is divided up into the following areas:* LEU target disassembly and dissolution area* Mo recovery and purification area* Uranium recovery and recycle area* Operating gallery area* Maintenance areas* Remote support systems areasLow-Enriched Uranium Target Disassembly and Dissolution AreaThe disassembly area has a feature that mates with the shielded cask and enables the target basket withirradiated LEU targets to be placed in the hot cell. Two disassembly stations are currently envisioned assemi-automated devices that pick one target at a time from the shipping basket, puncture and delid thetarget, and pour target material into a transfer container. The spent target is inspected to ensure that it isempty, passed through to the waste management area, and disposed of as solid waste. The area alsocontains the dissolver vessels, dissolver offgas treatment equipment, and fission gas capture columns.The disassembly stations are supported with leaded windows and/or cameras and master-slavemanipulators.Molybdenum-99 Recovery and Purification AreaCells are included in the remote hot cell to house equipment associated with the Mo recovery andpurification system. The cells include a series of small LX columns with containers, peristaltic pumps,and collection tanks. Operations and maintenance of the process are performed by the through-wallmanipulators. An egress point is included for load-in and load-out of the 99Mo shipping cask. This areaof the hot cell will have design features that support FDA requirements.Uranium Recovery and Recycle AreaEquipment associated with the LEU recovery and recycle system is also located within the remote hot cellarea. This equipment will be much larger than the small Mo recovery and purification equipment, anduse a large portion of the remote hot cell. The process equipment includes a series of LX columns;lag storage, feed, and product tanks to support operation of IX columns; and concentrator systems.The process equipment is skid-mounted, which enables remote replacement and ensures critically safespacing between skids.Operating Gallery AreaThe operating gallery is situated adjacent to the hot cell. The operating gallery is an area used bypersonnel to physically operate remote wall-mounted manipulators. Local control stations are provided inthe operating gallery to support process operations. The operating gallery width is sufficient to allowremoval of a wall-mounted manipulator for maintenance or repair. After removal from the wall, amanipulator is transported via a cart system to the maintenance area where actual repairs are performed.Maintenance AreasTwo maintenance areas are used for facility equipment maintenance: the maintenance shop and themanipulator repair room.19-41 NOhWETMEICA hpe NWI212,Rev. OlviChptr 9.0- Environmental ReviewRemote Support SystemsRemotely operated equipment is used to perform the core operations of processing irradiated targets,recovering 99Mo for shipment to customers, and recycling LEU for fabrication into targets for futureirradiation. These operations are backed by remotely operated support systems, including the main craneand manipulator arms. These two systems provide the ability to keep the process in operation for years.Along with the manipulator arms, the main crane provides the heavy-lifting capacity needed to lift the hotcell cover blocks, remove nonfunctional items from the remote hot cell, and bring in replacementcomponents. An additional crane is provided for remote operations and lifting waste packages in thewaste management area.19.2 .3.2 .3 Target Fabrication AreaThe target fabrication area contains equipment associated with the LEU target material and targetfabrication systems. Material processed by the system is unirradiated LEU, obtained as feed from DOE,and LEU recycled from processing irradiated targets. Recycled LEU is purified in the remote hot cell andtransferred as a solution to the microsphere fabrication vessels. Verification measurements are performedon the purified recycled LEU solutions prior to transfer into the fabrication area to confirm that therecycled LEU material satisfies criteria that allow processing in the unshielded process enclosures.The microsphere/target fabrication area includes the following sub-areas:Target fabrication wet area -The wet area contains the process equipment for conversion ofuranium compounds to LEU target material. Most of the equipment processes aqueous solutionsof uranium. The equipment includes concentrators, dissolvers, liquid-liquid contactors, lagstorage and blending tanks, columns for forming and washing LEU target materials, a filtersystem, furnace boat loading and transfer systems, and furnaces for drying and reducing the LEUtarget material. The LEU target material is manually transferred from the wet area to the dryarea.*Target fabrication dry area -The dry area is used to encapsulate LEU target material in thetarget hardware. Activities performed in this area are primarily receipt and inspection of targethardware components, loading LEU target material into the target, filling the target with helium,and seal welding the targets.*Target fabrication QA/laboratory area -This area is used to perform the various tests andinspections for monitoring and QA of the target fabrication processes. Tests are performed onliquid solutions, LEU target material, and assembled targets.*Storage areas -These are secure rooms within the target fabrication area that store materialsused by the above processes. These rooms contain storage racks that segregate raw andin-process materials from the final product.19.2.3.2.4 Waste Management AreaThe waste management area includes shielded enclosures for tanks collecting liquid waste and containersused to stage solid wastes generated by the process systems. Portions of the waste management system thatare dedicated for high-dose liquid waste are included in the remote hot cell. There are three shielded areasin the waste management area: (1) the high-integrity container (HIC) vault, where filled waste containersare held for several months to allow short-lived radioisotopes to decay to lower doses, (2) the hot cell solidwaste export area, where equipment and empty targets are passed out of the hot cell, and (3) the solidificationcell, where liquid waste is processed/mixed with materials to prepare waste packages for disposal.19-42
- I.i...V.......... Ihptr 9.0- Environmental ReviewThe solid waste is moved to the waste loading area, where the waste is loaded into a shipping cask(typically already on a truck trailer) to be transported to a disposal site. The waste management area isserviced by a bridge crane.19.2 .3.2 .5 Mechanical/Electrical RoomsThe mechanical/electrical rooms are located on the second floor on both sides of the hot cell. Themechanical/electrical rooms house electrical systems, motor control centers, pumps, boilers, aircompressors, and ventilation supply equipment. The heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC)chillers are located outside of the facility, in the same area as the process water chillers. The mechanicalroom over the laboratory/chemical make-up areas houses the exhaust fans and filter trains.19.2 .3 .2.6 Process Offgas RoomThe process offgas room is connected directly to the process vessel and process offgas subsystems to treatthe stream and maintain negative pressure within the vessels. The process offgas room containsabsorbers, filters trains, and fans. Process offgas is discharged from the primary building exhaust system.19.2.3.2.7 Laboratory and Research and Development Hot CellAn analytical laboratory and research and development hot cell area support the production of the 99Moproduct and recycle of uranium. Samples from the process are collected, transported to the laboratory,and prepared in the laboratory hot cell.Other laboratory features include the following:* Hoods and/or gioveboxes to complete sample preparation, waste handling, and standardspreparations* Rooms with specialty instruments, including an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS)--a gamma spectroscopy system, an alpha spectroscopy system, a liquid scintillationsystem, and a beta-counting system* Chemical and laboratory supplies storage* Bench-top systems (e.g., balances, pH meters, ion-chromatography)19.2 .3.2 .8 Chemical Make-up and Gas Storage RoomThe chemical make-up room includes tanks supplying aqueous chemicals to the process systems,flammable material storage cabinets used to segregate incompatible materials, and storage of chemicalsolids used in the process systems. The gas distribution room serves as a location for storage of smallquantity gases (stored in gas cylinders) and distribution manifolds. Large quantities of gases are storedoutside of the RPF in appropriate storage tanks or trailers. These areas are designed to segregateincompatible chemicals.19.2 .3 .2.9 Raw Materials and Molybdenum-99 Product Shipping and Receiving AreasTwo separate access points are proposed to move process materials into and out of the facility and ship99Mo product to the radiopharmaceuticai distributors. Both access points are truck bays that interfacewith process areas near the chemical make-up room. The 99Mo product bay functions as an airlock as partof the confinement ventilation control strategy for exporting the casks transported by a cargo vehicle.The second access point next to the 99Mo product area is a shipping/receiving room and loading dock forthe movement of smaller packages using handcarts or forklift. This area is the planned location for thereceipt of chemicals and will have a pad/berm for spill protection and collection.19-43 NMI'NORTHW1EST MEDICALISOTOPESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. QAChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.2.3.2.10 Support Staff AreasThe support staff areas are an annex to the RPF and include various areas supporting the process. Thesupport staff areas include a shift office, health physics office, break room, support offices/workroom,change rooms/bathrooms, storage areas, and personnel airlock.19.2.3.2.11 Control RoomThe control room houses the process control system for operating and monitoring the facility. Thecontrol room door into the facility is equipped with controlled access. The control console has two orthree operator interface stations or human-machine interfaces (one being a dedicated engineeringinterface), a master programmable logic controller or distributed controller, and all related and necessarycabinetry and subcomponents (e.g., power supplies and uninterruptable power supply). This controlsystem is supported by a data highway of sensing instrument signals in the facility process areas that aregathered throughout the facility by an Ethernet conmmunication-based interface backbone and brought intothe control room and onto the console displays. T~shla 10.11l~f l~ilit Arois annd lRpSnpptivpDedicated controllers and human-machinemonitoring interfaces or stations for other equipmentsystems are also in the control room. A controlpanel for all facility on-site and off-site (if required)communications (e.g., telephone, intercom) willpotentially be located in the control room.19.2.3.2.12 General Ventilation SystemThe facility ventilation system maintains a seriesof cascading pressure zones to draw air from thecleanest areas of the facility to the mostcontaminated areas. Zone IV is a clean zone and isindependent of the other ventilation zones.Zone IV will be slightly positively pressurizedwith respect to the atmosphere. Zone III is thecleanest of the potentially contaminated areas, witheach subsequent zone being more contaminated andhaving lower pressures. Table 19-10 defines theventilation zone applicable to major spaces.Figure 19-13 graphically presents the ventilationzone for the first level of the RPF.A common supply air system provides 100 percentoutdoor air to all Zone III areas and some Zone IIareas that require make-up air in addition to thatcascaded from Zone III. Three separate exhaustsystems maintain zone pressure differentials andcontainment: (1) the Zone I exhaust systemservices the hot cell, waste loading areas, targetfabrication enclosures, and process offgassubsystems in Zone I; (2) the Zone I1/III exhaustsystem services exhaust flow needs from Zone IIand Zone III in excess of flow cascaded to interiorzones; and (3) a laboratory exhaust system servicesfume hoods in the laboratory area.Confinement ZonesHot cells (production) ITank hot cell ISolid waste treatment hot cell IHigh-dose waste solidification hot cell IUranium decay and accountability hot cell IHIC vault IAnalytical laboratory gloveboxes IR&D hot cell laboratory hot cells ITarget fabrication room and enclosures IIUtility room IIAnalytical laboratory room and hoods IIR&D hot cell laboratory room and hoods IIWaste loading hot cell IIMaintenance gallery IIManipulator maintenance room IIExhaust filter room IIAirlocksa II, IIIIrradiated target basket receipt bay IIIWaste loading truck bay IIIOperating gallery and corridor IIIElectrical/mechanical supply room IIIChemical supply room IIICorridors IIIDecontamination room IIILoading docks IVWaste management loading bay IVIrradiated target receipt truck bay IVMaintenance room IVSupport staff areas IVConfinement zone of airlocks will be dependent on thetwo adjacent zones being connected.HIC = high-integrity container.R&D = research and development.19-44 NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review[Proprietary Information]Figure 19-13. First-Level Confinement of the Radioisotope Production Facility19-45 NOhWETMEICSOOEChpe1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental ReviewThe supply air is conditioned using filters, heater coils, and cooling coils to meet the requirements of eachspace. Abatement technologies (primarily HEPA filtration and activated carbon) are used to ensure thatair exhausted to the atmosphere meets NESHAP and applicable State law. A stack monitoring system isemployed to demonstrate compliance with the stated regulatory requirements for exhaust.The systems and components of the main ventilation system are described in the following subsections.Supply Air SubsystemThe supply air system provides filtered and conditioned air to all Zone III spaces and some Zone II spacesat a ventilation rate of 100 percent outside air. The three supply air handling units are sized at 50 percentcapacity each, for redundancy. Two of the three units will be operating, while the third is on standby.Each unit consists of an outdoor air louver, filters, a cooling coil, a heating coil, a heat recovery coil,isolation dampers, and a fan.Variable-speed fans are modulated to control the pressure in the common air plenum. The heating andcooling coils in each air-handling unit are controlled based on a common supply air temperature sensor.Reheat coils are provided in the supply ducts to each space, as required, to further condition the supplyair, based on space temperature thermostats.Exhaust Air SubsystemsFour exhaust air subsystems are provided: Zone I exhaust, Zone I111II exhaust, laboratory exhaust, andprocess offgas exhaust. Each exhaust system is provided with two 100 percent capacity exhaust fans andfilter trains for complete redundancy on all exhaust subsystems. This redundancy is important to ensureconfinement ventilation pressure differentials are maintained at all times. Each exhaust filter trainconsists of prefiiters, two stages of HEPA filters, carbon adsorbers, and isolation dampers. Exhaust ductsupstream of the filter trains are round to minimize areas where contamination can accumulate, and aresized to minimize particulate settling in the duct. Each exhaust system has a separate stack, with theexception of the process offgas subsystem, which merges with the Zone I exhaust stream. A stackmonitoring system is provided on each stack to demonstrate compliance with applicable State law.Zone I Exhaust SubsystemThe Zone I exhaust system serves the hot cell, HIC loading area, and solid waste loading area. Thisexhaust system maintains Zone I spaces at negative pressure with respect to atmosphere. Thedisassembly station is maintained at a slightly lower pressure due to the increased likelihood ofcontamination in that area. All make-up air to Zone I spaces are cascaded from Zone II spaces. Spacetemperature control is not provided for Zone I spaces unless thermal loads are expected to causetemperatures to exceed equipment operating ranges without additional cooling. HEPA filters are includedon both the inlet and outlet ducts to Zone I. The outlet HEPA filters minimize the spread ofcontamination from the hot cell into the ductwork leading to the exhaust filter train. The inlet HEPAfilters prevent contamination spread in case of an upset condition that results in positive pressurization ofZone I spaces with respect to Zone II spaces. The process offgas subsystem enters the Zone I exhaustsubsystem just upstream of the filter train.Zone II/III Exhaust SubsystemThe Zone 111111 exhaust system serves the Zone II spaces and those Zone III spaces that do not providecascaded air flow into Zone II. This exhaust system maintains Zone II spaces at negative pressure andZone III spaces at a less negative pressure with respect to atmosphere. Make-up air to Zone II spaces iseither cascaded from Zone III spaces or supplied from the supply air subsystem to meet additional spaceconditioning needs. All make-up air to Zone III spaces is provided from the supply air subsystem.19-46 ChptrMWM-2I302,Rev. oAEUVVChapter19.0 -Environmental Review* m .NORTHWEST MEOICAL ISOTOPESLaboratory Exhaust SubsystemThe laboratory exhaust system provides fume hood and glovebox exhaust capability. This essentially is aZone I system, but is separate from the main Zone I exhaust system to accommodate the large flowfluctuations from changing fume hood positions. These highly variable flow conditions are controlledbetter through a separate exhaust system. This exhaust system minimizes the potential pressureperturbations and control difficulties that could result from including the fume hoods on the main Zone Iexhaust system. Make-up air for increased fume hood exhaust flow is supplied from the common supplyair system.Cleanroom SubsystemThe cleanroom subsystem is designed to provide filtered and conditioned air at an exchange rate to meetthe standards of an ISO 14644-1, "Cleanrooms and Associated Controlled Environments--Part 1:Classification of Air Cleanliness," Class 8 cleanroom. The cleanroom is maintained at a slightly positivepressure relative to its surroundings to ensure that unfiltered air does not infiltrate the cleanroom. Airinside the cleanroom is continually recirculated through a dedicated filtration system to remove internallygenerated contaminants. Air would be 100 percent recirculated, with the only air exchange with thesurroundings of the cleanroom occurring through exfiltration and make-up air entering on the suction sideof the fan. The cleanroom air handling unit and filters are located inside the hot cell and, therefore, mustbe remotely maintainable. Periodic cleanroom certification testing also needs to be performed remotelywith permanently installed instrumentation.19.2.3.2.13 Other Radioisotope Production Facility Support BuildingsExternal waste management storage and shipping building -The waste management building isapproximately 111.5 m2 (1,200 ft2) and will provide additional waste storage and shipping preparation forradioactive waste prior to disposal.Diesel generator building -The diesel generator building houses the RPF backup generator, which isused for temporary operation and safe shutdown of the RPF if required. The diesel fuel tank is storedaboveground next to the building, with an approximate volume of 3,785 liters (L) (1,000 gallons [gal]).Security buildings -The RPF will have to two security buildings, one for personnel access and one forshipping and receiving of materials and waste. NWMI will establish, implement, and maintain itsauthorization program in accordance with NRC requirements.19.2.4 Water Consumption and Treatment19.2.4.1 Water ConsumptionThe water supply source for the proposed RPF is the municipal water system. Connection to this systemwill comply with applicable State or local requirements. Required ancillary equipment (e.g., pressureregulators, backflow preventers) is installed as required by local ordinances.The demineralized water system supplies demineralized water to the process for water addition, flushing,and chemical dilution. The demineralized water system can also potentially provide make-up water to thesteam boilers. Wash water is used to washdown the tractor/trailers.Final flow rates and process needs are determined on completion of performance testing (e.g., fireprotection systems). Additional pumps and regulators may be installed to meet the performance needs ofthe systems. Where appropriate, water recycle or reuse systems are employed. Lavatory and office supplywater systems are provided. These systems are designed and installed in accordance with local code.19-47 l.ii Chapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GA""Chater19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe RPF water flow rates and consumption data is summarized in Table 19-11. The chilled water andsteam systems are closed-loop systems and require water during startup, with minimal make-up waterrequirements during operation.Table 19-11. Radioisotope Production Facility Water FlowRates and Consumption InformationTarget disassembly and dissolution 1,500 400--Uranium recovery and recycle system 500,410 132,200--Laboratory facilities 2,000 530--Total 530,910 140,260 360,000 95,100aThese numbers do not account for planned process recycle.bAssumes 260 days of operation per year.19.2.4.2 Water Sources Independent of Municipal or Commercial SupplyThe RPF will not use water sources independent of the municipal or commercial supply.19.2.4.3 Water TreatmentPotable water is provided through the public utility system and will require no additional treatment.Contaminated process wastewater storage and treatment systems are addressed in Section 19.2.7.3.19.2.5 Cooling and Heating Dissipating Systems19.2.5.1 Cooling Water SystemsThe process chilled water system provides cooling for the process equipment. Cooling is required forcondensing offgas from the concentrators and for cooling the process stream. Chilled water is deliveredto cooling jackets in a closed loop system. Redundancy is provided for components that present a single-point failure risk in the process chilled water system to ensure that cooling remains available forcontinued production.Air-cooled chillers are located outside of the RPF. These chillers are expected to be typical commercialHVAC chillers. Redundancy for cooling capacity is provided by sizing each of the three chillers at50 percent of the design cooling capacity. Chilled water is circulated from the chillers to an intermediateheat exchanger in the secondary loop. The primary loop then circulates and distributes chilled water fromthe heat exchanger to the various process loads in a closed loop. The chilled water pumps are typicalcentrifugal pumps used in HVAC systems.19-48 ChaperI1NWM,-2013-021, Rev. OA: UVChapter 9.0 -Environmental Review* ?..." ORTH4WEST MIEOICAL ISOTOPE$The intermediate heat exchanger is provided to minimize the risk of contamination spread outside of thefacility in case of a process system leak into the chilled water system. To further minimize this risk,pressure differentials are maintained to ensure that flow is from lower contaminated systems into highercontaminated systems. The primary loop is maintained at a higher pressure than the process equipment, andthe secondary loop is maintained at a higher pressure than the primary loop.Some process cooling loads (e.g., the fission gas-trap and target fabrication equipment) require lowersupply temperatures (e.g., below 0 degrees Celsius [°C]). These loads are served by standalone processchillers.The RPF is designed to have zero liquid discharge from the radiologically controlled area (i.e., no liquidwould be released from the facility).19.2.5.2 Heating SystemsProcess steam is used to provide heating for process equipment. Heating is required for the concentratorsand process stream. The steam from the boilers flows to an intermediate heat exchanger in the secondaryloop. The primary loop then circulates and distributes steam from the heat exchanger to the variousprocess loads in a closed loop. The steam is assumed to be supplied to the heating jacket, condensed, andreturned to the intermediate heat exchanger in a closed loop system. Redundancy is provided forcomponents that present a single-point failure risk in the process steam system to ensure that heatingremains available for continued production. Three electric boilers are located in the mechanical room ofthe facility. The boilers are assumed to be standard, commercially available, packaged high-pressuresteam boilers. Each boiler is sized at 50 percent of the design capacity to provide redundancy for heating.19.2.5.3 Heat Dissipation SystemsThe RPF has no additional heat dissipation systems, besides the process chilled water system described inSection 19.2.5.1.19.2.6 Auxiliary SystemsThe compressed air system supplies instrument-quality (dry and oil-free) air to power air-actuated valvesand dampers and for instruments that require compressed air (e.g., bubbler tube-level indicators). Thecompressed air system can also provide process air, although these loads are undefined.The system is assumed to consist of a packaged air compressor system, with the compressor mounted onthe receiver tank with associated filters, coolers, and pressure relief. A separate modular, heatlessdesiccant-type air dryer is provided. Process air can be taken directly from the air receiver, prior todrying and further filtering.The HVAC chillers are located outside the facility, in the same area as the process chilled water chillers.The hot water boilers are located in the mechanical room. Pumps and supporting distribution systemequipment for both systems are located in the mechanical room.19.2.7 Waste SystemsThe waste management area includes shielded enclosures for tanks collecting liquid waste and containersused to stage solid wastes generated by the other process systems. Liquid waste is mixed with a sorbent(or solidification agent) material in a HIC that is stored and eventually loaded into a shielded wastetransport cask. The solid waste is size-reduced, placed in a drum, and encapsulated by adding a cementmaterial. The drum is then closed and loaded into a shielded waste transport cask.There is no solid or liquid waste disposal at the RPF site. Air effluents are discussed in Section 19.4.2.1.19-49
~.NWMI~qW _, OfIhWEST ITOSNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review19.2.7.1 Process System Liquid WastesWhere practicable, liquid wastes arecondensed and/or treated or recycled toreduce the environmental impacts associatedwith disposal. The liquid waste streamsgenerated during the processing operationsare handled with the aqueous waste-handling system discussed inSection 19.2.7.3.1. The individual liquidwastes generated during processing aresummarized in Table 19-12.19.2.7.2 Process System Solid WasteWhere practicable, solid wastes arecondensed and/or packaged to reduce theenvironmental impacts associated withdisposal. The individual solid waste streamsgenerated during the processes aresummarized in Table 19-13.Table 19-12. Liquid Waste Produced Annually fromthe Radioisotope Production FacilityaTarget disassembly and dissolution 1,500 396sy st .....e............maUranium recovery/recycle system -1,120,000 295,873.. .. ........t..e? Laboratory facilities2,000 530a Annual waste transferred to waste processes forconcentration and solidification. These numbers do not accountfor planned process recycle.bWastes processed do not produce liquid waste other thansmall quantities of specialty wastes.Table 19-13. Solid Waste Produced at the Radioisotope Production FacilityTarget fabricationaNANAbMo recovery and Exchange resins and other solid wastepurification20 L (5 gal)-Waste managementSolid wastes encapsulated in cementHigh-dose solidified liquidsLow-dose solidified liquids8,000 L (2,113 gal)200,000 L (52,834 gal)150,000 L (39,625 gal)Facility supportMunicipal waste (e.g., paper)Potentially contaminated waste(e.g., decontamination materials, PPE)26,000 L (6,868 gal)40,000 L (10,566 gal)a Solid waste generated during target fabrication is anticipated to be decontaminated and free-released.b Transferred to waste processing system for final disposition.c The waste quantities current bounding estimates. Optimization of waste processing should reduce thevolume of liquid waste generation.NA = not applicable.PPE = personal protective equipment.19-50 Chptr1MWI-0I-21 ev. O: : Chapter 9.0 -Environmental Review* R..;.NORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPES19.2.7.3 Waste Handling Process SystemsSolid and liquid waste generated by the other system operations discussed in Section 19.2.3.1.5 isprocessed by the waste handling process system. The waste handling process consists of three majorsubsystems:* Liquid waste handling and disposal* Solid waste handling and disposal* Specialty waste handling and disposal19.2.7.3.1 Liquid Waste Handling and Disposal SystemThe liquid waste handling system includes two subsystems: high-dose liquid waste solidification, andlow-dose liquid waste solidification.*High-dose liquid waste solidification -Accumulation tanks provide the needed handlingcapacity to match the volume of wastewater generated by the upstream processes. Causticsolution is added as needed to neutralize the excess acidity. The liquid is forwarded to a packageconcentrator in which water is evaporated from the high-dose liquid, condensed, and directed to acondensate holding tank. The concentrated high-dose liquid is directed to a concentrate holdingtank.From the concentrate tank, the high-dose liquid is metered into a specialty inline mixer that meldstogether the high-dose liquid and a powder solidification agent (sorbent or solidification agent).A vibratory motor ensures that the mixture falls from the inline mixer into a HIC. With time, themixture solidifies. The filled HIC is moved via remote equipment to one of several decaystations where the waste is held for several months. During that time, the short-livedradioisotopes in the waste that cause the container to register a very high dose rate decay to muchlower levels. Afterward, the HIC is moved into a transport cask on a trailer. Cask operationalsteps are completed prior to shipment offsite for disposal.*Low-dose liquid waste solidification -Accumulation tanks provide the needed handlingcapacity to match the volume of wastewater generated by the upstream processes. Condensatesare held in a storage/recycling tank that provides make-up water to the LEU recovery process.Excess condensate, along with all the other low-dose liquid, is forwarded to a staging tank. Inthis heated tank, the liquid is held at elevated temperatures, and high rates of ventilation air passthrough the tank. The heated tank contents, plus the high ventilation, cause a significant amountof the water to evaporate from the low-dose liquid.The excess low-dose liquid is then metered into a specialty inline mixer that melds theliquid and a powder solidification agent together. A vibratory motor ensures that themixture falls from the inline mixer into a waste container. With time, the mixture willsolidify. The waste container is then shipped for disposal offsite.19.2.7.3.2 Solid Waste Handling and Disposal SystemThe solid waste disposal system includes areas for collection, size reduction, and staging of solid wastes.The solids are placed in a 208 L (55-gal) waste drum and encapsulated by adding a cement material to fillvoids remaining within the drum. The drum is then loaded in a cask for transfer to a disposal site. Theradioactive solid wastes have been identified and include:* Hardware from target disassembly* Resins and exchange media from the Mo recovery and purification process* Resins from the uranium recovery and recycle process19-51 N MEIAIOOEChpe1 NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0ANO :ES Chaper 9.0 -Environmental Review* Low-dose solid waste from the hot cell and support areas* Slightly contaminated hardware (low levels of LEU) from the target fabrication area* Instruments, connectors, jumpers, and other hardwareSolid waste encapsulation -High-dose solid wastes are remotely moved in the hot cell to a staging areain the waste handling facility area. Size-reduction and handling tools are envisioned to place the wastesinto a disposal container. Nominally of 454 L (120-gal) capacity, the container holds four weeks ofwastes generated from the process. When practicable, the accumulated wastes are encapsulated with afluid cement. The material solidifies and provides the needed stabilization to meet disposal criteria. Thefilled container is remotely moved to a transport cask via a shielded loading cask. The appropriate caskoperational steps are completed prior to shipment for disposal offsite.Support system waste -Spent filters containing suspended solids from dissolver solutions are disposedas solid waste. The number of filters to be disposed has not been determined, but is expected to be nomore than one per batch of targets. Empty target hardware containing trace contamination is disposed assolid waste.1 9.2.7.3.3 Specialty Waste Handling and Disposal SystemA specialty waste disposal system addresses small quantities of unique wastes generated by otherprocesses. A reclamation process is included to recycle trichloroethylene from waste liquid. Specialtywastes are assumed to be shipped offsite for treatment and disposal. These wastes include:* Used silicone oil* Solvent waste* Facility maintenance fluids (e.g., paints, lubricants)* Spent batteries, spent fluorescent lighting tubes, and others* Personal protective equipment (PPE) waste* Laboratory waste for expired chemicals and expired radioactive sources19.2.7.4 Construction WasteDuring construction, efforts are made to minimize the environmental impact. Erosion, sedimentation,dust, smoke, noise, unsightly landscape, and waste disposal are controlled to practical levels andapplicable regulatory limits. The wastes generated during site preparation and construction are varied,depending on the activities in progress. The bulk of the waste consists of nonhazardous materials such aspacking materials, paper, and scrap lumber. These wastes are transported offsite to an approved landfill.These wastes that are generated are handled by approved methods and shipped offsite to approveddisposal sites.Best management practices (BMP) are used during construction to minimize the possibility of spills ofhazardous substances, minimize environmental impacts of any spills, and ensure prompt and appropriateremediation.19.2.7.5 Recycling and ReclamationWith a continued focus on managing economic and environmental cost and impacts, proposed RPFprocesses involve recycling throughout each step. The following subsections summarize the systemsdesignated for specific recycling efforts. Paper, plastic, and other administrative supplies are alsorecycled as appropriate.19-52
- UVChapter 9.0 -Environmental Review* e.e:,NORTHIWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPESSolvent recovery -Forming of the LEU target material requires use of a common solvent(trichioroethylene). Used solvent falls under the F-code type of waste disposal, making the solvent apotentially costly disposal and treatment path. Because most solvents are not spent after their use, thesolvent could be recovered for reuse to minimize the final waste volume that is sent offsite for treatmentand disposal. Standard industrial units are available for solvent reclamation. The used solvent from theprocess is loaded into the unit and vaporized, and then condensed to yield reclaimed solvent ready forreuse. The residue is contained in a concentrated solvent heel that is sent offsite for treatment anddisposal.Uranium -A major portion of hot cell operations is to recover and recycle uranium. This approachsignificantly reduces the amount of waste that has to be disposed. Section 19.2.3.1.4 discusses therecovery and recycle of uranium. The target fabrication process also recycles the uranium scrapgenerated during processing.Process water -The waste management system segregates and recycles process condensates to be usedback in the processes as make-up and flush water. The recycle will reduce the low level waste generatedby about 50 percent.19.2. 7.5.1 Direct Radiation Sources Stored Onsite the Radioisotope Production FacilityDirect radiation sources stored onsite -The waste listed in Table 19-14 is stored onsite for a period oftime to allow decay before the waste is shipped offsite. The frequency of shipments for each type ofwaste is also provided in Table 19-14.19.2. 7.5.2 Direct Radiation Sources Stored at Nearby Operating FacilitiesFacilities that handle and store radioactive materials in the area of the RPF are discussed inSection 19.2.2.5 and 19.3.8.2.2.19.2. 7.5.3 Pollution Prevention and Waste Minimization ProgramPollution prevention and waste minimization activities promote practices that maximize beneficial effectsand minimize harmful effects on the surrounding environment. These activities include efforts to preventpollution by minimizing the "kinds and amounts of waste generated. The RPF will have a pollutionprevention and waste minimization program that includes the following:* Employee training and education* Waste minimization and recycling programs for various phases (e.g., construction, operations)* Recognition of employees for improved environmental conditions* Responsibilities and requirements to consider in day-to-day activitiesPollution prevention involves source reduction, or preventing pollution at its source, before it isgenerated. Source reduction includes any practice that reduces the quantity and/or toxicity of pollutantsentering a waste stream prior to recycling, treatment, or disposal. Examples include equipment ortechnology modifications, substitution of less toxic raw materials, and improvements in work practices,maintenance, worker training, and inventory control.Waste minimization refers to the use of source reduction and/or environmentally sound recycling methodsprior to energy recovery, treatment, or disposal of wastes. Waste minimization does not include wastetreatment (i.e., any process designed to change the physical, chemical, or biological composition of wastestreams).19-53 NdRW.ETMEIAIOPEChpe1 NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental Review19.2.8 Storage, Treatment, and Transportation of Radioactive and NonradioactiveMaterials, including Fuel, Waste, Radioisotopes, and Any Other Materials19.2.8.1 Storage and TreatmentStorage, handling, and treatment of materials, product, and wastes are performed in a time-sensitivemanner, in assigned areas, and using approved waste management, security, health and safety, andshielding procedures. This approach ensures that appropriate volume reduction is achieved, whileminimizing the risk of exposure to the worker, public, or the environment.19.2.8.1.1 Storage of Chemicals and SuppliesA chemical management plan, product handling plan, or radioactive materials management plan isdeveloped to ensure that:* Noncompatible chemicals are separated* Flammable chemicals/items are stored in a flameproof cabinet, as applicable* Oxidizers are stored separate from flammable chemicals and reducers* Radioactive sources or supplies are stored in locked cabinets/areas such that any potentialexposure is kept as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA)* New feed and recycled LEU is stored in an appropriate configuration and in a locked storage areauntil needed in the process19.2.8.1.2 Treatment and Temporary Storage of Waste OnsiteTreatment and temporary storage of radioactive and mixed wastes are performed predominantly onsitewithin the RPF.*Liquid waste that is not recycled/reused is eventually concentrated and mixed with sorbentmaterial in the waste management area.* High-dose material, solidified (if necessary) and encapsulated, is held in a shielded enclosure inthe RFP, interim-stored for radioactive decay to meet shipping and disposal requirements, andthen loaded into a cask and shipped to a disposal site.* Low-dose stream, mixed with sorbent, is placed in drums, moved to the external wastemanagement building for staging, and then shipped to a disposal site.* Solid waste is typically size-reduced as necessary, placed in containers, encapsulated, moved tothe external waste management building for staging, and then shipped to a disposal site.*Target fabrication solvent reclamation area allows reuse of key materials. Any spent solvent istreated and packaged for shipment to a treatment and disposal facility.* Other industrial or commercial wastes (e.g., chemicals, paper products) will be managed in anenvironmentally and economically responsible manner. Recycling programs are used as needed.19.2.8.1.3 Capacity of Onsite Radioisotope Production Facility Materials StorageMaterials needed for LEU target fabrication (e.g., solvents, silicon oil, cladding) are received and stored.Finished LEU targets are interim-stored until shipped to a university reactor system for irradiation.19-54 NWMI Chapter 19. -WEnvironmenta ReviewBecause of the short half-life of 99Mo, there is almost no accumulation of 99Mo product. The 99Moproduct is shipped out twice per week. Chemicals and process supplies are stored according to thechemical management plan or facility procedures to ensure the lowest risk of exposure/contamination oraccidental release.19.2.8.2 Transportation of MaterialThe transport of radioactive materials and waste and other hazardous materials associated with the RPFmust comply with applicable NRC and DOT regulations. DOT specifies the requirements for marking,labeling, placarding, providing emergency response information, and training hazardous materialtransport personnel in 49 CFR 172. Specific packaging requirements for radioactive materials areprovided in 49 CFR 173, Subpart I, "Class 7 (Radioactive) Materials." These requirements invoke theNRC packaging requirements for radioactive material per 10 CFR 71, "Packaging and Transportation ofRadioactive Material." The DOT requirements for truck transportation of radioactive and other hazardousmaterials are specified in 49 CFR 177 and 49 CFR 397, "Transportation of Hazardous Materials; Drivingand Parking Rules." Requirements affecting the shipment of 99Mo are specified in 49 CFR 175 and arethe responsibility of the air carrier chosen to transport the 99Mo product.19.2.8.2.1 Packaging SystemsThe majority of the radioactive components being shipped to and from the RPF require special containersystems to ensure that protection of the public and the environment is achieved. Each of these containersis designed to meet certain NRC and DOT standards. Although the irradiated targets are not identified asa spent nuclear fuel shipment, NWMI will also use the guidance provided in NUREG-0561, PhysicalProtection of Shipments of lrradiated Reactor Fuel.The primary radioactive materials and wastes that require a specialty container or cask are as follows:Fresh LEU -Fresh LEU will be shipped from the DOE Y- 12 Program Office in Oak Ridge,Tennessee to the NWMI RPF using an ES-3 100 Package (Certificate of Compliance No. 9315)(NRC, 2005). The DOE Y-12 Program Office routinely uses the package, which is currentlylicensed for the NWMI feed materials. DOE has a dedicated QA program for package use andmaintenance, and all procedures are in a mature state.The ES-3 100 package is a cylindrical container that is approximately 110 centimeter (cm)(43 inches [in.]) in overall height and 49 cm (19 in.) in overall diameter, and has an outer drumassembly and an inner containment vessel. The containment vessel is placed inside the drum andsurrounded by a cement-based borated neutron absorber, Catalog 277-4. The purpose of theES-3 100 is to transport bulk high enriched or LEU uranium in various forms.* Unirradiated targets -Unirradiated targets will be shipped using the ES-3 100 or similarpackage, as described above. Unirradiated targets will be shipped to the network of universityresearch reactors.* Irradiated targets -Irradiated targets will be received from the university reactors in a BEAResearch Reactor cask or similar (Certificate of Compliance No. 9341) (INL, 2011). Within thecask, the irradiated targets are contained in basket structures that are specifically designed forNWMI's target and provide for optimum heat rejection and criticality control.19-55
- ..NW MCape NWMI-2013-021, Rev. QAlviChater19.0 -Environmental Review*,.., .NORTHNWEST MEDICAL ZSOTOPESThe BEA Research Reactor cask is a truck-mounted cask designed for the shipment of researchreactor fuel. The cask fully loaded weighs approximately 14,515 kg (32,000 lb). The overallheight of the package with impact limiters is 3.04 m (119.5 in.). The outer diameter of the bodyis 0.97 m (38 in.). The outer diameter of the impact limiters is 1.52 m (60 in.), and each weighsapproximately 1,043 kg (2,300 lb). The cask body is shielded with 20.3 cm (8 in.) equivalency oflead. The inner cavity of the BEA Research Reactor cask is 0.46 m (16 in.) in diameter and1.70 m (67 in.) in height.The cask currently is designed to hold four different baskets for the different fuel families.NWMI will need to obtain a license amendment for transport of irradiated targets in the BEAResearch Reactor cask.*99Mo product -The 99Mo product will be placed into a Medical Isotope Depleted UraniumShielded (MIDUS) Type B(U) container (Certificate of Compliance USA/9320/B(U)-96) (NRC,2008a) or similar. The MIDUS container is currently used by U.S. and other radiopharmaceutical99Mo producers worldwide.*Radioactive waste -High-dose radioactive waste will be loaded in HICs and shipped in a cask,such as the Model 10-160B cask (ES, 2012). This type of cask is a lead-shielded carbon steelcask with a double-lid, bolted closure and is top-loaded. The cask is shipped vertically, withremovable top and bottom polyurethane foam-filled impact limiters. Low-dose radioactive wastewill be loaded into 208 L (55-gal) waste drums.*Contact-handled waste -Standard industrial waste drums or other appropriate containers will beused to dispose of contact-handled radioactive waste. Contact-handled waste is defined as wastethat is less than 2 millisievert (mSv)/hr (200 millirem per hour [mrem/hr]) on contact and0.1 mSv/hr (10 mrem/hr) at 1 m (3.3 ft). These containers must be handled according to thefacility radioactive waste management plan to ensure that dose is kept ALARA. These wastecontainers generally do not require shielded casks or special shielding for transportation purposes.19.2.8.2.2 Estimated Type and Quantity of Radioactive Materials and WastesThe estimated type and quantity of radioactive materials and wastes, number of shipments, shipment type,distance, and destination are summarized in Table 19-14. These distances and times may vary dependingon available shipping routes or weather conditions. The number of shipments per year may also varydepending on what reactor is used for irradiation.19-56 NW IINORTJ4WS MO ANWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-14. Summary of Radioactive Materials and Wastes Required or Generatedat the Radioisotope Production Facility for Ongoing OperationsFresh LEUAnnuallyInitial needOperation[ProprietaryInformation]Operation[ProprietaryInformation](U308or metal)SolidES-3 100 2 (operationscask annual average)[ProprietaryInformation]S[ProprietaryInformation]d[ProprietaryInformation]e[ProprietaryInformation]From DOE Y- 12(Oak Ridge,Tennessee)953 (592)Irradiated LEU Solid [Proprietary 0BRR cask 104 From MURR 9.6 (6)targets Information]Solid [Proprietary aBRR cask 16 From OSTR 3,320 (2,0(Information]Solid [Proprietary aBRR cask 16 From third [ProprietaInformation] reactor Informatio63)ry)n]Spent LEU Solid [Proprietary ES-3 100 2 To SRS 1,345 (836)Information] caskaPackage type identified can be changed to another similar package.b Only includes road miles traveled.cLEU needed for hot commissioning and initial RPF startup.d LEU needed in Operation (Proprietary Information] for addition of second reactor.e LEU needed in Operation [Proprietary Information] for addition of third reactor.BRRDOELEUMIDUS= BEA Research Reactor. OSTR= U.S. Department of Energy.= low-enriched uranium. SRS= Medical Isotope Depleted Uranium Shielded. MURR= Oregon State University TRIGAReactor.= Savannah River Site.= University of Missouri ResearchReactor.19-57 NW IRENM-0301 Rev. O19.0 -Environmental Review'.° *. ORTHWEST MEDICAL ISOTOPES19.3 AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT19.3.1 Land Use and Visual Resources19.3.1.1 Land UseThis section characterizes land use associated with the proposed RPF. The facility is proposed to be sitedat Discovery Ridge, located on property owned by MU. The university occupies a 505 ha (1,250-acre)campus and is located 4.8 km (3 mi) southeast of Discover Ridge, which is just south of downtownColumbia. Land uses are within an 8 km (5-mi) region of influence (ROD. The ROI is the geographicarea associated with each resource that could potentially be affected by the proposed action. The land usefor the site was analyzed using data from the National Land Cover Database (Fry et al., 2011).19.3.1.1.1 Site -Description of the Proposed PropertyThe RPF would be located in Lot 15 of the Discover Ridge Phase II section. The Phase II area is 22.2 ha(54.9 acres) and, as shown in Figure 19-14, is bounded by the Phase III area to the north, DiscoveryParkway and the Phase I section to the west/northwest, Discovery Drive to the south/southwest, Lot 14and stormwater management areas to the east, and private property to the south.-.0APhln 13OPh.. U 5A*'1F-212AMSource: MU 01, "Phasing Overview," Maps and Roads, Research Parks & Incubators, Discovery Ridge,www.umsystem.edu/umrpi/discoveryridge/maps, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, accessed July 2013.Figure 19-14. Layout of Discovery Ridge Research Park Showing Lot 15,the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-58 MEIA STPSCatr1NWMI-0i-21 ev. OIIVYChapter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewLot 15 is 3.0 ha (7.4 acres) and contains no existing structures (MU, 2011). Currently, the 46.1 ha(114-acre) research park is being developed under the guidance of the Discovery Ridge Master Plan andProtective Covenants (MU, 2009). Figure 19-6 shows the site boundaries and proposed structures.Dimensions of the RPF are approximately 106.7 x 56.4 m (350 x 185 ft) by 19.8 m (65 ft) in heightabovegrade (maximum). The facility would occupy a rectangular area approximately 213 x 91 m (700 x300 ft) at the outer perimeter and cover approximately 1.95 ha (4.8 acres) on Lot 15. The restricted areawould be the area inside the fence surrounding the facility. The unrestricted area would be the areaoutside the fence surrounding the main building.19.3.1.1.2 Major Population Centers and Infrastructure -Local SettingThe proposed site resides entirely within the Columbia city limits and is approximately 200 km (124 mi)south of St. Louis (population 319,294); 203 km (126 mi) east of Kansas City (population 459,787); and45 km (28 mi) north of Jefferson City (population 43,088) (USCB, 2010a). The proposed site lies inBoone County (population 162,642) (USCB, 2010~b).19.3.1.1.3 Transportation InfrastructureSection 19.3.7 provides a description of the regional air, road, and rail transportation systems.The Missouri River is one of the largest river systems in the U.S. and the largest river in Boone County.The river originates in south central Montana and generally flows in an easterly and southeasterlydirection before entering the Mississippi River in eastern Missouri, a length of about 4,345 km(2,700 mi). The river lies approximately 11.7 km (7.3 mi) to the west of the proposed RPF and forms thesouthwestern border of Boone County. The Missouri River is the only river system in Boone Countylarge enough for commercial navigation; however, there are no ports that directly service Columbia(MU, 2006a).19.3.1.1.4 Local SettingDiscovery Ridge lies at the crossroads of U.S. Highway 63 and Gans Road, which is near the MU maincampus, U.S. Interstate 70, Columbia Regional Airport, University Hospital, Columbia RegionalHospital, downtown Columbia, and Jefferson City. Discovery Ridge, when fully developed, will occupy223 ha (550 acres) and is bounded by East Sugar Grove Road to the north, South Rolling Hills Road tothe east, U.S. Highway 63 to the south, and Sunset Mobile Home Park to the west. Perry Phillips Park(57 ha [140 acres] and a 16 ha [40-acre] lake) and the Frank G. Nifong Memorial Park (23 ha [58 acres])are located nearby to the west. The MU Bradford Research and Extension Center (a 239 ha [591-acre]research farm) lies to the north of Discovery Ridge. Figure 19-5 shows the local setting for the proposedRPF site.19.3.1.1.5 Regional SettingThe ROI is defined as the area within an 8 km (5-mi) radius of the proposed facility centerpoint(Figure 19-5). The ROI includes nearly half of Columbia and the entire MU area. The MU studentpopulation, when in full session, is approximately 34,658 (MU, 2013).19-59 ChaperI1NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0A: : Chpter 9.0 -Environmental Review* ..0 .N TWETMEOICAL ISOTOPESExisting land uses in a concentric ring pattern around the RPF can generally be described as follows (MU,2006a):*0-1 km (0-0.6 mi) -There is very little residential development within the immediate area of theproposed RPF. Most of the land is owned and operated by MU. Recreational areas include a golfcourse to the west and a park to the south. Three MU sports venues are located within this area:Memorial Stadium/Faurot Field, Mizzou Arena, and Hearnes Center.* 1-2 km (0.6-1.3 mi) -Residential areas are located north, northwest, and south of the proposedRPF site. A shopping center, business district, two hospitals, and a large portion of the MU maincampus are located within this area. With the exception of a small area to the southeast, there isno room for any substantial residential or nonresidential (industrial, commercial, or business)development.*2--4 km (1.3-2.5 mi) -The major residential areas are located in the northern half of the ROI andto the southwest. A shopping center, business district, two hospitals, two colleges, three highschools, three middle/junior high schools, and nine elementary schools are located in this area.Recreational areas include two golf courses and eight parks. The downtown area of Columbia,comprised mainly of government offices and retail, commercial, and business uses, is located tothe northeast. Development is expected to continue within this area, probably to the south of theproposed RPF.*4--6 km (2.5-3.7 mi) -Most residential development is within the northern half of the ROI.Three shopping centers, two hospitals, one middle/junior high school, three elementary schools,and an industrial park are located in this area. Recreational areas include two golf courses andfive parks. Substantial amounts of land exist for residential or nonresidential development.*6-8 km (3.7-5 mi) -The only substantial residential development is northeast of the proposedRPF site. A shopping center, two middle/junior high schools, and four elementary schools arelocated in this area. Recreational areas include one park. Substantial amounts of land presentlyexist for residential or nonresidential development.19.3.1.1.6 Land Use and Cover within the Regional SettingThere are 20,342 ha (50,265 acres) in the 8 km (5-mi) ROI surrounding the proposed RPF. According tothe data from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) (Fry et al., 2011), approximately 25 percent of the landis developed (i.e., residential, commercial). Forest and pasture land are the next highest uses at 31 and30 percent, respectively. Cultivated cropland follows next at 9 percent. The remaining land use typestotal less than l percent of each category and include barren land, evergreen forest, grassland/herbaceous,mixed forests, open water, scrub, and woody and emergent herbaceous wetlands.19-60
""NW MI* .,. 4'NORTHW ST M EO4 CA NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewLand use, as categorized by the USGS, is presented in Table 19-15. Figure 19-15 shows the distributionof these land uses within the ROI. Most developed lands lie to the northwest, while agricultural lands lieto the east and southeast. Deciduous forest is interspersed throughout the ROI.Table 19-15. U.S. Geological Survey Land Use Categories for the 8 km (5-mi)Region of Influence Surrounding the Proposed Radioisotope Production FacilityBarren landDeciduous forestDeveloped, low intensityDeveloped, open spaceEvergreen forestMixed forestsPasture/hayWoody wetlands16.196,365.641,892.741,666.96216.30139.6189.756, 134.34 146.9593.66463, I15,729.814,677.062,794,119.15534.48468.8715,158.25363.130.1931.299.308.191.060.9330.160.72¸2¸¸¸¸¸ ......Source: Fry, J., G. Xian, S. Jin, J. Dewitz, C. Homer, L. Yang, C. Barnes, N. Herold, and J. Wickham, 2011,"Completion of the 2006 National Land Cover Database for the Conterminous United States," PhotogramnmetricEngineering & Remote Sensing Journal, Volume 77(9):858-864, Bethesda, Maryland, 2001.19.3.1.1.7 Special Land UsesSpecial land uses within the ROI include public stewardship lands and prime farmlands (farmland isdiscussed in Section 19.3.1.1.10). There is no Federal land held in trust for American Indian tribes withinthe ROI. Approximately 7 percent (1427 ha [3,527 acres]) of the land is public stewardship lands (e.g.,parks, conservation areas) that primarily lie southwest of the proposed RPF. There are no militaryreservations or Federally designated wild and scenic rivers, national parks, national forests, or coastalzone areas within the ROI. Figure 19-16 shows the location and extent of the special land uses.19-61
~NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewA RPF Site Land Use ~ZEvergreen Forest8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site Emergent Herbaceous Wetlands V]Deciduous Forest__Wodelad Barren LandCultivated Crops Developed High Intensity--- Highways J Pasture/i lay Devcloped, Medium Intensityg3City Limits K i Grassland/Ilerbaceous Developed, Low Intensity3Shrub/Scrub [I]Developed, Open Space0.5 1 2 3 4n,,,Miles Mixed Forest Water0Land UseCalo~n: USGS 2006 Naioa Lend Cover CONUS Len CoverdIgglal datai: mdc.govFigure 19-15. Land Use and Cover within the 8 km (5 mi)Region of Influence of the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-62 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewA RPF SiteC8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site----Interstate Highways-- HighwaysCity Limits00.45 0.9 1.8 2.7 3.6MDOC Conservation Management AreasColumbia City Parks71 MDNR Wild AreasMDNR State ParksMark Twain National ForestMiles ISpecial tLand UseFigure 19-16. Special Land Use within the Region of Influenceof the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-63 NW KI NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AMOTJVVS MDALilChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.1.1.8 Applicable Land Use Plans and GuidanceDiscovery Ridge was developed under Section 172.273 of the Missouri Revised Statutes, which providedthat "the Curators of the University of Missouri may establish research, development, and office parkprojects in order to promote cooperative relationships and to provide for shared resources between privateindividuals, companies and corporations, and the University of Missouri, for the advancement of theUniversity in carrying out its educational mission and such projects are declared to be in furtherance ofthe purposes of the University."The Discovery Ridge Master Plan an~d Protective Covenants (MU, 2009) is the applicable land useguidance for the research park. Discovery Ridge is zoned commercial in the A-1 district (City ofColumbia, 2012a), under the Section 29-18 provision, Board of Adjustment (City of Columbia, 2012b).The Columbia Code (Section 29-18) has height restriction for A-i of 10.7 m (35 ft).Missouri Revised Statute, Section 172.273, exempts university research parks, including DiscoveryRidge, from local land development regulations. This allows MU to develop Discovery Ridge to its ownmaster plan and to include non-agriculture-related structures with sizes in excess of the A-I zoningrequirements, provided MU gives Columbia courtesy review of the plan and design drawings andaddresses the city's comments and concerns. The master plan and covenants for the development do notspecify height restrictions."Columbia Imagined, The Plan for How We Live & Grow" is the current comprehensive plan forColumbia (City of Columbia, 201 3c), and the Boone Count, Master Plan (Boone County, 1996) guidesdevelopment of lands outside of city limits but within the county.19.3.1.1.9 Future DevelopmentOnly a few tenants currently occupy Discovery Ridge. According to the master plan and covenants(MU, 2009), the future and growth of Discovery Ridge itself will be market-driven. Future tenants areexpected to be businesses that are compatible and synergistic with the research programs at MU. Tenantsobtain a ground lease from the university and construct their own facilities. Facilities are designed toconform to uniform building codes and design standards listed in the "Declaration of Covenants,Conditions, Restrictions, and Easements for Discovery Ridge" (MU, 2009). Expansion and/or propertyacquisition beyond the 223 ha (550 acres) currently defining Discovery Ridge is possible in the future andrequires approval by the MU Board of Curators.Nearby future development includes a city park and a large commercial and residential development thatis planned for the west side of U.S. Highway 63, adjacent to the overpass that provides access to theDiscovery Ridge Parkway. According to Columbia (20 13c)," the city's planning staff is studying steeringemployment to developing office and industrial centers, which includes Discovery Ridge, in response tocitizen goals and objectives offered through the city's comprehensive plan planning process. Thisapproach is being considered as the city continues to study and identify anticipated future economicgrowth.19.3.1.1.10 Agricultural Resources and FacilitiesThe principal agricultural products of Boone County, as estimated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture(USDA), are corn for grain, corn silage for greenchop, spring/winter wheat for grain, and oats and barleyfor grain (USDA, 2007). Livestock also has significant importance because much of the land is not suitedfor row crops.19-64 ChptrWWM-03-2,Rev. Q: Eli;.. .............. Chpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAgriculture resources nearest to the RPF site are associated with MU and include the following:South Farm -A 588 ha (1,452-acre) complex that supports research, outreach, and teachingmissions of animal science, plant science, veterinary science, biology, botany, and otherdisciplines. The farm is home to the Swine Research Complex, Beef Research and TeachingFarm, Turf Center, USDA Agricultural Research Service, and Horse Farm. The complex alsosupports research and demonstration projects in entomology, poultry, and maize genetics. TheMissouri Foundation Seed Program uses South Farm to increase the sales of newly developedseed varieties to dealers. Hands-on teaching is provided to more than 1,500 students annually.* Jefferson Farm and Gardens -A 27 ha (67-acre) educational facility that provides informationon farming, gardening, and conservation.*Bradford Research and Extension Center -A 239 ha (591-acre) research farm that providesland, equipment, and facilities to assist university and USDA scientists and extension personnelin performing research in crop, soils, entomology, pathology, turf, and other disciplines on morethan 25,000 plots.A number of privately owned farms also lie in the surrounding area.19.3.1.1.1 1 Mineral ResourcesAccording to the EPA Western Ecology Division's Ecoregions of Missouri (Chapman et al., 2002), theproposed RPF site is part of the Claypan Prairie Level IV ecoregion, which is located within the CentralIrregular Plains Level III ecoregion.Well-developed claypan soils on glacial till typify the Claypan Prairie ecoregion. This region has a morelevel, gently rolling topography than surrounding regions. Expansive cropland and pastureland, with anemphasis on livestock production, is common. The potential natural vegetation is tall grass prairie withless woodland than surrounding regions. Streams run generally west to east, draining into the MississippiRiver, in contrast to the northwest-to-southeast drainage of ecoregions to the west.The Claypan Prairie ecoregion was glaciated in the pre-Illinoian time period. The continental drift,largely derived from limestone and shale, is composed of clay with a high percentage of rock fragments.Groundwater tends to be saline, unlike the freshwater of ecoregions to the southeast. The mix of land-useactivities includes mining operations of high-sulfur bituminous coal. Although, historically, mining wasmore widespread, a few new mines continue to open. The disturbance of these coal strata in southernIowa, areas of northern and southwestern Missouri, and southeastern Kansas has degraded water qualityand affected aquatic biota (Chapman et al., 2002).19.3.1.2 Visual ResourcesA viewshed is an area of land, water, sky and associated environmental elements that is visible to thehuman eye from a fixed vantage point. Viewsheds often contain relatively large expanses of natural areassuch as watersheds, unfragmented habitat, and unobstructed views. Viewsheds typically are spaces thatare readily visible from public areas such as from roadways, parks, or high-rise buildings. The beauty ofthese areas contributes to the short-term and long-term quality of life for the people and communities whoexperience them. In urban areas, appealing viewsheds attract people and businesses and are associatedwith higher property values.Visual resource management is the identification of visual values and establishment of objectives formanaging those values. NRC (20 12a) identifies the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) Visual ResourceManagement System (BLM, 1986) as the method for rating the aesthetic/scenic quality of a proposed site.19-65 NWMI Catr ~RThe BLM process involves a scenic quality evaluation, sensitivity level analysis, and a delineation ofdistance zones. Based on these three factors, lands are categorized by their relative visual value, whichprovides the basis for considering these values and impacts during the planning process. The BLMprocess is considered the standard for visual resource management. In overview, the process involves thefollowing steps:* Inventory -An inventory provides written descriptions and photos of the views or open space ofconcern. The inventory may also include site information regarding distinguishingcharacteristics, parcel size, ownership, access points for best view, and potential threats topreservation.* Rating -For each inventory item, a rating is assigned that considers such factors as scenicquality, sensitivity level, and distance zones. Based on the rating, lands are categorized intovisual resource importance classes. The classifications typically range from most valued to leastvalued classes and assign value to the visual resource.*Protection level -Levels provide the basis for considering visual values in the planning process.For example, during an environmental analysis, a project that is found to impact highly importantvisual resources might be redesigned, relocated, or resituated to lessen its impact.The process of determining the affected environment for visual resources begins with a description of thevisual setting and the regulatory requirements affecting the setting.19.3.1.2.1 Description of the Visual SettingDiscovery Ridge is located on the edge of Columbia in a suburban/rural interface setting where farmland,parks, and natural areas are widespread and interspersed with residential dwellings, community andtransportation infrastructure, and business establishments. Discovery Ridge is minimally developed atthis time.A Phase I environmental site assessment included a cursory visual reconnaissance and description of thearea that included Lots 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, and adjoining properties(Terracon, 201 la). The assessment describes the overall visual setting in which Lot 15 lies; the lot onwhich the proposed RPF would be located. All except Lot 5 are vacant; that lot is developed with astorage building. The ground is generally grass-covered, with portions of cultivated fields in the vicinityof Lot 16. The general topography slopes slightly to moderately downward toward the south and west(Terracon, 201 la). Table 19-16 presents information from the site assessment that describes the viewshedfrom Discovery Ridge boundaries.Table 19-16. Discovery Ridge ViewshedNorth Ed's Mobile Home Park and Sunset Mobile Home Park to the northwest, and farmland withUniversity of Missouri storage buildings, farmland, and Sugar Grove Lane to the north andnortheastSouth Lenoir Street, a residential house, U.S. Highway 63, Ponderosa Drive, and farmlandSource: Terracon, 201 la, Phase 1 Environmental Site Assessment Discovery Ridge Lots 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Terracon Consultants, Inc., prepared for University of Missouri and Trabue, Hansen& Hinshaw, Inc., Terracon Project No. 09117701, March 23, 2011.19-66 NWMI~~ftfri UDoNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewPhotos were taken from the locations indicated on Figure 19-17 toward the proposed RPF in September2013. Figure 19-18 through Figure 19-25 show the views. Most views are of undeveloped or minimallydeveloped areas, with occasional trees, roads, power lines, and farmland.-TOC3Photopoints -HighwaysRPF Site -Interstate8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site C Lmt0 0.25 0.511.52MilesFigure 19-17. September 2013 Visual Reconnaissance Photo Locations19-67
.'NWIV,'NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-18. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Intersection of Rolling Hills and Bass Roads, Photo Location #1Figure 19-19. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Gans Road, approximately 1.6 km (1 mi) North Photo Location #219-68 NWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-20. Direct View of Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Discovery Parkway near the Overpass, Photo Location #3Figure 19-21. View of Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom the North Edge of Perry Phillips Lake, Photo Location #419-69 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewFigure 19-22. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production FacilitySite from Boys and Girls Town of Missouri, Photo Location #5Figure 19-23. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom S. Lenoir and Roosevelt Avenue, Photo Location #619-70 "NWMIV.OH.M.IS M,...NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewFigure 19-24. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Intersection of New Haven and Rolling Hills Roads, Photo Location #7Figure 19-25. View of Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Sitefrom Route WW at Old Hawthorne, Photo Location #819-71 N MDIL ISOPSCatr1 WM-0321Re.AlviChptr 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.1.2.2 Tallest StructuresThe tallest structural components of the RPF would be the three exhaust stacks, which extend 22.9 m(75 ft) high. The next highest portion of the building, the high bay, would be the second story above theprocess area, at 19.8 m (65 ft). The stacks would be visible from approximately 3.2 km (2 mi) away.The scenic vistas of the nation's national parks and wilderness areas are protected under amendments ofthe Clean Air Act. Protected areas are "known as Federal Class 1 areas. Congress declared the followingas a national visibility goal for these areas:The prevention of any fu~ture, and th~e remedying of any existing impairmen~t of i'isibilit, inmandatory class I Federal areas which impairment results from, manmade air pollution.(42 U.S.C. § 7491 Section 169A)To address the problem of long-range transport of regional haze and to meet this goal, the EPA adoptedregulations, known as the Regional Haze Rule (40 CFR 51, "Regional Haze Regulations"), to addressvisibility impairment caused by one or a small group of human-made sources generally located in closeproximity to a specific Class I area. States are required to improve visibility in these areas incrementallyover the next 60 years. The first milestone is to develop a regional haze plan to reduce causes of haze tomake reasonable progress by 2018.There are no Federal Class I areas, as defined by 40 CFR 81.416, "Identification of Mandatory Class IFederal Areas where Visibility is an Important Value, Missouri," within Boone County, Columbia, theROI, or anywhere near the proposed RPF site. The site lies within the BLM Northeastern States FieldOffice planning district, which covers 20 states. The Milwaukee Field Office administers the nearestpublic land to the RPF site. Within that area, there are no BLM-managed acres that are classified asClass I. The RPF site also lies within the Forest Service Eastern Region. The Forest Service manages theonly two Class I areas in the state. These Class I areas include the Hercules-Glades Wilderness Area, a4,983.7 ha (12,315-acre) area approximately 352.4 km (219 mi) south of Columbia, and the MingoWilderness Area, a 3,237.5 ha (8,000-acre) area approximately 420 km (261 mi) southeast of Columbia.19.3.1.2.3 Aesthetic and Scenic Quality RatingThe scenic quality of the proposed site was rated using the BLM Visual Resource Management System(BLM, 1986). The scenic quality classification is the rating of the visual appeal of the land designated forthe site and is based on an evaluation of seven key factors: landform, vegetation, water, color, adjacentscenery, scarcity, and cultural modifications. Notes are taken at the observation points describing thesecharacteristics and scored according to the criteria shown in Table 19-17. The RPF site scoring andphotographs were used to determine the visual quality of the site. Scenic quality is classified as either A,B, or C, based on total score, with A being a high-quality visual classification and C being a low-qualityvisual rating. Table 19-18 shows the scoring and the final NWMI site determination as a C classification.19-72
~.NWM INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-17. Scenic Quality Inventory and Evaluation Chart-.S
- S --5 0~LandformHigh vertical relief as expressed inprominent cliffs, spires, or massiverock outcrops; or severe surfacevariation or highly eroded formations,including major badlands or dunesystems; or detail features dominantand exceptionally striking andintriguing, such as glaciersScore: 5Steep canyons, mesas,buttes, cinder cones, anddrumlins; or interestingerosional patterns or varietyin size and shape oflandforms; or detail featuresthat are interesting thoughnot dominant or exceptionalScore: 3Low rolling hills,foothills, or flat valleybottoms; or few or nointeresting featuresScore: 1Water Clear and clean appearing, still, or Flowing, or still, but not Absent or present, but notcascading white water, any of which dominant in the landscape noticeableare a dominant factor in the landscapeScore: 5 Score: 3 Score: C3)Influence of Adjacent scenery greatly enhances Adjacent scenery Adjacent scenery has littleadjacent visual quality moderately enhances overall or no influence on overallscenery visual quality visual qualityScore: 5Score: 3 Score: 0Cultural Modifications add favorably to visual Modifications add little or Modifications add varietymodifications variety while promoting visual no visual variety to the area but are very discordantharmony and introduce no discordant and promote strongelements disharmonyScore: 2Score: 0Score: -419-73 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-18. Scenic Quality Rating, by ViewPhoto Loc. #3, 1Figure 19-2010Level to rolling topography, agriculture-relatedstructures in the backgroundGrass area, shrubs in foreground, trees inbackgroundNoneLittle contrast in vegetation tones, mainlymonochromaticAdjacent scenery is similarCommon for the areaAgriculture structures, utility pad4 C A=l19 or more; B =12-18; C =11or less010Photo Loc. #4,Figure 19-21I10Level to rolling topography, agriculture-relatedstructures and utility poles in the backgroundGrass in foreground, dirt in background, trees indistanceNoneContrast in soil, rock, and vegetation; not uniqueAdjacent scenery is similarCommon for the area0 Agriculture structures, power lines4 C A=19ormore;B=12-18;C=llorless0Iill ...........................................Photo Loc.#7,Figure 19-241I01Level topography, farm field and trees in thebackgroundPavement and grass in foreground, agriculturefields in backgroundNoneContrast in crop color is similar to contrast ingrass areaAdjacent scenery is similarCommon for the areaPavement, power lines, signs4 C A=19 or more; B =12-18; C =11or less0RPF = radioisotope production facility.0RPF = radioisotope production facility.19-74 ChptrWMI-03-2,Rev. Olvii-. hpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe sensitivity level, a measurement of the public concern for scenic quality, was also analyzed using sixdifferent indicators of public concern: types of users, amount of use, public interest, adjacent land uses,special areas, and other factors. The sensitivity level of the public concern for scenic quality is rated on ahigh (H), moderate (M), or low (L) scale. The site has an L sensitivity rating, as an area with low scenicvalues resulting from a low sensitivity to changes in visual quality by the type of users in the area, a lowamount of use by viewers, low public interest in changes to the visual quality of the site, and a lack ofspecial natural and wilderness areas.19.3.2 Air Quality and Noise19.3.2.1 General Regional ClimateGeomorphic, or physiographic, regions are broad-scale subdivisions of the nation that are based on terraintexture, rock type, geologic structure, and history. There are eight regions, subdivided into 25 provinces,and further subdivided to 85 sections within the U.S. (Fenneman, 1946). The characteristics and locationsof these landforms influence local and regional climate and weather patterns.The proposed RPF site lies at the southern edge of the Central Lowlands physiographic province, within avery few miles of the adjacent Ozark Plateau province, both of which lie within the larger Interior Plainsphysiographic region. The Central Lowlands includes most of the Corn Belt and lies within the heartlandof America.The proposed RPF location places the facility in the Humid Continental-Warm Summer climatic zone.This type of climate has a characteristic long, warm summer with moderate relative humidity. Thewinters are cool to cold and mark a period of lower precipitation than during the remainder of the year.Because of its geographical location far inland, the region is subject to significant seasonal and dailytemperature variations. Air masses moving over the state during the year include cold continental polarair from Canada, warm and humid maritime tropical air from the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea,and dry eastward flowing air masses from the Rocky Mountains located to the west. Prolonged periods ofextreme hot or cold temperatures are unusual (MU, 2006b).The general geostrophic airflow pattern and the prevailing jet stream track shuttle precipitation-producingmid-latitude cyclones (lows) across the state from west-to-east throughout the year. Consequently,precipitation events in all seasons move through from a westerly direction (MU, 2006b).Spring, summer, and early fall precipitation occurs in the form of rain and thunderstorms. Severethunderstorms typically occur during the period from mid- to late-spring through early summer. Hail maybe expected as a product of these storms. Wind speeds of up to 97 km/hr (60 mi/hr) or more may beexperienced once or twice a year during a severe thunderstorm (MU, 2006b). Winter precipitation isgenerally light to moderate and occurs in the form of rain or snow or a mixture of both with anoccasional, though infrequent, thunderstorm. Occasional heavy snowfall episodes occur infrequently, andwhen they do occur, the accumulation does not last for any significant duration. Surface temperatureconditions sometimes produce freezing rain or drizzle, although normally not more than a couple timeseach season.The historical climate data within this section were obtained primarily from the National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration (NOAA) High Plains Regional Climate Center historical climate datasummaries for Columbia (NOAA, 2013a and 2013b). In addition, MU has a weather station atSouth Farm, less than 1.6 km (1 mi) away from the proposed site and approximately 6.4 km (4 mi) fromColumbia. The weather station is used in conjunction with the MU agricultural program. The universitymakes the weather data available via its website. Simple searches may be performed and variousaverages can be obtained through this database.19-75
- 14 19.0 -Environmental ReviewOther sources were used as needed (e.g., Decker, 2013) to augment NOAA data, particularly to betterunderstand the immediate area around the proposed site.19.3.2.1.1 TemperatureThough temperatures reached a record high of 41.7°C (107 degrees Fahrenheit [0F]) in 2012, in general,temperatures rarely exceed 38°C (I100°F) in the summer and rarely fall below -1 8°C (0°F) in the winter.The mean maximum temperatures in Columbia, collected from the reporting station at the ColumbiaRegional Airport (Station 231791) over a 43-year period, ranged from 2.8°C (37.2°F) in January to31 .4°C (88.5°F) in July. Daily temperatures during that period showed a wider variance, from -28.8°C(-20°F) in December to 44°C (Ill °F) in July. A summary of average and extreme temperature data for1969 through 2012 is shown in Table 19-19.Table 19-19. Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate,Historic Temperature Summary, 1969-2012Average max. °C 2.9 6.1 12.7 18.9 23.6 28.5 31.4 30.7 26.0 19.6 12.0 5.1 18.1temperature 0F 37.2 43.0 54.9 66.1 74.4 83.3 88.5 87.3 78.8 67.2 53.6 41.2 64.6Daily extreme c°C 23.3 27.8 29.4 32.2 33.3 a89 43.9 43.3 38.3 34.4 28.3 24.4 43.9high OF 74.0 82.0 85.0 90.0 92.0 a107 111.0 110.0 101.0 94.0 83.0 76.0 111.0Average mean °C -1.9 0.9 6.9 12.9 17.8 22.8 25.4 24.6 19.9 13.5 6.7 0.4 12.5'F 28.5 33.6 44.5 55.2 64.1 73.0 77.8 76.3 67.8 56.3 44.1 32.7 54.5Source: WRCC, 2013a, "Period of Record General Climate Summary -Temperature, 1969 to 2012, Station231791 Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliGCStT.pl?mo 1791, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.a Occurred during 2008-2012 time period.Average temperature data for the Columbia, Missouri, weather station was reviewed for the most recentfive years having data available (2008 to 2012). The lowest average temperature was -4. I°C (24.65°0F),recorded in January 2010, and the highest average temperature was 29.5°C (85 .06°F), recorded inJuly 2012. The five-year annual average temperature was 13.1 °C (55.58°F).A five-year temperature summary is presented in Table 19-20. The five-year average temperature for thesame time period, reported at the South Farm weather station, was 12.3°C (54.2°F). The averageminimum temperature was 6.9°C (44.5°F), and the average maximum temperature was 17.9°C (64.3°F)(MU, 2014).19-76
..lvi:..II I! ChpeI NWMI-2013-021, Rev. OAST... ........... Chapter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-20. Columbia, Missouri, Five-Year Temperature Summary, 2008-2012°C -3.1 2.4 8.1 11.7 17.9 23.3 22.5 21.9 18.6 10.2 9.8 -1.1 11.82009OF 26.5 36.3 46.5 53.1 64.2 73.9 72.5 71.4 65.5 50.3 49.6 30.0 53.30C -3.9 -0.1 6.6 14.0 16.9 24.0 27.5 24.9 17.6 14.2 8.9 3.1 12.820110F 24.9 31.9 43.9 57.2 62.5 75.1 81.6 76.7 63.7 57.5 48.1 37.5 55.0'C -2.0 0.6 8.6 13.7 18.3 24.0 25.9 24.2 18.9 12.8 8.5 -0.2 13.1Mean'F 28.4 33.1 47.5 56.6 64.9 75.3 78.7 75.5 66.1 55.0 47.3 31.7 55.6Source: WRCC, 2013b, "Station Monthly Time Series, Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012, Station 231791Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edulcgi-bin/wea..mnsimts.pl?IaKCOU, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.19.3.2.1.2 PrecipitationAccording to the historical data from Station 231791, precipitation in the Columbia area averagesapproximately 103.1 cm (40.6 in.) per year. Of that amount, the mean snowfall is 57.7 cm (22.7 in.) peryear. The city has measurable amounts of precipitation 111 days per year. The maximum annualprecipitation of 159 cm (62.49 in.) was measured in 1993, and the minimum annual precipitation of 60 cm(23.66 in.) was measured in 1980. On a monthly basis, rainfall amounts range from a high of 12.4 cm(4.89 in.) in May to a low of 4.62 cm (1.82 in.) in January (WRCC, 2013a).According to the historical data from Station 231791, snow falls from November through April. Duringthat period, a high of 16 cm (6.3 in.) was recorded in February 2011, and a low of 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) wasrecorded in 1980. A summary of average and extreme precipitation data for 1969 through 2012 is shownin Table 19-21.19-77
...Rev. 0A*.o I'.,V.o .vhaper19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-21. Columbia, Missouri, Average and Extreme Monthly Climate,Historic Precipitation Summary, 1969-2012i kTl I,."111 i IIIvAverage cm 4.62 5.44 8.10 11.23 12.42 10.24 9.58 10.06 9.53 8.28 7.72 6.02 103.12totalprecipitation in 1.82 2.14 3.19 4.42 4.89 4.03 3.77 3.96 3.75 3.26 3.04 2.37 40.60cm 0.13 0.28 1.98 2.26 a3.33 0.89 0.61 0.53 1.14 "0.91 1.07 1.22 60.10Lowin 0.05 0.11 0.78 0.89 a 1.31 0.35 0.24 0.21 0.45 a 0.36 0.42 0.48 23.66Average cm 15.75 a 16.00 7.37 1.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.57 12.70 57.66totalsnowfall in 6.20 a6.3 2.90 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.80 5.00 22.70Source: WRCC, 2013a, "Period of Record General Climate Summary -Temperature, 1969 to 2012, Station231791 Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliGCStT.pl?mo 1791, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.a Occurred during 2008-2012 time period.A recent five-year precipitation summary of the station data was obtained and reviewed. For each monthduring this time period, a portion of the data was missing, with the missing data ranging fromapproximately 15-30 percent of the total data. Precipitation data from the South Farm weather stationwas also reviewed. The averages shown on the site were different than the Columbia weather station by afactor of five. Thus, the Columbia weather station historical summary serves as the more completepicture of precipitation at the proposed RPF site.19.3.2.1.3 HumidityAverage relative humidity data for the Columbia, Missouri, weather station was reviewed for 2008 to2012. The lowest average relative humidity was 51.89 percent, recorded in August 2012, and the highestaverage relative humidity was 82.13 percent, recorded in September 2008. The five-year annual averagewas 69.18 percent. The five-year relative humidity data summary is shown in Table 19-22.Table 19-22. Relative Humidity Data for Columbia, Missouri, 2008-20122008 60.51 72.02 66.68 64.85 69.49 71.40 74.38 78.87 82.13 77.52 65.87 71.48 71.182010 75.69 73.42 70.33 61.24 74.71 76.64 79.19 75.19 76.17 58.65 64.86 72.85 71.58..... ... ... .1 .]l2012 64.05 63.72 63.58 65.03 61.33 54.89 52.96 51.89 69.64 66.76 62.25 70.91 61.46Source: WRCC, 2013b, "Station Monthly Time Series, Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012, Station 231791Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/wea mnsimts.pl?laKCOU, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.19-78 lviCatr1NWMI ,M-20o3-o2, Rev. GANO.T goE.,.o WCLI Chapter 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.2.1.4 WindExtreme wind speeds are uncommon in central Missouri. When they do occur, they are usually caused bypressure gradients and temperature contrasts present in the mid-latitude cyclones that pass through thestate. These cyclones may spawn storms that produce high winds from gust fronts, microbursts, andtornadoes. Non-storm-related extreme winds are rare. Occasionally, cold high-pressure air filling inbehind a front causes high wind, especially in the winter when temperature contrasts are large.Average wind speed data for the Columbia, Missouri, weather station was reviewed for 2008 to 2012.The lowest mean wind speed was 8.8 km/hr (5.47 milhr) in August 2008, and the highest was 19.1 km/hr(11.87 mi/hr) recorded in December 2008. The five-year annual average was 14.25 km/hr (8.86 mi/hr).The five-year mean wind speed data summary is shown in Table 19-23.Table 19-23. Mean Wind Speed for Columbia, Missouri, from 2008-2012208(km/br) 18.85 17.03 16.96 17.53 15.76 13.97 11.28 8.80 10.01 11.59 14.32 19.10 14.93(mi/hr) 11.71 10.58 10.54 10.89 9.79 8.68 7.01 5.47 6.22 7.20 8.90 11.87 9.28200(km/br) 13.74 13.73 15.96 17.06 12.79 11.43 10.06 9.88 12.17 16.30 14.73 13.41 13.10(mi/br) 8.54 8.53 9.92 10.60 7.95 7.10 6.25 6.14 7.56 10.13 9.15 8.33 8.14202(krn/hr) 16.98 15.64 16.53 15.19 13.42 13.68 10.56 11.35 11.57 13.79 14.97 14.18 13.97(mi/br) 10.55 9.72 10.27 9.44 8.34 8.50 6.56 7.05 7.19 8.57 9.30 8.81 8.68Source: WRCC, 2013b, "Station Monthly Time Series, Columbia, Missouri, 2008-2012, Station 231791Columbia WSO AP," www.wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/wea~mnsimts.pl?laKCOU, Western Regional Climate Center,Reno, Nevada, accessed August 2013.Wind data from the South Farm weather station was also reviewed. The average shown on the site wasdifferent than the Columbia weather station by a factor of two. Thus, the Columbia weather station dataprovides a more comprehensive study of wind activity at the proposed site.Two wind roses are presented to show the general historic wind flow patterns in the immediate area andthe ROI. Figure 19-26 shows the wind pattern as measured at South Farm, located immediately north ofthe proposed RPF site. These data were collected by MU. Figure 19-27 shows the wind patternsrecorded at the Columbia Remote Automatic Weather Station.Both wind roses show that the prevailing surface wind direction is from the south. The South Farm windrose shows a total average wind speed of 11.3 km/hr (7 milhr), while the Columbia wind rose shows atotal average speed of 14.16 km/hr (8.8 mi/hr). Both wind roses show that the average frequency ofhigher speed winds falls into the 24-40 km/hr (15-25 mi/hr) range.19-79 NWINWMI-2013-021, Rlev. OAChapter 19.0 -Environmental RleviewWIND SPEED(mph)* o0- 15010.0-50c~~.0 J%Figure 19-26. Wind Rose from South Farm, 2000-2010(University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station)19-80
" Q NOTWESMEICtSTI$Station : C!Latitude :Longitude : 9:Elevation : 0Eleuent : 144w/OLUMBIA 14O49' 0I" N2" 13' 06" Wft.Pan Wind SoeedNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review1.3 -44-88 -1313 -1.919 -25"25324747EStart Date: Aug'. 1,, End Date: Iec..31, 2Q12 -@ of Days : 1910 of 1910V obs:poss: 44105 of 47520V) Western Region~al Climate CenterSubinterval Wrndw:Start EndDate: Jai. 01Dec.hour: 00 23SFigure 19-27. Wind Rose from Automatic Weather Station, Columbia, Missouri, 2007-2012(Western Regional Climate Center)19.3 .2.1.5 Extreme WeatherThe American heartland has the distinction of also being known as "tornado alley," a nonmeteorologicalterm that references the area where 90 percent of tornadoes have occurred as a result of the mixing ofcold, dry air from Canada and the Rocky Mountains with warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico andhot, dry air from the Sonoran Desert. This area exhibits considerable atmospheric instability, heavyprecipitation, and many intense thunderstorms.19-81
.,. N, VI.:. NWMI-201 3-021, Rev. 0'EDIo;L." Chapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTornados are extreme wind speed events that are classified according to the enhanced Fujita tornadointensity scale (EF scale). The scale matches wind speeds to the severity of damage caused by a tornado.The process involves determining the degree of damage according to a predefined damage scale of28 indicators. The observed damage is associated with estimated wind speeds during the storm, and anEF scale number is assigned. Measuring tornadoes from EF-1 to EF-5, the scale uses more specificstructural damage guidelines than the original Fujita tornado intensity scale (F scale), which wasestablished in 1971. Table 19-24 shows the F and EF scales.Table 19-24. Fujita Scale and Enhanced Fujita ScalesUsed to Determine Tornado Intensity0 64- 116 40-72 72- 126 45-78 0 105- 137 65-852 182-253 113- 157 189-259 118- 161 2 178-217 111-1354 334- 418 208 -260 337 -420 210- 261 4 266- 322 166- 200EF scale = enhanced Fujita tornado intensity scale.F scale = Fujita tornado intensity scale.According to compiled information from several extreme weather databases, including the U.S. Tornadoand Weather Extremes database (1950 to 2010), a total of 625 tornado events that had a recordedmagnitude of two or above were documented in Missouri (World, 2013). Of that total, 50 tornado eventsof the same magnitude were recorded within 80 km (50 mi) of Columbia. A listing of severe weatherevents is shown in Table 19-25. Columbia, in a ranking of 1,237 other Missouri cities, ranked 810 fortornados. The tornado index value is calculated based on historical tornado events data and is an indicatorof the tornado level in a region. According to this ranking, 809 Missouri cities have a higher chance oftornado events than Columbia (World, 2013).Table 19-25. Listing of Severe Weather Events from 1950 to 2010 withinan 80 km (50-mi) Radius of the Radioisotope Production Facility SiteBlizzard Iesom25Dense fog 29 Thunderstorm winds 1,236Flood 466 Winter storm 84Heat 72 Other 86Source: World, 2013, "Natural Disasters & Extremes," www.usa.com/columbia-mo-natural-disasters-extremes.htm#Tornadolndex, World Media Group, LLC, Bedminster, New Jersey, accessed August 2013.19-82
~. r~I~f~JNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAccording to the NOAA National Climatic Data Center Storm Events Database (NOAA, 201 3b), for thetime period January 1996 to May 2013, there were 420 severe storm events (defined as an individual typeof storm event) recorded in either Boone County or the Boone Zone. The most notable of the 420 eventsare summarized in Table 19-26.Table 19-26. Summary of Notable Storm Events In and Near the Region of Influence,Recorded from 1996 to 2013Blizzard1*,1 51 cm (20 in.) of snow recordedExcessive heat (heatwave)14Funnel cloud *' 1 -Heavy rain 1' 1 7.6-15.2 cm (3-6 in.) recordedIce stormThunderstorm wind,/vf4 0.64-1.27 cm (0.25-0.5 in.) recorded118 50-75 kn recorded25 --Winter storm1*,Source: NOAA, 2013b, "Storm Events Database," www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents, National Oceanic andAtmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C., accessed August 2013.aAs rated with the enhanced Fujita tornado intensity scale.19.3.2.2 Air QualityMissouri is located in EPA Region 7. The Missouri DEQ is the regulatory agency responsible to protectand enhance the quality of the Missouri environment and its citizens. The MDNR operates an extensivenetwork of ambient air monitors to comply with the Clean Air Act and its amendments.The ambient air quality monitoring network for Missouri consists of State and local air monitoringstations, special purpose monitoring stations, and national core monitoring consistent with requirementsin 40 CFR 58.10, "Annual Monitoring Network Plan and Periodic Network Assessment."19-83 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0--o o++.;..."Chapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe only MDNR air monitor in Boone County is located at Finger Lakes and monitors for ozone (03)from May to October each year. The MDNR continuous air monitors nearest to the proposed RPF site,also in similar urban locales, are at the following locations:* Mark Twain State Park -In Stoutsville, Monroe County, approximately 103 km (64 mi)northeast of the RPF site. Monitors for sulfur dioxide (SO2), 03, and inhalable particulatesPM-10 (particulate matter, 10 micron and PM-2.5 (particulate matter, 2.5
- El Dorado Springs -In Cedar County, approximately 261 km (162 mi) southwest of the site.Monitors for nitrogen dioxide (NO2), inhalable particulate PM-2.5, and 03.Both air monitoring locations are well outside of the ROI.The EPA has set national air quality standards for six common pollutants (also referred to as "criteria"pollutants). These standards are known as NAAQS. Missouri DEQ monitors for CO, NO2, 03, totalsuspended particulate, inhalable particulates (PM-10 and PM-2.5), and lead (Pb). Other pollutants orcompounds are measured as part of air toxics or particulate speciation sampling. Legal descriptions of thestandards are available in the 6 CSR Division 10, "Air Quality Standards, Definitions, Sampling andReference Methods and Air Pollution Control Regulation for the Entire State of Missouri." The NAAQSare summarized in Table 19-27.Table 19-27. National Ambient Air Quality Standards Applicable in MissouriCarbon 1 hr Not to be exceeded more than once per year 35 ppm -monoxide 8 hr Not to be exceeded more than once per year 9 ppm -Nitrogen 1 hr 3-year average of the maximum daily 98th percentile 100 ppb Nonedioxide 1-hr averageAnnual Annual arithmetic mean 53 ppb S3 ppbPM-2.5 24 hr 98th percentile of the 24-hr values determined for 35 ~ig/m3 35 ~ig/m3each year; 3-year average of the 98th percentile valuesAnnual 3-year average of the annual arithmetic mean 15 jtg/in3 15 jig/mn3Sulfur 24 hr NA 0.14 ppm Nonedioxide 1 yr NA 0.03 ppm None1 hr/3 yr To attain the 1 -hr/3-yr standard, the 3-yr average of 75 ppb Nonethe 99th percentile of the daily maximum 1-hraverage at each monitor within an area must notexceed 75 ppbSource: MDNR, 2013a, "National Ambient Air Quality Standards," dnr.mo.gov/env/esp/aqm/standard.htm,Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Quality, Jefferson City, Missouri, accessedAugust 2013.NA = not applicable. NAAQS = National Ambient Air Quality Standards.19-84
..,vi. Chapter.1NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AA 50;1°0FChater 9.0 -Environmental ReviewNonattainment means that a geographic area has not consistently met the clean air levels set by the EPAin the NAAQS. There are several nonattainment areas in Missouri; however, none of them are withinBoone County, Columbia, the ROI, or anywhere near the proposed RPF site. Most nonattainment areasare located in St. Louis (201 km [125 mi] to the southeast) and in the nearby counties of Dent, Franklin,Iron, Jefferson, Reynolds, St. Charles, and St. Louis.Maintenance areas are geographic areas that had a history of nonattainment, but are now consistentlymeeting the NAAQS. Maintenance areas have been redesignated by EPA from "nonattainment" to"attainment with a maintenance plan," or designated by the Environmental Quality Commission. Thereare no maintenance areas within Boone County, Columbia, the ROI, or anywhere near the proposed RPFsite. The closest maintenance area (for Pb) is located in Bixby, Missouri (Iron County), 238 km (148 mi)to the southeast. Other maintenance areas are found in the cities of Herculaneum (Pb), St. Louis (CO),and Kansas City (03).19.3 .2 .2.1 Greenhouse GasesThere are currently no programs or policies established or drafted related to operations at DiscoveryRidge. NWMI will develop a comprehensive program to avoid and control GHG emissions associatedwith the RPF. This program will include elements such as:* Developing a GHG emission inventory* Investigating and implementing methods for avoiding or controlling the GHG emissionsidentified in the inventory* Encouraging carpooling or other measures to minimize GHG emissions due to vehicle trafficduring construction and operation of the RPF* Conducting periodic audits of GHG control procedures* Implementing corrective actions when necessary19.3.2.3 NoiseNoise is generally defined as "unwanted sound." At high levels, noise can damage hearing, cause sleepdeprivation, interfere with communication, and disrupt concentration. In the context of protecting thepublic health and welfare, noise implies adverse effects on people and the environment.Sound is the result of a source inducing vibration in the air, creating sound waves. These waves radiate inall directions from the source and may be reflected and scattered or, like other wave actions, may turncorners. Sound waves are a fluctuation in the normal atmospheric pressure, which is measurable. Thissound pressure level is the instantaneous difference between the actual pressure produced by a soundwave and the average or barometric pressure at a given point in space. The fundamental method ofmeasuring sound is in decibel (dB) units. The most commonly used noise metric for measuring noise isA-weighted decibels (dBA).The following sections discuss the baseline noise conditions within the ROI. The ROI for noise is the8 km (5 mi) radius from the centerline of the RPF site.19-85
- ~*NW M I NWI21-2,Rev. G: : Chapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.2.3.1 Baseline Noise ConditionsAs discussed in Section 19.3.1, the proposed RPF site is located on Lot 15 of the Discovery Ridgeindustrial park near the MU campus, and is currently an agricultural field. Existing noise sources in thearea consist of agricultural equipment (e.g., tractors, forklifts), HVAC systems associated with existingbuildings, and traffic noise from U.S. Highway 63 and the surrounding areas. The highest noise levels inthe area originate from the intermittent operation of agricultural equipment associated with theMU School of Agriculture, and range from 80 to 100 dBA (Baker, 1997). When agricultural equipment isnot running, noise levels are similar to that of a suburban community area, typically around 55 dBA(Berger et al., 2003).Traffic-related noise sources include airports, railways, and highways. The Columbia Regional Airport isapproximately 12 km (7.5 ml) from the proposed NWMI site, and the Columbia Terminal (COLT), afreight-only railway, is approximately 2.7 km (1.7 mi) from the proposed site (Terracon, 2006). Both theairport and railway are located a sufficient distance from the proposed RPF site to attenuate the noiseassociated with these locations to background levels. U.S. Highway 63 is approximately 0.4 km (0.25 mi)from the proposed site. Based on the most recent peak 1-hr traffic count summary from the MissouriDepartment of Transportation, the expected noise levels at the proposed RPF site resulting from traffic onU.S. Highway 63 range from 54 to 58 dBA (MoDOT, 2009).Noise receptors include nearby residents, commercial workers at ABC Laboratories and RADIL,agricultural students and faculty present in the agricultural research areas, recreational users of the threesports venues in the area, site visitors, and domesticated and research wildlife.19.3 .2 .3.2 Past Noise StudiesThere are no known noise studies that have been performed in the audible range of the proposed RPF site.1 9.3 .2.3.3 Sound Level StandardsPermissible noise levels in Discovery Ridge are governed by both the Discovery Ridge Master Plan andProtective Covenants (MU, 2009) and the Columbia Code of Ordinances (City of Columbia, 201 3d).Section 2.2 of the Covenants document specifies that buildings cannot be used for "excessive noise," andSection 3.3 requires that preliminary building plans specify the extent of noise that may be created byoperation of the building (MU, 2009). Section 16-265 of the Ordinances states that site preparation andbuilding construction cannot be performed outside the hours of 7:00 a.m. to 7:00 p.m. on weekdays and9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. on Saturdays without a special permit from the Director of Public Works.Sections16-264 and 16-266 of the Ordinances prohibit the creation of "excessive noise" in connectionwith loading or unloading any vehicle, or in the vicinity of schools, hospitals, churches, and courts(City of Columbia, 2013d).19.3.3 Geologic Environment19.3.3.1 Regional GeologyThis section provides summary descriptions of geomorphic provinces and their tectonic development.The glacial history responsible for surface topography features found today in Missouri is also described.The descriptions are based on a review of relevant, readily available published reports and maps and,where available, records and unpublished reports from Federal and State agencies. Information on thesite conditions has been acquired from these same sources and from site-specific investigations, includinggeotechnical field studies.19-86
..ii Chapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A:.;o.. Chpter19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.1.1 Geomorphic ProvincesMissouri is divided into three geomorphic provinces:* Interior Plains Province -Also referred to as the Central Lowland Province (northern Missouri,north of the Missouri River)* Interior Highlands (central Missouri, south of the Missouri River)* Atlantic Plains -Also referred to as the Coastal Plains Province (the "boot heel" or southeasterncorner of Missouri)The proposed RPF site is located north of the Missouri River within the Interior Plains Province. TheInterior Plains are defined by the general texture of the surface terrain, rock type, and geologic structure.The province is characterized by moderately dissected, glaciated, flat-to-rolling plains that slope gentlytoward the Missouri and Mississippi River valleys. Local relief is 6.1-50.3 m (20-165 ft). Drainage isdendritic; current geomorphic processes are fluvial erosion, transport and deposition, and minor masswasting. Elevations range from 183-457 m (600-1,500 ft) above mean sea level, with the proposed RPFsite averaging 245 m (805 ft) above mean sea level (USGS, 2013a).19.3.3.1.1.1 Interior Plains ProvinceThe Interior Plains Province is a vast region spread across the stable core (craton) of North America. Thisarea formed when several small continents collided and welded together over a billion years ago, duringthe Precambrian Era. Precambrian metamorphic and igneous rocks now form the basement of the InteriorPlains and make up the stable core of North America. Throughout the Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras, thelow-lying Interior Plains remained relatively unaffected by mountain building and tectonic collisions inthe western and eastern margins of the continent. During the Mesozoic Era, the majority of the NorthAmerican continental interior was above sea level, with two notable exceptions. The first occurred duringthe Jurassic Era (208-144 million years ago), when rising seas flooded the low-lying areas of thecontinent, and most of the Interior Plains were eventually submerged beneath the shallow Sundance Sea.The second exception occurred during the Cretaceous Period, when record high sea levels flooded thecontinental interior with shallow seas. During this time, the Interior Plains continued to receive depositsfrom the eroding Rocky Mountains to the west and Appalachian and Ouachita-Ozark Mountains to theeast and south throughout the most recent Cenozoic Era. The flatness of the Interior Plains is a reflectionof the platform of mostly flat-lying marine and stream deposits laid down in the Mesozoic andCenozoic Eras. The overlying sedimentary rocks are composed mostly of limestone, sandstone, andshales (USGS, 2013a).19.3.3.1.1.2 Interior Highlands ProvinceThe southern portion of Missouri, south of the Missouri River, is located within the Interior HighlandsProvince. The Interior Highlands includes the Ozark and Ouachita Mountains of southern Missouri,Arkansas, and eastern Oklahoma. The rocky outcrops that make up the core of the Interior Highlands arePaleozoic age carbonates and other sedimentary rocks that were originally deposited on the sea floor. Inthe Ouachita Mountains, these ancient marine rocks are now contorted by folds and faults. The ancient,eroded mountains of the Interior Highlands stand surrounded by nearly flat lying sedimentary rocks anddeposits of the Interior and Atlantic Plains provinces.The Interior Highlands consist of thick bedrock units of sandstone and shale, with lesser amounts of chertand novaculite (a fine-grained silica rock, like flint), deposited in a deep sea that covered the area fromLate Cambrian through Early Pennsylvanian time. The area was then folded and faulted in such a mannerthat resistant beds of sandstone, chert, and novaculite now form long, sinuous mountain ridges that tower152-457 m (500-1,500 ft) above adjacent valleys formed in easily eroded shale (USGS, 2013a).19-87 N.., VIVII .NWMI-201 3-021, Rev. 0A.*o 1 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.1.13 Atlantic Plains ProvinceThe Atlantic Plain Province is the flattest of all the provinces and stretches over 3,540 km (2,200 mi)from Cape Cod to the border of Mexico and southward another 1609 km (1,000 mi) to the YucatanPeninsula. The Atlantic Plains slope gently seaward from the Interior Highlands in a series of terraces.The gentle sloping continues far into the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, forming the continental shelf.Eroded sediments from the Interior Highlands were carried east and southward by streams and graduallycovered the faulted continental margin, burying it under a wedge composed of layered sedimentary andvolcanic debris thousands of feet thick. The sedimentary rock layers that lie beneath much of the coastalplain and fringing continental shelf remain nearly horizontal or tilt gently toward the sea (USGS, 2013b).19.3.3.1.2 Glacial HistoryThe MDNR describes the glacial history of the area as follows:Recent studies of ice cores, stalagmites, and other temperature dating methods haveconcluded that there have been 30 sustained periods of frigid temperatures in the last3 million years. Of the classical glacial periods, only two: pre-Illinoian (Nebraskan-Kansan) and Illinoian are now recognized as having left glacial deposits in the state ofMissouri. The pre-lllinoian was the most severe. Amongst its legacy was the changing of thecourse of the Missouri River to its present location, the scouring and filling of NorthernMissouri topography, and extensive outwash gravels left to the south of the present MissouriRiver. Although the Ozarks were not glaciated in the recent past, a cover of Pleistocene loessof varying thicknesses extends over all of the state except for the highest parts of the OzarkMountains. Residuum, otherwise known as soil, clay, and rock fragments degrade fromexposed and subsurface bedrock. Gravity and streams move this residuum, depositing it insometimes graded layers (MDNR, 201 3b).In Boone County, the glacial till averages over 43 m (140 ft) thick in the northeastern portion of thecounty, and the loess material reaches a maximum depth of 6.1 m (20 ft) along the Missouri River Bluffs(Boone County, 2013a).19.3 .3.1.3 Local Topography and Soils of Boone CountyThe topography of Boone County ranges from highly dissected hills to flat floodplains and nearly flatuplands. Elevations range from approximately 274 m (900 ft) above mean sea level along the northernboundary of Boone County to approximately 165 m (540 ft) above mean sea level in the southern tip ofthe county. Several areas of the county contain well-developed cave and sinkhole formations.Ordovician to middle Pennsylvania age dolomite, limestone, sandstone, coal, and shale deposits arevisible throughout Boone County in geologic outcrops and roadcuts. The Mississippian age BurlingtonLimestone is easily weathered by acidic groundwater and contains some unique natural resources ofBoone County, including the most famous Devil's Ice Box cave system, located approximately 2.4 km(1.5 mi) southwest of the proposed RPF site. There are numerous caves in Boone County and418 documented sinkholes (Boone County, 2013a).19-88
- .. NWK1,hapte NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A.GTSV~ 19.0- Environmental ReviewPennsylvanian age deposits are overlaid by glacial till and loess. The soils of Boone County are includedin parts of two major land resource areas:Central Claypan Area -The Central Claypan Area soils were formed in glacial till and coverthe northeastern and east-central portions of Boone County. Claypan soils display extremevariability within the soil profile and across the landscape; therefore, plant growth within thesesoils must contend with distinctively contrasting physical, chemical, and hydrologic properties atdifferent soil depths. The depth to the claypan soils varies from approximately 10 cm (3.93 in.)on ridge tops up to 100 cm (39.4 in.) on back slopes. The soil horizons preceding the claypan aredepleted of clay minerals, cations, and have a very low pH. The claypan horizon typically has anabrupt upper boundary with 100 percent more clay than the preceding horizon, and very lowpermeability.*Central Mississippi Valley Wooded Slopes -This major land resource area consists of adissected glacial till plain composed of rolling narrow ridge tops and hilly to steep ridge slopes.The small streams in this area have narrow valleys with steep gradients. The major rivers havenearly level broad floodplains, and the valley floors are tens of meters below the adjoininghilltops. Most of the soils within the central Mississippi Valley wooded slopes area are found insilty loess or glacial till, are moderately to fine-grained in texture with a mixed mineralogy, andare well-drained to moderately well-drained. These soils are typically observed on ridge tops andsupport forest flora (Boone County, 2013a).19.3.3.2 Geology at the Proposed SiteThe ROI for the geologic resource is defined as the 8 km (5 mi) radius surrounding the RPF site. Thegeologic units that underlie the proposed RPF site and/or properties within the ROI, from youngest tooldest, are as follows:* Quaternary Age Holocene Series (Qal)* Pennsylvanian Age Desmoinesian Series Marmaton Group (Pm)* Pennsylvanian Age Desmoinesian Series Cherokee Group (Pc)* Mississippian Age Osagean Series Burlington Formation (Mo)* Mississippian Age Kinderhookian Series (Mk)* Late to Early Devonian Age (D)* Early Ordovician Age Ibexian Series (Ojc)Figure 19-28 provides a map of the features within the ROI.19.3.3.2.1 Quaternary Age Holocene Series (Qal)The surface topography of the proposed RPF site and surrounding properties consists of Quaternary agebedrock overburden characterized by upland areas covered by a thin loess blanket and glacial drift."Highly plastic clays that exhibit volume change with variations in moisture are commonly encounterednear the ground surface" (Terracon, 201 lb). The surface topography of the proposed RPF site andsurrounding properties consists of upland areas covered by a thin loess blanket and glacial drift. Previousinvestigations of Discovery Ridge noted that "Highly plastic clays that exhibit volume change withvariations in moisture are commonly encountered near the ground surface" (Terracon, 201 lb).Figure 19-29 depicts the Quaternary age bedrock overburden at the proposed RPF site as clay loam till(No. 27). Clay loam till is also depicted on all adjacent properties to the north, east, south, and west.Additional Quaternary age deposits located within an 8 km (5-mi) radius of the proposed RPF site includealluvium (No. 10), loess (No. 18), sandy clay (No. 40), and thin, cherty clay solution residuum (No. 41).19-89
, : ..RIIAIA/I I.:-"'.'.;..;,..-I 111 1111 11111* +*..', ; " NOflTHWEST NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewJA RPF SitelIJ 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site--Interstate Highways* '- HighwaysCity LimitsGeologic FcaturesLabel, Rock Type I. Rock Type 2D, limestone, sandstoneMk, limestone, siltstoneMo, limestone, chertOjc, dolostone (dolomite), sandstonePc, shale, sandstonePmo, limestone, shaleQal, clay or mud, silt0 0.5 1N2 3 MilesFigure 19-28. Geologic Features within an 8 km (5-mi) Radiusof the Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-90
- NWMIoOe ThwOONWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review,A RPF Site1J 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site---Highways--"Interstate HighwaysCity Limits00.51 2 3 4,, , MilesQuaternary Geology of MissouriDESCR! PTION1 0 -Alluvium27 -Clay loam till18 -Loess40 -Sandy clay41 -Thin cherty clay solution residuumUS(S 1996. MO 1996 ISLIPPIdigital datal Ap~m~lis missouri cdu pub aI (iop icaI MO( 1996 Q~uatcrman (icog) shp tipFigure 19-29. Map of Missouri Quaternary Age Geology19-91
""Chapter NWM,-2013-021, Rev. GAChapterI 19.0 -Environ mental ReviewThe typical Quaternary age groundcover found in Boone County consists of alluvial (stream-deposited)clays, sand, and gravels (with a few poorly consolidated sandstones); glacial tills (sand and well-sortedgravels); and eolian (windblown) clays and loess (an extremely fine "rock flour," which forms solidmasses) (MDNR, 2013c).These glacial deposits mantle the upland areas and consist of a heterogeneous mixture of clay, sand, andpebbles of diverse rock types. The deposits vary greatly in thickness and are as much as 42.7 m (140 ft)thick in the northern portion of Boone County. This material is relatively impermeable and supplies verylittle water to wells (MU, 2006a).19.3 .3.2 .2 Pennsylvanian Age Desmoinesian Series Marmaton Group (Pm) and CherokeeGroup (Pc)Pennsylvanian age strata (both Marmaton and Cherokee Groups) consists largely of clay and shale withminor accounts of coal and thin, impure limestone beds. The total thickness may be as much as 33.5 m(110 ft). These beds produce only small quantities of water and are not used in this area as a source ofsupply. The water found in this unit is usually high in iron and sulfur content (MU, 2006a).Limestone and shale beds are generally thin and very widespread lateral units. Pennsylvanian depositsare quite extensive across Missouri, and they usually form thin to medium-bedded layers of distinctivecomposition, called cyclothems. A cyclothem results when a sea transgresses and regresses very rapidlyalong a coastal area, and in a repeating pattern. Often, this pattern consists of a sandstone (beach), siltyshale or siltstone (tidal), freshwater limestone (lagoon), underclay (terrestrial), coal (terrestrial swampyforest), shale (near shore tidal), limestone (shallow marine), and black shale (deep marine). Thissequence can then repeat itself as the sea first regresses from the land, and then transgresses again(MDNR, 201 3c).19.3.3.2.3 Mississippian Age Osagean Series Burlington Formation (Mo)The Mississippian age Burlington Formation stratum is the most extensively studied Mississippian agestrata in Missouri. This crystalline, extremely fossiliferous limestone covers most of the state and extendsinto Iowa and Arkansas. Typical characteristics include white-to-gray, medium-to-coarsely grained layersof chert nodules, and a coarse-grained sedimentary structure called "styolites" formed from pressuresolution. The pores in the styolites are often filled with chert or quartz deposits (MDNR, 2013d).Burlington limestone is the principle limestone exposed in quarries, creek banks, and road cuts near andaround Columbia. The limestone is approximately 49 m (160 ft) thick in the Columbia area, but thethickness can be variable. The limestone may also contain minor amounts of pyrite and limonite. Thisformation has historically been economically important as a limestone resource where exposed and ashost rock for lead and zinc deposits in the presently inactive Tri-State mining district of Missouri, Kansas,and Oklahoma (MU, 2006a).Burlington limestone contains many relatively shallow drilled wells and yields sufficient quantities ofrelatively hard water for rural domestic supplies. The limestone is relatively soluble and contains manycaverns and solutions passages. Solution features, including caves and sinkholes, are commonly presentin this formation (MU, 2006a). Terracon reported the following:No caves or sinkholes are known to exist, or are published to exist within approximately I miof the Discovery Ridge Research Park. However, several areas of known karst activity arepresent west and southwest of this project area and are in various stages of development.Site grading and drainage may alter site conditions and could possibly cause sinkholes inareas that have no history of this activity. (Terracon, 201 lb)19-92 lviiChaper 1NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A* ; Th_.T.MENW ML Chptr9.0 -Environmental Review19.3 .3 .2.4 Mississippian Age Kinderhookian Series Chouteau Limestone (Mk)The Mississippian age Chouteau Limestone stratum is a very fine-grained carbonate and, for the mostpart, is an evenly bedded bluish gray limestone. The upper part is somewhat massive and high inmagnesium. Chouteau limestone is relatively impermeable due to its fine texture, restricting themovement of water to joints and small fissures. This unit is a poor source of water but yields smallquantities to a few wells (MU, 2006a).19.3.3.2.5 Late to Early Devonian Limestone (D)Devonian limestone strata deposits greatly vary in lithology, and range from very fine-grained to coarselytextured beds. Some of the beds are slightly sandy. In some areas of Columbia, Missouri, the Devonianlimestone beds are approximately 9 m (30 ft) thick; in other well locations this limestone bed iscompletely absent. Devonian limestone is not a valuable water producer (MU, 2006a).19.3.3.2.6 Early Ordovician Age Ibexian Series Dolomites (Ojc)Ordovician age deposits found in the Columbia area include the following, from youngest to oldest(MU, 2006a):*St. Peter Sandstone -This formation, which is a very important aquifer in eastern and northernMissouri, has no importance in the Columbia area. The formation is present only as localizedmasses in the depressions of older rocks.*Jefferson City Formation -This predominantly dolomite formation averages approximately122 m (400 ft) in thickness in the Columbia area, and wells drilled into the formation producemoderate quantities of relatively hard water. The formation probably has more rural domesticwells terminating in it than any other formation is this area.*Roubidoux Formation -This formation consists of alternating sandstone and dolomite beds andaverages approximately 30.5 m (100 ft) in thickness. This formation is a very dependable waterproducer.*Gasconade Formation -This unit consists of mostly light-gray dolomite with sandstone(Gunter) at the base. The thickness is approximately 85.3 m (280 ft). This dolomite unit is verycavernous and contains many interconnected solution passages. The sandstone is approximately4.6 m (15 ft) thick, is very permeable, has a wide aerial extent, and is a good source of water.19.3.3.3 Site-Specific Volcanic Hazard AnalysisThe proposed RPF site is located in a tectonically stable region of the North American continental plate,identified as the Interior Plains Province. Volcanoes tend to cluster along narrow mountainous belts,where folding and fracturing of the rocks provide channelways to the surface for the escape of magma.The lack of magma forming in the Interior Plains Province prevents the formation of volcanoes in theregion.19.3.3.4 Onsite Soil TypesThe USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) Soil Survey Geographic database for BooneCounty (NRCS, 2014) lists the soil type beneath the proposed RPF site as the Mexico Silt Loam,1-4 percent slopes (Map No. 50059). In addition to the Mexico silt loam, 27 other soils types are locatedwithin a 1.6 km (1-mi) radius of the proposed site, as depicted in Figure 19-30.19-93
- WW.INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewI5.Ik+t MapN -I ploKo- slt Iatm t0, outo 2% 109% o5010 Mexoo.,-It,. blada*ompIe 00, 2% %lp900
- K',akuh olay 9 to.. 5014% t.lgop6(019 (- *oI~toa* d.LI. ; oo 5-R so.A. o..l. 5 o7%omo 60022 -l+ oo rl,. l lemm 2os, 6'. lolpes, ero&lki-Wdkr l oelst bool 2 to 5%+ dopesVo+eler tol bats, S o 9% does erodedWdlkt r4bas. tod ispls 210m9%. olopes60033- oill l~oe.. $50 t~o10esstl'* dope. oo1+401034. aill day koare. 5 0, 4 dopes. a't, odad6i 003_5. Wrs-npassl-Ulst latl a*orpelst+910t 14% 60) (037.- Wiestgas oill losn,. 910t 14 % 103- FrdopsusiItossda.ss + o+ p x. 4125%slp%6601.00 .M roall 04h los.., 0102 % .Iopes. ooaooI) Iloodest67000. W.Osto o+ ill s.., I 10 1% slolpes. rael+ flooded99001.+ WalesLocalOn MapA RPF- Site C 5 Mile ( kmn) Radius fo P i4,,,,,,-Interstate Highways-- HighwaysO 0.1 02 04 00 08 r*m -- ' City l~imitsFigure 19-30. Soil Map within a 1.6 km (1-mi) Radiusof the Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Site19-94
- . -e JeAINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review19.3 .3.4.1 Site Soil Physical CharacteristicsThe soils were formed primarily from glacial processes that occurred in the region. Reworked loess is theprimary parent material of the soil. The site soil composition, physical characteristics, and typical profilefor the Mexico Silt Loam, 1-4 percent slopes (Map No. 50059) are listed in Table 19-28.Table 19-28. Description of Soil Type, Mexico Silt Loam, 1--4 percent Slopes, ErodedMap Unit SettingLandscape: Till plains, uplandsElevation: 183 -396 m (600-1,300 ft)Mean annual precipitation: 94-119 cm (37-47 in.)Mean annual air temperature: 52-57°FFrost-free period: 184-228 daysMap Unit CompositionMexico and similar soils: 85%Minor components: 15%Typical profile0 -17.8 cm (0-7 in): Silt loam17.8- 30.5 cm (7-12 in): Silty clay loam30.5 -66.4 cm (12-26 in): Silty clay66.4 -86.4 cm (26-34 in): Silty clay loam86.4 -203 cm (34-80 in): Silty clay loamMinor ComponentsLeonardPercent of map unit: 5%Landform: HillsLandform position (two-dimensional): ShoulderLandform position (three-dimensional): Head slopeDown-slope shape: ConcaveAcross-slope shape: ConcaveEcological site: Mollic loess upland prairie (R 11 3XY002MO)Other vegetative classification: Mixed/transitional (mixednative vegetation)a Source: USDA, 2013a, "Web Soil Survey," Online Mapping Tool, websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov, U.S.Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C., accessed July 10, 2013.19-95
- :Chapter 1 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.4.2 Site Soil Chemical CharacteristicsThe site soil chemical characteristics of the Mexico Silt Loam, 1-4 percent slopes (Map No. 50059) andthe definitions of each chemical characteristic are listed in Table 19-29.Table 19-29. Site Soil Chemical Characteristics for Boone County, Missouri* 17.8-30.5 7-12 14-20 12-18 5.2-7.1 0 0 0.0-2.0 066.4-86.4 26-34 2 1-36 2 1-28 4.7-6.8 0 0 0.0-2.0 0Source: NRCS, 2014, "Soil Data Mart," soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/ReportViewer.aspx?Eile=a27391c0-b6ab-4278-871 f-6f091I cc 147fa.PDF&Name= Chemical_SoiLProperties&Wait= 1, Natural Resources ConservationService, Washington, D.C., accessed July 16, 2013.19.3.3.5 Prime FarmlandPrime farmland, as defined by the USDA, is land that has the best combination of physical and chemicalcharacteristics for producing food, feed, forage, fiber, and oilseed crops and is available for these uses.Prime farmland can be cultivated land, pastureland, forestland, or other land, but is not urban or built-upland or water areas. The soil qualities, growing season, and moisture supply are those needed for the soilto economically produce sustained high yields of crops when properly managed, including managementof water and applying acceptable farming methods (NRCS, 2013).In general, prime farmland has an adequate and dependable supply of moisture from precipitation orirrigation, a favorable temperature and growing season, acceptable acidity or alkalinity, an acceptable saltand sodium content, and few or no rocks. The land is permeable to water and air. Prime land is notexcessively erodible or saturated with water for long periods, and is either not frequently flooded duringthe growing season or is protected from flooding. Areas of prime farmland in Missouri that do not requiredraining or flooding protection are comprised largely of Weller silt loam, Jemerson silt loam, andLenzburg silty clay loam.Farmland that is considered of statewide importance is land, in addition to prime farmlands, that is ofstatewide importance for the production of food, feed, fiber, forage, and oilseed crops. Criteria fordefining and delineating this land are to be determined by the appropriate State agency or agencies.Generally, additional farmlands of statewide importance include those that are nearly prime farmland andthat economically produce high yields of crops when treated and managed according to acceptablefarming methods. Some may produce as high a yield as prime farmlands if conditions are favorable. Insome states, additional farmlands of statewide importance may include tracts of land that have beendesignated for agriculture by State law. Farmlands of statewide importance in Missouri primarily includethe Weller silt loam, Weller-Urban land complex, Wrengart silty clay loam, and Hatton silt loam (NRCS,2013). Of these, the predominant soil type found in both prime farmland and farmlands of statewideimportance is Weller silt loam. Approximately 4218 ha (10,424 acres), or one-fifth of the 8 km (5-mi)ROI, are prime or important farmland (NRCS, 2013). The proposed RPF site and the research park lie inareas not listed as prime farmland (Figure 19-31).19-96
- . NWSTMEICA STPNWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewAd RPF Site8 km (S mile) Radius from RPF Site-"Interstate Highways-- Highways(?City LimitsUSDA Prime FarmlandDec~riptionPrimec Farmland if DrainedFarmland of Statew ide rntportanecAll Areas are Prime FarmlandPrime Farmland if Protected from FloodingLocation MaD)0 0.15 0.30.60.91.2m m MilesNPrime FarmlandCitation: NRCS 2012 S.nI/Nun'rv (~r~raph,("dutabase for &s*m' "(onmn; Mos.oors [digital data!: http: +/-Figure 19-31. Map Showing U.S. Department of Agriculture Prime Farmland19-97
++NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-30 shows the breakdown of primefarmland and farmland of statewide importancewithin the ROI.19.3.3.6 Shrink-Swell PotentialThere are moderate to highly plastic clays atDiscovery Ridge from approximately 0.9-3.7 m(3-12 ft) below ground surface (Terracon, 201 lb).Such soils are commonly referred to asexpansive or swelling soils because theyexpand or swell as their moisture contentincreases. These soils, in turn, contract or shrinkas their moisture content decreases. Footings,floor slabs, and pavements supported on expansivesoils will often shift upward or downward causingpossible distortion, cracking, or structural damage(Terracon, 201 lb).19.3.3.7 ErosionTable 19-30. Prime Farmland and Farmland ofStatewide ImportanceNot listed as prime farmland......... .........; + <Farmland of statewideimportancePrime farmland if protectedfrom flooding2,3059,1029333,6832,793 1,130!= i iii ;i!!!iili= ]=i=== I= =£Source: NRCS, 2013, "National Soil SurveyHandbook," soils.usda.gov/technical/handbook/contents/part622.html, U.S. Department of Agriculture,Natural Resources Conservation Service, Washington,Erosion is a naturally occurring process that is D.C., accessed July 25, 2013.unnaturally accelerated by land development. Thehighest risks for erosion occur in areas with fine soils, on steep slopes, and in areas undergoing activeconstruction activities. Impervious surfaces do not allow water infiltration into the soils and instead causeincreased stormwater runoff.Soils denuded of vegetation and impervious surfaces are two potential effects of land development thatcontribute to greater peak flows, longer duration of high flows, and increased sedimentation. Erodedmaterial is often deposited downstream where the material decreases culvert and channel capacity.The soils beneath the proposed RPF site are Mexico silt loam and are listed as hydrologic soil Group D(NRCS, 2014). Group D soils have a very slow infiltration rate when thoroughly wet, leading to highrunoff potential. Mexico Silt Loam consists chiefly of clays that have a high shrink-swell potential andhave a high water table (NRCS, 2013).19.3.3.8 Previous Geological Studies by Others19.3.3.8.1 Preliminary Geotechnical InvestigationIn 2011, Terracon completed a preliminary geotechnical investigation for the Discovery Ridge CertifiedSite Program, which included Lot 2 and Lots 5 through 18 of Discovery Ridge (Terracon, 201 lb). Theproposed RPF site (Lot 15) is within the investigation area. The purpose of the investigation was toprovide preliminary geotechnical recommendations concerning earthwork and the design and constructionof foundations, floor slabs, and pavements for Discovery Ridge properties. As part of the study, nine soilborings (B-1 through B-9) were installed to depths ranging from 4-6 m (13-20 ft) below ground surfaceto determine shallow subsurface soil geotechnical properties and shallow groundwater depth. Soilboring B-5 is nearest to the proposed RPF site, along the eastern boundary between Lots 14 and 15.19-98i NWMI-Chapter 1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. OA,lviio o... hpe9.0 -Environmental ReviewDiscovery Ridge surface soils from 0.6-0.15 m (0.2-0.5 ft) below ground surface were found to be brown,friable topsoil with significant amounts of organic matter. Subsurface soils from approximately 0.9-3.6 m(3-12 ft) below ground surface were lean clay, lean-to-fat clay, and fat clay with moderate-to-highplasticity. Material beneath 3.6 m (12 ft) is listed only as limestone. Plasticity and liquid limit tests werecompleted for soils encountered from only four soil borings, as shown in Table 19-31.Table 19-31. Plasticity and Liquid Limit TestingB-I1 0.9-1.5 3-5 43 15 28B-5 0.3-0.9 1-3 31 21 10Source: Terracon, 2011 b, Preliminary Geotechnical Engineering Report Discovery Ridge-Certified SiteProgram Lots 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18, Terracon Consultants, Inc., prepared forUniversity of Missouri and Trabue, Hansen & Hinshaw, Inc., Terracon Project No. 09105094.1, February 11,2011.At the time of drilling, some of the soils displayed moisture levels greater their measured plastic limits."Soils with moisture levels above their measured plastic limits may be prone to rutting and can developunstable subgrade conditions during general construction operations" (Terracon, 201 lb). Moderate tohigh plasticity clays were observed at the site. Such soils are commonly referred to as "expansive" or"swelling" soils because they expand or swell as their moisture content increases. These soils in turn,contract or shrink as the moisture content decreases. Footings, floor slabs, and pavements supported onexpansive soils often shift upward or downward causing possible distortion, cracking, or structural damage.19.3.3.9 Regional and Local TectonicsThe most significant seismological feature in Missouri is the New Madrid Seismic Zone (NMSZ), locatedin the southeastern corner of the state and extending into parts of the contiguous states of Arkansas,Tennessee, Kentucky, and Illinois. The NMSZ is the most seismically active region in the U.S. east ofthe Rocky Mountains and is located approximately 483 km (300 mi) southeast of the proposed RPF site.During the winter of 1811-1812, the NMSZ was the location of some of the highest intensity seismicevents ever noted in U.S. history. Hundreds of aftershocks, some severely damaging, continued for years.Records show that since 1900, moderately damaging earthquakes have struck the NMSZ every fewdecades. Prehistoric earthquakes similar in size to those of 1811-1812 occurred in the middle 1400s andaround 900 A.D. Strongly damaging earthquakes struck the southwestern end of the NMSZ nearMarked Tree, Arkansas, in 1843 (magnitude 6.0), and the northeastern end near Charleston, Missouri, in1895 (magnitude 6.6) (USGS, 2011 a).The NMSZ is made up of reactivated faults that formed when what is now North America began to splitor rift apart approximately 500 million years ago. The resulting rift system died out before an ocean basinwas formed, but a deep zone of weakness was created, referred to as the Reelfoot rift (USGS, 201 lb).This fault system extends 241 km (150 mi) southward from Cairo, Illinois, through New Madrid andCaruthersville, Missouri, down through Blytheville, Arkansas, to Marked Tree, Arkansas. The Reelfootrift dips into Kentucky near Fulton and into Tennessee near Reelfoot Lake, extending southeast intoDyersburg, Tennessee. The rift then crosses five state lines and crosses the Mississippi River in at leastthree places. The fault system is buried beneath as much as 8 km (5 mi) of sediment for much of the faultlength and typically cannot be seen at the surface (USGS, 201 Ib).19-99 NW MI NWI21301 ev.19.0 -Environmental ReviewFour of the largest faults are recognized as alignments of abundant small earthquakes, and movementsalong two of these faults dammed rivers and created lakes during the earthquakes of 1811-1812. A fewmore deeply buried faults were detected during oil and gas exploration, and a few small faults are knownfrom geologic mapping (USGS, 201 lb).The remainder of the state, including the proposed RPF site located in central Missouri, is typical of thestable midcontinent U.S. However, this area is not immune to seismic activity.19.3 .3.9.1 Local Fault ZonesThere is one major fault zone located within the ROI of the proposed RPF site (Figure 19-32). The FoxHallow Fault is located approximately 5.6 km (3.5 mi) southeast of the site. The Fox Hollow Fault is asmall fault, striking northeast and fades into a monocline at its two ends. The fault is reportedly a normalfault with a throw of approximately 37 m (120 ft) down to the southwest, and shows Mississippian ageChouteau limestone beds faulted against Ordovician age Jefferson Dolomite (Union Electric Company,2008).19-100 NW IV!jNOUlIWES M Si ANWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewA RPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site-'-Interstate Highways--- HighwaysC) City Limitso0O5 1 2 3 4Fault StructuresNAMEFemme Creek graben-A- -A- Fox Hollow fault and monoclineSapp monoclineMilesM~oDNR 2010 MO 2010 Tedcrnk: Fault (SHP)MoDNR DOLS (iSP Idiglt1 datl] lOp imtdi ns,,ounr edA pu~b(ieopOlyiculMO 2010 Tewonic Fluhl Shp. tipFigure 19-32. Geologic Faults Map19-101 NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.3.10 Seismic Hazard AssessmentEarthquakes occur on faults within bedrock, usually several miles deep. According to the USGS,earthquakes in the central and eastern U.S. typically are felt over a much broader region than in thewestern U.S. East of the Rocky Mountains, an earthquake can be felt over an area ten times larger than asimilar magnitude earthquake on the west coast.The written record of earthquakes in Missouri prior to the nineteenth century is virtually nonexistent.Historical earthquakes along the NMSZ in southeastern Missouri have been some of the largest in U.S.history since European settlement. The Great New Madrid Earthquake of 1811-1812 was a series of over2,000 earthquakes that caused destruction over a very large area. According to information fromMissouri's State Emergency Management Agency Earthquake Program, some of the earthquakes measureat least 7.6 in magnitude and five of them measured 8.0 or greater (USGS, 201 Ia). The 1811-1812 serieschanged the course of the Missouri River, and some shocks were felt as far away as Washington, D.C.,and Boston, Massachusetts (MMRPC, 2010). The NMSZ has experienced numerous earthquakes sincethe 1811-1812 series, and at least 35 aftershocks of Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of V (i.e., felt bynearly everyone, many awakened) or greater that have been recorded Missouri since 1811. Numerousearthquakes originating outside of Missouri boundaries have also affected the state. Table 19-32 lists thehistorical earthquakes that have affected Missouri.Table 19-32. Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages)12/16/1811(1811-1812series)New MadridRegion,Missouri7.7 Generated great waves on the Mississippi River causingmajor flooding, high river back cave-ins. Topographicchanges affected an area of 78,000 to 130,000 km2(30,116 to 50,193 mi2). Later geologic evidence indicatedthat the epicenter was likely in northeast Arkansas. Themain shocks were felt over an area covering at least5,180,000 km2 (2,000,000 mi2). Chimneys were knockeddown in Cincinnati, Ohio, and bricks were reported to havefallen from chimneys in Georgia and South Carolina. Thefirst shock was felt distinctively in Washington, D.C.,1,127 km (700 mi) away.2/7/1812 New Madrid,(1811-1812 Missouriseries)7.7 Three main shocks reaching MMI of XII, the maximum onscale. Aftershocks continued to be felt for several yearsafter the initial tremor. Historical accounts and laterevidence indicate that the epicenter was close to the townof New Madrid, Missouri. This quake produced the largestliuuefactions fields in the world.19-102
...NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-32. Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages)I.
- 0 -. 0*~OO. .S~4/24/1867 Eastern KansasNot listed Reports indicated that an earthquake occurred in easternKansas and was felt as far eastward as Chicago, Illinois.The earthquake may have been noticeable in Columbia.10/31 /1895 Charleston,Missouri6.6 Largest earthquake to occur in the central Mississippi Rivervalley since the 1811-1812 series. Structural damage andliquefaction phenomena were reported along a line fromBertrand, Missouri, in the west to Cairo, Illinois, to theeast. Sand blows were observed in an area southwest ofCharleston, Puxico, and Taylor, Missouri; Alton, and Cario,Illinois; Princeton, Indiana; and Paducah, Kentucky. Theearthquake caused extensive damage (including downedchimneys, cracked walls, shattered windows, and brokenplaster) to schools, churches, and private residences. Everybuilding in the commercial area of Charleston wasdamaged. Cairo, Illinois, and Memphis, Tennessee,suffered significant damage. Near Charleston, 1.6 ha(4 acres) of ground sank and a lake formed. The shock wasfelt over all or portions of 24 states and in Canada. Groundshaking was recorded along the Ohio River Valley.4/9/1917 St. Genevieve/ Not listedSt. Mary'sArea, MissouriA sharp disturbance at St. Genevieve and St. Mary' s,Missouri. According to the Daily Missourian, No. 187,dated April 9, 1917, the earthquake was not felt inColumbia. However, on the following day, several peoplereported feeling the shock and attributed it to an explosion.No damage was reported in Columbia. Reportedly felt overa 518,000 km2 (200,000 m12) area from Kansas to Ohio andWisconsin to Mississippi.8/19/1934 Rodney, Listed asMissouri strongAt nearby Charleston, windows were broken and chimneyscollapsed or were damaged. Similar effects were observedin Cairo, Mounds, and Mounds City, Illinois, and atWickliffe, Kentucky. The area of destructive intensityincluded more than 596 km2(230 mi2)19-1 03
.NWM:: I VIVINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-32. Recorded Missouri Earthquake History (3 pages)I. * .6 *!-- *i S. *@3/3/1963 Near Not listed MMI of III was recorded in Columbia. The approximatelyMenorkanut, distance from the epicenter to Columbia was 317 kmMi~niiri (197 miV11/9/1968 Wabash ValleySeismic Zone,southernIllinois5.4 Strongest magnitude in central U.S. since the 1895earthquake. Moderate damage to chimneys and walls atHermann, St. Charles, St. Louis, and Sikeston, Missouri.Shaking was felt. Areas include all or portions of 23 statesfrom Minnesota to Georgia and from Pennsylvania toKansas, and in multi-story buildings in Boston,Massachusetts and southernmost Ontario. Canada.2002 Wabash Valley 4.6 Moderate earthquake caused chimney damage and crackedSeismic Zone, windows in and near Evansville, Indiana. Shaking wasPosey County, reported in seven states, including Missouri.SW IndianaSources:USGS, 201 3c, "Three Centuries of Earthquakes Poster," pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-28 12/i-28 12.jpg,U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, accessed July 23, 2013.USGS, 2002, "Earthquakes in the Central United States 1699 -2002," pubs.usgs.gov/imap/i-2812/i-2812.jpg,U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, June 18, 2002.MU, 2006a, Missouri University Research Reactor (MURR) Safety Analysis Report, MU Project# 000763,University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, August 18, 2006.MMI = Modified Mercalli Intensity.In 2002, the USGS released the following projected hazards for Boone County, if an earthquake occurredalong the NMSZ in the following 50 years (USGS, 2003):S25 to 40 percent chance of a magnitude 6.0 and greater earthquake7 to 10 percent chance of a magnitude 7.5-8.0 earthquakeAccording to the USGS, Boone County is one of the 47 counties in Missouri that would be severelyimpacted by a 7.6 magnitude earthquake with an epicenter on or near the NMSZ.According to the Boone County Hazard Mitigation Plan for 2010 (MMRPC, 2010), the Missouri StateEmergency Management Agency has made projections of the highest earthquake intensities that would beexperienced throughout Missouri if various magnitude earthquakes occur along the NMSZ(Figure 19-33), as measured by the MMI scale.19-104
""+NWMI.'t , NOlThAE$ MIEDAL AISOTOIESNWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review+NA RPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site--State Boundaries-HighwaysCounty BoundariesCityMissouri Seismic Hazards MapModified Mercalli Intensity ScaleV -Rather StrongnVI -StrongSvii -Very StrongVIII -DestructiveIX -RuinousX -Disastrous0 20 40 80(C'moH.,w, 202Uq. r( tH: .t+tt 120160eMilesFigure 19-33. Hazard Mitigation Map19-1 05
- :.hpe 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe pertinent earthquake hazard information for Boone County is summarized in Table 19-33.Table 19-33. Projected Earthquake Hazards for Boone County6.7 25-40% VI, strong Felt by all; many frightened and run outdoors, walkunsteadily. Windows, dishes, glassware broken; booksfall off shelves; some heavy furniture moved oroverturned; a few instances of fallen plaster. Damageslight.Mid-Missouri1Regiona PlanigCmmstrongtt oifMissulrtisad EmegencyMant agmetAgenc ry, orhbandlyMissouri, Julyadbe ousa 15,wals,2010.~anNMSZ = New Madrid Seeismicoa Zone.chmneyThe UGS Ntiona Seimic azardMapsdispak earthquakies g orond icns for toarios poabdigitylevls cros te US. nd re ppled n sismcpovisdions l;oof ebik 41fo buildings;ds nurnert stucues,groud shking fauts, eismcity andgeodsy.The resul etingmaps and damaged; from soimc sandandcurvs caculaed n a rid f sies crosgtheU. l ~that ecibeuk the irqun.yoxedigastoScource:g MMRCt010 Boone County Hazard Mitigation Planfo 2010 MMRPCorg),the-regobontie-countyiaMirissouri Rfegisona PanningthCommission, State ofZ rasnah Missouri EmrenyMaaeent Acyl bpashicland,ampiissouin July s 15, RPC2010.)NMSZ..1 Ntew ari Seismgic azone.Theoi uSGSf Natinal seismideceHzrapipaerhuk ground-saigmotiainlnsions, for viueartious preobailtrskecassessments, andsoither pubich policyake. UdThes svtoo these masicroaterd newpfndins on seaerthquakersgrncldin shaing faults sloeismicityon, anrgodesiy. tohe resultin mapshqare mantderived from syeisfcthazrparoposaed OPstheri weloithntchraowslarhuk hazardsrsntiaartevroneanwth pieak acceleratountyn potentalsn of2-(UsGsur 2008)lThi categor an indicates.a siae oiotlgon hkn ee ewe -n10t19-106
""NWMIISOTOPESChapter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0Alv.i,........ihpe 19.0- Environmental Review19.3.3.12 Tectonic Uplift and SubsidenceFaulting due to compressive forces elevates rocks of the up-thrown side of the fault, while the down-thrown side of the fault undergoes tilting and subsidence. A regional example of this is the OzarkPlateau.19.3.3.13 Earthquake Ground-Shaking AmplificationEarthquakes generate seismic waves at a wide variety of frequencies, and certain frequencies may beamplified by site-specific soil conditions. Soils and soft sedimentary rocks near the surface can modifybedrock ground shaking caused by an earthquake. This modification can increase (or decrease) thestrength of shaking or change the frequency of the shaking. The nature of the modification is determinedby the thickness of the geologic materials and their physical properties (e.g., stiffness).Areas with thin sedimentary deposits experience less severe amplification than areas with thick deposits.In areas with thick sedimentary deposits, low frequency seismic energy is amplified, yielding slow,rolling-type shaking that can damage tall buildings, bridges, and overpasses. Areas with thin sand andgravel layers deposited on top of bedrock amplify high-frequency seismic waves that yield intense groundvibrations causing more damage to shorter buildings (USGS, 201 lb).Lateral spreading can occur during periods of extended seismic ground shaking. This is commonly seenin areas with saturated soils near bays or rivers. During the 1811-1812 New Madrid series ofearthquakes, lateral spreading produced extensive ground deformation along the banks of theMississippi River (USGS, 2009).19.3.3.14 Earthquake-Induced LandslidesEarthquake-induced landslides are secondary hazards that occur from ground shaking, primarily in areaswith steep slopes. Not all earthquake-induced landslides occur in the first few minutes following anearthquake, some can occur days later. A landslide occurs when the force that is pulling the slopedownward exceeds the strength of the earth materials that compose the slope.Large areas between the Missouri and Mississippi Rivers are blanketed by Pleistocene loess and glacialdrift. Particularly susceptible to slumps and earth flows are loess along major river valleys and theirtributaries, clayey till on slopes underlain by shale, and some Pennsylvanian shale units in southwesternIowa, northwestern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma.The 1811-1812 earthquakes caused many types of ground failures, including landslides along theMississippi River bluffs from Mississippi to Kentucky (USGS, 2009).19.3.3.15 LiquefactionLiquefaction is a process by which water-saturated sediment temporarily loses strength and acts as a fluidwhen exposed to strong seismic shaking. The shaking causes the grains to lose grain-to-grain contact, sothe sediment tends to flow. Liquefaction most likely occurs in loose sandy soil with a shallow water table(which is common for areas around floodplains or bays). Liquefaction often leads to overpressured fluidsthat can erupt to the surface, forming features known as sand blows. The 1811-1812 earthquakes causedground subsidence by soil liquefaction across the Mississippi River flood plain and along tributaries to theMississippi River over at least 15,000 square kilometers (kin2) (9,320.6 square miles [mi2]). Liquefactionalong the Mississippi River Valley during the 1811-1812 earthquakes created one of the world' s largestsand-blown fields. According to the USGS, recent sand blows dot the landscape surrounding NewMadrid, Missouri (USGS, 201 lb).19-1 07 ChptrM IMI203-2,oRv. QIUVV Chaper 9.0- Environmental Review19.3.3.16 Caves and SinkholesIn the U.S., the most damage in areas composed of karst terrain tend to occur in the states of Florida,Texas, Alabama, Missouri, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Pennsylvania. Karst, as defined by the USGS, "is aterrain with distinctive landforms and hydrology created from the dissolution of soluble rocks, principallylimestone and dolomite. Karst terrain is characterized by springs, caves, sinkholes, and a uniquehydrogeology that results in aquifers that are highly productive but extremely vulnerable tocontamination" (MMRPC, 2010).According to the MDNR, 59 percent of the state is underlain by thick, carbonate rock units that host awide variety of karst features (MDNR, 201 3c). The Missouri Speleological Survey reports that there arenow more than 6,000 known caves in Missouri (MSS, 2013). Of those recorded, the most famous is theDevil's Ice Box in Rock Bridge State Park. According to the Boone County Stormwater Program (BooneCounty, 2013a), there are 418 documented sinkholes with a depth of 6.1 m (20 ft) or greater within thecounty. All of these sinkholes are relatively stable but some do discharge into the cave system andgroundwater. About 290 of these sinkholes are located between U.S. Interstate 70 and Ashland, Missouri,in the southwestern corner of Boone County. The karst regions of the southwestern portion of the countymake the area a prime location for this hazard. Development on karst terrain can present certain hazardssuch as unstable soil foundation for structures, flooding, groundwater contamination, and public safetyhazards related to sinkhole collapses.Sinkholes, like landslides, are a form of ground movement that can happen suddenly and withoutwarning, causing major damage. Sinkholes are common where the bedrock below the land surface iscomposed of limestone, dolomite, or gypsum that can naturally be dissolved by circulating groundwater(USGS, 2007).While many sinkholes occur as circular, bowl-shaped depressions, others are not readily visible on thesurface because voids are plugged or capped with soil or thin layers of rock. The sinkholes begin withslow soil piping (erosion) over a long period. When the soil above the void can no longer support itself,the soil collapses to reveal a deep hole that connects to an underlying bedrock opening. These voids maybe discovered during excavation, by drilling or through geophysical exploration. Residential andcommercial development in a karst area can pose environmental and logistical problems. Aside fromstructurally impacting foundations of homes and other buildings, sinkholes often serve as direct conduitsfor rapid surface water infiltration into the underlying groundwater aquifer. Contaminants near or at thesurface can quickly enter the aquifer and pollute drinking water supplies. Increased stormwater runoffresulting from parking lots, highways, and household guttering often is diverted into sinkholes. Theincreased inflow of water not only can transport contaminants but also can lead to the accelerateddevelopment and growth of sinkholes (MDNR, 2013e).Sinkholes vary in size. They can be small and have little impact on people, or they can be catastrophicand destroy property, underground utilities, buildings, lagoons, and contaminate groundwater resources(USGS, 2007).During the geotechnical investigation conducted by Terracon in 2011, there was no evidence of shallowbedrock, karst features, and/or extensive pervious deposits of water-bearing sand observed in the soilcuttings from Boreholes B-i through B-9. In addition, Terracon reported that they did not observeevidence of subsidence or sinkholes within the Discovery Ridge project area (Terracon, 201 Ib).19-108
...i Chapter 1 NWMI-2013-021, Rev. GANO.,.,E." CEhapterSOT 1S9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.4 Water ResourcesThe ROI for the water resource is defined as the 8 km (5-mi) radius surrounding the RPF site. About66 percent of Missouri water resources are obtained from surface water bodies, and the remaining34 percent are obtained from groundwater wells. During a normal precipitation year, approximately45.4 trillion L (12 trillion gal) of water are supplied to Missouri by runoff from precipitation within thestate. Rainfall averages approximately 97 cm (38 in.) statewide, with approximately 25.4 cm (10 in.)becoming surface water runoff or groundwater recharge. The remaining 71 cm (28 in.) are returned to theatmosphere by evaporation or plant use.Surface water sources provide the bulk of water withdrawals statewide. In 1990, freshwater surface waterwithdrawals in Missouri were estimated at 1,866 ML/day (493 Mgal/day), compared to 700 ML/day(185 Mgal/day) from groundwater sources. The majority of these withdrawals came from surface waterintakes along major streams and rivers where streams have adequate low flows. The Missouri andMississippi Rivers supply municipal water to approximately one-third of the state population(DuCharme and Miller, 1996).More than 500,000 Missourians rely on other surface water sources, including human-made reservoirs,for their water needs. Although many of the state's larger reservoirs (e.g., Truman Reservoir, MarkTwain Lake) serve some water supply purposes, a substantial segment of the population uses muchsmaller lakes constructed specifically to meet local water needs. Sufficient water supplies from theselocations are readily available for local public water supply districts and municipalities. Approximately123 reservoirs are currently in use as public water supply sources in Missouri, and all but eight of thesereservoirs are located in northern and western Missouri (DuCharme and Miller, 1996).Missouri groundwater resources come primarily from two sources: bedrock aquifers and shalloweralluvial aquifers. Most public water supply facilities currently operating in Missouri rely, to some extent,on groundwater wells as a source of water supply. Most self-supplied residential, commercial, andindustrial water withdrawals are extracted via groundwater wells.19.3.4.1 Surface HydrologySurface waters in central and southern Boone County drain into the Missouri River through a number oftributaries, including Bonne Femme, Cedar, Little Cedar, Hinkson, Jemerson, and Perche Creeks(Figure 19-34). The other major drainage feature in the county is a system of karst topography west andsouth of Columbia. Numerous sinkholes, some filled with water, overlie a complex network of caves andsprings. Gans Creek, which drains Discovery Ridge and the proposed RPF site, is located within theBonne Femme Watershed.19.3.4.1.1 Bonne Femme WatershedThe Bonne Femme Watershed is comprised of two major sub-watersheds: the Bonne Femme and theLittle Bonne Femme. Topographical contours of the land define the Bonne Femme Watershed, whichencompasses approximately 241 km2 (93 mi2) (approximately 15 percent) of Boone County, including theproposed RPF site (BFSC, 2007). The RPF site is located within the northern portion of this watershed(Little Bonne Femme sub-watershed) and is approximately 0.4 km (1/4A-mi) north of Gans Creek (seeFigure 19-35).19-1 09
- ..NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewAcRPF Site8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF SiteInterstate HighwaysHighwaysCity Limits'%'-Streams*Lakes4-0 0.51 2 3 4Miles1.4.1.1 J.I. Ag.~ ma, hralru cA. pit mnLn..nc.1Figure 19-34. Streams of Southern Boone County, Missouri19-110
- "" NW MI5o5Th S m ,NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewA RPF Sitet3 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site""Interstate HighwaysHighways"r;' City LimitsSubwatershedNameBonne Femme CreekCallahan Creek-Perche CreekFowler Creek-Cedar CreekSLittle Bonne Femme Creek-Missouri RiverLittle Cedar CreekLower Hinkson CreekMiddle llinkson CreekMillers Creek-Cedar CreekRocky Fork Creek0 I.2 3 4MilesFigure 19-35. Map Showing Bonne Femme Watershed19-111
- :.;.:=;,.!Chapter 1I INWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A* '*t IIV VI Chpe 9.0 -Environmental Review* ~T*h. Both the Bonne Femme and Little Bonne Femme creeks flow from east to west in a dendritic alignmentinto the Missouri River and are interconnected by the Devil's Icebox Cave Branch. Where Gans Creekmeets Clear Creek, the Little Bonne Femme begins and flows south toward the Mayban Branch. TheLittle Bonne Femme enters the Missouri River approximately 0.8 km (0.5 mi) south of this confluence.To the south, the Bonne Femme meets with the Fox Hollow Branch and then flows into the MissouriRiver (BFSC, 2007).The most distinctive characteristic of the Bonne Femme Watershed is its karst topography. Within thekarst terrain, the hydrology becomes complex because of losing and gaining sections of streams. Roughestimates show approximately 33 stream segments composing approximately 37 km (23 mi) of losingstreams (143 km [89 mi] of gaining stream) within the watershed. There are two main recharge areas tiedto these losing and gaining sections of stream, including (1) Devil's Ice Box recharge zone (3,397 ha[8,394 acres] of drainage), and (2) Hunter's Cave recharge zone (3,330 ha [8,228 acres] of drainage)(BFSC, 2007).A mixture of land uses occurs within the Bonne Femme watershed. The predominant land use accountingfor 61.5 percent of the watershed is agricultural activities, including row crop productions, pasture, andrange lands. Forested areas make up nearly one-third of the watershed, mainly within the central andwestern portion of the watershed. These forested areas also encompass most of the publicly owned lands,including Rock Bridge Memorial State Park and Three Creeks Conservation Area (BFSC, 2007).19.3.4.1.2 Water Quality of Bonne Femme WatershedWater quality monitoring studies began in the Bonne Femme Watershed in 1999 and included two sites:Hunters and Devil's Icebox Spring Branches. In 2001, the monitoring program was expanded to includesix surface sub-watersheds (Clear Creek, Upper Bonne Femme Creek [at U.S. Highway 63], TurkeyCreek, Lower Bonne Femme Creek [at Nashville Church Road], Little Bonne Femme Creek, and FoxHollow Creek), and the two cave systems. In 2003, two additional sub-watersheds (Gans Creek and BassCreek) were included to the monitoring plan (BFSC, 2007).19.3.4.1.2.1 General Stream ParametersSamples were collected quarterly from the eight sites beginning with the third quarter of 2004. Sampleswere analyzed for general stream parameters, including temperature, pH, specific conductance, dissolvedoxygen, and turbidity (BFSC, 2007). The results of the monitoring are listed in Table 19-34.Table 19-34. General Stream Water Properties by Site (2 pages)Clear Creek 13.1 55.6 7.88 525 11.84 111.2 3.6Devils Icebox 11.6 52.9 7.53 424 11.05 101.7 22.9CaveTurkey Creek 13.8 56.8 7.49 586 12.04 117.1 22.7Bass Creek 13.7 56.7 7.80 455 14.39 140.3 12.619-112 NW MICatr1 W I21-01 e.Q:'lvii." Cate 9.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-34. General Stream Water Properties by Site (2 pages)Lowter Bonne 12.8 55.0 7.47 408 11396 108.6 12.1Femme CreekAverage across 12.9 55.2 7.61 465 11.54 109.0 15.4the sitesSource: BFSC, 2007, Bonne Femme Watershed Plan, www.cavewatershed.org/plan.asp, Bonne FemmeStakeholder Committee, Boone County Planning and Building Department, Columbia, Missouri, February 2007.a This value is the minimum difference between sites to be considered statistically different.b NS -not significantly different across sites. Data are averaged over 10 quarters (third quarter 2004 tofourth quarter 2006).NTU = nephelometric turbidity units.The following excerpt from the 2007 Bonne Femme Watershed Plan provides greater detail regarding theresults of data analysis and general stream parameters for the sites listed in Table 19-34.The pH concentration in the Upper Bonne Femme Creek site was lower than all other sites.This result is likely due to the fact that the Upper Bonne Femme Creek sub-watershed isprimarily utilized for row crops (67% of the sub-watershed), and the lower pH may reflectthe impact of fertilizer usage. The Upper Bonne Femme Creek and Turkey Creekoccasionally had very high specific conductance levels exceeding 700 pS/cm. These resultsmay have been due to the use of salt on U.S. Highway 63 during the winter months. Eight often sites had average dissolved oxygen levels that were at or near 100% saturation. Thelowest observed dissolved oxygen levels occurred in the third quarter of each year when thestream water temperature was highest. The lowest dissolved oxygen level observed was5.11 mg/L (62.6% saturation); therefore, no site was under the state standard level of 5.0 mg/L.The high saturation levels observed at Turkey and Bass Creeks reflected the persistent nuisancealgal growth conditions at these sites. Turbidit~y measures the clarity of the water and, thus,both suspended sediment and algae can contribute to lower clarity and higher turbidity.Highest turbidity was observed under runoff conditions when the suspended sediment contentof the water is high. Turbidity levels were occasionally elevated under low flow conditions,suggesting that algal growth was negatively impacting water clarity, especially in the secondand third quarters of the year. (BFSC, 2007)Bacteria analyses -Two indicator groups of waterborne pathogens (fecal coliform and E. coli) weremonitored in the streams within the Bonne Femme Watershed. Both groups are considered indicatororganisms associated with improper waste management. Fecal coliforms represent a broad array ofbacterial species present in mammal feces, while E. coli is a single bacterial species that is also present inmammal feces. These indicator bacteria generally do not survive long in soils or water; thus, theirconsistent detection in water over time indicates one or more sources of continual input.19-113 Rev. 0A-'IUVV -lvChater19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe two sites with the highest fecal coliform concentrations, Turkey Creek and Fox Hollow, hadstatistically greater concentrations than the five sites with the lowest concentrations (Clear Creek,Gans Creek, Bass Creek, Hunters Cave, and Lower Bonne Femme Creek). Table 19-35 lists the averageconcentrations.Table 19-35. Average Fecal Coliform and E. coli ConcentrationsClear Creek 1.72 1.54Devils Icebox Spring Branch 2.30 2.06Turkey Creek 2.46 2.38Bass Creek 2.00 1.84Little Bonne Femme Creek 2.14 1.94Average across the sites 2.13 1.95Source: BFSC, 2007, Bonne Femme Watershed Plan, www.cavewatershed.org/plan.asp, Bonne FemmeStakeholder Committee, Boone County Planning and Building Department, Columbia, Missouri, February 2007.aStatistical analysis was performed on log transformed data.b This value is the minimum difference between sites to be considered statistically different.According to the 2007 Bonne Femme Watershed Plan:The three sub-watersheds with the highest levels of bacterial contamination (Turkey Creek,Fox Hollow, and Devil's Icebox Spring Branch) have consistently greater inputs of fecalbacteria compared to the other sites. Although these data do not indicate the source of thefecal bacteria, there are three likely sources in the Bonne Femme watershed -onsite sewers,livestock, and wildlife. (BFSC, 2007)Specific water-borne pathogens -In the third quarter of 2005, the USDA Agricultural Research Serviceconducted additional analyses of three specific water-borne pathogens: E. coli 0157:H7, salmonella, andshigella. These three organisms are known human pathogens capable of causing food-bornegastrointestinal illnesses, but they are also associated with feces and, therefore, may contaminate streamsand lakes, causing disease through oral contact or ingestion of contaminated water. Like fecal coliformsand generic E. coli, these disease-causing bacteria can enter surface waters through sewage overflows,polluted stormwater runoff, and polluted agricultural runoff.Each of the three pathogens was detected at most of the ten sites monitored, and at least onepathogen was detected at every site. Shigella was detected at eight of ten sites, but generallyat lower frequency than Salmonella or E. coli 0157:H7.19-114 NWMIRev. OADVI..I Cate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewSalmonella was the most commonly detected pathogen at four of the ten sites, with 33% of thesamples collected from Turkey and Little Bonne Femme Creeks testing positive forSalmonella. E. coli 0157:H7 was the most commonly detected of the pathogens, with at leastone detection at every site. Five of the ten sites had multiple detections of E. coli 0157:H7.Three sites (Gans Creek, Turkey Creek, and Lower Bonne Femme Creek) had E. coli0157:H7 detected in 33% of their samples, and Fox Hollow had E. coli 0157:H7 detected in58% of the samples.These data do not definitively indicate source, but they do point to cattle as a probable sourceof E. coli 0157:H7 at those sites with frequent detections. Of the common carriers of E. coli0157:H7 (cattle, swine, and deer), swine can be eliminated as there are no sizable swineoperations within the Bonne Femme watershed. Deer are likely responsible for thewidespread nature of the detections, explaining the presence of E. coli 0157:H7 at sites withotherwise low fecal contamination, such as Clear Creek and Hunters Cave. Although dataon specific numbers of cattle by sub-watershed cannot be reliably compiled, there are majorcattle operations in the four watersheds with the highest detection frequency of E. coli0157:H7. Furthermore, the Fox Hollow sampling site is immediately downstream from alarge cattle grazing operation. (BFSC, 2007)19.3.4.1.3 Impaired WatersThe USGS and the MDNR ambient water quality monitoring network collect water quality data each yearpertaining to Missouri water resources. These data are stored and maintained in the USGS NationalWater Information System database. The MDNR is responsible for the implementation of the FederalCWA in Missouri. Section 305(b) of the CWA requires that each State develop a water qualitymonitoring program and periodically report the status of its water quality. Water quality status isdescribed in terms of the suitability of the water for various uses, including drinking, fishing, swimming,and support of aquatic life. These uses formally are defined as "designated uses" in Federal and Stateregulations. Section 303(d) of the CWA requires that certain waters that do not meet applicable waterquality standards must be identified and total maximum daily loads (TMDL) must be determined for thesewaters. TMDLs establish the maximum amount of an impairing substance that a water body canassimilate and still meet the water quality standards. A TMDL addresses a single pollutant for each waterbody (Barr, 2012).Impaired waters within close proximity to the proposed RPF site are discussed in greater detail in thefollowing sections.19.3.4.1.3.1 Gans CreekIn accordance with Section 303(d) of the CWA, MDNR identified Gans Creek (Water Body ID No. 1004)as an impaired water body in 2012 (Figure 19-36).19-115
~i:.~NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review~'--Section 303d Impaired StreamsA RPF Site(J 8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF SiteInterstate Highways-HighwaysCity Limits2 3 4'A-StreamsSection 303d Impaired LakesLakes0 0.5 1, MilesFigure 19-36. Impaired Streams Map19-116
.. NW Chpter NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A'lvii Cate 9.0 -Environmental ReviewGans Creek is listed as impaired by bacteria on the Missouri 2012 303(d) list of impaired waters, whichwas approved in whole by the EPA on November 13, 2012 (EPA, 2012). Gans Creek is designated forthe whole body contact recreation (Category A use). 10 CSR 20-7.031l, "Water Quality Standards," statethat for waters designated for whole body contact recreation (Category A), the E. coli bacteria count,measured as a geometric mean, shall not exceed 126 colonies per 100 milliliters (mL) (3.4 ounces [oz]) ofwater during the recreational season (defined as being from April 1 to October 31).DNR judges a stream to be impaired by bacteria if the water quality criterion for E. coli isexceeded in any of the last three years for which there is adequate data (minimum of fivesamples taken during the recreational season). High counts of E. coli are an indication offecal contamination and an increased risk of pathogen-induced illness to humans. E. coli arebacteria found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals and are used as indicators of therisk of waterborne disease from pathogenic (disease causing) bacteria or viruses. Missouri'swhole body contact bacteria criteria are based on specific levels of risk of acutegastrointestinal illness. The level of risk correlating to the Category A criterion is no morethan 8 illnesses per 1,000 swimmers in fresh water (0.8 percent). Sufficient recreationalseason E. coli data to assess the Gans Creek was collected in 2008 and 2009. The geometricmeans of the data exceeded the whole body contact Category A criterion in both years. Forthis reason, Gans Creek has been assessed as impaired by E. coli. (MDNR, 2013f)The TMDL information for Gans Creek includes a segment stream length of 8.9 km (5.5 mi) and anaffected watershed size of 39 km2 (15 mi2). The four designated beneficial uses of Little Bonne FemmeCreek include:* Livestock and wildlife watering* Protection of warm water aquatic life* Protection of human health (fish consumption)* Whole body contact recreation -Category ACategory A whole body contact recreation is the only impaired designated beneficial use.1 9.3.4.1.3 .2 Little Bonne Femme CreekIn accordance Section 303(d) of the CWA, MDNR identified the Little Bonne Femme Creek (Water BodyID No. 1003) as an impaired water body in 2012.Little Bonne Femme Creek is also listed as impaired by bacteria on Missouri 2012 303(d) list of impairedwaters. Little Bonne Femme Creek is designated for the whole body contact recreation Category B use.Missouri's Water Quality Standards in 10 CSR 20-7.031 (4)(C) state that for waters designated for wholebody contact recreation Category B, the E. coli bacteria count, measured as a geometric mean, shall notexceed 206 colonies per 100 mL (3.4 oz) of water during the recreational season.Missouri's whole body contact bacteria criteria are based on specific levels of risk of acutegastrointestinal illness. The level of risk correlating to the Category B criterion is no morethan 10 illnesses per 1,000 swimmers in fresh water (1 percent). Sufficient recreational seasonE. coli data to assess the Little Bonne Femme Creek was collected in 2008 and 2009. Thegeometric means of the data exceeded the whole body contact Category B criterion in bothyears. For this reason, Little Bonne Femme Creek has been assessed as impaired by E. coli.(MDNR, 2013g)The TMDL information for Little Bonne Femme Creek includes a segment stream length of 14.5 km(9 mi) and an affected watershed size of 102 km2 (39.2 mi2). The four designated beneficial uses of LittleBonne Femme Creek include:* Livestock and wildlife watering* Protection of warm water aquatic life19-117
- '~I YVI hpe NWMI-21-2,Rev.A.N°-:t.)E Chapter 1OPES9.0 -Environmental Review* Protection of human health (fish consumption)* Whole body contact recreation -Category BCategory B whole body contact recreation is the only impaired designated beneficial use.19.3.4.1.3.3 Perry Phillips LakePerry Phillips Lake, located approximately 1.2 km (3/4A-mi) west of the proposed RPF site, was first listedas an impaired water body in 2010. This lake was originally given the State-listed water identificationnumber MO 1003U-01. In 2012, that number was changed to MO 7628. The TMDLs are to beestablished by Missouri in 2015. Information available for this impaired water body is as follows(MDNR, 2013h):State Listed Water ID Nos. MO 7628 and MO 1003U-01Location: Boone CountyHydrologic Unit Code 8, No. 10300102State Water Body Type: Lakes, reservoirs, and pondsImpaired Segment Size (mi/acres): 32Classified Segment Size (mi/acres): 32Cause of Impairment: Mercury in fish tissueImpaired Uses: GEN19.3.4.2 Groundwater ResourcesLess than one-half of the Missouri population obtains its water supply from groundwater resources.Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in the Ozarks and the Southeast Lowlands for bothpublic and private supplies. The cities of St. Joseph, Independence, Columbia, and St. Charles usegroundwater from the alluvial aquifer of the Missouri River. In the plains region of the state, many smallcommunities are able to obtain adequate water from shallow alluvial wells near rivers or large creeks.Many individual households still rely on the shallow upland aquifer even though it yields only very smallamounts of water (MDNR, 201 2b).Groundwater is the source of 74 percent of all rural domestic self-supplied water, 75 percent of allirrigation water, and 39 percent of all industrial self-supplied water, excluding water for thermoelectricpower generation. The groundwater is generally suitable for most uses, except where it is saline. Medianconcentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), hardness, nitrate, fluoride, and sulfate are less than theprimary and secondary national drinking water regulations established by the EPA; however, localizedcontamination from manufactured organic compounds has been recognized in four of the six principalaquifers in Missouri, including both shallow and deep aquifers (USGS, 1986).The six principal aquifers in Missouri include:* Major river valleys* Alluvial (in southeastern Missouri)* Wilcox and Claiborne* McNairy* Ozark* Mississippian aquifer (Kimmswick-Potosi)The groundwater aquifer beneath the proposed RPF site is the Mississippian aquifer (also referred to asthe Kimmswick-Potosi aquifer). Figure 19-37 is a map of the aquifer.19-118
- ';.: NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental Review-- Static Water LevelA RPF Sitec~8 km (5 mile) Radius from RPF Site-""Interstate Highwayso 0.5 1234, , ,Milesi~HighwaysCity LimitsFigure 19-37. Aquifer Map19-119 ISOTPESChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe Mississippian aquifer is the principal aquifer supplying groundwater to Boone County. Inaccordance with drillers reports generated from 1987 to 2005, the estimated static water level in the areanear the proposed RPF site was approximately 198.1 m (650 ft) below ground surface (MDNR, 2006).19.3 .4.2.1 Mississippian AquiferThe Mississippian aquifer consists of consolidated dolomite, limestone, and some sandstone beds that aregenerally confined. The Keokuk limestone and Burlington limestone are the principal water-yieldingformations within this aquifer. Both formations consist of crystalline limestone and yield water primarilyfrom solution cavities. In most places, the aquifer is overlain by a confining unit of Pennsylvanian shaleand sandstone and glacial till. The aquifer is typically underlain by a confining unit of Mississippianshale. Recharge occurs primarily from precipitation infiltrating overlying aquifers. The top of thisaquifer is approximately 548.6 m (1,800 ft) below ground surface and is a primary source of water inseven counties north of the Missouri River (Miller and Appel, 1997).19.3 .4.2 .2 Water Quality of the Mississippian AquiferThe quality of water obtained from wells drilled into the Mississippian aquifer varies considerably acrossMissouri due to the aquifer containing both freshwater and slightly saline to very saline water. Totaldissolved solids concentrations of water from the aquifer generally are greatest where the aquifer isoverlain by a thick confining unit and least where it is unconfined or overlain by a thin or semi-confiningunit. Very saline water is thought to have entered the Mississippian aquifer either by upward leakagefrom the underlying Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer or by the discharge of eastward-moving saline waterfrom the upper aquifer unit of the Western Interior Plains aquifer system (Miller and Appel, 1997).In a study conducted by the USGS in 1985, the Mississippian aquifer was determined to have lowpermeability with a median TDS concentration of approximately 500 milligram per liter (mg/L)(0.06 oz/gal). The maximum TDS concentration measured in this study was approximately 4,700 mg/L(0.572 oz/gal) to the north, where water becomes saline. The median concentration of fluoride was1.0 mgfL (0.00012 oz./gal) and the median concentration of sulfate was 56.0 mg/L (0.0068 oz/gal). Thesewere the largest median values of all of the six principal aquifers in Missouri (Miller and Appel, 1997).According to the study, the Mississippian aquifer is intensively used for public water supply andirrigation; however, since the early 1900s, water quality in this aquifer has not changed appreciably(Miller and Appel, 1997).A more recent assessment was conducted by the MDNR in 2002 (MDNR, 2002), which determined thatthe aquifers in Missouri consisting of Mississippian age limestone and Ordovician and Cambrian agedolomites and sandstones can yield 56.8-1,892.7 L/minute (mmn) (15-500 gal/min) of water. Yieldslocally exceed 3,785.4 L/min (1,000 gal/min) in some areas, including in Springfield, Columbia, andRolla.19.3.4.3 Preexisting Environmental ConditionsThe RADIL facility at Discovery Ridge is a regulated State hazardous waste facility (SHWF) locatedapproximately 0.16 km (0.1 mi) northwest of the proposed RPF site. A second SHWF, ABC Laboratories,is located approximately 0.54 km (0.33 mi) west of the proposed RPF site. These facilities are discussedin greater detail in the following sections and in Section 19.2.2.5. Based on a regulatory review and siteassessments conducted by others, these SHWFs do not appear to represent environmental concerns to theproposed RPF site.19-120 MEDC..ISOOPE Chpte.1NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0A,lvi-i " hate 9.0 -Environmental Review19.3.4.3.1 2011 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Discovery Ridge, Lot 2 and Lots 5through 18A Phase I environmental site assessment included interviews with the MU Genetics Farm Manager and aUSDA site employee to determine the historical uses of the Discovery Ridge area. The interviewsrevealed that minor amounts of herbicides and fertilizers are currently used on the MU Genetics Farmproperty (Lots 16, 17, and 18 of Discovery Ridge) (Terracon, 201 la).The review identified one MDNR State-regulated RCRA large-quantity generator facility, ABCLaboratories (Lot 1 of Discover Ridge). However, this facility was not found to be a recognizedenvironmental concern due to its regulatory status and duration of operation (built in 2007) (Terracon,201 Ia). Additional information is listed in Table 19-36 and Sections 19.3.8.2 and 19.3.8.3.Table 19-36. State-Regulated FacilityAnalytical Bio Chemistry Laboratories RCRA- Approximately 0.54 km No4780 Lenoir Street LQG (0.33-mi) west(Lot 1 of the Discovery Ridge Research Park)LQG = large-quantity generator. RPF = radioisotope production facility.RCRA = Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.Other observations noted during the Phase I environmental site assessment that could pose preexistingenvironmental conditions included the following (Terracon, 2011 la):*Three pad-mounted transformers were observed on the southwestern portion of Lot 15 (proposedRPF site), one pad-mounted transformer was located on the southeastern portion of Lot 17, andthree inactive pole-mounted transformers were observed on the northern portion of Lot 17.However, there were no signs or staining that would be evidence of possible polychiorinatedbiphenyl (PCB) release.*Approximately 0.4 ha (1 acre) of fill dirt was observed on the northern portion of Lot 9. Per theMU South Farms Field Office, fill material had been placed onsite over the past two years andoriginated from the future location of the Missouri Conservation Facility located south of GansRoad, approximately 2.4 km (1.5 mi) south of the ROI.*An intermittent stream was observed on Lots 9, 10, and 11 of the Discovery Ridge ROI,traversing the site in a north-to-south orientation. No evidence of chemical sheens was observedon the surface of the pools of water, and no noxious odors were observed emanating from withinthe intermittent stream at the site during site reconnaissance.19.3 .4.3 .2 2011 Preliminary Geotechnical Engineering Investigation of Discovery RidgeLot 2 and Lots 5 through 18A 2011 preliminary geotechnical engineering investigation report stated the following (Terracon, 201 lb):*Fill soils were encountered in borings B-3 and B-4 at depths ranging from 0.9-3.7 m (3-12 ft)below ground surface. Boring B-3 was drilled on the central portion of Lot 2, and Boring B-4was drilled on the central portion of Lot 8. The engineered fill material was placed as part of amass grading project in 2008; that placement was observed and the soil density and moisturecontent tested during placement.19-121 ChptrWWMI03-2, Rv. OI:V Chapter19.0 -Environmental Review*Based on a USGS map and aerial photographs, a pond may have been located in the vicinity ofLot 16, and the existing pond located north of the RADIL facility previously extended west ontoa portion of Lot 2.*The near-surface soils have shrink/swell potential and are prone to volume change with variationsin moisture content.*The 2006/2009 International Building Code seismic site classification for the ROI is C. ForClass C soils, the 2006/2009 code requires that a site soil profile determination extending to adepth of 30.5 m (100 ft) be conducted.* The MMI scale for seismic events for Boone County, Missouri, is VII.* Groundwater was observed in Boring B-5 (located midway between Lots 14 and 15) and inBoring B-6 (located on Lot 10) at depths ranging from approximately 3.7-5.6 m (12-1 8.5 ft)below ground surface.19.3.4.3.3 2006 Phase I Environmental Site Assessment Discovery Ridge East of LenoirStreet and South of Sugar Grove LaneAccording to the Phase I environmental site assessment (Terracon, 2006), the MU South Farms facilitywas identified as an SHWF. An interview with Mr. John Poehlmann, Director of the MissouriAgricultural Experiment Station and MU South Farms Superintendent, identified the historical uses of thefacility. These uses include agricultural research of maize genetics crop research, swine nutrition, beefcattle management and grazing, agricultural equipment development, and cropping for grain silage anduptake of nutrients from lagoon application. According to Mr. Poehlmann, the nine buildings on theproperty within the ROI were built between 1970 and 2002, and there are pits for the collection of animalwaste beneath one building that housed sheep and swine. The wastes were surface and injection appliedas plant nutrients. The on-site lagoon operated under MDNR permit MO-GO010024.19.3.4.4 Historical and Current Hydrological DataThere is no historical or current hydrological data for the proposed RPF site.19.3.4.5 Proposed Radioisotope Production Facility Water UseWater use by the proposed RPF is described in Section 19.2.4.1 and would be supplied from theColumbia, Missouri, standard municipal water system.19.3.4.6 Water Rights and ResourcesMissouri water resources, including surface water and groundwater supplies, are applied to a variety ofuses. Large consumptive water uses included thermal electrical generation, municipal, industrial, andagricultural uses. Nonconsumptive water uses include recreation, commercial navigation, hydroelectricpower generation, and mining operations.Missouri is called a riparian water law state, meaning that each individual landowner is entitled to makeuse of the water found on or beneath his/her property. The laws that address riparian rights are restrictivein that the landowner cannot make unlimited or unrestricted use of that water in any way he or shechooses. "Riparian lands," as defined by the courts, include all lands above underground waters andbeside surface waters (MDNR, 2000).19-122 Si;:NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental Review19.3.4.7 Quantitative Description of Water Use19.3.4.7.1 Drinking Water SupplyThe potable water supply to Discovery Ridge is provided by Public Water District No. 1. Additionaldetail on the water supply system is provided in Section 19.3.7.1.9.3.19.3.4.7.1.1 Wastewater Treatment SystemsTwo main wastewater collection providers service the metro area: the Columbia sewer utility and theBoone County Regional Sewer District. Several private, on-site wastewater treatment systems also servethe metro area. These systems require permits from and are inspected by the MDNR.The ultimate wastewater service area is 311 km2 (190 m12) and includes three major watersheds: thePerche, Hinkson, and Little Bonne Femme. In 2010, the actual connected population was approximately100,000; this figure is projected to reach 160,000 users by 2030. Approximately 45.4-56.7 ML/day(12-15 Mgal/day) of wastewater are currently generated; this is estimated to increase to 106 ML/day(28 Mgal/day) by 2030 (City of Columbia, 2013a).A large number of older homes are connected to private common collector sewers. These systems areshared by two or more residences; many are poorly designed and prone to backing up (Columbia SourceWater Protection Task Force, 2013).19.3.4.7.1.2 Stormwater ManagementIn 2012, Columbia maintained over 304,800 m (1 million linear feet) of storm sewers. With its clientbase surpassing 100,000 residents, a change in the type of NPDES storm sewer permit, granted by theEPA, was required. The city transitioned from a Phase II permit to a Phase I permit, an effort thatincluded specific measures to address the minimization of pollution in city storm sewers and other areas(City of Columbia, 2013a).19.3.4.7.2 Nonconsumptive Water UseThe MDNR reported that in 2000, the total waterusage for Boone County totaled approximately26,876 ML (7,100 Mgal) (MDNR, 2003). Waterusage categories are listed in Table 19-37.19.3.4. 7.3 Water ImpoundmentsThe MDNR regulates all non-Federal,nonagricultural dams that are at least 10.6 m (35 ft)in height. Currently, there are 590 dams regulatedin Missouri. The MDNR inspects each regulateddam at least once every 5 years to determine if thedams pose a safety threat to the public.Table 19-37.Water Use in Boone County, 2000L'AIWL*FL~~iI'FIFLS1L'DomesticElectricMunicipal379-1,5140-75,70811,356-37,854100-4000-20,0003,000-10,000156Source: MDNR, 2003, Major Water Use inMissouri: 1996-2000, Water Resources Report No. 72,Missouri Department of Natural Resources, GeologicalSurvey and Resource Assessment Division, JeffersonCity, Missouri, 2003.19-1 23 ChaperI1NWM,-2013-021, Rev. 0A: ; Chpter 9.0 -Environmental ReviewAs of March 9, 2007, the MDNR listed a total of 127 dams within Boone County (MDNR, 2007). Ofthese 127, a total of 17 dams are regulated by the MDNR. Two dams are located within 1.6 km (1 mi) ofthe proposed RPF site. The MU Ri Dam is located approximately 152.4 m (500 ft) northwest of theproposed RPJF site. This dam is not a regulated water body. The Bristol Lake Dam is locatedapproximately 0.8 kmn (0.5 mi) west-southwest of the proposed site and is listed as regulated. Additionalinformation on each of these water bodies is provided in Table 19-38.Table 19-38. Missouri Dam Report, by CountyBristol MO10019 $32 T48N 1965 14 m 300 m 146 ha 13.4 ha 2 R-223Lake Dam R12W (46 ft) (985 ft) (360 acres) (33 acres)ii i s{zi R W(1 ft) (140 a;ri) (1 .....Source: MDNR, 2007, "Missouri Dam Report by County," www.dnr.mo.govlenvlwrc/damsft/CrystalReportsldamsfty~state~nid.pdf, Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Jefferson City, Missouri, March 9, 2007.NA = not applicable.19.3 .4.7.4 Major Water UsersIn Missouri, a major water user is defined by the MDNR as any surface or groundwater user with a watersource and the equipment necessary to withdraw or divert 378,541 L/day (100,000 gal/day) or more fromany stream, river, lake, well, spring, or other water source. All major water users are required by law toregister water use annually. In Boone County, there are a total of 19 major water users registered with theMDNR. The registration of major water users in Missouri helps the MDNR with the following:* Providing information required for technical assessment of current and future requirements forthe regulation of water° Gaining foresight on water supplies* Applying conservation measures during periods of limited or diminishing supplies of water° Determining where to locate stream and reservoir gauges and the groundwater levelobservation wells19.3.4.8 Contaminant SourcesThe most likely contaminant sources that may be affecting groundwater and/or surface water resourceswithin the Columbia area include unregulated discharges from commercial and industrial processes, landdevelopment, pesticides from agricultural land-use practices, stormwater runoff, sediment erosion, andwastewater discharges. Other contaminant sources may include solid waste landfills and surface orunderground mining operations.Development within a watershed can contribute to water quality problems. Loads of sediment, petroleumhydrocarbons, metals, nutrients, and other pollutants are also higher in developed areas. This furtherdecreases the natural habitat value of the streams and riparian areas.Pollutants are carried by stormwater from upland areas into receiving waters. Land use not onlyinfluences the quantity of stormwater runoff, but also the quality of the runoff. Areas of highimperviousness (e.g., industrial areas, streets) can have some of the highest pollutant loads, while openspaces have the lowest.19-124 I;:.NW MI Catr1N k2i01,Rev.A19.3.4.8.1 Columbia Source Water Protection Task Force Contaminant Inventory for 2012The Columbia Source Water Protection Task Force completed a contaminant inventory for Columbia in2012. The contaminant inventory was conducted to identify contaminant materials and develop a line ofdefense to protect the city's deep bedrock wells and the McBaine Bottoms Well Field.Contaminant inventories reviewed included fuel and oils, pesticides, nutrients, synthetic organicchemicals, volatile organic compounds (VOC), animal waste, and/or raw sewage. Other potentialcontaminant sources can include gas stations or retailers that may stock chemicals such as pesticides, oil,gasoline, and cleaners.The Columbia Source Water Protection Task Force (2013) did not identify any potential threats to the olddeep bedrock wells; however, seven potential threats to the McBaine Bottoms wells were identified:1. Malicious tampering with individual source water (or nearby monitoring wells)2. Use of pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers3. Seepage from Columbia wastewater treatment wetlands4. Groundwater migration from under the Eagle Bluffs conservation wetlands5. Infiltration from the Missouri River6. Future activities in the McBaine bottoms area7. Petroleum pipelines through the well field19.3 .4.8.2 MDNR Surface Water Assessment for the State of MissouriAccording to the 2012 Missouri Water Quality Report (MDNR, 2012b), there are 39,318 km (24,431 mi)of classified streams, approximately 48,280 km (30,000 mi) of unclassified streams, and a total of122,566 ha (302,867 acres) of classified lakes in Missouri. Classified streams are defined as permanentlyflowing streams or streams that maintain permanent pools during dry weather. Unclassified streams aredefined as streams that are without water during dry weather. All classified waters of Missouri, includingsignificant public lakes, are classified for protection of aquatic life, livestock and wildlife watering, andfish consumption by humans. The water quality standards for these uses set the maximum allowableconcentrations for 117 chemicals in these waters. A subset of these waters classified for drinking watersupply and groundwater has maximum allowable concentrations for an additional 79 chemicals in thestandards. Waters protected for whole body contact recreation (e.g., swimming, water skiing) also have amaximum allowable bacteria standard (MDNR, 2012b).19.3.4.8.3 Major Surface Water Pollution Sources in Missouri's Classified WatersThe major surface water pollution sources and major contaminants in Missouri classified waters are listedin Table 19-39 and Table 19-40.19-125 N.%,1WM IWINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-39. Major Surface Water Pollution Sources in Missouri Classified Waters*~ -g * ** -ea C S.S * -SUnknownGrazing activitiesUrban runoff andconstruction3,229.089.81,660.52,006.455.81,031.88%4%70419,8521,74049,0551%16%Mining 871.5 541.5 2%Other mining 41.5 25.8aactivitiesHydromodification 170.4 105.9Flow regulationl 46.7 29.0modificationa100 246a i=......i ===',,,i=i,= Industrial point 67.3 41.8sourcesNatural sources3.7 2.3Source: Table 3, p. 7, of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305[b] Report), MissouriDepartment of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Less than 1%.19-126
- .,....NWMI..NWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0- Environmental ReviewTable 19-40. Major Contaminants in Missouri Classified WatersBacteria 4,7I39.5 2,94:5.U 12%7 ---Mercury 401.4 249.4 1% 9,939 24,560 8%Lea4 ii~~~iiCadmiumNickelArsenicUnknown203.9 126.71%1%17.29.21.410.5.7a716.6445.32%ChlorideSediment depositionSulfatePesticidesChlorophyllPhosphorus105.9 65.858.132.218.236.120.011.3aAaa3.6920,13624549,75785416%16%Source: Table 4, pp. 7-8 of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305[b] Report), MissouriDepartment of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Less than 1%.19.3.4.8.4 Water Quality of Missouri Surface WaterThe MDNR rates the quality of Missouri surface water by its conformance with the Missouri WaterQuality Standards (10 CSR Division 20). The standards were first implemented in 1970 and are revisedat least every three years. Table 19-41 lists the various uses of Missouri surface waters and the portionsof the state waters that are protected for each use.19-127
~NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-41. Missouri Waters Protected for Various UsesProtection of aquatic life andfish consumptionaCool-.water fisheryLivestock and wildlife watering39,318 24,431 100 12,2563 30,2867 1005,241 3,257 13 0 0 039,318 24,431 100 12,2563 302,867 10014,279 8,872 36 103,840 256,601 852.558 1.590 7 2.816 6.9592Secondary contact recreationIndustrialAntidegradation: Outstanding 327 c204State Resource WatersSource: Table 4, p. 15 of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 3051[b] Report), MissouriDepartment of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Smallmouth bass, rock bass.b Trout.Outstanding State Resource Waters also include 109 ha (270 acres) of marsh wetlands in three locations.19.3 .4.8.5 Missouri Department of Natural Resources Groundwater AssessmentLess than one-half of Missourians rely on groundwater as the source of their drinking water.Groundwater is the major source of drinking water in the Ozarks and the Southeast Lowlands for bothpublic and private supplies. In the Ozarks, groundwater yields are usually large and of excellent quality.Many municipalities pump groundwater directly into the water supplies without treatment. Due to largeamounts of rainfall and surface water runoff funneling through the geologic formations of the Ozarks,groundwater can be more easily contaminated. This is due to surface water flows directly enteringgroundwater through cracks, fractures, or solution cavities in the bedrock, with little or no filtration.Contaminants from leaking septic tanks, storage tanks, or surface waters affected by domestic wastewater,animal feedlots, and other pollution sources can move directly into groundwater through these cavities inthe bedrock (MDNR, 201 2b).Groundwater is of good quality in the southeast lowlands. Contaminants are filtered by thick deposits ofsand, silt, and clay as they move through the groundwater system. While shallow groundwater wells aresubject to the same problems as seen in the Ozarks, with elevated levels of nitrate or bacteria, deep wellsare generally unaffected by contaminants. Shallow groundwater in northern and western Missouri tendsto be more mineralized and to have taste and odor problems due to high levels of iron and manganese.Like shallow wells in the southeast lowlands, wells in this part of Missouri can be affected by nitrates,bacteria, or pesticides. In urban areas, alluvial aquifers of large rivers such as the Missouri River haveoccasionally been locally contaminated by spills or improper disposal of industrial or commercialchemicals (MDNR, 2012b).19-128
'*NWMINWMI-2013-021, Rev. GAChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewThe major sources and contaminants of groundwater in Missouri are listed in Table 19-42. Table 19-43summarizes the MDNR groundwater contamination summary for Missouri.Table 19-42. Major Sources of Groundwater Contamination in MissouriAgricultural chemical facilitiesAnimal feedlotsDrainage wellsFertilizer applicationsIrrigation practicesPesticide applicationsLand applicationMaterial stockpilesAboveground storage tanksUnderground storage tanksSurface impoundmentsWaste pilesWaste tailingsDeep injection wellsLandfillsSeptic systemsShallow injection wellsHazardous waste generatorsHazardous waste sitesIndustrial facilitiesMaterial transfer operationsMining and mine drainagePipelines and sewer linesSalt storage and road saltingSalt water intrusionSpillsXA, C,D, ENitrateOrganic pesticidesX A,B,C, D,EX A,D,ENitrate, pathogens (bacteria, protozoa,viruses)Petroleum compoundsXA, B,C,D, Euiv itieXA,D, ENitrate, pathogens (bacteria, protozoa,viruses)XXXXXA, B,C, DOrganic pesticides, halogenated solvents,metals, radionuclidesA, B, C,E Nitrate, ammonia, pentachlorophenol,dioxinA,EFCA, B,C, EMetalsSalinity/brineOrganic pesticides, petroleum compounds,halogenated solvents, ammoniaTransportation of materials ......-Urban runoff ......-Source: Tables 10 and 11, p. 28-29 of MDNR, 2012b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305[b] Report),Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Not in priority order.A = Human health or environmental toxicity risk. D = Number and/or size of contaminantB = Size of population at risk, sources.C = Location of sources relative to drinking water sources. E = Hydrogeologic sensitivity.19-129 NWINWMI-201 3-021, Rev. 0AChapter 19.0 -Environmental ReviewTable 19-43. Missouri Department of Natural ResourcesMissouri Groundwater Contamination SummaryNPL25 25 251DoD/DOE 305 37 33 1,2,3,4 50 213 23118 45RCRACorrectiveAction=i ii i !iiii ii!i !! iiii I !iiiliii iiii iii iii!ii: iiiii ii iii ilii !!ii i ii£ili !i£= iilii i ! ! =Iii!i!ii i! :i i i!iii !Iii i i" !ii== 11!ii ii iiiiiiii, i i!i!ii ,:,=: ,== ==,=I = =]4 = -;=== ,= .......... =i!i iiiiii! ii!iS ! Ii i= ilii !i iiii i ii:'= ....... .! = =: .... ....!ii:£! !i!ilGII ilG iil iiii iI:= iii i!{ii iiii !!i89 89 55 1,2,3,4 49 39 27 26 16State sites 856 856 387 1, 2, 3, 4 847 575 57549 575Other- --- ---(specify)Source: Table 11, p. 30 of MDNR, 201 2b, Missouri Water Quality Report (Section 305(b) Report), Missouri Department ofNatural Resources, Water Protection Program, Jefferson City, Missouri, May 2, 2012.a Contaminants: I = VOAs, SVOAs, solvents, PCBs, dioxin, PA~s, herbicides, pesticides, metals, explosives.2 = VOAs, PCBs, pesticides, dioxin, metals, radionuclides, semivolatile organic compounds, etc.3 = BTEX, TPH, methyl-t-butyl ether, PAHs, metals, SVOA.4 = Creosote, pentachlorophenol, organic solvents, chlorinated solvents, petroleum, and asbestos.b Includes sites where chemicals were injected into groundwater as part of approved remediation plan.BTEX = benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes.CERCLIS = Comprehensive Environmental Response,Compensation, and Liability InformationSystem.DoD = U.S. Department of Defense.DOE = U.S. Department of Energy.LUST = leaking underground storage tank.NPLPAHPCBRCRASVOATPHVOA= National Priority List.= polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.= polychlorinated biphenyl.= Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.= semivolatile organic analyte.= total petroleum hydrocarbon.= volatile organic analyte.19-1 30