ML19319C249: Difference between revisions
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5 Fish Fish were sampled by 5 methods, gill nets, shore seine, otter trawl, hoop nets, and fry net, during the latter half of 1975 (Table 1). All fish captured were weighed, measured, and identified to species (Trautman, 1957). | 5 Fish Fish were sampled by 5 methods, gill nets, shore seine, otter trawl, hoop nets, and fry net, during the latter half of 1975 (Table 1). All fish captured were weighed, measured, and identified to species (Trautman, 1957). | ||
Gill nets. Experimental gill nets were set parallel to the intake and discharge pipelines at Stations 8 and 13. Each net (125 ft x 6 ft) consisted of five 25 ft x 6 ft contiguous panels (1/2", 3/4", 1 ", 1-1/2", and 2" bar mesh) . The nets were fished for approximately 24 hours monthly, July through Cecember. The nets were fished on two occasions in November (Table 1). | Gill nets. Experimental gill nets were set parallel to the intake and discharge pipelines at Stations 8 and 13. Each net (125 ft x 6 ft) consisted of five 25 ft x 6 ft contiguous panels (1/2", 3/4", 1 ", 1-1/2", and 2" bar mesh) . The nets were fished for approximately [[estimated NRC review hours::24 hours]] monthly, July through Cecember. The nets were fished on two occasions in November (Table 1). | ||
Shore seine. Shore setning ,was accomplished monthly, July through November, with a 100 ft bag seine at Stations 23, 24, and 25. The seine was stretched perpendicular to the shoreline until the shore brall was at the water's edge. The far brail was then dragged through a 90 e c back to shore. Two hauls were l | Shore seine. Shore setning ,was accomplished monthly, July through November, with a 100 ft bag seine at Stations 23, 24, and 25. The seine was stretched perpendicular to the shoreline until the shore brall was at the water's edge. The far brail was then dragged through a 90 e c back to shore. Two hauls were l | ||
4 made at each station. . | 4 made at each station. . | ||
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in 5 - 10% formalin. | in 5 - 10% formalin. | ||
The 8-ft trawl was used within the intake canal. Two minute tows were conducted en September 19. | The 8-ft trawl was used within the intake canal. Two minute tows were conducted en September 19. | ||
Hoop nets. Hoop nets (2.5 ft diameter, 1" bar mesh) were set at Stations 21 and 22 in the northwest and southeast marshes. The nets were fished for approximately 24 hours monthly, July through November. These fish were identified, weighed, measured and released. | Hoop nets. Hoop nets (2.5 ft diameter, 1" bar mesh) were set at Stations 21 and 22 in the northwest and southeast marshes. The nets were fished for approximately [[estimated NRC review hours::24 hours]] monthly, July through November. These fish were identified, weighed, measured and released. | ||
Fry net. - A 0.75-meter diameter oceanographic plankton net (no. 00, 0.75 mm mesh) was used to capture fry, larvae, and eggs (ichthyoplankten). Five-minute circular tows, surface and near 4 | Fry net. - A 0.75-meter diameter oceanographic plankton net (no. 00, 0.75 mm mesh) was used to capture fry, larvae, and eggs (ichthyoplankten). Five-minute circular tows, surface and near 4 | ||
bottom, around the intake (Station 8), plume area (Station 13), and Toussaint Reef were completed 4 times during July and August - | bottom, around the intake (Station 8), plume area (Station 13), and Toussaint Reef were completed 4 times during July and August - | ||
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; temperature-compensated meter; each meter was equipped with a i thermistor f6r temperature readings. Sensor readings were taken at the surface and approximately 50 cm above the bottom. Trans-parency was determined with a 30 cm diameter Secchi disk lowered on a marked line until it was no longer visible. Solar radiatien was measured at Stations 4, 8, and 13 with a Kahl Scientific instrument Corp. submarine photomet'er, model no. 15M2-02, at the surfac and at one- or one-half meter depth intervals. This meter measures the amount of sunlight, expressed as an electrical current, reaching various depths. Solar radiation was measured 4 | ; temperature-compensated meter; each meter was equipped with a i thermistor f6r temperature readings. Sensor readings were taken at the surface and approximately 50 cm above the bottom. Trans-parency was determined with a 30 cm diameter Secchi disk lowered on a marked line until it was no longer visible. Solar radiatien was measured at Stations 4, 8, and 13 with a Kahl Scientific instrument Corp. submarine photomet'er, model no. 15M2-02, at the surfac and at one- or one-half meter depth intervals. This meter measures the amount of sunlight, expressed as an electrical current, reaching various depths. Solar radiation was measured 4 | ||
in July, September and October. | in July, September and October. | ||
; Laboratory Determinations. Surface and bottom (50 cm above) j water samples were taken at Stations 1, 8, and 13 with a 3-liter Kommerer sampler .at the same time that field mee a cents were being made. These samples were placed in polyet- containers and taken to the laboratory for analysts; in most c v t Malyses were completed within 24 hours of. the sampling time F:aden water quality parameters (Table 2) were. determined in the laboratory using the procedures prescribed in " Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, 13th Edition" (American Public ' Health . | ; Laboratory Determinations. Surface and bottom (50 cm above) j water samples were taken at Stations 1, 8, and 13 with a 3-liter Kommerer sampler .at the same time that field mee a cents were being made. These samples were placed in polyet- containers and taken to the laboratory for analysts; in most c v t Malyses were completed within [[estimated NRC review hours::24 hours]] of. the sampling time F:aden water quality parameters (Table 2) were. determined in the laboratory using the procedures prescribed in " Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, 13th Edition" (American Public ' Health . | ||
Association, '1971) and in " ASTM Standards, Part 23, Water" (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1973). | Association, '1971) and in " ASTM Standards, Part 23, Water" (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1973). | ||
s | s | ||
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j f =ost important. During the fall a skunk den was observed at the cooling tower adjacent to the return water channel. Direct access into the i' | j f =ost important. During the fall a skunk den was observed at the cooling tower adjacent to the return water channel. Direct access into the i' | ||
tcwer base was readily possible, but the burrow entrance was closed with c:ncrete later. | tcwer base was readily possible, but the burrow entrance was closed with c:ncrete later. | ||
A scavenger-loss investigation again was conducted at the base of the cooling tcwer from 27 Septe=ber thrcugh 2 October 1975. Se experimental design included the use of 150 previously cbtained mortality specimens, which were individually tagged and placed at about 1800 hours at marked locations in all areas of the tower base, both inside and outside the perimeter. Specimen status (i.e. , presence and general ccndition or absence) was reccrded the folicwing morning l | A scavenger-loss investigation again was conducted at the base of the cooling tcwer from 27 Septe=ber thrcugh 2 October 1975. Se experimental design included the use of 150 previously cbtained mortality specimens, which were individually tagged and placed at about [[estimated NRC review hours::1800 hours]] at marked locations in all areas of the tower base, both inside and outside the perimeter. Specimen status (i.e. , presence and general ccndition or absence) was reccrded the folicwing morning l | ||
1 I | 1 I | ||
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Herptiles are present in too limited numbers to be effective index species. | Herptiles are present in too limited numbers to be effective index species. | ||
While aquatic amphibians (especially tadpoles) were not monitored, it is obvious that the marsh management program, with lowered water levels in the spring, will have some impact on these species. | While aquatic amphibians (especially tadpoles) were not monitored, it is obvious that the marsh management program, with lowered water levels in the spring, will have some impact on these species. | ||
Bi.-ds : Winter Residents: Circuits of the study area were made on 16 December,1973, 19 January and 16 February,1974. Each circuit consisted of a walk along the shoreline road, starting from the small building at the S.E. edge of the study area to the intake canal and return, then along the adjoining wooded peninsula to the N.W. end, returning to the small building. The time taken to walk this circuit was approximately 2.5 hours. Only four species of birds were seen on land (Table C-2). On 16 February the following ducks were in a small unfrozen part of the lake along the shore near the building: four canvasbacks, two red-breasted mergansers, and four mallards. Nine crows were seen overhead, and 75-100 great blue herons were on the frozen marsh southwest of the study area. | Bi.-ds : Winter Residents: Circuits of the study area were made on 16 December,1973, 19 January and 16 February,1974. Each circuit consisted of a walk along the shoreline road, starting from the small building at the S.E. edge of the study area to the intake canal and return, then along the adjoining wooded peninsula to the N.W. end, returning to the small building. The time taken to walk this circuit was approximately 2.[[estimated NRC review hours::5 hours]]. Only four species of birds were seen on land (Table C-2). On 16 February the following ducks were in a small unfrozen part of the lake along the shore near the building: four canvasbacks, two red-breasted mergansers, and four mallards. Nine crows were seen overhead, and 75-100 great blue herons were on the frozen marsh southwest of the study area. | ||
Birds: Soring Migrants: Bird observations on the site and adjacent areas are summarized in Table C-3. Detailed comments relative to mortality of migrants at the C-4 l | Birds: Soring Migrants: Bird observations on the site and adjacent areas are summarized in Table C-3. Detailed comments relative to mortality of migrants at the C-4 l | ||
| Line 5,791: | Line 5,791: | ||
Observers: | Observers: | ||
Thomas W. Scott Stephen H. Vessey Observation periods: | Thomas W. Scott Stephen H. Vessey Observation periods: | ||
25 June 1974 from 0613 to 0930 hours 26 June 1974 from 0623 to 1051 hours 2 July 1974 from 0620 to 1018 hours Totals: | 25 June 1974 from 0613 to [[estimated NRC review hours::0930 hours]] 26 June 1974 from 0623 to [[estimated NRC review hours::1051 hours]] 2 July 1974 from 0620 to [[estimated NRC review hours::1018 hours]] Totals: | ||
25 June: | 25 June: | ||
33 Species 184 individuals (excluding Yellow Warbler and Red-winged Blackbird) 26 June: | 33 Species 184 individuals (excluding Yellow Warbler and Red-winged Blackbird) 26 June: | ||
Revision as of 17:15, 2 March 2020
| ML19319C249 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1975 |
| From: | TOLEDO EDISON CO. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19319C245 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8002110713 | |
| Download: ML19319C249 (400) | |
Text
{{#Wiki_filter:O DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION UNIT NO.1 PRE-OPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS AQUATIC MONITORING PROGRAM RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING PROGRAM TERRESTRIAL MONITORING PROGRAM SEMI- ANNUAL REPORT JULY 1,1975 - DECEMBER 31,1975 1 VOLUME IE
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( i p i PRE-OPERATIONAL AQUATIC E ECOLOGY MONITORING PROGRAM 5' f:OR THE DAVIS-SESSE NUCLEAR E POWER STATION, UNIT 1 l l PROGRESS REPCRT JULY 1 - DECEMBER 31 1975 Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio Contract No. 1780 CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY COLUMBUS, OHIO fiebruary 1975
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, i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page 0 8 J E CTIV E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 P R O C ED U R E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sampling Station Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Plankton................................................ 1 P hyto pl ankton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Z oo pl ankto n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 e ntho s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Fish.................................................... 5 G ill N e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 S ho re Se i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 O tte r Trawl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Ho o p N et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 FryNet............................................. 5 Wate r Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 F i eld Measu re ments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Laboratory Determinations. . . ....................... 7 R ES U LTS . . . . . . . . . .................. ....................... 9' Plankton......................... ....................... 9 P hyto plankto n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Z o o pl ank:e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 8enthoS................................................. 18 Fish.................................................... 18 G i ll N e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 S ho re Se i ne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 O tt e r T -awl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2 27 Ho o p N e t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Fry N et . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Foo d H ab its . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Wate r Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 D I S C US SIO N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . 42 ' P l ankto n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 P hyto plankto n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Z o o p l ankto n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 i 8 e ntho s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 1 Fish..................................................... 68 I 1 Foo d Hab its . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 l Wat e r Qu al ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Seaso nal Variatio ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 . i S tatio n Variations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Water Quality Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 LIT ERATUR E CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 l i
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li APPENDICES Page A. Phytoplankton Populations at Locust Point, July - December 1975 .............................. 87
- 8. Zooplankton Populations at Locust Point, July - December 1975 .............................. 104 C. Benthos Populations at Locust Point, July - December 1975 .............................. 121 O. Stomach Analysis of Fish Collected at Locust Point, July - November 1975 ....................... 148 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Aquatic Monitoring Program Sampling Dates - 1975 . . . 3 Table 2. Analytical Methods for 'Nater Quality Determinations . . 8 Table 3. Monthly 'Aean Phytoplankton Populations at Locus: Point - 1975 .................... ......... 10 Table 4. Total Phytoplankton Populations - 19?5 ............... 11 Table 5. Montnly Mean Zooplankton Populations at Locust Po in t - 197 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 6. Total Zooplankton Populations - 1975 ................. 16
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Table 7. Monthly Mean Senthic Macroinvertebrate Populations at Locust Point - 1975 .................. 19 Table 8. Total Benthic Macroinvertebrate e Popul ation s - 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 9. Species Found in the Locust Point Area 1963-1975 .......................................... 22 Table 10. Monthly Catch of Individual Fish Species at l Locust Point by All Sampling Methods ............... 24 l Table 11. Summary of _ Fishing Results at Locust l 1 Point - '*G75 ....................................... 26 _ . . _ ..l 1
-lil Page Table 12. Analysis of Gill Net Catch at Locust Point Station 8 - July - December 1975 ............ 28 Table 13. Analysis of Gill Net Catch at Locust Point Station 13 - July - December 1975 ............ 30 Table 14 Analysis of Shore Seine Catch at Locust Point, 15 J u ly 197 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Table 15. - Analysis of Shore Seine Catch at Locust Point, 12 August 1975 ............................. 34 Table 16. Analysis of Shore Seine Catch at Locust Point, 10 September 1975 ......................... 35 Table 17. Analysts of Shore Seine Catch at Locust Point, 14 O ctcb e r 197 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Table 18. Analysis of Shore Seine Catch at Locust Point, 5 November 1975 ........................... 37 Table 19. Analysis of Trawl Catch at Locust Point, July - November 1975 ...................... 38 1
Table 20. Analysis of Trawl Catch from the Intake Canal at the Davis-Sesse Nuclear Power Station. . . . . 40 , Table 21. Analysis of Hoop Net Catch in Northwest Marsh (Station 21), July - November 1975 ................ 41 Table 22. Analysis of Hoop Net Catch in Southeast Marsh
-(Station 22), July - November 1975 ................ 41 Table 23. Species Analysis of Ichthyoplankton Collected in the Vicinity of Locust Point, Lake Erle April - September 1975 ........................... 43 Table 24. Total Ichthyoplankton Captured in the Vicinity of Locust Point, Lake Scie, April -
Se ptemb e r 1975 ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Table 25. Summary of Food Habits of Fish Collected at Locust Point, July - November 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
. Table 26. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for July 1975.......................................... 52
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, - Page Table'27. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for Au gus t 1 97 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
. Table 29. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for September 1975 ................................... 54 Table 29. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for
. October 1975 ..................................... 55 Table 30. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for
. No ve mb e r 197 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 Table 31. Lake Erie Water Quality Analyses for De c e mb e r 197 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57.
Table 32. Sclar Radiation Measurements in Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period July - October 1975 ............................... 58 Table 33. Mean Values and Ranges for Water Quality Parameters Tested in 1975 ................. 59 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location Map of Sampling Stations at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station ............... 2 Figure 2. Bathymetric Map ................................ 6 Figure 3. Mean Mcnthly Total Phytoplankten Populations for Lake Erie At Locust Point - 1974 and 1975 ............................ 12 Figure 4 Mean Monthly Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Myxophyceae Pcpulations for Lake Erie at Locust Point - 1975 ........................... 13 Figure 5. Mean Benthic Macroinvertebrate Populations at Various Olstances Off Shore along the Four Sampling Transects - 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Figure 6. Mean Monthly Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Myxophyceae Populations for Lake Erie at Locust Point - 1974 .............................. 60 i
v Page Figure 7. Mean Monthly Zooplankton Populations for Lake Erie at Locust Point, 1972 - 1975......... 62 Figure 8. Mean Monthly Rotifer Populations for Lake Erie at Locust Point, 1972 - 1975 ........... 63 Figure 9. Mean Monthly Copeped Populations for Lake Erie at Locust Point, 1972 - 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Figure 10. Mean Monthly Cladoceran Pcpulations for Lake Erie at Locust Po int, 1972 - 1975 ........... 65 Figure 11. Mean Monthly Senthic Macroinvertebrate Populations for Lake Erle at Locust Point, 1972 - 1975 .............................. 67 Figure 12. Mean Monthly Hydrogen Ion, Temperature and Dissolved Oxygen Measurements for Lake Erle at Locust Point during 1975 ............ 71 Figure 13. Trends in Mean Monthly Temperature, Oissolved Oxygen, and Hydrogen Ion Measurements for Lake Erie at Lecust Point for 1975.................................... 72 Figure 11 Mean Menthly Turbidity, Suspended Solids and Transparency Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point Ouring 1975 ........ 73 Figure 15. Trends in Mean Monthly Transparency and Phosphoras Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for 1975 ......................... 74 Figure 16. Trends in Mean Monthly Conductivity,
. Alkalinity, and Turbidity Measurements for Lake Erle'at Locust Point for 1975 ............... 75 Figure 17. Mean Monthly Alkalinity, Olssolved Solids and Conductivity Measurements for . Lake Erie at Locust Po int Du ring 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 FigJee 18. Mean Monthly Calcium, Chloride and Sulfate Concentrations in Lake Erie at Locust Point Du r i n g 1 9 7 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
vl Page Figure 19. Mean Monthly Nitrate, Phosphorus and Silica Concentrations in Lake Erie at Locust Point Du ri ng 197 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Figure 20. Trends in Mean Monthly Temperature, Olssolved Oxygen, and Hydecgen Ion Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972 - 1975 ................. 80 Figure 21. Trends in Mean Monthly Transparency and Phosphoms Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972 - 1975 ..................................... 81 Figure 22. Trends in Mean Mon:hly Conductivity, Alkalinity and Turoidity Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972 - 1975 .............................. 82
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PROJECT STAFF Charles E. Herdendorf - Principal Investigator
-Analysis of Physical Parameters Jeffrey M. Reutter - Co-Principal Investigator
-Analysis of Biological Parameters Harold N. Cones - Collection and Identification of Benthic Macro-inverteb rates Matthew S. Conklin - Field Sampling Ocnald H. Davis - Head of Sampling Team and Ichthyoplankton Identification William R. DeMott - Plankten Identification Richard Frollick - Collection and Identificaticn of Benthic Macro-inverteb rates Carolyn S. Jenkinson - Administrative Assistant Lynwood A. MacLean - Fleid Sampling and Fish Storeach Analysis !
l Richard O. Moore, Jr. - f teld Sampling i Veronica M. Reutter - Clerical Aid Marjorie A. Slagte - Secretarial Services Roger ir. Thoma - Field Sampling and Ichthyoplankton Identification Gerald L. Treon, Jr. - frield Sampling l l -l.
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- OBJECTIVE .
The purpose of this investigation is to ascertain the existing character of the aquatic ecosystem at Locust Point, Lake Erie prior to operation of the Davis-8 esse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1. Included in the assessment are studies of existing plankton, benthos, and fish populations and water quality and recent trends in these parametses . The report contained herein is for the period 1 July 1975 to 31 Decemoer 1975. PROCEDURE Sampling Station Location Twenty-five stations, 18 along 4 transects in the open lake, 2 stations in the intake canal, 2 stations in the marshes, and 3 stations along the shoreline, were designated as sampling stations (Fig. 1) . Of the 4 transects, one followed the intake conduit, one the discharge conduit, while centrol transects were set up on the east and west - sides of the ' entire intake and discharge complex. Control west ran due north from the shore-end of the intake conduit with sampling stations located at 500 ft (Station 1), 1000 ft (Station 2), 2000 ft (Station 3), and 3000 rc (Station 4) from the shoreline. Sampling
-stations on th,e intake were located at 500 ft (Station 5), 1000 ft (Station 6), 2000 ft (Station 7), 3000 ft (Station 8, proposed intake),
and 4000 ft (Station 9) from shore. Along the discharge transect sampling stations were at distances of 500 ft (Station 10), 1000 ft (Station 11), 1500 ft (Station 12, proposed discharge), 2000 ft (Station 13), and 3000 ft (Station 14) from shore. Additional stations were placed 500 ft due north of Station 12 (Station 15) and 500 ft south of Station 12- (Station 16). Control east ran perpendicular to the shore-li ie, parallel to the intake, and approximately 2500 ft east of the in- , take . Stations were located 500 ft (Station 17) and 1000 ft (Station 18) l from shore. Station 19 was located in the center of the intake canal, l 1000 ft from the lake shore. Station 20 was drain 0d of all water in l 1974 and samples are no longer being collected there. Stations 21 and 22 were located in the . northwest and southeast marshes, respectiwly. Stations 23 -- 25 were on the shoreline at the intersection of the intake conduit and 1500 ft to either side. Plankton Plankton was sampled monthly, July through November (Table 1), from 11- stations, 10 in the open lake and 1 in the intake canal.
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. s TABLE 1 AQUATIC MONITORING PROGRAM SAMPLING DATES - 1975 SAMPLE March April J May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec PLANKTON 22 29 16 14 11 8 6 3 16 i
BENTHOS 23 21 19 17 19 11 9 6 16' ,. FISH Gill Net 17-18 22-23 16-17 14-15 11-12 8-9 6-7 jh_f6 16-17 Shore Seine 17 22 . 17 15 12 10 14 5 g i I Otter Trawl - Lake 5,27 17 15 21 15 14 7 , Intake Canal 13 16 j. Hoop Net 17-18 22-23 16-17 14-15 11-12 0-9 6-7 3-4 , Fry Net l Lake 22 12,25 2,15,22 2,13 4,30 Intake Canat 13 16 WATER QUALITV 24 22 29 16 14 11 8 6 3 16 CURRENTS 16 l i SOLAR RADIATION 24 19 21 7 13 i
, I I .
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4 In addition, weather conditions in December permitted a brief sampling period in which samples were collected frcm Stations 1, 8, and 13. Duplicate vertical tows, bottom to surface, were taken at each station with a Wisconsin plankton net (12 cm mouth; no. 25, 0.064 mm mesh). Each sample was concentrated to 50 ml and preserved in 5% fccmatin. The volume of each sample was computed by multiplying the length of the tow by the area of the net mouth . The works of Chengalath, Fornando, and George (1971), Collins and Kalinsky (1972), Eddy and Hodsen (1964), Ewers (1930), Jahoda (1948), Pennak (1953), Taft and Taft (1971), Torke (1974), and Ward and Whipple (1959) were used in plankton identification. Phytoctankton . Three 1-ml aliquets were withdrawn frem each sample and placed in Sedgewick-Rafter counting cells. Whole organism counts were made from 25 random Whipple disk fie'.ds frem each 1-ml aliquot in the Sedgewick-Rafter counting cell. When filamentous forms numbered 100 filaments or more in 10 Whipple fields, they were not counted in the remaining 15 fields. Identift-cation was generally to the genus level. Results were reported as number of organisms per Itter. . Zooplankton . Again, three ,1-ml aliguots were withdrawn from each sample and placed in Sedgewick-Rafter cells. The entire cell was scanned under a microscope at 60x while counting and identifying all zooplankters. Individuals were identified as far as possible (generally to the genus or species level) and reported as number of organisms per liter. Benthos Benthos was sampled monthly, July through November (Table
- 1) from Stattens 1 to 19. In additten, samples were 72.iected from Stations 1, a, and 13 in December. Three replicate samples were taken at each station with a Ponar dredge (A = 0.052 m . Samples were sieved through a U.S. #40 sieve, preserved in 10% formalin and returned to the laboratory. Individuals were identified as far as possible (usually to genus; to species where possible). The number of individuals per square meter was calculated for each of the three replicates by multiplying the number counted in the sample by 19.1. The sample mean and standard deviation for each station were then computed from the 3 replicates. The works of Brinkhurst
, (1963), (1964), (1965), Brinkhurst, Hamilton, and Herrington (1968),
Klemm (1972), Mason (1968), Pennak (1953), Stein (1962), Usinger
. (1956), Walter and Burch (1957), and Ward and Whipple (1959) were used for the benthos identification.
g - - - - __ __ _ _ . . . . _ J
5 Fish Fish were sampled by 5 methods, gill nets, shore seine, otter trawl, hoop nets, and fry net, during the latter half of 1975 (Table 1). All fish captured were weighed, measured, and identified to species (Trautman, 1957). Gill nets. Experimental gill nets were set parallel to the intake and discharge pipelines at Stations 8 and 13. Each net (125 ft x 6 ft) consisted of five 25 ft x 6 ft contiguous panels (1/2", 3/4", 1 ", 1-1/2", and 2" bar mesh) . The nets were fished for approximately 24 hours1 days <br />0.143 weeks <br />0.0329 months <br /> monthly, July through Cecember. The nets were fished on two occasions in November (Table 1). Shore seine. Shore setning ,was accomplished monthly, July through November, with a 100 ft bag seine at Stations 23, 24, and 25. The seine was stretched perpendicular to the shoreline until the shore brall was at the water's edge. The far brail was then dragged through a 90 e c back to shore. Two hauls were l 4 made at each station. . Otter trawl . Both a 16-ft and an 6 it etter trawl were used to collect fish for estimates of relative abur. dance and to obtain live fish for stomach analysis. The 16-ft trawl was used in the open take. Four 5-minute tows between the intake (Station
- 8) and the discharge (Station 12) were completed monthly July through November. A representative number of stomachs were taken from these for stomach analysis. Stomachs were preserved i
in 5 - 10% formalin. The 8-ft trawl was used within the intake canal. Two minute tows were conducted en September 19. Hoop nets. Hoop nets (2.5 ft diameter, 1" bar mesh) were set at Stations 21 and 22 in the northwest and southeast marshes. The nets were fished for approximately 24 hours1 days <br />0.143 weeks <br />0.0329 months <br /> monthly, July through November. These fish were identified, weighed, measured and released. Fry net. - A 0.75-meter diameter oceanographic plankton net (no. 00, 0.75 mm mesh) was used to capture fry, larvae, and eggs (ichthyoplankten). Five-minute circular tows, surface and near 4 bottom, around the intake (Station 8), plume area (Station 13), and Toussaint Reef were completed 4 times during July and August - (Fig. 2). Additional 5-minute tows, surface _ and bottom, were made 1
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7 l 4 3 within the intake canal in September. Ichthyoplankton was , preserved in 5*/. formalin and analyzed under a dissecting micro- l scope. Individuals were identified as far as possible (generally species) using the works of Fish (1932) and Norden (unpublished key to larval fishes). Water Qualhy , Eighteen water quality parameters were measured monthly l during the period from July to December 1975, at three stations in Lake Erie (1, 8, and 13). These parameters and the analytical methods employed are listed in Table 2. i j Frield Measurements. Water quality measurements were made monthly in the field at Stations 1, 8, and 13 (Fig. 1). Temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity were measured from a small survey boat with submerged sensors and shipboard readout meters. Olssolved oxygen was determined with a YSI model 54 meter and conductivity with a Beckman RB3-3341 solubridge
- temperature-compensated meter; each meter was equipped with a i thermistor f6r temperature readings. Sensor readings were taken at the surface and approximately 50 cm above the bottom. Trans-parency was determined with a 30 cm diameter Secchi disk lowered on a marked line until it was no longer visible. Solar radiatien was measured at Stations 4, 8, and 13 with a Kahl Scientific instrument Corp. submarine photomet'er, model no. 15M2-02, at the surfac and at one- or one-half meter depth intervals. This meter measures the amount of sunlight, expressed as an electrical current, reaching various depths. Solar radiation was measured 4
in July, September and October.
- Laboratory Determinations. Surface and bottom (50 cm above) j water samples were taken at Stations 1, 8, and 13 with a 3-liter Kommerer sampler .at the same time that field mee a cents were being made. These samples were placed in polyet- containers and taken to the laboratory for analysts; in most c v t Malyses were completed within 24 hours1 days <br />0.143 weeks <br />0.0329 months <br /> of. the sampling time F
- aden water quality parameters (Table 2) were. determined in the laboratory using the procedures prescribed in " Standard Methods for the Examination of Water, 13th Edition" (American Public ' Health .
Association, '1971) and in " ASTM Standards, Part 23, Water" (American Society for Testing and Materials, 1973). s
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I TABLE 2 ANALYTICAL METHODS F'OR WATER QUALITY DETERMINATIONS ! l i Parameter Units Analytical Method
- 1. Temperature 0 0: Std. Methods, 13tt .'d. , 102 (1971)
- 2. Dissolved oxygen ppm Std. Methods, 13th Ed., 2188 .(1971) i 3 Conductivity umhos/cm (25 C) 4 Transparency ASTM D1135-64 (1973) ,
meters Seccht disk (Welch,1948)
- 5. Calcium (Ca) mg/l Std. Methods, 13th Ed, , 110C (1971)
- 6. Magnesium (MG) mg/t Std. Methods, 13th Ed.,1228 (1971) I
'7 . Sodium (Na) mg/l '
ASTM D1428-84 (1973)
- 8. Chloride (C1) mg/l Std. Methods, 13th Ed.,1128 (1971) 9 Nitrate (NO3) mg/l .
ASTM D992-71 (1073) m
*10. Sulfate (SO4 ) mg/l
- 11. ASTM D516-600 (1073) :
Phosphorus (Total as P) mg/l Std. Methods, 13th Ed., 223F (1971) '
- 12. Silica (SiO2) mg/l 13.
ASTM D050-008 (1973) { Alkalinity (Total as CACO 3) mg/l Std. Methods, 13th Ed.,102 (1071) 14 .- Blochemical oxygen demand mg/l Std. Methods, 13th Ed., 219 (1971) 15.. Suspended solids mg/l Std. Methods, 13th Ed., 224C (197,1)
- 10. Dissolved solids mg/l USEPA, Chem. Analysts, Water (1971) -
17 Turbidity - F.T.U. Std. Methods, 13th Ed. , 163A (1971) 10 Hydrogen-ton conc! . pH units ASTM D1293-65 (1973)
9 RESULTS t Plankton Phytoplankton . Phytoplankters collected April through December 1975 were placed in 48 taxa generally at the genus level (Table 3). Thirteen taxa were in the class Bacillarlophyceae (diatoms), 24 in the class Chlorophyceae (green algae), 1 in the class Chrysophyceae (yellow-green algae), 3 in the class Dinophyceae (dinoflagellates), 1 in the class Euglenophyceae, and 6 in the class Myxophyceae (blue green algae).
- The total phytoplankton populations ranged from 146/1 in May to 327,915/l in August (Table 4). The total population was always lowest at Station 19 in the intake canal. Population pulses i
were observed in Apell, August, and December (Fig. 3). The August pulse (327,915/l), which was dominated by Myxophyceans, was more than 3 times as large as the spring (97,567/1) or fall (82,963/l) pulses which were dominated by Bacillartophyceans t (Fig . 4) . . Menthly mean Bacillartophycean populations ranged from 63/1 In May to 96,783/l in April (Table 3). The mean population i' rom all samples collected during 1975 was 27,080/1. The ov.Minant diatom taxa were Stephanodiscus binderanus in April and December; Melostra sp. In May, July, October, and November; Asterionella sp. In June; and Fragilaria sp. In August and September. Stephanodiscus binderanus had the largest annual mean population, 11,497/1. Olatoms were the dominant algal group in April, October, November, and December when they made up 99%, C7%, 76%, and 96%, respectively, of the total phytoplankton population and caused the spring and fall pulses. In contrast to this, only 2% of the August population was composed of diatoms. Monthly mean Chlorophycean populations ranged from 71/1 in May to 11,820/1 in October (Table 3). The mean population frcm all samples collected during 1975 was 4,747/l. The dominant Chlorophyceans were Mougeotia sp. in April and Cecember and j Pediastrum sp. In May through November. Pediastn.am sp. had I j the largest annual mean population, 2,983/1. Chlorophyceae was [ never the dominant algal group in 1973.(Fig. 4). It was, however,. i the most diverse group, with 24 taxa. Chlorophyceans were most prominent in June (30% of the total phytoplankton population). l
to TABLE 3 MONTHLY MEAN PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT - 1975
~
7m Aortt M ay .A m .Uly Au3 Scrt. Oct. Nov. Dec. Mc n 22 29 to 1.8 11 # G 3 BACILL.d410FHYCCAE (Otatorns) Aneo-oea so. 4 0 Astortemtta so. 16179 5 2409 30 82 8 45 60 8 7365 2977 Ceetesca (eintte-catted) 51 1 102 47 114 07 810 41 206 172 Cvmstooteurs so. 14 0 6 30 2 7 7 Di.wsms so. 13382 0 43 73 3039 1937 PessHaMa so. 7933 0 744 220 S172 3942 G03 373 22G3 242u Gyreetgma 23 0, 2 9 3 4 Meiosies so. 7222 3' 1253 2170 250 304 30268 10070 4000 03M Navtcutoid 30S 1 237 37 11 4 121 123 102 Stecmamdtscua einderams 4302S 3 427 197 240 $0478 11407 Surteetta so. 4 1 9 19 3 7 6 S Syeeces so. 15eS 0 47 1 4 S 107 252 111i9 332 TaeettaMa so.
- 9093 4 1400 3 3 30 1074 GS9 Swaxacate 96783 83 6S73 2556 562S 4440 34749 13002 7E679 27080 CHt.CRCssHYCEAE (Creen Al2ae)
Acefmetmm so. 5 0 101 2 4 13 14 Armstroces%s so. 0 22 4 3 h eiaae*a *p. 14 1 227 2 33 3342 Asa 314 219 494 Ct-utacNm so. 38 1 33 7 14 36 96 103 44 Coelastrum so. 3 75 52S 253 233 33 7 125 Comr-artum so. 11 26 15 3 G6 da Dievoeocasetum so. 18 1 212 11 41 19 22 25 96 49 09me m scoccus so. 0 0 2 32 4 f'wcre+ee so. 33 0 2 2 1 4 Klee=eec4 e t e sn. a 2 1 0 Micesettatum so. S 0 168 43 3 19 22C8 3e5 312 Vov;n tts so. 176 3 873 64 8 564 186 Ceea%m sp. 3 1537 190 42 197 Cocysets so. 00 11'2 30 23 1 53 to 33 Poem so. 4 0 Rectasemm so. 54 50 4292 2C29 5224 5102 8632 77S 497 2983 Scenedesmus sc. 34 4 2SS 49 55 3 95 21 32 59 Sermodeete so. 0 31 14 4 5 Set emstmm so. 0 13 37 4 2 S Sonaemeysets so. 0 0 53 2 6 Sotm'rven so. 0 1 0 stavcestrum so. 2 399 16S 175 42 114 48 12 106 weseede so. SS 0 0 g Untceetttted 2 0 0 Suetotal' 46.a 71 8347 3384 5910 G511 11020 10G1 1522 4747 CHRYSCPHYCEAE (Yellow-gesen Al;ae) Deebeyon so. 107 0 0 13 14
'3tNCPHYCEAE (O(nottagettates)
Ceceefum so. 0 28 2361 1113 135 53 410 G1.nrystntum so. S 1 1 Peetetmovm so. 8 39 42 1 to tructocal' O 3S 2400 1162 137 415 EUGLENOPHYCEAC
. R&nterns to, 3 7 4 g
..f _
MYMJPHYCEaC (Stw-gesen Algae) Arw3Aem ro. 0 35 176 C4 7 2 3 32 Aon .nt=nmenon 13 12133 3;964 st3332 1700S 5023 2430 1533 425c2 CN=e:secus ss. 8 0 8 S35 145 ISO 12 S 96 Meet W 1A 50. 0 7 2 j Mieme.-sea so. S 610 2011 1722 229 72 10 518 Cac*itatocta so. 2CS 0 11 5 2S Swotocat
- 213 20 12654 35777 3152S3 17977 SIC 9 2456 1563 43470 TOTAL.* 975S7 14 8 27817 43G58 327915 31352 51755 17144 82sS3 72S28 t
- Mean of all station totals.
i f TABLE 4 { TOTAL PHYTOPL ANKTON POPULATIONS * - 1975 STATION April May June July August 9ptember October November Ebcember 22 29 16 Mean 14 11 8 6 16
! 1 78323 138 41866 37630 252327 28591 95586 21106 86509 71342 3 66189 196 18380 45630 358252 17503 66619 12706 73204 6 i, 84222 126 25362 44864 315819 32392 64962 23017 73846 8 49687 82 22427 40957 398417 28524 38589 18399 79075 75129 9 72001 116 18692 42528 521139 31807 20857 5082 90164 10 233105 240 77018 51916 189272 62334 67833 20438 88770 12 200831 325 20028 55484 400003 37893 67487 20242 100487 13 141458 179 23356 53265 405706 40540 40491 20213 83306 80835 $
14 51792 128 22752 44498 328099 24787 35913 18198 65771 18 73268 161 25731 50969 300225 34373 53041 17007 80697 19 22272 12 9575 15724 47004 6053 8569 4138 14168 Mean 97567 146 27817 43051 327915 31352 51795 17148 82963 75628 Number of Individuals per liter. I
- a
., ~'
12 FIGURE 3. MEAN MONTHLY TOTAL PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST l POINT - 1974 and 1975. 320 - 300 - N 280 - l
\ .
260 - I N 240 - 220 - o 200 _ x \ b 180 - 3 N 160 - z N h 140 - o
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120 - 100 - T 1
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N , N N N \ '
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N l N N N N EN I! \ O = E - E - - l APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV OEC - No sample collected. l -
FIGURE 4. MEAN MONTHLY BACILLARIOPHYCEAE, CHLOROPHYCEAE, AND MYXOPHYCEAE POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT - 1975. 315. s 5, .
>=
q l 90 Bacillarlophyceae \ _ \ Chlorophyceae
\
s N 70
- Myxophyceae \
N b eo N 5 N a 50 t N g,
+-
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so N N N N eo y \ N N N m 10 N
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o
. 5 mch ill's EL5 E m DEC . APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV I
14 The class Chrysophyceae was represented by only 1 taxa, Otrobryon sp. (Table 3). Olnobryon sp. was not found in July, August, September, Novembe r, or December and peaked at only 107/1 in April. The mean population from all samples in 1975 was 14/1. Monthly mean Olnophycean populations peaked in July (2,400/1) and were not observed in April, October, Novembe r, or December (Table 3). The mean population from all samples collected in 1975 was 415/1. Ceratium sp. was the dominant Olnophycean whenever they occurred. This taxa was most prominent in July when it composed S$? of the total phytoplankton poputatton . The class Euglenophyceae was represented by only 1 taxa in 1975, Euotena sp. (Table 3). It was only cbserved in May (less than 0.5/1), June (7/1), and July (4/l). Monthly mean Myxcphycean populations ranged from 20/1 in May to 315,263/1 in August (Table 3). The mean population from all samples collected during 1975 was 43,470/1 of which Aphanizomenon sp. composed 987?. Aphanizomenen sp. was the dominant blue green taxa de -ing all months except April when Oscillatoria sp. dominated . , Achanta>Jenon sp. also had the largest annual mean population, 42,802/1. Myxophyceans composed 967? of the August total phytoplankton pulse (Fig. 4) and Achanizomenen composed 967? of the August Myxophycean population (Table 3). Blue greens also dominated the total phytoplankton population in June, July and September. In contrast to this, blue-greens composed only 0.2i? of the April total phytoplankton population. Additional phytoplankton data are contained in Appendix A. Zooplankton . Zooplankters collected April through December 1975 were placed in 52 taxa, 32 to the species level'and 10 to the genus level (Table 5). Eighteen taxa were under Rotifera, 17 under Copepoda, 9 under Cladocera, and 1 under Protozoa. The total zooplankton population ranged from 151/1 in April I to 1,365/1 in June and, in general, was lowest at Station 19 in the ; intake canal (Table 6). The mean population from all samples collected in 1975 was 647/l (Table 5). 1
15 TABLE 5 MONTHLY MEAN ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT - 1975 1 7 Anet t May .k.ane .uty Aug. desit. Oct. Nov. Dec. 22 29 16 14 4 8 6 3 16 f<0TIFERA AeolancPria giroleft 1.1 33.5 3.8 , A petocJonta g 0.1 2.2 23.2 . 1.0 0.8 21.8 S.S J Br*rentorus arritdseig 18.7 S.8 16.7 8.8 0.5 2.G 0.4 0.1 0.1 S.0
)
8 calvetnocus . 7.2 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 6.0 0.5 1.8 ' 8; ruvanaenses 0.0 0.1 1.S 0.5 1.7 0.2 0.5 1 R. uecootsets
~
1.0 0.0 , Chromo 9asten ovatts 77.tf 70.7 2.2 16.7 Conochttotocs so.
- 24.8 36.8 3.4 0.8 7.3 frittnia terminetts 1.0 0.7 1.9 11.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.5 1.8 Hemacemen mira 0.0 0.0 Ketticottia tongt soina 0.6 0.S 8.0 0.1 0.1 2.6 1.3 keestetta cocnMarts 2.1 89.8 80.1 97.9 81.3 21.5 S3.1 31.2 68.5 S9.4
& ouedeata 3.9 14.3 16.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 1.0 6.0 4.8 Lecane tuna 0.5 0.1 b tunarts 0.1 0.0 Notnotca so. 31.6 0.1 0.1 3.5 Polyartnea so. 22.1 114.4 25.7 155.8 23.3 39.0 17.2 35.1 82.5 S7.2 Porronotyx sulcata 4.2 3.6 78.7 2.6 1.8 10.1 Rotneta so. 0.1 0.0 Synenneta so. 10.7 1.0 1.1 13.0 113.4 25.3 12.3 57.8 53.2 33.1 Trienoceeca cyttecetca 1.3 0.1 0.2 L mutetcetnis 1.1 0.S 6.3 17.S 14.1 0.3 4.4 L so.
Tr tchoteta tetracets 0.9 0.3 3.2 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.0 tJntoentiftsd rottfar 29.7 0.1 32.9 14.8 8.S SiAtotat
- 112.8 258.1 234.2 419.7 391.9 143.1 86.1 142.5 235.S 224.9 CCPEPOOA 4
Catanoid cooecods Olsotornus slectioides 1.5 0.5 0.2 O. sp. 0.7 6.5 2.0 0.7 0.5 .10.7 0.2 2.4 Turytemora amnts ,, _0. 6_ _0. 0 _., 0.0 ,0. 6 0.3 ,0.2 , t_(mnocatarus n-scrurus , , . 0.0 ,_,_ 0.0 Immatures, calanoid 0.3 0.0 Immatures, Otactomus 2.1 1.9 2.S 1.7 22.0 1.8 2.4 0.1 3.8 ; Immatures, Eveyt mora 0.1 0.9 0.2 0.1 Nauptil, calatute 15.9 24.7 9.5 8.8 10.3 26.2 6.3 7.1 1.8 12.1 Cyclopold copepods Cycloop bicusoidatus 1.0 S.S 6.6 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.4 1.6
& vere.atts . 0.1 16.1 33.0 14.2 0.9 1.4 S.S 3.4 1.2 8.4 Mesocyctecs eda.x 0.0 1.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 Trooocycloas censirus 0.2 0.2 0.0 Immatures, Cvetoos 1.0 61.1 8.0 60.S 3.S 7.1 20.5 21.4 10.5 21.5 Immatures, Mesocyctoos 0.3 0.0 0.1
' Immatures, Teerocycleos 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 Nauptil, cyclocota 4.9 411.7 120.9 73.3 43.3 8.3 31.4 45.0 37.1 86.2 Nameltt, haecactacold 0.4 0.0 Subtotat* 2#.3 533.3 161.7 ISG.S CG.4 76.4 67.3 81.6 St.8 137.3
} CtAOOCERA Soemine toncteesteis 0.S 296.3 0.8 4.1 0.1 0.2 14 .3 S.5 35.3
. Caetcwmonnaa so. 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 Cnydocus s,oruceteus 0.3 S.I O.3 0.3 9.2 I Daonnea gatesta 51.1 47.3 8.3 0.6 14.8 0.1 8.S 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.1 1.2 g gnevtet.: 0.0 0.0 g O. cetrocurvs 0.3 211.6 30.1 137.S S.2 15.1 50.0 3.4 50.4 i OIaonarosoms so. 1.0 1.1 t es.4 1.3 0.0 2.2 Eutso rmas coenoet 10.6 71.0 0.6 19.4 ts .O 111.2 31.8 5.7 20.7-t.cretoccea nuncett 2.0 0.5 0.8 0.1 0. .s 0.7 0.5 Suetotat
- 1.1 S21.0 102.7 152.7 101.1 211.4 35.3 50.1 11.3 13't .0 PftOTOZOA O W iM a so. 12.S 39.S S13 .4 305.1 70.3 36,7 11.2 14.2 3.3 150.0 TOTAt* 114 . 7 1357.:4 13Cd.2 '036.2 524.2 398.2 -370.0 29.M;4 302.5 GSS.G [
- Mean of all station totals.
- - r
/ ..ms -, --
w -%-- m,-- p, y-
TABLE 6 TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS * - 1975 April May June July August September October November Ebcember 3 STATION 22 29 16 """ 14 11 8 6 16 1 176.3 631.5 2412.7 1635.0 743.3 603.6 505.4 377.4 328.0 823.7 3 113.7 1457.5 1209.9 732.9 470.1 385.5 406.3 446.7 652.8 6 136.8 928.5 1294.0 1061.6 443.0 373.3 274.0 287.3 599.9 8 103.7 1400.0 1673 O 566.1 358.9 405.9 294.O 225.1 233.6 -584.5 9 87.1 1772.0 1229.8 687.0 500.4 427.2 260.2 196.8 645.1 10 187.8 790.5 2342.4 1802.1 1016.8 633.3 465.7 407.9 955.8 12 208.0 2459.5 808.3 1350.4 700.5 436.8 565.9 323.6 856.6 13 126.6 1633.5 1229.9 1069.6 604.3 362.5 429.1 328.1 346.0 681.1 $ 14 123.0 1801.0 1317.6 929.2 358.3 291.2 377.2 238.3 679.6 18 170.7 1554.5 1157.6 1231.1 421.1 361.1 533.5 294.2 715.5 19 223.6 502.0 342.5 553.6 149.6 23.0 24.1 134.7 244.1 Mean 150.7 1357.3 1365.2 i 1056.2 524.2 391.2 , 376.0 296.4 302.5 646.6
- Number of Individuals per liter.
17 Monthly mean rotifer populations ranged from 86/l in October to'420/1 in July (Table 5). The mean rotifer population from all samples collected during 1975 was 225/l. The dominant rotifers were Notholca sp. In April; Polyarthra sp. in May, July, September, and December; Keratella cochlearts in June and October; and Synchaeta sp. In August and November. Karatella cochlearls had the largest annual mean populatim, 59/1. Rotifera was the dominant zooplankton group in April, July, August,
' September, Novernber, and December composing 75%, 40%, 75%,
37%, 48%, and 78%, respectively, of the total zooplankton population. In contrast to this, rotifers composed only 17% of the June zoo-plankton population. Monthly mean copepod populations ranged from 24/1 in April to 533/l in May (Table 5). The mean copeped population from all samples collected during 1975 was 137/t. The dominant copepod taxa were always nauplit. Calanoid nauptli dominated in April and September while cyclopold nauptli dominated the copepod populations of all other months with an annual mean of 86/l. Copepoda was the dominant zooplankton group in May representing 39% of the total zooplankton population. This sudden increase from the low April population to the high May population was due largely to an influx of cyclopold nauptli which increased from 5/l in April to 412/1 in May. Monthly mean cladoceran populations ranged from 1/1 in April to 522/1 In May (Table 5). The mean cladoceran population from all samples collected during 1975 was 133/1. Cladoceran populations were dominated by Bosmina lengirostris in April and May; Eubosmina coregoni in June, August, O ctober, November, and December; Daphnia retrocurva in Julw and Chydorus sphaericus in September. Daphnia retrocur3 had the
- largest annual mean population 50/1. Cladocera ws *.he dominant zooplankton group in October representing 56% of the total population.
Cladocerans composed only O.7% of the April population. The Protozoa were represented by only 1 taxa, Difflugia sp. which ran'ged in population from 3/1 in December to 843/l in June (Table 5). The mean populaticn from all samples collected during 1975 was 151/l. Protozoa (Diffq sp.) was the dominant zooplankton group in June composing 62% of the total population. Additional zooplankton resul?s are contained in Appendix 8.
\
18 9 Benthos Benthic macroinvertebrates collected April through December 1975 were placed in 26 taxa, generally to the genus or species level within 4 phyla (Table 7). Two taxa were in Coelenterata, 11 in Annelida, 9 in Arthropoda, and 4 in Mollusca. Monthly mean benthic macroinvertebrate populations ranged from 170/m2 in December g 2,179/m2 in August with an annual mean population of 1,154/m and were strongly dominated by the Annelids and Arthrogods. Station 19 hac die largest annual mean population, 3,290/m (Table 8). Populations alcng the 4 sampling transects varied directly with distance off shore (Fig. 5). Station 8 (Intake, 3000 ft. off shore) was the only exception to this rule. Monthly mean Annelid populations ranged from 140/m2 in December to 1,603/m2 in August with an annual mean population of 825/m2 (Table 7). ~Imr..rture Cligochaeta (no hair setae) was the dominant Annelid taxa ranging r< r 140/m2 in December to 1,412/m2 in August. The annual mean popula tion of this taxa, 772/m2, was 94% of the annual mean Annelid population and 67% of the annual mean benthic macroinvertebrate population. The Annelids were always the dominant group in the benthos. Monthly mean Arthropod populations ranged from 29/m2 in April to 799/m2 in September with an annual mean of 323/m 2, The dominant Arthropod taxa were Chironomus sp. n April, August, November, and December; Leptodora kindtil in May, June, July, and October; and Tanytarsus sp. in September. Leptedora kindtil had the highest annual mean population, 137/m 2 Additional data are contained in Appendix C. Fish Of the 46 species reported from the Locust Point vicinity since 1963, 30 were captured in 1975 (Table 9). Dominant species (by number) were Notropis atherinoldes (emerald shiner) in April, July, August, October, and November; Perca flavescens (yellow perch) in May and September; and Dorosoma cepedianum (gizzard shad) in June and December (Table 10). Gizzard shad had the largest mean monthly population, 2,437 or 57% of the annual catch. The total catch per month ranged from 33 in December to 22,094 in June (Table.11). A total of 41,342 fish were captured in
19 TABLE 7 MONTHLY MEAN BENTHIC MACROINVERTE8 RATE POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT - 1975 TM Aprit May Junc outy Au2 Scot. Oct. Nov. Dec. 23 21 10 17 to 11 9 6 10 CClit ENTCRATA H/dea sp. (stngle podyp) 5.4 1.4 2.7 0.7 1.7 S8.0 7.8
>+/eten so. (buddio2 polyp) 4.4 0.7 39.9 5.0 Suetotal 9.8 2.1 2.7 0.7 1.7 97.9 12.8 ANN EELIDA Hirudinea Ctossineenia cometamea 0.3 0.3 0.1
>*eloodotta sesonstle 1.3 0.7 1.3 0.7 1.3 0.3 1.0 1.4 0.9 Piscicoltose 0.3 0.0 Cit 20cemeta Immatures (no hatra setae) 509.8 S59.9 680.2 G47.1 1412.4 1315.2 750.3 329.3 140.1 772.3 Brancevura s m eevt 7.0 S.4 7.7 5.0 10.4 15.8 7.0 22.1 9.7 Lirenodettus caevtx 7.4 8.1 19.4 29.8 63.3 20.8 4.7 1.0 17.2 L. etacarecearus 0.3 0.3 15.1 67.0 0.7 9.3 C ciaceredaarts-ceevix 1.7 4.7 S.4 4.5 32.5 2.5 1.0 0.3 S.8 C ho#rnois met 0.3 O*O C maurneensis 2.0 4.0 0.7 S.7 4.7 1.0 0.3 2.0 focarmenetz moldsvtensts 10.7 13.1 13.1 13.4 9.7 4.4 0.7 7.6 Succctat 540.5 $96.5 748.9 1010.5 1e02.6 1354.0 767.3 654.4 140.1 825.0 ARTMtOPCCA Cladocera Leptodoes winetti 431.9 0.3 85.6 157.5 125.7 222.8 210.4 1.7 137.3 '
. Amontpoca Gamemeus fasetatus 2.7 41.6 9.4 12.4 Chironomicae 2.8 0.7 1.4 7.4 S.4 9.4 l CNeocomus so. 15.8 44.2 18.1 5C.0 257.2 145.1 36.S St.7 17.0 84.2 Cntronomus pupae Cryptochteenomus so. 3.4 10.4 1.0 12.7 18.2 0.7 11.7 11.7 0.1 i 6.4 8.4
~
ProctaJius so. 3.0 10.7 6.4 19.1 12.7 11.8 3.0 3.4 8.9 Feocladius pupa 2.3 0.3' ' Tanytaesus so. 1.7 0.3 J*f.0 15.1 212.9 300.2 $6.7 33.S 09.0 Egnemercotera Caents so. 2.0 11.4 0.7 1.3 1.7 ' Suetotal ~ 28.9 206.5 498.5 255.8 S11.3 7Ca.8 320.4 123.7 29.8 322.6 MOLLUSCA Pelecypode Amblema sp. 1.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.3 _Leccodem sp. O.3 0.0 t.toumta sp. 0.7 0.3 0.1 Sonneetum so. 0.3 0.0 Suotetal 1.7 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.5 TOTAL
- 584.1 796.9 1222.0 1308.5 2179.4 2167.4 e 10ct.8 BG3.8 109.0 1154.1 Data presented as numece/m 2,
- Mean of all' station totals.
TABLE 8 TOTAL BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS' - 1975 STATION April May June July August September October November &cember 23 21 19 17 19 Mean 11 9 6 16 1 6.4 38.2 573.0 789.5 961.4 967.7 464.8 1088.7 203.7 565.9 2 57.3 184.6 1356.1 1190.6 1222.4 1738.1 993.2 560.3 912.8 3 553.9 375.6 1693.5 1916.4 1776.3 1375.2 1719.0 1910.0 1415.0 4 865.9 1426.1 1859.1 1865,4 3762.7 3972.8 999.6 2031.0 2097.8 5 133.7 159.2 216.5 744.9 853.1 458.4 3539.9 248.3 794.3 6 579.4 1018.7 1747.7 1445.2 337.4 1699.9 725.8 432.9 998.4 7 878.6 719.4 1069.6 967.7 203.7 8 5029.7 604.0 2164.7 1465.9 g 343.0 1012.3 573.0 1617.1 1165.1 1228.8 413.8 1995.0 9 50.9 933.3 744.8 2960.5 3030.5 1617.1 3406.2 3157.9 1413.4 503.0 2104.2 10 63.7 140.1 388.4 1101.4 254.7 280.1 210.1 121.0 319.9 11 50.9 362.0 1680.8 503.0 719.4 1515.3 942.3 369.3 768.0 12 2177.4 1050.5 1362.5 496.6 1432.5 445.7 222.8 350.2 942.3 13 165.5 901.1 923.2 5067.9 3119.7 2285.6 1076.0 337.4 254.7 1570.1 14 1699.9 1795.4 2317.5 1165.1 4584.0 3775.4 1483.4 598.5 15 2177.4 222.0 273.8 1076.3 1292.4 3667.2 2852.3 1623.5 184.6 1399.1 16 38.2 254.7 764.0 700.3 636.7 1120.5 369.3 171.9 507.0 17 19.1 101.9 744.9 553.9 764.0 846.8 400.2 89.1 451.2 18 280.1 640.8 464.8 1387.9 1623.5 _ 3788.2 1449.3 241.9 1234.6 19 2215.6 1725.4 1387.9 1286.1 10078.4 4641.3 1400.7 3584.4 3290.0 Mean 584.1 796.9 1222.6 1308.5 2179.4 2167.4 1064.8 893.8 169.8 1154.1 Number of individuals per square meter. O s
FIGURE 5. MEAN BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS AT VARIOUS DISTANCES OFF SHORE ALONG THE FOUR SAMPLING TRANSECTS - 1975.
~'
[ Control West 2000 - - Intake Discharge Control East 1500 ~~ 3 E
.9 1000 . -
o 500 - I
/
500 1000 1500 2000 0000 4000 Distance Off Shoro (ft)
- No sampling station. at tills distance off shore on this transect.
____ _ _. _. _ . . - - _ . l 22 TABLE 9 SPECIES FOUND IN THE LOCUST POINT AREA 1963 - 1975 N $ O O O O k
" - e - Scientific Name Common Name Amtidae
. . . Amla calva bowfin Atherinidae .
. . Labidesthes sicculus brook silversides Catostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus quillback carpsucker
. . . Catostomus commersont common white sucker
. Minytrema melancos spotted sucker
. Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse
. Ictiobus cyorinellus bigmouth buffalo fish Centrarchidae
. Ambloplites meestris northern rockbass
. . . Lepomis cyanellus green sunfish
. . 6 gibbosus pumpkinseed sunfish
. . 6 humills orangespotted sunfish
, . 6 macrochims northern bluegill sunfish
. 6 microlophus redear sunfish
. . . Micropterus dolomieul smallmouth bass
. . M. salmoldes - largemouth bass
. . . Pomoxis annularis white crapple
. . . . & nigromaculatus black crappie Clupeidae
. . . . Alosa pseudoharengus alewife
. . . . Dorosoma . cepedianum gizzard shad Cyprinidae
. . . . Carassius auratus goldfisi
. . L auratus x Cyprinus carcio carp x goldfish hybrid
. . . . Cyprinus carpio carp
. . . Hybopsis storerlana silver chub
-. . . . Notropis atherinoides emerald shiner
. . . . N. hudsonius spottall shiner 4
__ -_ . , - . - - , ~
23 TABLE O (CON'T.) SPECIES FOUNO IN THE LOCUST POINT AREA 1963 - 1975 3 3 3 3 Scientific Name Common Name
. . & spilepterus spotfin shiner
. . & volucellus mimic shiner
. Pimephales prometas fathead minnow Esocidae Esox luctus northern pike
!ctaturidae
. . Ictalurus melas black buuhead
. . . I, natalis yellow bullhead . . . . I. nebulosus brown bullhead . . . . I. punctatus channel catfish Naturus flaws stonecat madtom Lepisosteldae
. Leoisesteus esseus lengnose gar Osmeridae
- * . . Osmerus mordax rainbow smelt Parcidae
. Etheostoma nigrum johnny darter
. . . . Perca flawscens yellow perch
. . . , Percina caprodes logperch darter
. Stizostedien canadense sauger
. . . . S. v. vitreum walleye Percichthyldae . . . . Morone chrysops white bass Percopsidae
. . . Percopsis omiscomaycus troutperch Petromyzontidae -
. P_etromyzon marinus sea lamprey '
Salmonidae ;
. . Oncorhynchus kisucch coho salmon !
Sciaenidae l
. . . . Actedinotus grunniens freshwater drum l l
~ o 4 O N OJ O O
TABLE 10 MONTHLY CATCH OF INDIVIDUAL FISH SPECIES AT LOCUST POINT BY ALL SAMPLING METHODS I April 2 May 3 June 0 July3 Nov 4 Species Collected Aug Sept Oct Dec 5 Mean Alosa pseudoharengus 10' 46 46 6636 403 26 53 27 1 805 Amia calva 2 3 1 Aplodinc>tus grunnitens 4 9 7 3 2 5 8 3 5 Carassius_ auratug 3 3 4 1 1 1 Catostomus ecmmersont 4 O.4 Cyprinus carpio 3 15 25 20 45 19 6 6 1 17 Dorosoma cepedianum 4 14 20408 777 384- 22 153 72 12 2437 Etheostoma nigrum 1 0.1 g Hybopsis storerlana 1 0.1 A Ictaturus melas Only in intake canal -
- 1. nebulosus 3 1 1 2 1 1
- 1. punctatus 2 8 1 2 1 2 Labidesthes sicculus 2 5 1 1 1 Lepomis cyanellus Only in intake canal -
L . gibbosus l l l l l 1 l l O.1 l g b macrochirus Only in intake c a n a l- - Morone chrysops 1 6 91 44 14 2 6 1 18 Notropis atherinoides 1398 32 138 1115 1626 47 1O89 520 663
& hudsonius 71 559 5 24 20 28 23 86 12 92 N. spitopterus 1 1 0.2
& volucellus 2 0.2
TABLE 10 (CON'T .)
' MONTHLY CATCH OF INDIVIDUAL FISH SPECIESI AT LOCUST POINT BY ALL SAMPLING METHODS 3
Species Collected April 2 May Juno3 July3 Aug Sept Oct Nov 4 Dec 5 Wan , Osmerus mordax 1 5 5 2 1 38 7 7 Perca flavescens 16 1400 547 60 111 67 25 37 251 Percina caprodes 1 2 2 1 1 Percopsis omiscomaycus 1 1 0.2 Pimephales promelas 1 0.1 Pomoxis annularis 1 2 1 1 1 = 1 L nigromaculatus 4 1 2 1 1 Stizostedion canadense 6 1 2 1 1 S. v. vitrcum 1 2 4 4 1 1 1 2 $ Number of species 14 15 17 17 17 19 13 13 5 14 TOTAL 1517 2100 21386 '8709 2622 231 1360 704 33 4307 Trawling in the intake canal and fry netting at Toussaint Reef and Station 19 were not' included in these totals. 2 This includes the first trawl which was actually done on 5 May 1975. O The mean of fry totals from multiple sampling dates was used. 4 The mean of the two gill net samples was used in this computation. 5 Only gilt nets were used.
s s TABLE 11 3,
SUMMARY
OF FISHING RESULTS AT LOCUST POINT -- 1975
~
APRIL MAY~ JUNE JULY AUO SEPT OCT NOV DEC TOTAL CAPTURE % r %
.O
% r o O %r %o$ %r %ob o r %o$ %r % #$ o
.r
.U o
.f o" o
r % o
.g %
f3 o1 f3 1 f3 f1 f3 *1 f3 f1 f3 f1 Zho3 o8 3 o Zk ZM ZL M Zk ZM Zk km Zk ZM ZL Zm ZL k ZW k m Gill Not OS 9 995- 12 372 11 433 13 428 10 134 11 271 7 515C 10 33 5 3277 19 Shore Seine 1398 3 44 7 20407 11 8219 6 2165 6 76 6 869 6 145 3 33413 17 4 Otter Trawl y Lake 13 0 11 4' 320 13 26 8 21 8 22 10 360 11 387 5 1160 16 Intake Canal 20 5 400 12 420 13 Hoop Not 7 3 4 1 8 3 5 2 1 1- 1 1 1 1 1 1 28 5 Fry Net Lake" 2 1 2100* 3 626 6 65' 3 0 0 2793 7 Intais Canal 251 4 0 0 251 4 TOTAL 1516 14 3154 15 22004 17 8748 17 2615 17 633 19 1501 13 1048 13 33 5 41342 30 u Fxcluding eggs. b Actual sampling.date was 5 May. Sum of samples collected on two separate occasions. Sum or samples collected on three separate occasions, 9
27 d 1975. Shore setning yielded 33,413 of 17 species or 81% of
- the total.
Gill Net. Gill netting frcm July through December yielded 1,814 fish, 632 from Station 8 (intake) and 1,182 from Station 13 (Tables 12 and 13). From April to December 1975 a total of 3,277 fish of 19 species were captured with gill nets (Table 11). The monthly gilt net catch fror, both stations ranged
- from 33 fish of 5 species in December to 995 fish of 12 species in May. The dominant species, July through December were Alosa pseudoharengus (alewife) in July; Dorosoma cepedianum i (gizzard shad) in August, October, and December; Perca flavesce .s (yellow perch) in September; and Notropis hudsonius (spottall shiner) in Nowmber and December.
Shore Seine. Shore setning yielded 11,474 fish from July through November (Tables 14-18). The monthly catches for 1975 ranged from 44 fish of 7 species in May to 20,497 fish of 11 species in June (Table 11). The dominant species, July through November, were Alosa psuedcharengus (alewife) in July and Notroots atherinoides (emerald shiners) from August through November. Otter Trawl. Trawling in the lake yielded a total of 816 fish from July through November (Table 19). A total of 1,160 fish of 16 species were captured from April through November (Table 11). Monthly catches ranged from 11 fish representing 4 species in May to 387 f!sh representing 5 species in November. Dominant species July through Nowmber were Morene chrysops (white bass) in July and August; Notreets atherinoides (emerald shiner) in August, October, and November; and & hudsonius (spottall shiner) in September. Trawling in the intake canal in 1975 yielded 420 fish of 13 species, 20 fish of 4 species in June and 400 fish of 12 species in September (Table 20). Perca flawscens (yellow perch) was the dom [nant spactes in June while Pemoxis annularis (white crappie) was the dominant species in September. Hooo Net. Hoop nets set in both marshes yielded a total of 10 fish and 2 turtles from July through November (Tables
, 21 and 22). From April through November a total of 28 fish of 5 species were captured (Table 11).
0
.. . = _ = .
l
.- hw
~ '
28 TABLE 12 ANALYSIS OF GILL Nt::. 6 CATCH AT LOCUST POINT STATION 8 - JULY-DECEMBER 1975 Lergth (mm) Weight (g) Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total Date 14 July 1975 Alosa pseudoharengus 104 152 140-205 39 4056 Aplodinotus grunniens 1 248 170 170 Cypelnus carpio 20 304 227-405 415 8309 Dorosoma ceoedianum 6 262 228-365 256 1536 Notroots hudsonius 11 109 97-116 18 203 Perca flavescens 35 173 81-216 74 2593 Sctzestedton v. vitreum 2 255 254-255 130 260 Subtotal 179 - 17127 11 August 1975 Aplodinotus grunniens 1 272 200 200 Cyprtnus carplo 15 326 245-368 494 7404 Dorosoma ceoedianum 61 191 124-385 87 5302 Morone chryscos 1 218 140 140 Notropis hudsonius 8 115 107-190 18 147 Perca flavescens 76 177 82-224 75 5666 Pomoxts annularis 1 230 158 158 Stizostedian canadense 1 315 250 250 Subtotal 164 19267 8 September 1975 Alosa pseudoharengus 16 111 95-142 18 291 Aplodinotus grunntens 3 113 85-165 79 238 Cyprinus carpio 2 343 330-355 532 1064 Morone chryscos 1 95 10 10 Notropis hudsonius 8 109 95-124 17 149 Perca flavescens 31 168 92-207 61 1904 Subtotal 61 3656 6 October 1975 Alosa pseudoharengus 4 133 100-148 22- 86 Aplodinotus grunniens 6 114 86-156 13 78 Cyprinus carpio 2 346 329-362 573 1146 Dorosoma cepedianum - 14 132 89-175 25 354 Notropts hudsontus 7 113 100-137 13 94
- Perca flavescens 22 183 94-230 71 1552 Subtotal 55 3310
29 TABLE 12 (CO N 'T .) ANALYSIS OF GILL NET CATCH AT LOCUST POINT STATION 8 - JULY-DECEMBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g) Dat e - Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 3 November 1975 Alosa pseudoharengus 3 140 135-142 26 78 Aplodinotus grunntens 5 146 93-315 94 468 Dorosoma cecedianum 38 142 129-166 30 1143 Notroots hudsonius 37 113 102-124 13 493 Osmerus mordax 8 157 65-212 35 276 Perca flavescens 20 178 145-213 66 1327 Sttzostedton v. vttreum 1 185 54 54 Subtotal 112 3839 TOTAL
- 571 47199 17 November 1975 Dorosoma cepedianum 6 122 78-135 23 '137 Notropts hudsonius 25 113 105-123 17 417 Osmerus mordax 5 173 149-215 35 177 Perca flavescens 6 180 165-192 76 453 Subtotal 42 1184 16 December 1975 Alosa pseudoharengus 1 95 8 8 Dorosoma cepedianum 5 140 123-155 30 148 Notropts hudsonius 7 108 100-115 14 96 Osmerus mordax 6 166 155-180 2S ~168 Subtotal 19 420 TOTAL
- 632 48803
- The total through 3 November 1975 should be used for comparisons with results from previous years, since the later samples were not collected in previous years, l
l I
30 TABLE 13 ANALYSIS OF GILL NET CATCH AT LOCUST POINT
- STATION 13 - JULY-DECEMBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g)
Date - Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 14 July 1975 Alosa pseudoharengus 159 154 137-200 37 5883 Aplodinotus grunntens 1 142 30 30 Carassius auratus 3 291 274-310 387 1161 Cycrinus caroto 4 383 327-460 739 2954 Dorosoma cecedianum 50 172 72-360 128 6404'C Ictalurus nebulosus 1 184 110 110 I. punctatus 1 209 56 56 Morone chryseos 6 162 135-184 57 341 Notroots hudsonius 3 115 110-120 19 57 Osmerus mordax 1 148 20 20 Pecca flavescens 22 150 43-202 63 1375 Stizestedton canadense 1 273 203 203 S. v. vitreum 2 258 242-273 161 322
~
Subtotal 254 18912 11 August 1975 Aplodinotus grunniens 1 290 250 250 Cyprinus carpio 28 340 289-400 534 14942 Dorosoma cepedianum 184 141 93-293 48 8832 Ictalurus nebulosus 1 285 290 290 I. punctatus 2 315 215-415 327 653 Morone chrysoos 7 149 83-210 62 434 Notroots hudsonius 6 116 95-139 17 103 Perca flavescens 33 170 137-205 66 2171 Stizostedton canadense 1 335 326 326
~
S. v. vitreum 1 138 20 20 Subtotal 264 28021 8 September 1975 Aplodinctus grunniens 2 90 85-95 11 22 Caraestus auratus 4 240 213-295 210 838 Cyprinus carpio 14 336 233-395 544 7615 Dorosoma ceoedianum 3 144 130-160 35 106 Lepomis gibbosus 1 142 68 68 Morone chrysops 1 -134 30 30 Notropis hudsonius 10 114 100-120 18 184
'~
- a .
31 7
' TABLE 13 (CO N'T .)
ANALYSIS OF GILL Nt=,i CATCH AT LOCUST POINT STATION 13 - JULY-DECEMBER.1975 t Length (mm) Weight (g) Taxa No. Mean Range Meen Total Date 8 September 1975 cont. 35 175 92-204 73 2570 Perca flavescens 135 170 170 Pomoxts annularis 1 360 335 360 Stizostedton canadense 1 39 1 177 39 S. v. vitreum 73 12002 Subtotal 6 October 1975 70 Alosa pseudoharengus 4 123 104-140 18 Aplodinotus grunntens 5 121 90-164 21 105 3 357 340-376 597 1790 Cyprinus carpio Octosoma cepedianum 139 146 90-409 48 6663 Morone chryscos 4 99 91-115 10 38 Notropis hudsonius 35 114 99-130 14 475 26 177- 95-207 69 1784 Perea flaveseens Subtotal 216 10925' 3 November 1975 1125 Alosa pseudoharengus 47 134 109-157 24 2 313 312-313 469 937 Cyprinus carpto Dorosoma cepedianum 46 140 121-169 32 1466 Morone chrysops 1 147 40 40 Notropis hudsonius 64 112 102-124 16 1020 19 174 149-205 31 592 Osmerus mordax 28 179 91-250 78 2182 Perca Ravescens
' Percopsis omiscomaycus 1 121 16 16 208 7378 Subtotal 1015 77258 TOTAL
- 17 November 1975 Carassius auratus 2 257 212-302 336 671 -
Cyprinus carpio 6 369 314-530 939 4697 Dorosoma cepedianum 42 135 88-158 27 1154
}
Notropts hudscatus 45 111 102-130 14 634 42 170 147-233 31 1286 I Osmerus mordax , 17 g 189 155-227 83 1419 Perca flavescens 153 3 9861 Subtotal
32 TABLE 13 (CO N 'T .) ANALYSIS OF GILL NET CATCH AT LOCUST POINT STATION 13 - JULY-DECEMBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g) Date Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 16 December 1975 Cyprinus carpio 1 352 736 736 Dorosoma cepedianum 7 169 122-407 138 963 Notroots hudsenius 5 108 104-112 13 66 Osmerus mordax 1 223 75 75 Subtotal 14 1840 TOTAL
- 1182 88939
- The total through 3 November 1975 should be used for compartscns with results from previcus years, since the later samples were not collected in previous years.
l
33 \ l l l i i TABLE 14 ANALYSIS OF SHCRE SEINE CATCH AT LOCUST POINT 15 JULY 1975 l l i Length (mm) Weight (g) Station Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 23 Alosa pseudoharengus 1144 36 25-55 Ocrosoma cecedianum 124 38 27-61 Morone chrysocs 19 44 34-61 1 23 Notroots atherinoides 455 62 21-111 1 546
& hudsonius 7 32 22-54 1 4 Subtotal . 1749 573 24 Alosa pseudoharengus 2976 35 26-55 1 1488 Dorosoma cepedianum 310 35 27-61 Labidesthes sicculus 2 31 30-32 1 1 l Morone chrysops 3 44 41-45 1 4 Notroots atherinoides 36 74 52-100 3 105 N. hudsonius 2 48 44-51 1 2 Subtotal 3329 1600 25 Alosa pseudoharengus 2253 36 29-56 1 1127 Dorosoma ccpedianum 262 34 26-61 Morone chrysops 4 44 39-47 1 4 Notreets atherinoides 622 72 58-111 3 1804 Subtotal 3141 2935 r 1 Total 8219 5108 l
e y- -
34 TABLE 15 ANALYSIS OF SHORE SEINE CATCH AT LOCUST POINT 12 AUGUST 1975 Length (mm) , Weight (g) Station Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 23 Alosa pseudoharengus 36 33 27-40 Dorosoma cepedianum 10 48 33-109 2 24 L.abidesthes sicculus 2 49 48-50 1 1 Notroots atherinoides 382 42 27-85 1 62
& sollopterus 1 64 3 3 Subtotal 430 90 24 Alosa pseudoharengus 145 34 26-43 1 73 Ocrosoma cecedianum 110 40 30-58 1 77 Labidesthes sicculus 1 37 1 1 Notropts atherinoides 854 41 23-72 1 497 Subtotal 1110 648 25 Alosa pseudoharengus 222 34 24-46 Dorosoma cepedianum 17 31 27-38 Labidesthes sicculus- 2 42 34-49 1 1 Notropis atherinoldes 384 42 22-80 1 230 Subtotal 625 231 Total 2165 969
----r- ~>.wm-
35 TABLE 16 ANALYSIS OF SHORE SEINE CATCH AT LOCUST POINT 10 SEPTEMBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g) i Station Taxa No, Mean Range Mean Total i 23 Alosa pseudoharengus 3 34 28-46 1 2 Dorosoma cepedianum 6 121 54-162 27 163 Notroots atherinoides 5 50 26-88 2 10
& sollopterus 1 76 5 5 Subtotal 15 180 24 Alosa pseudoharengus 5 40 31-45 1 4 Dorosoma cepedianum 10 54 45-140 5 45 Notropis atherinoides 17 46 24-87 1 19 67 3 3
& hudsonius 1 Subtotal 33 71 25 Alosa pseudoharengus 2 27 23-30 0.2 0.4 Dorosoma cepedianum 1 30 0.3 0.3 Labidesthes sicculus 2 68 66-69 2 3 l
Notroots atherincides 23 53 34-92 2 39 Subtotal 28 43 ! Total 76 294 l .
36 TABLE 17 ANALYSIS OF SHORE SEINE CATCH AT LOCUST POINT 14 OCTOBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g) Station Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 23 Alosa pseudoharengus 40 37 29-51 1 21 Dorosoma cecedianum 52 73 34-141 8 438 Morone chrysoos 1 86 6 6 Notropis atherinoides 628 52 30-100 2 1021 Pimephales promelas 1 46 1 1 Subtotal 722 1487 24 Dorosoma cecedianum 9 101 62-192 21 185 , Notroots atherinoides 18 48 33-101 2- 31 Subtotal 27 216 25 Alosa pseudoharengus 5 31 28-39 1 3 Dorosoma cepedianum 1 122 23 23 Labidesthes sicculus 1 61 1 1 Morone chrysops 1 107 14 14 Notropis atherinoides 112 40 31-82 1 74 Subtetal 120 115 Total 869 1818
37 TABLE 18 ANALYSIS OF SHORE SEINE CATCH AT LOCUST POINT 5 NOVEMBER 1975 Length (mm) . Weight (g) Station Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total l 23 Alosa pseudoharengus 2 39 36-41 1 1 Notrcots atherinoides 33 56 41-86 1 48 ! Subtotal 35 49 i l 24 Notroots atherinoldes 15 48 42-59 1 15 Osmerus mordax 1 144 19 19 i Subtotal 16 34 25 Notroots atherinoides 94 53 38-89 1 111 I Total 145 . 194 l l [ . _
38 TABLE 19 ANALYSIS OF TRAWL CATCH AT LOCUST POINT JULY - NOVEMBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g) Date Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 15 July 1975 Aplodinotus grunniens 1 2 88 88 Morone chryscos 12 82 28-205 29 347 Notropis atherinoides 2 55 43-67 2 3 N. hudsonius 1 120 21 21 Osmerus mordax 4 31 25-41 1 4 Perca flavescens 3 128 46-173 40 120 Percina caorodes 2 66 42-89 5 10 Pomoxis annularis 1 197 117 117 Subtotal 26 710 21 August 1975 Cyprinius carpio 1 441 1135 1135 Dorosoma cecedianium 2 61 52-70 . 4 7 Ictaturus nebulosus 1 215 135 135 Morone chrysops 6 62 22-76 4 24 Notroots atherinoides 6 86 81-93 5 30 Osmerus mordax 2 25 23-27 i Perca flavescens 2 127 75-178 37 73- ! Pomoxis nigromaculatus 1 193 114 114 ! Subtotal 21 1518 15 September 1975 Aplodinotus grunrie ns 1 85 7 7 Cyorinius carpio 2 327 278-376 549 1098 i Dorosoma cepedianum 2 43 21-64 1 2 l Ictaturus nebulosus 1 240 181 181 I_. punctatus 1 64 3 3 Notropis atherinoides 2 59 31-87 2 4 N. hudsonius 9 92 72-109 7 60 I e e- = = a===g .e- +4.- . -wammmmm ,,
39 TABLE 19 (CO N 'T .) ANALYSIS OF TRAWL CATCH AT LOCUS POINT JULY - NOVEMBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g) Date Taxa No. Mean ' Range Mean 1 Total Osmerus mordax 1 36 - - Perca flavescens 1 159 50 50 Percina caproces 2 50 30-70 2 3 Subtotal 22 1408 14 October 1975 Alosa pseudoharengus 4 118 113-120 15 60 Actedinotus gniens 2 84 52-116 8 16 Carassius aurabas 1 261 365 . 365 Cyprinus carpio 1 324 616 616
' Corosoma cepedianum - 14 102 62-126 12 171 Etheastema nigram 1 37 1 1 Morone chrysops 2 89 83-95 8 17 Notropts atherinoides 331 , 70 40-108 28 9268 N. hudsonius 2 92 80-103 8 17 Perca flavescens 1 226 120 120 Pomoxis annularis 1 78 5 5 Subtotal 360 10656 7 November 1975 !
CyprInus carplo 1 350 719 719 Dorosoma cepedlantum 6 110 86-127 16 93 l Notropis atherinoides 378 81 43-95 34 12852 ! Perca flavescens 1 198 90 90 Percina caprodes 1 70 3 3 Subtotal 387 13757 TOTAL 816 28049 1 i e
40 TABLE 20 ANALYSIS OF TRAWL CATCH FROM THE INTAKE CANAL AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER. STATION Length (mm) ' Weight (g) Date Taxa No , Mean Range Mean Total June 13, 1975 Lepomis gibbosus 2 107 103-110 35 69 Notropis hudsonius 1 86 7 7 Perca flavescens (adult) 5 120 110-125 25 123 L flavescens (YOY) 11 29 20-35 Pomoxis nigromaculatus 1 22 Subtotal 20 199 Septemoer 16, 1975 Carassius auratus 2 124 124-124 35 69 Cyprinus carpio 13 109 89-134 21 275 Dorosoma cecedlanum 8 105 96-117 14 108 Ictaturus metas 24 86 66-114 12 285
- 1. punctatus 2 71 69-73 3 6 Leccmis cyanellus 2 37 35-G8 1 2 6 gibbosus 2 46 45-47. 2 3 6 macrochirus 1 36 1 1 Perca flavescens 4 91 64-158 12 49 Percopsis omiscomaycus 3 82 80-86 7 21 Pomoxis annularis 323 74 61-89 4 1292 L nigromaculatus 16 72 55-80 5 75 Subtotal 400 2106 TOTAL 420 < 2385 i
t
41 TABLE 21 w ANALYSIS OF HOOP NET CATCH IN NORTHWEST MARSH (STATION 21) 7 JULY - NOVEMBER 1975 Lencth (mm) Weicht rot Date Taxa No. Mean Range Mean Total 14 July 1975 Cyprinus carpio 2 415 354-476 941 1882 11 August 1975 Cyprinus carpio 1 541 1953 1953 Blandings Turtle 2 196 191-200 1026 2051 8 September 1975 No Fish 6 October 1975 - Cyprinus carpio 2 518 465-571 1642 3284 3 November 1975 Cyprinus carpio 1 555 2038 2038 TOTAL 6 9157 TABLE 22 ANALYSIS OF HOOP NET CATCH IN SOUTHEAST MARSH (STATION 22) JULY - NOVEMBER 1975 Length (mm) Weight (g) Date Taxa No. Mean Range Mean . Total 14 July 1975 Cyprinus _carpio 2 351 308-393 562 1124 Pomoxts a.. 41 arts 1 303 420 420 Subtotal 3 11 August 1975 i No Fish 8 September 1975 Cyprinus caro 1o' 1 253 228 228 6 October 1975 No Fish 3 November 1975 No Fish
. TOTAL 4 1772
42 I Fry Net. A total of 3,031 fry and 190 eggs were collected from April through September (Table 23 and 2' 4). No fry were collected in April, August, or September. Perca flavescens (yellow perch) was the most numerous species captured (2,112 or 70% of the total fry captured). Of the 2,112 yellow perch
~ fry . captured, 2,096 or 99% were captured in May (Table 23). Over 98% of the eggs collected were taken from Toussaint Reef (Table 24).
Food Habits Stomachs were removed from 76 fish representing 12 species from July through November (Table 25). Crustacea and benthic midges composed the majority of the food consumed. By October the food was almost entirely plankonic crustaceans. Mason (1973) was used to identify the midges. Additional data are , centained in Appendix 0, Water Ouality J The results of the monthly water quality determinations at Stations 1, 8, and 13 are shown, in Tables 26-31. Solar Radiation measurements for Stations 4, 8, and 13 are given in Table 32. , The mean values and ranges for water quality determinations for the first and second halves of 1975 are shown in Table 33. DISCUSSION Plankton Phytoplankton . This was the second year in which phytoplankton has been analyzed quantitatively at Locust Point, and, therefore, the first time quantitative comparisons could be made. Total phytoplankton populations from 1975 were much larger than 1974 populations except in May. and November (Fig. 3). Phytoplankton populattens - tr 1974 were characterized by diatoms and spring and #all pulses (Fig. 6). The spring pulse was due to diatoms and occurred in May. The fall pulse was doc
TABLE 23
- SPECIES ANALYSIS OF ICHTHY'OPLANKTON COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF LOCUST POINT, LAKE ERIE APRIL - SEPTEMBER 1975 Length Individuals Captured Por S-minute Tow j Date Taxa Range Sta. 8 (Intal <e) Sta . 12 (Discharge) Toussaint Rec." Sta. 19 (Canal) ; (mm) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom
]l 22 April 1975 - No larvae captured 1 Emerald shiner 48-55 0 2 O O , (Notropis a, atherinoides) , 12 May 1975 1 Emerald shiner 43-51 O O 2 0 - - - ~ r (Notropis e . atherinoides) Yellow perch 6-7 0 226 0 072 - - - - (Perca flavescens) 58 25 May 1975 . 1 Emerald shiner 62 1 O O O O O - - (Notropis a. atherinoides) Yellow perch 6-12 0 515 99 376 0 0 - - (Perca flavescens) . White sucl<er 7 0 1 O O O O - - (Catostomus c. comr.,orsoni) r Fish eggs - 0 0 0 0 60 7 - - 2 June 1975 h 1 Emerald shiner 54-64 1 1 0 0 0 0 - - (Notropis a. atherinoides) Yellow perch 0-13 0 2 1 8 O O - - (Perca flavescens) , e
TABLE 23 CONT. SPECIES ANALYSIS OF ICHTlWOPLANKTON COLLECTED
, IN THE VICINITY OF LOCUST POINT, LAKE ERIE APRIL - SEPTEMBER 1975 Length Individuals Captured Per 5-minute 'fow
~! Data Taxa Range Sta. O (Intake) Sta. 12 (Discharge) Toussair* "eef Sta . 19 (Canal) , (mm) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Gizzard shad 6-15 0 400 13 31 O O - - (Dorosoma cepedianum) Fish eggs - - 0 0 0 0 13 4 - -
.13-16 June 1975 Emerald shiner O 1 O O 1 O O O O (Notropis a. atherinoides)
Yellow perch 12-15 2 0 2' 1 O O O O (Perca navescens) Gizzard shad 4 2 7 36 76 O O 37 27 (Dorosoma cepedianum) R j White base 10 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 O (Morone chrysops)
, White crappie 4-7 O O O O O O 32 148
( Pomoxis annularis) Cara 4-7 0 0 0 4 O O 2 4 (Cyprinus carpio) Unknown 5-6 0 0 4 O O O O O Fish eggs , 0 0 0 0 2 10 0 0 22 June 1975 Emerald shiner 7-12 O O O O 2 0 - - (Notropis a. atherinoides) . Gizzard shad 7-10 0 7 1 O O O - - (Dorosoma cepedianum)
*e
___m.__ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ . - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
t-i TABLE 23 CONT. i SPECIES ANALYSIS OF ICHTHYOPLANKTON COLLECTED IN THE VICINITY OF LOCUST POINT, LAKE ERIE APRIL - SEPTEMBER 1975 Length Individuals Captured Per 5-minute Tow Date Taxa Range Sta. 8 (Intake) Sta. 12 (DischarOe) Toussaint Reef Sta. 10 (Canal) (mm) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Carp , 6 O O O O O 1 - - (Cyprinus carpio) Fish eggs - 2 1 O O 64 1 - - 2 July 1975 Gizzard shad 5-13 O 5 0 43 O O - - (Dorosoma cepedianum) Emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) 0-14 O O O O 13 1 - - Fish eggs O o 0 0 14 10 - - oi 13 July 1975 Carp 6 1 O O O O O - - (Cyprinus carpio) Gizzard shad 10-13 O O 1 O O 1 - - (Dorosoma cepedianum) Fish eggs O O G O 2 0 - - 4 August 1975 No Fish O O O O O O - - 30 August 1975 No Fish O O O O O O - - 16 September 1975 No Fish - - - - - - O O 3 Adults "O" Indicates no fry appeared in sample.
" " thrdncAms rim awrsmfW wnve R#mm
4 TABLE 24 TOTAL ICHTHYOPLANKTON CAPTURED IN THE VICINITY OF. LOCUST POINT, LAKE ERIE APRIL - SEPTEMBER 1975 Station 8 Station 13 Toussaint Reef Station 19 Total Date Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 22 April . Larvae O O O O - - - - O O Eggs O O O O - - - - 0 0 12 May Larvae O 226 0 872 - - - - 0 1098 Eggs O O O O - - - - 0 0 25 May Larvae O 516 OG 376 O O - - 99 000 Eggs O O O O 60 7 - - 63 7 2 June Larvae O 410
~
14 39 0 0 - - 14 449 Eggs O O O O 13 4 - - 13 4 13-16 June
- Larvae 5 7 42 81 O O 72 179 119 267 Eggs O O O O 2 10 0 0 2 10 22 June Larvao O 7 ) 9 2 1 - -
3 17 Eggs 2 1 O O 64 1 - - 66 2
f
~. l TABLE 24 (CON'T.)
TOTAL ICHTHYOPLANKTON CAPTURED , IN THE VICINITY OF LOCUST POINT, LAKE ERIE APRIL - SEPTEMBER 1975 Station 8 Station 13 Toussaint Reef Station 19 Yotal Date Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom 2 July 4. Larvae O 5 0 43 13 1 - - 13 49 E 0gs O O O O 14 10 - - 14 10 13 July Larvae 1 0 1 O O 1 - - 2 1 E90s O O O O 2 0 - - 2 O
^
4 August 4 Larvae O O O O O O - - O O j E 0gs O O O O O O - - O O 30 August Larvae O O O O O O - - O O Eggs O O O O O O - - 0 0 16 Sept - . Larvae - - - - - - O O O O Eggs - - - - - - 0 0 0 0 TOTAL Larvao 6 1171 157 1420 15 11' 72 179 250 2781 Eggs 2 1 O O 155 32 O O 157 33 .
"O" Indicates no fry appeared ir) sample.
"" Indicates no sample was taken, i
___ .o
i TABLE 25 I
SUMMARY
OF FOOD HABITS OF FISH COLLECTED AT LOCUST POINT
- JULY - NOVEMBER 1975 Food ILonis 1 2 e _
i b" d . o re R a
* =
e s y . E 3
$" j f E b y 0
. N, d 2 2 a u 5e g "
p - L u - "2 E e Month Species No. % Length (mm) j j 2 3 E e p g I g Captured Containing Mean Range { E E { f y g j g f! y - g E ! { 5 h j Q M $ 0 o dl 6 13 s h 0 O E l S O O -
- July Aplcxtisetua grunntens 1 100 200 48 52 64 96 Mor. ,no ci ry: a ,p t. 3 100 101 175-200 S 347 Nc,tropis tudsonius 1 0 120 Porca flavascens 2 100 169 165-170 1 6 Percina caprodes 1 100 09 6 Pomoxts annularis 1 100 107 40 43 2 g Subtotal 9 ,
w August Ictaturus neta,losus 1 100 215 35 Morone cl.<ysops 5 100 70 59-70 17 5 1 63 , 1 1 , Notropis atherinoldes 6 100 06 01-03 1 2 8 2 4 2 Perca flavescens 2 100 127 76-170 19 Pc moxis ntoromaculatus 1 100 103 Subtotal 15 . Szpttmber Aplodinotus gnanniens 1 100 85 Ictalurus netxalosus 1 100 240 2 Ictalunes punctatus 1 100 64 1 1 Notropis atherinoides 1 100 87 60 . 232 '20 16 4 4 N. twalsonius 9 100 02 72-100 1 2 1 3 2 - Ecca flavescena 1 100 159 9 11 1 2 15 Perciru caprodes 1 100
- 70 '
I Subtotal 15 i
- .pq ) _
igVd*.E X XX _
- h8 E 5 XX XXX XXXX X XXXX)<
.g .;7@I)z 2 1 sE
's,
*2" *5po'le ,'
- 36 4 1 9 2
.aa .8E@22o 1 T
N I i E j ) 8 a i 1 O P *? { gaF T S 1 1 2 .E@8ggex 1 U s
'C m d" ILfq62a 1 1 4
45 e 1 O t i L o o I E2 - Tl a 1 1 T o F 8 A 2 .E82I a'2 1 D 3 E 2 *?2* o
. T 5 C7 .g.gggzjnDo 1 3 5 0 4
1
)
E9 1 L .# *E$@Io 2 1 3 1 T LR
'N OE .2E@2Eo O CB C HM 1
( .[= .8Ey@ ro 5 SE 2 I V FO ae$a E F N ) e f O 7 i. 037 0 9 L O- m g 2 1 701 0 1 B n n - - - - - - ( a _ r 5 5 01 5 2 A SY R 7 1 i t 587 . 7 T I TL h t I ) B U n n
. c a a 01 0097 50073 5047290 J e 002000 1 7029 8460957 A
21 1 1 H LM 1 2 1 1 2 , 1 g n D i nd
- O %a ooi 000000 00000 0000000 O t nF 03 300 00000 0000000 F o 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 C
F d e O r - ot u Y Np a 1 01 21 1 O 1 5821 5 1 1 1 1 1 91 1 5 - R C 1 A s M s t u M n s a s s e e l n e U s c d u e s sd tn c lu s s s u c i S n u _ i i n p n n e r i s s o s a u o s a s s p n n m n s a n t , o m e d a lo o i u o t n e do gm o. r e l t c or u au s e c o t l r c o r c gb u n h s c _ s e y d s p n y s r s r e o swu t - e r h u e p _ p sr u u ve a n al t nhc av tnl p tL i v a l S i t a c u n ss s so fla c ta _ t c a s a a o u l s to s f s t. l t n o lp f a _ d n i o a c o bu i n x i t u e r n p t u o o a ot t xs oim
- l
)
4u d ai a o n b t o ro r c l r r c r u o u i. u hc c u l p o o e e o S AMNPPP, t r r m t a oto or o-c Mi P P r j
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r r S e e
. I i a P r
e h t b n t s m o u e y t M l g p _ u u e S _ J A
TABLE 25 (CON'T.)
SUMMARY
OF FOOD HABITS OF FISH COLLECTED AT LOCUST POINT
- JULY - NOVEMBER 1975
, i Food items I j
- . I r a c
- r d a =
l g h k j ! h 8 ! i-3
- Month Species No. */. Len0th (mm) f 8 f
Captured Containin0 Mean Ran00 Food E o
- 9 O
N f o E S f h l O U h 8
$* U e h. a' m m o o al a*
w a E 5 & o f 6 0 6 } 8 A October- Alot,a pseud <Aurengus 4 100 118 113-120 31 28 1570 4 82 28 47 341 Aplodinotua grunniens 2 100 U4 62-111 1 1 1 1 8 L'.ttwot.Lonu niorum 1 100 37 7 0 1 0 73 Mororm chrysopts 2 100 00 83-05 30 13 0 Notropis atherinoides 10 100 76 62-90 80 2 49 111 1
& hudsonius 2 100 02 80-103 2 39 6 1 (p Porca flavescens 1. 100 226 U Pomoxis annularis 1 100 78 11 10 200 38 19 2 34 Sut, total 23 Novtmber Notropis atherinoldes 12 68 73 47-03 1 2 2 13 1 Pecca flavescens 1 0 108 Percina caprodes 1 100 70 6 4 1 Subtotal 14 TOTAL 76 1
s +i I, . ] f TABLE 25 (CON'T.) -I SUMMA 14Y OF FOOD HABITS OF lilSt I COLLECTED AT LOCUST POINT * < 1
! JULY - NOVEMBER 1976 j Fe,Litem1. II
.i
* ~
i a . 4 6 i i . a g - . t. , . . 2 2 & * . G 2 = $" P E
- 8
- g . a 3
- - n 2 2 = - a o .
E E 7 c 2 = 2 2 E S' . n t a
, Month Spectes No. */. Leroth (mm) e g g g g 3 y n , y j g 3 g n Captured Containing Mean Rango ' h 2 p p g' S $ U u 2 - $
~k 2 Food 9 a
2 o y o i o C o h o a 8 a e x a e 8 a i e f f z f y 3 7 3 to 4 a October Alo< a pt.eudoturervius 4 100 110 113-120 X Aplodiemuun gnavitens 2 100 04 52-11 t X CUwror.tosru anqnsm 1 100 37 3 Morono chrycops 2 100 00 03-05 , X Notropis atharinoides to 100 76 62 -00 X 100 92 00-100 X i tudsonius t 2 X Porca slavescens 1 100 226 1 Pomoxts aevularis 1 100 70 X Subtotal 23 November Notropts atherinoides 12 58 73 47-03 X Porca flavescons 1 0 100 Perciru caprodes 1 100 70 1 Subtotal 14
~
TOTAt. 70 Data presented as mean rumber of food items per rit.h.
~
"X" indicates the presence of a food item.
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- 3 o :- ca 1* O W Q F c. o m . er e .
4moeii_ = m- N eW 44p.no w w , 'w- er %+b -
v 1 t I TABLE 27 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR AUGUST 1975 Dates: Field 11 Auo. 1975' Laboratory 12 Auo. 107 Paramete rs Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No. 13 RanDe Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation 1 Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 24.5 24.0 24.5 24.0 24.5 24.0 24.0-24.5 24.3 0.3 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 0.2 8.8 0.8 0.1 0.8 9.3 8.8-9.8 0.3 0.4 ' Conductivity (umhos/cm) 215 215 215 220 220 220 215-220 218 3 Transparency (m) 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.6-1.0 0.0 0.2 Depth (m) 2.0 4.0 3.5 2.0-4.0 3.2 1.0 ci Laboratory Determinations: ta Calcium (mg/l) 30.4 30.0 20.2 20.2 30.0 29.6 20.2-30.4 20.7 0.5 MaOnesium (mg/l) 7.0 7.0 B.4 7.7 8.2 7.0 7.O-8.4 7.0 0.5 Sodium (mg/l) 7.4 7.1 6.4 6.4 7.1 7.1 6.4-7.4 6.0 0.4 Chloride (mg/l) 15.5 13.8 13.5 13.5 14.0 13.5 13.5-15.5 14.0 0.8 Nitrate (mg/l) 0.20 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.80 0.50 0.00-0.00 0.30 0.36 Sulfate (mg/l) 26.5 22.0 22.5 18.5 22.5 10.5 18.5-26.5 21.0 2.8. Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 .O.00 i Silica (mg/l) 0.13 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.10 0.07-0.13 0.'11 0.02 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 84 05 83 04 85 86 03-86 85 1 B .O . D. (mg/l) 4 3 0 3 3 2 2-4 3 1 Saspended Solids (mg/1) 11 13 6 8 11 11 6-13 10 3 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 184 154 162 '156 148 150 148-184 ISO 13 Turbidity (F.T.U .) 3 2 2 2 2 2 2-3 2 0.4 PH 8.75 8.65 0.08 8.00 0.00 0.70 8.65-0.08 8.83 0.16 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 195 240 235 233 250 245 105-250 233 20
+
4 TABLE 28 .; LAKE ERIE' WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR SlJPTEMBER 1975 Dates: Field 8 Sept. 1975 Laboratory 9 Sept. 19' Paramete rs Station No. 1- Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: - Temperature ( C) 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 0.0 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 0 . 4, 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3-0.6 9.5 O.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 235 235 230 235 240 240 230-240 236 4 Transparency (m) O.5 0.7 0.5 0.5-0.7 0.6 0.1 Depth (m) 2.0 4.0 3.4 2.0-4.0 3.1 1.0 Lat> oratory Determinations: $ Calcium (mg/l) 32.8 32.0 34.4 33.6 32.0 32.0 32.0-34.4 32.0 0.0 Magnesium (mg/l) 7.2 7.7 7.2 7.0 8.6 7.7 7.O-8.6 7.6 0.6 Sodium (mg/l) 10.0 8.4 8.0 0.2 0.6 8.4 8.4-10.0 0.1 0.7 .. Chloride (mg/l) 16.5 15.5 15.0 17.0 16.5 14.5 14.5-17.0 15.8 1.0 Nitrate (mg/l) 3.1 3.5 1.3 2.7 2.2 2.7 1.3-3.5 2.6 0.0 Sulfate (mg/l) 17.0 10.0 19.0 20.0 10.0 17.0 17.O-20.0 18.5 1.2 Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Silica (mg/l) 0.61 0.60 0.57 0.71 0.66 0.50 0.57-0.71 0.62 0.05 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 88 90 88 80 87 88 87-00 88 1 B .O . D. (mg/l) 3 3 2 2 3 3 2-3 3 0.5 Suspended Solids (mg/l) 14 10 13 15 20 27 13-27 18 5 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 152 142 134 128 136 140 128-152 130 8 Turbidity (F.T.U .) 12 14 10 13 15 16 10-16 13 2 pH 8.4 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.4 8.5 8.4-8.6 8.5 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 215 217 214 217 220 215 214-220 216 2
k TABLE 20 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR OCTOBER 1975 Dates: Field 6 Oct. 1975 Laboratory 7 Oct. 197 Parameters Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Station No.13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: , Temperature (OC) 13.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 13.0-14.0 13.3 0.5 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 11.1 10.8 10.7 10.0 10.8 10.4 10.0-11.1 10.6 0.4 Conductivity (umhos/cni) 320 320 280 280 295 310 280-310 301 19 Transparency (m) 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.3-O.5 0.4 0.1 Depth (m) 2.0 4.0 3.1 2.0-4.0 3.0 1.0 on Laboratory Determinations: 05
' Calcium (mg/l) 40.8 42.0 38.0 37.2 40.0 41.2 37.2-42.0 39.9 1.9 Magnesium (mg/l) 10.6 10.8 8.4 8.0 8.9 7.9 7.0-10.8 0.3 1.2 Sodium (mg/l) 14.4 14.4 14.4 12.2 13.0 13.0 12.2-14.4 13.6 1,,0 Chloride (mg/l) 22.5 22.5 19.3 18.8 21.0 21.0 18.8-22.5 20.9 1.6 Nitrate (mg/l) 8.4 8.4 7.3 8.0 6.0 7.7 6.0-8.4 7.8 0.6 Sulfate (mg/l) 39.5 30.5 30.0 27.0 31.0 30.5 27.O-39.5 32.9 5.3.
Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.03 0.03 0.02' O.03 0.03 0.03 0.02-0.03 0.03 ,0.004 Silica (mg/l) 0.30 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.23 0.19 0.10-0.30 0.'22 0.04 Total Alkalir ity (mg/l) 105 109 101 97 101 111 97-111 104 5 B .O . D . (mg/ l) 3 4 2 2 2 3 2-4 3 1 Suspended Solids (mg/l) 35 30 14 13 17 18 13-35 21 9 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 200 100 164 158 170 176 164-200 178 18 Turbidity (F.T.U .) 32 31 16 18 23 22 16-32 24 7 pH 8.6 8.7 8.4 8.2 8.4 8.4 8.2-8.7 8.5 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 322 349 312 298 312 324 298-349 320 17
e TABLE 30 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR NOVEMBER 1975 Dates: Field 3 Nov. 1975 Laboratory 4 Nov. 1975 Parameters Station No. 1' Station No. 8 Station No. 13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements: Temperature ( C) 10.5 10.5 10.0 10.0 10.5 10.5 10.0-10.5 10.3 0.3 Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) .11.8 11.8 11.8 11.5 11.8 11.7 11.5-11.8 11.7 0.1 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 260 260 260 260 200 260 260 260' O.O Transparency (m) O.40 0.50 0.45 O.40-0.50 0.45 0.05 . Depth (m) 2.0 4.0 3.1 2.0-4.0 3.0 1.0 on Laboratory Determinations: 08 Calcium (mg/l) 30.0 35.2 38.4 37.6 36.8 33.6 33.6-38.4 36.3 1.7 Magnesium (mg/t) 6.5 7.0 4.3 5.0 5.3 7.2 4.3-7.2 5.0 1.2 Sodium (mg/1) 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 10.4 0.0 Chloride (mg/l) 16.5 16.5 16.8 16.5 16.0 16.0 16.O-16.8 16.4 0.3
. Nitrate (mg/l) 2.1 2.1 2.4 1.8 2.1 3.1 1.0-3.1 2.3 0.5 Sulfate (mg/l) 22.0 23.5 22.0 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5-23.5 21.5 1.2 Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.02-0.04 0.03 .O.01 Silica (mg/l) 0.20 0.10 0.13 0.12 0.13 0.12 0.12-0.20 0.15 0.04 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 05 04 02 04 07 05 02-07 05 2 8.O .D. (mg/l) 1 1 1 1 1 2 1-2 1 0.4 Suspended Solids (mO/l) 20 10 11 11 21 23' 11-23 18 5 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 176 170 162 1,74 178 184 162-104 174 7 Turtidity (F.T.U .) 36 44 18 36 20 33 18-44 33 0 pH 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.6 7.7 7.7 7.7-8-2
. 7.8 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 300 302 307 300 305 306 300-307 303 3
6 TABLE 31 LAKE ERIE WATER QUALITY ANALYSES FOR DECEMBER 1975 Dates: Field 12-16-75
. Laboratory 12-17-75 Parameters Station No. 1 Station No. 8 Statica No. 13 Range Mean Standard Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Deviation Field Measurements:
-Temperature ( C) 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 45 -
4.5 O Dissolved Oxygen (ppm) 13.6 13.6 13.6 11.4 13.4 10.2 10.2-13.6 12.6 1.5 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 260 265 240 250 260 250 240-265 254 9.2 Transparency (m) 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3-0.4 0.4 0.1 Cepth (m) 1.0 4.0 3.3 1.0-4.0 3.1 1.1 Laboratory Determinations: 0 Calcium (mg/l) 35.2 35.2 34.0 34.0 33.6 35.2 33.6-35.2 34.5 0.7 Magnesium (mg/l) 8.2 7.9 8.2 8.4 8.9 7.0 7.9-8.9 8.3 0.4 Sodium (mg/l) 10.4 10.1 9.3 0.3 9.3 10.7 0.3-10.7 0.9 O.6 Chloride (mg/l) 15.8 16.3 15.0 15.8 16.3 16.3 15.8-16.3 16.1 0.3 Nitrate (mg/l) 5.1 5.5 3.7 2.4 2.8 3.7 2.4-5.5 3.9 1.2 Sulfate (mg/l) 28.5 27.0 27.5 28.5 27.5 27.0 27.O-28.5 27.7 0.7 Phosphorus (mg/l) 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01-0.02 0.01 0.01 Silica (mg/l) 0.25 0.24 0.25 0.19 0.10 0.16 0.16-0.25 3.21 0.04 Total Alkalinity (mg/l) 97 04 93 03 95 95 93-97 95 2 B .O . D . (mg/l) 2 2 2 2 2 1 1-2 1.8 0.4 Saspended Solids (mg/l) 20 10 11 21 20 23 11-29 21 6 Dissolved Solids (mg/l) 150 140 142 140 152 148 140-152 145 5 Turbidity (F.T.U .) 42 57 44 ,47 35 54 35-57 47 8 pH 7.6 8.0 8.0 8.1 7.8 7.0 7.6-8.1 7.0 0.2 Conductivity (umhos/cm) 285 288 280 207 290 300 280-300 290 7
58 TABLE 32 SOLAR RADIATION MEASUREMENTS IN LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD JULY - OCTOBER 1975 Station: 8 Station: 8 Date: 21 July Date: 7 September Depth Radiation Radiation 0.0 m 770 u amps 1400 u amps 1.0 120 450 2.0 53 65 3.0 17.5 10 4.0 4.3 2.0 5.0 0.5 Date: 13 October Depth Station 4 Station 8 Station 13 1100 hrs 1415 1300 1450 1325 1530 0.0 m 2240 1680 3120 1600 2440 1280 0.5 500 370 860 400 550 280 1.0 175 130 270 109 225 84 - 1.5 - 37 63 25 55 25 2.O 22 23 25 16 15 12. 2.5 ' 8 9.4 4.5 4.5 2.5 3.0 1.5 2.5 2.2 0.6 0.9 0.0 3.5 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.1 4.0 0.0 1 Measurements in d amps l l l
TABLE 33 i MEAN VALUES AND RANGES FOR WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS TESTED IN 1975 April ' June 1975 July - December 1975 Parameter Mean Range . Mean Range Units
- 1. Temperature 16.2 6.0-22.2 16.0 4.5-24.5 C
~
- 2. Dissolved oxygen 10.2 7.2-12.2 10.4 8.4-13.6 ppm
- 3. Conductivity 287 270-320 258 215-310 umhos/cm
- 4. Transparency O.5 0.3-0.6 0.60 0.3-1.0 m
- 5. Calcium a 36.0 32.8-46.0 34.2 20.2-42.0 mg/l *
- 6. Magnesium 7.05 6.5-10.3 0.0 4.3-10.8 mg/l.
- 7. Sodium O.23 8.O-10.7 0.5 6.4-14.4 mg/l B. Chloride 18.2 16.5-20.5 16.7 13.5-22.5 mg/l G. Nitrate 3.3 1.2-6.5 2.8 0.0-8.4 mg/l
- 10. Sulfate 26.6 22.5-30.0 23.6 17.0-30.5 mg/l
- 11. Phosphorus 0.04 0.01-0.07 0.02 0.00-0.03 mg/l
- 12. Silic.a O.25 0.06-0.55 0.32 0.07-O.71 mg/l
- 13. Total alkalinity 04 84-105 03 83-111 mg/l
- 14. BOD 3 1-5 2 1-4 mg/l
- 15. Suspended Sollds 23 7-50 10 6-35 mg/l 16 Dissolved Solids 188 148-236 154 120-200 mg/l
- 17. Turbidity 10 7-32 20.5 2.0-47.0 F.T.U.
- 10. Hydrogen-lons 8.23 7.72-8.85 8.4 7.6-0.1 pH
FIGURE 6 MEAN MONTHLY BACILLARIr'PHYCEAE, CHLOROPI(YCEAE, AND A YXOPHYCEAE , POPULATIONS FOR LAKE F IIE AT LOCUST POINT - 1974. 98,000 - Bacillarlophyceae 20,000 - Chlorophyceae Myxophyceae b t' q 15,000 -
.$ 8 8
[" 10,000 - O S,000 -
/
/
r / , O ' -- ' --~ APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV
61 to Chlorophyceans and occurred in November. Phytoplankton populations during the summer months of June, July, and August were very low. The 1975 population showed three pulses, one in April
.id one in November both dominated by diatoms and of similar ;
magnitude to the 1974 populatters and a huge August pulse composed almost entirely of Myxophyceans (Achanizomenon sp.) (f:Ig . 4) . This huge Achanizomenon sp. pulse was the major difference between the 2 years. The 1975 diatom population was larger than in 1974 but still quite comparable. The 1975 Chlorophycean population was slightly larger than the 1974 population except in November. The most probable cause for these differences is variations in the weather and climatic factors from year to year. The mean water temperatures for April, May, and June 1974 were 8.70C, 14.6 C, and 18.8 0 C, respectively. Therefore, it appears that the warm water temperatures of summer arrived approximately cne month earlier in 1975 than in 1974. This caused a similar shift in phytoplankten populations so that May 1974 resembles April 1975 more than May 1975. frollowing this early warming came a relatively calm summer. The water remained warm, the transparency increased and the turbidity decreased (see Water Quality section). According to Chandler and Weeks (1945) these are ideal conditions for Myxophycean 4 and Chlorophycean pulses. In fact, there is a very strong resem . blance between the 1975 Myxophycean pcpulations (Fig. 4) and the 1975 transparency curve (Fig. 15). Therefore, it appears probable the t the differences observed be'. ween 1974 and 1975 populations were due to natural variation. Zooolankten . A comparison of Locust Point zooplankten populations fecm 1972 - 1974 with the 1975 populations indicated that the populations were similar for all months except May and June (Fig, - 7). The 1975 populations for May and June were approximately twice as large as those populations observed in previous yecm for these months. Upon dividing _ the total zooplankten population into its major components, it was coserved that the 1975 rottfer population fell within the natural variation observed in past years (Fig. 8). Howewr, the -copeped and cladoceran populations from May 1975 were much
- larger than those observed in previous years (Figs. 9 and10). The j 1975 populat./s from all other months appeared to match the L.
m - , -,,o n- - . ,
FIGURE 7. MEAN MONTi tLY ZOOPLANKTON A O NT 1J7 975 1200- ,. 1100-1000- I 1973 1974 000- ' 1975 700-GOO- . b 500-d .
/
I 400-300-
/ / -
200-
/
j 100-
* * * ~ ~ * *
- O, _
APR MAY JUNE JULY AUG . SEPT OCT NOV DEC
- No samples were collected.
FIGURE 6 MEAN MONTHLY ROTIFER POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT, 1972 - 1976. 700-7 600- 1972 b 500-1974 g 400-
.y / { 1975
$ 000 -
b k%/ 200-X / X 100- - f E / e X 0 - APR MAY . JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV OtiG
- No samples were collected.
FIGURE 9. MEAN MONTHLY COPEPOD POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT, 1072 - 1975 700-1972 600 1973 1974 h 500- - 1975 E 400-
.9 2 E
- 300-
- l 200- .
EM
*l vy* f _* / / b* W
- EWE
- f
) APR MAY JUNE UULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC No samples wer e collected. I
FIGURE 10. MEAN MONTHLY CLADOCERAN POPULATIONS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT, 1972 - 1975. ll 700-1972 600- y',', 1973 f 500-1974 400-
.9 E
300- j {n O O 200-c - -' 100- ^
/
O - A Pl< ,MAY . JUNE JULY AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
- No samples were collected.
4 populations from 1972 - 1974 quite well. The high June population was due to the tremendous increase in the Olfflugia sp. populatter from May to June 1975 (40/1 to 843/1) (Table 5). These unusually high spring populations were undoubtedly due to the unusual weather conditions associated with the spring of 1975 and the changes in water quality that occurred (early warming). King (1974) has also observed high cladoceran and larval copepod populations in heated
- areas, while rotifers were most abundant in cooler areas.
Stefert (1969) found that Pcmoxis annularis (white crapple), , as early stage larvae, feed entirely en zooplankton, which remain ! j important food items for young-of-the year. This fact coupled with
' the large numbers of young-of-the year and larval white crapple '
collected in the intake canal (Tables 20 and 23), helps to explain the low zooplankton populations which are continually observed at this station (Table 6), f Benthos Benthic macrotnvertebrate populations in 1975 increased
/ steadily from Apell through August, remaining constant through September, and then decreased steadily through December (Fig. 11).
This was the most prononced pulse observed to date, and it occurred 3 months . earlier than the November pulse of 1973 (Fig.11). The most significant occurrence of 1975 was what appears to be the completion of recolonization of the intake and discharge pipelines (Fig. 5). Reutter and Herdendorf (1975) felt .that recolon-tzation was occurring successfully. They based this belief on the fact that monthly benthic macrotnvertebrate populations in 1974 were higher than 1972 or 1973 and on the fact that the 1974 population when plotted against distance off shore, became constant beyond 1000 ft. This also made it appear that recolonization was nearing completion. However, the fact that stations along the control transects at various distances off shore had higher populations than the corresponding stations on the intake and discharge transects proved that recolen-ization was not yet complete. In 1975, the population was not constant beyond 1000 ft., but increased steadily to 3000 ft, off shore, where it remained constant through 4CCO ft. The control transects no longer had consistently higher populations at various distances off shore than the corres-pending stations on the~ !ntake and discharge transects (irig. 5). The one exception to this was Station 8, 3000 ft, off shore on the intake r l
~ ' * * - - - ** -.. < , -
\
FIGURE 11. MEAN MONTHLY BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE POPULATIONS FOR
; LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT, 1972 - 1975.
~
1972 , 5107a r
" /
h E ~ 1U74 [ j / n g io7s / s f 2000 - / g C
- - / / '
,/
'* ~
- g. ,
/, / / .
r 7 /* r / / / ' kX .
/
/ .
/
/ / X / -
/ *
/
/ <
r
/
/ *
/
/ *w o
A PR MAY JUNE JULY AUG SEP.T JOCT NOV DEC i I
- No samples were collected.
68
' transect, where recolonization is proceeding at a much slower rate (possibly due to the rip-rap material around the intake crib itself) . Therefore, recolonization continued successfully in 1975 and may now be near _ completion, but a definite conclusion cannot be drawn untti the results of 1976 sampling are available.
Mention should be made of the difficulty in interpreting the large Lectocora kindtil population. This is a large cladeceran and it is quite possible that it is collected on the screen of the Penar dredge as it is lowered to the bottom. Fish In 1975, 41,342 fish representing 30 speclec were captured compared to 31,405 fish representing 34 species in 1974, and 5,300 representing 29 species in 1973 (Tacles 9 and 11). These increases were largely due to increased sampling effort. However, much of the 1975 increase was due to the capture of 20,418 gizzard shad (Dorosema cecedianum) in the June shore seine. Due to this large catch in June, the 1975 shore seine total was 33,413 compared to 18,992 in 1974 At this time in 1974 the number of predators, specifically yellow perch (Perca flavescens) was observed to have declined from previous years. However, populations in 19'/5 have rebounded. Gill nets were the best Indicators of this. During April, May and June 1974, 71 yellow perch were collected with gilt nets. With the same effort, 1,058 yellow perch were captured in 1975, a 15 fold increase . By the end of 1975 this margin of increase had eroded to 4' fold, 1,386 total in 1975 and 345 in 1974 This year an .' fort was made to determine the size of the (chthyoplankton populations en the surrounding reefs in relation to that at Davis-Sesse. Sampling was started one month earlier than in 1974 No ichthyoplankters were taken on the first sampling date, 22 April 1975. This indicated that in April Locust Point was not a spawning area or nursery ground or that spawning had not yet occurred. In mid-May sizable numoers of yellow perch were- captured at the bottom at Station 8 (intake) and Station 12 (discharge). The small size of these fry (6 - 7 mm) indicated a relatively recent ! hatch . ' The numoers collected (up to 872/5-minute , tow) were larger { than collected in 1974 out probably were due to natural variation in ! l 1
69 the yellow arch poputJ*len which at that time had increased some 15 fold since 1974 By late May, the composition and numbers of the tchthyoplankton population were relatively unchanged. However, the size of some of the yellow perch larvae had almost doubled. Gizzard shad first appeared in the l'chthyoplankton
, in early June. At this time few yellow perch were taken, indicating they were now large enough to avoid the net. However, their increased size made them susceptible to the trawl as 269 individuals (mean length 22 mm) were captured in June.
Gizzard shad decreased in number through the remaining 2 sampling dates in June, indicating that they were getting larger and were now able to awid the fry net. However, as they got larger
/ they became susceptible to the shore seine as 20,418 were cap'tured in mid-June.
No yellow perch were captured in the fry net after June 16. Gizzard shad fry continued to decrease through July. No ichthyoplankton
, - of any type were collected after July indicating that late-scawners did not use this area or that this region was not a nursery ground after July.
The most significant changes in the (chthyoplankton from ' 1974 to 1975 were the increase in yellow perch populations and the decrease- in emerald shiner (Notroots atherinoldes) populations. Emerald ' shiners composed 81% of the 1974 lehthyoplankton population and 1% of the 1975 population. Yellow perch composed 5% of the 1974 ichthyoplankton population and 70% of the 1975 population. Sampling on Toussaint Reef was not initiated until late-May . Only 26 larvae were captured here. However, 187 eggs were collected on this reef while only 3 were collected at Davis-Besse. The eggs collected over the eef indicated that fish spawned there as first noted by The Ohio Olvision of Wildlife, but left soon after hatching, as indicated by the small numbers of larvae collected. The fact that few fish larvae were taken on the reef but many were collected at Davis-Sesse indicated that after spawning on the reefs ' the larvae moved to inshore waters. Yellow perch probably did not spawn. in significant numbers at Locust Point, but the small size. of the first larvae collected (6 - 7 mm) and the fact that they l were near the' bottom gives rise to the possibility of some yellow !- perch spawning in the rip-rap aprons around the intake and discharge I l g w - --n- -wo,-~b* ----y r *- --
70 structures . An additional near-shore sampling station, away from these stNetures, will be established to test this hypcthesis. Food Habits f u 1974 results showed that zooplankten in general and specifically the crustaceans were the most important food source at Locust Point. A cluser look showed that Dachnia putex was strongly selected for by many fish, but by the shiners Notropis a_. atherinoides and Notropis hudsenius in particular. Although
& culex was only common in the plankton in May, 10.5/1, and in no other month was even as high as 0.5/1, it was a very commen foco item as long as it was present in the pla^. ton, April through July.
In 1975, Oachnia_ putex was not found in the plankton or as a food item. However, cmstact.ans were still the most common food item with Bosmina sp., Oachnia retrocurva, and Lectodora kindtil being the most common crustaceans. Water Quality Seasonal Variattens. The water quality in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Staton during the period of July through December la /3 was typical. for western Lake Erie and showed normal seasonal trends. Water temperature fell 20 C 0 during the 6-month period while the dissolved oxygen level rose 4 ppm (Figs. 12 and 13). The moderate turbulence and sediment load of the lake in early spring improved during the summer as indicated by a 2-fold increase in transparency, a 2-fold decrease in suspended solids, and a 10-fold decrease in turoidity (Figs. 14-16). Considerable decrease in water c'arity was noted in the fall, particularly in turbidity which increased by 20-fold (Figs. 14 and 16). Stochemical oxygen demand, which is related to the suspended organic material in the water, was low and nearly constant throughout the year with a slight decrease in the fall. t In a like manner the dissolved substances in the water were highest in the spring and fall samples; conductivity showed a signif-icant decrease between May and August but rose sharply in October-( Figs .16 - and 17). Specific ions such as calcium and sulfate were also highest in May and October, whereas other ions such as
71 m e l s t h$f i ea a- 8 h? gg k rI .!s I e2 c 7 og - L !t as a - 38 N N NN $ e8 sa N$ o ie sNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN a ! ag e ! 5$ 8e I> u IZ W Ms .NNNNNNNNNNNNNNN\\NNNN ,'5 gy ? .
... y ; m a-4 zm 2 .NN NNN' {
m 5 E l!
$ 8 3 9 0 0
B 72 , i FIGURE 13. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE, DISSOLVED OXYGEN, AND HYDROGEN ION MEASUREMENTS F OR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR 1975. 30 _ _ 25 - Temperature 4 ( C) 20 -- . Dissolved Oxygan 15 - - (
/
10 - -
- - _ . , _ x
% Hydrogen Ions (pH)
, 5- - '
s'
./
/
/
O g g i g g g g g g g i , , g g
'O N O J F M A M J J A S O N O 1974 1975 c i
FIGURE 14. MEAN MONTHLY TURBIDITY, SUSPENDED SOLIDS AND TRANSPARENCY MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST FOINT DURING 1975. 125 -- (FTU; Turbidity (FTU) Suspended Solids (mg/t) (*) - Transparency (m) 100 __ r- - 0.5
/
/ -
/ O.83 0.00 -
p _ ._
-- O ,4 75 -- l /
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74 FIGURE 15. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY TRANSPARENCY AND PHOSPHORUS MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR 1975. 1 . 00 - - 0.75 - Transparency (m) o .50 .. O.25 - . Phosphorus (mg/l) 8 8 8 I I i 1 1 6 i e i i i i O N O J F M A M- J J A S O N O 1974 1975
\
l 1
75 FIGURE 16. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTF" Y CONOUCTIVITY, ALKALINITY, AND TURBIDITY MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR 1975. 400 --
%s Conductivity (umhos/cm) 7 200 _
Alkallnity (mg/l) j
,,,- urbidity (FTU)
O N O J F M A M J J A S O N O 1974 1975
)
FIGURE 17. MEAN MONTHLY ALKALINITY, DISSOLVED SOLIDS AND CONDUCTIVITY MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT DURING 1975. Alkalinity (mg/l) Dissolved Solids (mg/l) , Conductivity (umhos/cm) 300 _. -
~
7 - 200 -- /
/
/
/
/
100 __
/
/ / / / /
o -- APR
\/
/
/
MAY
/
/
JUNE JULY AUG
/
SEPT OCT NOV
/
/
DEC
77 magnesium, sodium and chloride were fairly stable throughout the year (Fig. 18). The important nutrients, such as nitrate, phosphate and stitca, for primary productivity by green and blue-green algae i and diatoms had a peak in the spring and decreased markedly during the summer then increased sharply in the fall (Fig. 19). The response of phytoplankton production to the availability of the nutrients is also shown on Figure 19. The alkalinity and pH of the water remained fairly constant throughout the year (Figs. 12, 13, 16 and 17). Lake Erie is primarily a bicaroonate solution with a corresponding moderately alkaline pH of approximately 8.3. The bicarbonate in the water pro'vides an abundant source of carocn for algae production. The pH showed a slight rise in summer (9.1 maximum) which corres-ponded with the bloom of the blue-green, Achanizomenen sp. Station Variations. Stations 1, 8, and 13 are located approximately 500, 3,000, and 1,500 feet offshore respectively. Generany a slight temperature decrease was noted in an offshore direction in the spring. More noticeable decreases were found for such parameters as conductivity, most of the specific tons, alkalinity, 9.O .D. ,. suspended and dissolved solids, and tur? !dit'.' throughout the year, but particularly in May and Octcber. Ccnversely, transparency increases a' vay from the shore. Station S (the farthest offshore) had the best water quality; Station 1 (near-shore) had the poorest quality for mr.st parameters. The differential In water quality values was greatest in May and October which may have been related to spring and fall storms. During the summer no significant difference was found between the inshore and offshore stations . Olfferences between the surface anc bottom water quality were slight because of the shallowness of this portion of Lake Erie. Some-depression in the level of dissolved oxygen and small increases in ' the concentrations of dissolved and suspended solids were noted near the bottom. Water Quality Trends. The Ohio State University, Center for Lake Erle Area Research initiated water quality studies at Locust Foint in July 1972. Trends for eight water quality parameters from that date through December 1975 are shewn on Figures 20-22; trends for 1975 are shown on Figures 13, 15 and 16. Temperature and dissolved oxygen show typical seasonal trends for each year with only minor variations from one year to the next. Olssolved oxygen appears to have undergone more depletion in 1974 than the
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i FIGURE 19. MEAN MONTHLY NITRATE, PHOSPHORUS AND SILICA CONCENTRATIONS ; IN LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT DURING 1975. ' i ! Nitrate (mg/l)
- 3. 0 --
(mg/l:. , Phosphorus (mg/l) . 300,000' (no./l) , Silica (mg/l) 2.5...
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,i FIGURE 20. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTIILY TEMPERATURE, ~ DISSOLVED OXYGEN, AND HYDROGENION MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR l'11E PERIOD 1972 - 1976. 30 _
^ 25 --
- Temperature ( C)
. ./ .- .
/
/
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- I o I
15
- Dissolved Ox3 gen (ppm) j -
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g iie i i , i . . . . ii . . . i i i e i e i i e i ; e i . . . i._i i i i i J A S O N D J F M AM J J A SO N D J F MA M J J A S O N D J FM A M J J A S O N D 1972 1973 1974 1975 -
f f i FIGURE 21. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY TRANSPARENCY AND PHOSPHORUS MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972 - 1975.
\\ . 1.50 1 ,
s
\ ---- No Measurements Available g
1.00
\ .
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./
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. I Transparency (m)
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t Phosphorus (mg/l)
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? 4 4 i FIGURE 22. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY CONDUCTIVITY, ALKALINITY AND TURBIDITY i MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST 1 OINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972 - 1975. 500 -
\ ----
No Measurements Available g 400 N
\
\ *
\ /\ Conductivity (umhos/cm) g g/ g j e----e e g e 300 N/ j l\,*s/'~~,/g j
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J A S O N D ;J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M A M J J A S O N D J F M AM J J A S O N D 1972 1973 1974 1975
83 A. two previous years or in 1975 Hydrogen-ion concentration anc h alkalinity remained fairly stable over the four year period. IN Transparency, turbidity, phospohr as and conductivity values ' Q' O shown radical variations which are probably due to storms g4 dredging activities that have disturced the bottom sediment A general, no significant deviations from the normal quallts sO wate.a in this part of western Lake Erie have been obser [4 A the past four years.
.h ,
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84 LITERATURE CITED American Public Health Association. 1971. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 13th ed. APHA, New York. 847 p. American Society for Testi: and Materials. 1973. Annual book of ASTM standards, part 23, water; atmospheric analysis. ASTM; Philadelphia. 1108 p. Brinkhurst, ' R . O . 1963. Taxonomical studies on the Tubtftctdae (annelida, Oligochaeta) in R. Woltereck, ed. , Internationale review der gesamten hydrobiologie. Systematische bethefte
- 2. Akademie-Verlag, Berlin. pp. 1-89.
B rinkhurst, R . O . 1964. Studies on the North American aquatic Oligochaeta I: Naididae and Opistocystidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. , Phila. 116:195-230. Brinkhurst, R. O. 1965. Studies on the Norm American aquatic Oligochaeta II: Tubtficidae. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. , Phila. 117:117-172. Brinkhurst, R. O. , A. L. Hamilton, and H. B. Herrington. 1968. Components of the bottom fauna of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Univ. Toronto, Gt. Lakes Inst. PR 33. 49 p. Chandler, D. C. , _and O ._JEL_Vyeeks. 1045. Lir'nnological studies 6f western Lake _ Erie _V:, relation of limnological and meteorological ccnditions to the production _ of, phytoplankton in_,1_942. Ecol . Mc9r . 15:435-456. 4 Chengalath, R. , C. H. Fernando, and M. G. George. 1971. 'The planktonic Rotifera of Ontario with keys to genera and species. Univ. Waterloo Biology Series, No. 2. 40 p. Collins, G. B. , and R. . O. Kalinsky. 1972. The diatoms of the , Scioto P' ir basin. The Ohio State Univ. Botany Dept. , unnumber .d mimeo. Eddy, S . , ' and A. C . Hodson . 1964. Taxonomic keys to the commerr animals of the north central states. Burgess Publishing Company, Minnesota. 162 p. Ewers, L. A.- 1930. The larval development of fresh-water copepoda. Contrib. No. 3, The Franz Theodore Stone Lab. 43 p. Fish, M. P.- 1932. Contributions to the early life histories of 62 species ofz fishes from Lake Erie and its tributary waters. Bur. Fish. Bull. XLVII(10):293-398. 9 e -. - - = , -+ro y q w
85 Jahoda, W. J . 1948. Seasonal differences of Otactemus (Cope-poda) In western Lake Erie. Ph. D. Thesis, Chlo State Univ. 100 p. King, R. G. 1974 The effects of heated water discharge on zooplankton 'in a 4,500 acre Missourt reservoir. Master's Thesis, University of Missouri. 78 p. Klemm, D . J . 1972. Slota of freshwater ecosystems identification manual No. 8. Freshwater leeches (Annelida: Hirundinea) of. North America. U.S., E . P . A . 53 p . Mason, W. T. 1968. An introduction to the identification of chironomid larvae. Fed. Water Poll. Contr. Admin. 89 p. Mason, W. T. 1973. An introduction to the identification of chironomid larvae. Fed. Water Poll. Conte. Admin. 89 p. Norden, C. R. unpublished. A key to larval fishes from Lake Erie . Univ. Southwestern Louislana. Lafayett, Louisiana . 4 p. Pennak, R. W. 1953. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States . The Ronald Press Company, New York 769 p. Reutter, J . M. and C. E. Herdendorf. 197C. Environmental evaluation of a nuclear power plant on Lake Erie. Response of Fish and invertebrates to the Heated Discharge from the Davis-Besse Reactor, Lake Erie, Ohio. Ohio State University. Proj . F-41-R -6 Annual Performance Report, 1975. 79 p. Stefert, R. E. 1969. Biology of the white crapple in Lewis and Clark Lake. Tech. Papers, Bur. Sport Fish and Wildt. No - 22. Stein, C. B . 1962 Key to the fresh-water mussels (Family Unionidae) of western Lake Erie. Ohio State Univ. Museum of Zool . Mimeo . 7 p. Taft, C . E. and C . W . Taft . 1971. The algae of western Lake Erie. Bull . of Ohio S tol . Survey, New Series 4(1):1-185. Torke, 8. G. 1974. An illustrated guide to the identification of the planktonic crustacea of Lake Michigan with notss on their ecology. Center. for Great Lakes . Studies, The Univ. of . Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Special Report No. 17. 42 p.
83 T rautman, M . B . 1957. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus. 683 p. U .S. Environmental Protection Agency. 1971. Methods for chemical analysis of water and wastes. Analytical Quality Control Laboratory, Cincinnati, O hio . 125 p. Usinger, R. L. 1956. Aquatic insects of California. Univ. Calif. Press, Berkeley. 508 p. Walter, H . J . and J. B . Burch. 1957. Key to the genera of fresh-water gastropods (snails and limpets) occurring in Michigan . Univ. Mich. Museum of Zool., Circ. No. 3. 8 p. Ward, H . B . and G. C . Whipple . 1959. Fresh-water biology. 2nd ed., W. T. Edmondson, ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York. 1248 p. Welch, P. S . 1948. Limnological methods. McGraw-Hill, New York. 381 p. l l l
47 APPENDIX A PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY - DECEMBER 1975 i
88 TABLE A-1 ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT l JULY 14, ~1975 ! l l
,, i Tm station 1 i statten 3 i station e t station e ;
Mean I s.o. I Mean a s.o. I Mean ' s.o. I e,an s.o. BACILLARICPHYCEAE (Otatoms)
- Amohtorera so. 20 20 7 7 i Aatertonella so. 20 20 34 0 95 11 44 0 Centrics (stngle-celled) 79 0 25 9 74 32 59 30 Cymatocteura so. 20 20 76 9 53 53 30 30 Fengttacta so. 452 20 178 42 158 11 118 30 Gvrostgma so. 9 9 11 11 7 7 Melostra so. 4107 295 1538
- 524l 27 rJ 190 1325 67 Navtcutotd 3G O 9 9 21 21 22 7 SuMeella so. 39 39 7 7 Synecra so.
Taeellaria sp. l Succotal 4775 334 18f8 566 2711 222 1621 111 CHLCRCPHYCEAE (Green Algae) Binuclearta so. Clostertum sp. 17 17 21 21 7 7 Coetastrum so. 727 295 600 194 506 S3 451 7 Cosmartum so. 17 0 11 11 Otetvosot sertum so. 59 20 9 9 Cimorohococcus so. Micracttntum so. 118 39 17 0 32 11 15 O Mougeetta so. 177 20 42 9 42 21 15 15 Cecocentum so. 295 20 161 25 232 106 163 74 Coevstis s?. 275 0 25 9 42 42 81 37 Pectastrum so. 1533 590 1487 592 1983 274 1961 244 Scenecasmus so. 59 20 51 34 63 42 115 15 Schroecerta so. 20 20 17 17 32 11 22 7 Setervtstrum sp. 39 39 59 25 32 11 30 0 Solucroevetts sp. 157 79 59 9 53 11 Staurastrum so. 236 157 93 76 243 32 163 30 Subtotal 3694 1218 2653 744 3244 522 2923 333 OINOPHYCEAE (Olncflagellates) Cerattum so. 6386 1199 4318 $66 2110 211 1101 35 PeMdtnium so. 118 O Subtotal 6504 1199 4318 668 2110 211 1101 35 EUGLENCPHYCEAE Euctena sp. MYXCPHYCEAE
-(Blue-green Algae)
Anabaena so. 177 20 245 25 253 84 185 22 Aonanizomeeon so. 18962 1435 34584 1868 34150 1699 33507 237 Chroococcus sp. 1042 256 211 25 443 21 281 15 Meetsmocecta so. 20 20 Microcystis so. 2456 216 1756 178 1952 32 1339 37 Osettlateria so. Suototal 23657 2906 36791 1741 36798 1836 35313 266 TOTAL 37630 4657 45630 3718 44864 2794 4C957 745 S.O. =. Stancarc Devtation. Data presented as numoer/ttter.
89 TABLE A CONT. ANALYSIS 01: PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 14, -1975 TW Station 9 l Seatton to I Station 12 i Statten 13 Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean i S.O. l Mean S.O. BACit LARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Amohtocora sp. Asterionetta so. 37 22 30 30 42 12 47 47 Centrics (stngle-celled) 44 0 30 30 71 18 35 12 Cymatooleura so. 74 15 15 15 24 24 Fragttarta sp. 81 22 413 118 299 85 271 35 Gyrostgma so. 7 7 28 1 24 0 Melostra so. 1221 7 3983 1299 1954 52 1888 189 Navtculoid 15 0 15 15 4 Surirella so. 30 30 30 30 15 15 35 12 Synedra sp. Tacettaria sp. 7 7 Suetotal 1517 52 4214 1450 2438 187 2325 248 CHLCRCPHYCEAE (Green Algae) B1nuclearia so. 7 7 Clostertum so. 30 30 Ceetastrum so. 503 74 835 295 768 205 614 94 Cosmartum so. 30 30 26 1 24 24 , Otetvescnaarfum sp. 22 7 59 59 13 13 Otmorehoceccus so. 12 12 Micracetntum sp. 30 15 59 0 58 31 12 12 Meuceceta so. 52 37 148 89 42 12 35 12 Cedegentt.m so. 148 30 325 30 279 43 224 12 Ocevstis sp. 67 22 325 30 64 11 142 24 Peetastrum so. 1643 207 2580 148 3181 448 2348 59 Scenedesrrus so. 44 15 59 59 42 12 24 0 Senroecerta sp. 15 15 30 30 Selenastrum sp. 37 22 89 30 85 4 24 24 Sphacecevstis so. 30 15 148 148 70 12 11 12 Staurastrum sp. 148 0 235 118 240 26 142 47 Suetotal 2745 52 5369 767 4935 700 3611 24 CINOPHYCEAE (O(noflagellates) Ceratium so. 1428 185 4012 531 1247 229 956 59 Perictnium so. 59 59 15 15 12 12 Suhtotal 1428 185 4071 590 1262 243 968 71
. EUGLENCPHYCEAE Euctona sp. 12 12 MYXCPHYCEAE
.(Blue-green Algae)
Anabaena so. 155 37 207 30 263 86 153 12 Achanizomeron sp. 34861 363 33542 502 42718 4689 43672 1923 Chroococcus sp. 281 44 1121 59 739 176 543 24 Meetsmocedia sp. Microcystis sp. 1539 44 3481 1418 3130 557 1982 260 O settlateeta, sp. Suttotal 36837 237 38262 1977 46849 5336 46350 2195 TOTAL 42528 525 51915 4784 "5484 6487 53265 2502 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data pretented as nummer/titar.
90 TABLE A-1 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 14, 1975
.;., stacton 14 station is i statten 19 Mean/ I Mean s.O. Mean is.O. Mean i s.O. statten S.C.
BACILLARIOPHYCEAE
. (Otatoms)
Amohforora so. 12 12 3.6 S.7 Astertonetta so. 17 17 24 0 35.5 24.1 Centrics (stngle-celled) 34 17 35 12 30 30 48.9 20.0 Cymatooteura so. 34 17 29.6 27.7 Fragttaria sp. 152 68 295 35 219.7 139.3 Gyrostoma so. 9 9 8.6 9.6 Melos.ra sp. 1825 135 2089 106 1708 357 21'6.2 976.5 Naviculoid 24 24 266 89 37.4 76.8 Surtrella 'sp. 25 9 24 24 18.6 14.8 Synedra.sp. 9 9 0.8 2.7 Tacettarta sp. 30 30 3.4 9.1 Suetotal 2104 76 2502 94 2036 443 2555.s 1032.9 . CHLCRCPHYCEAE * (Green Algae) 8tnuclearta sp. 9 9 1.5 3.3 Clostertum sp. 6.8 10.8 Ccelastrum sp. 575 34 755 71 89 89 525.3 252.1 Cosmartum so. 12 12 11.1 12.1 Otetycsemaerium sp. 9 9 12 12 10.6 22.1 OtmoroPoccceus so. 12 12 2.0 3.7 Mternetintum so. 42 9 59 35 30 30 42.9 30.4 Meugeotta so. 51 17 35 12 59 0 63.5 50.7 Cedegeetum so. 76 25 177 12 189.5 96.4 Coevstis so. 76 9 130 12 111.6 102.4 Pectastrum sp. 1749 296 2277 484 1180 236 2029.3 623.7 Scenecesmus so. 59 25 35 35 89 30 49.1 20.4 Scaroecerta sp. 12 12 13.5 12.1 Selenastrum so. 34 34 12 12 30 30 17.4 30.1 Sonaeroevstts sp. 25 9 24 0 52.6 54.4 Staurastrum sp. 144 9 83 12 89 30 165.2 63.8 Suttotal 2848 397 3639 571 1564 148 3384.1 1064.S OINOPHYCEAE (Olnoflasellates) Cerattum sp. 1428 127 1097 83 1888 767 2361.0 1755.1
. Peridtntum sp. 127 25 35 12 59 59 38.6, 47.1 Suetotal 1555 152 1133 94 1947 82S 2399.7 1786.1 EUGLENOPHYCEAE Euctena sp. 30 30 3.8 9.4 MYXCPH'/CEAE (Blue-green Algae 4 Anabaena so. 169 51 59 35 89 30 177.7 68.5 Achantzomenon so. 36022 2713 41076 65 9529 1564 32964.410190.3 Checococcus so. 380 42 543 0 295 0 534.5 310.9 Meetsmocecta so. 1.8 6.0 l Microevsets sp. 1411 144 2006 47 1062 295 2011.3 749.0 )
Osettlatoria so. 9 9 12 12 30 30 4.6 9.4 I Subtotal 37991 2941 43695 649 11004 1859 35777.610354.5 f TOTAL. 44498 3262 50969 111 15724 2449 43951.2 10881.7 S.O. = Standarc Deviation. Data presented as numoer/ liter .
- Mean of the totals, riot total of the means.
91 TABLE A-2 ANALYSIS. OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 11, 1975 TM Station 1 l Station 3 l Station 6 Station 8 Mean i S . O . 6 Moan 6 S . D . e avean l S.O. i Mcan S.D. BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Asterionella sp. 99 20 71 37 50 9 62 31 Centric distoms 158 40. 113 12 111 32 140 0
~
Cymatocteura sp 8 8 16 0 Fragttaria sp. 6721 747 5641 267 5289 701 5178 78 Gyrostgma sp. 10 10 Melostra sp. 276 79 347 43 199 77- 179 39 Naviculoid 39 O Surtrella sp. 10 10 8 8 Synedra sp. 9 9 , Suttotat 7291 805 6188 273 5668 755 5582 77 CHLCRCPHYCEAE (Green Algae) Actinastrum sp. 8 ~8 Struclearia sp. 59 20 71 20 71 32 32 16 Coelastrum sp. 374 20 33S ' 103 249 87 248 O Cosmartum sp. 20 20 9 9 10 10 24 8 Otetvoschaerium so. 35 1 31 10 39 8 Eudorina sp. 10 10 Kir chnertella sp. Micracttntum sp. 17 17 Mouceccia sp. 20 20 to 10 Cedoconium sp. 20 20 35 1 24 8 Cocystis sp. 59 20 53 19 40 1 24 8 Pander ina sp. 20 20 . 8 8 Pedtastrum sp. 8587 295 5083 824 5258 41 4178 101 . Scenedesmus sp. 118 39 35 19 50 9 to O Schroederta sp. 20 20 8 8 Saanastrum sp. 20 20 9 9 Schacrs /stis sp. 10 10 Staurastrum sp. 158 40 205 133 150 8 171 31 Subtotal 9452 256 5905 631 5907 121 4762 62 DINOPHYCEAE (Dino."lagellates) Cerattum sp. 1199 99 784 247 999 25 1054 62 Glenodtnturn sp. Peridtntum sp. 118 0 27 27 . 20 0 16 16 Subtotal 1317 99 811 220 1019 25 1069 78 MYXCPHYCEAE (Glue-green Algae) Anabaena sp. 99 20 112 58 20 20 101 39 AoMant- cmenon sp. 231576 885 343370 2912 301343 721 385020 3720 Chrcococcus sp. 79 0 216 55 131 32 101 23 : Microevstis sp. 2515 511 1652 5 1732 135 1783 140 I Suetotal 234268 354 345348 3028 303225 869 387005 3876 I l i TOTAL 252327 97 358252 2344 G15819 32 398417 4092 l I S.D. = Standard Deviation Cata presented as numOer/ liter.
92 TABLE A-2 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON. POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT
, AU GU ST 11, 1975
.g.g Station 9 Station to l Station 12 l Station ja Mean 5.D. Mean S.O. Meani5.0. Mean a 5.0.
SACILLARIOPHYCEAE
' (Olatoms)
Astertonella sp. 15 0 177 59 95 18 57 34 Centric diatoms 125. 67. 118 O 177 48 114 46 Cymatocleura sps Fragttarta sp. 4796 SOS 6756 620 6391 43 5811 318 Gyrostgma sp. Meiostra sp. 257 99 443 207 252 83* 239 57 Naviculoid 30 30 41 15 Suricella sp. 14 14 Synedra sp. 30 30 Suetotal 5192 772 7552 472 6970 56 6220 386 CHLORCPHYCEAE (Green Algae) Actinastrum sp. 12 12 Struclearia sp. 37 23 53 25 34 11 Coelastrum sp. 263 11 443 89 247 118 386 91 Cosmartum sp. 30 30 12 12 Otetyosphacrium sp. 67 38 89 89 81 4 57 12 Eudortna sp. Kirchnertella sp. 13 13 Micracttntum sp. 7 7 Meuceotia sp. 30 30 12 12 Cedo::entum sp. 7 7 148 30 39 39 57 12 Cocystis sp. 30 30 41 15 34 11 Pandortna sp. 13 13 . Pediastrum sp. 3585 604 970S 1151 6791 328 5403 295 *
.Scanedasmus sp. 15 15 177 59 81 4 57 12 Schroederia sp. 12 , 12 Selenastrum so. 13 13 Schacrocystic sp.
Staurastrum sp. 182 49 177 118 246 92 204 68 Subtotal 4161 590 10797 1239 7616 199 6277 57' OINOPHYCEAE (Dinoflagellates) Ceratium sp. 1690 293 1800 266 1366 209 1646 556 Glenodinium sp. 27 1 Peridinium sp. 7. 7 148 89 41 15 12 12 Subtotal 1697 286 1947 354 1434 225 1658 545 MYXCPHYCEAE (BIvo-green Algae) Arabaena sp. 74 31 59 59 41 15 80 12 Achnnfromonen sp. 508264 9736 156380 1180 382280 23765 389418 29850 Chroococcus sp. 51 8 443 148 .176 22 159 0 Microevstts sp. '1701 14 '2095 207 2288 129 1896 35 Suctetal 510089 9761 168976 885 384785 23931 391552 29827 TOTAL 1139 11409 189272 1180 400803 4012 05706 9929 S .O. - = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /Itter. m
93 TABLE A-2 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON -POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 11, 1975 TM Station 14 l Station 18 l Station 19 lMean/ S.O. Mean 6 S.O. I Moan i S.D. t Mean i S.D. Station BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Astertonella sp. 17 0 31 11 8 8 62 49 Centric diatoms 87 35. 110 29 114 45 Cymatopleura sp.
- 2 3 Fr agitarta sp. 4220 44 4448 83 1645 153 5172 1451 Gyrost;ma sp. 18 18 3 6 Mstostra sp. 174 17 298 196 186 27- 259- 82 Naviculoid 10 10 11 17 Surtrella sp. 3 5 Synecca sp. 4 9 Subtotal 4515 8 4896 307 1839 118 f;628* 1589 CHLCROPHYCEAE (Green Algae)
Actinastrum sp. 2 4 Struclearta sp. 32 16 35 27 Coelastrum sp. 201 44 40 20 253 137 Cosmartum sp. 17 0 191 33 26 55 Otetyoschaer tum so. 35 0 20 20 41 30 Eucor ina so. 10 10 2 4 Kir enner tella sp. 9 9 2 5 M!cracttntum sp. to .O 3 6 Movecotta sp. 9 9 to 10 8 to Oedogentum sp. 70 35 57 9 42 43 Cocystis sp. 50 9' 30 22 Pandor ina sp. . 4 7 Pediastrum sp. 3706 122 4271 95 694 172 5224 2442
- Scenadasmus sp. 18 18 30 10 8 8 55 52 Schr ceder ta sp. 4 7 Selenastrum sp. 4 7 Sphaeroevstis sp. 8 8 2 4 Staurastrum sp. 279 53 140 2 16 16 175 67 Subtotal 4350 35 4772 142 1007 154 5910* 2676 OINOPHYCEAE (Dinoflagellatas)
Cor-stium sp. 949 9 724 271 32 16 1113 513 Glenodinium sp. 44 9 6 15 Per-idinium sp. 44 9 30 10 . 42 47 Subtotal 1041 4 754 262 32 16 1162 * $34 MYXOPHYCEAE (Bluo-gr een Algae) Annbaer a sp. 96 26 to 10 8 8 64 38 Achani=cmonon sp. 316680 17574 378409 22922 43915 5039 3"?'32 126427 Checococcus so. 139 35 111 32 14% 115 Micr oevetts sp. 1801 9 '1275 329 203 92 1722 603 Subtotal 318716 17574 379805 23273 '44126 5139 315263* 126672 TOTAL 328099 18050 390225 23369 47C04 4852 327915' 127462 S.O. = Standard Deviation Data presented as numcer/ liter.
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
Sample was diluted 5:1 piior to counting Achanizomenon -sp. . 4+
v4 TABLE A-3 ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT SEPTEMBER 8, 1975 Station 1 l Station 3 l Station s l Station e l Mean i S .O . I Mean i S . 0. I Mean i 5. 0. I Mean 5.0. I SACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Astartorella sp. 20 20 11 11 10 to Centric diatoms 98 59 E7 33 44 22 92 33 Cvmatocteura sp. irragilaria so. 5148 393 2954 155 4939 362 2374 29 Melostra sp. 315 40 297 41 52S 44 583 29 Surteella sp. 9 9 Sveedra sp. 20 20 9 9 Subtotal 5600 413 3234 180 5519 438 3059 34 CHLCRO PHYCEAE (Green Algae) Acticastram sp. Struclearia so. 3970 551 1532 74 3866 143 2553 230 Clostertum sp . 22 22 Coelastram sp. 236 19 329 110 298 71 Cosmarium sc. 20 20 9 9 O!ctveschaerium sp. 39 0 11 11 Olmerchcccccus so. 79 0 to 10 a 42 10 10 Eucertra sp. 11 11 Kircreertalla sp. Meugeceta sp. 40 40 29 10 Ccevstis sp. 99 20 33 11 Pedtastrum sp. 8528 2083 4729 512 5804 S75 5152 316 Sceradesn us sp. Selerastrum sp. Stac cas rum sp. 59 20 3 9 66 22 19 1 Suctetal 13029 2650 6523 711 10153 S13 8159 594 OINOPHYCEAE (Oincflagellates,'. Cerattum sp. 99 20 152 34 208 55 142 35 Glerectetum sp. Peridtntum sp. Suctotal 99 20 152 34 208 55 142 35 ! MYXC PhYCF.:.A E ' (Stue-green Algae) Arabaera sp. 39 0 20 20 Achant:cmeren sp. 18342- 4941 7345 1244 16174 S429 167,a 4581 Checccccous sp. 315 118 95 57 154 66 75 18 Micecevstis sp. 334 98 214 62 175 44 315 79 Subtotal 17705 3832 7574 1269 15502 5318 17164 4675 TOTAL 28591 964 17583 344 G2392 7314 '2S524 52C0 S .O. = Stancard Cevtatien . Cata presentec as FC?F 'e'c7Iit'er'.
95 TABLE A-3 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTCPLANKTCN PCPULATIONS AT LCCUST PCINT SEPTEMBER 8, 1975 Station 9 l Station to l Station 12 i Station 13 Mean i 5.0. 6 Mean i 5.0. t Mean 6 S .0. t Mean i 5. 0. ~ ~ f SACILLARICPhYCEAE (Otatoms) Astericeella sp. - 33 11 Centrte diatoms 81 37 266 30 84 28 55 23 Cvmatecteura sp. 8 8 59 59 14 14
- ca;tlaria sp. 4233 15 7228 443 4721 478 4659 386 Melostra sp. 481 7 561 89 436 99 248 37 Surtrella sp. 14 14 11 11 Svnedra sp. 8 8 11 11 Succctal 4810 74 8113 384 5269 408 5024 336 CHLCRC PHYCEAE (Green Algae)
Ac:tras:.~.:m sc. 8 8 11 11 Struelearta so. 2472 89 7788 1652 3133 211 4162 417 Cicstertum sc. 8 8 118 59 11 11 Ccelastrum sp. 244 37 265 89 309 0 214 39 Cosmarium so. 5 8 59 0 22 O Ote:vescraertum so. 30 0 59 0 11 11 Olmercreccccus sc. OC 15 SS 30 42 14 33 33 Eudcetna sp. Kircnrertelta sp. 5 8 t Mcu;ectia sp. 30 0 14 14 76 13 Ocevs:ts sc. 23 8 30 30 14 14 21 21 Pectastrum sp. 5950 370 10355 1092 6843 5680 71 249 Scaredesmus sp. 30 30 Selecastmm sc. 21 21 Staurastrum sp. 148 30 56 0 ES 45 Sudtetal 8763 268 18939 2832 10411 155 10326 645 OINCPHYCEAE (O!noftsgellates) Ceracium sp. 89 15 177 59 155 14 160 72 Gleredintum sp. 8 8 Peridtntum sp. 14 14 Suctotal 97 23 177 59 169 0 160 72 MYXCPHYCEAE (Stue-green Algae) Anabaera sc. 15 0 Achanizemenon sp. 17716 844 34338 3C09 21652 3246 24568 683 Checoccccus sc. 104 0 325 148 295 42 226 15 Micecevsets so. 304 67 443 39 98 14 236 17 Succotal 18138 910 35105 3245 22045 3190 25000 681 TOTAL 31807 594 62334 6402 37893 3752 540 72
' S.O. = Standard Ceviation. Cata presented as numcer/ liter.-
G3 TABLE A-3 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTCPLANKTON PCPULATIONS AT LCCUST PCINT SEPTEMBER 8, 1975 Station 14 l Station 18 l Station 19 ' Mean/ Mean i S.O. I Mean i S.O. I Mean i 5.0. Station S.D. SACILLARICPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Asteriorella sp. 11 11 8 11 Centric diatoms 87 17 77 11 87 65 Cymatooleurs sp. 7 18 Fra;tlarta sp. 2653 113 3876 197 681 37 3942 1743 Melostra sp. 313 52 230 55 239 37 384 136 . Surtrella sp. 9 9 22 0 9 9 7 7 Svredra sp. 9 9 6 S Subtotal 3070 1Gs 4215 274 929 83 '**O* 1865 CHLCRCPHYCEAE (Gesen Algae) Acticastrum sp. 11 11 4 5 Struclearia so. 2010 287 2979 132 3142 1957 C;cstartum so. 14 35 Ocelastrum sp. 296 70 372 0 9 9 233 121 Ccsmaetum so. 26 9 22 0 15 18 OteNesci-aerium sp. 55 55 19 23 Di-.croheccccus sp. 37 16 32 30 Eudocira so. 1 3 Kircerertella sp. 1 2 Meu;ectia sp. 22 22 19 24 Cecvstis sp. 26 9 11 11 23 28 - Pedtastrum so. 4924 139 5990 121 1472 0 5102 2168 Scaredesmus sp. 3 9 Salerastmm sp. 2 6 Staurastrum so. - 44 9 42- 44 Suototal 7362 '90 9461 66 1481 9 9511* 4285 OINCPHYCEAE (Dinoflagellates) Caratium sp. - 70 18 219 44 18 0 135 S1 Glenedintum sp. 1 2 Partdtntum sp. 1 4 Succotal 70 18 219 44 18 0 137" S1 MYXCPHYCEAE (Stue-green Algae) Arabaera sp. 7 13 Aci anizomeron sp. 13446 2S 20159 887 3625 276 17695 8177 Ciroococcus sp. 148 9 121 -11 169 107 - Micecevstis sp. 192 18 197 22 229 120 Suetotal 14286 18 20477 855 3625 27S 17977* 8334 TOTAL 24787 254 34373 1151 SC53 2C2 31352" 14092 "Niean of the totals, not total of the means. ~~
97 TABLE A-4 ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 6, 1975 Station 1 Station 3 Station 6 Station 8 l Mean S.D. Mean i S.O. Mean lS.O. Mean S.O. I BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Astertonella sp. 37 37 130 79 Centrics (single-celled) 4042 977 663 148 567 71 284 81 Fragilaria sp. 1932 308 1068 111 1027 177 436 71 Melostra sp. 58539 650 43130 0 41737 4355 23713 1841 Naviculoid Stephanodiscus binderanus 428 280 111 111 177 35 102 50 Surtrella sp. 36 36 Synedra sp. 111 37 283 71 78 27 Tabellaria sp. 36 36 Subtotal 54940 1039 45118 74 43861 4354 24742 1775 CHLCROPHYCEAE (Green Algae) 8tnuclearia sp. 1018 311 479 111 567 213 232 29 Clostertum sp. 148 148 74 0 106 106 128 24 Coelastn.im sp. 147 0 71 0 51 51 Cosmarium sp. 37 37
, Oletyoschaertum sp. 118 118 37 37 Mougeotia sp. 6372 123 2871 74 2443 177 1208 60 Occystis sp. 207 89 37 37 71 0 26 26 Pediastrum sp. 14511 2113 11077 1730 10054 708 7336 390 Sceredesmus sp. 118 118 74 74 107 36 52 52 Staurastrum sp. 74 74 74 74 107 36 180 23 Subtotal 22564 1606 14840 1518 13525 223 9213 340 CHRYSOPHYCEAE (Yellow-green Algae)
Olnebryon sp. 36 36 26 26
' OINOPHYCEAE (Dinoflagellates)
Ceratium sp. 36 36 26 26 l l MYXOPHYCEAE l (Blue-green Algae) Anabaena sp. Achanizomenon sp. 7964 289 6514 626 '7364 567 4558 350 Chrcococcus sp. 59 59 36 36 Microevstis sp. 59 59 148 74 107 36 26 26 Subtotal 8082 407 6661 699 'i506 567 4583 324 TOTAL ;5588 975 66619 2143 64962 4708 38589 1111 S.D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number / liter.
, ~ .- - --
'~
98-TABLE A-4 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 6, 1975 Station 9 l Station 10 i Station 12 Station 13 l Mean S.D. l Mean iS.O. Mean S.O. u Mean ' S .D . l e BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Asterionella sp. 22 22 40 40 70 2 Centrics (single %elled) 200 67 1454 275 643 200 245 109 Fragilaria sp. 910 200 1887 236 1246 272 425 189 Melostra sp. 19470 67 40440 3891 43222 3397 Naviculoid 40 40 Steohanodiscus binderanus 22 22 432 118 350 181 244 40 Surtrella sp. Synedra sp. 44 0 157 0 175 91 242 30 Tabellaria sp. Subtotal 20667 200 44448 4519 45635 3596 27277 916 CHLOROPHYCEAE (Green Algae) Sinuclearia sp. 111 22 629 236 776 68 140 72 Closterium so. 111 22 118 39 215 38 70 2 Coelastrum sp. 22 22 36 36 Cosmarium sp. Oletyosphaerium sp. 85 85 Mougeotia sp. 644 67 3026 511 3229 397 1189 440 Occystis so. 79 0 87 3 36 36 Pediastrum sp. 5772 178 12223 40 10986 985 7325 38 Scenedesmus sp. 22 22 315 79 42 42 Staurastrum sp. 67 23 158 79 89 89 105 37 Subtotal 6748 134 16468 40 15507 1522 8834 594 CHRYSOPHYCEAE (Yellow-green Algae) Olnobryon sp. 42 42 34 34
'OINOPHYCEAE (Olnofingellates)
Ceratium sp. 67 23 118 39 260 7 36 36 MYXOPHYCEAE (Blue-green Algae) Anabaena sp. Achanizomenon sp. 2354 1599 6642 1297 6002 17 4207 325 Chroccoccus sp. 34 34 Microcystis sp. 22 22 158 79 42 42 70 2 Subtotal 2376 1621 6800 1376 6044 26 4310 292 TOTAL 29857 1977 67833 5894 67487 5180 40491 29 S.O. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /Ilter.
99 TABLE A-4 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON PbPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 6, 1975 TM Station 14 Station 18 Station 19 l Mean/ S.D.) Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. ! Station I BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Diatoms) Astertonella sp. 54 0 108 34 30 10 45 43 Centrics (single-celled) 215 54 545 120 49 10 810 1138 Fragtlaria sp. 886 27 831 19 276 20 993 543 Melostra sp. 23145 1719 34749 580 4807 631 30268 17783 Naviculoid 4 12 Steohanodiscus binderanus 108 54 182 40 10 10 197 ^150 Surtrella sp. 27 27 6 13 Synedra sp. 27 27 37 37 20 0 107 96 Tabellaria sp. 3 11 Subtotal 24461 1746 36451 437 5191 641 34799* 16283 CHLOROi:hYCEAE (Green Algae) Binuclearia sp. 215 0 509 155 118 39 436 300 Clostertum sp. 27 27 146 75 40 20 108 54 Coelastrum sp. 27 27 10 10 33 45 Cosmarium sp. 3 11 Otcryoschaerium sp. 22 42 Mougeotia sp. 1262 81 1803 179 246 69 2208 1701 Cocystis sp. 37 37 53 60 Pedtastrum sp. 6498 0 9575 55 2019 69 8852 3481 Scensdesmus sp. 66 93 Staurastrum sp. 242 27 145 3 10 10 114 64 Subtotal 7666 497 12215 37 2443 178 1i820' 5563 CHRYSOPHYCEAE (Yellow-green Algae) Dinebryon sp. 27 27 15 18 DINOPHYCEAE (Dinoflagellates) Cerattum sp. 37 37 53 78 MYXOPHYCEAE (Stue-green Algae) Anabaena sp. 27 27 2 8 Achanizomenon sp. 3679 672 5030 357 936 306 5023 2155 Chroccoccus sp. 12 21 Microcystis sp. 54 54 108 34 72 52 l Subtotal 3759 645 5138 323 936 306 5109* 2199 TOTAL- 35913 1867 53841 41 8569 1124 51795* 23e22 S.D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /IIter.
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means. l
)
m 100 TABLE A-5 ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LCCUST POINT NOVEMBER 3, 1975 Station 1 Station 3 Station 6 Station 8 ) Mean !S.D. Mean 'S.D. Mean l S . O . Mean S.O. SACILLARIOoHYCFAE (Otatoms) Astertonella sp. 826 158 580 102 d1t 62 663 54 Centrics (single-celled) 79 79 28 10 46 1 9 9 Olatoma sp. 59 20 55 37 58 13 70 34 Fragtlaria sp. 570 59 709 28 820 65 504 34 Melostra sp. 13284 315 5346 856 15970 125 11927 478 Naviculoid 315 40 83 28 172 78 123 16 Stechanodiscus binderanus 373 59 571 74 128 14 176 33 Synedra sp. 217 20 295 19 405 27 378 74 Tabellaria sp. 39 0 92 55 46 1 53 35 Subtotal 15760 472 7756 837 18456 47 13855 430 CHLOROPHYCEAE , j (Green Algae) Actinastrum sp. 59 20 9 9 An'<istrodesmus sp. 18 O Struclearia sp. 315 79 248 46 348 30 379 57 Closterium sp. 118 39 101 9 105 14 115 8 Coetastrum sp. 59 59 ' Otetyoschaertum sp. 79 40 46 1 Mcugeotia sp. 216 59 405 19 589 70 414 38 Ocevstis sp. 40 40 9 9 24 0 18 O Pedlastrum sp. 1003 138 911 138 624 34 652 61 Scenedesrnus sp. 79 0 28 10 35 11 9 9 Staurastrum sp. 99 20 28 10 12 12 54 19 j Subtotal 2065 255 1756 101 1781 81 1639 135 MYXOPHYCEAE (Stue-green Algae) j Anabaena sp. 9 9 ; Achanizomenon sp. 3262 118 3257 295 2781 421 2888 489 Chroccoccus sp. 9 9 9 9 Microcystis sp. 20 20 9 9 Subtotal 3282 138 3275 313 2781 421 2905 488 i TOTAL- 21106 589 12786 1049 23017 455 18399 194 l S.O. - Standarc Deviation Data presented as number / liter l
101 TABLE A-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 3, 1975 Station 9 Station 10 Station 12 Station 13 Mean S.D. Mean 5.0. Mean l S . O . Mean S.O. SACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Asterionella sp. 415 15 1052 295 930 104 732 48 Centrics (single-celled) 15 0 59 0 104 15 24 0 Olatoma sp. 37 22 118 59 104 15 71 24 Fragliaria sp. 326 89 826 59 679 89 649 12 Melostra sp. 1887 185 19234 413 13246 797 13464 1522 Naviculoid 295 177 104 45 130 12
.Stechanodiscus binderanus 156 8 384 30 207 59 165 O Synedra sp. 222 15 472 0 118 59 236 142 Tabellaria sp. 37 22 30 30 89 59 94 O Subtotal 3094 296 22479 118 15504 929 15564 1664 CHLOROPHYCEAE (Green Algae)
Actinastrum so. - 59 59 15 15 An <tstrodesmus sp. '24 24 , 8!nuclearta sp. 126 8 472 118 399 45 283 118 Closterium .sp. 104 0 '30 30 89 30 130 83 Ccelastrum sp. 15 15 Oletyoschaerium sp. 22 22 59 0 24 O Mougeotia sp. 230 52 531 118 399 74 484 154 Occystis sp. 7 7 15 15 47 47 ^ Pedlastrum ep. 311 30 1210 89 1033 148 933 200 Sceredesmus sp. 7 7 30 30 Staurastrum sp. 14 0 118 118 30 0 48 24 Subtotal 820 46 2419 118 2082 162 1971 649 MYXOPHYCEAE * (Stue-green Algae) Arabaena sp. 7 7 Achanizomenon sp. 1162 259 3540 177 2611 74 2667 1204 Chroccoccus sp. 30 0 Microcystis sp. 15 15 12 12 Subtotal 1169 252 3540 177 2656 59 2679 1216 l TOTAL 5082 614 28438 59 20242 1150 20213 3528 l S.O . - Standard Deviation Data presented as r. umber / liter i e
=
_ I 102 l l TABLE. A-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT I NOVEM5ER 3, 1975 TM Station 14 l Station 18 Station 19 Mean/ S.O. ! Mean 1 S .O . l Mean S.O. Mean 'S.D. Station SACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Otatoms) Aster!onella sp. 702 58 611 70 187 49 684 241 Centrics (single-celled) 66 11 24 1 41 32 Olatoma sp. 159 26 47 2 20 0 73 40 Fragtlaria sp. 440 3 492 98 325 69 576 177 Melostra sp. 13496 432 11634 761 1281 79 10979 5708 Naviculoid 47 28 49 49 10 10 121 105 Stechanodiscus binderanus 132 40 237 10 109 50 240 144 Synedra sp. 150 21 198 75 79 40 252 124 Tabellaria sp. 35 10 30 30 50 30
. Subtotal 15189 505 13326 952 2039 325 13002* 6257 CHLOROPHYCEAE (Green Algae)
Actinastrum sp. 24 1 13 23 Ankistrodesmus sq. 9 9 4 8 Sinuclearia sp. 346 4 404 63 138 59 314 109 Closterium sp. 103 27 129 31 30 30 96 35 Coelastrum sp. 7 18 Oletyoschaerium sp. 9 9 25 25 to 10 25 26 Mougeotia sp. 245 98 273 23 236 79 366 133 Occystis sp. 9 9 35 10 16 16 Pedtastrum sp. 705 208 847 84 326 30 778 286 Scenedesrnus sp. 9 9 12 12 20 20 21 23 Staurastrum sp. 47 10 60 15 20 20 48 34 Subtotal 1480 248 1807 11 778 89 1691* 507 MYXOPHYCEAE * (Blue-green Algae) Anabaena sp. G 4 Achanizomenon sp. 1510 296 1852 32 1301 99 2439 842 Chroccoccus sp. 9 9 10 10 6 9 Microcystis sp. 9 9 23 23 10 10 10 8 Subtotal 1528 296 1875 65 1321 79 2456* 841 TOTAL 18198 1050 17007 1017 4138 336 17148* 7301 S.O . - Standard Deviation Data presented as number / liter
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
'~
103 4 TABLE A-6 ANALYSIS OF PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT DECEMBER 16, 1975 TM Station 1 Station 8 Sutton 13 Mean/ S.D. Mean S.D. Mean. S.D. Mean S.D. Station BACILLARIOPHYCEAE (Diarams) Asterionella sp. 9219 0 6835 84 6042 1228 7365 1654 Centrics (single-celled) 751 322 143 4 298 399 Diatoma sp. 3109 322 3562 708 5145 803 3939 1069 Fragilaria sp. 1715 1072 2479 391 2596 897 2263 478 Melostra sp. 8255 5039 3347 702 3304 94 4969 2846 Naviculoid 107 107 120 120 142 48 123 18 Stechanodiscus binderanus 55851 5467 58542 5785 61641 1607 58678 2897 Synedra sp. 965 107 1328 145 1275 48 1189 196 Tabellaria sp. 1179 536 862 96 1180 48 1074 183 Subtotal 81150 12971 77165 7843 81323 2787 79879* 2352 CHLCROPHYCEAE
' (Green Algae) 8tnuclearia sp. 326 117 331 142 219 190 Closterium sp. 107 107 107 33 95 95 103 7 Dictyoschaerium sp. 214 0 74 74 96 109 Mougeotia sp. 965 322 397 119 331 142 564 349 Pediastrum sp. 858 429 397 119 236 47 497 323 Scenedesmus sp. 95 95 32 55 Staurastmm sp. 37 37 12 21 Subtotal 2143 857 1336 432 1086 330 1522* 552 MYXOPHYCEAE (Blue-green Algae)
Achanizomenon sp. 3216 429 575 88 897 47 1563 1441-TOTAL 86509 14257 79075 8362 83306 2410 82963* 3729 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number / liter.
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
Sample was diluted 3:1 prior to counting.
~
104 APPENDIX S ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY - DECEMBER 1975 O l 1 l
.- . l
m 105 TABLE B-1 ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 14, 1975 TM Station 1 l Station 3 i Station 6 Station e Mean S.O. I Mean 6 S.O. 4 Mean i S.O. Mean S.O. ROTIFERA Asolanchna priodonta 89.8 14.8 2.1 0.0 13.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 Brachtccus angutacts 34.8 8.9 0.4 0.4 4.2 1.6 0.9 0.2 B. caly-iflorus 3.5 1.5 0.3 0.3 B. havanaensis 4.5 2.5 2.1 0.5 Chromogaster ovalts 84.9 0.0 44.2 12.5 73.0 1.1 17.6 2.8 Conochttotees sp. 15.3 3.5 1.9 0.8 1.3 0.9 . Filinta terminalls 43.0 18.3 0.6 0.2 2.7 0.6 Karatella cocntearts 260.5 57.2 52.9 13.2 111.6 10.1 45.4 10.2 K. cuadrata Lacane luna L. tunarts Etyarthra sp. 487.9 119.9 63.0 17.8 139.8 18.2 28.1 1.5 Pomeholyx suleata 1.0 0.0 3.0 0.9 2.4 0.3 4.3 0.2 Synchaeta so. 92.8 1.0 1.3 0.0 1.9 0.3 Tetchocerca cyliner tca 1.3 0.9 T muttterints 4.5 2.5 4.5 0.3 3.7 1.5 T sp. 1.5 0.5 0.4 0.0 Tetchotria tetracets 0.2 0.2 Untdentified Rotifer 48.4 2." 5.7 0.5 14.8 1.1 4.6 0.2 Subtotal 1171.8 232.2 174.4 43.5 372.1 28.1 106.6 8.5 CCPEPCCA Calanoid copepods Diaotomus so. 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.0 1.0 0.6 Immatures, Claptomus 1.5 1.5 2.8 0.7 1.4 0.3 3.7 0.0 Nauplit, calanoid 5.9 1.0 4.3 0.5 7.2 0.3 7.6 1.3 Cyclopold cocopods Cveteos vernatts 3.0 1.0 10.2 3.0 9.8 0.3 22.2 2.2 Mesocycloos edax 0.4 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.2 Immatures, cyclopoid 31.1 15.3 52.3 1.1 60.8 13.2 28.7 3.9 Nauplil, cyclopold 145.5 15.3 41.4 9.3 64.8 4.0 42.2 5.2 Subtotal 187.0 32.1 111.6 13.1 144.8 8.5 105.9 10.'. CLADCCERA Gosmina lonotrostets 16.8 3.0 0.2 0.2 2.7 1.6 Ceriodachnta so. Chydonas sonaericus 0.4 0.4 Onphnta gateata 8.9 3.0 12.5 2.8 5.6 2.4 6.3 0.4 O. retrocurva 124.8 57.7 133.9 26.5 129.0 44.4 32.6 1.1 Diaphanosoma sp. 1.0 0.0 1.5 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.2 Eubosmtra cerecont 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 Leotocora kinetti 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.3 2.6 1.1 Suetotal 152.4 64.6 148.6 29.9 139.3 44.8 42.3 2.7 PROTCZCA Of ffluota so. 123.9 42.0 298.4 52.7 405.4 7.9 311.4 23.9 TOTAL. 1635.0 370.8 732.9 139.1 1061.5 89.1 566.1 45.7 S.O. = Stancard Deviation. Caca presentec as rumcer/Itt'er. l l 1 l
em e SOS TABLE 8-1 CONT.
' ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 14, 1975 Station 9 1 Station 10 Station 12 1 Station 13 TM Mean S.O. ' Mean S.0.i Mean S.O. I Mean 'S.O.
ROTIFERA Asplanchna priodonta 43.7 9.7 21.2 8.4 4.7 0.0 Brachtorus angularis 20.0 2.2 10.4 3.7 2.1 0.3 B. calyetflorus 2.2 2.2 0.7 0.0
]B havanaensts 0.8 0.8 2.5 0.5 1.5 0.3 Chromegaster ovalls 17.2 1.7 245.7 29.8 82.8 13.5 90.3 6.8 Conochttotdes so. 2.3 0.4 7.4 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6 Filinta terminalta 0.2 0.2 20.0 0.8 2.1 0.1 0.9 0.3 Karatella cochleaMs 60.7 1.9 191.0 19.3 113.7 27.6 48.3 2.1 K. Quadrata 0.3 0.3 Lecare tuna '
L. tunarts Polyarthra sp. 34.8 9.6 212.4 23.0 185.4 30.0 80.2 9.2
, Pomenetyx sulcata 7.4 0.4 6.7 0.8 5.3 0.1 3.3 0.0 Synchaeta sp. 11.9 4.5 2.8 0.6 Tetchocerca cylindetca T mutetertnis 3.0 1.1 23.0 6.7 5.3 3.8 7.7 1.2 T so. 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.0 Tetehotria tetractts 0.2 0.2 2.2 2.2 0.3 0.3 Unidentified Rottfer 7.3 0.6 37.8 2.3 6.3 1.9 5.7 2.1 Subtotal 133.2 8.3 815.2 27.4 440.0 25.5 246.1 2.0 COPEPCCA Calancid cocepods Clactomus sp. 1.7 1.0 1.4 0.1 Immatures, Claptomus 3.7 0.7 3.0 0.0 1.8 0.5 3.9 1.5 Nauplit, calanoid 8.0 1.7 11.1 0.7 6.1 2.1 6.2 0.3 Cyclopold cocepods Cycleos vernatts 21.1 2.6 20.0 3.7 22.9 6.8 21.5 2.7 Mesocyctoos edax 1.5 1.5 0.7 0.0 2.4 0.6 -
Irnmatures, cyclopold 22.4 2.0 145.8 12.6 83.6 23.7 83.5 3.6 Nauplit, cyclopold 58.5 3.4 110.3 11.1 80.3 6.3 63.4 0.6 Subtotal 115.3 2.1 291.7 22.2 193.7 39.4 180.9 0.4 CLADCCERA Bosmina lonotrostets 0.2 0.2 9.6 2.2 2.2 0.9 0.6 0.0 Ceriodachnia so. 0.8 0.8 Chydorus schaericus 0.4 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 Daphnia Cateata 9.0 2.0 ~15.6 5.2 6.0 0.1 5.7 2.1 Og retrocurva 32.2 4.4 315.3 83.7 214.0 83.5 211.2 34.1 Otachanosoma sp. 0.9 0.2 2.3 0.8 1.5 0.8 1.2 1.2 Eubosmina corecent 1.3 0.2 1.5 0.0 1.1 1.1 0.3 0.3 Leotodera kindett 0.6 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.6 0.6 Suetotal 44.6 2.5 345.7 58.5 212.3 100.7 229.8 30.2 PROTCZCA Otfflucta so. 394.1 33.7 348.6 57.0 501.5 112.0 413.2 8.3 TOTAL. 687.0 25.8 1802.1 110.4 1350.4 277.5 1C69.6 19.9 S.O. = Standard Deviation. Cata presented as rumeer/Itter, i l e l ee+ - ~ , w
107 TABLE 8-1 CONT. ANALYSIS OF ZOOPL.ANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 14, 1975 station 14 i station 18 statten is Mean/ s.o. Mean S.O. I Mean ,S.O. Mean S.O. Gration ROTIFERA Asolanchna petodonta 58.4 S.O 16.S 1.8 5.2 3.7 23.2 29.0 Braetonus angularts 10.2 0.5 8.3 1.2 - 5.9 0.0 8.8 10.4
- 8. calyetflorus 1.1 0.3 0.9 0.3 0.8 1.1
- 8. havanaensts 2.6 0.5 2.1 0.3 1.5 1.5 Chromoga9 lovalts 67.4 7.4 103.8 1.8 28.9 8.2 77.8 S3.3 Conochttotdes sp. 5.5 0.8 2.4 0.0 3.4 4.6 Ftitnta terminalis 13.3 3.6 8.3 1.8 34.1 4.5 11.4 15.0 Keratella cochlearts 71.9 12.7 87.9 2.7 33.3 9.6 97.9 70.1 K. cuacrata 0.0 0.1 Lecane tuna 0.2 0.2 S.7 0.8 0.6 2.0 L. tunarts 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.1 0.3 .
Polyarthra so. 136.5 17.9 146.8 5.9 198.4 77.0 155.8 127.4 Pomonotyx sulcata 1.5 0.7 4.4 0.3 3.6 2.3 Synchaeta sp. 12.1 2.0 4.8 2.4 14.8 5.9 13.0 27.0 Tetchocerca evlincetea 13.3 7.4 1.3 4.0 T multiccinis 7.0 1.5 5.4 1.8 4.5 1.5 S.3 5.9 T2 sp. 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.5 Tetchetr ta tetractis 0.3 0.7 Unicentified Rottfer 13.8 2.8 10.4 2.1 7.4 1.5 14.8 14.6 Subtotal 401.1 48.3 4C2.4 3.3 353.0 117.6 419.7* 315.4 CCPEPCOA Calanoid copepods Ctactomus sp. 0.8 0.8 2.1 0.9 0.7 0.8 Immatures, Dianternus 3.0 0.5 3.0 0.8 2.5 1.2 Nauplit, calancid 6.6 0.3 10.4 2.1 0.8 0.8 S.8 2.9 Cyclopold cepepods Cvcleos vernalls 4.9 1.1 20.3 0.0 14.2 8.7 Mesocvetoes edax 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.6 1.0 1.2 Immatures, cyclopold 66.9 3.0 88.2 8.3 3.0 0.0 SO.S 39.8 Nauplit, cyclopold 98.6 0.9 76.1 3.9 25.2 1.5 73.3 34.S Subtotal 181.0 2.9 201.2 2.2 28.9 0.7 158.s 68.3 Cl.ACCCERA Bosmina lencirostris 5.5 0.4 S.8 1.5 0.8 0.8 4.1 5.3 Cariocachnta op. 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 Chvderus senascicus 0.2 0.2 1.5 0.0 0.3 0.5 Daohnia caleata 11.2 0.6 10.1 3.0 3.7 2.2 8.S 3.6 E retrocurva 110.2 3.2 206.0 27.8 4.5 1.5 137.6 94.0 Diaphanosoma sp. 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.6 Eubosmina corecent 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.0 0.6 0.5 Leotodora ktnctti 1.3 0.51 0.S 0.0 0.8 0.7 Subcotal 129.4 4.7 225.0 33.2 10.4 2.9 152.> 98.4 PROTOZCA Otfflucia so. 217.8 3.8 4C2.6 21.9 161.3 35.5 325.3 115.8 TOTAI 929.2 53.9 1231.1 60.5 553.6 149.5 1058.2' 419.3 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as rumoer/ liter.
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
l
108 TABLE 8-2 ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 11, 1975
~ Station 1 i Statton 3 l Station 6 Station 8 Mean IS.D. Mean S.D. l Mean iS.O. Moan d.0.
ROTIFERA Asolanchna giroidt 2.0 0.0 0.7 0.2 0.5 0.0 Gracntonus angularis 2.5 0.5 2.0 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.2 0.2
- 8. calyettlorus 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 E havanaensis 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 C7eomogaster ovalts 95.1 8.0 54.8 7.5 54.6 3.6 37.1 1.6 Conochttolces sp. 1.5 0.5 1.8 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.2 Fittnia terminalis O.2 0.2 Kellicottia longtsoina O.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 Keratetta cochlearts 115.4 7.5 48.5 5.7 70.1 9.9 26.7 .O . 2 K. cuadra'ta O.3 0.3 Elyarthra sp. 36.6 8.9 14.0 2.2 22.0 2.1 8.8 0.6' Pomonotyx sulcata 63.0 4.5 90.6 S.6 53.5 0.6 74.5 9.0 Synenasta sp. 245.0 18.3 125.8 1.6 102.0 8.7 76.3 4.5 Trichocerca multiccints 16.8 0.0 6.8 0.9 15.2 3.5 13.1 1.8 T.
~
sp. 5.0 1.0 0.9 0.1 3.3 1.3 1.4 0.2 Subtotal 583.6 47.1 347.4 5.5 323.5 19.6 239.2 1.7 COPEPOOA Calancid copepods Otactomus sp. 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 1.3 0.3 1.2 0.0 Immatures, Otactomus 1.1 0.3 1.8 0.8 1.4 0.2 Nauptit, calanoid 13.4 0.5 10.4 0.9 12.7 2.5 6.3 2.0 Cyclocold copecods Cycleos vernatts 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.3 1.2 0.8 Masccycloos edax 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 Immatures, cycleos 5.5 2.5 1.9 1.0 1.7 1.7 2.6 1.0 Immatures, Mesocycloos 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 Nauplit, cyclopold 68.8 2.5 42.0 6.7 .-3.6 6.4 34.1 0.6 Subtotal 90.2 0.'1 55.8 5.1 62.5 11.6 47.5 3.7 CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris - Chycorus schaericus 2.0 1.0 5.1 1.3 4.8 0.4 9.0 3.5 Daohnia gateata O.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 O. retrocurva 1.0 0.0 5.5 0.5 7.3 0.2 5.1 2.0 Diaonanosoma sp. 1.7 0.8 1.3 0.3 1.0 0.6 Eubosmina coregent 11.4 1.5 14.8 0.4 16.8 0.6 31.2 4.7 Lectodora kinctit 0.2 0,2 Subtotal 15.9 2.0 27.2 0.4 30.3 1.3 46.7 1.0 PROTOZOA Otrfluota sp. 53.7 13.1 39.7 5.3 26.7 0.7 25.S 1.8 TOTAL 743.3 32.0 470.1 5.3 443.0 30.7 358.9 8.1
, S. D. = Standard Deviation.
l Cata presented as number / liter. j
109 TABLE B-2 CONT.
' ANALYSIS OF ~ ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 11, 1975 Station 9 l Statton to Station 12 i Station 13 Mean S.D. I Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean I S.D.
ROTFERA Asolanchna stroidt 0.7 0.0 5.2 2.2 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.6 Beachtonus angularis 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 S. calyctflorus O.7 0.7 G7 havanaensts 0.7 0.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.6 Cleomogaster ovalts 82.7 2.4 161.3 7.4 119.1 0.7 94.1 2.3 Conochtlatdes sp. 0.8 0.4 0.7 0.7 1 '. 4 0.3 Filtnia terminatts O4 0.4 2.3 0.7 0.7 0.7 Kelliccttia longtsoina O.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Keratalla cochlearts 43.4 5.2 203.5 42.2 154.6 18.0 98.6 25.1 K. cuadrata Polyarthra sp. 14.3 1.7 60.0 14.1 22.1 0.3 20.9 4.9 Pomoholyx sulcata 99.1 3.5 194.6 3.7 80.3 0.3 86.1 10.3 Synchaeta sp. 92.7 1.3 125.1 3.7 151.7 2.6 138,0 26.8 Tetchococca multicrints 13.1 3.8 60.0 9.7 23.4 1.7 9.7 4.0 L sp. 0.6 0.6 5.9 1.5 7.1 1.3 5.5 0.9 Subtotal 347.5 7.4 820.0 75.5 561.5 19.5 456.4 71.0 COPEPODA Calanotd copepods Diactomus sp. O.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 Immatures, Otactomus 2.0 0.6 3.3 0.5 3.4 0.0 Nauplit, calanoid 6.9 2.1 16.3 3.0 15.1 0.4 11.7 'O.9 Cyclopold copepods Cycloos vernatts O.9 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 C.1 1.1 0.0 Masocycloos ecax Immatures, cycleos 5.5 1.2 4.4 0.0 5.1 1.3 2.6 0.9 Immatures, Mesocycloos O.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 Nauplit, cyclopoid 31.4 2.6 83.6 2.2 39.9 4.9 55.0 6.0 Subtotal 47.5 2.9 105.0 4.4 64.3 4.S 74.6 5.2
=.
CLADOCERA Bosmina longtrostets 0.3 0.3 Chyderus schaericus 19.9 0.8 3.7 2.2 8.8 1.1 8.3 2.0 - Daohnia galeata O.7 0.0 0.3 0.3 D. retrocurva 7.3 1.2 5.2 3.7 7.2 2.7 6.3 0.6 Otachanosoma sp. 0.8 0.4 2.3 0.7 1.4 0.0 1.7 0.6 Eubosmina coregont 36.5 1.6 17.8 4.5 17.4 0.8 20.5 3.4 Leotocora kindtti
- Subcotal 65.2 4.0 28.9 6.7 35.0 4.9 37.0 5.6 PROTOZOA Diffluota sp. 6.1 13.5 40.3 62.9 3.7 39.7 36.4 6.2 TOTAt- 500.4 20.3 1016.8 90.3 700.5 33.1 604.3 87.9 S. D. = Standard Deviation.
Data presented as number /Ilter.
110 TABLE B-2 CONT. ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT
. AU GU ST 11, 1975 Station 14 l Station is Stat en 19 l Mean/ *
- I Mean ' S . D . l Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Station ROTIFERA Asolanchns giroidt 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.5 Besentonus angularis 1.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.9 B. calyctflorus 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.3 87 havanaensis 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.5 O.4 Chromogastor ovalts 35.7 1.4 41.1 7.4 2.5 1.3 70.7 45.0 Conochttotees sp. 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.6 Fittnia terminalis 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 Kelticottia longtsolna 0.1 0.2 Karatetta cocntearts 40.7 5.1 91.8 13.4 0.6 0.2 81.3 59.7 K. cuadrata .2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Polysethes so. 12.8 1.8 10.8 2.5 34.1 2.5 23.3 15.1 Pomoholyx sulcata 54.6 8.4 68.5 0.4 0.2 0.2 78.7 46.7 Synenseta so. 102.1 5.3 86.9 9.5 1.5 0.7 113.4 59.1 Trichocerca multiccinis 4.4 0.4 12.2 4.5 18.1 2.1 17.5 15.0
-T. sp. 2.0 0.2 3.3 1.8 3.2 2.4 Subtotal 255.4 17.4 317.1 17.2 59.3 2.3 391.9* 204.9 COPEPCOA Calanoid copepods Diactemus sp. 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 Immatures, Otactemus 1.5 1.1 3.8 0.7 0.4 0.0 t.7 1.3 Nauplit, calanoid 9.3 0.9 6.0 0.S 4.7 0.6 10.3 3.9 Cyclopold copepods Cycleos vernalis O4 0.0 0.5 0.5 2.3 0.7 0.9 0.5 Mesecyclops edax 0.1 0.2 Immatures, cycloos 2.0 0.2 3.5 0.1 3.3 0.4 3.5 1.5 Immatures, Mesocyclocs 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 Nauplit, cyclopold 31.1 2.9 29.5 1.1 17.7 1.3 43.3 19.1 .
Subtotal 45.1 5.5 43.8 0.7 28.3 0.8 60.4 *' 22.3 CLADOCERA Bosmina tonotrestris 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Chydorus schsericus 6.4 0.2 7.2 1.1 25.8 4.1 9.2 7.2 Oachnta gatea.:a 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 , D. retrocurva 4.4 0.9 6.3 2.1 1.4 0.2 5.2 2.2 Otachanosoma sp. O.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.4 1.1 0.7 Eubosmina coregont 20.7 7.1 22.6 0.5 3.9 1.0 19.4 8.9 Lootodora kinctti O.5 0.0 ' 0.1 0.2 ; Subtotal 32.3 6.0 38.1 0.8 31.5 3.7 35.3 12.5 l 1 PROTOZOA-i Offfluota sp. 25.6 0.5 22.2 0.3 30.6 3.5 36.7 12.7 l
-TOTAL 358.3 28.4 421.1 18.3 149.6 5.7 524.2' 233.3 S. D. = Standard Deviation.
Data presented as number / liter.
- yean of the totals, not total of the means.
x* TABLE B- 3 111 ANALYSIS Of: ZOOPbKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT . SEPTEMBER 8, 1975 Stritten 1 i Station 3 Station 6 Station 8 Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean S.D. ROTIFERA Asplanchna giroldt 41.1 7.4 32.6 0.3 31.7 6.4 38.2 2.6
. Brachiosus angularis 3.0 2.0 1.9 0.6 3.6 0.8 4.0 1.1 B calyctflorus 0.3 0.3
{ havanaensis 3.0 1.0 1.6 0.6 1.1 0.0 0.5 0.5 Chromogaster ovalts 1.5 0.5 2.5 0.5 2.0 0.9 3.1 0.6 Filinta terminalis 0.5 0.5 Hexarthra mira 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.6 Keratella cochlearts 0.3 0.3 K. cuadrata 51.0 4.5 32.1 2.J 38.0 13.8 12.1 7.1 Polyarthra sp. 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 Pomoholyx sulcata 89.6 4.5 62.0 5.7 30.6 16.3 55.4 10.4 Rotaria sp. 4.5 1.5 2.5 0.5 3.1 2.0 5.4 0.5 Synchaeta sp. 40.1 6.4 54.4 7.8 22.6 9.9 36.2 5.6 Trichocerca multicrints 25.3 0.5 10.2 3.1 10.8 0.9 11.1 3.3 L cylindrica 0.3 0.3 Subtotal 260.5 5.0 200.6 17.1 144.7 45.5 166.0 20.9 COPEPODA Calanoid copepods Otactomus sp. 11.4 1.5 6.4 0.5 8.8 2.2 14.5 3.7 Immatures, Otaptomus 38.2 5.5 16.5 4.7 20.4 1.1 26.8 0.2 Nauplit, calanoid 31.2 4.5 25.4 3.1 26.2 1.4 37.8 0.0 Cyclopold copepods Cycloos bicusoidatus Cyclops vernatts 2.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 2.0 0.3 0.8 0.8 Mesocycloos edax 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Immatures, Cyclops 7.4 1.5 5.4 0.5 6.4 1.4 9.8 3.0 Immatures, Mesocyclops 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.3 Naup1ti, cyclopold 9.9 1.0 6.9 1.9 9.1 3.0 11.1 0.3 Subtotal 102.5 12.4 61.0 10.1 73.4 8.8 101.8 7.6 CLADOCERA Ceriodachnia sp. O.3 0.3 Chydorus sphaericus 75.3 13.9 60.8 4.0 50.7 0.6 68.7 0.6 Dachnia galeata 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 O. ' retrocurva 13.4 2.5 5.3 1.4 18.7 2.2 14.2 2.9 Otachanosorna sp. 20.3 2.5 10.1 1.3 18.5 4.2 12.5 0.2 Eubosmina coregent 5.5 1.5 6.0 1.1 6.6 1.1 6.6 0.3 Lectodora ktndtti O.5 0 .'5 1.0 1.0 Subtotal 114.4 20.3 82.6 4.7 95.0 7.4 103.4 2.8 PROTOZOA Otfflugta sp. . 126.3 27.3 41.3 3.6 60.3 2.5 34.8 4.9 TOTAL 603.6 54.9 385.5 18.9 373.3 64.1 405.9 20.8 S .D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number / liter.
TABLE B-3 CONT. 172 ANAlNSIS C'F ZCCPLANKTCN POPULA7 IONS' AT LCCUST POINT SEPTEMBER 8, 1975 i AXA Station 9 i Station 10 l Statten 12 l Statten 13 I Mean S. O . I Mean 1 S .O . I Mean S . C . I Mean i S . O .I ROTI.= ERA l Asclanchna gircidt 37.6 6.9' 55.5 3.7 31.2 3.2 36.4 1.7 Seachtesus an9ularis 0.9 0.2 4.4 0.0 4.6 0.4 1.2 0.6 i calyctflorus -0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8
- 3. havanaensis .O.4 0.0 3.0 1.5 2.5 1.8 2.0 0.3 Chremc; aster evalts 2.1 0.2 4.4 0.0 2.1 1.4 1.1 1.1
.=ttinta terminatts O.4 0.4 0.8 0.S 0.9 0.9 Hexarthra mira Karate!!a ecchlearts 25.0 2.1 17.0 3.7 20.0 0.4 14.1 3.6 K. cuadra a 1.1 1.1 E lyart".ra so. 54.4 13.0 34.1 6.0 33.3 3.9 20.4 3.3
=en chetyx sulcata 2.8 2.8 3.2 0.4 2.5 2.5 Rccarta so .
Synchaeta sp. 41.7 6.5 14.1 2.3 15.3 1.1 9.1 0.3 Trichocarca multterints 17.4 1.1 29.6 4.4 14.4 6.0 11.3 3.0 T. cyt tecrtca 0.3 0.3
-Suc acal 192.3 32.9 153.5 11.1 127.8 S.7 59.1 5.3 CCPE COA Catarctd cecepods Otactemus so. 9.1 0.2 21.5 5.7 15.S 1.3 1.8 2.5 Imma ures, O!ac:cmus 20.5 3.2 35.6 3.0 19.3 1.1 9.3 2.2 Naupill, calanctd 34.6 3.9 37.0 3.0 25.5 3.5 _3.4 1.7 .
Cyclopold cepegeds Cyc1ces bicuscidatus
~
Cyc1ces verratts 0.8 0.S 4'. 5 1.5 0.7 0.7' 1.4 0.3 Mesocyc!ces edax 0.4 0.4 Immatures, Cyclcps 7.2 0.2 14.8 3.0 5.0 3.2 6.1 1.7 Immatures, Mesecy e.'.cos O4 0.4 2.5 1.1 0.9 0.3 Nauplit, cycicpold 9.5 2.S 14.8 1.5 S.7 1.1 8.3 1.7 Subtetal 82.2 9.3 127.9 0.5 77.7 1.4 72.0 5.8 CLACCCSRA
- Ceriedachnia sp.
Chyderus schaericus 71.6 4.S 99.2 1.5 73.2 13.7 52.8 5.0 Oachnia galeata 0.2 0.2 1.5 1.5 0.4 0.4
& retrocurva 18.9 2.2 27.4 2.2 17.9 4.5 '4.9 6.1 Otacharcsema so. 18.2 0.4 36.3 5.2 23.5 5.3 16.0 5.0 Eubcsmtra coregent 8.5 0.4 15.6 5.2 10.5 1.4 9.9 3.3 Lectedera kindtti O.S 0.2 0.4 0.4 Subteal 117.9 6.5 179.9 15.5 125.7 22.1 103.5 9.4 PROTCZCA Otfflugla so. 34.4 2.2 IS2.1 18.5 105.7 3.5 38.1 5.0 l
TOTAL 427.2 51.1 533.3 S.5 436.9 l 13.3 042.5 25.4 S .O. = Standard Ceviatien. Cata presented as number /llter.
TABLE B-3 CONT. 113 ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT SEPTEMBER 8, 1975 Station 14 l Station 15 l Station 19 Mean/ S.O. Mean S.D. a Mcan S.D. Mean S.D. Station ROTIFERA Asolanchna giroidt 32.1 0.9 31.7 0.3 0.5 0.0
~ 33.5 13.0 Brachiosus angularis 2.7 0.9 2.2 1.1 0.3 0.3 2.6 1.5 L calyctflorus O.2 0.2 0.2 0.3
- 8. havanaensis 0.9 0.5 2.8 1.1 0.3 0.3 1.7 1.0 Chromogaster ovalis 2.4 0.2 2.5 0.8 2.2 1.1 Filinta terminalis O.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 Hexarthra mira 0.0 0.1 Keratella cochlearts 14.1 3.1 13.5 2.5 21.5 14.2 L cuadrata O.2 0.4 Polyarthra sp. 17.0 7.3 19.6 3.1 2.6 0.3 39.0 25.8 Pomoholyx sulcata 0.9 0.5 3.1 0.3 2.6 1.7 Rotaria sp. O.1 0.2 Synchaeta sp. 28.6 4.4 14.9 4.4 0.5 0.5 25.3 16.4 Trichocerca multicrints 8.4 0.9 16.3 0.3 0.5 0.0 14.1 8.0 L cylindrica O.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Subtotal 107.7 13.7 106.7 10.8 4.5 1.2 143.1* 66.7 COPEPODA Calanoid copepods Otactomus sp. 10.1 3.1 8.3 0.6 1.0 0.5 10.7 5.3 Immatures, Olaptomus 22.7 2.5 21.8 4.2 1.2 0.3 22.0 98 .
Nauplit, calanoid 18.7 2.0 22.9 1.4 2.3 0.9 26.2 9.9 C,yclopold copepods Cycleos bicusoidatus 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 Cycloos vernalis 0.2 0.2 1.7 0.6 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.3 Mesocycleos edax 0.1 0.2 Immatur es, Cyclops 7.3 0.3 7.5 0.9 7.1 35 Immatures, Mesocyclops 0.2 0.2 1.2 0.6 0.8 0.8 Naupitt, cyclopold 8.4 0.5 6.1 2.2 8.3 3.1 Subtotal 67.7 2.7 69.2 7.4 4.7 1.0 76.4
- 30.9 CLACCCERA Ceriodachnta sp. 0.0 0.1 Chydorus schaericus 51.9 5.3 50.9 0.3 6.9 0.5 61.1 22.8 Daphnia galeata O.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 O. retrocurva 7.1 0.5 27.0 2.8 1.4 0.0 15.1 8.2 Otachanosoma sp. 9.5 0.7 14.9 0.6 16.4 9.2 Eubosmina coregent 6.8 1.1 8.6 2.0 3.5 0.3 8.0 3.2 Lectodora kindtti O.9 0.9 0.3 0.4 Subtotal 75.4 6.4 102.4 5.0 11.8 0.3 101.1* 40.4 PROTOZOA Otfflugta sp. . 40.5 2.7 82.8 0.8 2.1 0.3 70.8 47.2
-TOTAt' 291.2 25.4 361.1 24.0 23.0 2.7 391.2* 159.7 S .O. = Standard Deviation. Data presentec as numcerf uter.
'Mean of the totals, not total of the means. '
.f
,,e
114 TABLE 8-4 ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 6, 1975 Tm - Station 1 , S*ation 3 Station 6 e Station 8 Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean S.D. ROTIFERA Asplanchna ortedonta 3.4 0.4 1.0 0.5 1.5 0.3 0.7 0.2 Brachionus N;laris 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.0 0.3 0.3
- 8. havanaenE Filinta terminalis 0.3 0.3
- Karatella cochlearts 97.1 6.0 57.0 12.0 29.5 5.9 12.5 1.5 K. Quadrata 0.3 0.3 Miyarthra spp. 20.3 4.5 18.7 1.7 19.5 1.8 14.3 1.1 Pomcholyx sulcata 0.9 0.0 2.1 0.9 3.1 ' O.5 Synchaeta spp. 8.1 2.1 13.2 1.2 8.9 0.0 16.3 0.5 Trichocerca multiccints 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 Subtotal 130.3 '7.6 91.5 9.9 62.1 5.4 47.1 2.7 COPEPODA
. Calanoid copepods Otactomus stecticides 1.2 0.3 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.0 Eurytemora affinis Immatures, Otaptomus 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.0 2.0 0.7 Nauplit, calanoid 8.2 0.3 6.4 1.8 7.1 2.4 8.3 0.8 Cyclopold copepods Cycloos bicuspidatus 0.5 0.5 C. verralis 6.8 1.2 3.2 0.0 6.2 0.9 2.5 0.7 Wopocyclops prastnus 0.3 0.3 Immatures, Cyclops 27.3 0.6 17.4 2.5 13.0 2.4 12.7 1.7 Immatures, Tropocyclops 0.5 0.5 Nauplit, cyclopold 44.5 3.9 38.3 5.0 39.0 5.4 26.1 4.1 Subtotal 88.6 4.5 67.7 5.9 68.2 3.9 52.0 6.7 CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 Ceriodaphnta sp.
O.2 0.2 Cnydorus sphaericus 46.5 1.9 36.2 0.6 31.9- 3.6 60.3 0.9 Daohnta galeata 1.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.7 0.3 O. retrocurva 71.4 3.1 60.4 11.8 27.5 1.5 31.0 0.6 6taphanosoma sp. - 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.9 0.5 Eubosmina coregent 149.2 0.6 133.5 17.4 76.1 17.7 92.6 3.0 Leptodora ktndtti 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.9 0.5 Subtotal 271.8 6.4 231.4 29.6 136.6 19.8 186.5 2.3 PROTOZOA Otfflugia sp. 14.8 3.9 15.8 0.9 0.7
-7.2 8.5 1.0 TOTA L 505.4 7.2 406.3 46.2 274.O' 28.4 294.0 8.1 S . O . =: Standard Deviation. Data presented as number / liter.
115 TABLE B-4 CONT. ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 6, 1975 TM Station 9 Station 10 Station 12 Station 13 Mean S.D. Mean 1 S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. ROTIFERA Asplanchna priodonta O.4 0.4 1.8 1.1 0.6 0.0 Brachtonus angularis 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3
- 8. havanaensis 0.2 0.2 0.9 0.3 ifIlinta tcrminalis 0.3 0.3 Karacella cochlearts 21.0 0.6 109.9 16.8 99.6 3.4 51.9 0.6 K. c;uadrata Elyarthra spp. 12.8 3.5 31.7 5.0 15.4 3.6 18.8 2.3 Pompholyx sulcata 0.9 0.2 2.0 0.0 2.5 1.0 0.9 0.9 Synchaeta spp. 10.9 0.9 23.8 1.0 12.0 2.2 11.4 2.8 Tetchecerca multicrints 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.7 Suttotal 46.7 3.0 168.4 23.8 131.8 7.5 85.0 0.6 COPEPODA C. .anoid copepods Otactomus sicelloides 0.7 0.0 1.5 0.5 2.5 1.8 1.2 0.6 Eurytemera affints O.4 0.4 Immatures, Otaptcmus 1.7 0.2 1.5 0.5 2.6 1.9 2.6 0.9 Nauptli, calanoid 5.7 1.3 7.0 3.0 5.5 0.5 6.4 0.1 Cyclopold copepods Cycloos bicusoidatus d.3 0.3 g vernatts 2.6 0.4 5.5 2.5 8.2 2.3 6.6 2.5 Trococycicos prastnus O.4 0.4 Immatures, Cyclops 15.0 0.9 33.2 2.5 32.7 0.9 24.4 0.5 Immatures, Tecpocyclops 0.5 0.5 Nauplit, cyclopold 24.8 1.9 38.2 3.5 37.0 1.5 31.5 3.8 Sut: total 50.8 0.6 87.2 11.8 88.7 4.5 72.9 5.7 4
CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris 0.5 0.5 Cortodachnia sp. Chydc,cus sphaericus 45.9 1.1 43.1 9,. 4 54.2 6.1 50.8 1.2 Daphnta galeata 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 1.5 0.8 1.8 0.0 D. retrocurva 36.3 2.6 52.5 9.9 76.6 15.2 61.6 8.0 Olaphanosoma sp. O.4 0.4 2.0 1.0 0.7 0.7 1.2 0.6 Eubosmina corsgent 66.3 4.5 100.6 17.2 201.9 23.6 143.2 4.5 Leotodora kindtti O.9 0.2 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.0 Subtotal 149.9 2.6 200.7 35.0 335.4 44.7 258.4 1.9 PROTOZOA Otfflugia sp. 12.8 0.2 9.4 0.5 10.0 1.9 12.8 1.0 TOTA L 260.2 5.2 465.7 70.1 565.9 58.6 429.1 4.2 7 S.O. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number / titer.
116
, TABLE 8-4 CONT.
ANALYSIS OF ZCOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 6, 1975 TMA Station 14 i Station 18 Station 19 M3an/ S.O. Mean S.D. l Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Station ROTIFERA Asplanchna priodonta 1.0 0.5 1.0 1.0 Brachionus angularis 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 g havanaensis 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.3 Fillnia terminatts 0.1 0.1 Keratella cochlearts 33.4 5.0 71.0 1.6 1.5 1.0 53.1 37.4 i quadrata O.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 Polyarthra spp. 18.5 4.1 17.0 2.2 1.8 0.3 17.2 7.1
. Pomcholyx sulcata 4.9 0.5 2.2 1.0 1.8 1.5 Synchaeta spp. ~14.7 2.5 10.0 0.6 5.6 2.2 12.3 4.9 Trichocerca multicrints 1.4 0.5 0.3 0.5 Subtotal 74.7 3 . 8' 101.0 1.2 8.9 3.5 86.1* 45.6 COPEPOOA Calanoid copepods Otactomus siccticidas 5.0 1.4 2.5 0.7 1.5 1.4 Eurytemora affinis 0.0 0.1 Immatures, Otaptomus 3.2 1.4 1.9 0.7 1.8 0.9 Nauptli, calanoid 5.7 1.6 8.5 1.4 0.3 0.3 6.3 2.3 Cyclopold copepods Cycleos bicuspidatus 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 C. vernalis 13.1 2.3 6.7 0.5 0.3 0.3 5.6 3.5 Tropocyclops prastnus 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 Immatures, Cyclops 21.2 1.8 28.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 20.5 10.0 Immatures, Tropocyclops 0.1 0.2 Naupitt, cyclopold 20.7 5.4 42.9 1.4 2.5 1.0 31.4 12.3 Subtotal 69.0 11.3 91.4 1.6 3.5 1.0 67.3* 25.5 CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris 0.2 0.3 Certocaphnta sp. 0.0 0.1 Chyderus sphaericus 78.1 3.8 69.8 10.8 8.6 0.8 47.8 18.9 Daphnia galeata 0.9 0.0 2.1 1.5 0.8 0.7 1 D retrocurva 65.5 5.6 66.2 0.1 0.5 0.5 50.0 23.3 Otachanosoma sp. 1.4 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.3 1.4 Eubosmina coregent 78.4 1.4 179.2 2.5 2.0 0.5 11' 37.0 Leptodora kindtti O.5 0.0 1.0 1.0 0.. 3.5 Subtotal 224.8 10.8 318.5 7.6 11.3 1.5 211.4' 91.3 l
FROTOZOA i Otfflugia sp. 8.8 1.1 22.6 2.8 0.5 0.0 11.2 5.6 ! l TOTA L 377.2 4.4 533.5 7.6 24.1 5.9. 376.0" 156.1 S .D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number / liter.
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
117 TABLE 8-5 ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 3, 1975 l Station 1 Station 3 Station 6 l Station 8 TN Mean S.D. Mean i S . O . ' Mean S.D. Mean lS.O. ROTIFERA Asolanchna priodonta 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.0 0.9 0.3 0.7 0.7 Brachtonus angularis 0.5 0.5 S. calyetflorus 5.5 0.5 24.6 2.1 4.7 1.3 7.8 3.3 Kellicottia longtsolna O.6 0.6 Keratella cochlearts 50.5 16.8 40.7 0.2 32.3 6.6 16.7 0.9 K. cuadrata 1.0 0.0 1.6 0.2 2.4 0.0 0.7 0.2 Polyarthra sp. 41.1 9.4 35.7 1.7 31.5 5.0 21.9 0.3 Synchaeta sp. 89.6 8.4 138.0 6.4 72.3 1.0 68.2 6.6
. Suetotal 188.2 34.7 241.9 6.9 144.5 3.1 115.8 3.6 COPEPODA Calanoid copepods Otactomus slettoldes 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 Eurytemera affinis 1.5 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.9 0.3 0.2 0.2 Immatures, Otaccomus 3.5 0.5 1.6 0.2 2.1 0.9 2.1 0.3 Immatures, Eurytemora 1.5 1.5 0.5 0.5 0.9 0.3 ,0.7 0.3 Naupitt, calanoid 10.9 1.0 7.4 1.4 6.7 2.7 7.6 0.4 Cyclopold copepods ,
Cycloos bicusoidatus 0.5 0.0 1.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 C. vernalis 5.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 3.5 1.2 3.6 0.5 Trococycloos prastnus 0.5 0.5 Immatures, Cyclops 26.7 1.0 36.6 2.0 18.0 3.2 11.8 0.5 Immatures, Trococycleos 0.3 0.3 Nauplit, cyclopold 49.5 1.0 90.6 4.6 46.4 0.2 48.3 1.7 Subtotal 100.1 4.0 138.8 6.2 78.0 1.7 74.4 1.5 CLADOCERA Bosmina longtrostris, 16.3 0.5 13.8 1.4 14.3 2.3 8.3 1.5 Chydorus schaericus 9.4 0.5 5.8 2.6 8.2 0.2 4.0 0.4 Daohnta galeata 0.6 0.0 0.5 0.5 O. estrocurva 3.0 1.0 2.8 1.0 4.4 0.4 5.2 1.2 Otaohanosoma sp. Eubosmina coregent 42.1 0.5 31.1 4.0 27.9 5.7 12.0 1.2 Subtotal 70.8 0.5 53.4 3.8 55.3 8.5 29.9 2.4 PROTOZOA Otfflugia sp. 18.4 5.5 12.7 1.7 9.5 3.6 5.1 0.3 i TOTAL 377.4 35.7 446.7 18.5 287.3 9.7 225.1 3.0 S.O. - Standard Deviation Data presented as number / liter.
118 TABLE B-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 3, 1975 cm , Station 9 Station 10 Station 12 l Station 13 Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. ROTIFERA
- Asolanchna ortodonta 2.4 0.9 0.7 0.0 .1.2 0.0 Brachtonus angularis B. calyetflorus 6.2 0.6 5.9 0.0 4.1 0.4 4.4 0.9 Kellicottia longtsoina O.4 0.4 0.3 0.5 Keratella cochlearts 19.6 1.5 32.6 6.0 55.1 10.0 29.2 5.0
$ cuadrata 0.7 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.3 Polyarthra so. 23.0 0.8 97.7 7.4 34.1 8.9 32.5 7.7 Synchaeta sp. 48.5 1.1 62.9 11.1 52.6 2.3 66.5 7.7 Subtotal 100.7 1.6 199.8 3.0 146.5 16.3 134.0 21.3
.I COPEPODA Calanoid copepods Otactomus stelloides 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 1.2 0.6 Eurvtemera affinis 1.5 1.5 0.9 03 Immatures, Otactomus 0.8 0.8 5.9 1.5 1.1 1.1 3.6 2.4
. Immatures, Eurytemera 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 1.9 1.2 0.9 0.3 Nauplit, calanoid 3.2 0.6 14.1 0.8 8.2 1.5 6.5 0.6 Oyclopold copepods Cyclocs bicusoidatus 1.5 0.0 1.2 0.0
$ vernatts 0.2 0.2 3.0 0.0 4.1 1.1 7.4 0.9 Trococycloos crasinus O.4 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 Immatures, Cycaos 18.4 2.1 27.4 9.6 27.8 0.4 25.7 0.9 Immaturas, Trococycleos Nauplit, cyclopold 41.5 6.3 51.1 3.7 31.8 2.2 41.0 0.9 Subtotal 64.9 9.3 103.7 13.3 77.0 0.8 88.7 3.6 CLAOCCERA Bosmina longtrostris 9.3 2.3 23.7 1.5 13.3 1.5 21.9 1.8 l
Chydorus schaericus 2.6 0.7 14.8 1.5 13.3 1.5 12.1 2.1 l Caphnia galeata O.7 0.0 1.2 0.6 h a retrocurva 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.8 3.0 0.0 6.8 0.3 Diaohanosoma sp, 0.4 0.4 E.ubosmina coregent 10.6 1.3 39.0 5.0 46.6 0.0 49.3 6.2 Subtotal 23.4 3.4 78.5 6.0 77.3 0.4 91.3 6.3 PROTOZOA Otfflugta so. 8.0 1.7 25.9 2.2 23.0 1.5 14.2 0.6 TOTAL 196.8 12.5 407.9 6.6 323.6 15.2 328.1 31.7 S.D. - Standard Deviation Data presented as number / liter.
119 4 TABLE B-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 3, 1975 TM Station 14 Station 18 L Station 19 lMean/ S.D. ! Mean l S.O. . Mean S.O. ' Mean S.D. lStation ROTIFERA Asolanchna ortodonta 1.0 0.5 0.8 0.7
- Erachtonus angularis 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 S. calyctflorus 2.1 0.2 4.1 1.0 2.7 0.2 6.6 6.2 Kellicot:ta longtsolna 0.1 0.2 Keratella cochlearts 15.1 2.7 35.3 2.4 16.2 1.5 31.2 13.7 K. cuadrata 0.5 0.0 2.3 1.1 1.0 0.8 Folyarthra so. 22.5 5.0 30.9 8.0 15.5 1.3 35.1 22.0
- Synchaeta sp. 63.5 12.9 50.9 5.0 33.9 2.0 67.8 27.4 i Subtotal 103.6 20.3 123.7 17.7 69.2 4.4 142.5* 50.0 COPEPOOA
- Calanoid copepods Otactomus siciloides 0.7 0.7 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.5 Eurytemora affinis 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.6 Immatures, Otactomus, 1.7 0.3 2.4 0.1 1.3 0.3 2.4 1.5 Immatures, Eurytemera 0.5 0.0 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.0 0.9 0.5 Nauplit, calanoid 6.4 3.2 4.7 0.4 2.0 0.5 7.1 3.4 Cyclopotd copepods. -
Cycloos bicusoidatus 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 C. vernatts 3.1 0.7 6.4 1.8 0.5 0.0 3.4 2.4 Trococycloos prastnus 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 Immatures, Cyc1cos 14.9 4.3 19.4 4.5 9.1 '3.2 21.4 8.2 Immatures, Trocccyclocs - O.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 Nauplit, cyclopold 42.2 7.2 32.3 1.3 20.1 1.5 45.0 17.7 Subtotal 70.6 14.3 58.1 5.5 33.5 4.0 81.6* 26.7 CLADOCERA Bosmina longirostris 13.4 2.4 17.3 1.3 6.1 1.7 14.3 5.4 Chydorus schaericus 6.4 1.3 12.4 2.5 2.0 d.5 8.3 4.5 Daohnia galeata 0.5 0.0 0.3 0.4 O. retrocurva 4.3 0.6 6.0 0.3 3.4 2.2 Otachanosoma sp. 0.0 0.1 Eubosmina coregent 29.2 2.1 52.5 1.0 9.6 1.3 .31.8 15.7 Suetotal 53.7 6.3 88.2 2.0 17.7 1.0 58.1* 25.8 PROTOZOA Otfflugia sp. 10.4 1.2 14.3 0.0 14.5 0.8 14.2 6.3 TOTAL 238.3 42.1 294.2 25.1 134.7 10.0 296.4* 93.8 J.O. - Standard Deviation Data presented as number /Itter.
Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
-e - , ~ ,y
120 TABLE 8-6 ANALYSIS OF ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT DECEMBER 16, 1975 TM Station 1 Station 8 Station 13 Mean/ S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Station ROTIP' ERA Asplanchna priodonta 22.3 0.4 18.9 1.9 24.2 0.6 21.8 2.7 Brachtonus angularis 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2
- 8. calyciflorus 1.5 0.3 0.5 0.9 Filinta terminalis 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.0 0.6 0.6 Kellicottia lengtsoina 3.4 0.7 2.2 0.4 2.1 0.3 2.6 0.7 Keratella cochlearts 92.5 7.4 44.2 4.6 68.8 1.5 68.5 24.2 L cuadrata 4.8 1.1 6.1 0.6 7.1 0.6 6.0 1.2 Notholca sp. O.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 Polyarthra sp. 75.7 31.1 59.4 10.6 112.7 5.3 82.6 27.3 Synchaeta sp. 52.0 7.4 47.3 4.2 60.2 6.5 53.2 6.5 Subtetal 251.3 37.9 178.9 17.1 276.6 1.0 235.6* 50.7 COPEPODA Calanoid cepepods Diactomus sp. O.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 Eurytemora affinis 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.5 Immatures, Otactomus 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 Immatures, Eurytemera 0.6 0.0 0.2 0.4 Nauplit, calanoid 1.4 0.0 2.0 1.1 2.1 1.5 1.8 0.4 Cyclopold copepods Cycleos bicusoidatus 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 C. vernalis 2.3 0.9 0.7 0.3 0.6 0.6 1.2 1.0 Immatures, Cycicos 11.5 3.4 7.5 1.3 12.4 2.4 10.5 2.6 Immatures, Trococveicos 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 Nauplit, cyclopold 41.2 4.7 33.1 3.2 36.9 5.6 37.1 4.1 Subtotal 57.1 8.3 44.2 4.2 54.1 7.5 51.8* 6.8 CLADOCERA Bosmina lonotrostris 6.1 2.0 5.4 1.3 5.0 0.3 5.5 0.6 Chvderus schaericus 1.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 Dachnia galeata 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 Eubosmina coregent 8.1 5.4 3.0 0.8 5.9 0.6 5.7 2.6 Subtotal 14.2 7.4 9.9 2.2 11.5 0.3 11.9* 2.2 PROTOZOA j Difflucta sp. 5.4 0.0 0.7 0.3 3.9 1.5 3.3 2.4 !
l TOTAL 328.0 53.6 233.6 20.4 346.0 7.3 302.5* 60.41 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number / liter.
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means .
l i
Am. 121 APPENDIX C BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST FOINT JULY - DECEMBER ,1975 l 1
122 TABLE C-1 ANALYSIS 01: SENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 17, 1975 Station 1 l Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 TW Mean S.O. Mean S.O. ' Mean S.O. MeaniS.D. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) Hydra sp. (budding polyp) ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helebdella stagnalis Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 547.5 195.1 789.5 448.1 1362.5 854.5 1330.6 365.6 Immatures (hair setae) 3 eranchyura sewerbyl 25.5 29.2 6.4 11.0 25.5 29.2 Limnedrilus cervix 31.8 11.0 38.2 50.5 38.2 33.1 ' b clacaredeanus L. clacaredeanus--cervix 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 6 maumeensis 12.7 11.0 s.4 11.0 s.4 11.0 Potamothrix moldaviensis 12.7 22.1 ARTHROPOOA l Cladocera l Lectodora kindtil 101.9 67.1 350.2 376.9 337.4 94.2 159.2 166.4 l Amphipoda i Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 l Chironomidae ] Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 25.5 29.2 19.1 19.1 95.5 33.1 114.6 19.1 Cryptochironomus sp. 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 i Procladius sp. 25.5 29.2 31.8 29.2 19.1 19.1 Tanytarsus sp. 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 31.8 29.2 19.1 19.1 Ephemeroptera Caenis sp. MOLLUSCA Pelecypeda
' Amblema sp.
Ligumia sp. Leptodea sp. TOTAL 789.5 237.3 1190.6 652.3 1916.4 960.6 1865.4 257.9 S.O. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /md .
123 TABLE C-1 CONT. ANALYSIS 01: BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 17, 1975 Station 5 l Station 6 Station 7 Station 8 Mean S.O. 6 Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean i S.O. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) Hydra sp. (budding polyp) ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helebdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 553.9 281.4 1096.7 945.6 725.8 331.4 1330.6 622.2 Immatures (hair setae) Branchvura sewerbyl 25.5 29.2 Limnodrilus cervix 12.7 11.0 31.8 39.8 19.1 33.1 38.2 33.1 6 clacaredeanus b claparedeanus-cervix 6.4 11.0 s.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 h maumeensis 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 Potamothrix moldaviensis ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora kindtti 19.1 0.0 108.5 72.0 229.2 262.6 146.4 77.2 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 63.7 110.3 76.4 132.3 12.7 22.1 19.1 .19.1 Chironomidae Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 50.9 72.3 76.4 66.2 19.1 19.1 25.5 44.1 Cryptochironomus sp. 12.7 11.0 25.5 11.0 6.4 11.0 Procladius sp. 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 12.7 22.1 Tanytarsus sp. 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 Ephemeroptera Caenis sp. MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema sp. 6.4 11.0 l Ligumia sp. 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Leptodea sp. I TOTAL 744.9 440.5 1445.2 1071.4 967.7 260.7 1617.1 675.4 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m2
124 TABLE C-1 CONT. ANALYSIS Of: SENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JllLY 17, 1975 Station 9 l Station 10 , Station 11 l Station 12 TM S.D. Mean Mean 1 S.O.! Mean S.O.! MeaniS.O. COELENTERATA
. Hydra sp. (single polyp) 50.9 88.2 Hydra sp. (budding polyp)
ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 1101.4 865.7 127.3 122.8 286.5 163.2 331.1 48.1 Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sowerby( Limnodrilus cervix 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 b clacaredeanus b clacaredeanus-cervix 6.4 11.0 E maumeensis 6,4 11,o Potamothrix moldaviensis 38.2 66.2 38.2 19.1 ARTHROPOCA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 216.5 193.2 12.7 11.0 82.8 48.1 89.1 61.4 Amphipoda ! Gammarus fasciatus 12.7 22.1 Chironomidae Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 114.6 119.3 50.9 11.0 38.2 19.1 19.1 0.0 Cryptcchironomus sp. 38.2 19.1 50.9 55.1 Procladius sp. 108.2 138.2 12.7 22.1 12.7 11.0 ' Tanytarsus sp. 19.1 19.1 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Ephemeroptera Caenis sp. , l NCLLUSCA Pelecypoda
]
Amblema sp. l Ligumia sp.
]
Lectodea, sp. TOTAL 1617.1 1362.7 254.7 116.7 503.0 29 6.1 496.6 83.3 , l l 3.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m d. f
125 TABLE C-1 CONT. ANALYSIS Of: BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 17, 1975 TAXA Station 13 Station 14 Station 15 Station 16 Mean 'S.O. Mean S.O. Mean S.D. Mean i S.O. COELENTERATA Hydra so. (single polyp) Hydra sp. (budding polyp) ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 4335.7 6023.4 706.7 505.3 655.8 429.8 496.6 125.3 Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sewerbyl 6.4 11.0 - Limnodrilus cervix 108.2 171.2 19.1 19.1 63.7 77.2 y clacaredeanus y clacaredeanus-cervix y maumeensis 12.7 22.1 Potamothrix moldaviensis 11.O 19.1 19.1 57.3 83.3 6.4 63.7 67.1 ARTEROPODA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 261.0 124.3 337.4 79.5 407.5 311.1 38.2 66.2 Amphipoca Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 127.3 61.4 31.8 22.1 44.6 29.2 25.5 11.0 Cryptochironomus sp. 6.4 11.0 50.9 11.0 Procladius sp. 133.7 125.3 44.6 39.8 90.8 91.1 Tanytarsus sp. 25.5 29.2 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.0 25.5 29.2 - Ephemeroptera Caenis sp. MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema sp. Ligumla sp. Leptodea sp. , TOTAL 5067.9 6492.8 1165.1 633.2 1292.4 937.7 700.3 153.2 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m 2,
^
126 TABLE C-1 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATICNS AT LOCUST POINT JULY 17, 1975 TM Station 17 1, Station 18 l Station 19 Mean/ S.O. Mean ' S.O. Mean i S . O . ' Mean S.O. Station COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single ~ polyp) 2.7 11.7 Hydra sp. (budding polyp) ANNELIDA ' Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis 0.7 2.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae). 369.3 121.3 776.7 315.2 1069.6 919.4 947.1 900.5 Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sowerbyl 25.5 22.1 6.0 10.5 Limnodrilus cervix 50.9 11.0 101.9 98.0 29.8 32.7 b clacaredeanus b clacaredeanus-cervix 19.1 19.1 12.7 22.1 4.5 6.0 6 maumeensis 12.7 22.1 5.7 6.2 Potamothrix _rmoldaviensis 50.9 55.1 25.5 44.1 16.8 21.9 ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 57.3 33.1 38 2 33.1 157.5 129.7 Amphipoda
' Gammarus fasciatus 12.7 22.1 12.4 21.3 Chironomidae Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 19.1 19.1 171.9 50.5 50.9 58.4 59.0 45.1 Cryptochironomus sp. 25.5 22.1 6.4 11.0 12.7 17.2 Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 222.8 135.5 6.4 11.0 29.1 38.8 Tanytarsus sp. 12.7 22.1 76.4 38.2 15.1 17.4 Ephemeroptera Caenis sp.
MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema sp. O.3 1.5 Ligumia sp. 0.7 0.2
, Lectodea sp. 6.4 11.0 0.3 1.5
( TOTAL 553.9 166.5 1387.9 160.2 1296.1 1117.9 1308.5'1030.3 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m d.
- Mean of the totals, not total of the mean.
t ...
127 TABLE C-2 ANALYSIS OF: SENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 19, 1975 Station 1 Station 2 ' Station 3 l Station 4 7 Mean S.O. Mean S.D. Mean i S . D . L Mean i S . O . ANN ELIDA Hirudinea H'elobdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 566.6 512.6 420.2 149.2 681.2 599.2 2164.7 1599.2 Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sewerbyt 19.1 33.1 Limnodritus cervix 6.4 11.0 31.8 29.2 6.4 11.0 h clacaredearus 12.7 22.1 19.1 19.1 12.7 22.1 b clacaredeanus-cervix - y maumeensis Potamothrix moldavlensis 12.7 22.1 12.7 22.1 ARTHROPCOA Cladocera Lectodora Mndtti 133.7 101.1 140.1 58.4 25.5 29.2 171.9 50.5 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus Chironomidae Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 89.1 154.4 114.6 19.1 57.3 57.3 57.3 38.2 Cryptochironomus sp. Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 31.8 39.8 Tanytarsus sp. 159.2 226.3 534.8 468.2 859.5 933.6 1292.4 688.0 TOTAL 961.4 1006.4 1222.4 557.8 1776.3 1705.0 3762.7 2274.9 l l I S.O. = Standard Deviation. Dr.ta presented as number /m2 ,
128 TABLE C-2 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 19, 1975 Station 5 Station 6 Station 7 l Station 8 Tm Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean l S . O . ' Mean l S . O . ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 Cligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 668.5 641.8 254.7 138.2 108.2 127.2 878.6 644.0 Immatures (hair setae) Granchyura sowerbyl 31.8 55.1 19.1 19.1 6.4 11.0 Limnodritus cervix 25.5 44.1 y clacaredeanus 44.6 '48.1 y claparedeanus-cervix y maumeensis Potamothrix moldaviensis 19.1 33.1 12.7 22.1 12.7 22.1 ARTHROPCDA Cladecera Lectodora kindtil 44.6 39.8 38.2 66.2 6.4 11.0 31.8 29.2 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 25.5 44.1 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 16.1 19.4 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 152.8 119.3 Cryptochironomus sp. Procladius sp. 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.6 19.1 33.1 Tanvtarsus sp. 25.5 44.1 6.4 11.0 44.6 61.4 12.7 22.1 TOTAL 853.1 716.8 337.4 230.3 203.7 260.0 1165.1 711.3 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m2 , 4 A.
129 TABLE C-2 CONT. ANALYSIS Of: BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 19, 1975 Station 9 l Station 10 Station 11 l Station 12 Mean S.O. I Mean S.D. MeanI. S .O . i Mean 5.0. ANN ELIDA Hirvdinea Helobdella stagnalis Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 1438.9 009.3 44.6 11.0 445.7 130.0 598.5 630.4 Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sowerbyt 12.7 22.1 Limnodritus cervix 38.2 19.1 25.5 44.1 L. clacaredeanus 6.4 11.0 19.1 33.1 19.1 19.1 { clacaredeanus-cervix L. maumeensis Etamothrix moldaviensis 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 25.5 29.2 6.4 11.0 ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora [indtti 241.9 217.2 19.1 33.1 496.6 220.3 Amphipoda Gammarus _ fasciatus 19.1 33.1 Chironomidae Chironomus (chirenomus) sp. 1642.6 1472.9 1005.9 1216.7 133.7 182.2 267.4 137.7 Cryptochironomus sp. Procladius sp. 19.1 33.1 Tanvtarsus sp. 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.0 19.1 19.1 19.1 19.1 TOTAL G406.2 2528.5 1101.4 1182.4 719.4 200.6 1432.5 960.1 l - S.D. = Standard Deviation. Drta presented as number /m 2,
130 TABLE C-2 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 19, 1975 Station 13 Station 14 Station 15 l Station 16 Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean 1: S.D. Mean i S.D. ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis Oligochaeta l' Immatures (no bair setae) 2629.4 2552.0 3590.8 2706.8 3068.7 1128.5 292.9 127.2 Immatures (hair setae) . Branchyura sowerbyl 6.4 11.0 25.5 29.2 Limnodrilus cervix 12.7 22.1 57.3 19.1 25.5 29.2 6.4 11.0 L. claparedeanus 19.1 33.1 25.5 29.2 76.4 68.9 12.7 11.0 ' { clacaredeanus-cervix 19.1 19.1 50.9 29.2 b maumeensis Potamothrix moldaviensis 25.5 44.1 ARTHROPOOA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 95.5 38.2 235.6 90.3 216.5 98.0 133.7 106.3 Amphipoda Gammarus fssetatus Chironomidae Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 191.0 116.2 401.1 163.2 152.8 76.4 108.2 58.4 p Cryptochironomus sp. Procladius sp. 19.1 33.1 6.4 11.0 38.2 19.1 6.4 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 121.0 115.1 283.0 96.7 38.2 19.1 TOTAL 3119.7 2788.2 4584.0 2955.3 3667.2 1347.5 636.7 238.8 S.D. = Standard Deviation. < Oata presented as number /m 2,
-i I
131 TABLE C-2 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT AUGUST 19, 1975 Station 17 l Station 18 l Station 19 Mean/ Mean S.D.I Mean S.D. Mean S.0. Station S'O' ! I ANNELIDA j Hirudinea i Helobdella stagnalis Oligochaeta 1.3 3.4 ! i Immatures (no hair setae) 229.2 116.2 955.0 303.2 7799.2 686.1 1412.4 1867.4l Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sowerbyl 44.6 11.0 146.4 58.4 16.4 34.1 3 Limnodritus cervix 25.5 29.2 38.2 33.1 114.6 151.6 63.3 204.3
- b clacaredeanus 63.7 58.4 38.2 50.5 904.1 379.3 67.0 203.9 L. claparedearus-cervix 6.4 11.0 541.2 144.6 32.5 123.8
{ maumeensis , Potamothrix moldaviensis 12.7 22.1 25.5 11.0 9.7 9.3 ARTHROPODA j. Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 146.4 210.1
")
79.5 133.7 125.7 123.1 ; Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 2.8 7.1 ; Chironomidae ' Chironomus (chironomus) sp. 267.4 119.d 203.7 88.2 12.7 11.0 257.2 404.1 Cryptochironomus sp. ' Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 50.9 11.0 12.7 14.2 Tanytarsus sp. 19.1 19.1 108.2 77.2 483.0 143.4 212.9 350.0 TOTAL 764.0 152.8 1623.5 365.9 10078A 1209.3'2179.4*2315.1 I l S.D. = Standard Deviation. 1 Cata presented as number /m 2,
- Vean _of the totals, not total of the means.
.m 132 TABLE C-3 ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT SEPTEMBER 11, 1975 TM Station 1 l Station 2 Station 3 Station 4 Mean S.O.l Mean S.O. Mean S.D. Mean S.O.
COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) 6.4 11.0 ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helebdella stagnalis Piscicolidae Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 655.8 368.6 942.3 833.9 598.5 584.8 1795.4 400.2 Immatures (hair setae)
- 8canchvura sowerbyl 38.2 33.1 6.4 11.0 Limnodrilus cervix , 38.2 19.1 19.1 19.1 y clacaredeanus y clacaredeanus-cervix y maumeensis ,
6.4 11.0 6,4 11.0 Potamothrix moldaviensis 6.4 11.0 . ARTHROPOOA Cladocera Leptodora kindtti 50.9 22.1 426.6 55.1 101.9 94.2 553.9 347.5 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 50.9 11.0 57.3 19.1 82.8 79.5 324.7 149.2 Cryotochironomus sp. 25.5 44'1
. 13.7 21.2 Procladius sp. 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 89.1 108.6 6.4 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 159.2 79.5 299.2 379.3 426.G 411.6 1241.5 425.4 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda .
Amblema sp. 6.4 11.0 Schaerium sp. TOTAL 967.7 498.6 1738.1 1161.3 1375.2 1144.6 3972.8 1113.2 i 5.0. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m 2,
- 133 TABLE C-3 CONT.
ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT SEPTEMBER 11, 1975 Station 5 Station 6 Station 7 l Station 8 TM Mean l S . D . Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis Piscicolidae Oligochaeta 127.3 90.3 1050.5 983.1 2298.4 371.0 604.8 667.2 Immatures (no hair setae) , Immatures (hair setae) Branchvura sowerbvt 31.8 29.2 12.7 22.1 Limnodrilus cervix , 25.5 44.1 12.7 22.1 y clacaredeanus b clacaredeanus-cervix b maumeensis 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.0 Potamothrix moldaviensis 6.4 11.0 ARTHROPODA Cladocera Leptodora kindtil 25.5 29.2 127.3 159.4 432.9 39.8 382.0 133.7 Amphipoda Gammarus l'asciatus 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 63.7 77.2 87.6 120.2 566.6 90.3 121.0 111.9
~
Crvotochironomus sp. 57.3 50.5 Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 235.6 309.4 343.8 169.8 1623.6 1233.5 89.1 79.5 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda . Amblema sp. 6.4 11.0 Schaerium sp. 6.4 11.0 TOTAL 458.4 497.7 1699.9 1533.6 5029.7 911.5 1228.8 940.4 3.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m2 ,
934 TABLE C-3 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT SEPTEMOER 11, 1975 TM Station 9 i Station 10 Station 11 l Station 12 Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. ' Mean l S . D. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella ,stacnaHs Piscicolidae Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 1591.7 622.2 197.4 39.8 1216.0 1208.8 127.3 108.6 Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sowerbyt Limnodrilus cervix , 44.6 29.2 57.3 50.5 h clacaredeanus 6 clacaredeanus-cervix 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 L. maumeensis 12.7 11.0 12.7 22.1 Potamotnrix moldaviensis 6.4 11.0 25.5 29.2 ARTHROPODA Cladocera Leptodora kindtil 553.9 212.7 12.7 11.0 101.9 72.3 235.6 61.4 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 534.8 381.5 38.2 38.2 38.2 50.5 50.9 29.2 Cryptochironomus sp. '63.7 61.4 19.1 0.0 38.2 38.2 Procladius sp. 31.8 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 312.0 116.7 12.7 22.1 19.1 19.1 31.8 22.1 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda . Amblema sp. Schaerium sp. TOTAL 3157.G 1256.3 280.1 88.2 1515.3 1425.8 445.7 29.2
-i S.D. = Standard Deviation.
Data presented as number /m 2, l i
135 , TABLE C-3 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT SEPTEMBER 11, 1975 TM Station 13 J Station 14 Station 15 Station 16 Mean lS.O. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean lS.O. CO ELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) 6.4 11.0 ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helebdella staenalis 6.4 11.0 Piscicolidae 6.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 1139.6 492.7 2737.7 1184.4 1642.6 862.0 814.9 176.4 Immatures (hair setae) Branchvura sowerbyi Limnedritus cervix , 38.2 19.1 31.8 39.8 6.4 11.0 6 clacaredeanus y clacaredeanus-cervix 6.4 11.0 6 maumeensis 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.0 Potamothrix moldaviensis 12.7 11.0 25.5 29.2 ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora kindtti 267.4 38.2 267.4 19.1 356.5 162.4 38.2 19.1 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 643.0 690.3 483.9 177.5 623.9 77.2 146.4 72.3 Cryotochironomus sp. '19.1 19.1 6.4 11.0 31.8 29.2 38.2 0.0 Procladius sp. 26.1 28.3 19.1 19.1 Tanytarsus sp. 210.1 202.1 140.1 209.5 127.3 29.2 44.6 39.8 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema sp. Schaerium sp. TOTAL 2285.6 1193.8 3775.4 1442.6 2852.3 760.3 1120.5 238.8 3.0. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m 2,
136 TABLE C-3 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT SEPTEMBER 11, 1975 TM Station 17 l Station 18 Station 19 Mean/ S.D. Mean lS.O.l Mean S.O. Mean iS.O. Station COELENTERATA Hvdra sp. (single polyp) 0.7 2.0 ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stac;nalis 0.3 1.5 Piscicolidae 0.3 1.5 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 464.8 79.5 2820.4 988.1 4163.8 783.8 1315.2 10,68.0 Immatures (hair setae) Granchyura sowerbvi 12.7 22.1 184.6 130.0 15.8 42.4 Limnodrilus cervix . 25.5 11.0 95.5 19.1 20.8 25.8 h clacaredeanus 6 clacaredeanus-cervix 12.7 11.0 12.7 22.1 2.5 4.4 6 maumeensis 12.7 22.1 4.7 5.5 Potamothrix moldaviensis 4.4 8.2 ARTHROPOOA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 2C0.1 108.8 19.1 33.1 222.8 187.3 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 0.7 2.0 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 70.0 11.0 503.0 105.2 159.2 48.1 245.1 232.2 Crvctochironomus sp. '19.1 19.1 12.7 22.1 18.2 19.9 Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 11.8 20.9 Tanytarsus sp. 12.7 11.0 375.6 48.1 300.2 425.9 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema sp. 0.7 2.0 Schaerium sp. O.3 1.5 TOTAL 846.8 67.1 3788.2 1119.7 4641.3 881.1 2167.4* 1496.5 S.D. = Standard Deviation. Data presented as number /m 2,
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
137 TABLE C-4 ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 9, 1975 TW Station 1 i Station 2 Station 3 i Station 4 Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.O. Mean l S.O. COELENTSRATA Hydra sp. (single ployp) 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 ANN ELIDA Hirudinea Helebdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 324.7 449.2 585.7 898.9 961.4 430.6 522.1 498.2 Immatures (hair setae)
, Branchyura sowerbyl L!mnodrilus cervix b clacaredeanus y clacaredeanus/ cervix b hoffmeistert b mavmeensis Potamothrix moldaviensis ARTHROPODA Cladocera Leotodora kindtti 70.0 39.8 171.9 95.5 579.4 135.5 235.6 72.3 t Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 6.4 11.0 38.2 66.2 31.8 22.1 44.6 29.2 Chironomus pupae Cryctochironomus sp. 25.5 29.2 12.7 11.0 Procladius sp. , 6.4 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 57.3 57.3 171.9 249.8 114.6 38.2 171.9 234.7 MOLUSCA Pelecypoda Ligumia sp. 6.4 11.0 TOTAL 464.8 560.9 993.2 1258.4 1719.0 450.4 999.6 799.5 i
i l *
. S.O. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m .
i l
- - - ., - p -
p 4 m -
138 TABLE C-4 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 9, 1975
.;.g Station 5 l Station 6 Station 7 i Station 8 Mean S.O. ' Mean S.D. Mean S.O. Mean i S.D.
COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single ployp) 6.4 11.0 ANNELICA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 1.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hatr setae) 3202.4 769.1 573.0 860.4 286.5 210.1 r12.0 193.2 Immatures (hair setae) Scanchyura sowerbyt 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 Limnodellus cervix 38.2 33.1 6.4 11.0 y clacaredeanus 6.4 11.0 h clacaredeanus/ cervix 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 h hoffmeistert b maumeensis 6.4 11.0 Potamothrix moldaviensis 12.7 11.0 ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora k!ndtt! 38.2 38.2 89.1 44.1 286.5 215.3 57.3 19.1 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 44.6 29.2 12.7 11.0 57.3 50.5 19.1 33.1 Chironomus pupae 6.4 11.0 Cryotochironomus sp. 70.0 39.8 Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0
- Tanytarsus sp. 108.2 79.5 25.5 44.1 50.9 29.2 )
MOLUSCA Pelecypoda l Ligumia sp. 1 TOTAL 3539.9 590.0 725.8 893.2 694.0 371.0 413.8 155.6 l l S.O. = Standard Deviation Cata presented as number /m'. l l
139 4 TABLE C-4 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 9, 1975 TM Station 9 l Station 10 1 Station 11 Station 12 ! Mean l S.D. l Mean 'S.D. Mean S.D. Mean 1S.D. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single ployp) ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helebdella stagnalis Oligochaeta ' Immatures (no hair setae) 770.4 517.6 57.3 50.5 413.8 191.3 159.2 88.2 Immatures (hair setae) Br-anchyura sowerbvl Limrodrilus cervix h clacaredeanus b clacaredeanus/ cervix h h_offmeistert b maumeensis
- Potamothrix moldaviensis ARTHROPOOA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 483.9 323.2 140.1 44.1 299.2 256.5 178.3 135.5 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 50.9 48.1 70.0 48.1 25.5 11.0 Chironomus pupae Cn/otochironomus sp. 6.4 11.0 8.4 11.0 38.2 38.2 Procladius sp.
Tanytarsus sp. 101.9 77.2 6.4 11.0 114.6 106.3 MOLUSCA Pelecypoda Ligumia sp. TOTAL 1413.4 827.1 210.1 76.4 942.3 318.1 222.8 172.3 S.D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m 2,
,w- ,
140 TABLE C -4 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 9, 1975 7% Station 13 Station 14 Station 15 Station 16 0 Mean l S.O. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.O. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single ployp) ANN ELICA - Hirudinea Helebdella stagnalis Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 458.4 275.5 885.0 67.1 1426.1 2159.4 121.0 22.1 Immatures (hair setae) Sranchyura sowerbyl 25.5 11.0 Limrodellus cervix 19.1 19.1 6.4 11.0 h clacaredeanus 6.4 11.0 h clacaredaanus/ cervix b hoffmeistert h maumeensis Potamothrix moldaviensis ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora kindtti 515.7 447.5 388.4 138.2 133.7 116.2 191.0 19.1 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 31.8 22.1 57.3 57.3 19.1 33.1 25.5 44.1 Chironomus pupae 6.4 11.0 Cryptochtronomus sp. 12.7 22.1 19.1 33.1 31.8 39.8 Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 57.3 68.9 89.1 79.5 6.4 11.0 MOLUSCA Pelecypoda Ligumla sp. TOTAL 1076.0 766.9 1483.4 231.1 1623.5 2150.3 369.3 79.5 t S.D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m2,
149 TABLE C-4 CONT. ANALYSIS Of: BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 9, 1975 TM Station 17 Station 1t3 Station 19 i Mean/ Mean l S . D. Mean S.D. Mean S.O. Istation S*O* CC ELENTERATA Hvdra sp. (single ployp) 1.7 2.9 ANNELIDA H(rudinea Helobdella stagnalis 1.0 2.4 Oligochaeta Immatur es(no hair setae) 286.5 232.4 1719.0 119.3 1203.3 557.8 750.9 745.9 Immatures (hair setae) Branchyura sowerbyt 89.1 39.8 7.0 20.9 Limnodritus cervix 6.4 11.0 12.7 22.1 4.7 9.7 h clacaredearus 0.7 2.0 y clacaredeanus/ cervix 6.4 11.0 1.0 2.4 y hoffmeistert 6.4 11.0 0.3 1.5 i L. maumeensis 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 1.0 2.4 Potamothrix moldaviensis 0.7 2.9 ARTHROPOOA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 121.0 72.3 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.0 210.4 173.2 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 1.4 2.7 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 76.4 19.1 25.5 11.0 57.3 57.3 36.H R1.3 Chironomus pupae 0.7 2.0 Crvotochironomus sp. 11.7 18.5 Procladtps sp. 6,4 11.0 25.5 11.0 3.0 6.2 Tanvtarsus sp. 56.7 59.8 MOLUSCA Pelecypoda Ligumia 'sp. O.3 1.5 TOTAL 490.2 302.2 1449.3 654.7 14C0.7 505.2 1064.8* 77:.. 4 l r S.D. .= Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m'.
- Mean of the totals, not -total of the means.
- t 4
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142 TABLE C-5 ANALYSIS Of: SENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LCCUST POINT NOVEMBER 6, 1975 Station 1 Station 2 l Station 3 ' Station 4 TW Mean l S . O . Mean S.D. Mean ,S.O. Mean S.D. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) 19.1 19.1 6.4 11.0 57.3 83.3 6.4 11.0 Hydra sp. (budding polyp) 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 25.5 11.0 ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helebdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 827.7 534.9 452.0 360.6 1368.8 678.6 1649.0 376.9 Branchyura sowerbyl 6.4 11.0 12.7 11.0 57.3 50.5 Limnodrilus cervix 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 y clacaredeanus/ cervix s.4 11.0 y maumiensis 6.4 11.0 ARTHROPOOA Cladecera Leotodora kindtil Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 19.1 19.1 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.0 12.7 22.1 Chironomidae C_htronomus sp. 31.8 22.1 38.2 19.1 407.5 391.6 222.8 155.6 Cryctochironomus sp. 38.2 33.1 Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 171.9 101.1 25.5 29.2 25.5 29.2 38.2 38.2 Ephemeroptera Caents sp. MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema clicata TOTAL 1088.7 505.3 560.3 403.5 1910.0 368.9 2031.0 373.5 S.O. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m2, i
143 TABLE C-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF SENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 6, 1975 7g Station 5 l Station 6 Station 7 Station 8 Mean S.O. Mean S.O. Mean l S. O . Mean S.O. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Hydra sp. (budding polyp) ANNELIDA Hirudinea Hv'obdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 203.7 274.4 299.2 223.8 1884.5 700.3 1547.1 1212.8 Branchyura sowerbyt 6.4 11.0 152.8 38.2 31.8 29.2 Limnodrilus _ cervix 6.4 11.0 y clacaredeanus/ cervix y maumiensis ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora t<indtil 6.4 11.0 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 44.6 29.2 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae l Chironomus sp. 12.7 22.1 57.3 99.3 12.7 22.1 12.7 11.0 Cryptochironomus sp. 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 44.6 11.0 19.1 33.1 , Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 Tanytarsus sp. 6.4 11.0 44.6 48.1 12.7 11.0 25.5 22.1 l Ephemeroptera Caenis so. 1 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema plicata 6.4 11.0 TOTAL 248.3 321.3 432.9 337.6 2164.7 639.9 1995.0 1581.0 S.D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m 2, . l j-l l l
144 TA BLE C-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF SENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 6, 1975 TM Station 9 l Station 10 Station 11 Station 12 I Mean S.D.l Mean S.D. ' Mean S.D. Mean i S.D. COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) 6 .'4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Hydra sp. (budding polyp) 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis 6.4 11.0 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 401 .1 296.5 76.4 50.5 737.4 119.3 197.4 198.8 Branchyura sowerbyt Limrodrilus cervix h clacaredeanus/ cervix y maumiensis ARTHROPOOA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 12.7 11.0 6.4 11.0 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 12.7 11.0 12.7 11.0 19.1 0.0 , Cryptochironomus sp. 12.7 22.1 25.5 29.2 6.4 11.0 Procladius sp. 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 , Tanytarsus sp. 50.9 48.1 6.4 11.0 44.6 39.8 108.2 79.5 Ephemeroptera Caenis sp. 25.5 11.0 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema olicata TOTAL 503.0 373.5 121.0 94.2 369.3 173.3 350.2 277.0 ' S.O. = Standard Deviation Cata presented as number /m 2, i
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145 a TABLE C-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 6, 1975 TAXA Station 13 l Station 14 u Station 15 Station 16 ( Mean l S.O. I Mean S.O. Mean S.D. Mean h S.O. COELENTERATA Hydra sp.'(single polyp) 25.5 29.2 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 Hydra sp. (budding polyp) 31.8 39.8 6.4 11.0 ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 203.7 143.4 534.8 537.9 133.7 83.3 121.C, 48.1 Branchyura sowerbyl 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 Limnodrilus cervix y clacaredeanus/ cervix 6 maumiensis ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora kindtti 6.4 11.0 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 Chironomidae Chiror.omus sp. 38.2 50.5 19.1 19.1 12.7 22.1 Cryctochironomus sp. 6.4 11.0 31.8 22.1 Procladius sp. Tanytarsus sp. 31.8 55.1 12.7 11.0 25.5 29.2 Ephemeroptera Caents sp. MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema pitcata TOTAL 337.4 315.2 598.5 604.4 184.6 138.2 171.9 68.9 S.D. = Standard Deviaticn Data presented as number /m2, 1 i i i
146 TABLE C-5 CONT. ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT NOVEMBER 6, 1975 TM Station 17 l Station 18 l Station 19 (Mean/ S*O* Mean S.O. Mean S.O. L Mean S.D. Station , COELENTERATA Hydra sp. (single polyp) 6.4 11.0 6.4 11.0 923.2 856.0 58.0 209.9 Hydra sp. (budding polyp) 668.5 596.4 39.9 152.5 - ANNELIDA Hirudinea Helobdella stagnalis 1.4 2.7 Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 63.7 39.8 197.4 29.2 1528.0 433.9 629.3 625.8 Scanchyura sewerbyt 133.7 68.9 22.1 45.1 Limnodritus cervix 1.0 2.4 y clacaredeanus/ cervix 0.3 1.5 y maumiensis 0.3 1.5 ARTHROPODA Cladocera Lectodora kindtil 1.7 3.6 Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 7.4 10.7 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 25.5 22.1 292.9 195.1 64.7 113.4 Cryotochironomus sp. 19.1 19.1 6.4 11.0 11.7 14.1 Procladius sp. 38.2 66.2 3.4 8.9 Tanytarsus sp. 6.4 11.0 33.5 42.2 Ephemeroptera Caents sp. 1.3 5.9 MOLLUSCA Pelecypoda Amblema clicata O.3 1.5 TOTAL 89.1 61.4 241.9 58.4 3584.4 1502.3 893.8* 971.4 l S.D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m 2,
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means .
147 TABLE C-6 ANALYSIS OF BENTHOS POPULATIONS AT LOCUST POINT DECEMBER 16, 1975 TM Station 1 Station 8 Station 13 Mean/ S.D. Mean :S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Station ANNELIDA Oligochaeta Immatures (no hair setae) 152.8 50.5 38.2 50.5 229.2 99.3 140.1 G6.1 ARTHROPODA Amphipoda Gammarus fasciatus 6.4 11.0 12.7 22.1 6.4 6.4 Chironomidae Chironomus sp. 44.6 48.1 6.4 11.0 17.0 24.1 Cryptc.chtronomus sp. 12.7 22.1 6.4 11.0 6.4 6.4 TOTAL 203.7 77.2 50.9 72.3 254.7 86.1 169.8* 106.1 S.D. = Standard Deviation Data presented as number /m2
- Mean of the totals, not total of the means.
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148 O A PPENDD< O STOMACH ANALYSIS 0;r PISH COLLECTED AT LOCUST POINT JULY - NOVEMBER 1975 l l I 1 f
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TABLE D-1 (CON'T.) STOMACH ANALYSIS OF FISH COLLECTED AT LOCUST POINT
- JULY - NOVEMBER 1975 Food ' tem 3 II
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, f, . N dA L C Q E N V I R O N M E lv. T A L SCIENCES 1500 F ACNTAG E ACAO a NCATNBACCK. f t. l I N C I S 8C062 o AAEA 312-564-0700 j NALCC CHEMsCat. COMeaNw REPORT TO TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY TOLEDO, OHIO i
PREOPERATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOLOGICAL MONITORING FOR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER PLANT OAK HARBOR, CHIO SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT July - December 1975 NALCO No. 5501-05590 PREPARED AND-SUBMITTED BY NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES y,
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R'jort approved by: , /\ B. M. JohnsW Ph.D. .: , Manager Environmental Sciences February 15, 1976
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NALCO ENVIRchMENTAL SCIENCES { l PREFACE The staff members of the Nuclear Sciences Section of Nalco Environmental Sciences Division were responsible for the acquisition of the data presented in this report. The report was prepared by P. Fonseca, Project Leader, and R. Briars, Assistant Radiochemist, under the direction of L. G. Huebner, Head, Nuclear Sciences Section. 1
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NALCQ ENNIRQ5 MENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii List of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv List of Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix I. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 II. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 III. Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 A. The Atmospheric Environment . . . . . . . . . 3 B. The Terrestrial Environment . . . . . . . . . 4 C. The Aquatic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Results and Discussion IV.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 A. The Atmospheric Environment . . . . . . . . . 9 B. The Terrestrial Environment . . . . . . . . . 11 C. The Aquatic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . 15 V. References Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Appendix A. Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radioactivity in Air and Water . . . . . A-1 B. Radiochemical Analytical Procedures . . . 3-1 4
i
' NALCQ ENVIRbNMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES No.
Caption Pgge 1 Sampling locations on the site periphery of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant . . . . , . . . . . 31 2 Sampling locations (excepting those on the site periphery), Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant . . .. 32 3 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected near the inlet canal (T-1, site boundary, 0.6 miles NE of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 4
Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at the site boundary (T-2, 0.9 miles E of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP. 36 5 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected near the Toussaint River and the storm drain (T-3, site boundary, 1.4 miles SE of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . 38 6 Air particu~ ate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at Locust Point and Toussaint River (T-4, site boundary, 0.8 miles S of plant), Davis-Besse NPP
. . . . . . . . . . 40 7
Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at Sand Beach (T-7, 0.9 miles NNW of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . 42 8 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at the Earl Moore Farm NPP.. (T-8, 2.7 miles WSW of plant) , Davis-Besse 9
...................... 44 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected ac Oak Harbor (T-9, 6.8 miles SW of plant), Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . 46 10 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at the Erie Industrial NPP. (T-10, 6.5 ' miles SE of plant) , Davis-Besse Park i
...................... 48 iv
- 3 .
NALCO ENVIRb'NMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES (continued) No. Caption Page 11 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and-gross beta, collected at Port Clinton (T-11, 9.5 miles SE of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . 50 12 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at Toledo (T-12, 23.5 miles WNW of plant), Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . 52 13 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at Put-In-Bay Light-house (T-23, 14.3 ; miles ENE of plant), Davis-Besse NPP . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 14 Air particulate samples, analyses for gross alpha and gross beta, collected at McGee Marsh (T-27, 5.3 miles WNW of plant), Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . 56 15 Gamma-ray spectrum of air particulates, 30-2048 kev.
Detector: Ge(Li), 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: air particulate filters composite of all indicator locations, 19934 m3 of air collected 1 July through 29 September 1975. Counts: 1000 min. on 13 November 1975, Davis-Besse NPP . . . . 61 16 Gamma-ray spectrum of well water, 0.2560 kev. Detector: 10 cm x 10 cm NaI(Tl), Sample: 3.5 1 of well water, collected 2 October 1975 at Fick's well, onsite (T-17, 0.7 mi SW of plant) Counts: 1000 min. on 9 October 1975, Davis-Besse NPP. . . 68 17 Milk samples, analyses for 90Sr, collected from Earl Moore Farm (T-8, 3. 2 miles WSW of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP ,
. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 74 18 Milk samples, analyses for 90S r, collected from a Toledo Dairy (T-12, 23.5 miles WNW of plant) ,
Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 19 Milk samples, analyses for 90Sr, collected from Daup l Farm (T-20, 5.4 miles SSE of plant), Davis-Besse NPP
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 1
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,NALCO ENNIRcbMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES (continued)
No. Caption Page 20 Milk samples, analyses for 90Sr, collected from Haynes Farm (T-21, 3.6 miles SE of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 21 Milk samples, analyses for 90 S r, collected from Toft's Dairy in Sandusky (T-24, 24.9 miles SE of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . . . . - . 78 22 Gamma-ray spectrum of milk, 0-2560 kev. Detector: 10 cm x 10 cm NaI(Tl), Sample: 3.5 1 of milk, collected 3 November 1975 from Toledo (T-12, 23.5 mi. WNW of plant). Counts: 1000 min. on 4 December 1975, Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . . '9 23- Gamma-ray spectrum of peaches, 30-2048 kev. Detector: Ge (Li) , 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: 308 g of dry peaches, collected 9 September 1975 from Winter Farm (T-25, 1.3 mi. S of plant). Counts: 1000 min. on 15 October 1975, Davis-- Besse NPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 24 Gamma-ray spectrum of grape juice, 0-2560 kev. Detector: 10 cm x 10 cm NaI(Tl) . Sample: 3.5 1 of grape juice, collected 24 November 1975 from Put-In-Bay Winery (T-16, 15.3 mi. ENE of plant). Counts: 3790 min. from 5 December to 8 December 1975. Davis-Besse NPP . . 82 25 Gamma-ray spectrum of beef, 30-2048 kev. Detector: Ge (Li) 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: 15.857 g of ashed beef, collected 9 September 1975 from Moore Farm (T-8, 2.7 mi. WSW of plann). Counts: 1000 min. on 16 December 1975, Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 26 Gamma-ray spectrum of Raccoon flesh, 30-2048 kev. Detector: Ge (Li) , 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: 4.364 g of' ash, collected 16 November 1975 in the vicinity of the plant. Counts: 5250 min, from 19 December to 23 December 1)?5 Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 i l I-vi -
NALCO ENVI ACbMENTAL SCIENCEE LIST OF FIGURES (continued) No. Capticn Pace 27 Gamma-ray spectrum of smartweed, 30-2048 kev. Detector: Ge(Li), 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: 167 g of dry silage, collected 2 October 1975 from Haynes Farm (T-21, 3.6 mi.
. SSW of plant) . Counts: 1000 min. on 5 November 1975, Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 28 Gamma-ray spectrum of soil, 30 m 18 kev. Detector:
Ge (Li) , 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: 752 g of dry soil, collected 9 September 1975 at Miller Farm (T-19, 3.7 mi. S of plant, near intake canal). Counts: 1000 min. on 8 December 1975, Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 29 Treated surface water samples, gross beta activity, collected from Erie Industrial Park (T-10, 6.5 miles SE of plant), Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . 93 30 Treated surface water samples, gross beta activity, collected from Port Clinton (T-11, 11.5 miles SE of plant) , Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . . . . 95 31 Treated surface water samples, gross beta activity, collected from Toledo Water Treatment Plant (T-12, 23.5 miles NNW of plant), Davis-Eesse NPP. . . . . 97 32 Treated surface water samples, gross beta activity, collected from Unit 1 treated water supply (T-28, onsite), Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . . . . .. . . . 99 33 Gamma-ray spectrum of untreated surface water, 0.2560 kev. Detector: 10 cm x 10 cm NaI(Tl), (No. l' . Sample: 3.5 1 of untreated surface water, composite of weekly grab samples, collected from 7 July through 29 September 1975 frem Site boundary near Toussaint River (T-3, 1.4 mi. SE of plant). Counts: 1000 min. on 14 October 1975, Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 I vii , 1 1
NALCO ENVI AdNMENTAL. SCIENCES LIST OF FIGURES (continued) No. Caption Page 34 Gamma-ray spectrum of yellow perch flesh, 30-2048 kev. Detector: Ge (Li) , 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: 15.149 g of ashed flesh, collected 9 September 1975 from Lake Erie in the vicinity of site. Counts: 3900 min. from 12 December to 15 December 1975, Davis-Besse NPP. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 35 Gartaa-ray spectrum of bottom sediments, 30-2048 ke' . Detector: Ge (Li) , 86.8 cm3 closed end coaxial. Sample: 777 g of dry bottom sediments, collected 6 November 1975 from Lake Erie (T-1, 0.5 mi. NE of plant, near intake canal). Counts: 300 min. on 8 December 1975, Davis-Besse NPP . . . 109 1 viii l
0
, NALCQ ENVeRdNMENTAL biCIENCES LIST OF TABLES No. Caption Page 1 Radioactivity in environmental samples, July through September 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 2 Radioactivity in environmental samples, October through December 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 Sampling locations, Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 4 , Type and frequency of collection . . . . . . . . . . 29 5 Sample codes used in Table 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-1; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-2; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 8 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-3; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 9 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-4; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 10 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-7; analyses for gross alpna, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 11 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-8; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 12 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-9; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 13 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-10; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 ix -
NNLCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 14 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-11; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 15 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-12; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and icdine-131 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 16 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-23; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 17 Airborne particulate and charcoal samples collected at Location T-27; analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and iodine-131 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 18 Airborne particulates, monthly av.erage, minima and maxima for gross alpha and gross beta, July -
December.1975, Davis-Besse NPP . . . . . . . . . . 57 19 Airborne particulates, analyses for 39sr, 90S r, and gamma-emitting isotopes; quarterly composites of weekly samples from indicator and background monitoring locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 20 Area monitors - TLD (mrem), monthly, July - December 1975
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 21 Area monitors - TLD (mrem) , monthly, July - December 1975
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 22 Monthly precipitation samples, analyses for gross beta and tritium, July - December 1975, Davis-Besse NPS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
65 23 Well water samples, analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and tritium, July - December 1975. . . . . . 66 24 Well water samples, analyses for 90Sr and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975. . . . . . 67 25 ! Milk samples, analyses for gross beta, 89sr, 90S r, ' and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 26.
Milk samples, analyses 9 for calcium, stable potassium, and ratios December 1975. of pCi 0Sr/gCa and pCil37C s/gk, July -
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 X
+ .
l
. NALCC ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 4
1 LIST OF TABLES (continued) No. Caption Page 27 Milk samples collected weekly at Location T-8 (Earl Moore Farm, 3. 2 mi. WSW of plant) ; analyses for I-131 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 28 Fruit and vegetable samoles, analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, 9DS r, and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975 . . . . . . . . . . 80 29- Beef sample, analyses for gross beta and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975. . . . . . 83 30 Wildlife raccoon) sample, analyses for gross beta, 90S r, a(nd gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -. . . 85 31 Waterfowl . (goose) sample, analyses for gross beta, 90S r, and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
87 32 Animal feed samples, analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, 90S r, and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 19/5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 33 Soil samples analyses for gross beta, 90S r, and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975. . . 90 34 Treated surface water samples collected at Location T-10,-analyses for gross alpha', gross beta, and tritium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 35 Treated surface water samples collected at Location T-ll, analyses for-gross alpha, gross beta, and tritium, July - December 1975. . . . . . . . . . . 94 36 Treated surface water samples collected at Location T-12, analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and tritium, July --December 1975. . . . . . . . . . . 96 37- Treated surface water samples, collected at Location T-28, analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and tritium, July - December 1975. . . . . . . . . . . 98
'38 Treated surface water samples, quarterly composites of weekly grab samples, for July-September and October-December 1975, analyses for-90S r and gamma-emitting isotopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 Xi
- , . , - , - ,m,- + ,,e,-
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,NALCQ ENVIRCNMEENTAL SCIENCES LIST ~F
> TABLES (continued)
No. Caption Page 39 Untreated surface water samples, monthly composites of weekly grab samples, analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, and tritium, July - December 1975. . . 101 40 Untreated surface water samples, quarterly composites of weekly grab samples, for July-September and October-December 1975, analyses for 90S r and gamma-emitting isotopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 41 Fish samples, analyses for gross beta, 90 Sr, and gamma-emitting isotopes, collected from Lake Erie in the vicinity of the site (T-1). . . . . . . . . 104 42 Fish samples, analyses for gross beta, 90Sr, and gamma-emitting isotopes, collected from Maumee Bay. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . 105 43 Clam samples from Lake Erie in the vicinity of the site, analyses for gross beta and gamma-emitting isotope", July - December 1975 . . . . . . . . . . 107 44 Bottom sediment samples, analyses for gross alpha, gross beta, 90S r, and gamma-emitting isotopes, July - December 1975 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 s xii
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NALCO ENVIRdNMENTAL SCIENCES I. Introduction Because of the many potential pathways of radiation exposure to rman from both natural and man-made sources, it is necessary to document levels of radioactivity and the , variability of these levels which exist in an area prior to the anricipated release of any additional radioactive nuclides. To meet this objective, an exten-sive preoperational environmental radiologica1 monitoring program 1
.was initiated by Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. (BIO-TEST) in July 1972 for the Toledo Edison Company in the vicinity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant site. This program included col-lection . (both onsite and offsite) and radiometric analyses of air-borne particulates, airborne iadine, ambient gamma radiation, sur-face water, ground water, precipitation, soil, bottom, sediments, fish, clams, food crops, vegetation, milk, meat, and wildlife.
BIO-TEST completed the first three years of preoperational monitoring in June.of.1975. Results of radiometric analyses of samples cellected~from' July through December 1975 are reported herein. This report, prepared by Nalco Environmental Sciences together with the ' previous reports (Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc. 1973a, 1973b,
- 1973c, 1973d, 1974a, 1974b, 1975a, and 1975b) will help to establish environmental baseline radiological values prior to operation of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant.
I I i
. , . , _. , 4'- - , _ _ ., -,
NALCQ ENVl54cNMENTAL SCIENCES II. Summary Results of sample analyses duri December 1975 are presented by ng the period July through ing data collected during theo peri dquarter in Tables 1 and 2 Monitor-similar to data obtained during the July through December 1975 were following exceptions: same period of 1974 with the 1) Gross beta activity in air parti in camples collected from July thculate samples was lo than those from the same period irough September 1975
- 2) n 1974.
Strontium-90 activity in waterfow l (goose) the sample collected in 1975 tha was lower in n the activity in the 3) sample collected during the same peri o d in 1974. tium-90 activity in soil sampl July through December 1975 were hi es collected from ed during the same period in 1974 gher than those collect-
- 4) .
Potassium-40 activity in soil s through December 1975 was lower thamples collected fr an the activity in samples collected during the same p eriod in 1974. 2 e
,NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCEE t
I 4 III. Methodology The sampling locations for the Preoperational Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Plant are shown in Figures 1 and 2 and are described in Table 3. The type of samples collected at each location and the frequency of collections are presented in Table 4. The sample codes used in this study are presented in Table 5. A. The Atmospheric Environment
- 1. Airborne Particulates i Airborne particulate samples were collected at a volu- !
i metric rate of approximately one cubic foot per minute on 47 mm membrane filters of 0.8 micron porosity. Vacuum air pumps were used. The filters were collected weekly from twelve ir. cat 2.ons IT-1, T-2, I T-3, T-4, T-7, T-8, T-9, T-10, T-11, T-12, T-2 * , and T-2 7) , placed l i in individual glassine protecti te envelopes, ard dispatched by mail l to Nalco Environmental Sciences for radiometric, analyses. The filters were counted approximately five days after col'.ection to allow for decay of short-lived naturally-occurring radienuclides. In order to minimize counting variables, all samples were counted on the same instrument. The quarterly composites of all i.ir particulate samples from " indicator" stations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4: T-7, and T-8) and of 1 all air particulate samples from " background"itations (T-9, T-10, T-11, T-12, T-23, and T-27) were gamma scanne 1 using a Ge(Li) detector and analyzed for Sr-89 and Sr-90.
- 2. Airborne Iodine Each air sampler was equipped with a charcoal trap
- 3. ,
-, - , - . , e--- r--n- ,,--- r ------,e- -
NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES inline after the filter holde . The charcoal trap at each location was changed at the same time as the particulate filters and dis-patched to Nalco Environmental Sciences for analysis i= mediately after arrival at the laboratory. .
- 3. Ambient Gamma Radiation Ambient gamma and beta exposure from natural radiation was measured with thermolcminescent dosimeters (TLD). Monthly and quarterly TLD's were placed at eighteen locations (the twelve air campling locations and Locations T-5, T-6, T-14, T-15, T-24, and T-26).
Each shipment of TLD's included controls which were stored in a shield at the Plant and returned with the field TLD's af ter their removal . Intransit exposures were measured by the con-trol TLD's and subtracted from the field TLD measurements to obtain their net exposure.
- 4. Precipitation 7
Monthly precipitation samples were collected from two locations, onsite (T-1) and Put-In-Bay (T-23). The samples were analyzed for gross beta activity and tritium. B. The Terrestrial Environment
'l. Groundwater One-gallon water samples were collected quarterly from wells at four locations (T-7, T-17, T-18, and T-27) . The gross alpha and gross beta activities were determined on the suspended and dis-solved solids of each sample. The tritium content was determined by direct counting of samples using liquid scintillation techniques.
4
NALCO ENVIRCNMENTAL SCIENCES Strontium-90 activity was determined by milking yttrium-90 . The samples were also gamma scanned for identification and quantification of gamma-emitting isotopes.
- 2. Milk Weekly milk samples were collected from Location T-8 from July through October.
The samples were analyzed for I-131. Beginning November, one gallon milk samples were collected monthly from three herds that graze within five miles of the Plant site (T-8, T-20, and T-21) and from milk processing plants in Toledo (T-12) and Sandusky (T-24). Ten milliliters of 37% formaldehyde solution were added to each gallon of milk as a preservative before shipment. (Formaldehyde was added only to the samples collected at T 12na d - T-21.) The samples were analyzed by gamma spectroscopy for I-131 , Ba/La-140, Cs-137, and K-40 immediately after receiving them at the laboratory. The samples from T-8, T-20, and T-24 were also analyzed for I-131 using chemical separation and beta counting. Samples were also analyzed for Sr-89, Sr-90, gross beta, and for stable calcium and potassium.
- 3. Fruits and Vegetables Three varieties of fruits and vegetables were collected at Locations T-8, T-19, and T-25.
Thg samples were analyzed for gross alpha, gross beta, Sr-90, and gamma-emitting nuclides.
- 4. Domestic Meat A sample of beef was collected from Location T-8. The flesh was separated from the bone and analyzed for gross beta gamma -
emitting isotopes. 5
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NALCC ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
- 5. Wildlife A representative specie of fauna (raccoon) was collect-ed from the vicinity of the site. The muscle was separated from the bone, gamma scanned, and analyzed for gross beta activity; the bone was analyzed for strontium-90.
- 6. Animal Feed Sample ofismartweed was collected at Location T-l', and grass.was collected at Locations T-8 and T-21.
The samples.were analy-zed.for. gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-90, and gamma-emitting isotopes.
- 7. Soil Soil samples were collected from three dairy farms (T-8, T-19, ard T-20) and one onsite location (T-1). The samples were taken from the top two inches of soil, where vegetation was not growing.
The samples were scanned for gamma-emitting nuclides and were analyzed for gross beta activity and strontium-90.
- 8. Wine A grape juice sample was collected from the Put-In-Bay winery (T-16).
The sample was gamma scanned and analyzed for gross alpha, gross beta and strontium-90 activities.
- 9. Waterfowl A goose was collected at Magee Marsh (T-27). The muscle was separated from the bone, gamma scanned and analyzed for gross beta activity.
The bone was analyzed for strontium-90 activity. C. The Aquatic Environment
- 1. Treated Surface Water Weekly grab samples of treated water were collected 6
NALCO ENVIRONfEENTAL SCIENCES from four filtration plants (T-10, T-11, T-12, and T-28) and analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta activities in total residue and for tritium. Quarterly composites were gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium-90. 2. Untreated Surface Water Waekly grab samples of untreated water were collected from Lake Erie at three filtration plants (T-10, T-11, and T-12) and at three onsite locations (T-1, T-2, and T-3). The samples were composited monthly and analyzed for gross alpha and gross beta activities in suspended and dissolved solids, and for tritium . Quarterly composites were gamma scanned and analyzed for strontium -
- 3. Fish Seven fish " samples (comprising four species) were collected from Lake Erie in the vicinity of the site and three species were collected from the Maumee Bay of Lake Erie, Toledo , Ohio (as background samples).
The muscle was separated from the bone, gamma scanned and analyzed for gross beta activity; the bone was analyzed
.__ fo,r strontium-90. _
- 4. Clams 1
Clams were collected from Lake Erie in the vicinity of the site. The flesh was gamma-scanned and analyzed for gross beta activity.
- 5. Bottom sediments vicinity of the Bottom site sediments were collected from Lake e Erie in t (T-1, T-2, T-3, and T-13) of the-intake and' discharge areas and in the vicinity (T-29 and T-30). The samples were 7
,, - _ - . . , , . _,c. - _ ,. . , . , - ,.
NALCO ENVIRdNMENTAL SCIENCES s . collected approximately 50 feet offshore with the use of an Ekman dredge. The samples were gaw.a scanned'and analyzed for gross alpha, gross beta, and strontium-90 activities, e I a d 1 1 J i l a 8
,m e -% a .
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. .. -~ ~
NALCO ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES . IV. Results and Discussion The discussion of the results of o dataduring ected c ll the semi-annual reporting period, July through D divided into three broad categories: ecember 1975, has been the aquatic environments. the air, the terrestrial, and during previous years for the Davis-BesAny references to data collected by Industrial BIO TESTse Nuclear power plant ref Laboratories, Inc., unless stated otherwise in the text. In this report, i 3 reported with one standard deviation while in the mean values are the mean values were reported with tw some previous reports i A. o standard deviations. i
. The Atmospheric Environment Results of weekly measurements of gr oss alpha and beta activities in air particulate samples are li Monthly averages of gross alpha and g sted in Tables 6-17 in Table 18 and indicate the minimum andross beta activities are g location. maximum values for each 3-14. Weekly activities are presented graphi cally in Figures Gross alpha _ activity ranged from <0 0003 to 0.0063 pCi/m3 .
(T-ll, December) (T-1, July).
.(T-2, November) Gross' beta activity ranged from <0 003 .
en 0.155 pCi/m3 (T-9, July) . Weekly levels of air-borne in all samples. I-131 were below the minimum of detectionlevel (0.02 pCi/m3) September.1975, ' Gross beta activity was lower from Julyrough th than during the same period in 1974 (Figures 3-14) . The results of gamma-spectroscopic and radiostrontium analyses for. quarterly composited-samples fro ground locations are presented in Table 19 m indicator anc back-A representative i'e (Li) 9
~ '
,a mr "
NALQQ ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES detector, gamma-ray spectrum of composited samples from all indicator locations during the first quarter is presented in Figure 15. Beryl-lium-7, which is produced continuously in the upper atmosphere by cosmic ray interaction (Arnold and Al-Salih 1955),was the predominant gamma-emitting radionuclide in indicator and background samples, ranging from 0.122 pCi/m3 to 0.135 pCi/m3 for the third and fourth quarters, and was simil'ar to that reported for the same period in 1974 (range 0.077 pCi/m3 to 0.150 pCi/m3). Some additional beta and gamma activity was due to fission and neutron activation products resulting from nuclear detonations (Russell and Bruce 1969). No marked difference in the level of gamma-emitting radionuclides was observed between indicator and background locations during the third and fourth quarters of 1975. Ambient gamma radiation levels, as measured by thermo-luminescent dosimeters (TLD's) are presented in Tables 20 and 21. The total adjusted values (for 91 days) for monthly TLD's were 13.3 and 12.7 mrem / quarter for the third and fourth quarters, respectively. These_ values compared favorably to-the adjusted values (for 91 days) for quarterly TLD's which were 12.9 and 12.5 mrem / quarter for the third and fourth quarters, respectively. These values were similar
*a th: One _ reported during the same period in 1974. The total adjusted values (for 91 days) for monthly TLD's were 14.0 and 12.5 mrem / quarter for the third and fourth quarter, respectively for 1974.
.The quarterly TLD's averaged 13.8 and 12.4 mrem / quarter for the third and fourth quarter, respectively for 1974. 10
- 4a.
_.~'
I NALCQ ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The results of analyses of precipitation samples are presented in Table 22. Gross beta activity ranged from 1.6 (T-1, October) to 42.1 pCi/l (T-1, November). Tritium activity ranged from <0.1 to 0.25 pCi/ml. B. The Terrestrial Environment The results of well water analyses are presented in Tables 23 and 24. Gross alpha and gross beta activities had the following ranges (in pCi/1) : Alpha Beta Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Suspended solids <0.1 <0 . 1 <0.2 0.48 Dissolved solids <0.2 <41/ 2.07 4.15 Total residue <0.3 <41/ 2.30 4.38 Gross alpha, gross beta, and tritium activities were similar to those measured during July through December 1974. Tritium activity ranged from <0.1 to 0.28 pCi/ml for July through December 1975. A representative gamma-ray spectrum of a well water sample is presented in Figure 16. No gamma-emitting isotopes wera detected above background level in any of the samples collected. S trontium-90 activity was less than the minimum detectable level (<0,5 pCi/1) in all samples except in those collected from T-7. The samples from T-7 had strontium-90 activity of 0.75 and 1.11 pCi/l for the third and fourth quarters, respectively. The results of milk analyses are presented in Tables 25-27 and in Figures 17-21. Strontium-39, icaine-131, and barium-140 activities were.below detection limits in all samples. Gross beta 1/ - The sample was analyzed for Ra-226 activity which was <0.5 pCi/1. 11 (w'.ew s- - , - w -+ -
. ~
, .. -- ~
NALCO ENVIRCNMENTAL SCIENCES activity ranged from 969 pCi/1 to 1102 pCi/l andmwas si il ar to that measured in samples collected during the same period i n 1974. Stron-tium-90 activity was also similar to the activit y in samples collect-ed from January through June 1974 pCi/l to 6.83 pCi/1. (Figures 17-21) , ranging from 0.96 A representative gamma-ray spectrum of a milk ample s is presented in Figure 22. Cesium-137 and potassium-40 activities ranged from 2.95 pCi/l to 8.10 pCi/l and from 1098 pCi/1 to 1351 pCi/1, respectively. Cesium-137 and potassium-40 activities were similar to those measured during~the same period in 1974 . Du t< to the chemical similarities between strontiu m and calcium, and cesium and potassium, organisms tend to d eposit cesium-137 in the soft tissue bones. and muscle and strontium - and -90 in the89 Consequently, the ratios of strontium-90 activity to the weight of calcium in milk and cesium-137 activityetoweight th of potassium in milk were determined in order to estimat e the potential accumulation of these radionuclides. The normal concentrations of calcium and potassium in milk are relatively constant
, averaging 1.16 1 0.08 g/l for calcium and 1.5 Center for Radiological Health 1968) 10.21 g/l for potassium (Natio As a result of their metabolic similarities, a change in the ratio of strontium 90 t -
o calcium or cesium-137 to potassium would indicate an altered centration of these isotopes. environmental con-The ratios of strontium-90 to calcium during the third and fourth quarters of 1975 ranged from 0 91 pCi90 T-20 to 6.12 pCi 90 Sr/gCa at location Sr/gCa at location T-12 and were similar to th e 12 ,_.-~ws'
- NALCQ ENVIRONMEN1*AL SCIENCES values measured during the third and fourth quarters of 1974. Ratios of cesium-137 activity to potassium ranged from 2.52 pCi137Cs/gK at.
Location T-21 to 6.32 pCi 137Cs/gK at Location T-8 and were similar to the values reported during the third and fourth quarters of 1974 (range 2.17 pCil37Cs/gK to 4.30 pCi l37Cs/gK) . Results of analyses of fruits and vegetables are presented in Table 2?> and a gamma-ray spectrum of peaches is presented in Figure 23 and grape juice in Figure 24. Gross alpha and iodine-131 activity was below the limits of detection in all samples, except the grape juice sample which had a gross alpha activity of 0.2 pCi/l wet weight. Gross beta activity ranged from 0.77 pCi/g wet weight in apples to 2.87 pCi/g wet weight in squash. Strontium-90 activity was less than or equal to 0.001 pCi/g wet weight in all samples collected. Cesium-137 activity ranged from 0.001 pCi/g wet weight in peaches to 0.007 pCi/g wet weight in apples. Potassium-4C activity. ranged from 0.9 pCi/g wet weight in apples to 3.8 pCi/g wet weight in squash. Results of analyses of a domestic meat (beef) sample are presented in Table 29 with the gamma-ray spectrum of the sample shown in Figure 25. Gross beta, cesium-137, and potassium-40 activ-ities (2.10 pCi/g wet weight, 0.010 pCi/? wet weight, and 2.5 pCi/g wet weight, respectively) were similar to those found in a sample collected in September 1974 (2.30 pCi/g wet weight, 0.15 pCi/g wet weight, and 3.1 pCi/g wet weight, respectively). The results of analyses of a wildlife (raccoon) sample are presented in Table 30. A gamma-ray spectrum of raccoon flesh 13 r% e aeme w:
NALCO ENVIRdNMENTAL kBCIENCEB is_ presented in Figure 26. Gross beta, cesium-137 and potassium-40 activities in raccoon flesh (1.5, 0.02 and 1.8 pCi/g wet weight, respectively) are similar to those measured in a raccoon sample (2.0, 0.01 and 2.2 pCi/g wet weight, respectively) collected in November of 1974. Strontium-90 activity in bone was also similar in samples collected in 1975 and 1974 (0.77 and 0.61 pCi/g wet weight,.respectively). The results of analyses of a waterfowl (goose) sample are presented in Table 31. Gross beta, cesium-137, and potassium-40 activities in flesh (2.2, 0.02, and 2.3 pCi/g wet weight, respective-ly) were similar to those measured in waterfowl samples collected in August of 1974' (averaging 2.8, 0.04, and 2.7 pCi/g wet weight, re-spectively). Strontium-90 activity in bones was lower in the sample collected in 1975 (0.23 pCi/g wet weight) than those collected in 1974 (averaging 0.75 pCi/g wet weighe) . Results of the analyses on animal feed samples are pre-sented in Table 32. Gross alpha and beta act'.vities, based on dry weight, ranged from <0.2 pCi/g to 1.5 pCi/g and from 13.1 pCi/g to 25.2 pCi/g, respectively. Strontium-90 activity ranged from 0.04 pCi/g dry weight to 0.202 pCi/g dry weight. Analyses of gamma-i emitting isotopes indicated that most of the activity was d'ue to naturally-occurring potassium-40 which ranged from 11.5 to 25.5'pCi/g dry weight. Trace quantities of cesium-137 were present in most-l l l~ samples,'with all samples having activity which was less than 0.05 pCi/g dry weight. The gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-90, potas-L
- sium-40 and cesium-137 activities were similar to those measured in i
14
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NAL 3 CNVIRONMENTAL SCIEA ES APPENDIX A Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radicactivity in Air and Water A-1 '
m . .
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NAL J GNVI AQNMENTAL SCIEh ,ES
' Maximum Permissible Concentration c' Radioactivity in Air and Watera Air Water Gross alpha 3 pCi/m3 Strontium-89 3,000 pCi/l Gross beta 100 pCi/m3 Strontium-9u 300 pCi/l
, Iodine-131b 0.14 pCi/m3 Cesium-137 20',000 pCi/l Barium-140 20,000 pCi/l Iodine-131 300 pC1/1 1 Potassium-40c 3,000 pCi/l Gross alpha 30 pCi/l Gross beta 100 pCi/l Gross betad 1,000 pCi/l Tritium 3x106 pCi/l Taken from Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 20, II and appropriate footnotes. Table b From 10 CFR 20 but adjusted by a factor of 700 to reduce the dose c resulting from the air-grass-cow-milk-child pathway. A natural radionuclide, 30 FR 15801, in footnotes 10 CFR Part 20, Table II. d Federal drinking water 1962, U. S. Public Health Service. I 1 1 i 1 A-2
s ~ NALt.s ENVI ACNMENTAL SCIENt dS APPENDIX B Radiochemical Analytical Procedures B-1
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.NAL J CNVIRONMENTAL SCIED. ,ES f
Radiochemical Analytical Procedures All procedures are equal to or better than those recommended by the U. S. Public Health Service.b./ A. Airborne Particulates
- 1. Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Store the sample for 5 days from the day of collection to allow for decay of short-lived radon and thoron daughters.
Place the 47 mm filter on a stainless steel planchet and count the samples in a Beckman Widebeta-II Proportional Counter. Calculate the activity in pCi/m3, correcting for the counter effici-ency. - Calculations Gross alpha (beta) activity, pCi/m3 = A 2 YEsb2 + Eb2 B x C x 2.22 I B x C x 2.22 Where: A = net alpha (beta) count rate (cpm) B = efficiency for counting alpha (beta) activity (cpm /dpm) C = volume of sample (m3) Esb = counting error of sample plus background i Eb = counting error of background
- 2. Gamma Analyses by NaI(Tl) Detector Place the filter on a 4" x 4" sodium iodide crystal detector.
Determine the gamma spectrum using 512 channels of the gamma spectrometer with a setting of 5 Kev per channel. Identify , I gamma emitters (if present) by their specific energy' peaks. ! 1/- U. S.-Public Health Service. January 1967. l Radioassav Procedures for Environmental Samples. ~ ~ i l B-2 ~
NALL ENVI AC3NMENTAL SCIEN .i B r
, Calculations Follow the same procedure as for gross alpha (beta)
, calculations, except make addi.tional correction for radioactive decay. . Note: If more than one isotope is present use the method of simultaneous equations to calculate net count rate.
- 3. Gamma Analyses by Ge (Li) Detector Place the filter on 86.8 cm3 detector. Determine the gamma spectrum rising 4096 channels of gamma spectrometer with a setting of 0.5 Kev per channel. Identify gamma emitters (if present)
Inr their specific energy peaks. , Calculations Follow the same procedure as for NaI detector calcula-tions it' total efficiency for a particular isotope is used. If gamma efficiency is used make additional corrections for branching factor (abundance) and electron conversion factor. I
- 4. Strontium-90 I Strontium and barium carrier are added to the composited
. filter paper samples and fused with sodium. hydroxide and sodium car-
{ 1bonate. The melt is takenLup in distilled water, washed and treated I with sodium carbonate to yield a precipitate of alkaline earth car- I bonates. Silicates are removed by dehydration with nitric acid and the carbonate' converted'to nitrates.. Radium is coprecipitated with barium as chromate;fcalcium is separated by reprecipitation in nitric B-3
NAL Q CNVI ACNMENTAL. SCIEL JES acid; and rare earth impurities are removed by adding scavenger 4 solution. Strontium carbonate is precipitated, dissolved in nitric acid, yttium carrier added and the solution is stored for yttrium-90 ingrowth. The strontium is again precipitated and separated from 70% nitric acid with the yttrium nitrate being in the supernate. Yttrium nitrate is then converted into oxalate and collected on a glass fiber filter for counting. Calculations Strontium-90 activity (pCi/m3) = A BxCxDxExF Where: A = net beta count rate of yttrium 90 (cpm) B = recovery of strontium carrier C = efficiency for counting yttrium 90 as yttrium oxalate (cpm /dpm) . D = sample volume (meters) E = correction factor e-At for yttrium 90 decay, where t is the time frem decantation of the strontium supernate (Step 19) to the time of counting (Step 25) F = equilibrium correction factor 1-e-At for the degree of B. Airborne Iodine Transfer charcoal to a plastic scintillation vial. Place the vial in the Automatic Gamma Counter (Packard Instrument Co. Model 5975) and count. Record time. Calculations 131 I activity (pCi) = A B x 2.22 Where: A = net count rate of 131 I in the 0.36 MeV peak. 4 B-4 .
, w, - * ~ ~
NAL .3 ENVIRdNMENTAL SCIEN EB e B = efficiency for counting 131 I activity in 0.36 MeV peak (cpm /dgm) Correc*lon for decay: Ao = AA l eA t2 Al eat'2 F (1 - e-^Cl when t1 <<1 F x t1 Where: Ao = activity of 131I at the time of collection (pci/m3) A1 = activity of 131 I at time of counting e = 2.71828 A = 0.693/ half life (days) = 0.693/8.08= 0.09576/ day t1 = duration of collection (in days) t2 = elapsed time between collection and counting (in days; F = m3/ day C. Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD) Place TLD crystal on the crystal holder and read current between 140 and 250' C. Repeat the reading. Calculations subtract the second reading from the first to obtain net reading. Calculate exposure in mR, using cali-bration curve obtained with TLD crystals exposed to a known source (Ra). - D. Water
- 1. Gross Alpha and Gross Beta in Total Residue Evaporate the sample in a beaker to a small volume, quantitatively transfer to a 2" stainless steel planchet, evaporare to dryness,. bake in the muffle furnace to a dark cherry red color I l i
B-5 I l i
NA O ENVIRbN ENTAL SCIENCES (550' C), cool in a dessicator and count in a Beckman Widebeta-II Proportional Counter. Calculate the gross alpha and beta activity in the total residue in pCi/1, correcting for efficiency, self-absorption, and volume. Calculations Gross alpha (beta) activity, pCi/ liter = A 2\/Esb2 + Eb2 B x C x D x 2.22 - 3 x C x D x 2.22 Where: A = net alpha (beta) count (cpm) B
= efficiency for counting alpha (be ta) activity (cpm /dpm)
C = volume of sample (liters) D
= in correction the sample factor for self-absorption Esb = counting error of sample plus background Eb = counting error of background 2.
Gross Alpha and Gross Beta in Suspended and Dissolved Solids Filter one liter of water through a 47 mm diamerer membrane filter with 0.8 micron pore. Dry the filter paper, put it in the stainless steel planchet and add a few drops of solution of glucote in acetone. Let it dry. Count in a Widebeta-II Proportional Counter. Evaporate filtrate to a small volume, quantitatively transfer to a 2" stainless steel planchet, evaporate to dryness, bake in the muffle furnace to a dark cherry red color (550' C) , cool in a dessicator and count. B-6 .
^ -
NAL. 1 ENVmCNMENTAL SCIEl% E5 Calculations calculations are similar to those for air particulates and well water.
'3. Tritium (direct counting)
Distill a 10-ml water sample just to dryness. Dispense 3 ml of distilled sample and 15 ml of scintillation medium into a
. vial.
Count the sample in Liquid Scintillation Counter for 4 to 8 a hours, depending on sample activity. Calculations Tritium activity (pCi/ml) = A B x 2.22 x C Where: A = net count rate of tritium (cpm) B = efficiency for counting tritium (cpm /dpm) C = sample volume
- 4. Strontium-90 The acidified sample of clear water, with stable stron-tium and calcium carriers, is treated with oxalic acid pH 3.0 to precipitate insoluble exalates.
The exalates are dissolved in nitric acid and st.rontium nitrate is separated from calcium as a precipitate, in 70% nitric acid. The residue is purified by adding iron and rarc l earth carriers and precipitating them as hydroxides. After a second strontium nitrats precipitation from 70% nitric acid, the nitrates are dissolved in water and, with added yttrium carrier, are stored ;
-for ingrowth of yttrium-90. The strontium is again precipitated, ;
and separated from 70% nitric acid, with the yttrium nitrate being i i in the supernate. For counting either total radiostrontium, yttrium-90 or-both, each fraction'is precipitated separately as an oxalate l B-7
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,NAL c ENV1MdNMENTAL SCIENCES
, (~ and collected on a glass fiber filter or planchet. Calculations Follow the same procedure as for air particulate samples. E. Precipitation
- 1. Gross Beta Transfer solids and liquids in the container to a beaker, evaporate to a small volume, and quantitativaly transfer to a tared planchet for counting.
i
- 2. Tritium (direct counting)
Follow the same procedure as for water. 4 Calculations Follow the same procedure a s for water. F. Bottom Sediments and Soil
- 1. Gross Alpha and Gross Beta i
Dry, grind,.and sieve the sample. Place 100-200 mg of sample into a 2" planchet and count in a Beckman Widebeta-II Proporc-ional Counter. Calculate the activity, correcting for efficiency and self-absorption.
- 2. Gamma by Ge(Li) Detector
.- Dry and grind 0.5 to 1.0 kilagrams of,the sample. Put 450 cc in.a one-pint container, olace on the detector and count.
- 3. Strontium-90 Fuse the sample with sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide. Dissolve in hydrochloric acid. Purify strontium by j removing existing yttrium using the T3P extraction method. Hold for 1
l
-one to two weeks to allow for new yttrium ingrowth. Repeat the T3P i 1
13 -8
NAL .O ENVI A NihENTAL. S CIEn.JES .r-extraction to separate yttrium-90, count and calculate strontium-90 from yttrium-90 activity. Calculations Follow the same procedures as for air particulate samples. G. Milk
- 1. Iodine-131, Barium-140, Cesium-la7, Potassium-40 and Stable K by Ganc.a Spectroscopy An aliquot of the milk sample is poured into a Marinelli-type beaker and counted on 4" x 4" NaI (Tl) crystal. The isotopes are identified by their specific energy peaks and activities are calculated using the method of simultaneous equations.
Note: Stable K (g/1) = A 830 Where: A = activity of K-40 in pCi/1, 1 g of potassium contains 830 pCi of K-40 2. Strontium-89 and Strontium-90 and Calcium Age the sample for at least two (2) weeks to allow the yttrium-90 daughter ingrowth. Add carriers to one (1) liter of milk and separate yttrium from strontium, barium and calcium by passing the milk sample successively through cation-and anion-exchange resin columns. Yttrium, which is retained by the anion-exchange resin, is eluted_with hydrochloric acid (hcl) and precipitated as the oxalate. The precipitate is weighed t o determine recovery of yttrium carrier and is then counted for yttrium-90 activity. Strontium-90 is cal-culated from these data. Strontium, barium and calcium are eluted from the B-9
NALL. J ENVIRCNMENTAL SCIENwES ( cation-exchange resin with a sodium chloride (Nacl) solution, diluted, and precipitated as carbonates. The carbonates are converted to nitrates and strontium and barium nitrates are precipitated. The nitrate precipitate is dissolved and the barium is precipitated as the chromate. From the supernate, strontium is precipitated as the nitrate, dissolved in water, and reprecipitated as strontium nitrate. The nitrate is converted to the oxalate, which is filtered, weighed to determine strontium carrier recovery, and counted for " total radio-strontium" and yttrium-90 are counted in the Beckman Widebeta-II Proportional Counter. The concentration of strontium-89 is calculated as the difference between the activity for " total radiostrontium" and the activity due to strontium'-90. Calcium is determined from an aliquot of the cation-exchange column eluate described below. After dilution, calcium oxalate is precipitated, dissolved in dilu.e hydrochloric acid (hcl) , the oxalate is titrated with standardized potassium premanganate, and calciu. calculated. Calculations
- a. Strontium-90 1
Follow the same procedure as for air particulate < filters. '
- b. Strontium-89 Strontium-89 activity (pci/1)=
j
=1 A i i
BxC DxE - ( xH + IxJ B-10. I
NAL J ENVI AdNMENTAL 5BCIEI\ .55 e Where: A =(cpm)net beta count rate of " total radiostrontium" B = counter efficiency for counting strontium-89 as strontium oxalate mounted on a 2.5-cm diameter membrane filter (cpm /C1) C = correction factor e-At for strontium-89 decay, where t is the time from sample collection to the time of counting. D = recovery of strontium carrier E = volume of milk sample (1) F = strontium-90 concentration (pCi/1) from Fart a
' G ='self-absorption factor for strontium-90 as strontium oxalate mounted on a 2.5-cm dia-meter membrane filter, (F-16)
H = counter 2fficiency for counting strontium-90 as strontium oxalate mounted on a 2.5-cm diameter membrane filter (cpm /dpm)
' I = counter efficiency for counting yttrium-90 as yttrium oxalate mounted on a 2.5-cm diameter membrane J = correction factor 1-e-At for yttrium-90 ingrowth, where t is the time from the last decantation of the nitric acid supernate from the strontium nitrate precipitate to the time of counting
- c. Calcium Calcium (g/1) =AxBxC
. D Where: A = volume of KMnO4 solution used for titration (ml)
B = normality of standardized KMnO4 solution (meq/ml) (average of three values from the standardization) C = milli-equivalent of calcium (mg/meq) D = sample volume (ml) B-ll -
, NAL Q ENVlf4dNdhNTAL SCIEL.. ES Since the sample is 20 ml and the milli-equivalent weight of calcium is 20 mg, the equation reduces to calcium (g.1) =AxB H. Domestic Meat, Fish, Clams, and Wildlife
' Gross Beta, Strontium-90, and Gamma Scan Separate flesh from bones and ash at 400* C; ash bones at 600* C. Follow the same procedures as for soil. '
I. Food Crops and Vegetation
- 1. Gross Alpha and Gross Beta Dry and grind the sample. Transfer 100-200 mg of the dry sample to a stainless steel planchet and count in a Beckman Widebeta-II Proportional Counter. Correct for efficiency and self-absorption.
- 2. Gamma Scan by NaI Cetector Dry and grind two (2) to three (3) kilograms of the sample.
Put 450 cc in a one-pint container, place on a 4" x 4" sodium iodide crys'tal detector and gamma scan using 512 channels of Ger,ma Spectrometer set at five (5) Kev per channel. Calculate the activity, correcting for counter efficiency.
- 3. Gamma Scan by Ge (Li) Detector s
Follow the same procedure as for NaI detector except correct for branching factor and electron transition factor when rising gamma efficiency.
- 4. Strontium-90 Dissolve ashed sample in hydrochloric acid (hcl) and purify strontium by removing existing yttrium using the tri-n-butyl B-12 .
NALC. J ENVI ACNMENTAL SCICNGES . (* phosphate (TBP) extraction method. Hold for one to two weeks to allow for new yttrium ingrowth. Repeat the TBP extraction to sepa-rata yttrium-90, count and calculate strontium-90 from the yttrium-90 activity, calculations . Follow the same procedure as for soil. J. Wine Gross Alcha, Gross Seta, Strontium-90 and Ga.r.a Scan Evaporate one liter of wine or grape juice to dryness in a beaker. Add a few ml of E2SO4 and digest over a hot plate. Ash at 600* C. l Analyses and Ca.culations Follow the same procedures as for vegetation samples. 1 k 1 3 I
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PRE-CPERATICNAL TF2RESTRIAL ECOLOGY .TNITORDIG ICR THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR PCWER STATICN, UNIT I 1 SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT, OECEMBER 1975 4 't Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Chio hY Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University . Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 January 1976 a-W "
$ 9 tt 9^- y-cy 4 w w- -~- g y - v - r-m*e w
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7 TABLE OF CONTT.'1TS . Page Preface.......................................................... 11 List of Tables................................................... iii List of Figures.................................................. v I. Designation and Mapping of Plant Communities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A. Results and Discussion................................... A-1 B. Literature C1ted......................................... A-5 II. Soil Environments............................................ 3-1 A. Introduction............................................. 3-1 B. Soil Temperature......................................... 3-1 C. Soil Moisture............................................ 3-4 D. Soil Chemical Analysis................................... 3-7 III. Terrestrial Fauna............................................ C-1 A .' Introduction..................... ....................... C-1 B. Amphibians and Reptiles.......... ...................... C-1 C. Small .va*wa1s............................................ C-3 D. Large Ma:::mals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....................... C-4 E. Conclusions.............................................. C-5 IV. Atmospheric Environment...................................... D-1 A. Introduction............................................. D-1 B. Instruments and Measurements............................. D-2 C. P re s enta cion o f Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-3 D. Interpretation of Data................................... D-3 i
. I Environmental Studies Center Bowling Green State University Bowling Creen, Ohio 43403 (419) 372 0207 MVV . SEMI-ANNL'A", REPORT TERRESTRIAL MONITORING PRCCRAM DECEMBER 1975 Preface This document completes a two year reporting cycle. However, at the time of the December 1973 Semi-Annual Report, not all of the field evalu-ation projects were fully operational. Basic study areas had been designated, and detailed mapping and establishment of perranent study quadrats in some areas had occurred. Initial data on soil types and plant cou:munities were presented. Installation of meteorological instru-ments was planned but had not occurred. The first surveys of the fauna had been ecmpleted. Thus for some study areas and parameters a full two years of study will not have been completed until mid-1976. In this report we continue reporting the observations and data collected to provide the basis for establishment of environmental baselines. Meteoro-logical elements, such as temperature and precipitation, have been variable, and this effect has been transmitted through soil parameters and the subsequent responses of the plant, and to a lesser extent, the animal communities. William 3. Jackson Director and Professor of Biology Editor )
. 11 I l
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LIST CF TABLF.S
- g. Caption Pace A-1 Importance values for woody species ob: arved in the ene-half by two meter quadrats, Fall 1974, Spring and Fall 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6 A-2 Importance values for herbacecus species observed in the one-half by two meter quadrats, Fall 1974, Spring 1975, and Fall 1975. . . . . . . . . A-7 A-3 Numbers of herbaceous and woody species observed in the enerhalf by two meter quadrats, Fall 1974, Spring and Fall, 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-8 A-4 Generaliced habitat preference for woody species observed in the study areas at the Davis-Besse site (after Gleason & Crenquist (1963), Fernald (1950) Strausbaugh, et al. (1955) , and Braun (1961). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9 A-5 Generalized habitat preference for herbaceous species observed in the study areas at the Davis-Besse site (after Gleason & Crenquist (1963) , Fernald (1950) , Strasbaugh, et al.
(1955) , and Braun (1961) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10 3-1 Weekly soil meisture variations, precipitatien, and actual evaporatien, waek of Ma; 2 to week of November 21, 1975. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 3-2 Soil chemical analyses, Summer and Fall 1975, Seach and Cooling Tcwer Woods sites. . . . . . . . . . 3-12 3-3 Summary of weekly average scil and air tempera-tures (OF) , Seach and Tower Woods sites , week of May 2 to week of November 21, 1975. . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 C-1 Reptiles and amphibians observed in the study area Fall, 1975. Numbers in parentheses indicate numbers of individuals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-6 C-2 August, 1975 bird populatiens en the study area circuit. Observers: Themas W. Scott and Manfred Temme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-7 C-3 August bird populatiens en the mud flats cira'.t.
'Cbservers: Thomas W. Scott and Manfred Temme. . . . . .C-8 111
LIST CF TABLES CCNTINUED
- g. Caption Page C-4 Waterfowl cbservations at Navarre Marsh =ade by U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service personnel. Data represent average pcpulation for centh: peak population observed is given in parentheses. . . . . . .C-9 C-5 Birds observed at Davis-Besse site during fall migratory period. Study site and mud flats routes combines; site observations by Manfred Temme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C-10 C-5 Birds observed at Davis-Besse site during fall migratory period. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-Il C-6 Captures and population estimates of white-footed mice in the study area grid, Fall 1975. . . . . .C-12 C-7 Results of large mammal live-trapping, Fall 1975. Locations numbers refer to field map (annual report, June 1974.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-13 C-8 Miscellaneous observations of mam=als by security guards and BGSU persennel. Farentheses indicate numbers seen. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .C-14 f
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LIST CF FIGURES No. Caption Page Al-A Importance values for principal woody species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Cooling Tower Woods........... A-11
. A2-A 'Importance values for principal herbaceous species in
- one-half by two meter quadrats in Cooling Tower Woods. . . . . . . A-11 M-B Importance values for principal woody species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Hackberry-Box Elder comunity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 12 A2-3 Importance values fer principal herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Hackberry Box Elder 4
co muni ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 12 Al-C Importance values for principal woody species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Hackberry II ccmmunity........ A-13 A2-C I=portance values for principal herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quacrats in Hackberry II comunity. . . 7.-13 Al-D Importance values for principal woody species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Kentucky Coffee Tree co muni ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 14 L A2-D Importance values for principal herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Kentucky Coffee Tr ee community . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 14 Al-E Importance values for principal woody species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Hackberry I community......... A-15 A2-E Importance values for principal herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Hackberry I community..... A-15 B-l' Beach site temperatures variability at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths and in air, . week of May 2,1975 to week of November 21, 1975.................................................... B-14
. B-2 Cooling Tower Woods temperature ranges at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths and in air, week of May 2, 1975 to November 21, 1975. 3-15 v
s i f e ..y , c- '
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) No. Caetion Page D-2 Climatological Si-nf for June 1975 and Discriminant Function Coefficients.................................... D-7 D-3 Climatological Summary for July 1975 and Discriminant Function Coefficients.................................... D-8 D- 4 Climatological Summary for August 1975 and Discriminant Function Coefficients.................................... D-9 D-5 Climatological Si - rf for September 1975 and Discrim-inant Function Coe fficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-lO
- D-6 Climatological Summary for November 1975 and Discrimi-nant Function Coe fficients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-ll D-7 Maximum temperature departures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during study period (June through November, 1975).................................................... D-12
, D-8 Minimum temperature departures from the meteorological j tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during study period (June through November, 1975).................................................... D-13 D-9 Average temperature departures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during study period (June through November, 1975).....,.............................................. D-14 D-10 Temprature range departures frem the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during study period (June through November,
~1975).................................................... D-15 D-11 Evaporation rate departures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during study period . (June through November, 1975) . . . . . . . . D-16 D-12 Relative humidity departures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during ' study period (June through November, 1975) . . . . . . . . D-17 vi
. . in . - . _ __
- ).
r' LIST CF FIGURES (Continued) No. Caption Page
'D-13 Dew point departures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during study period (June through November, 1975) . . . . . . . . . . . D-19 s
vil f E. == A
SEMI-ANNUAL REPCRT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT DECEMBER 1975 A. Designation and Mapping of Plant Communities Ernest S. Hamilton Department of Biological Sciences Fall flora was sampled, using 213 quadrats.in five permanent. study areas, at the Davis-Bess site during the report period. We can .nou compare compositien in the seedling and herbaceous layers for two successive fall periods. A permanent reference area at the Cttawa Wildlife Refuge was tentatively designated. The woods is approximately the same distance from the shore as is the Cooling Tower Woods at the Davis-Besse site, is also found on a combination of Fulten and Toledo soils (Pacha11, A.J., et al., 1928), but is more advanced successionally and thus contains a somewhat different assembledge and ce=bination of species. All methods of collection and data treatment are identical to those previously described (Semi-annual Report, Section A, June 1974). All nomenclature follows Fernald (1950). Results and Discussion Importance Values (IVs) for woody and herbaceous species for each commun1*y are depicted in Tables A-1 and A-2 for the fall of 1974 and spring and fall of V//5. In addition, values for the more abundant species also are presented graphically in Figures A-1 and A-2.
A-2 Differences in seed germination and subsequent seedling growth and viability of woody species as related to fluctuating soil moisture conditions are s ra when the data for the fall of 1974 and spring and fall of 1975 are ecmpared (Tables A-1 and A-3) . The trends previously indicated (June 1975 Report) become more evident when these data are related to soil motsture data (Figures A-3, A-4) . For example, the two to three-fold increase from the fall,1975 importance value for Acer negundo is clearly related to increased soil roisture. The droughty conditions of late summer and fall of 1974, replaced by more adequate soil moisture supplies in 1975, :.llowed a higher seedling surtival rate, which should carry through '.o the spring of 1976. Seedling of other woody species also follow this trend. Celtis occidentalis has increased in inportance in the Hackberrf-Box Elder, Hackberry II, ard Hackberry I areas. Although it has a wider range of moisture tolerance than Acer negundo, hackberrf obviously is responding to more favorable soil moisture conditions. Its lack of suriival in the Hackberrf I area frca the fall of 1974 to the spring of 1975, and its subsequent establishnent and suriival in the fall of 1975, also depicts this relationship. Cornus drmendi is characterized as inhabiting lang to wet woods by Gleason and Cronquist (1963) and Fernald (1950). Its increased importance in several of the areas, especially Hackbe TI II, is a further indication of the effecu of increased soil ooisture en species' distributien. 1
)
l i l i 1
A-3 Although soil moisture relationships are of primary importance in terms of germination and initial growth of species, other factors are superimposed on this variable. As succession continues and canopy closure increases, light relationships become more critical. Thus, early successional species in time will decrease in importance even though moisture relationships continue to be optimal. Although the pro-cess is long term, such trends are becoming evident in the data. The decrease of such species as Vitis riparia, especially in the ecoling tower woods, and the absence of Parthenocissus cuincuefolia, among other species, in most areas best illustrates this pcttern. A tabulation of generalized habitat characteristics of the woody species present is pi-inted in Table A-4. Changes in numbers and importance values of these species over time should reflect changing environmental conditions, either successionally or man-induced. Corre-lation of such species changes with measure microclimatic and edaphic factors should then allow for prediction of trends for the flora. The same general trends also are evident in the herbaceous layer (Tables A2, A3 and A-5). Severn1 species that characteristically have an affinity for moist' conditions are now more evident in these areas. For example, Hydrophvilum virginianum now exhibits fairly high importance values in all study areas, although during the previous fall it was only present in the Cooling Tower and Hackberry-Box woods. This same trend is exhbitied by viola papillenaceae and to s lesser. extent by Pilea pumila and Imoatiens capensis. Three characteristically moist-to-wet species,
1 A-4
?
Hydrophyllum appendiculatum, Alliaria officinales and Cardamine douglas-l sii, also are now present. The presence of these species reflects the higher, late-summer soil-moisture conditions and appears to provide a ' reasonable indicator of increased soil moisture. The reverse trend is evident in characteristically dry species. For example, Acalypha virginica is absent in the fall 1975 flora samples in all woods except the Cooling Tower, even though it was characteristic of the spring sample. Scrophularia marilandica was present in the dry fall of 1974 in quadrats of four wo<.,ds, but its i=portance value was halved in the spring of 1975 and completely e1%ated from all samples in the fall of 1975. Cther dry species, such as Saponaria officinales and Hordeum jubatum, also follow this trend. Increasing soil moisture levels thus appear _co be reflected in the reduction and eventual elimi-nation of dry-type species, although soil =ositure may be only one of several critical environmental fact:.,rs. Subsequent seasonal sampling and comparison with soil moisture levels should further illustrate these trends. By identifying and following reliable indicator species for soil :acisture levels we can 4 provide floral integrators of moisture regimens. The. data'for the seedling and herbaceous layers pres r:ed in the tables and graphs appear to reflect, either directly or indirectly, soil moisture changes. With the collecticn of the spring data in 1976,
.we will have two years of data from all layers of the plant communities.
e W:. ._ 1
A-5 We than can analyze nor:nal species distribution and fluctuationa in relation t.o soil moisture and other edaphic parameters, and we expect to utilize microclimatic and soil horizon data in relation to the seedling-herbaceous layer frequency statistics. Literature Cited Braun, E.L. 1950. ::eciduous Trees of Eastern North America. The 31akiston Co., Philadelphia. 596 p. Fernald, M.L. 1950. Gray's Manual of Botany, eighth ed. , American Book Co., N.T. 1630 p. Gleason, H.A. and A. Cronquist. 1963. Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. D. Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N.J. 310 p. Paschal, A.H., J.G. Steele, and G.W. Conrey. 1928. Soil surtey of Ottawa County, Chio. U.S.D.A. Sureau of Chem. and Soils, series 1928, Nu=ber 26. 38 r , and ::.ap. Strausbaugh, P.D. , E.L. Core and N. A::u:: ens. 1955. Common Seed Plants of the Mid-Appalachian Region, second ed. Edwards Brothers, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan. 305 p. and 9 plates.
- t Table A-1. Importance values for woody species observed in the one-hsif by two meter quadrats, ft.M 1974 Sprin9 and Fall. 1975.
Coolin9 Tower Woods liackberry-Box Cider Itackberry II Kentucky-Coffee Tree . Blackberry I Species Fall Spring Fall Fall Sprino Fall Fall Spring. Fall Fall Sprin<L Fall Fall Spring Fall Rhus toxicodendron 22.22 13.61 17.63 1.42 0.66 2.78 6.84 6.59 10.68 13.01 8.76 14.35 - 7.61 - Parthenocissus quinquefolia 17.53 16.17 7.81 22.30 20.19 - 11.92 18.30 - 40.93 36.26 - 16.92 11.16 12.40 Ribes americanum 16.61 6.07 14.97 8.67 6.39 9.85 17.02- 6.40 12.46 - - - - - - Acer ne9 undo . 11.82 33.18 33.41 5.35 33.80 10.21 - '- - - - - - - - Celtis occidentalls 10.12 7.27 14.07 22.95 13.44 52.01 14.93 11.94 27.51 7.23 8.14 - 4.60 - 13.42 Vitis riparla 10.06 3.00 2.87 6.50 1.16 - 11.43 10.63 16.01 - - - 18.02 8.24 - Crataeuus sp. 4.51 3.98 2.97 - - - - - - - - - - - - Cornus dridimundt 3.tia 2.38 3.21 15.91 b.41 21.47 25.b5 27.57 26.11 - - - 16.03 - 33.05 Hubus occidentalis 0.C5 0.68 1.75 - - - 8.39 9.18 7.24 9.87 15.21 - - - - Gleditsia triacanthos 0.76 5.87 0.34 '- - - - - - - - - - - 5.61 Prunus vir9tniana 0.31 0.44 - 17.61 12.u9 - 2.31 - - 11.75 4.77 17.62 24.97 41.63 - Vitis aestivalls - 6.22 - - 2.24 - - 5.72 - - - - - - - tonicera tatarica - 0.49 0.97 - - - 1,61 3.67 - - - - - - - Gyniocladus diocia - 0.25 - - 3.83 3.68 - - - - - - - - - Sanhucus canadensis - 0.25 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Ulmus rubre - 0.14 - - - - - - - - - - - - - Staphylea trifulla - - - - - - - - - 20.16 11.91 33.73 19.41 31.33 5.61 Populus deltoides - - - - - - - - - - 8.93 - - - - Fraxinus pennsylvanica - - - - - - - - - - 6.01 - - - 29.91 Y i C' t 4
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TABLE A-3: Numbers of herbaceous and woody species observed in th, - ' by two meter quadrats. Fall 1974 Spring and Fall, 1975. Coolin9 Tower Woods Hackberry-Box Elder llackberry II Ker ..y Coffee Tree Hackberry I Fall Spring Fall fall Spring Fall fall Spring Fall fall Spring Fall Fall Spring Fall Herbaceous species 21 35 26 14 28 18 12 30 17 12 19 15 12- 17 15 Woody species 11 16 11 8 10 6 9 9 6 6 8 4 6 5 6 To tal species 32 51 37 22 38 24 21 39 ~23 18 27 19 18 22 21
.Y-
. - .~..
A-9 TABLE A- 4 Generalized habitat preference for woody species observed in the study areas at the Davis-Besse site [after Gleason & Cronquist (1963), Fernald (1950), Strausbaugh,et al. (1955), and Braun (1961)]. Dry Moist Wet Borders of Species woods woods woods woods thickets fields Rhus toxicodendron X Parthenocissus quinquefolia X Ribes americanum X X Acer negundo X X Celtis occidentialis X X Vitis riparia X X Cornus drummondi X X Rubus occidentalis X X X X X Gleditsia triacanthos X Prunus virginiana X X X X X Vitis aestivalis X X X X X Lonicera tatarica X X X Gymn'ocladus dioica ' X Sambucus canadensis X X X X Ulmus rubra X Staphylea trifolia X Populus deltoides X X Fraxinus pennsylvanica X O y .
A-10 TAGL{ a.5: Generall2ed natitat preference far herbaceous spectes osserved in tPe study areas at the Davis-lesse site laf ter Gleason & Cronoutst (1963). Fernald (1950).Straspugn. et al. (1155). ame Braun (1961)]. SPtCIES wo005 TMICK.f5 CLIJuti::C5 F ttL:5 wtACOWS RCA051Ct3 d5 t Pt.ACl3 Ory %ist dee 0=en bews Sev %tst vet Ory 's t s t Geum canadense 1 1 I I I I Poa triviants 1 I X X viola pastilenaceae X Solanum dulcamars 1 1 1 1 1 Urtica eieica I I
' Arttsum laar,4 X X Acalypna virgiatca ,
I Osalts eu r opea 1 ' I t 1 1 Steens froncesa 2 Chenopootum al3um 5troonostyles nelvola X 1 1 E I 1 7 1 1 TarasaCum off tCtaale Aoocynum cannassaws I 1 1 5stlactna stellata I 1 4 Mydropnyllus virgtstan um I I I Solanum nigrum 1 2 Convolvulus testus I I (catnocystis 1scata I Solidago eloegata 1 1 I 1 1 I 1 I Alliaria 9fficinalls Gallua apar!99 1 I 5anicula trifollata 1 1 1 Glechoma hederacea I fecettees cepeasts 1 I P11ea pimas ta i I
~
Cares ,lasificra I tanuncalus accetus 1 1 1 1 I Cares cristatella I fevera virgiatana 2 I 2 1 aullaria casta a 1 werente.4 ruuerstanwe 1 Sat laa ,lanc e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ' 1 i 54 or.arta of fictnabs 1 1 Brassica tacer 1 t i ler.eum fanats ! I C.%eersonyntum proc;ncens - A I Carasttua nuuns 2 Leonurus carstaca Polygonatwo stflore 1 1 1 1 1 Scropavlarta mrtlandica I I taoatortum resus I 1 1 Allium trtucc a 1 Teucrium canacense I I I 1 Myeropnyllum apper4tculatum 1 Arisaeea trtsnylles 1 Allium canadense 1 1 2 Gallum asare61s I I P%ecalia persatt 1 1 1 I I Laatum amoientCau!e 1 1 1 Polygonatum canalica14tum Viola pensylvanica 1 I I useisperrum canaeensis I I Osmernera longistylis 1 1 Seiteago canacensu I I 1 1 1 1 Arasts laevtgata 1
- Floertea preserstnacondes 3 01 centra cuculiaria I Carcastne dauglassit I 1 Soemmerta cyttnerica I 1 Neosta catarte 1 2.
g);mus vteginicas l' 1 I 1 l i I N
A-11 I Fig Al-A, Importance values for principal woody species in one-Half by two meter quadrats in Cooling Tower Woods. o m s a 8 ct 3 a 5 g swu, tevie m ndre9 l
?srtheneetssus cutncuefolta 7 l Attes t-er*een< **
l e., r.eems. ! 3 Celtis eeeldentalis ! 4 ear necurde m l j '
?setmanecissus tui tusfolia i I 5 l m texte--one-en a .
- 1
*attis eecidaattlis j I
- l. !
7ttis testt7slis
- Aetr *.a.lado M
i
*9us toxtece+ed mn S I Ribe s 1-griees l g
u "altis seeidentsfis M
?trthe-eelssus vainquerslia 1
Fig A2-A. Importance values for principal herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quadrats o m g ; g a 3 g ; 5 in Cooling Tower Woods. r ; i i i i ; l i t a e,re.nse Ses setvti!1s 2
~ l
*ttelt statitenc es ,
l a I.1123S!!hG 18,. D
- l Or? tes disten 411!nrit ef*teinslis l ca 3+'2M g 9s e 9M19 ]- f i
*attuei sesrin, j l '
y trivtalis ! l 7telt reet!!eracea n einse -se j
,i 4111tets e**te 1:ulis
- l Stetteris edia g l Poa trivisits E
*erde*e fuestuei
~
l l
A-12 Fig Al-B. Importance values for principal woody species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Hackberry-Box Elder comunity. g m y a at a a u 5 5 3 Tottis oceidentalis l 5 .- Psettenesissus <tuincuefeita 5 l w Pru.us vi.-et-tana w l 4 c l
.ornus drurnendit Mibes smericana f
teer -arvedo l
- s Pt-theaee tssus oute4uefelia ] l Celtis eeelsentalis [ l SP;-us vi-*t-isma 5 !
Pites t=*rteira Oe! tis eeetientalis l
*er-u dr e -endit 2 l
M -er;-de , l Rites 3:=srieses ! Sv-neelsdus tietes Nig A2-B. .Importance values for principal herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Hackberry Box-Elder Community. 7 y 5 3 3 3 3 4 5 5 g es-sde-se l Ferdeu?t [J01tu"t f Oeristin m: tar.s e l
~~ s
'Mra-M*ttum virgintern-i ~ !
tecnuris etrdises t m aeset-. l S-titetes'ste11sta 1 l I
- 1
- u:1 eeneceaag a I e a viets egetitor.eeese l ml g A e % 17"J n1 fir *intet 3vdreshv11 n virginitr--
l m es,.de-se 3 t eve.-,eretlu seeeneie21 eun ! 3
~ j 4
Certstics nutans b' '. Q "rtfitlis 6 t
- e p -- - ,--w. o w r
A-13 Fi 9 Al -C. Importance values for principal woody' species in one-half by two meter W.ladrats in 1 Hackberry II comunity, o e o m
- g f I c e--u s d ru.--e r di t l 7
Mites emertesna g l C+1tts ocetdentslis 3 l Part?.Sece t ssus quinque folia vitis rissein Co m:s dru--esdit l
- s Ps--neneetsges q+iintuefolia 1 l
**1 tis See M99t=11s 7ttis riaarts o Rutus coetk -talis c,1tts occidentslis l
, A
" r g aru-:.e-dii [ l 7ttis 3 4 l
91391 t-e rt e tPE N
*nus totiecoendre9 Eig A2-C. Importance values for princi;:al herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quadrats Hackberry II comunity. . m s s 3 3 3 m g &
7tels eems*tvenica l Succesria er*teinalis 7
~ l e
Mordes9 fubatum l Oeetstium nutses l 3 - 39 es-sdense
,~
viets eensylvsnies i m i "stiu- seert e { l Viola esetItemtene S I w l 4111 aria efftetnalis 4 ' m i eg t.9112cina stellsta - J
-4titsrta officins11s l
- 2
? teem *-it efftet-slis ; l g ew.711uat vire t nia nu.-i 3 l Fea trivia'.is * !
^^
preenvu m .--e,eieulst, l
A-14 Fig Al-D. I.i.portance values for principal woocy species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Kentucky Coffee Tree community. e
?srteeneetssus cut-cuefo11a l Store. vies trifotts -
l-
?raa.us sir-ininna g !
* *tus terieedoedren
- I Rueus eesidentalis .
Psetheneeta g quir.quafstia l 2
?.usus eeeldentslis ] l Stech?los trifsita a l
?teulus deltoidee U l
-I g 33212edeedMM
'utus eeeldentalis l l 2 !
Staeh?tes trifolia - ermus virginiana 3
= !
e us to teedene-en Fig A2-0. Importance values for principal herbaceous species in one-half by two meter quadrats in Kentucky Coffee Tree comm. . m ; 3 g a y g 3 3 P ile s ee.:-ila j l Cersstium nutans }f l
'arties g l e*eItau9 P.les.-srs f l Merdous fudetum Salin.. ssarine Piles puntls yg l t-tettens eseensis E l a
t-ilteime steilsta_ g _ l w a Stellerts -edia " I M 9utails l "e mstium rutans 2' l
- a Escetions essensis , f
,a ;
Orttea dietes G f M?dreon?llu:s etreinianu:s
A-15 Fig Al-E. Importance values for principal woody species in one-half by two meter quadrats in
- Hackberry I comunity. y = 5 3 3 e o M i f
Pr:Mus virrintsna l Stemnviet trifolia 7
~ l Vitis risaria l 4 l sgety,neetssus quinquefolia 3 i Cornus drurstendii 8mmus vireinites l
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f SEMI-MNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MCNITCRING CONTRACT DECEMBER 1975
- 3. Soil Environments .
Arthur G. Limbird Department of Geography Introduction Soil environments dynamically interact with the atmosphere and biotic ecmmunities, especially the floral. Thus it is necessary to monitor this system if changes in the living components are to be interpreted. The precedures described in earlier semi-annual reports (See Section 3, June 1974 and December 1974 Semi-Annual Repcrts) were fo11cwed. The three beach sites and two cooling tower woods sites have been maintained for monitoring soil temperatures and soil moisture levels on a weekly or centinuous basis. Soil samples frem all five sites were chemically analyzed, ence during the summer and once in the fall. All data included in this report encompass the weeks frem , May 2 through November 21, 1975. Thus, comparisons may be made with the data presented in the December 1974 semi-annual report, which covers a similar time pericd. Soil Temperature Soil temperaturas fluctuated in response to air temperature enanges, but were of lesser magnitude than those of the air because of the in-sulating and buffering effect of the scil; and the ranges of weekly soil temperature variations decreased with depth (Figures 3-1 and 3-2) . Averages and ranges of. weekly air and soil temperatures can be used _ _ _]
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B-2 to assess changes in yearly or seasonal patterns. The weekly ranges for the present data peried fluctuated more than for the ccrrespending peried of 1974, prcbably in response to the greater fluctations in air temperature ranges (Figure B-1) for 1975 compared to 1974. In the sumac communicy in the beach area the average soil tempera-ture at the 10 cm depth increased from the low 50s at the start of the data period to the icw 60s in the warm months of late June, July, and August (Table D-3) , after which they declined steadily. Cccler air temperatures in the latter part of the data period resulted in a direct response by temperatures in the upper soil :ene until the 10 cm depth was frczen at the end of the pericd. The fluctuations C in temperature (averaging 4.7 F ) in the present reperting period at the 10 cm depth are very similar to those durine the correspending period of 1974 (see Table 3-1, December 1974 Report) . The average scil temperature at the 20 c= depth in the sumac community warmed somewhat more slcwly than at the 10 cm depth, but reached the low 60s by mid June (Table 3-3) . The respcnse to eccler air te=pe::atures frem September through the end of the data period was as pronounced as at tne 10 cm depth, but the range for de period averaged about 2.35 F C. The average soil temperature at the 50 cm depth in the suma: ccmmunity responded least to changes in air temperatura of the three ' depths at the site. Mcwever, the semewhat warmer average air tempera-tures in 1975 resulted in semewhat higher average temperature readings, l l
3-3 even at the 50 cm depth; but weekly range of temperatures at the 50 cm depth averagad only about 1.3 F*. In previous r* irts it has been demonstrated that the more compact and finer-textured soils of the Cooling Tower woods responded more slowly to air temperature changes (see Section 3, page 4, Semi-Annual Report, June 1975). However, the data for the present period do not immediately support this contentien. Ynile the average weekly air temperatures in the Cooling Tower woods were lower than the average weekly air temperatures at the beach site during the data period (with only four small exceptions), the temperature at the 10 cm depth in the Cooling Tower woods responded nearly as rapidly as the same depth at the beach site to warming air temperatures in the late spring and early su=mer. Average temperatures at 10 cm in the Cooling Tower woods reached higher levels and remained higher during June, July, and August than at the beach site and are in contrast to the only occasi0nal excesses for the same period in 1974. The range of temperatures at 10 cm averaged about 4.2 F* over the data period, slightly lower than in 1974 l (4.5 F*). The average soil temperature at the 20 cm depth in the Cooling Tcwer ll Woods also responded rapidly to warming air temperatures in late spring and early summer. As a result, temperatures at 20 cm were generally higher in 1975 than in 1974 and remained higher than the average te=peratures at i the same depth at the beach site until mid-September. At the end of the 1 l j data period the 10 and 20 cm depths in the : wer woods were not frozen, in
3-4 i contrast with the same depths on the beach. The range of temperatures at 20 cm averaged about 1.8 F* over the date period, slightly lower than for 1974 (2.0 F*). The average soil temperature at
- M 50 cm depth in the Cooling Tower woods warmed much more sl'cwly than either the 10 or 20 cm depths and remained cooler than the same depth at the beach site throughout the entire data period. However, the average temperatures for the present data period were scmewhat higher than for the same period in 1974. The range of temperatures at the 50 =m depth in the .;oling Tower woods fluctuated somewhat more than in 1974, but remained less that at the beach site. The range of temperatures at 50 cm averaged about 0.5 F*
over the data period, much less than in 1974 (1.0 F*). Overall, soil temperatures were somewhat higher in 1975 than in 1974. a This was correlated with generally higher air temperatures during the 1975 summer months. 1 Soil Moisture Soil moisture in the study sites followed the basic patterns discussed in pt vious reports (see Section B, page 3, Semi-Annual Report, June 1975). The data collected continue the trends presented in previous reports and l correspond with soil temperatures collected for the same period.
- At the beginning of the data period the soil =oisture available in
! the sumac ecmmunity ranged frem 96 percent at 50 cm to 100 percent at 20 t em, representing a nearly complete soil moisture recharge which started
- l l
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3-5 during the spring thaw (see Semi-Annual Report, June 1975, Section 3, page 5) . The percentage of available moisture, decreasing somewhat and fluctuating during May, June, and early July, was directly related to fluctuations in actual evaporation relative to precipitation (Table B-1) . When.avaporationwas considerably greater than weekly precipitation, moisture depletion cccurred. When precipitation was greater than or nearly as much as evaporation, scme moisture recharge occurred. An entirely dry week in late July initiated a short period of very low available moisture levels, but precipitatica greatly increased in Aucust to recharce =oisture levels. A second reduction in moisture occurred in late September, but recharge continued in October and November. With the exception of mid-August, soil moisture levels seem to have remained higher in the beach area during the 1975 data period than during the correspcnding period for 1974. Pre-cipitation was generally greater during July and August in 1975, allowing for less reduction in overall moisture. Thus, near ec=plete recharge of moisture was accomplished earlier in 1975 than in 1974 (Tables 3-1, A-3, and A-4; Table 3-2 Section 3, Semi-Annual Report, December 1974). The icwered available moisture at the end of the present data period can be explained in part by frozen water in the soil. In the cooling tcwer woods, the soil coisture available at the start of the present data period showed the effect of fall moisture recharge after the generally dry summer of 1974. The 100 percent available moisture at all three depths in May 1975 was similar to the same period in 1974. While precipitation in the Ccoling Tcwer woods was consistently Icwer than 1 I 1 l 1
3-6 in the beach area during the present data period, actual evaporation was consistently higher than in the beach area. Scwever, since evaporation levels were lower generally than for the same period in 1974 and pre-cipitatica levels were higher than in 1974(Table B-1 and see Table a-2, semi-Annual Report, December 1974), the Fulton soil site did not suffer as couplete a moisture depletion in 1975. The moisture drawdown began in late June in both years but reached very Icw levels only in July and early August 1975. August precipitation and icwer evaporation initiated I a much earlier recharge in 1975 than in 1974 (early September compared to i i aarly November). A dry period in September reduced moisture levels again, I but the interrupted recharge continued by mid-C :tcher. Overall, soil moisture levels remained higher in 1975 than in 1974. Especially notable was the late su=mer moisture available at the 10 and 20 :n depths La the Cooling Tower weeds, allowing the flourishing of fall flora. (See Section A of this repcrt.) The data collected for this report give further evidence to support the contention that seasonal changes and year to year changes in moisture are highly significant in influencing environmental changes. As a means 1
; of comparison, in the beach site precipitation totaled 15.93 inches in 1975 (9.36 inches in 1974), and actual evaporation totaled 14.75 inches l
l l (20.81 inches in 1974) for June through October. In the Cooling Tower woods precipitation totaled 11.35 inches in 1975 (5.34 inches in 1974), and actual evaporation totaled 30.29 inches (42.39 inches in 1974) fer I
} 3-7 the same five months. Soil Chemical Analysis Soil samples were collected su=mer and fall frem each of the five monitt, ring locations at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths and analyzed as described in earlier reports (see Section 3, Semi-Annual Report, June 1974 and December 1974). In attdition, fall samples were analyzed for sulfates (see Section 3, Semi-Annual Report, June 1975). In the Cooling Tower woods, the Fulten and Toledo soils continued i to demonstrate stability with limited and acceptable variations in cation exchange capacity and percent organic matter on a seasonal basis and from year to year (Table 3-2) . Both cation exchange capacity and percent organic matter levels compare well to the same data period in 1974 (see Section 3, Table B-2, Semi-Annual Report, December 1974). Variations in organic matter can be attributed to natural variations occuring in the sample cuadrats. The values for percent base saturation and pH for the present data
- period do not compare well with the same period in 1974 and demand further j explanation. The percent base saturatica for both the Toledo and Fulton soils are icwer in the summer analysis for 1975 than for 1974, but the base saturation level beccmes similar to 1974 for the fall of 1975 (with one i
1 excepti'n) . The decreased summer base saturation levels, especially in i , he Toledo soil, seem to be the result of greater moisture availability in i 1975, which had the effect of dissolving readily soluble bases and replacing them with acidic hydrogen. Thus, the percent base saturation en the catic".
3-8
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exchange sites was lowered. The effect was greater in the Toledo soil, which is generally more moist than the Fulton soil. In the fall, percent base saturation increased with the new supply of bases released by decay-ing leaves and other vegetation -- a normal seasonal process. Unlike 1974, the Toledo soil had very high base saturation near the surface. This is believed to be a response to more available moisture and better disin-tegration of fallen vegetation on the surface. The summer decrease in base saturation and re-establishment of higher base saturatiot in the fall of the present data period is correlated with the fluctuation of pH values between the summer and the fall in the Cooling Tower woods. The Toledo soil, most affected by the decreased base saturation in the summer, had considerably lower pH values in the summer of 1975 ccmpared to the summer of 1974 and to the fall of 1975 (Table 3-2) . The lower pH, in direct response to the reduction of bases in soil solution and the replacement of these bases by hydrogen on cation exchange sites, is due to higher moisture availability in the summer of this data period. *he return to higher pH values in the fall of 1975 is the result of the release of bases discussed above. In the beach area, the sumac ecomunity and the hackberry-box elder II community showed only slight differences in chemical analyses from summer i to fall 1975 and between 1975 and the comparable analyses in 1974. However, cation exchange capacity and percent organic matter levels were consistently i lower than for the hackmerry-box elder I ccmmunity, suggesting relatively
3-9 more recent soil development. The consistently very high percent base saturation levels in all three beach monitoring sites and at all three soil depths continues to i d point to the lack of leaching and soil development at the beach area. The pH values in the three beach sites did decrease during the summer of 1975, without a corresponding decrease in base saturatien, indicating abundant bases available and increase moisture allcwing for hydrogen to replace bases in the soil soi.ution. Higher levels of cation exchange capacity in the hackberry-box elder I community are closely related to the higher organic matter level in this site compared to the other two beach sites (Table B-2) . However, organic matter content is still con-centrated near the surface and is much more variable than in the stable soils of the cooling tower woods. The sulf e levels for the fall of 1975 indicate significant increases for the surface and subsurface layers (10 and 20 cm depths in the Fulton, Toledo, and hackberry-box elder I soils ccmpared to winter 1975. The sumac community and the hackberry-box elder II ccmmunity soils show little varia*.icn in sulfate content from the winter of 1975 (see Section 3, Table 3-2, Semi-Annual Repcrt, June 1975). The levels remain low to very low relative to other soils (Harris Laboratories, Lincoln Nebraska, 1975). The increase in sulfates in the 10 and 20 cm depths, especially, relate closely to the fall increase in soil pH and the general increase in percent base saturation in the Fulton and Toledo soils. Sulfates are among the I
2 3-10 i . l most soluble of soil constituents and are readily released when vegetation is decomposing in the fall of the year. Thus, the increase frca low to medium sulfate levels in the soils of the cooling tower woods and the Hackberry-box elder I areas are probably the result of a seasonal fluctu-ation in sulfate availability. Fall rains, high winter moisture levels, and spring rains will dissolve a censiderable part of the sulfates and i cycle them to the ground water as a regular part of the natural soil environ-mental changes. Further analysis of sulfates is necessary before more trends can be substantiated. Overall, soil moisture increases in 1975 seems to have been instrumental in increasing sulfate levels, decreasing percent base saturation in the cases cited, and decreasing pH values during the summer. It appears that increased moisture has been responsible for the most important differences in soils for the present data period =cmpared to 1974. Soil moisture also has influenced vegetation. (See Section A of this repor .) l 1 I 1 a h 4 .7--
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TABLE B-2. Soil chemical analyses, Sunmer and fall 1975, Beacti and Coolin9 Tower Woods sites. t Cation Depth Exchan9e % Base % Or9anic 10 Welt WOODS (cm) Capacity ** Saturation Matter pil Value Sulfates S* F* S F S F S F (Fall only) a fulton soil 10 19.0 21.7 99.0 99.1 8.4 6.4 6.7 7.1 38 ppm
- 20 22.0 25.0 88.2 98.9 6.1 6.2 6.2 7.1 20 ppm 50 18.0 17.1 93.4 99.3 2.8 1.6 6.2 7.2 18 ppm Toledo Soil 10 28.0 27.9 78.1 100.0 11.0 9.2 6.0 7.1 43 ppm 20 33.0 27.0 84.7 98.8 9.4 3.7 6.0 7.1 43 ppm 50 26.0 25.0 89.4 99.3 S.7 0.7 6.2 7.5 35 ppu BEACil AREA Suniac 10 12.0 13.8 99.0 98.8 1.6 1.4 6.6 7.2 18 ppa j Conmunity 20 9.0 8.0 98.6 98.7 1.6 1.4 6.6 7.5 4 ppn j SO S.0 5.8 99.8 98.2 0.1 0.2 6.8 7.7 13 ppa i
llackberry- 10 23.0 24.8 98.8 98.6 13.0 6.4 6.6 7.1 26 ppm Box Elder 20 22.0 29.0 98.6 99.7 8.8 8.0 6.7 7.1 47 ppm I 50 8.0 14.0 98.7 99.3 0.1 0.2 7.2 7.5 21 ppm llackberry- 10 13.0 14.0 99.7 99.3 2.6 2.9 6.8 7.5 14 ppm Box Elder 20 11.0 11.0 99.0 99.S 3.8 0.8 6.8 7.5 11 ppm 11 50 6.0 10.5 98.5 99.8 0.5 0.8 7.2 7.8 4 ppn
*S = Suunner F = Fall y l ** Cation Exchan9e Capacity data are in siiilliequivalents per 100 9 rams of soil, t j
3-13 TABLE B-3. Summary of weekly average soil and air temperatures ( F), Beach ad Tower Woods sites, week of May 2 to week of November 21, 1975. i I
- COOLING BEACH (cm depth) TOWER WOODS (cm depth)
Week of: 10 20 50 air air 10 20 50 May 2 51.6 49.4 47.7 56.4 54.9 49.4 46.3 40.4 ! May 9 57.1 54.4 50.9 60.9 61.9 54.0 50.7 43.9 1 May 16 58.9 55.6 52.3 66.7 67.4 57.9 54.9 47.0 May 23 61.6 60.3 55.0 70.4 67.9 62.3 59.4 50.6 j May 30 56.3 56.1 55.6 63.6 62.3 55.1 54.4 50.0 l June 6 57.0 55.4 54.9 64.4 61.9 56.4 54.9 50.0
- June 13 61.6 60.0 56.9 72.1 71.0 63.3 59.0 52.4 j June 20 63.9 63.4 60.4 75.3 72.6 65.6 62.9 55.6 June 27 64.4 63.6 60.1 75.0 72.9 66.7 63.4 56.3 July 4 63.7 62.7 60.4 73.1 70.5 65.4 63.1 57.9 July 11 59.6 59.0 57.6 68.3 66.6 60.3 60.0 35.3 July 18 62.7 61.9 59.1 74.4 74.0 64.3 62.6 57.3 July 25 62.6 61.6 59.3 73.0 72.0 65.9 63.6 58.7 Aug. 1 63.1 63.2 61.4 71.4 70.4 65.3 64.0 59.6 Aug. 8 63.7 62.7 59.9 74.0 73.4 64.7 62.9 58.0 l Aug. 15 60.9 61.1 60.4 69.7 68.9 62.1 62.1 58.1 q Aug. 22 61.4 62.4 61.3 72.1 71.1 64.4 63.3 50.3 Aug. 29 58.6 59.7 60.3 67.1 66.9 60.6 60.7 5Z.7 Sept. 5 55.7 56.0 56.6 62.0 61.6 55.9 57.1 55.4 Sept. 12 50.3 50.0 53.0 55.1 56.1 48.7 51.0 51.0 Sept. 19 49.7 50.0 52.3 55.9 56.6 48.7 50.0 49.6 Sept. 26 47.7 46.7 49.7 52.4 52.4 47.9 48.7 48.0 Oct. 3 47.1 47.3 46.4 55.3 55.7 48.4 47.7 49.3
> Oct. 10 51.1 50.0 50.6 57.7 57.1 49.1 49.4 46.9
! Oct. 17 44.7 44.6 47.1 54.0 53.7 45.9 45.9 46.1 Oct. 24 46.6 46.1 48.7 49.4 48.6 45.7 46.3 45.9 Oct. 31 45.0 44.7 45.7 56.4 57.0 44.9 44.1 43.4 ! Nov. 7 46.0 46.1 48.3 51.4 51.0 46.9 46.9 46.1
- Nov. 14 37.9 37.6 41.6 46.4 45.3 38.0 40.0 41.1 i Nov. 21 31.1 31.7 39.0 33.4 32.7 32.9 35.3 38.0 4
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E i i SEMI-A:CiUAL RF.PCRI { DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITCRI:'G CONTPAC" l OECEMBER 1975 i 1 1 C. Terrestrial Fauna l Stephen H. Vessey, Paul Mazur, Thomas Scott, James Sch::unk, Steven Spaulding, and Manfred Temme Department of Biological Sciences 4 i Introduction j 'de continue to collect baseline, pre-operational data on these species which we can monitor precisely enough to reliably detect 4 i changes in nurters. Oata of a more general nature on presence or ab-i sence of species are collected for other organis=s. 'de new have 1.5 years of data collected according to the procedures previously described (Annual Report', Section C, dune, 1974). Locations of trap lines and a grids duplicated earlier efforts. l Amphibians and F4ptiles l Forty man hours were spent checking '.or herptiles while running trap lines in the small mammal grid and while walking along the shore and edge of the marsh (Table C-1). Few were seen, as in the fall of 1974, l probably because of the cool weather. More individuals typically are seen during spring trapping in May.
- None of the nine species sighted during the fall of 1974 and 1975 was seen in both years. Therefore total numbers are small, but species t
4 l diversity is fairly high. These results also derenstrats that not enough f 1 i i l l
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C-2 e effort is being expended searching for terrestrial herptiles to be certain of the presence of absence of species in the study area during the fall season. These animals are more easily detected in the surmer, but the numbers of most species are too few to per=it their use as statistically-reliable environmental indicators. Broad-headed skinks (Eumeces laticeps) occur only in southern Chio, according to field guides. Ecwever, several specimens have been identi-fled from the sandusky area (Resthaven) in recent years (F. Rabalais, personal communication), so its occurrence at the Davis-Besse site is not surprising. However, museum specimens have not been collected, and identifications have been made on living specimens that were later released. Three circuits of the study area were made in August (Table C-2). While the number of species and Octal birds was similar to the June breeding bird census (see previous report) , large flocks of several black-bird species and starlings were seen in August. Yelicw warblers, abundant in June, were relatively scarce in August. August 1975 results are similar to those of August 1974. The presence on somedays of flocks, which are absent a few days later, results in large day-to-day fluctuations. Noteworthy is the apparent early departure of the yellow warblers in 1975. (Average departure date of September 7 is-given ')y Campbell, 3irds of the Toledo Area, 1968.) The mud-flats circuit was also run on three days in August (Table C-3).
'his route eneccpasses mud flats, shallow water, and bordering weedy and herbacecc. vegetation. Results are quite different frem the single circuit
4 4
- s. .
C-3 conducted in August of 1974. The large pre-migratory ficcks of herons and sandpipers seen in 1974 were generally absent this year. Since these feeding ficcks move over large areas, they =ay have been missed in 1915 due to chance. Monthly waterfowl bird counts by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service which distinguished the populations at Navarre Marsh were discontinued after July 1975. Consequently continued reporting of these data will not ce possible, since data for local populations cannot be identified in the area census data. Oata for the period January to July,197.; are su=marized in Table C-4. 1 e ! Counts of birds were made en seven occasiens during the fall =igratory period (Table C-5). The data provide a relative =easure of birds present but do not constitute an estimate of the avian population on the site. Small Mammals Live-trapping was conducted on four weekends in September and Cetober. Cne hundred and sixty-nine captures of 86 different white-footed nice (Peromyscus leuccous) were made over 600 trap nights. The Lincoln-Peterson Index population estimate was 92 mice r 9.5 (ene standard error) for the entire grid (0.64 hectares) (Table C-6). (See Section C, June 1974 Semi-i Annual Report for details of site description and methods.) This estimate of 144 mice per hectare is extremely high, the highest density reported in the literature for this species being 111 per hectare. Several facters =ay have combined to produce this phenceenon. Last spring's population of la adult mice was relatively high (compare with only one couse 4 i
C-4 mouse in the grid in June 1974), providing a large base for spring and fall breeding. Moisture conditions were more favorable this past su=mer i than during the previous two summers, and the presence of water around most of the grid probably reduced emigration and resulted in higher popu-lation, a phenomenon known as " fence effect." The reference population at Carter Woods, near Bowling Green State University, reached a peak of 16 mice per hectare in September, up from a low of seven per hectare in May. It appears that these populations change together seasoaally, but year-to-year fluctuations in absolute numbers are affected by local variables. Thus Carter Woods supported a density of mice similar to Oavis-Besse in 1974, but in 1975 the Davis-Besse population was higher. targe Mammals - Raccoons were the most frequently captured large mammal; five indivi-duals were caug&.t a total of 12 times in 130 trap nights. Two females were originally marked during May, 1975. None has resided in the area for more than one year. Other captures were opossums (two individuals a total of six times) , three skunks, and one woodchuck (Table C-7). Although the numbers of each species caught have been too small and the length of residence tco short to permit population estimates, results for 1975 are si$ilar to 1974. Paccoons and opcssums predominate, with occasional skunks and woodchucks. More aninals were captured in the fall than in the spring in both years, probably due to the additio. of new ani-i mais frem spring breeding. It is important to continue monitoring populations i
" ~ , _ ,, , _ _ _ . , . . - --- -*w - * ~~
C-5 of these larger mammals, since year-to-year fluctuations are not as great for small mammals. Four muskrat houses were counted in the study area marsh (between the dike road and the wooded peninsula) on 9 Novecher. The population has remained low, since 54 houses were counted during the spring of 1974 prior to draining the marsh. We plan to make another count in January when vegetation will not obscure the view, and it will be possible to walk through the marsh on the ice to inspect houses. .) Cn 9 November, 87 woodchuck active burrows were counted in the penin-sula study area, a decrease from the 138 counted last April. Additional counts next spring should indicate whether this technique provides a use-ful index to abundance of weedchucks. Miscellaneous observations of woodchucks, rabbits, deer, red fox, and epossum as in previous years. Resident deer seem to number three to five. Conclusions Large mammal and resident bird populations are si ilar to those reported in 1974. The observed variatien in pre-migratorf feeding ficcks of shore birds is to be expected, since these birds spend a short time at any one location. The most dramat.c change was the increase in the mouse population to desities higher than any reported in the literature. This population seems to be respcnding to local variables, since the reference population 30 miles to the southwest was at an unusually icw density. I i
- , - - - - , ~ ._,, - --
s C-6 t I ! TABLE C-1. Reptiles and amphibians observed in the study area Fall, 1975. Numbers in parentheses indicate numbers 1 of individuals. i Garter snake (rhamnopnis sfrealls) 28 September (2) I , , 3 October (1)
- Blue racer (coluber conserictor) 3 October (1) k Brown snake (secreria dekagi) 28 September (2) 3 October (2)
Broad-Headed SP. ink (rumeces laticeps) 25 September f a l, ! I l 1 f 1 I i i i ! l l
j .. j i I i
/ C-7 TABLE C-2. August, 1975 bird populatuions on the study area j circuit. Observers: Thomas W. Scot * :..a Manfred Teme.
SPECIES NO. OF ItaIVICUALS COUNTED i Dates of observations 7 August 3 August 27 August
- Times of observations 0810-1200 0830-1230 1030-1400 Great Blue Heron 5 15 3 Green Heron 5 10 6 Great Egret 6 4 7 Black-crowned Night Heron 8 6 1 1 Mallard 5 2
- Green-winged ieal 3 ij Wood Duck 11 8 9 x Red-tailed Hawk l i American Kestrel 2 1 i Spotted Sandpieer 2 1 l Herring 3ull 18 17 42
. Ring-billed Gull 22 1, Bonaparte's Gull 1 1 .
; Comon 'ern 1 2 Caspian Tern 2 2 4 Mourning Gove 3 6 2 Yellow-billed Cucxoo 2 3 3 Black-billed Cuckoo 1 3 Great Horned Owl 1 1 Chimney Swift 1 1 Ruoy-tnroated runn1ngoirc
~
12 9 . i~ Belted Kingfisher 1 3 Common Flicker 1 3 6 Red-headed Woodpecker 1 Hairy Woodpecker 4 Downy Woodpec<er 4 5 4 i Great Crested Flycatcher 3 Acadian Flycatcher 1 - Eastern Wood ?ewee 2 5 Tree Swallow 10 4 I Barn Swallow i 3 i Purple Martin 6 10. 9
! Blue Jay 1 Tufted Titmouse 2 1 1
House Wren 19 19 12 Carolina Wren 1 3 1 Gray Catbird 6 13 5
! American Robin 4 7 2 Blue-gray Gnatcatcher 1 ! Cedar Waxwing a ! Starling F F F Red-eyed Vireo 1 1 6 4
Yellow Warbler 12 16 1 Blackpoll Warbler 3 Ovenbird 3 i Comon fellowtnroat 4 3 Yellow-breasted Chat 1 I Red-winged Blackbird F F F j Northern Oriole 1 Rusty Blackbird F Common Grackle 5 F 3 Cardinal 6 9 4 Indigo Bunting 6 3 American Goldfinch 7 11 j Song Scarrow 12 11 4 1;TALS: species 40 45 33 4 individuals 199* 223* 174* ! *excludina flocks (F1 of Starlino. Red-winced blackbird. Rusty blackbird, & C. grackle _ _ _ , __ . _. ._ _ __ . . . . . - _ , _ _ _ _ . _ _ ~ . . . _ , , _ _ _ _ _ , _ . _ _ , _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . ,
l C-8 TABLE C-3. August bird populations on the mud flats circuit. Observers: Thomas W. Scott and Manfred Teme. SPECIES NO. OF INDIVIDUALS COUNTED Dates of observations 7 August 8 August 27 August Times of observations 1200-1315 1230-1330 1400-1500 Great Blue Heron 13 8 17 Green Heron 1 7 9 Great Egret 3 2 2 Mallard 1 Black Duck 3 Blue-winged Teal 4 Wood Duck 2 19 Coman gallinule 2 Killdeer 3 3 1 Solitary Sandoiper 1 2 1 i Lesser Yellowlegs 1 1
" Peeps"* 3 Herring Gull 1 9 Ring-billed Gull 75 4 Comon Tern 2 Caspian Tern 3 9 Mourning Dove 3 3 Yellow-billed Cuckoo 1 3 1 Ruby-throated Humingbird 1
, Belted Kingfisher 2 Comon Flicker 1 1 Red-headed Woodpecker 1 Downy Woodpecker 1 Tree Swallcw 2 7 Barn Swallow 1 2 Purple Martin 65 15 21 House Wren 1 Gray Catbird 1 American Robin 1 1 3 Starling 1 Yellow Warbler 1 Red-winged Bl.ackbird F F F Brown-headed Ccwbird 1 2 Cardinal 1 1 Indigo Bunting 1 2 American Goldfinch 4 7 2 Song Sparrow 4 5 2 1 TOTALS: Species 22 22 27 Individuals 187** 68** 129**
*" peeps" refer to a group of difficult to distinguish small sandof pers and 1
includes these species: Semipalmated, Least, White-rumped, Western, and Saird's.
** excluding flocks (F) of Red-winged Blackbirds.
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c-10 i TABLE C-5. Birds observed at Davis-Besse site during fall migratory period. Study site and mud flats routes combined; site observations by Manfred Temme. SPECIES DATES (1975) 27 28 5 9 12 19 26 Sept. Sept. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Horned Grebe 1 1 2 - 2 - 16 Pied-billed Grebe 2 3 21 - 3 17 4 Double-crested Cormorant - - - 1 - 1 - Great Blue Heron 14 12 12 - 9 7 11 Green Heron 3 1 1 - - - - Common Egret 2 1 1 - - - - Black-crowned Night Heron - - - - - 1 - Least Bittern - - - - - - 1 Canada Goose 127 75 180 - - - - Mallard 13 48 75 - 80 80 80 Black Duck - 3 9 - 7 28 6 Gadwall - - - - - 15 F Pintail - 3 5 - 3 18 2 Blue-Winged Teal 8 4 3 - 6 4 3 American Widgeon - 8 80 - 110 30 150 Wood Duck 4 4 5 - 12 6 6 Redhead - - - - - 6 - Ring-necked Duck - - - - 2 - 8 Ruddy Duck - - - - - 1 8 Red-breasted tierganser - - - - - - 1 Red-tailed Hawk 1 2 1 - 2 1 1 Marsh Hawk l 1 - - - - - Sparrow Hawk 1 - - - - - - Common Gallinule 7 16 12 - 2 2 3 American Coot 21 45 F - F F F ' Killaeer 8 6 3 - 7 2 6 Spotted Sandpiper - - 1 - - - - Sanderling - - - 11 22 - - Great Black-backed Gull - - - 1 - - - Herring Gull - - 1 9 16 14 11 Rino-billed Gull 14 15 2 15 - - 6 Bonaparte's Gull - - - 5 - - - Common Tern - - - 150 - - - Caspian Tern - 6 - - - - - Mournino Dove 2 4 - - - - - Great Horned Owl 1 1 - - 1 1 - Ruby-throated Hummingbird 1 1 - - - - - Chimney Swift g3 1 - - - - - - Belted Kingfisher - - - - 1 - - Common Flicker 9 7 3 - 1 - -
C-ll TABLE C-5. Birds observed at Davis-Besse site during fall migratory period. PAGE TWO SPECIES DATES (1975) 27 28 5 9 12 19 26 Sept. Sect. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Oct. Red-bellied Woodpecker - - 2 - 1 - - Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 1 1 - - - - -
"A'ay Woodpecker 1 - - - - - -
Downy Woodpecker 2 1 1 - 2 3 3 Crested Flycatcher 1 - - - - - - Tree Swallow - 1 1 - - - - Purple Martin - 5 - - - - - Tufted Titmouse - - 1 - 1 2 - White-breasted Nuthatch - - 1 - 1 2 - Brown Creeper 1 2 - - 2 2 - 4 house Wren - 1 - - - 5 2 4 Carolina Wren 2 - - - - - - l Gray Catbird 2 1 1 - - - - Robin - 3 3 - 6 3 2 Hermit Thrush - - 3 5 6 5 3 Swainson's Thrusn 5 2 - - 1 - - Veery 2 - - - 2 - - Golden-crowned Kinglet 6 4 6 - 3 12 - Ruby-crowned Kinglet 7 2 5 - 2 9 2 Cedar Waxwino - 12 - - 8 - - Starling F F F - F 50 60 Red-eyed Vireo - - 1 - - - - Tennessee Warbler - - - - - 1 - Magnolia Warbler 2 2 5 - 1 - - Black-throated Glue Warbler 2 3 2 - - - - Black-throated Green Waroler 5 - 4 - - - - Myrtle Warbler - - 2 - 10 - - Blackburnian Warbler - 1 - - - - - Chestnut-sided Warbler - 2 - - - - - Black Poll Warbler 6 - 2 - 6 - - Palm Warbler - - - - 6 - - Yellowthroat 2 1 1 - - - - hooded Warbler - - 1 - - - - Redstart 2 - 4 - - - - House Sparrow - - - - 4 4 2 Red-v*nged Blackbird F F F - F F F Common Grackle - - 4 - 6 5 2 Cardinal - 1 2 - - 5 3 Rose-breasted Grosbeak - 2 1 - - - - Rufous-sided Towhee 1 - - - - - - Snarp-tailed sparrow - - 1 - - - - 1 Slate-colored Junco 3 2 5 10 6 28 6 White-crowned Sparrow - 1 0 2 1 9 6 White-throated Sparrow - 5 4 - 6 41 3 i Fox Soarrow - - - - - 3 - l Swamp Sparrow - - 2 - - 2 1 Song Sparrow 1 2 2 2 7 3 3 ; TOTALS
- 295 324 484 211 374 I 428 421 NO. SPECIES = 87 F = Flock of several hundred or more Does not include flock estimates Observations along shoreline from boat
_. ._ _ _ . . - . . _ .._ ,-. _ -,, _ _ __ m _ . , - . . . . - - . --._._ .. _ _ _ _ . _ -
1 C-12 J TABLE C-6. Capturas and population estimates of white-footed mice i in the study area grid, Fall 1975. Recap. week Dates Caught Released Total Recao. before unmarked 13-14 Sept. 44 39 0 0 44 4 20-21 Sept. 37 36 19 19 18 26-28 Sept. 41 41 28 25 13 3-5 Oct. 47 40 36 27 11 Lincoln-Peterson Index for population estimation comparing first four days with last six days. M = 56 (39 marked and rele ed wk 1 + 17 [36-19] marked and released wk 2) n = 61 (41 caught wk 3 + 20 [47-27] caught wk 4) m = 37 (28 marked wk 3 + 9 [36-27] marked in wk 4) N=(M")=92;9.5in0.64 hectares,or144 mice / hectare
C-13 TABLE C -7 . Results of large mammal live-trapping, Fall 1975. Location numoers refer to field map (annual report, June 1974.) Species Date Location Weight Sex ID # (lbs) Raccocn 14 Sept. 9 5 F 4 alum. ' Raccoon 20 Sept. 18 12 M 116* Opossum 20 Sept. 3 6 F 5 alum. Opossum 21 Sept. 16 3 F 9 alum. Opossum 26 Sept. 16 3 F 9 alum. Opossum 26 Sept. 9 6 F 5 alum. Raccoon 26 Sept. 18 12 F 114** Raccoon 26 Sept. 6 9 M 7 alum. 1 Raccoon 26 Sept. 25 8 F 11 alum. Opossum 27 Sept. 15 3 F 9 alum. , Raccoon 27 Sept. 20 11 M 116 Raccoon 28 Sept. 7 9 M 7 alum. Raccoon 28 Sept. 18 12 M 116 Skunk 28 Sept. 8 - - ---- Raccoon 3 Oct. 9 12 M 116 Opossum 4 Oct. 6 3 F 9 alum. Raccoon 4 Oct. 7 11 F 114 Skunk 4 Oct. 2 - - ---- Woodchuck 4 Oct. 9 7 F 8 alum. Raccocn 5 Oct. 9 9 M 7 alum. Raccoon 5 Oct. 21 11 M 116
- Skunk 5 Oct. 8 - - ----
l 1 Skunk 5 Oct. 1 - - ---- 1
- originally marked as an adult 17 May 1975 i
** originally marked as an adult (lactating) 27 April 1975, 1
l I i
f C-14 TABLE C-8. Miscellaneous observations of mammals by security guards and BGSU personnel. Parentheses indicate numbers seen. Date Location Woodchucks 13 Sept. (1) Dike Road 17 Sept. (3) North Dike 20 Sept. (2) Intake canal 25 Sept. (1) Study area (marsh) 27 Sept. (1) Dike Road Rabbits 13 Sept. (1) Bechtel Bldg.
; 14 Sept. (1) Dike Road 20 Sept. (1) Guard House 26 Sept. (1) North Dike 3 Oct. (1) North Dike Deer 13 Sept. (2) Study area 17 Sept. (3) Bechtel Bldg.
20 Sept. (3) North Dike Road 21 Sept. (3) South entrance to refuge 23 Sept. (5) Soutn entrance to refuge 3 Oct. (1) South of plant Red Fox 13 Sept. (1) Dike Road 14 Sept. (1) N.W. of cooling tower 17 Sept. (1) Microwave tower 4 Oct. (1) Parking lot 0 possum 3 Oct. (1) Marsh 3 Oct. (1) Cooling Tower 4 Oct. (1) Marsh 1
SEMI-AM.'JAL PIPCRT CAV!3-BES3E TERPIS 3!AL MCNIO RING CONTRACT . OECIMBER 1975 D. Atmoseheric Environment Glen R. Frey Department of Ceegraphy Introduction Climatolegical observations are :entinuing as originally cutlined in the June 1974 report and analyzed in December 1974 and June 1975. In this report, as well ac the previous enes, discussicn is based en centinuously recorded metecrological elements which are summarized by different time periods. Overa.ll, the yearly patterns are typical of mest middle latitude stations and fairly similar to local adjacent staticns. While it is expected that the long-term weather patterns will be similar fr:m One station to another, it should also be assumed that en a shert-term basis each stati:n will exhibit a distinct pattern of variability. Sets of data fr m each sampling station have slightly dtfferent interrelationships with individual climatic elements, depending on the conditiens surround-ing the station, tnus setting a distinct pattern of variability. In order to create a profile fr:m which logical assessments can be made about any artificially-induced c:nditions, data analysis must be oriented toward deternining variability patterns between different ccmponents of the atmospheri: envir:nment and interrelating their fluctuations.
= .. _ - . - . _
D-2 / Instruments and Measurements Climatological statiens are maintained at three primary locations on the Davis-Besse site. Station "T" at the mi:rewave/meteorol:gical tower is set up according to weather service standards en a grass surface in an open area. Station "A" is in the ecoling t:wer woods and highly influenced by the forest canopy. Station "B" is the beach locatien en sandy soil ringed by a fairly dense lina of trees. This greatly reduces the $1nd velocity. Station "BG" at 3cwling Green State University is the reference location. Four supplemental loca-tions on the Davis-3 esse site are set up with non-recording rain gauges and read intermittently to provide additional data n rainfall patterns. Instrumentation in the climate shelters records data Ocntinueusly On paper strip charts. From this primary source the 'nformation is summarized by day, week, menth, and reperting peri:d for analysis. Due to the relatively mild fall weather it was possible to leave the recording evapemeters in operation until the beginning of November. At that time they were removed for the winter, since belew free:ing temperatures could damage the instr ==ents. Calibration of instruments was checked en a monthly basis using an Assman Psychr: meter. As an additional check the back-up hygrothermo-graph and evapometer were rotated between sitas weekly. The only problem that arcse was a reduction in respense of the humidity element in the hygrothermograph at Site "3". The element was replaced and calibrated without less of data. 1 1
D-3 Presentation of Cata i l The discussion in this report is based primarily on the pericd June 1975 through November 1975. December is not included because of the time needed for data reduction, analysis, and display. Data are presented in ' m basic parts. Part I: F gures D-1 through D-6 are monthly su=maries of normals and variations of the elements to-l i gather with discriminant function coefficients. Part II: Figures J l t D-7 through D-13 represent interstatien deviatiens with fluctuations t being graphed about the values for Statien "T". No ecmprehensive j statement will be attempted for the entire cbservation peried until
.ty 1976, when two years of data will be available. Presentacien and discussion of that peried will be included in the June 1976 Semi-l ; Annual Repert.
i Inter 5retation of Cata ENTIRE PERICD. The surmer pattern of relatively high variability a which began in May (see Semi-Annual Report, Section D, June 1975) i centinued through June, July, and August. September, because of re-i j latively cold conditiens, started the shift to the winter regi=e exemplified by small fluctuations between stations. Generally, Station "B" had the greatest deviations in terms of overall variability. This i & , condition held even though there were higher absolute values (differ-ences en single elements) with cther stations (see Figures D-1 through D-6). l The maximum temperatures, in terms of departures frem Station "T", are an excellent example of changes in interstatien relationships that occurred throughout this reporting period (Figure D-7) . Temperatures at i
~
I D-4 i I "3G" and were higher during the summer and approached values of "3" l i the other stations during the cooler period. Inversely, maximum j temperatures at "A" were much cooler in su=mer and approached a uni-
; form condition in winter.
3 4 1 The minimum temcerature variations, in terms of departures frem l l Station "T", were much smaller than the maximum deviations. Station "3G" was slightly warmer than "T". Station "B" en the other hand was I cooler in the summertime. Station "A" occupied an intermediate post- I tien and was usually closest to "T". The minimum temperatures were highly influenced by ground cover, cloud cover, closeness to trees and buildings, and proximity to Lake Erie. All of these conditiens
; centribute to a highly variable element. ;
t i The range in air temperature was large during the summer and then decreased significantly in November (?igure D-10) . Staticas "3G" and i "3" generally had high values, while "A" was icwer than "T". Starting j in mid-September there was greater similarity between all sites, despite a marked increase in day to day variability as indicated by higher standard deviations of maximum, minimum, average, and te.mperature range during the fall. Evaporation had the greatest interstation variation during July and August (Figure D-ll). Station "BG" generally had the largest ascunt i 1 of evaporation during the warmer menths, while Station "B", the most i sheltered, had the least. During the cooler months there was relatively little deviation between statiens. precipitatien was highly variable depending on location and time. I r
. - - . ,,----w,- , - - - , - -- e----.--,- , - - , , ---,,,--w-- , , - - - w~c.mm,,,,n.,-,m,-ra. w,,,w - ,.n----, ww~ , , .r--, - - - - - - -
i i 1 l l 4 1 i D-5 i, i i
- Relative humidity was higher at Station "A" because of the coler temperatures (Figure D-12) . Hcwever, the absolute amount of water in 4
the air in ter s of dew point was greater in the warmer part of the J year at "3G" (Figure D-13) . Overall, there was more similarity between statiens during the cooler portien of the year. JUNE. Mean anc maximum temperatures for June were almost two degrees above long-term normals. The peri:d from the 18th through the 1 1 24th was abnor= ally wa:m. This is in direct 00ntrast with the previous year which was coler than normal. Station "3G" had the warmest temperatures beca.use of the distance away frem the ecol lake shore. Maximum temperatures at "3G" were almost 5 FC greater than "T", while "3", protected in the weeds, was almost 4 FC ccoler than "T". Despite j the large fluctuation in maximum tiemperatures, evaporation was the element that caused the biggest variation in the Overall statien : m-parisons. Evaporation was generally high with the exception of "3", which was 1:w because of the greatly restricted vind velocities. This l i led to great differences in the evaporatien coefficients in the dis-criminant functicn and to a large overall Dsq value between "3" and other stations (Figure D-1) . precipitation was generally ncrmal but highly variable because of its convective origin. Julv. Evaporation rates were indicative of differences in the climatological setting. While "SG" experienced the greatest amcunt and "A" the least (Figure D-2) , the primary cause of variability was in the daily fluctuations. Maxi =um temperature also centributed to l i differences between stations. Station "A", the ecclest, was a full
1 i D-6 i 10 FO lcwer than "BG", the warmest. Statien "3", en sandy soil adjacent to the lake, recorded the icwest values and was influential in deter =in-ing the dif ferences between stations. AUGUST. Warmer than normal temperatures, high evaporation rates, and abundant rainfall were the key facters in describing August weather conditions (Figure D-3) . Maximum temperatures exhibited a pattern l 1 similar to other summer months. The inland locatien ("3G") and "3" 1 i (located on sandy soil) were warmer than "T", while "A" (in a wooded setting) was cooler. Evaporation was very high at "3G", averaging 5.2 mm per day which was slightly higher than "T". Both "A" and "3" were icwer because of uhe sheltered settings. Rainfall was greatly above normal although highly variable frcm place to place in Octal amounts. JEPTEMBER. Colder temperatures and a high percentage of cloud cover led to uniform conditions. Maximum temperatures for the day were constantly belcw normal and averaged S FC ccoler than the icng-term a, i mean. Temperature variations continued in a st=mer pattern with "3G" the warmest and "A" the cociest, but with enly a 5.5 .M difference between the stations. Evaporation at "3" was icw and precipitatiot was higher, leading to a slightly higher everall Dsq discriminant 4 function coefficient between "3" and ether stations. CCTDBER. Day te day temperature fluctuations, including near record highs and record icws are reflected by the high standard dew viations for each of the stations (Figure D-5) . Since these fluctua-l tiens were caused by large-scale weather systems each statien was similarly affected, relatively low discriminant function coefficients
D-7 resulted. Again, evaporation at "3" was icw, yielding a relatively high degree of variance between "B" and other locations. Precipits-tien also ranked high in determining interstation variability because of the day to day differences. NOVEMBER. Overall temperatures averaged above normal, with large day to day fluctuations causing high values of standard deviation (Figure D-6) but with ret.atively small station to station variation. For example, there was less than 2 Fo difference between the warmest station "BG" and the coolest "A". In the cooling tewer weeds, intercep-tien of precipitation by tree branches resulted in slightly icwer readings than at other stations. I i 1
\
l 1 l
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR JUtJE 1975 Station A Station B Station T Station BG Hean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std, Dev. HAX TEMP AIR 73.23 7.23 79.40 7.30 76.93 7.42 81.60 9.03 MIN _ TEMP _ A[R .62.50 6.23 62J7 6.63 64.03 6.24 64.77 6.66 AVE TEMP._ Allt 6L]] ___ 6 dl_ ___69,.8 3 6.49 70.27 6.40 73.20 _ _ _ _ _7.99_, R ANCE TEMP AIR 10.40 4.25 16.93 3.99 13.20 4.83 17.17 4.14 TOT PRECIP 2_,76 3.48 3- 39 3.68 ACTUAL EVAP l.46 0.74 0.72 0.31-- ~~ 2T35 OT88-- ~~~1T64 ~~~ -- 0 9 7-AVE REl.IlUM 83.17 7.89 59.43 ~ 2T97 77 53 6 72-- ~76.10 -- 8
' .~6 3~ , E U_E5bf ._ 32.67 7 f 3_ 55 J.3__ 6.53 63.23 7. 0T- ~6Go D2-H AX TEMP S0lt 10 CH 62.90 5,27 63,30 4.42 HIN TEMP S0lt 10 CH _58.37 4.88 57.33 4.12 AVE TEMP SOIL 10 CH . 6.l_,00 5.43 60.37 4.09 RANGE TEMP Solt 10 CH A 50 1. 4 ]_ 5.93 1.71 _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _
HAX TEMP SOIL 20 CH 59.40 4.21 60.90 4.09 ~ ' - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ i HIN TEMP SOIL 20 CH 57.43 4.22 57.67 3.99 4.08 -
- - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~ - - - - - ~ ~ ~ ~
i AVE TEMP SOIL 20 01 58 53 4.12 59.40 -- -~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - " RANCE TEMP SOIL 20 CH 1.97 0.60 ~~E2I l 09-- HAX TEMP SOIL 50 CH 52,70 2.82 '-~57 37 2T54 2.82 - - ~ ~ - ' - - -
~~
HIN TEMP S0lt 50 of 52,47 2.85 56.67
. AVE TEMP SOIL 50 CH 52.57 2.79 57.30 2!60- _ ] ] ___ l - ] _ ~_ _- -
- R ANCE TEMP S0_IL 50 CH 0.23 0.56 1.30 0.82-DIScitIMIllAf1T FUNCTION COCFFICIENTS A-T B-T A-B A-BG B-BG T-BG MAX TEMP AIR _ 0.00536 ___0.04829 __-0.01652 __-0.00367 __-0.01813- _ 0.00578 HItLTEMP AIR -0,00843 -0.02509 -0.01340 -0.00309 0.00129 -0.00273 AVE TEMP AIR 0,00736 -0.00347 -0.01135 -0.01501 0.00601 0.02461 RANGE TEMP AIR -0,00628 -0.03504 -0.00402 -0.00616 0.01904 -0.00128 TOT PRECIP -0.00734 -0.05989 -0.04776 -0.01082 -0.00218 0.00487 ACTUAL EVAP -0.02174 -0.26604 0.31529 0.01iH5 0.08446 -0.02471 a AVE REL HUM __0.00215 0.02059 -0.00778 0.00938 0.00988
-0.02763 4 AVE DEW PT -0,00462 -0.00867 0.03106 0.02205 0.01283 -0.02831 DVFRALL DSQ 1.54037 _
60.00847 64.36349 3.80070 19.96730 3.57470 FIGURE D-1
CLIMATOLOGICAL SUtetARY FOR JULY 1975 Station A Station B Station T Station BG Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. HAX TEMP AIR 77.48 4.25 85.29 4.07 82.42 4.46 87.58 4.97 MIN TEMP AIR 63.58_ _ _ 4.12 6LLl/ 4.10 64.32 3.99 65.77 _ 4.15 AVE TEMP AIR _7) 00 __.___ _3,Q4 .?2,48 3.51 73.32 3.98 76.71 3.79 RANGE TEMP AIR _1.3,90 4.07 23.39 3.21 17.94 3.13 21.81 4.61 TOT PRECIP L 62 2.48 _ 2.41 3.37 ACTt[Al, EVAP __L]3 0.75 0.98 0.27 3.03____ 0.91 3 . 1 11 1.00 AVE !(Ela.!nJM _7jh65 7.16 74.45 7.89 73.45 5.90 70.52" 10.54 ave nEti P7 _64 11 S.25 .64.00 _ 4 . 89_. _ 54.74 _ ._ _. 4.69 66.42_ S.52 MAX TEMP S0lt 10 CM_ _6 6 4 5__. 2.69 64.19____ 2. 4 6_ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ .. __ Mit[_ TEMP SOII.10 CH __6] '.S 2.47 .3M1 2.46 _ AVE TEMP SOII.10 CH __64.26 2.68 12.32 _2.19_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ rat {CE TEMP SOIL _10 CM _ q ,37 _ ___ _L26 _4,39,___.__ 1,74 _ ______ MAX TEMP GOIL 20 CH _63.29 __ _ _h 67 6.2,65 1.88 MIN TEMP SOIL 20 m _6 L45 1.58 60,13 1.84 AVE TEMP SOIldo CH___ ._62.45__. L60 61.45 1.78
. RANCE TEMP SOII. 20 CM 1.84 0.51 2.52 0.84 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 57,42 1.29 59.90 1.25 H!!! TEMP. S0[L 50 m __ _56,87 1.48 58.42 1.54 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CH 57.19 1.40 59.19 1.33 R ANGE TEMP SOII. 50 CM 0.55 0.61 1748- - ~~~1.19
{ DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS
! A-T B-T A-B A-BG B-BG T-BG MAX TEMP A!R . . ._ 0.00637...__. 0.03995 -0.14915 -0.00813_ -0.09569__.__ -0.00018_ _
M!N TEMP A!!t._. .,0.01296 .__. ._-0.04043___ ..0.12625.____ _ _-0.01386._ __ _.0,08639 -0.00130 _ AVE TEMP AIR. .0.02107..._ ___0,01670 0.05412 0.011S3 0.03302 0.01292 R ANCE TEM P A { R. -0,00/30..__ _~0,02104____ ._ 0,.1 1215. __ _ _ _.0.00812 0.08283 0.00319 TOT PRECIP __Q.02236 -0,04985 0.00322 -0.01892 0.06205 -0.00608 ACTUAL [ YAP __.. ._-0.03283 -0,16855 0.15979 -0.01857 0.12606 -0.01374 o bye R.EL llUM __ Q,00194 ._ 0,00114 0.01835 -0.00227 0,01364 0.00236 4 AVE DEtt PT -0.00367 .. -0.01463 -0.03435 0.00567 ~
-0.02247 -0.00797 55RII,1.iE0' 'kS6180 26.60156 25.58553 -~ 652740 ~ 17'86568
. 1.84884 FIGURE D-2
I CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR AUGUST 1975 i Station A Station B Station T Station BG Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. }fean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. MAX TEMP AIR 76.74 4.96 82.SS 5.31 80.13 S.39 84.45 S.50 MIU TEMP AIR.. . . _ _ 64,94 3.05 63. Sfl 4.05 6 5!19 4~10- 66 16 4.02 AVE. TEMP AIR __ _ _ . . 70.77 _ __._ _3 . 317__ 71.61 ___ _ __3. 5 6_ _7L9L_ __ 3.69 75.26 4.30 , R At1G". TEMP AIF .12.39 . 4.44 l fl.97 ._ 6.06 14.94 S.30 20.06 8.46 TOT J 'ECIP 2,58 3 . 9 11 -- 4~58 S.22 ACTUAL EVAP 1.27 0.59 0.59 0.32
- ~~
2.04 0.92 2.4 0.95 AVE REL HUM flS,65___ 7.55 81.74 ~ ~~ii 34___ _8Q6 _.' _~~6 U;6_~ 17QS __18]9_ AVE DEW PT 66.58 4.97 66.10 _4,33 65.4fl 4.79 68.97 1 77, MAX TEMP SOIL ,10 CM . _ 65,.77__ _. 2. 57._ _6L 87 2.11 MIN TEMP SOIL 10 CM .6LBl 2 . Q5__ 60.35 1.86 ,_ AVE TEMP SOIL 10 CM 63.9Z__ __ __ _ 2.07. fal3 1.95 HANGE TEMP SOIL 10 CH 3.97 . _ _l . 7 5__ _2.52 1.36 MAX TEM P S OI L 2 0 CM _ _.. .63.77..___ __ _ l . 5 0.___ 6L29 1.49 M.IN TEMP S0lt 20 CH _ 62.32 ____ _ _ ...],35 _61 32 1.61 __. AVE TEM _P SOIL 20 CM _ 63.00..__ _ .1,46 62.35 1.51 RANGE TEMP SOIL 20 CM - ..l ._4 5 0.61 1.97 0.fl2 MAX TEMP S0lt 50 CM 58.71 0.89 61.52 0.7) ~~ ~~ ~~ i MIN TEtiP SOIL 50 04. .. 58,79 0.81 60.19 1.18 __ lei _ AVE TEMP SOIL 50 CM 58,52 0.76 60.84 0.8fl - - ~ ~ ~ - RAllCE TEMP SOIL 50 CM ~~0.42 0.55 1.32 0.89 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS A-T B-T A-B A-BG B-BG T-BG MAX TEMP AIR -0.00841 0.00837 -0.02069 -0.00523 _.-0.02205 -0.00342_ MIN TEMP AIR -0.00397 0.00108 0.00359 -0.00636 -0.00222 -0.00396 i AVE TEMP AIR 0.00612 -0.02484 0.02204 0.01414 0.01741 0.00700 RANGE TEMP AIR 0.00152 -0.00065 0.00291 -0.00292 0.00340 0.00166 TOT PRECIP -0.00931 0.01956 0.01614 -0.01262 0.02002 0.00086 ACTUAL EVAP -0.02154 -0.08796 0.17672 -0.01691 0 13523 -0.00215 a AVE REL llUM -0.00118 -0.00970 0.0094fl 0.00377 0.00213 -0.00159 1 AVE DEW PT 0 0.01689 -0.0098fl -0.0070fl 0.00828 0.00374
- 8~85205 ~~C01810 - T 57937 eygnAti. ns0
~~ ~ 2 .' 005 7 51324914:26531 ] 17:40129 FIGURE D-3
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOlt SEPTEMBElt 1975 Station A Station B Station T Station BG Hean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. MAX TEMP. AIR _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ __63.50__. 5.66 6 7,13__ __ _ 6,53 67,03 5.22 69.17 7,0 L_ Hill TEMP AIR 5],97 6.47 S0.40 5.59 51.27 S.81 53.10 5, 7 3___. AVE _ TEMP _ AIR _ _ ____ _ 58.53____ __ _ S.81 _ 8,2 7_ __ _ _._ 3 S,36 59.00 5.25 61.20 S.50__ RA!1GE TEMP AIR 11.53 S.41 17.6/ 6.84 15.43 5.15 18.40 12.18 TOT FitECIP 2.90 3.85 2. 67 - 2.82 ACTUAL EVAP l.01 0.67 0.40 0.27 IT36 0776 1 47 0.77 AVE. ! El, I!UM __84.13 _ _ 8.89 JL60 _7,90 8],50 6.96 75.33 12.55
. AYli DEN.PT ._53.57. 7.16 _ J2.50 6.35 53.33 6.05 53.37 7.77 HAX TEMP SOIL 10 CH_ _ _ _ _ .52.93.___ 4.68 _ _S3,13 3,65 Mill TEMP SOIL 10 CH JQJ7 4.69 50,00 3,58 l
AVE TEMP SOIL 10 CH _51.71 4.60 _ J1.97 3,79 RA11GE TEMP SOII_._10 CH . __ 2 . 7 7 ._. __ _1. 50__ .__3.40 1m62 _ __ MAX TEMP _ SOI L_ 20 CH __ _ 53.83.__ _ _4.50 _ 33,00 4,23 __ MIM. TEMP. SOIh 20 OL_ __52.37 4 . 41._ 30.93 4,02 _ AVE TEMP SOIL 20 Oi 53.13 4.39 Sl.97 4.39 1T05- ~2707
- ~ ---
RAUCE TEMP S0ii.~50CM' ~ ~ ' l I4 3- 1 ^ 21- --- MAX TEMP SOIL 50 CH ~ ~5 2 27 3.53 T4.b3 3.59 Hip TEMP SOIL 50 Of AVE TEMP SOIL 50 CH 51.73 52.00 3.38 3.45 53.23 S3.93 3.48 3.54 [ -~~-~
~-
H AllGE TEMP SOIL 50 CH 0.53 0.62 1.30 0.90 DISCRIMINANT FUtiCTION COEFFICIENTS A-T B-T A-B A-BG B-BG T-3G MAX., TEMP AIR,__ -Q,0057).__ _0,00200 -0,00261 ____,005S8 0 _-0 1 00741 -0.00396 Hiti TEMP AIR -0.00l fl2 0.00902 -0.00234 -0.00643 0.00440 0.00088 AVE TEMP AIR 0.01404 0.00409 0.01038 0.01210 0.00110 0.00296 RAtlGE TEMP AIR -0.00071 0.00761 -0.00578 -0.00032 0.00047 -0.00006 TOT PRECI P -0.01304 -0.00957 -0.01724 -0.00970 -0.00375 -0.01167 ACTUAL EVAP -0.00707 -0.08895 0.10172 -0.00105 0.08120 -0.01418 a AVE REl.IlUM 0.00181 0.00039 0.00416 0.00315 ~!0.00237 -0.00394___ ,'. AVE DEU PT -0.00675 __-0,01047 _-0,00679 _-0,00321 0.00496 0.00331.___ OVFHALL Dsq I.22488 _ __ S.69184 _ 6.47685 2.11147 6.39677 1.31588 F1 cure D-4
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR OCTOBER 1975 Station A Station B Station T Station BG Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. ' MAX TPtP. AIR .60 00 9.55 64,03 10.64 62.77 10.06 J4.19 10.11 Mill TEMP AIR 45.77 5.88 45.58 6.49 45.94 6~4 3 46.23 6.89 AVE TErfP.AlR .53.10____ 7Al 53.35.__. 6,92 53,35 8.81 55.03 7.97 ' RANCE TEMP AIR _13.19 6.19 lll. 03 7.58 16.68 7.10 18.03 _ 6.68 TOT _ltEclP_ 2m]3 2.31 2.70 1.97 ACTUAL. EVAP _].J2 1 ul8 0.63 0.39 2.02 1.09 1.10 0.84 AVE.RE!Jiyt! .76J11 11,78 76.39 9.59 75.68 9.39 72.87 12.06_. AVE _ DEW Pr 45,.35 7.34 46.16 6.89 46.58 7.17 45,97 7.12 MAX TEMP SOII.10 CH_ J 8,9.4___ 3.62 48.26 6.72 Miti TEMP S0ll.10 CH 44.68 3.35 45.06 3.74 AVE TEMP SOII.10 CM 46.94 3.35 47.13 3.75~~~ - - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ - - - - ' R ANGE TEMP S011.10 CM 4.23 1.81 4.16 2T29 - 3TlT-- [ [tA[h@H5{I]0CM 48,19 2T64 48 10 __ - ~~ ] ~ --- MlH TEMP S0ll. 20 01 45.87 2 67 L 29 2.90 AVE TEMP S0[1. 2_0 m AZ.13 2.52 _46,74 3.01 RANGE TEMP S011. 20 CH J,32 1,33 2,81 1.28 j MAX TEMP SOII. 50 Of AZ,35 __
],72 _ _ A8J4 2.08 __ _ ___ __ __ _
i MIN ltMP S0li. 50 at .46.61 _ l.64 4L6S 2.18 Avli TEMP Sg[It 50E.. _ A6.97 l 73_ _ 48.26 2,06___ __ _ _ . . _ _ _ . _ _ . . _ . _ . . _ _ H ANCE TEMP SOII. 50 CM 0.81 0.69 1.19 0.96 DISCRIMINA11T FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS A-T B-T A-B A- BG B-BG T-BG MAX TEMP AIR -0.00936 0,00605 -0.0172a __-0.00239 _.-0.01338 _=0.00167 HIN TEMP AIR 0.00937 -0A0342 .__0.00713 _.20.00145 ___D.00207 __ 0.00367 AVE TEMP AIR 0.00170 0.00078 0.02107 __0.00449. . __0.01235 __.. __0.00165__ RANGE TEMP AIR 0.00774 -0.00288 0.00650 __-0.00293 . __0.00594-.._.. - 0.00333 TOT PRECI P -0.01109 -0.02134 -0 -0.01013 -0.00469 _.-02.02635 ACTUAL. EVAP U.00181 70!05329 -- 0 .05U7 05208 0.03261 0.05791 -0.03639 AVE REl.litIM 0700034 - - - - -0 00125 0-00364 ~ 0T00140 0.00103 -0.00098 ? AVE DEW PT -0T00168 -~~ -0.00168
~-
-0,01059 __-0.00226 _:0.00206____ . 0,001'36 ..
C OVFRALI. DSO 0 41950 S.56802 6.88015 1.99591 3.6809s 1.95625 FIGURE D-5
CLIMATOLOGICAL
SUMMARY
FOR NOVEMBER 1975 Station A Station B Station T Station BG Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. 1 MAX TEMP AIR 53.40 12.62 54.,17 12.71_ _55.10 12.99__. 55,20 _ _ _ 12.72_ MIN TEMP AIR 38.80 11.02 39J 7 ._10.05__ _39.60 _ 10.7.1 _ .41,57 _10,93__ AVE TEMP AlR 45.73 11.,19 _46,20 10.94_ _d5.93___.._ _13.79... 48.53. ___. . 11. 25.. R ANCE TEMP AIR 14.87 8.54 15.00 7.96 _15,_17 7 58 _ _13.63 7 .59__ T0r PRECTP 0.87 1.18 _l.00_ __ _ _ _..~_1.01..._._ ACTUAL EVAP 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0,0_ _ _. 0. 0_ - _ . 0 . 0 . _ ___ _ .__ 0.0 _ AVE REL InIM 83.03 7.73 77.83 7.06 _79,73- _7 09__. _78.87 _ _ _ ...._7.88__ AVE DEU PT 40.50 11.43 39.73 11.05 41.10 _11,39 ._42,37 _10.93 _ MAX TEMP S011.10 CM 41.33 7.08 41.30 7.52 i MIN TEMP S011.10 CM ~ 38740 6.59 36.67 6.89 ~ AVE TEMP SOIL 10 CM - 39 97 676 39.13 7.12
- 2!90 2] 8---
~
RANCE TEMP SOIL 10 CM - 4T63 2.59 ~ ~~~ -~~---~~~~~~
"41!70- ~
- - ~ ~ "
MAX TEMP SOIL 20 CM 5!53--- ~40!53 7:13 M'lII~TEUP'50IL 20 CH ~40!03 5.45 37.67 6.64 AVE TEMP SOIL 20 01 40.87 5.36 39.17 6,82 RANCE TEMP SOII. 20 CH 1.77 1.05 2'77
. 1.78 MAX TEMP SOII. 50 CM 41.83 3.92 43.60 4.47 MIN EMP SOIL 50 of 41.17 3.93 42.03 4.43 AVE TEMP S0lt 50 CH 41.47 3.78 42.80 4.48 R ANGE TEMP SOIL 50 CM 0.57 0.62 l'.57 0.76 DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION COEFFICIENTS A-T n-T A-B A-BG B-BG T-DG HAX TEMP AIR -0 00494 _-0.00289 _.-0.00060 _.-0.00764 ___-0.00194 _-0,01000 MIN TEMP AIR 0.00739 0.00459 -0.00039 0.01298 -0.00126 0,0071L___
AVE TEMP AIR 0.00152 0.00188 0.00502 -0.00095 0.00194 0.00256 R ANCE TEMP AIR 0.00651 0.00288 0.00137 0.01199 -0.00012 0,00724_ _ Tyr PR ECI P 0.03705 0.07645 -0.04145 -0.05179 -0.00854 0.10649 A E I .I.1 0!bO303 ---- ~~ 0-b0008 0.00406 0.00439 -0 100046 -0,00132 y AVE DEW PT -0.00441 -0.00352 -0.00449 -0.00515 0.00169 0.00084 g
.0VERALL Dsq 0.73144 _
0.32791 0.93970 1.35984 0.21486 0.61676 FIGURE D-6 l
D-13 Figure D-7. Maximum temperature departures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during the study period (June througn November, 1975).
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3 - 3each A - Cooling Tower 'Joods I l l I I 1
D- 1!. Figure D-8. Minimum temperature departures from the meteorological tower base station oy weekly averages for three network stations during the study period (June through Novemoer, 1975). I I I I I l ' f l l I I I ! 3 -- l } : 1 1-i s i . d li 2 i r' - i
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i 3 - 3each l A - Cooling Tcwer 'Joods
D-15 Figure D-9. Average temperature departures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations duri.g the study period (June through Novemoer, 1975). I l l
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D-16 Figure D-10. Temperature range departures from the meteorological tower case station by weekly averages for three network stations during the study period (June througn November, 1975).
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D-17 Figure D-ll. Evaporation rate depatures from the meteorological tower base station by weekly averages for three network stations during the study period (June through November, 1975).
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SEMI-ArmUAL PIPORT OAVIS-BESSE BIRD HAZARD CCt.'TPAC"' OECEMBER 1975 Manfred Tecune, William B. Jacksen, and William A Peterman Environmental Studies Center Introduction Bird mottality at the Davis-Besse site was monitored for the third consecutive Fall migratory season. A detailed analysis for this period plus a comparative summary of the past fall seascns is pre-sented in this report. Previous semi-annual reports centain detailed the analysis of past spring and fall surveys. Mortality Cbse rIr tiens l Oaily observations were made in the early morning hours en 62 days from 25 August to 25 October. As in previous seascns, routine cbservatiens included the base of the eccling tower (both inside and out) , the perimeter of the Unit 1 structures and their associated roofs, the area around the base of the original meterological tcwer, and the area around the base of the new meterological tewer. In additien, checks were made weekly within the fenced switchyard and occasicnally under transmissica lines. Recorded in each daily survey were current environmental condi-tiens (temperature, wind, cloud cover, precipitation) and numbers and species of birds and their locations. All dead birds were col-
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4
. 2 lected, identified to species, and frocen. All birds were autopsied and examined for cause of death.
Cbserved mortality due to contact with the Davis-Besse station structures during the fall 62 day study totaled 155: 125 (80.6%) recovered from the ecoling tower,15 (9.7%) recovered frem the ori-ginal meteorological tcwer, and 15 (9.7%) recovered from the Unit 1 structures (Table 1) . No mortalities were recovered from either the new meteorological tower, the switchyard, or under the trans-missien line. Bird mortalities during the past three fall migra-tory seasons are su=mariced in Table 2. Of the 35 species recovered, three were first-tire occurrences. Overall mortality of the 1975 fall seaacn was slightly less than ene-blf that of the 1974 fall
, season.
4 A summary of the avian families recovered during each fall season is given in Table 3. As in past fall seasons, warblers comprised the greatest proportien (57%) of the fall 1975 =ortalitiesi kinglets were represented more than 7 the past two fall sucteys (21%), and finches remained about in the same range (ICt) . Overall mortality patterns followed those of previous fall seascas, though a smaller proportion was recovered at the Unit 1 structures than in the previous fall. D Distributions of the mortalities at the three locations are indicated in Figures 1 through 3. Eighty-five percent of the birds were found on the east side of the ecoling tower, and a majority (58%) occurred in
i 3 J I the SE quadrant. Most =ortalities were found just inside or just out-side the base perimeter. J Scavencers The proportien of bird mortalities lest to scavengers is a sig-nificant cencern of the mortality survey, since scavengers are known to occur on the site. Sightings of scavengers, scmetimes in I the process of devouring nortality specimens, have included raccoons, skunks, muskrats, red and grey foxes, oppcssums, feral dogs, snakes, crews, gulls, and great horned cwls. While finding one wing feather of a great horned owl near an experimental bird placement site that 1 experiences loss that night (29 September), suggests the involvement 1 of this avian predator, skunks and perhaps raccecns appear to be the ' j f =ost important. During the fall a skunk den was observed at the cooling tower adjacent to the return water channel. Direct access into the i' tcwer base was readily possible, but the burrow entrance was closed with c:ncrete later. A scavenger-loss investigation again was conducted at the base of the cooling tcwer from 27 Septe=ber thrcugh 2 October 1975. Se experimental design included the use of 150 previously cbtained mortality specimens, which were individually tagged and placed at about 1800 hours75 days <br />10.714 weeks <br />2.466 months <br /> at marked locations in all areas of the tower base, both inside and outside the perimeter. Specimen status (i.e. , presence and general ccndition or absence) was reccrded the folicwing morning l
1 I 6 4 l shortly after sunrise. Specimens still present en each of the l following four days were inspected but left in place and the losses recorded. Additionally, signs of scavenger activities, such as l sightings, tracks, scats and burrows, were noted. l r
- Cbserved bird losses due to scavengers are su=marized in Table
- 4. Loss the first night was 20% and somewhat higher the second night. !
Total loss over three days was 28%. Earlier cbservations (fall 1973, l 1974) had indicated higher remeval rates (up to 70%) , but they may i have been a functicn of smaller samples or larger nu=bers of scavengers, the latter usually occurring in the fall. Based on the recent data, it would seem that a 20% loss en nights of heavy mortality might be expected; on nights of only a few mortalities the error culd be as t f high as 100%. Several birds had been moved from their original placement to a nearby pillar corner or the entrance of the large inlet pipes, same-times as far as 30 to 45 feet. Apparently this was done to eat the carcass in more protected sites, and strewn feathers and seats (largely
- made up of bird feathers) were frequently found.
Loss of birds was similar both inside and outside the tower in each quadrat (Table 4). Hcwever, if the bird loss / area were determined,
%e loss ratio outside the tewer would be greater. Careful observation of the pattern of bird disappearance suggests that the scavengers use the ecoling tower basin wall as a travel route, searching along it, both inside and outside for distances up to a few yards, ne searching 1
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5 t was extended further each night, as the birds, scattered in a grid-4 like fashion, were increasingly taken in the whole inner area of the tower. Necrocsy examinations of bird mortalities Dtning the three years that mortality observations have been i
=ade during migration seasons general comments about causes of death have been included in semi-annual reports; but detailed, internal erminations of carcasses that were collected had not been made. i I
Examinations new have been made of available specimens frem all years of study. A total of 432 carcasses, representing five orders f and 68 species, including 14 passerine families, was involved (Table 51. Since some specimens had been used in predatien studies er were initially I i
,' not retained, this study does not include all of the =crtalities recorded j 1
during the study period. 711 specimens had been stored in a freecer and had to be thawed prior to examination. With the older specimens, considerable dehydratien had occurred, and in some cases internal decomposition prevented confica-tien of the sex. The skin around the neck and the head was removed to determine injuries and the extent of hematemae in the braincase and other sites. l The age (adult, juvenile) of the bird was determined using the degree of skull ossification (Wood, M. 1969. A Bird Sanders Guide t ::etermina-tien of Age and Sex of Selected Species, Penn State University,131 pages) . In many cases the use of a dissecting secpe was helpful in confirming the ; I i l l l i 1 i
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i l , 6 i 1 findings. Long bene ractures were fcund by feeling carefully along i wing and leg bones. Finally, a careful lock at the bird for cc.her ' external injuries, such as bill damage and bruises of the breast, completed the examinatien. The following injuries have been identified: Hematemar The most ecmmon injuries found were hematemae in the brain case. Light hematemae were considered as
; internal brain bleeding to the extent of one or a few small spots, ecmonly behind the eyes or ears, which covered less than 50% of the brain surface.
With heavy hertatema, bleed clots covered more than 50% of tne surface. In such cases the whole brain mass often was affected and showed dark red color. Crushed skull: In scme instances the braincase was partially or wholly crushed, surely due to the impact of the collisien. Usually this was associated with hemate=ae. Tibiotarsus fracture: Quite frequently one or two tibiotarsi were broken. In order to simplify the tables, dis-tinctions between right and left are not made. Wing fracture: Fractures of the wing, usually involved the humerus. In few cases the carpal jcints and those between the humerus and the ulna and radius were distorted. Tarsemetatarsus fracture: In only a few cases was the carsemeta-1 tarsus found breken.
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7 Bill damage: Damage to the bill occurred quite of ten. Breakage and distertion of mandible were censidered together in the tables. Neck brokens A few times the area between axis and atlas appeared reddish, indicating that a distertion might have happened. 4
*dhen a slackness was palpable and no other sign of )
injuries were found, this designatien was made. 1 Weather and Mortality - Weather patterns during the Fall 1975 bird migration seasen were scmewhat unusual, with September being colder and October warmer than average. High pressure systems deminated the Septerter weather cen-ditions over Lake Erie, while Cet0ber weather was about evenly divided ( I between high and icw pressure systems. The persistent high in Septer.ber t j began to influence the area en the afternoon of the 8th and continued
) over the area until the evening of the 17th. The mest persistent 3
weather condition in Octcher was a high entering the area on the afternoon of the first and remaining through the fifth. t Weather conditions were compared with observations of bird mortality for the dates beginning on September 2, the date of the first cbserved i
"ortality, and ending on Octcher 17, the date of the last cbserved mortality. There was a total of 46 individual days, of which 27 had cases of recorded mortality. The highest number of birds (66) was recorded on Cet ber 2. Other high counts incidded la en Septerter 24 and 9 on September 27.
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8 i The onset of high pressure systems is related to each of the three cases of high mortality. On the 24th of September, when 18 mor-talities were observed, the flew was northerly cf Lake Erie, as a high pressure system was centered in Minnesota. The remains of hurricane Eloise, then an extratrepical icw centered in southern West Virginia, I were causing rains over eastern Lake Erie; but no rain was occurring to the North or over the western half of the lake. Three days later, en the 27th when nine mortalities were recorded, the icw had moved from West Virginia to northern New England, allowing a new high to intrude into the midwest. Winds were generally light and northwesterly over Lake Erie, and light showers were recorded all along the southern shores. 7 The highest nu=her of observed mortalities in the three full years of observation (66) was recorded en October 2. These seem to be related to a large maritime polar (mP) system which first appeared on surface weather maps in southern British Columbia en September 29. By 0700 en October 1 this high had moved to Central Nebraska, and the front had moved to the east coast and the high to eastern Iowa. Again winds ever Lake Erie were northerly. Looking at the migration season in terms of the total syneptic weather patterns, the 1975 fall data are consistent with past data. Cnce again days have been divided into seven syneptic weather categories (See Table 6) , and the average :nortality for each category had been ecmputed. The result' of this year's computations, along with those for the previous two fall seascns, are shcwn in Table 7.
- 9 r
c. P It can be seen that category H-1, a high to the west of Lake Irie, is for all three years the category for which high mortality occurrences were observed. Other categories, particularly L-3 (cold front immediately to the west) and H-2 (high over the area), have moderate averages but are significantly below that of category H-1 (Table 7) . d
, It is beccming increasingly apparent that conditions favorable to increased migration are conditions under which mortalities are most likely to occur. In the fall, migration 37;rs en the leading edge of polar air masses as the cool northerly wins encourage southward flight.
It is under these same conditions that high mortality rates are also ob erved. Yet if the distributions of observations by categorf are studied, 4 it is also apparent that high pressure and nor-herly winds are not a sufficient cause for high =ortality. Fifty-three percent of H-1 days (1973-1975) had either one or no observed mortalities. This is not sign.ificar.tly different frem the percentages for the other categories. The high average for H-1 results frem a few observations each year with high mortality. This supports the wave pattern of migratten. This is, the bulk of the birds likely to strike the ecoling t:wer or other structures migrate through the area during a brief period of several weeks. During this -Lte there wculd be at most two er three =ajor high pressure systems also moving through the area. Thus the bulk of migration of these species may occur during enly two or three specific evenings. i t f l _ _ _ . , _ , , . . . _ ., . . _ _ .._ _ __ - _ . , - _ _ - . _m, , ~ ,,
10 In light of the findings for the past three years, it is becer2ng in-creasingly possible to predict under what conditiens high mortality is likely to occur. It is not possible, and perhaps cannot be possible from meteorological data, however, to predict whether actural high mortal-ity will occur when these conditions are present. Use of Stobe Lights Some studies have suggested that migrating birds take evasive maneuvera several hundred meters distant frem searchlight bt.ns and landing lights of small aircraft (Larkin, et al., 1975). Casually reported, undocumented cbservations indicated possible reacticns by birds to flashing strebe lights on moving planes. Because of such notes, arrangements were made to have the strebe lights on ecoling tower operative en five nights when meteorclogical predictions indicated that mortalities were likely (Table 8) . Frem l this limited sample, it dces net appear that these lights had any influence on bird movements. However, no ccmparable situation without i lights was available for ecmparison; but since mortalities occurred on nights with and without the lights and since lack of mortalities was similarly distributed, the data cannot be considered to support the hypothesis. In the Larkin Study (1975) reactions to 200 W sources at 300 M (50 beam > $ Ith) were observed en radar secpes. While the Davis-Besse strebe lights were brighter, their use occurred en nights of very poor visibility; ground cbservers often could not see the flas! is, and presumably birds did little better.
- _ ..~ . .
4 i 11 l 5ummar*! Tall structures, especially those with guy wires, often experience heavy bird mortalities during migration. Recent documentation includes that of Strnad (1975) who cites estimated kills of 1500 birds in a single night at a 1200-foot T7 tower in Minnesota. Taylor (1974) continues to document similar kills at a Florida TV tower. Few data have been published quantifying bird strikes at ecoling towers. At the Three Mile Island Station 424 birds were recovered during two years of monitoring (1973-75) the four 370-foot natural draft cooling towers (Mudge, 1975). Other cperatiens cite no or at most negligible problems. That cooling towers are relatively squat (less than 500 feet high) probably removes them frem migration pathways under most cen-ditions. Cnly when meteorological conditions force migrants to descend to tower levels are significant mortalities likely to occur, although Mudge (1975) claimed no meteorological correlates with his data. References Larkin, 2.P. , J.R. Torre-Bueno, D.R. Griffin, and C. Walcott. 1975. Reactions of migrating birds to lights and aircraf t. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 72 (6) : 1994-1996. Mudge, J.E. 1975 Evaluation of ecoling tower ecological effects -- j an approach and case history. i American Nuclear Society, 21st Annual Meeting, New Crleans. Strnad, Fcrest V. 1975 More bird kills at KRCC-T7 tower, Cstrander, Minnesota. Leon 47(1) : 16-21. I l l l
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12 i
' d Bruce H. Andersen. 1974, No t' a igr s k4 -* a a central Florida "^/
- ower, autur::n 1973.
c la. Field Nat. 2 (2) : 40-43.
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TABLE 1. Species recovered at Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site during the fall migratory season,1975. Species CT ST MT Totals Common Flicker 1 1 Crested Flycatcher 1 1 Yellow-bellied Flycatcher 1 1 Brown Creeper 1 1 Long-billed Marsh Wren 1 1 Swainson's Thrush 2 2 Golden-crowned Kinglet 5 1 6 auby-crowned Kinglet 26 1 27 Solitary Vireo 2 2 Red-eyed Vireo 4 4 Warbling Vireo 2 2 Black and white Warbler 1 1 Z Tennessee Warbler 1 1 Nashville Warbler 2 1 1 4 Magnolia Warbler 13 13 Cape May Warbler 1 1 Black-throated Blue Warbler 1 1 Black-throated Green Warbler 9 2 11 Blackburnian Warbler 2 1 3 Chestnut-sided Warbler 3 3 ~ Bay-breasted Warbler 6 2 1 9 Blackpoll Warbler 3 1 4 8 Palm Warbler 1 1 Ovenbird 3 1 2 6 Connecticut Warbler 1 1 Yellowthroat 21 1 22 Yellow-breasted Chat I l Wilson's Warbler 2 2 Canada Warbler 3 3 American Redstart 3 3 6
. House Sparrow 1 1 Rose-breasted Grosbeak 1 1 2 Sharp-tailed Sparrow 1 1 Swamp Sparrow 3 1 4 Song Sparrow 1 4'
1 TOTAL BIRDS 125 15 15 155 CT = Cooling tower ST = Unit I Building MT = Meteorological Tower (old)
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J Table 2. Families recovered at Davis-Besse site during four consecutive fall seasons. Figures in parentheses represent percent values, fall 1972 Fall 1973 fall 1974 fall 1975 CT ST MT Total CI si HI Total CT ST MI Talai ri sI ur Tutal Kinglets (Regulidae) 1(25) 0 0 l(10) 31(55) 9(19) - 40(39') 80(29) 11(21) 0 91(27) 31(25)2(13) 0 33(21) Warblers (Parulidae) 3(75) 3(60) 1(100) 7(70) 13(23)25(22) - 38(37)146(52)28(54)4(506178(52) 75(60) 10(67) 13(87) 98(63) , fringillids (fringillidae) 0 0 0 0 1(2) 1(2) - 2(2) 4(1) 2(4) 1(12) 9(3) 5(4) 2(13) 1(7) 8(5) Other 0 2(40) 0 2(20) 1(2) 6(13) - 7(7) 36(13) 11(21) 3(38) 48(14) 14(11)1(7) 1(7) 16(10) Rails (Rallidae) 1 1 1 1 2 Gulls (Laridae) - 1 1 , Pigeons (Columbidae) 1 1 2 Woodpeckers (Picitomes) , , 1 1 Flycatchers (lyrannidae) 1 1 8 2 10 2 2 Nuthatches (Sittidae) 2 1 3 Creepers (Certhlidae) 1 1 1 1 i Wrens (Troglodytidae) 1 1 5 5 1 1 Hinalds (Himmidae) 1 1 Thrushes (Turdidae) 2 2 2 2 Vireos (Virconidae) 1 1 1 17 7 24 8 8 Weaver finches (Ploceldae) , 2 2 1 1 Unidentified 0 0 0 0 10(18) 6(13) - 16(15) 13(5) 0 0 13(4) 0 0 0 0 t 10TAL DIROS 4(40) 5(50)1(10) 10 56(54)47(46)- 103 219(82) 52(15)8(2) 339 125(80) 15( 0) 15(10) 155 CT = Cooling Tower ' i Si = Unit I structures ] MT = old Meteorological Tower . 1, ' i 4 e e
15
! ( , Table 3. Comparison between the last four consecutive spring and i
fall seasons (1972-75). Figures in parentheses represent percent values. Spring Fall Kinglets (Regulidae) 10(3.6) 165(26.7) Warblers (Parulidae) 162(58.5) 331(53.6) Finches (Fringillidae) 34(12.3) 19(3.1 ) Mimids (Mimidae) 12(4.3) 1(0.2) Utner 56(20.2) 72(11.7) Unidentified 3(1.1 ) 29(4.7) TOTAL BIRDS 277 617 t a i d l l ; l .
16 { TABLE 4. Summary of fall 1975 scavenger-loss study at cooling tower following placement of 150 specimens inside and outside of tower base. 0ay 1 0ay 2 No. % No. %* Quadrant I birds taken inside perimeter 5 3.3 4 2.7 birds taken outside perimeter 4 2.7 4 2.7 total 9 6.0 8 5.3 Quadrant II birds taken inside perimeter 3 2.0 9 6.0 birds.taken outside perimeter 3 2.0 0 -- total 6 4.0 9 6.0 Quadrant III - birds taken inside perimeter 1- 0.7 4 2.5 birds taken outside perimeter 1 0.7 5 3.5 total 2 1.3 9 6.0 Quadrant IV birds taken inside perimeter 7 5.0 8 5.0 birds taken outside perimeter 6 4.0 4 3 . 0_ total 13 9.0 12 8.0 TOTAL 30 20.0 38 25.0*
- percent of original number of specimens, not of birds remaining after the first night.
I i
TABLE S. Suninary of necropsy examinations of Davis-Besse site inortalities. FAMILY llEMATOMA CRUSilED FRACTURE BILL NECK NO NO. BIRDS i SKULL BROKEN SIGNS EXAMINED ** Light lleavy tibio- Wing Terso- , tarsus ine ta tarsus ( Ardeidae 1* 1 Rallidae 3 1 1 1 4 Laridae 1 1 Columbidae 3* . 3 Picidae 1(1)
- 1 1 2 Tyrranidae 6 1 1 1 1 9 9 Corvidae 1 1
Sittidae 1 1 1 Certhiidae 3 1 3 Troglodytidae 1 5 1 1 7 , Mimidae 3 1 1 4 j Turdidae S S 1 1 1 10 Regulidae 74 64 8 9 25 1 6 144
- Virconidae 15 17 2 4 1 1 33 Parulidae 219 95 7 27 18 1 58 1 6 320 Icteridae 2 1 1 2 1 6
, Thraupidae 1 , 1 1 Fringillidae 12 10 1 3 1 3 1 1 23 j Ploccidae 1 1 2 t . TOTAL 352 201 10 45 35 1 92 6 17 575 i
- *henatoua on breast 4
- **a single bird
- say be of ted in one or more columets 4
18 y... Table 6 - Cateogories of Synoptic Weather Conditions A. Conditions Associated with High Pressure Systems H-1 Leading edge of the high over Western Lake Erie (northerly flow) H-2 High center over Western Lake Erie (calm or variable flow) H- 3 Trailing edge of high over Western Lake Erie (southerly flow) B. Conditions Associated with Low Pressure Systems L-1 Low center near or cver western Lake Erie L-2 Warm sector with cold front immediately to the west or northwest of western Lake Erie L-3 Warm front over or immediately to the south of western Lake Erie L-4 Post frontal with low to the east or northeast of western Lake Erie i I i
~
i i 1 i [' 19 Table 7 - Bird Mortality as a Function of Synoptic Weatter Conditions i i Average Daily . Mortality 1973 1974 1975 All Years i High Pressure Systems H-1 5.2 14.2 11.6 10.1 E-2 0.0 6.4 0.4 4.0 H-3 0.8 1.6 0.8 1.0 Iow Pressure Systems L-1 0.0 1.7 3.5 2.1 L-2 0.0 2.3 1.1 1.2 i s L-3 2.2 7.7 3.0 4.0 L-4 0.0 1.0 0,7 o,7 4
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W 20 ( TABLE 8. Sumary of daily mortalities at Davis-Besse site, August 25-October 25, 1975. Date** No. of birds l Sept. 2 1 Sept. 3 1 Sept. 7 3 Sept. 8 1 Sept. 9 6(3) Sept. 11 2 Sept.12 1 Sept. 13 3 Sept. 18 6 Sept. 19* 1
. Sept. 20 2 i
Sept. 21 1 Sept. 22 1 i Sept. 24 18 Sept. 25* 3 ( Sept. 26* 5 Sept. 27 9 Sept. 30 1 Oct. 1 3 Oct. 2* 66 Oct. 4 1 Oct. 5 1 Oct. 6 1 Oct. 11 1 Oct. 13 6 Oct. 14 2 Oct. 17 , (2) Total 151 ( ) date of death not certain
- strobe lights on cooling tower functioned during the nights preceeding these mortality events. The lights also functioned on September 17.
**No birds were recovered on dates not listed.
a N Figura 1 Distribution or 125 (01%) N nw>rtelities reenvr M at JJ J4 JS the Cooling Tormr during the 197S fall migrntion 3I J/ o O No 36NO J7 38 periorf. Recovery 3[ JS *
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" Figura 3 Diatribution of 15 mortalities WEATNER recovered on the roofs or Unit I Parking Lot S T A T 10 N buildings durithJ the 197S fall migration period. Hecovery location indicated by e.
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- mortalities recovered at the original 0 10 20 30 40 50 metoorological tower ourinn the itnS rall m eiers migration period, llecovery locations o indicat'd by e . G 0 10 10 30 40 -- u 2 u m e t ers
DOGWOOD-SUMAC-GRAPE COMMUNITY SHRUB AND SAPLING LAYER 14 M. X 4M. QUADRATS Fall 1973 e
$ 0 e eI e0 E D E 3D 38 35 3 2 ? 3 %2 %? %S 88 8 E 8 %8 OR TS ma M">O A A a ma mm 12.69 18.5$
Rhus typhina 15 71 , 71.lt3 2 .15 9 15.19 27.78 cornus amonum 21.14 100.0 17.17 68.21 38.88 87.30 64.80 Vitis riparia 5.00 71.43 ---- 16.13 27 78 ---- 14 64 N Parthenocissus quinquefolia 0.Ut 14 29 ---- 0 45 5.56 ---- 2.00 4 I
DOGWOOD-SUMAC-GRAPE COMMUNITY SEEDLING AND llEHB LAYER h X 2M. QUADRATS (Total Species) Fall 1973 , s s E w 0 $5 $$ $ N d $ n Ud Y$ Yh Uc 2 g $ 43 MK 4$ Rj
$ $ 0 $$ $$ EO M>
Saponaria officinalis 16.57 57.14 11.86 80.00 26.67 60.66 55.78 Smilacina stellata 0.71 142.85 0.06 3.lt5 19.99 lt.lt0 9.28 Convovulus sepiun ----- 114.29 0.43 ----- 6,67 2.20 2.96 Geum canadense 0 . 114 11.29 4 0.10 0.69 6.67 0.51 2.62 vitis riparia 2.28 28.57 15 . 3 0 11.03 13.33 21.99 15.l t5 cornus amomum 0.57 It2.85 1.57 2.76 19.99 8.03 10.26 Rhus typhina 0.14 14.29 0.l;3 0.69 6.67 2.20 3 19
Dogwood-Sumac-Grape Community Harbaccous and Seedling Layero Spring 1974 1/2 X 2 Meter Quadrats U N y E N E 5x $'E e I
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Cottcnw:od Community - Harbacocus end Secdling Layara- 1/2 X 2 Mat:r Qugdrcts
, Spring 1974 o h h S x 8 $x $8 e $
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Farthenocissus quinquefolia 39.17 1.00 20.00 45 01 33 33 3 00 83 33 Melilotus alba 39 17 1.00 20.00 45 01 33 33 .20 5 55 R 4 I 4
HACKBEllllY COMMUflITY TilEE LAYEll 10 X 10. M. QUADIlATS Fall 1973 N e h e 0 N O lc $b $0 $ N O O $ ?< $5 ${c Ye a i e da di da 8.3
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Celtis occidentalis 5.0 100.0 675.86 18.51 3 8 .156 92.68 159 . 8 8 Prunus virginiana 20.0 100.0 23.21 77.03 38.16 5 3.18 39.56 Cornus amomum 1.0 160.0 1.13 3.70 15.38 7.15 6.l t1 Crataegus'spp. 0.2 20.0 29.06 0.74 7.69 3 98 "h .14 9 4
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HACKBERRY COMMUNITY SHRUB AND SAPLING LAYER 14X14 M. QUADRATS . Fall 1973 x I2 s D $s $U E d E Ud d m U$ d& Ee OD m D c e ac ae na G
$ { ES $$ N k Prunus virginiana 13.6 80.0 61.8 36.14 14 9 . 1 Cornus amomum 6.2 60.0 28.2 27.3 27.7 Vitis riparia 2.2 80.0 10.0 36 4 23.2 i
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- E O S T G S S P P V C C 4
Beach Hackberry Community I . Herbacecus and see dling layer b o N 4 X 2 ff. quadrats b 8 o oD Y Spring 1974 B k 8 Rk b8
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e8 Cu O Yb Mk ho oo 40 F. O Frunus virginiana 11.19 5.00 100.00 9 05 13 33 8.28 1arthenocissus quinquefolia 7 50 7.03 2.25 75.00 h.07 10.00 20.25 22.37 Ce3 tis occitentalis h.23 1.00 50.00 1.81 6.66 1.25 1.38 Ribes sp. 1.89 0.25 25.00 0.h5 3.33 Vitis raparia 3.75 h.1h 3.78 0.50 50.00 0.90 6.66 2 50 2.76 Snilacina ste]]ata 1h.27 10.25 75.00 18.55 10.00 13.75 15.19 Scrophularia marilandica 7.h8 2.75 75.00 10.00 h.97 3.25 3.59 Ga13nn aparine h.23 1.00 50.00 1.01 6.66 1.00 1.10
- axirrage sp. 5.81 2.75 50.00 h.97 6.66 6.00 Convovulus sepium 6.63 3
h.23 1.00 50.00 1.81 6.66 0 50 0 55 Saronaria officianalis 23.b6 22.25 50.00 h0.27 6.66 25 00 27.62 Tcve:rium canadense 2.3h 0.75 25.00 1.36 3.33 1.00 1.10 Latucca sp. 2.12 0.50 25.00 0.90 3.33 Chenopodium album 0.75 0.82 O 2.12 0 50 25 00 0.90 Cerastium vulgatum 5.73 h.50 25.00 8.1h 3.33 0.25 0.27 d 3.33 3.75 h.1h
Inland Isackber:7 Community I Hertaceous and seedling layer R bx 2 M. quadrats U 8 h h M N y 8 8 y 28 e & Spring 1974 ~ Ue
- S Uw UE Eh ah 3..El 2 !T n2 A tr !; # 5s he 8 k en Et no so Parthenoci:. sus quinquefolia h.66 2.1h 71.h3 3.15 6.17 12.h3 10.9h Vitis ricaria 3.20 1.00 57.1h 1.h7 h.9h h.1h 3.65 Prunus virginiana 3.8h 2.71 h2.86 3.99 3.70 5.71 5.03 Cel t.is occidantalis 3.12 2.57 28 57 3.78 2.h7 3.71 3.27 Stal hylea trifolia 1.66 1.h3 1h.29 2.10 1.23 h.29 3.77 Smilacina stellata 7.6) 5.h3 f,$. 71 7.98 7.h1 6.71 5.91 Solidaco elonrata 3.8h 2.71 h2.86 3.99 3.70 7.86 6.92 Galiun aparine 10 30 8.1h 100.00 11.97 8.th 17.29 Impatiens biflora 15.22 1h.31 1h.h3 85.71 21.22 7.h1 15.h3 13 58 Scrophularia marilandica h.h5 1.06 71.h3 2.73 6.17 1.57 1.38 Hydrophyllum virginianum 5.32 h.71 h2.86 6.93 3.70 9.29 8.18
- 1. nium amplexicaule 5.h0 3.1h 71.h3 h.62 6.17 3.15 2 77 Grnsa rp. I 2.80 1.29 h2.86 1.89 3.70 Sarifrare sp. 8.32 6.29 85.71 9.2h 7.h1 2 71 2.39 4 Acalyrha virginiana 2.h3 2.lh- 4 0.82 0.29 lb.29 0.h2 1.23 0.29 0.25 viola rarinescvii 3.53 2.29 h2.86 3.36 3.70 3 57 3.) h Sarr;naria officianalis 3.02 2.h3 Plantato sp.
28.57 3.53 2.h7 2.]h 1.89 1.65 0.57 28.57 0.8h 2.h7 1.00 0.88 Chenopodium album 1.97 Convovulus sepium 1.00 28 57 1.h7 2.h7 0.86 0.75 2.27 0.57 h2.86 0.8h 3.70 0.h3 0.38 Viola sp. 0.38 0.29 lb.29 0.h2 1,23 0.1h 0.13 Trillium cp. 0.72 .0.1h Ih.29 0.21 1.23 0.h3 0.38 Dicentra cucullaria 0.72 0.1h Ih.29 0.21 1.23 0.1h 0.13 Urtica dioica 1.65 0.57 28.57 0.8h 2.h7 1.71 Solanum dulcumarq 1.51 1.1h 0.7h 1h.29 1.05 1.23 2.06 2 52 Teverium canadense 0.93 0.63 1h.29 0.63 1.23 2.1h Grass sp. II 1.89 1 76 0 7h 28 57 1.05 2.h7 1.1h 1.01 4
Inland Hackberry Community II Herbicscus and Scedling Lay;ro - 1/2 I 2 Net:r Quadrat] Spring 1914 3 x x S 8 x s8 sx . s Y. e $ M U$ UU Y s. U s. Rb Y E a7 38 ts as Iarthenocissus quinquefolia 4.86 t a at aa 53 ae 58 33 2.00 5 88 3.84 14.00 10.93 vitis riparts 1.90 25 00 .66 2 52 1.38 5 50 4.29 Prunus virginfana 50 8.33 .08 .84 .16 20 .16 Cornus amomum 3 04 33 33 1,42 3 36 2.72 5 70 4.45 Lonicera sp. 50 0 33 .o8 .84 .16 1 50 1.17 Rubus sp. 1 32 16.66 1.68 50 .96 3 00 2 34 Rhus toxicodendron 50 8 33 .08 .84 .16 30 .<3 Allium canadense i.48 16.66 .66 1,68 1.28 .70 55 Smilacina stellate 7.62 75 00 4.00 7 56 7.68 5 10 3 98 Catima assias asiw 10.16 100.00 5 33 10.08 10.24 23 00 17 95 Arabis laevigata 1.08 16,66 1.68 48 25 .70 55 Ilydrophyllum apendiculatum 5.12 66.66 6.72 1.83 3 52 3 90 3 04 . Lamium amplexicaule 4 38 58 33 1 50 5 82 2.88 1.70 1 33
}
Scrophularia marilandica 6.96 66.66 ' 75 6.72 7.20 7 80 6.09 Alcalypha virginia 10.18 75 00 e.66 7 56 12.eJ 5 00 3 90 ceun canadense 1.82 25 00 58 2.52 1.12 1.50 1.17 viola sp. 7.61 66.66 4 50 6.72 8.50 6.90 5 39 Saxifrage sp. 3.90 25 00 2.75 2 52 5 28 2.40 1.87 Plantago sp. 1.08 16.66 1.68
.25 48 30 .23 Convovulus seplum 50 8 33 .08 .84 .16 20 .16 saponaria officianalis 12 32 66.66 9 33 6.72 17 92 11.70 9.13 Latucca sp. 1 32 16.66 50 1.68 .96
- 1 50 1.17 Chenopodium album 1 32 16.66 50 1.68 .96 .20 .16 Leonurus cardiaca .66 8 33 .84 25 .48 50 39 Crass sp. I 6.16 6.66 2.92 6.72 5 60 19 00 Grass sp. II 14.83 3 62 41.66 1 58 4.20 3 04 5 80 4 53
H:ckbarry-Kentucky Coffee Troo Community I - 1/2 X 2 matsr qurdrats Spring 1974 e
- o h h E N E $x $E . E Y=
SM n 8 nn 38 ?u yu 0 E OE ME DE ds Rhus toxicodendron "E a t as at no e3 5 34 1 50 67.00 2.84 7 84 2.66 2.47 Prunus virginiana 1.45 17.00 50 95 1.96 .83 77 Parthenocicaus quinquefolia 6.32 1 50 83 00 2.84 9 80 8.16 7 57 Rubus sp. 1.14 .16 17 00 32 1.96 .83 77 Impatiens biflora 25 50 20.67 39.24 100.00 11 76 37 00 34 31 Callum aparine 13 79 8 33 100.00 15 82 11.76 25 83 23 95 Urtica diolca 4.37 1 50 50.00 2.84 5 90 2 33 2.16 Smilacina stellata 6.13 2 33 67.00 4.43 7.84 2 33 2.16 ,, Scrophularia marilandica 6.12 3 33 50.00 6 33 5 90 4 33 4.01 4 Leonurus cardiaca 3 07 1.17 33 00 2.21 3 92 4.16 3 86 Convovulus sepium 1.61 .66 17 00 1.26 1 96 .83 77 Saxifrage sp. 8 35 4.66 67 00 3.86 7 84 4.16 3 86 Hydrophyllum virginiana 5 34 1 50 67.00 2.84 7 84 1 50 1 39 Latucca sp. 1.14 .16 17.00 32 1 96 50 .46 Arisaema triphyllum 1.93 1.00 17 00 1 90 1 96 5 00 4.63 Viola sp. 2.91 1.00 33 00 1 90 .46 3 92 50 Lamium amplexicaule 1.14 .16 17 00 32 1 96 .16 .16 Grass sp. I 2.24 1 33 17 00 2 53 1 96 6.66 6.18 Dicentra cucullaria 2.19 1.17 17 00 2.22 1 96 33 31
l sowling cmn state univmity E mnm n a 5t s ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING CONTRACT JUNE 1974 B. Soil Environment fionitorino Arthur G. Limbird Department of Geography Bowling Green State University Introduction , The soil environment serves as a link between tne atmosphere and the vege-tation. Changes in soil temperature, moisture, chemistry, and texture can be the result of changes in atmospheric conditions and, in turn, can be of sufficient mag-nitude to result in alterations in flora and fauna. Monitoring involves use of in-strumentation to maintain a continuing record of soil temperature and moisture and sofl sampling to record changes in soil chemistry, texture, and other features. The program objective is to monitor these soil parameters to determine if they are being altered by the cooling tower operations. Such an analysis must be made against the background of nonnal environmental fluctuations and natural phenomena. Background Soil Surveys. Much of the total site area can be considered man-made because of the amount of movement of soil materials. Another large area is submerged land and is classi-ffed as marsh. Two basic soil environments compose the remainder of the entire site. One is a series of low beach ridges adjacent to tua present Lake Erie and between the lake and the marsh. The other is an upland area where soils developed in former lake deposits overlying glacial till. Detailed soil mapping has been completed in the woods north of the cooling
' tower which represents a relatively undistrubed upland area. Soil borings were made
f adjacent to each of the vegetation plot marker costs and at the center of each 20 m square quadrat, resulting in a total of 83 samples. Surface features also were ob- ' served, since these aided in discerning the boundaries between soil types. Three soil types (Fulton silt loam, Toledo silty clay loam, and Bono silty clay loam) have been discerned (Fig. B-1). Their characteristics are detailed in Table B-1. The mapping in the cooling tower woods substantiates previous soil studies (Ottawa County Soil Survey [1928] and more recent profile samples near the Davis-Besse site) which describe the soils in the area surrounding the site. One soil type, Lucas silt loam, was not discerned in the cooling towr woods but may well be present elsewhere in the upland area of the plant site. The Lucas soil occupies the highest part of the topography and is moderately well drained and lighter in color than the Fulton, Toledo, and Bono soils. Soil profile characteristics have been developed for each of the beach ridge comunities (Appendix B-1). Mapping of these soils is underway, using procedures sim-flar to those already described. Monitorino Locations and Methods A Sumac and two Hackberry-Box Elder sites (see section A) were selected as representative of the beach communities and by their size suitable for monitoring soil conditions. The specific sites were altered somewhat from those originally designa-ted. Spring storms reduced the size of the foreheach olant comunities and threaten other plant communities with extinction in the near future. Thus soil monitoring equipment was placed in more stable locations on the marsh side of the beact' area. The Sumac comunity is the location of the weather shelter and rain gauge set up to monitor the atmospheric environment. Similar installations vere made in the cooling tower woods, and parallel observations will be made in the Darby Marsh reference area. Instruments and Instru :ent Setuo. Two remote-recording, three-point the.70-graphs are being used, one at the beach site and one at the cooling tower woods site. These thermographs, installed in the weather stations, record temperatures continu-B-2
i ously'on a revolving drum chart. Temoeratures are obtained at three depths (10, 20, 50 cm) using the ' sensors, which are encased in stainless steel probes for protection. The probes are connected to the recorder by capillaries, and temperature changes be-tween the recorder and the probes are conpensated. The thennograoh has an accuracy of f.0.2 C'. Daily as well as seasonal ranges in temperature can be determined. Since the range of temperature change rapidly decreases with depth, so that it ap-proaches 1 F* at about 50 cm, observations at greater depths would not be as sig-nificant as those nearer the surface. In order to correlate soil temperature changes at the, two monitoring locations using the thermographs with those at the three other monitoring locations, stainless-steel-cased soil thermometers with a temperature range of 0-120' F are used. Weekly i soil. temperatures are taken at the 10, 20, and 50 cm depths within the~ quadrats of
- each of the designated plant communities at the same time of day each week and corre-lated with the corresponding thermograph temperatures.
One method of measuring soil moisture concentrates on the available moisture within the soil and thus relates directly to the water which plants can utilize. A plaster of Paris block containing stainless steel screen electrodes is moisture ab-sorbent and measures moisture as a function of electrical resistance. The block also measures soil moisture tension, since the relation between soil and water is one of energy. The most important moisture range is from field capacity (0.3 atmos-pheres of pressure) to the wilting point of plants (16 atmospheres). The bicek is connected to an alternating current impedance meter, which reads the percentage of available water in tne soil and the corresponding electrical resis-tance. The meter and block system is able to detect movements of moisture and mois-ture changes in field soils, even if the soils are varied in texture, and is capable of accuracy to within A 1% of total soil moisture. Other me+ hods require sampling of soils or give faulty results in field measurements. B-3
The plaster of Paris blocks have been buried at 10, 20, 50, and 100 cm depths at each of the three monitored quadrats at the beach site and at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths in the quadrats at the cooling tower woods site. The portable moisture meter is used to measure the available moisture content at these monitored locations and depths on at least a weekly basis at the same time as temperature measurements. In the cooling tower woods a remote recording thermoc'raph has been installed to record temperatures at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths in Fultt.. silt loam (0 on Fig. B-1). Moisture blocks have been buried at the same locations to determine available moisture, and readings are being made at least once per waek. The depth to the water table i.s being monitored at two points (X on Fig. B-1) within the Fulton soil area. To measure the degree of contrast between the somewhat poorly drained Fulton sofl.and the very poorly drained Toledo soil, meisture blocks and dial-type probe thermometers have been installed at 10, 20, and 50 cm depth (0 on Fig. B-1) within the area of Toledo soils. The depth to the water table is being monitored at two points within the Toledo soil area (X on Fig. B-1). Readings also are made at least once per week so that data can be compared with that from the Fulton soil area. Instrument Calibration. The thermographs and dial thennometers were calibra-ted to correspond to other instrumets measuring air temperatures for one week prior to being installed. The portable moisture meter, used to collect the data on mois-ture in the plaster of Paris blocks, is calibrated prior to each moisture reading. Data Analysis. Analysis of temperature and moisture data will be handled in a manner similar to that described for the meteorological data (see section D). A computer program will be written so that the soil data can be analyzed separately or in association with the air and solar energy parameters. , , Results l Beach Comunities. These data suggest that the Sumac community and one of the Hackberry-Box Elder sites (#2) are quite moist during the spring; moisture availabil-B-4
i
- ity has been close to 100 percent at all four depths in both of these locations (Tab-le B-2). The Hackberry-Box Elder site (#1), with greater organic matter accumulation at the surface and with coarse to very coarse sand and gravel horizons, has shown signs of being a cuch drier site. Moisture readings have averaged about 45 percent at the 10 and 20 cm depths, about 33 percent at the 50 cm depth, and near 100 percent only at the 100 cm depth. This moisture regime can probably be attributed to the retention of some moisture in the 10 and 20 cm levels by organic matter, the lack of moisture at 50 cm because of coarse sand and gravel at that depth, and the water table near the 100 cm level. Temperatures have been higher in the beach area than in the woodlot, probably because of greater warming capabilities in the more porous sands. Temperatures have been higher near the surface than at depth and have fluc-tuated more near the surface than at depth at all three beach sites.
Cooling Tcezer Woods. Although the data on this area are incomplete, the high moisture content and high moisture availability of the Fulton and Toledo soils is indicated by the consistent 1007, moisture available readings at all depths in both soils (Table B-2). It is anticipated that surface and near surface moisture will de-crease sooner and to a greater degree in the Fulton soil than in the Toledo soil; sumer and early fall should see a lowering of the water table in the Fulton soil. Up to the present (June,1974) the average depth to the water table has been about 40 in (1.0 meter) in the Fulton soil compared to about 10 in (0.25 meter) in the Tol-edo soil. Temperatures have fluctuated more near the surface (10 cm depth) in the Fulton soil than elsewhere. It is anticipated that surface and near surface tempera-tures will fluctuate to a greater degree in the Fulton soil than in the Toledo soil, especially in the drier sumer and early fall periods. Soil Samoling. Soil samples will be taken at each of the three beach quadrat locations and at both of the cooling tower woods quadrat locations. Soil sampling points will be located on each of the four sides of every quadrat and at 5, 20, 50, and 100 cm depths. B-5
I l 1 l l (This number of samples was decided upon based on recommendations of the Soil Con-servat'en Service and the Cooperative Extension Service. The sampling depths were based upon recommendations of the Commission for Climatology and the Commission for Agricultural Meteorology for observing soil temperature.) The depths of soil samples correspond to the levels of instrumental monitoring of soil moisture and soil tem-perature. Each soil sample will be placed in a separate plastic bag and subjected separately to chemical and mechanical analyses. The mechanical analysis separates the soil sample into coarse, medium, fine, and very fine sand, silt, and clay frac-tions. Implications relative to moisture holding capacity and nutrient availability can be made based on the mechanical analysis. The chemical analysis of the soil samples will determine the organic matter content, pH, cation exchange capacity, percent base saturation, phosphorus content, potassium content, and contents of significant salts (sulfates), and micronutrients. The soil analyses for both physical and chemical aspects will follow standard methods (Soil Survey Laboratory Methods and Procedures for Collecting Soil Samples, Soil Survey Investory Report #1, Soil Conservation Service, USDA, April 1972). l l l B-6
g Table B-1. Profile Char:cterization of Soil types at Cooling Tower Woods, Davis-Besse Site. Fulton silt loam (Fsil) 0-7"A j - dark grey brown, friable, silt loam 7-10"A2- dark grey, friable, silt loam 10-14"B1- brown, firm, silty clay loam 14-36"6 2-t light yellowish brown, very firm, silty clay loam or silty clay 36-42"I:B3 - light yellcwish brown-streaked with reddish brrwn, very firm, weathered till 42"+IIC - calcareous glacial till, clay loam to clay Other important features include somewhat poor drainage with the water table fluctuating between two and ten feet from the surface, slow sur-face drainage because of the near level topography associated with the lake plain location, and low to medium expected growth rates for trees because the seasonal high water table limits root development. Toledo silty clay loam (Tsic1) 0-8"A1 - dark grey brown, friable, silty clay loam 8-12"A2- dark grey, firm, silty clay loam 12-18"B j-g brownish grey, with dark grey streaks, very firm, silty clay 18-32"B light brownish grey, mottled with olive brown and yellowish 9 2 t brown, very firm, silty clay to clay 32-40"B3 9 t- light brownish grey, more distinct mottles of olive, brown, yellowish brown, very firm, silty clay to clay 40"+IIC - calcareous glacial till, clay loan to clay Other important features include poor to very poor drainage with water comonly standing on the surface for long periods after rains, a water table at or near the surface, slow surface drainage because of the near level topography of the lake plain, severe limitations for tree growth because of the high water table, and the threat of windthrow because of shallow root systems. . B-7
Table B-1 (continued) Bono silty clay loam (Bsicl) 0-10"A1 nearly black, friable, silty clay loam 10-16"A2 - very dark grey, firm, silty clay loam 16-25"8 j9 brownish grey, very firm, silty clay, olive and brown mottles 25-45"B 2gt- light brownish grey, very firm, silty clay to clay, olive and brown mottles 45"+IIC - calcareous glacial till, clay to clay loam Other important features include poor to very poor drainage with a water table at or near the surface, water commonly standing after rains, slow surface drainage because of the near level topo' graphy, severe limitations for tree growth because of the high water table, and the threat of windthrow because of shallow root systems. The Bono soils have darker colored and thicker A horizons that are higher in organic matter than Toledo soils. The depth to glacial till is fairly constant,
, averaging about 42 inches indicated by inches depth to unweathered till at various locations in woodlot.
s . l l i I l B-8 l
4 Table B-2. Summary of soil temperature and moisture data for the period of May 15 - June 10,1974. Temperature (*F)* Moisture (%) Site 10 cm 20 cm 50 cm 10 cm 20 cm 50 cm Cooling tower woods - Fulton soil 53.9 51.7 48.9 97 100 100 Cooling tower woods - Toledo soil 52.6 51.0 47.4 100 100 100 Beach area - Sumac Community 64.9 55.4 54.1 92 100 100 Beach area - Hackberry-Box Elder #1 62.6 54.6 53.8 45 45 33 Beach area - Hackberry-Box Elder #2 61.9 53.2 52.8 95 100 100
- Average of weekly readings for locations with dial thermometers have been correlated with same time and day for sites with continuous thermograph readings.
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APPENDIX B-1 Soil Profile Characteristics for Beach Communities Low Beach Areas #1 and t 2 3 Hackberry Areas #1 and #2
. Dogwood-sumac area Cottonwood-willow area Jewelweed area Hackberry-Boxelder areas Hackberry-Coffee area Grape Virginia Creeper area Hackberry-Ash area Hackberry-Ash-Locust area Dogwood-Sumac-Grape area O
f B-ll - ._ --_ --
~
LOW 3EACH 1REA #1 l Depth in inchen Texture Color , Other Features ( approximate) ( approximate) 0-8" Medium Sand Brownish grey little or no organic ' matte r- ( o.m.) 8-14" Coarse Sand Brownish grey " 14-18" Coarse Sand. Very dark grey relatively high o.m. 18-24" Coarse Sand & grey lenses of o.m. Pohbles 24-36" Medium Sand grey lenses of o.m. 36-48" Fine sand and grey concentration of roots silt in finer silt i LOW BEACH AREA #2 0-10" Coarse sand & Grey brown little o.m. some pebbles 10-16" Coarse sand & Grey brown lenses of o.m. some pebbles 16-20" Medium to coarse von dark grey roots sand 20-44" Coarse sand i grey little o.m. few roots pebbles 44" + Silt, fine sand dark grey increase in o.m. and concentration of roots HACKBERRY AREA #1 15-14* mat of roots and decaying o.m. 14-O" very fine pow- -yellowish grey very little o.m. by sad ( overwash) O-12" Fine Sand yellowish bre m low o.m. Ag 12-18" Loamy sand 3 rom to dark o.m. and roots brom 18-48" Fine to medium Light brown one or two small lenses fine sand of fine sand and o.=. more roots 48-60+" Coarse sand Brownish grey moist 8-12
E&CK3 EERY AREA #2 Depth in inches ' Terture Color Other Features ( app roxicate j ( approx 1= ate) , l 16-15" mat af o.m. , tvi.gs, leavas, e tc. 15-12" roots and higher o.m. than '; slow.
)
12-0" very fine sand pale yellowish low o.m. ) ( overvanh) grey 0-48" fine sand light yellowish low o.m. grey 43+" fine sand & yellowish grey coarser than 0-48" medium fine sand about 54" roots and some o.m. . DOGWCOD SUMAC 1REA 16-O" medium to light yellow overwash ocarse sand Ay 0-6" loamy sand dark to very rich in o.m. dark brown 6-20" loamy coarse orangish brown still fairly high o. sand 20-32" coarse sand 3 rom roots and some o.m. 32+" coarse sand, grey brom low o.m. gravel, and pebbles about 36' lease of finer medium to fine sand and silt about at water table-darker colo> higher o.m. about 52" lense of medium to fine sand COTTONWOOD-WILLCV ARIA 8-C" Coarse sand very light brown overrash 1 3 0-4" very fine sandy bro m medium o.m.' loam 4-12" fine sandy loam light bro m limestone cobbles and pebbles (Unable to dig deeper) R 11
i JEWELVEED AREA Depth in inches Texture Color Other Features ( approximate) 1 3 0-6" loamy sand brown fairly high o.m. 1 2 6-8" sand very light yellow bleached color, very low o.m. 8-?2" medium to grey brown low o.m. coarse sand 22-30" coarse sand brownish grey 30-33" coarse sand dark brounish some o.m. and root grey concentratien ( just about water table 33-54"+ coarse sand grey . low o.m., lences har
& medium to fine sand in lenses-vory dark gray r . d me concentration . HACDERRY-30X ELDER AREA (near Hackberry tree) g 0-8" sandy loam or loamy sand nearly black very high o.m. centen2 12 8-11" loamy sand very dark still high o.m. , moist grey brown -
11-48" coarse sand light m wn very low o.m., moist to we t 48+" silt dark brown appears to be lacustrino shallow water materlal HAcnERRY-30I ELDER AREA (near 3or Elder) 1 7 0-6" loamy sand dark brown high o.m., many roots 1 2 6-8" loamy sand dark greyish some o.m. brown 8-16" medium sand brown very low o.m. 16-26" coarse sand dark bluish definite reduction grey 26-30" medium sand medium to dark ' grey ' 30-34" medium sand light yellowish
, bmm
( 34+" silt and very greyish brown silt darker than sand fine sand B-14
HACKBERRY-BOX ELDER AREA (between large Hackberry and large Box Elder) Depth in inches Texture Color Other Features ( approz1:ste) ( approx 1= ate) Ag 0-10" loamy sand dark brown high o.m. , dry and pow-dery, many roots Abrupt Boundan 10-22" coarse sand srown low o.m. 22-25" coarse sand grey brown moist 25-45" very coarse brownish grey grey and orange =ottlesc sand many shells, wet, s:cil some finer bands of medium sand-grey brown f reduction 45-46" concentration of shells 46+" silt to very brownish grey faint orange brom :ottic fine sand HACK 3ERRY-CCFFEE AREA Ay W lossy N.e medum to mode n te o.m., =any sand dark brown roots 7-12" fine sand light brown lower o.m. 12-16" vo n coarse light brown low o.m. sand 16-24" medium sand light brown 24-54"+ coarse sand brownish grey to grey vith depth water table at 43", very dry and powdezy to 40" ORAPE-VIRGINIA CREEPER 0-10" lossy sand med:.um brown moderate o.m., dry pc- a.ty, =any roots 10-14" nelium sand very light brown 14-35" nedium to moder- light brown dry stely coarse sand 35-40" medium sand bands of dark grey and light brown l 8-15 l t
ORAPE-VIRGINIA CREEPER (continued) Depth in inches Texture Color Other Features ( approximate; ( approximate) 40-44" coarse to very medium brown moist, pebbles coarse sand 44-60+" medium cand lighter grey- some pebbles brom than above water at about 56" HACKBERRY-ASH AREA (near 2 Ash and 3 Hackberry) Ay 0-8" loamy coarse dark brown moderately high o.m. sand 8-14" coarse sand medium to fair o.m., dry and dark brown powdery 14-17" very coarse brown ' low o.m. sand 17-22" 'oamy coarse very dark grey (possibly higher o.m! ad to nearly black buried 17?) 22-28" very coarse dark greyish moist sand to coarse brown sand 28+" medium to coarse greyish brown moist sand bands of coarse to very coarse sand-greyish brown, smaller lenses of dark grey moderately coarse sand water at 40" Hir% BERRY, ASE, LOCUST AREA 0-6" loamy sand d4 k brow moderate o.m., very d::7 6-8" medium sand bro ish ..ey fairly lov o.m., dry 8-18" medium sand 11; V m dry 18-24" coarse sand to medium brown mixture of pebbles and very coarse sand shells with sand 24-28" very coarse sand greyish brown slightly moist 28-36" very coarse brom acist sand and gravel small lenses of finer silt and fine sane--very dark grey or brownish gray i B-16
l l HACKBERRT, ASH, LCCULT AREA (continued) De ath in ir.ches Ter ture Color Other Features f, Approximate) ( approI12 ate) 36-40" eilt dark grey brown at water table
, 40+" very coarse brown sized with pebbles sand DOG'a' COD-SUMAC-GRAFE AREA Ay 0-6" fine sand dark grey moderate o.m.
1 6-7" fine sand medium brownish 2 low o.m. grey 7-10" medium sand grey brown vers little o.m. 10-12" medium sand dark greyish higher o.m., buried brown surface?. 12-18" medium sand grey brown 18-37" moderately grey brown more moist than above coarse sa..a and moister with grading to depth coarse with pebbles 37-60+" very coarse grey brown very moist sand and gravel water at 52" depth t B-17 ( _ __
sowling ccm state university tyga*l"y'[S'gj5 ANflUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORING C0flTRACT JUNE, 1974 C. Terrestrial Fauna Stephen H. Vessey, assisted by Paul Mazur and James Schmunk Department of Biological Sciences Terrestrial vertebrates represent the apex of the food pyramid. They are highly responsive to changes in the supportive components of the ecosystem. Thus changes in shoreline, variations in water table, flooding, or drainage will have immed tte impact. To be able to separate the impact of natural forces (both continuing and calamatous) from man-induced changes (and specifically those related to site operations) requires continuing assessment of these populations. Because of the limited habitat and thus small numbers of many vertebrate species on the site, determination. of statistically valid correlations between population numbers and site operation parameters may not be possible. However, trends can be established, and general observations of individuals can be made. Even so, the status of vertebrate populations on the site needs to be known and is an important part of the overall evaluation program. The objectives of this phase of the program are to study the small mamal populations on a continuing basis, to record activities of the larger mammals as opportunities are available, to census herptiles at seasons of optimal availability, and to census both resident and migratory species of birds. By relating these data to biotic and physical parameters being developed by other teams, we can explain present distribution patterns. By relating these data to observed natural or man-
Table C-1. Reptiles observed during the Spring,1973. All were captured
.nd released unless othervise noted.
Species Date Garter Snake (Thamnochis sirtalis)* 11 May (found dead) Blue Race" (Coluber constrictor) 19 May Water Snake (4) (Natrix sioedon) 25, 26 May Blanding's turtle (2) (Emydoidea blandingi) 27 May
*The garter snake was nearly black in color. Melanistic garter snakes are unusual except along the shores of western Lake Erie (Conant, Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, 1958).
Table C-2. Birds observed on the study site during the Winter of 1973-74. Species Month (number seen) Song Sparrow Dec. (2); Jan. (4); Feb. (1) Downy Woodpecker Dec. (3); Jan. (2); Feb. (3) White-Breasted Nuthatch Dec. (1); Jan. (1); Feb. (1) Mallard Duck Feb. (1), broken wing i i l C-2
413 C-3 . Bird obcarvations at Dmvis-Besse site t adjacent areas, Spring 1974. Species April 28-tfay_4_ ,May 5-May 11 May 12-May 18 May 19-May 25 May 26-June 1 Horned grebe
- Pied-billed grebe * ** 1
- 4 Double-crested cormorant
- Great blue heron .**** **** 1o *** 4c **** **** KEY 3reen heron * ** 1
- Cattle e" ret
- n ****=several daily C.rrsun enret **** **** 10 **** 4C **** **** ***"I*" d'III tilacl:-crotnied night heron **** **** 1 **** 4 ** **
,W rican hittern * **= occasionally ITaist1ing suan n *= rare Caaaja goose _
* ** 0 ** c **** **
Snow goose o F= flocks Blue goose Barnacle goose n 4 = observation on o _ 12 !!ay '74 by 't illard *** *** 1n **** **** 4c *** Ca r ranor Bird Club B11ct; duck *
- c 3reen-ulnr.ed real *
- 4 3 - Observations on Illue-t inced teal ** 1o **** 4c *
- 5 !!ay '73 by Shaveler Carranor Bird Club food duck ** 1 ** 4
- Canvanhack 3reater scaup n 0 = Observations at Ottawa Illidlife f.e n se r scaup
- Refuge M te-uinrod scoter
- 4 Ru<lly duck Corun.nt me re;an se r
- 1
- 4 C = Observations at Crane Creek State Red-breasted mercanser ** **** **** A Park Turkey vulture n Sharn-shinned hauk
- 1 Coopers hauk 0 Red-tailcd hauk *
- 3
- 4C
- Br ad-uinged hauk
- 4 laid eagle 0 1sprey
- 3 3parrou hasik *
- 30
- 4C linn-necked pheasant ** 3
- 4C Sora
- 3
\merican coot **** 30 ** 4 C-3
Species _ April 28-!!ay 4 Jy 5-May 11 !!ay 12-May 18 Mayf4-May25 , May 26-June 1 KJ11 deer **** *** 1n **** 4C ** ** Spotted sandpiper **
- 30 ** 4C
- Solitary sindpiper
- 0 *4 Greater yelloulens KEY
** 3 *4 E:.;er yel_loul g n *** 3 *4 Pec t o r.t l r,cminiper ****=several daily
**** 3
- I..mt_s..;n. l p i pe r **** *f* 4 doolin **** *** 0 **** 4C *
***=few daily S,gilminated san <lpiper _
**** *4 lle : tern candpiper * * * =o cca s t or. ally IlerrinnAull **** F **** 30 **** 4C **** ****
*= rare pipg hillet null *k** ***A *AA*
3 4 *A** **** Con. m rte's null '
^^** 3 -
Con, ton tern **
- F= flocks
** 4 C upian tern
- 1; lack tern * *** 4 4 = observation on 11 ia r n_i_tyL . love *' 12 May '74 by
**** 3 ****4C **
- Great horned oul
- 0
- 4 *
- Carranar Bird
!! hip-aoor ell! *
- Climb Co rvin ni" lit hauk *
- Ch i r,nqy_ w i f t
- 3 ** 4 **** 3 = observations on gP t2-thrnite1 hunninnbird
- 4 5 !!ay '73 by fiel ted kin" fisher *
- 3 Carranor litrd Club Yellou-sinf t er fl lyher
- __*** 30 ** 4C *
- Red-h2aded uoodpecter *
- 3
- 4C Yellou-l, ell ieJ ;a:mucher
- 3 0 = Observations at
-lidrf uoodpecter
- Ot tawa IJ11dlife Douny uoodpect:er * ** 10
- Refuge
- 4C Eastern I:In ; bird
- 1 ****4C Eastern Phoebe _
- C = Observations at Trgill's flycatcher _
- Crane Creek State Laast flycatcher
- Park
** 4 Ilarned lark _
- O Tree suallou **** **** 10 **** ***
***l ,4 C arnl: suallow *** 4 P.ounh-uinced suallou
- 3
- 4 Bn n suallou **
_ ****_ .3 0 _ ****4_C **** ** Cliff nua1 lou _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . . . . _ _ **__s C-3a
t Species April 28-May 4 May 5-!!ay 11 May 12-May 18 Itay 19-Itay 25 May 26-June 1 Purple martin * **** , n ****r. r, Bluejay * ****p 1 o ****p 4 r- **** p Conmon crou *3 *4
- Tufted titmouse
- o *4 ilhtte-breasted truthatch
- 0 ****=several daily Red-breasted muthatch
- IIouse uren **30 **4C **** ** ***=feu daily Catbird
- 0 **** 4 ***
Brown thrasher * *30 *4C * **= occasionally Ro'a in **** **** 3 0 **** 4 C *** *** llood thrush * * * *= rare ilgrnit thrush ** 3 Swainson's thrush * **4C F= flocks Grey-chaeled thrush *
- Veery * *4
- 4= bservation on Blua-gray gnatcatcher ** 3 0 *4 , 12 tiay '74 by Ruby-crov;ted kinclet
- Carransr Bird Starlini
-~] ****F 3 0 **** 4 Club
**** F **** 3 0 ****4C **** ****
Salitary vireo *4 Red-eved vireo ~
* *4C 3= bservations on IIarbling vireo
~
*3 *4 5 flay '73 by Blue-iringtg uarbler *4 Carranor Bird Black and uhite warblef
~
*3 ** 4 C
- Club Tennessee warbler *** 4 lashville uarbler * ** 0 ** 4 C
- 0 = observations at Parula uarbler *
*4 Ottawa LJildlife Yellow uarbler * **** 3 0 ****4C **** **** Refuge
!!aznolia warbler **4
- Cape may varbler *** 4 C = observations at Black throated Blue varbler ~
* *4 ****
Crane Creek Stata
!!vrtle warbler **** 3 0 ****4C **** ** Park illack throated Green warblel **** * ****4 ****
Blackburnian uarbler ***4C
- Chastnut-sided uarbler **4C
- May-breasted uarbler **4C
- Pine warbler 0 Paln uarbler a **** 3 0 ****4C Ovenhird ** 4
- t i
C-3b i
Species April 28-May 4 May 5-May 11 May 12-May 18 May 19-May 25 May 26-June 1 Connecticut warb_ler *4 Yellouthroat *30 ***4C ** KEY Yelloti-breasted chat *3 Wilson's uarb_lcr 0
- C * ****=several daily American Redst_ art
- C
- llouse sparrou **** **** 3 0 ****4C **** **** ***=few daily Eastern steadoulark
- ReJuin.:cd blachbird -
**** **** 3 0 **** 4 c **** **** **= occasionally Baltinore oriole *4c
- Rusty blackbir1 * * *= rare Yellou-l.caJed blackbird c Cor.on grac!:le **** 3 0 ****4c **** **** 4 = observation on Broten-handed coubt:d **** ** *
- 3 0 ****4 *
- 12 liay '74 by Scarlet tanager *4c
- Carranor Bird Cardinal *** 3 0 **4 ****
- Club Rose-breasted grosbeal: 0 **4C Indi ;o bu it ing _
* *4
- 3 = observations on Purple finch
- 5 liay '73 by Anerican goldfinch * *30 **** 4
- Carranor Bird Rufous-side.1 touhee * *3 Club Slate-covered lunco
- O )
Free sparrou 0 I O = observations at Field sparrow *3 C Ottawa WL1dlife Jhite-cros:ne1 sparrou * ** 3 0 **** 4 C
- Refuge inite-throated sparrow **** 3 0 *** 4 ****
Son;; sparrou *** **** 3 0 **** 4 C ** ** C = observations at Crane Creek rotal Species 140 53 105 10L 58 27 State Park C-3c
made changes in the substrate and/or physical or biotic environments, we can evaluate population trends. Within this framework, if the site operations effect changes in the moisture balance, for example, this should be reflected in the biotic communities if the magnitude of change is great enough. Amphibians and Rectiles: Thirty hours in April and May were spent searching for herptiles while checking traps in the small manual grid and walking along the shore and cdges of the marsh. Logs and stones were turned over with a rake to expose protective sites for these animals. No terrestrial salamanders, toads, or ' frogs were found. Four species of reptiles were observed (Table C-1). Herptiles are present in too limited numbers to be effective index species. While aquatic amphibians (especially tadpoles) were not monitored, it is obvious that the marsh management program, with lowered water levels in the spring, will have some impact on these species. Bi.-ds : Winter Residents: Circuits of the study area were made on 16 December,1973, 19 January and 16 February,1974. Each circuit consisted of a walk along the shoreline road, starting from the small building at the S.E. edge of the study area to the intake canal and return, then along the adjoining wooded peninsula to the N.W. end, returning to the small building. The time taken to walk this circuit was approximately 2.5 hours0.208 days <br />0.0298 weeks <br />0.00685 months <br />. Only four species of birds were seen on land (Table C-2). On 16 February the following ducks were in a small unfrozen part of the lake along the shore near the building: four canvasbacks, two red-breasted mergansers, and four mallards. Nine crows were seen overhead, and 75-100 great blue herons were on the frozen marsh southwest of the study area. Birds: Soring Migrants: Bird observations on the site and adjacent areas are summarized in Table C-3. Detailed comments relative to mortality of migrants at the C-4 l
Table C-4. Breeding bird census for Davis-Besse study area circuit, Summer 1974. Estimated minimum Species No. of individuals Resident occulation 25 June 26 June 2 July Great Blue Heron 16 6 4 T* Common Egret 4 5 1 T Black-crowned Night Heron 50 50 50 T Mallard 1 5 4 6 Black Duck 1 2 Wood Duck 1 1 2 Killdeer 3 2 2 4 Herring Gull 3 1 T Ring-billed Gull 8 3 4 T Mourning Dove 4 6 5 6 Yellow-billed Cuckoo 7 5 5 8 Black-billed Cuckoo 1 2 Great Horned Owl 2 2 Ru by-throated Humingbird 1 2 2 2 Yellow-shafted Flicker 3 4 Hairy Woodpecker 2 2 2 Downy Woodpecker 6 4 6 Eastern Kingbird 1 2 Great Crested Flycatcher 3 2 1 4 Eastern Wood Pewee 2 3 1 4 Tree Swallow 11 7 6 T Barn Swallow 3 T Purple Martin 3 T House Wren 20 20 25 25 Winter Wren 1 1 Catbird 4 6 5 6 Brown Thrasher 1 1 2 Robin 2 6 6 6 Cedar Waxwing 2 4 T Starling 10 25 T Red-eyed Vireo 4 1 2 4 Prothonotary Warbler 1 2 Yellow Warbler abundant abundant abundant abundant-Yellowthroat 3 2 1 4 Yellow-breasted Chat 3 3 2 4 American Redstart - 2 2 2 Red-winged Blackbird abundant abundant abundant abundant Baltimore Oriole 1 3 2 4 Coninon Grackle 8 4 10 T Brown-headed Cowbird 2 - 1 2 Cardinal 2 4 5 6 l Rose-breasted Grosbeak 1 - - 2 Indigo Bunting 4 4 2 4 1 American Goldfinch 2 1 4 4 Song Sparrow 5 6 5 6
*T denotes transients. Frequently these are flocks of birds feeding on-site but nesting and roosting off= site.
(continued)
. - C-5 . _ _ _ - -
Table C-4 (continued). Observers: Thomas W. Scott Stephen H. Vessey Observation periods: 25 June 1974 from 0613 to 0930 hours38.75 days <br />5.536 weeks <br />1.274 months <br /> 26 June 1974 from 0623 to 1051 hours43.792 days <br />6.256 weeks <br />1.44 months <br /> 2 July 1974 from 0620 to 1018 hours42.417 days <br />6.06 weeks <br />1.394 months <br /> Totals: 25 June: 33 Species 184 individuals (excluding Yellow Warbler and Red-winged Blackbird) 26 June: 38 Species 189 individuals (excluding Yellow Warbler and Red-winged Blackbird) 2 July: 38 Species 202 individuals (excluding Yellow Warbler and Red-winged Blackbird) 9 l I l
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, C-Figure 41, Map of the study area. Stippled areas denote marsh; lines with vertical bars denote dike roads; GRID denotes small 3 '
; mammal trapping areas nmabers denote locations of large mamal traps. Traps 14-21 were located within the small mammal grid.
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Table C-5. Results of kill-trapping at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Reactor study area, Fall 1973. Trap spacing 10 M, Line A inland, Line 8 along the shore. All captures were Peromyscus leuccous. Mice caught Traps Traps Effective Mice per effective Line Date set scrung trao nights caught trao nicht A 16 Nov. 144 41 123.5 20 0.16 8 8 Dec. 111 16 103.0 1 0.01 Table C-6. Results of large mamal live-trapping Spring,1974. Location numbers refer to Figure C-1. Species Da te Location Weight (1bs) Sex ID# Skunk 25 May 2 4 - (notmarked) Raccoon 25 May 6 9 M 101 Raccoon 26 May 9 12 F 102 Raccoon 27 May 4 12 M 103 Raccoon 1 June 15 10 F 104 Raccoon 1 June 25 13 F 105 Raccoon 1 June 21 12 M 106 i i [ ._... . . .. . , , ._ .. . C-7 _...._____....4
._ _ _ _ ~ ._ _ _ . _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _
i site are provided in a separate analysis. Birds: Su=er Residents: The same circuit around the study areas used in the winter census was followed. Observations were made on June 25, 26, and July 2. TP results are summarized in Table C-4. The technique was based on singing males and was supplemented by visual observations. Data from the three separate observations were used to estimate the minimum resident population. The estimates are for the indicated study area and not for the whole site. Continuing censuses, especially of wintering and breeding populations, provide an index to nabitat, especially j vegetational, changes. While the sensitivity of this approach is not great, a few index species (such as the prothonotary warbler) may be especially useful, and the shift in frequency of " edge" species will complement the data on community stability coming from the flora studies. 1 Small Mammals: The only small rodent present is the white-footed mouse (peromyscus I leuccous). Because the populations are both limited in size and isolated, frequent l 1 kill-trapping is not desirable. Thus the population is being monitored by live-trapping. Trap success ratios permit comparisons witn trapping studies in other areas of NW Ohio. A continuing index of population numbers thus is possible. A pemanent liveatrapping grid was established in the heavily wooded portion of the peninsula, approximately 200 m SE of the intake canal (Fig. C-1). The grid is from 20 to 40 m wide and 150 m long. Sixty-three Sherman traps (3 x 3 x 9 inches) were baited with peanut butter and oatmeal, provide: with nesting material, and set at 10 m intervals. Only one white-footed mouse (peromyscus leuenous) was caught in 328 effective trap nights during Apr-il and May. The poor success was not expected, since 25 kill-traps caught 12 mice in the grid area (part of line A) during November 1973 (TableC-5). Three factors may have contributed to the poor success: i a C-8
l
- 1. Spring populations of mice are usually low, since recruitment has not yet compensated for winter losses; 2. The kill-trapping in the fall may have decimated the population; and 3. Spring populations in nearby Wood County are unusually low this year. The grid will be live-trapped next in October, 1974 Fifty Museum Special kill traps were set .a the woods and field north of the cooling tower on 3 May 1974 The 20 traps in the field caught no mice, while four l
white-footed mice were caught in 30 traps set in the woods. We have no plans for further trapping in this area during the fall. Large mammal tracoina: During late May and early June large National live traps (9 x 9 x 32 inches) baited with a combination of cat food, bacon, eggs, and apples were set throughout the shoreline and peninsular study areas for a total of 56 effective trap nights (Table C-6). Animals were sexed, weighed, then injected intramuscularly with ketamine hydrochloride (Ketaset TM) which produced light anesthesia for about 20 minutes. Animals were tagged in the left ear with individually numbere' green Lone Star Livestock Tags (1.5 x 1.25 inches). These tags will permit rapid identification upon recapture and may be useful for field identification. A total of six racoons (Procyon lotor) and one skunk (Mephitis meohitis) was caught this spring. The traps will be reset during October,1974. Muskrats (0ndatra zibethicus): Muskrat tracks were seen during the winter on the frozen marshes near shore. On 19 May 1974, 54 muskrat stick houses were seen in the marsh areas from the intake canal along the shoreline road SE , to the small building. During April and May the water level in these marshes was lowered as part of the marsh management program, and by June the area was nearly dry. Most of the houses had begun to deteriorate by early June. Deer (Odocoileus virciniana): Many deer tracks were seen during the winter on the C-9
f ice-covered marshes. A ' group of three deer was seen in early April and again on 25 April in the heavily wooded portion of the study area. Two were full-grown and one a yearling. A single adult was seen in the same area on 28 April. Two adults were again seen in the same area on 25 June. From these observations we estimate a minimum population of three residents. Other deer probably use parts of the study area. Other observations: Several woodchucks (Marmota monax) and rabbits (Sylvilaaus floridanus) were seen in the study area in April and May; none was captured. Woodchuck burrows were common but were not counted. (We will begin counting them in the fall.) During the winter, tracks of rabbits, raccons, and foxes were seen on the ice-covered marshes. One fox den containing numerous muskrat skulls was found. An adult skunk was observed on the road at Station 2 (Figure C-1).
Conclusions:
Continued live-trapping of mice and the marking of individuals will i permit some measure of longevity and recruitment. However, due to the small number I of individuals likely to be involved, the data likely will permit only qualitative evaluation. Again the chief purpose of making these observations is to have an evaluation of present populations on the site. The lowering of water level in the marsh that runs the entire length of the study area already is having a significant impact on some animals. The cycle of I draining and flooding will need to be regularized before the continuing impact on the biota can be determined. Until this is done, the possible impact of cooling tower operations cannot be evaluated. l l C-10 l . - - - .
P -. Bowling Green State University inveronmental Studies H _ Bowling Creen Ohio 43403 WV' ANNUAL REPORT, DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL MONITORItiG C0;'TPACT, JU:iE 1974 D. Atmoscheric Environment Glen R. Frey Department of f.aography Bowling Green State University i Introduction The systematic collection of meteorological data is integral to the en-vironmental analysis. Precipitation-evaporation ratios determine soil moisture and in turn affect the biotic communities. Changes in radiation received at the sur-face may be effected by the cooling tower plume with consequent impact on the ter-restrial connunities. The cooling tower will dissipate nearly all of the waste heat from 1 the power station directly into the atmosobere in the form of water vapor and warm ' air. Because of the high rate of discharge from a small area, condensation is like- l
l l ly to occur and produce a visible vapor plume. Since the moist air is released at considerable heights, adverse effects, such as increased incidence of ground level fog, icing conditions, increased cloudiness, or increased precipitation down-wind, are not expected to occur. However, detailed investigations should be made, because this is one of the first natural-draft cooling towers to be operated on the shores of the Great Lakes; and there is no closely related experience on which to base predictions. In addition theoretical approaches to the complex situations involved are not yet adequate to permit accurate predictions. Aside from the possible irmediate meteorological consequences are the slower, l long-term effects caused by the vapor plume that may greatly influence the terres-trial communities. The obstruction of sunshine by a visit.a plume is an obvious consequence. However, the more basic changes in the natural radiative heat trans-fers, evaporation, surface temperatures, and humidity, caused by the influence of the visible and invisible plume must be considered, purpose of Investication. The goal of this atmospheric environmental investiga-tion is twofold: first, to provide data and data summaries to other investigators and secondly, to determine the degree of climatic change attributable directly to the tower. Both of these must be done in a setting of constant climatic fluc-tuations caused by natural phenomena. The problem is to set up a meteorological monitoring procedure that will take
. into consideration the highly varying nomal conditions. The conditions that are most ideal for measurement of long-tenn climatic fluctuations would not be best for the investigation of local atmospheric elements that directly affect the ter-l restrial environment. Thus intermediate conditions must be found where statistical comparisons can be made both through time and between different areas near the tower. With the basis of the investigation founded in the variability of statis-tical interrelationships, a more positive statement can be made on cooling tower effects than if conclusions were based just on individual bits of data.
0-2.-. __ . .-- . _ . , . -
Station Locations - The total climatological observation and analysis of heat and vapor diffusion is keyed around the new and expanded meteorological tower and climatological site 1,000 meters at a direction 190* from the cooling tower. On the met tower itself, temperature, dew point, wind speed and direction, and precipitation will be moni-tored continuously at several altitudes. Adjacent to the tower will be a 50-meter square with a pennanent grass cover where the following climatological information will be continuously recorded at shelter level: temperature, humidity, precipitation, evaporation, total short-wave radiation, and net radiation. Weekly observations of soil temperature and moisture will be made to provide additional data at this basic reference site.
. Two on-site permanent recording climatological stations are established in different physical settings. The first, on the point of land at the junction of Toussaint River and Lake Erie at 2800 meters at a direction of 120* from the cooling tower, is in a sumac-grape vegetation co= unity on beach sand. The second in close proximity to the tower at 300 meters at a direction of 20 , is in a hackberry-locust vegetation community on silty-clay loam. Continuously recorded data on temperature, humidity, precipitation, evaporation, and soil temperature at three depths (10, 20, 50 cm) will be taken. Both of these stations are secondary control points, and the data derived will be compared with the base-line data obtained at the meteorological tower.
Around each secondary control station two tes have b'een chosen in different vegetation communities to make specific, non-continuous climatological measurements. Within 50 meters of the first site are a hackberry community (site A) and a jewel-weed comunity (site o). Adjacent to the second control are both a grass comunity I 1 and a marsh comunity. Under specific synoptic scale conditions (i.e., fogging, l l light winds, extreme land-lake variations) measurements will be taken of tempera- l ture, humidity, wind speed, direct solar radiation, total incoming solar radiation, l total reflected solar radiation, and net whole spectrum radiation. Each set of 0-3
measurements is statistically related to the secondary control and then to the base station. Three off-site locations have been selected to take similar non-continuous climatological measurements. The first is at Darby Marsh at 13 kilometers at a direction 130 from the cooling tower. Continuous recording equipment of tempera-ture, humidity, and evaporation is scheduled to be installed. Ottawa National
- Wildlife Refuge is the second, at 13 kilometers at a direction 280 from the cool-ing tower. Infonnation will be drawn from the previously established Ottawa Na-tional Wildlife Refuge climatological station. The third site is at the Toussaint Creek Wildlife Area at 6 kilometers at a direction 250 from the tower.
Data from the stations listed in Table 0-1 also will be used in the overall investigation. These climatic data, together with the information currently being collected, will form the basis of the analysis. Equipment The type and placement of the atmospheric environment equipment is illustrated in Table D-2. Instrument Shelter. The design complies with the U.S. Weather Bureau " Cotton-region type" shelter specifications. Metal legs support the shelter so the bottom of the box is 48" above the ground. Net Radiation System. The Thornthwaite system is designed for research in 1 the field. Research on the climate actually experienced by plant and animal po-pulations centers on the energy balance of the soil-air-plant system. The net radiation, the difference at the surface between the incoming short-wave and out-going long-wave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, must equal the energy involved in heating the soil and plants, in evapotranspiration, and in heating the air. Knowledge of the net cadiation permits a better understanding of all of the processes of energy traa<, formation and transfer at the surface. Pyranometer System. It is used for a continuous determination of sun and sky 0-4
Table D-1. Distance and direction of area meteorological staticr.s from Davis-Besse site t DISTANCE COMPASS LEtGTH OF STATION (Kiloneters) DIRECTION ( ) RECC4D (years) Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge 11 290 2 Put-in-8ay 23 75 56 Fremont 29 190 21 Sandusky 37 120 96 Toledo Blade 39 280 22 Bowling Green State University 52 240 79 4 Toledo Express Airport
- 61 270 22
- closest first order station with detailed meteorological data; others are second order stations that record only temperature and precipitation.
i 4 D-4a
Table D-2. Equipment used for Atmospheric Environment Measurements. Element Davis-Besse Davis-Besse Davis-Besse Tower Biological Field Biological Field Calibration Reference Site, Tower Woods Beach Ridge Portable Shelter Science Associate Science Associate Science Associate Instrument Shelter Instrument Shelter Instrument Shelter Energy Thornthwaite NetR Thornthwaite Indicating Radiation System NET Radiation Science AssociateR Science Associate Indicat-Pyranometer ing Pyranometer Science Associate Pyrheliometer ture-i Belfort Hygrothermograph R Belfort Hygrothermograph Belfort Hygrothermograph Weather Measure Assman
- emQY Psychrometer Evaporation Weather Measurer Weather Measurer Weather Measurer Evaporime ter Evaporimeter Evaporimeter Precipitation Science Associate Science Associate Science Associate Rain Gage Rain Gage Rain Gage Bendix Recording Rain Gager Soil Weather Measure Heather Measure Steel-encased field Temperature Three point Thermograph R Three point Thermograph R thennometers R = recording instrument June 1974
* = Equipment to be installed when construction is completed. Expected late Sunmer 1974. .
o
Table D-3. Climatological Observations in Proximity to Davis-Besse Power Station Within the boundary of the property Vicinity of the property Portable Climatological Detailed Basic Equipment Tower Location Climatological Locations Climatological Climatological Data Data liicrou:eteorological Tower Site A - Cooling Tower Toledo Express Airport Ottawa National Used at any location
~ (several levels) Woods ,
Standant sets of Wildlife Refuge for calibration and Temp (*F) Temperature (*F) inf rmation c 11ected supplemental infor-Dew Point (*F) Humidity at first order weather Put-in-Bay, mation teind Speed (MPH) Relative (%) station Temperature (*F) Wind Direction ( from Dew Point (*F) nt Humidity N) Precipitation BGSU Meteorological Lab Temperature (*F) Sandusky "" '
- Total (in/ week) Dew Point ( F)
Climatological Station Evaporation (un) U *I*"" (shelter level) Soil Temp ( F) M I" U"um Toledo Blade Wind Speed ((mph) [at 10, 20, 50 cm] Direct Solar Temp (*F) kffrurefrom p Temperature (*F) Radiation (Ly/ Min Humidity Site B - Beach Vegetation " ""3 I Maximum Total Incoming Relative (%) tiinimum Solar Radiation Dew Point ( F) Humidity Precipitation (Ly/flin) Pr o Temperature (*F) Relative (%) Total (in/ day) Net Whole Spectrum Humidity Dew point (*F)
) Radiation (Ly/ Min:
Total (in/ week) Relative (%) Precipitation
) Dew Point ( F) Recording (in)
Tot I r-ae Precipitation Total (in/ day) g n Depadure kom Radiation (LY/DY) Total Net Radiatfor' (in/ week) normal (LY/DY) Evaporation (un) Evaporotion (un) Soil Temp ( F) Total short wave [at 10, 20, 50 cm] radiation (LY/ Day Wind Direction (* from N) Wind Speed (mph) Pressure Daily average (mb) o Daily range I.
" Daylight (hr)(mb)
Sunshine (hr)
short-wave radiation energy from the sun. The model incorporates the silicon photovoltic cell as a sensor and shows the total radiation in cal /cm2 min. record-ed in millivolts on a galvanometric recorder. The total incoming short wave solar radiation (pyranometer measurements) received by the earth is one-half of the natu-ral energy environment. By measurement of net radiation and incoming short wave solar radiation, the heat energy (long wave) can be determined indirectly. The ' total incoming short wave energy received at the earth's surface is responsible for the growth of vegetation, evaporation of water, and increase of temperature. The amount received is dependent on the composition of the atmosphere, especially the amount of water vapor. With vast quantities of water vapor injected into the atmos-phere by the cooling tower, the continuous detemination of sun and sky energy is a necessity. Pyrheliometer. It is used for measuring direct solar radiation at nomal in-cidence and complies with the World Meteorological Organization recomendations for measuring solar radiation. It is constructed with a 10-inch collimating tube blackened and baffled internally. The total incoming solar radiation is a com-posite of energy received directly from the sun (pyrheliometer measurements) and that scattered by the components of the atmosphere. By detemining the total ra-diation and one of its two component parts, the other can be calculated. The mag s.'tude of the c. rect radiation varies greatly with water vapor content, cloudi-ness, and angle of the sun. The separation between the direct and diffuse ra-diation has many pnctical applications; it is essential for detemining precise-ly the heat load on an object. Hygrothemograoh . Air temperature and relative humidity are simultaneously recorifed on the same chart. Temperature is measured by means of a curved bi-metallic strip, one end of which is attached to the instrument case through a pivot mechanism, the other, to the pen arm by means of a special linkage. Relative humidity is measured by means of an 8-inch bundle of human hair 0-5
looped through the pen linkage and attached finnly to the instrument case. Chan-ges in relative humidity cause the hairs to expand or contract, thereby moving the pen-arm linkage. A linear scale for humidity is provided by using two opposed quadrants to transmit the motion of the change in length of the hairs. Assman Psychrometer. Controlled aspiration of high resolution wet and dry bulb thermometers provides accurate and representative measurements. Air is pulled past the bulbs of the thermonster by a spring-driven suction fan at the rate of ap-proximately 600 feet per minute. The thermometers are protected from direct solar radiation by highly polished, double-walled shields and are insulated to prevent heat transfer from the metal case to the bulbs. Recording Evaoorimeter. This is a compact, portable instrument for continuous-ly recording the accumulated evaporation. The instrument measures evaporation by recording the water loss from wetted filter paper. The recorded total evapora-tion shows excellent agreement when compared with data collected from a standard U.S. Weather Bureau evaporation pan. Recording linkage may be adjusted to provide correlation with most evaporation instruments. Rain Gage. A compact rain gage with an eleven inch capacity for obtaining weekly totals at each site. Recording Rain Gaae. The Friez Recording Rain Gage Model is a complete sys-tem in itself. It automatically measures and records precipitation in the form of rain, hail, sleet, and snow by a weighing method. The instrument is designed for use in remote areas and is powered by a spring-driven clock' mechanism. Descriptive Data Elements Strip charts of all the elements measured are permanently kept on file for future reference. The data summary for . climatological information will be based on a daily time period. Specific, irreoular observations will be based on in-stantaneous observations and summa ized hourly. In this report the climatological time period is defined as the interval from 0-6
0800 of one day through to 0800 of the next. This includes the warmest temperature in mid-afternoon and the coldest of the evening, usually after midnight. In ad-dition, data at second order climatological stations in the immediate vicinity are usual'y collected at 0700 or 0800; and this time period will pennit comparable analyses using data collected by the surrounding stations. The measure of central tendency used is the drithmetic mean of the data for the entire day. While average daily temperature is customarily accepted as the average of just the maximum and minimum temperature (Blair & Fite,1965), this may mask shorter term fluctuations of significance; and the mean used therefore is comprised of the entire curve throughout the 24 hour period. The mean provides 3 a concise numerical description, but it is only the first step in the interpre-tation. Data can ciffer as to variability exhibited. The daily range is the measure of such dispersion. Thus the maximum and minimum temperatures are recorded each day, but the standard deviation is used as the primary measure of dispersion in long4erm descriptive data. Climatoloaical Summary Proaram Two slightly different climatological summary programs have been developed by the investigator. The first program is designed to handle the more complete sets of information from the base sites at the tower location and at Bowling Green State l University. The second will be used to obtain summaries of climatological data at the two secondary control stations. Program I was designed to evaluate the daily observations for the following variables: maximum air temperature, minimum air temperature, average air tempera-ture, temperature departure from normal,. langleys (the measure of solar energy), hours of daylight, hours of sunshine, total daily precipitation, total precipi-tation for the last thirty days, precipitation departure from normal, total amount
,of snow fall, total amount of snow on the ground, average dew point, average re-D-7
)
l lative humidity, evaporation, average pressure, daily pressure range, wind direc-tion, and wind speed. Program II is a modification of Program I designed to give a summary of data from the Davis-Besse secondary sites and for restricted data from Bowling Green State University. The program computes the means, standard deviations, highs, lows, and ranges for all variables except precipitation. The precipitation varia-ble is totaled by week. The great advantage in having these programs to summarize the data is their flexibility. Once the daily information is tabulated and entered on punch cards, either program can be used to analyze weather data for any period of time designa-ted, i.e., days, weeks, months, or years. Variables can be added or deleted from 6ither program with relative ease. Finally, either program provides a concise and easy to understand su=ary of the climatological data. Discriminant Analysis When two or more groups are compared in terms of several variables it is of interest to see if they differ significantly from one another and to understand the nature of the fluctuations. Discriminant analysis is a statistical procedure devised to describe group differences and involves examining sets of variables with regard for their interrelationships and overlapping information. Essentially the procedure is a multivariant extension of the one used in " student's t dis- , tribution" test of, significance in the differences of means. In the multivariate l case it would be improper to carry out a simple univariate t test, since correlations among the responses would lead to a greatly different and misleading critical value. The "Hotelling T2 statistic" is the direct analogue of the univariate t, which is computed from the linear compound of the responses. The actual linear function with the greatest critical ratio is called the linear discriminant function and was originally introduced by Fisher (1936). The extension to problems involv-ing more than two croups was accomplished by Rao (1948). In general, wherever an D-8
- - - - = _ - -
I analysis of variance can be used in a univariate case, discriminant analysis can be used when more than one variable is employed (Morrison,1967). One key element that appears in the output of a discriminant analysis is a statistical distance measurement between the two groups called the fiahalanobis 02 statistic. This statistic is an index used to ascertain if two groups are statistically different. If the size and character of the data matrix is varied, the significance of D2 is only applicable in testing group similarities. However, if the data base is held constant it will provide a very useful index in j determining overall changes in the climatological data. Another key element in a discrimintit analysis is discriminant coefficients, the highest loading on the coefficient answering the basic question as to which independent variable is the best discriminator. Although discriminant analysis has a wide variety of potential applications, it has been basically applied in only two situations. The first is centered around classification schemes and predictive uses. For example, in climatology this method has been used to determine spatial boundaries in investigating climatic regions (Casetti,1964), while in meteorology it has been used to predict circula-tion patterns for forecasting (iiiller,1962), especially to assign observations to groups with which they have the greatest resemblances. The second application (which is the purpose here) is a problem of statistical inference in testing
' mean group differences and examination of the overlaps of the joint variable distributions among the groups. Atmospheric applications include discrimination between categories of light and heavy precipitation (Suzuki,1964) and to separate chinook and non-chinook wind characteristics (Brinkmann,1970).
Water Balance The Thornthwaite climatic water balance method of computation of potential D-9 L
l evapotranspintion from values of air temperature and its use in either daily or monthly water balance computations has proved a useful and a valuable tool for the study of the water balance (Thornthwaite and Mather,1957). The water balance program provides a rational bookkeeping procedure by which many aspects i of the moisture factor in climate can be evaluated. Using either daily or monthly I data of precipitation and air temperature (either means or maxima and minima) it is p .ssible to establish a simple ledger that accounts for all additions to or withdrawals from soil moisture storage at any particular place. Evaluation 4 of this record provides quantitative information on the amount of excess water available when soil storage is already at capacity (the water surplus) as well as the amount of water needed by plants for evapotranspiration but not able to be supplied by the soil (the water deficit). j Calibration of Instruments ! The in}tial check on instruments was done in the Meteorology Lab at
- Bowling Green State University. All instruments were set up in a similar 2
environment and run simulateously for a period of one month. Specifically, i all temperature and humidity instruments were placed on the same lab table, j compared hourly, and minor adjustments made during the first two days. For t the next week daily observations and comparisons were made. Finally, they were i checked periodically over a three week interval to make sure that calibrations were similar. During that time frequent checks were also made as to compatibility and response time. All temperature recorders were correlated to a standard Weather Bureau cercury-in-glass thermometer. During the same period the field standard (an Assman Spring-Hound psychrometer) calibration was checked. Humidity elements
- were calibrated to this same standard by using wet- and dry-bulb calculations.
( All of the Davis-Besse field evapometers were compared with the one at f ^ j 0-10 i
- - - - - * - - - - + - , --- ---------me-r<'----&re*-e- e
# m ,--. .v ,.__.-._____,.,m___ , , _ _ - - - - , , - . . . < ..,,,,v._- r a-r wee---
t the Bowling Green clinatological station, and all readings were identical. Because of the difficulty in measuring evaportion, there is no accepted standard for calibration. However, the goal is to have a comparison of rates at different locations and not an absolute measurement. Approximately once each month the instruments will be cleaned, and a field calibration will be made during an interval of two hours at each site. The Assmas Psychroneter readings will be compared with the strip chart instruments in the shelter. In addition, a spare strip chart recorder will be rotated among the shelters as a double check on data for an entire week. The final check on calibration will be a continuous analysis of the data. If any information appears out of line, an immediate check of the instrument and 1 i i surrounding site will be made in order to determine the cause of the apparent fluctuation, i T l
- l i
1 4 . D-11
Interoretation of N ta Because of the short running period of the two supplemental climatolo-gical stations and the absence of a primary base station on site, very little can be done now in analysis and interpretation of data. Initially it should be noted that the inconsistencies between the two climatological stations are relatively small despite the completely dissimilar physical settings. Data and summaries are provided in Appendix I. The predominant variations are in evaporation and temperature ranges. The difference in the average evaporation between the cooling tower woods and the beach site is 0.7 mm, which is considerable. A mean of 1.85 mn and a daily stand-ard deviation of 1.1 m for the tower woods (the laraer of the two sites) prob-ably can be attributed to lower humidities, since there is open bare ground in i the vicinity, while the beach site ("B") is comaletely surrounded by riarsh, vege-tation, and the lake. The second most important element in discriminating between these two sites is the daily temperature range. Site "B" had an average range of 19.6 F , which is 5.1 F' greater than the woods location ("A"). The probable cause in this instance is that the latter station is located under a forest canopy, which has a blanketing effect, preventing temperature extremes. This is reflected in l the maximum and minimum temperatures, which rank third in importance in dis-criminating between the two groups. On the averace, the mean maximum temperature for site "A" of 70.9 F is 4.5 F' cooler than "L'i, while the mean minimum tempera-ture of 56.4' F is 0.6 F' warmer than "B". The humidity elements rank below the temperature in distinguishing the two sites. Site "A" has the lower humidity values (Appendix I). As expected, the differences between the climatological sites at Davis-Besse and the station at Bowling Green State University are substantial. In this time period, evaporation is the outstanding element distinguishing between D ,-12_ __
l l the two locations. !!inimum air temperature and humidity are second and third, i respectively. Bowling Green averaged 1.0 mm less than Site "A" at Davis-Besse. This difference can probably be attributed to the lake-effect, which kept humi-dities generally higher at Davis-Resse site than further inland. Tencerature range, which was second in importance in Site "A" "B" differentiation, does not rank here because Bowling Green was 1.1 F less than Site "B" but 3.9 F* i greater than "A". l11nimum temperatures rank second with Rowling Green averaging only 0.7 F cooler than "B" and 1.3 F lower than Site "A". Humidity at Bowling Green was considerably lower than both Davis-Besse sites, ranking almost as high in distinguishing between the groups. Also of some importance was lower pre-cipitation at Bowling Green (Appendix I). The conbination of lower humidities and slightly higher average temoera-tures, leading to higher evaporation, at Bowling Green and generally lower pre-cipitation is exemplified in the water balance graphs (Aopendix I). The precipi-J tation minus potential evaporation graph has similar patterns of fluctuations ex-hibited by the three stations, but Bowling Green is slightly lower. The soil moisture balance graph is much more informative, with Bowling Green showing a similar pattern but being much dryer.than Davis-Besse. Site "B" adjacent to the lake was most humid during this initial investigation period. } i i o 0-13
REFEREtlCES Angstrom A., "On the Atmospheric Transnission of Sun Radiation and on Dust in the Air," Geoaraph. Ann., Voi, 11 (1929), pp. 156-66. Blair, T.A. and R.C. Fite, t!eather Elements a Text in Elementary Meteorology, Prentice-Hall Inc. Englewood Clif f a, it.J. iso 5. Brinkmann, W. A.R. , "The Chinook at Calgary (Canada)," Arch. Met. Geophys. Biokl. , Series B. , Vol . 18 (1970), pp. 269-98. Casetti, E. , Classificatory and Regional Analysis by Discriminant Iteration, Tech. Rep. 110. 12, Geog, Branen, uffice or navai Res. Centract 1225(26), Task 389-135, (Evanston,Ill.: Ilorthwestern Univ. ,1964). Fisher, R. A., "The Use of !!ultiple 11easurements in Taxonomic Problems," Annals of Eugenics, Vol. 8 (1936), pp. 376-86. Flowers, E.C. , R. A. McCormick, and K.R. Krufis , "Atmoscheric Turbidity Over the United States, 1961-1966," Journal of Acolied Meteorolocy, Vol. 8, tio. 6, (1969), pn. 955-62. Linke, F., and K. Boda. "Vorschlage zur Berechnung des Trubungsgrades der Atmosphare aus den Messungen der Sonnenstrahlug," Meteor. Z. , Vol. 39, (1922), p. 161. Miller, R.G. , " Statistical Prediction by Discrininant Analysis," iteteoroloaical Monograohs , Vol. 4, !!c. 25 (October 1962), pp. 3-10. Morrison, D.F. , l'ultivariate Statistical Methods , McGraw-Hill, tiew York,1967. Rao, C.R. , "The Utilization of fiultiple !!easurerents in Problems of Biological Classificatien," Journal of f e Royal Statistical Society, Series B, Vol.10 (1948), pp. 159-93. Robinson, fl. (Editor). Solar Radiation, (Amsterdam, Holland: Elsevier Publishing Company,1966). Suzuki, E., " Categorical Prediction Schemes of Rainfall Types by Discriminant Analysis," Papers Met. Geochys. (Tokyo), Vol. 15(1964), pp.119-30. Thornthwaite, C.W. , and J.R. Mather, Instructicn and Tables for Ccncutina Potential Evapotranspiration and the Hater Balance (Centerton, ii.J.: Laboratory of Climatology Fuolications , 1967) . Volz, F. , "Hinmelslicht und Atmospharische Trubung," Wetter und Leben, Vol. 6, (1954), pp. 99-104. Wexler, H., " Turbidities of American Air 11 asses and Conclusions Regarding the Seasonal Variation in Atmospheric Dust Content," Monthly !!eather Review, Vol . 63, (1934), pp. 397-402. : 1 1 0-14 l 1
l APPENDIX I)-1 Tabulatien of Climatoloaical Data Table 1. Description of variables for stations A & B Table 2. Data tables for station A (May and June) Table 3. Data tables for station B (May and June) Table 4. Description of variables for station C (Bowling Green) Table 5. Data tables for station C (May and June) Table 6. Water balance of station A , Table 7. Water balance of station B I Table 8. Water balance of station C i Table 9. Climatological summary for stations A, B, and C and Discriminant Analysis Functions ! Figure 1. Soil moisture balance for stations A, 8, and C i Figure 2. P-PE determinations for stations A, B, and C D-15 4
. Table 1. Description of Variables for Staticns A & B ;. (Davis-Besse Sites)
The following are the variables measured at stations A & B. Note that variables preceded by "C" are labels and are not used in tne ccmoutational program. C-1 Day C-2 Month C-3 Year C-4 Station identification X-1 Maximum air temperature i X-2 Minimum air temperature X-3 Average air temocrature , X-4 Range between high and low temperature C-5 Clear view precipitation gauge - outside of the woods (This variable is preceded by "C" because it is not in usa as of yet.) X-5 Clear View precipitation gauge - inside of the woods X-6 Evaporation X-7 Average relative humidity X-8 Average dew point X-9 Maximum soil temperature at level one X-10 Minimum soil temperature at level one X-ll Average soil temperature at level one X-12 Range between high and low temperature at level one X-13 Maximum soil temperature at level two X-14 flinimum soil temperature at level two X-15 Average soil temperature at level two X-16 Range between high and low temperature at level two X-17 Maximum soil temperature at level three X-18 Minimum soil temperature at level three X-19 Average soil temperature at level three i X-20 Range between high and low temperature at level three U-16 _ _ - . - _ . . _ - ~ - - - - - _ _ _ _ .
4 0102PjipI 21 031 100n0 10 X0 2 65077p8) 1 t l1 , 6 4484 4 4 e, 45Sb5b5b444448i22999999,5 X91 s 6 5 6 6 (, e9i091 2129949990 44 4te 444t555b55444 4945 X8 1 6668hs O21 2228 309999n0 4448e 44S5555S5' 5544 44 a5 X7 1 2317 1 42PP24 22 o2221 212 X6 1 076d0 54'i4 5bbb3SSb55' a3b334/75999d0u2 8 44 'i X5 5db 1 966b0p , 2s PPP66'+nu6n901 44445t 5 'd S S b 5 $ D i 4 X 41
' '4 te 84 $S l97 c) . 4 .
b 4 4 S b S b S sb'4 6d c7 ut.u91 l 3 5'bbb5bSb4Sbb X 3 1 59244o666424643b52223 X2 1 y a 2 7 8 4 2 4 b b 3 4 9 8 9 '8 0 1 20346 M 5484 5SLSbh5StEf5$55555 - X 1 1 937 2 u a ', J 0 di 662990923b e X0 1 A, 4481 5SbbS$bb5b581 45455b n 4 29 64 : be( ; 0 i 2624b1 . o 56 i t b545St b b 5 b 6 6 6 5 5 5 S 5 5'4 55 X9 a 69lU0 , '. 0 dO96 y8 21 1890S . t 5 3 b S 5 '4 b54L$5b4444550S X8 S r 68 4 40 1 / o 06777 1 o0,76's t' 8f 9 27 u660d66 77765b659B66 X7 f e _ l b T a u00u0 0000 bbu60000 0 U 00 d39a50962Uio109100602 21 L L t i 3 ' X6 a , e 1 1 1 1 1 e t
. . l'_ . _
1 . 5 D a . . . _. . 6 . _. _. 3 _ _. , __ . 4 1 X5 C5 2
+
?b25l . - ?
l b e 2' ?E21 *,'1' bf 'J b 1 1 l 21').11 1 1 t) 1 1 S I 1 1? X4 a 0 19 F. 9i8;7 ' 67669646) ? 6 T 65b u5l S 5 D'l 5 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 6 6 6'1 6 X3 2268595is P430t 4l915697 b 4 $ 5 5 '3 b b L 5 h 6 b S b 'a X2 55b5$ 64506) h3l 90D 7 6 7 6 6 7' O6b6777b660f2257b002567U X 1 L _. AI AAAAhAAAAAAAAAA AAAA C4 448 44 4 4
'8 '8 4 4 94 44ti44 44 44 777 1 I / l l / / /I I I /I I l 1 ' //
C3 5555' - , L' tb?. t t.l L. 1 ! ' C2 0GC 0 u s 01234'00 JC U ' M J 'U 'd G % '04s l 1 '- t l ; 5 e7 0901 t C1 111 1l I 1 1 l ??2222222235 o'." _
e Table 2 (contd.) Data Table for Station A - June 01 00 7 84 A __ 7o b6 6 ', 20 .. ._ 100 _ 69 S3 b6 b2 54 4 bu 52 d5 2 48 47 si 7 1 02 0 (. 74 A 6 ') 57 63 12 _ _ 100 _ 76 b5 57 S2 54 5 54 52 53 2 86 6 47 47 .1 030( 74 A,_ 7b 60 66 10 ._ _. alu bu 50 57 53 SS 4 55 52 do 1 47 46 46 __1 O 'i di l '4 A 01 63 72 1R 3 5 0 ,..__ 62 58 60 56 '.11 4 S6 53 S4 2 49 47 46 .2
._.~
Ot ut1 /4 A,_ Lu ob 7,3 jb _ _ lov. _ e r. 6 14 62 59 (0 3 57 SD d6 2 '49 48 40 .1 OC (1( 7 'i A_ U1 60 74 13 .._ _. 310 72 63 62 60 (1 .2 bb $6 57 2 50 49 49 ._1 07 06 1 's A__ 69 67 15 17 . 71 110__ Id 67 64 6 t' 62 4 b9 bu d') I bl 5. 0 50 1 01: I-( l 'e A .. 79 70 75 9 _. . 1860__ _ Dh b9 62 t, D (1 2 bh b t' un 0 50 49 49 1 09 11r l 'l A_ 67 70 lit 1 1 _ _ o30 (39 67 6 'l 60 62 'i . 50 bil 5 85 0 52 50 S1 _? 10 lif I 'l A . 76 b; 6> v i6 shu.. 71 53 6? b? b7 10 bo b4 b6 4 '21 50 bl 1 11 F'l 14 A 0b SP b!! 16 -: u u _ _. 66 bb be. 51 53 b a 's SP ') 3 2 51 ta 51 1 1P lf I '8 A_ 69 b5 6? 1:4 tjo So a6 3 54 bl ?:? 3 SP 51 52 1 50 4 11 49 _2 13 .8' I '6 A 7a b6 6p j6 _ au. u 15 2 b6 b ei SP b3 P b2 bu bl a si 9 re ti 99 ,3
- 14 M f- 14 A 76 62 69 16 8 7' 18U 71 59 55 54 55 1 5 84 52 53 2 49 4 71 '89 1 C C C C X X X X C X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ?
5; e 4 5 1
Table 3. Data Table for station B_ - May 11 0574 6 __ _ 7 ti b2 60 22 , uu _, t.20 b4 68 SU 56 la 56 50 b3 6 59 53 56 6 12 0$ 14 0_ 67 42 56 25 _ 100 65 44 #>7 41 Su 26 bu e66 b2 10 59 46 51 13
,11 65 l't b __ _ 77 S2 62 25 .__ _. 1 b 0 .__ 70 $2 66 84 7 t2 21 n2 t, b 50 ti SS e4 9 bl _6 184 at 18f c.__ 62 b8 70 24 ._ __ 300 __ 72 t21 76 55 63 21 u ti Sb 57 b 6 't b6 60 0 it ei l '+ 0_ 70 ba 62 16 . . . __ 130.__ 7 1 52 71 50 S4 21 62 to 56 ') 64 5 '4 57 10
. It OC 14 b _. U0 60 71 P0 . . _ , . . , 70 _ 62 66 70 bh (2 12 60 S4 'i7 6 61 SS $9 _6 17 01 /4 g _, 70 b6 6ft 14 _
131 70,_. 91 b7 64 b4 SO 14 ol 5b bu 6 62 56 59 6 10 tF l 'f U 76 5tt 60 22 ___ . _ . td u ____ 75 b2 65 S9 60 11 u2 b4 57 0 57 55 b6 2 l '/I I4 U_ 60 b2 55 E . , _ _ ___ 14 u __ _ 70 ti b 6 86 53 58 11 e,ti 54 Si t2 56 b4 $5 .2 20 0f l'e n __ 66 53 d6 13 . _ _ __ 'J u _ _ _ 80 b2 64 S4 59 10 ol Sb bu 6 56 5'i bb 2 21 d! 14 6 ., 74 63 67 11 ._ __. 9 0 . _ _, 32 61 t> b 58 60 a ue bil 60 84 57 t. 5 b6 2 2; 4'- I 't (3 , _ 79 60 68 19 7 0 . . .. U3 62 67 60 63 7 va 56 60 'i 57 55 b6
, _ _ __. _2
. 2; m /4 U. US b5 69 Ph _ 7 0 _ _. 70 nu 69 61 63 8 ob 5 ') 62 6 Sn 1. r. S7 2 284 ab / te n, 72 bo iO l 1, u d _ ._ 63 81 7 h/ f. t 62 7 ..o 60 62 6 S ') 57 b6 2 2' bi ly G_ 6t> 40 57 10 . , _ _ . . . 14 0 _ __ 68 't 6 Sts8 fi '> S3 9 SS 50 d2 b $3 bl 52 2 2<. 01 /4 b _
69 47 58 P2 .__ _ , , _ 1 2 O ___ _ 70 48 59 49 5 84 lu b5 84 9 52 6 52 50 51 .2 [ 21 00 I4 u 67 49 57 18 . _ , ( 10 ,_ . 6b 33 59 4 bu 54 9 58: 50 S2 84 51 50 50 .1 to 20 05 I4 0 __ 70 46 61 24 . , _ _ .. Z u_ ___ _, 90 ba 52 84 9 f,0 _3 50 84 U 49 2 50 89 4 49 _1. 2 '.i M I's u _, . 74 bi: 65 1 6 _ , . Lo,__ 66 61 SS 52 53 3 52 49 SU 3 50 49 89# 1 d l, D! I4 u ,_._ 76 60 6S 10 80 . . . _ 64 ou 57 53 55 86 b2 49 50 a bl 89 50
. 6 .2
- 3) at 14 0 04 b7 68 P7 1 68i 130 72 d6 60 SS 58 5 54 SP 'i 3 2 Q 5, 0 51
_ 2 CC C.C X X X X C X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 12 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Table 3 (contd). Data Table for Station B_ - June 06 74 0 76 5's 63 2? 'J u , 01 0 ;-:l f. 19 6 77 d6 6b 21 _ . . _ _ luu , 7 ., b2 t,3 77 b4 61 53 L3 57
'i 7 e 37 Sy b e4 n / 52 b4 b S4 b b4 c3 b4 52 S3 .P 3
03 0 (. 14 0 _, 79 60 6n 19 _ _ 1 :a u _ . __ bb S4 6( $4 S7 6 56 S2 S4 4 SP Sn $1 _2 - 04 0f. 19 c. Ut 63 75 25 210 70 eq 63 57 $9 ( So no DD D S4 05 0( /9 t, , 65 66 74 19 SC 52 4 _. _ 19 'J _, _ 6b t, 4 6 's Sc 61 .b o ts $6 hu 4 55 52 b3 ,3 0 (.06 1 'l C._ u4 66 7S 16 . 170,_, 70 ot 64 59 61 5 un S/ S ti 3 SS S4 55 1 07 C f. 74 p_ b7 60 76 19 ,' 107 t9u 74 6d 60 6;' 64 4 60 a di 54 bb 000 (. 74 g_ 80 69 75 21 U# 62 S '> [3 9 u ___ _ 71 6' St 61 3 bh L L' t,9 2 57 56 57 1 0 *;di t ai u_ b5 7 ti 7 '.* lb ,70 a.7 67 6 f. 6u 63 6 6) Ses b> 3 57 53 Sb 'q 10 i88 14 6 76 by 63 pt, t /O__ 7 p, t, S 64 55 99 'i nl 54 bl / Sil $6 57
?
Il di 14 0_ 74 50 62 P86 7 0_ ,_ , ti e , 50 bb bl 54 7 bo L1 b3 b S C- b sa Sb 1 ;' "( 14 li 75 S ;- 6? ;* 1
'2 ISS 71. $3 S t. 50 Sp S $ ;, SU bl 2 'i4 S1 5. 2 3 - ) /, lo 14 7s- t, t . [00 i, s . 's PC ::i, s.te S:, S3 S4 ;- s e, 4 ',e ..) 4 .,,, Sn ny p 186 18 ( l's l} HP GP 70 20 131 [3b 7S 62 St. bb $6 3 bS bl b6 4 $4 $3 b3 1 C C C C X X X X C X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1 23 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 16 17 m 19 20 o
o i 9 e 9 e
4 1 w ~ Table 4. Descrirtion of variables for Station C (Bowijng ireen site) C-1 Day a C-2 Month C-3 Year C-4 Station identification X-1 tiaximum air tem erature I X-2 Minimum air tem erature i X-3 Average air temperature
- X-4 Range between high and icw tenperature l C-5 Recording rain gauge i X-5 Clear view precipitation gauge X-6 Evaporation X-7 Average relative humidity X-8 Average dew point i
I t i l l - D-21
1 l i i Table 5. Data Table for station C - May - June 11 0574 .C _ .c t_ _54 o 7_ 26 u_ u 65__5 b 1_2 C57,4_ r,__ 64 44 54 10 bu 62 ,41 1: 25 74 c 50 SC 54 8 23 _ 57 3!!.
.14 0574 C ou 56 60 24 u7 20 56 . 5.3 1E "574 C 65 49 _57 ,1 y 1b 55 . 4_ 1 79 t5 72 14 lu 67 61 1_t C574 c 1!
1] Df74 C 71 5_1 _ 6_,1 ,2_U_ 32 _1 b 73 jtp 1 t4 .5 74 C 65 51 Si! 14 _0u 51 40 I t! .- 574 C 62 46 54 1E 20 52 37 2 L-~5 74 C 65- 33 ol 16 10 62 46 , 21:S .
~r 4 C Ej__o7 75 _22 20 5 9_.. .oA 22;t 74 C 76 56 67 la 02 lu 60 bo 2s.574 C 7e be 67 c"2 14 10 5e 51_
24 05 74 C 66 bc 59 14 2v 49 _4_ 0 74 61 45 53 1. 6__ 2u 51 56
- 2. 5. .r _5 C
. - - --, 53 39-
_2_63 57_4 C 67,-- 95 5f 22 2n 2.1C. ! 74_ C J1 46 ._3 H. ,_2 0 2_c 42:_. A_5.
. 2E L5 74 C 64 b4 59 10 54 bu 62 46 2iC_I.74 C 74_ _66 65, 16 12 av _7 3_ .bo 3L L. 579 C 76 62 69 ,14 uo 61 5.5_
31 L' E 74_ C bG 54 67 F6 20 6. .L.i 53-- 0; ;, 6 74 C _72 SG 61 22 2.9 47 41 02 ;t ?9. C 7e 56 66 20 lb 61 _o 2 03C674 C bc 56 70 24 2u 43 47 04 v6 74 C bc 64 76 24 li 2u 56 59 0E 6674 C 67 67 77 20 29 Oc 55~ o9 06 L674 I ~E5 ~6 6 '75 '20
- 2 64 ~6'3'
'0I7fl74_ C ff 'dsf,7} ~2 2 _l u 6 o{_oh 0 6,E 674 C 60 e6 74 _12 50 7t ,65 0 %. 6 74 C 69 o7 74 22 19 10J 61 o3 10 36 74 L 74 bb 62 24 du 62 48 11 :6 74 C 70 bc 6n 2C 15300 65 47 12 36 74 t. 71 53 62 IS eau 47 41 13 :6 74 C 74 SE ~oT '16 10 1 c,0 56 53 14 :C 74 C 61 61 71 20 ceb 60 56 CCC C I X X X C I X X X 123 4 1 2 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 h
D-22
Table 6 DAILY SOIL MOISTURE BAIANCE DAVIS-BESSE, STATION A, MAY 11 - JUNE 7,1974 ' Hean Soil ACT Avail Grav Soil Temp Unadj Adj Moist ST Moist Moist Gray Water Moist Date C PE PE P P-PE ST Change DEF SUR Water ST Bal 5/11 15.5 2.3 3 0 -3 197 -3 0 0 0 0 197 5/12 10.5 1.5 2 0 -2 195 -2 0 0 0 0 195 5/13 15.0 2.2 3 0 -3 192 -3 0 0 0 0 192 5/14 20.0 3.2 4 6 2 194 +2 0 0 0 0 194 5/15 15.0 2.2 3 0 -3 191 -3 0 0 0 0 191 5/16 21.1 3.4 4 5 1 192 +1 0 0 0 0 192 5/17 14.4 2.1 3 5 2 194 +2 0 0 0 0 194 5/18 13.9 2.0 2 0 -2 192 -2 0 0 0 0 192 5/19 12.2 1.7 2 0 -2 190 -2 0 0 0 0 190 5/20 13.3 1.9 2 0 -2 188 -2 0 0 0 0 188 5/21 19.4 3.1 4 0 -4 184 -4 0 0 0 0 184 5/22 18.9 3.0 4 0 -4 181 -3 1 0 0 0 181 5/23 18.9 3.0 4 9 5 185 +4 0 0 0 0 185
)[ 5/24 15.0 2.2 3 0 -3 182 -3 0 0 0 0 182 w 5/25 13.3 1.9 2 0 -2 181 -1 1 0 0 0 181 5/26 12.2 1.7 2 0 -2 179 -2 0 0 0 0 179 5/27 13.3 1.9 2 0 -2 177 -2 0 0 0 0 177 5/28 16.1 2.4 3 25 22 198 +21 0 0 0 0 198 5/29 16.6 2.6 3 11 8 204 +6 0 0 0 0 204 5/30 17.8 2.8 3 0 -3 201 -3 0 0 0 0 201 i 5/31 18.9 3.0 4 0 -4 193 -8 4 0 0 0 193 6/1 17.2 2.7 3 0 -3 190 -3 0 0 0 0 190 6/2 17.2 2.7 3 0 -3 187 -3 0 0 0 0 187.
6/3 18.9 3.0 4 0 -4 183 -4 0 0 0 0 183 6/4 22.2 3.6 4 5 ~1 184 +1 0 0 0 0 184 6/5 22.2 3.6 4 13 9 193 -1 0 0 0 0 193 ) 6/6 23.3 3.9 5 0 -5 188 -5 0 0 0 0 188 6/7 23.9 4.0 5 0 -5 183 -5 0 0 0 0 183
Table 7. DAILY SOIL MOISTURE BALANCE DAVIS-BESSE, STATION B, MAY 11 - JUNE 7,1974 WATER HOLDING CAPACITY OF SOIL = 300 SOIL MOISTURE C0!TTENT AT START = 200 FRACTION OF AVAIIABLE GRAVITATIONAL WATER ON ANY DAY HELD IUR 1ATER PERCOIATION = 0.90 (ALL VALUES EXCEPT T IN MM)
'Hean ACT Temp Unadj Adj Soil Avail Grav Soil Moist ST Moist Moist Grav Water Moist Date C PE PE P P-PE ST Change DEF SUR Water ST BAL 5/11 15.5 2.3 3 0 -3 197 -3 0 0 0 0 197 5/12 13.3 1.9 2 0 -2 195 -2 0 0 0 0 195 5/13 15.0 2.2 3 0 -5 192 -3 0 0 0 0 192 5/14 21.1 3.4 4 15 11 203 +11 0 0 0 0 203 5/15 16.6 2.6 3 0 -3 200 -3 0 0 0 0 200 5/16 21.6 3.5 4 5 1 201 +1 0 0 0 0 201 5/17 15.5 2.3 3 13 10 211 +10 0 0 0 0 211 5/18 15.5 2.3 3 0 -3 208 -3 0 0 0 0 208 5/19 12.8 1.8 2 0 -2 206 -2 0 0 0 0 206 5/20 14.4 2.1 3 0 -3 203 -3 0 0 0 0 203 5/21 19.4 3.1 4 0 -4 199 -4 0 0 0 0 199 5/22 20.0 3.2 4 1 -3 196 -3 0 0 0 0 196 ca 5/23 20.5 3.3 4 4 0 196 0 0 0 0 0 196 43 5/24 15.5 2.3 3 0 -3 193 -3 0 0 0 0 193 5/25 13.9 2.0 2 0 -2 191 -2 0 0 0 0 191 5/26 14.4 2.1 3 0 -3 188 -3 0 0 0 0 188 5/27 13.9 2.0 2 0 -2 186 -2 0 0 0 0 186 5/28 16.1 2.3 3 28 25 211 +25 0 0 0 0 211 5/29 18.3 2.9 4 13 9 220 +9 0 0 0 0 220 5/30 18.3 2.9 4 0 -4 216 -4 0 0 0 0 216 5/31 20.0 3.2 4 0 -4 212 -4 0 0 0 0 212 6/1 17.2 2.7 3 0 -3 209 -3 0 0 0 0 209 6/2 18.3 2.9 4 0 -4 205 -4 0 0 0 0 205 6/3 20.0 3.2 4 0 -4 201 -4 0 0 0 0 201 6/4 23.9 4.0 5 8 3 204 +3 0 0 0 0 204 6/5 23.3 3.9 5 19 14 218 +14 0 0 0 0 218 6/6 23.9 4.0 5 0 -5 213 -5 0 0 0 0 213 6/7 24.4 4.1 5 0 -5 208 -5 0 0 0 0 208
Table 8. DAILY SOIL MOISTURE BAIANCE BOWLING GREEN, MAY 11 - JUNE 7,1974 Hean Soil Temp Unadj ADJ Act Avail Grav Soil Moist St Moist Moist Gray Water Moist Date C PE PE P P-PE ST Change DEF SUR Water ST EAL 5/11 19.4 3.1 4 0 -4 196 -4 0 0 0 0 196 5/12 12.2 1.7 2 0 -2 194 -2 0 0 0 0 194 5/13 12.2 1.7 2 0 -2 192 -2 0 0 0 0 192 5/14 20.0 3.2 4 12 8 200 +8 0 0 0 0 200 5/15 13.9 2.0 2 0 -2 198 -2 0 0 0 0 198 5/16 22.2 3.6 4 3 -1 197 -1 0 0 0 0 197 5/17 16.1 2.4 3 8 5 202 +5 0 0 0 0 202 5/18 14.4 2.1 3 0 -3 199 -3 0 -0 0 0 199 5/19 12.2 1.7 2 0 -2 197 -2 0 0 0 0 197 5/20 16.1 2.4 3 0 -3 194 -3 0 0 0 0 194 5/21 25.5 4.3 5 0 -5 189 -5 0 0 0 0 189 5/22 19.4 3.1 4 1 -3 186 -3 0 0 0 0 186 5/23 19.4 3.1 4 3 -1 185 -1 0 0 0 0 185 5/24 15.0 2.2 3 0 -2 182 -3 0 0 0 0 182 5' 5/25 11.7 1.6 2 0 -2 181 -1 1 0 0 0 181 U$ 5/26 13.3 1.9 2 0 -2 179 -2 0 0 0 0 179 5/27 14.4 2.1 3 0 -3 176 -3 0 0 0 0 176 5/28 15.0 2.2 3 14 11 186 +10 0 0 0 0 186 5/29 18.3 2.9 4 5 1 187 +1 0 0 0 0 187 5/30 20.5 3.3 4 0 -4 183 -4 0 0 0 0 183 5/31 19.4 3.1 4 0 -4 180 -3 1 0 0 0 180 6/1 16.1 2.4 3 0 -3 177 -3 0 0 0 0 177 6/2 18.9 3.0 4 0 -4 173 -4 0 0 0 0 173 6/3 21.1 3.4 4 0 -4 170 -3 1 0 0 0 170 6/4 24.4 4.1 5 3 -2 168 -2 0 0 0 0 168 6/5 25.0 4.2 5 7 2 170 +2 0 0 0 0 170 6/6 24.4 4.1 5 0 -5 166 -4 1 0 0 0 166 6/7 24.4 4.1 5 0 -5 162 -4 1 0 0 0 162
Table 9. Climatological sumary for Stations A R, and C (11 May - 7 June 1974) STATI0tJ A . ST A T I 0tJ . B
~
BOWLItJG GREEN MEAN STATJ DEV MEAN STAN DEV MEAri STAfJ DEV MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE As4 70.93 7.62 75.45 7.04 73.93 8.96 MItJIMUM TEMPERATURE **8 56.36 5.63 55.79 6.38 55.07 6.93 AVERAGE _, TEMPERATURE _ ^84 62.64 6.3, 64.46 _ 6.11 _ RAtJGC s o Mr( 8 4 : v 4. 64.50_ 7.69 d86 14.57 5.49 19.64 4.66 _ 18.50 _ 4.77 TOTAL PRECIPITATI0tJ 3 .1 '+ _ _ _ __ _ __ _81. , 2 1___ _ 4.60 1.06 _ ACTUAL EVAPORATION 1.85 1 16 0.60 0.16 0.10 AVEH REL HUMIUITY 71.32 9.S1 786.64 7.70_ 58.184 7.a4 AVLR OLW PoltJ T L3.07 7.'46 55.57 7.08 4 '> . 3 6 9.06 _ MAxgMUM TEMPER A TURE_ son o e.<- $ 6. 684 3.54 63.89, _ 5.17 M I tJ I r4UM T E MI'LH A T URE s c ic se.- S 2. t4 3 3.90 b3.06 4.70 _ AVER AGE TEril'EH ATURE. 5 e st in<. 54.43 _ 3 . 6 5 . _. 57.7S, 3.92 Rt flGE Iawt**4*v4* u se so . - 4.21 1.76 1 0 . 084 6.00 MAXIMUM TEMPEftATURE se.c ac.- 53.39 3.15 ._5 8 . 1 1 4.06_ MIlJIMUM TEMPERATURE 5 .. z.- 51.21 3.28 55.11 3.73 o AVERAGE TEMPERATUHE s c.* .2 c ,;; si2.21 _ 3.31__ 55.36 3.69_ R AtJG E i e ait ai s u nt 5**' 8 8 <- 2.18 1.20 5.00 _ 1.87 r'o TEMPERATURE se at cc . 49.54 2.04 55.86 MAXIMUM _3.86
* - MIf41 MUM ~ TEMPERATUREse7,.c c.,
4a.57 1.90 52.43 2.80 AVERAGE TEMPERATUHE c,. c. ~ 40.79 1.92 53.96 3.15_ RAf'GE ; e ,, ,, n g , , .,.g,.., 0.95 0.78 i 3.43 2.92 O s s C R t sA s
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Sowling Green State University [nv.=a-er.ral Studies sow..ng Creen. Ohio 43403 WV* SEMI- ANNUAL REPORT BIRD llAZARD lElITORY CONTRACT DAVIS-BESSE SITE JUNE 1974 I. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS Robert E. Williams and William B. Jackson Environmental Studies Center In(-aduction Observations on interactions of birds with various site structures were con-tinued at the Davis-Besse site during the spring migratory season. These succeed from studies begun in the fall of 1972. The mortality data from each of the past seasons are briefly summarized here, and detailed analyses are contained in previous reports. By sprin' the cooling tower and the smaller shield building had reached full height, although internal construction continued within both. However, external construction night lighting was no longer operative at either building. Methods Daily observations were made on the Davis-Besse site from April 27 to June 1, 1974, a total of 36 days. Routine efforts were directed towa'rd the early hours i following sunrise of every morning (except April 30, May 23, and May 25) and toward the hours prior to sunset of 19 days (April 29-May 10 and May 15-19). In addition to routine daily checks, special efforts were directed toward early morning hours (2400 to 0200) on nights with predictions.of high migration and high hazard potentials. These " alert" nights were predicted from synoptic weather conditions by Dr. William ( l A. Peterman, University meteorologist.
Daily surveys inclu'd ed the base of the cooling tower (both inside and outside), the perimeter of the Unit I station, roofs of the auxiliary and turbine buildin9:, and the area around the base of the meteorological tower. A proscribed pathway and procedure was followed by all observers and was similar to that used previously (Appendix 1). The immediate environmental conditions were recorded during each observation period, and all birds found were collected, identified by numerical and location code, returned to the University, and frozen for later examination. Results and Discussion . Mortality Patterns. A complete summary of the spring 1974 mortality survey at the Davis-Besse site is given in Table 1. The five-week bird mortality due to collision with the plant structures totaled 176; 117 (66.5%) recovered from the cooling tower, 47 (26.7%) from the meteorological tower,11 (6.2%) from the shield building, and 1 (0.6%) near the guardhouse at the main entrance. Six birds were found alive but with broken wings; all died shortly after discovery. During an eight-day period (May 12-18),132 mortalities were recovered, ac-counting for 79.0% of the total. On the night of May 17, the greatest number of mortalities was recorded (54 or 30.7% of the total). Forty-five species, representing 17 families, were recovered, Parulidae (warblers) being by far the greatest (69.3%), followed by Fringillidae (finches) (7.8%), Vireonidae (Vireos) (5.2%) and Icteridae (blackbirds) (3.4%). The proportions were much the same at the cooling tow'er and Unit I station, but at the meteorological tower Icterids occurred more frequently (Tab *le 2). A summary of bird families recovered at the Davis-Besse site for each season is given in Table 2. Most obvious is the absence of Kinglets from the spring recoveries and the increase in the number of Icterids. The increase in recoveries . 1 during the most recent period may be related to more frequent observations, since l -
a pilot study conducted in Fall 1973 suggested as much as 50% loss of recoveries to scavengers (Rybak, Jackson, and Vessey,1973). Workmen had noted during construction of the cooling tower that pigeons entered the tower through the upper aperature. This suggested that inspection above the baffles within the tower would be necessary to recover birds which had entered the tower, become exhausted, and fallen to the baffles below. However, the baffles were so constructed that only very large birds would be found. Smaller birds would pass to the inner layers, making recovery impossible. In addition, access to the baffles was limited to walkways, thus making it impossible to inspect for mortalities . Therefore, no feasible method of aetermining bird mortality within the upper portion of the cooling tower exists. There is no evidence, however, that suggests that this is a significant source of mortality. Analyses of the mortalities at the three structures are shown in Figures 1-3. The cooling tower and meteorolo.gical tower areas were divided into quadrants and trients, respectively; and the turbine and auxiliary buildings were sectioned according to the roofs. Tallying the recovery 41ocitions indicated a greater proportion of kills occurring at the NE qwdrant of the cooling tower (Fig. 2). This is exactly opposite to that found during Fall 1973. This may be explained in two ways. While southwesterly winds predominate over this migratory season, local wind currents imediately around solid structures can be altered tremendously. Air flow on the leeward side of the tower is quite variable, and turbulence is characteristic around these leegard surfaces. Very small and light-weight birds moving at low altitudes with the southwesterly winds known to be favorable to spring migration (Bagg,1950; Richardson,1966, Welty, 1962) may pass close enough to the tower to ' a swept by the air flow around the tower, caught up in eddies on its leeward i t1.e, and blown into the back (northeastern) side of the tower. The small song birds (warblers, vireos, kinglets) are not agile
fliers and trould be especially vulnerable to such environmental disturbances. Since the outside base of the tower is wider than the shell, the birds slide down the tower wall and fall within the base perimeter. As the birds fall below the shell, and even after they are on the tower floor, they may be blown further under the tower, thus explaining the wide distribution of recoveries. Observations at the tower have indicated that birds lying on the tower floor can be blown some distance by gusts of wind. An alternative hypothesis is that upon approaching the south shore of Lake Erie, especially under poor visibility conditions, these night migrants may alter their northward course and follow around the lake rather than venturing across. While this pattern of avoiding large bodies of water is ccmmon with diurnal migrants (Gunn, Livingston, and Lewis,1972 ; Hofslund,1965; Pettingill,1970), Lowery (1951) states that nocturnal migrants do not show such patterns. If under extremely poor atmospheric and visibility conditions over the water the birds alter their course and fly westward around the lake, they may fail to see the tower in time and collide. The air current eddies afound the tower may increase the hazard further. The Unit I station (Fig. 2) shows mortalities closely associated with the I shield building, again concentrated on the N and NE sides. Twenty-seven percent of the recoveries were house sparrows. Since they nested on the western wall of the building, these mortalities may be merely natural deaths. A comparison between data of Fall 1973 and Spring 1974 shows a tremendous decline l in mortalities at the Unit I station during the more recent period. Approximately half t'he mortalities at the site during the fall period were recovered at the station in contast to only 6% of the total recoveries during the spring period (Table 2). This may be rel,ted to the difference in external lighting. During the fall migration the turbine building was still under construction and flood-lighted l l l
at night. Extinguishing the construction lights probably reduced the 'roblem. Most of the mortalities occurred around the cooling tower, even though it was , ot directly lighted either. However, it shr.id be noted that lights from the switch yard did reflect off the tower. Tne mortality distribution at the meteorological tower (Fig. 3) is not as severe as the cooling tower, nor as clumped, although the greater mortality was on the NE side of the tower. This tower, with its associated guy wires, represents another kind. of hazard. While its lesser height and much smaller mass make it less of an obstacle to migrating birds, the nearly invisible wires create a hazard for larger birds. Perhaps the numbers of Icterids killed at the meteorological tower may be explained by their being local birds. Actual sighting of strikes were not obtained. With the daily and often twice daily surveys and additional observations, the time of impact can be narrowed down. Studies (Richardson,1971) have shown that migration numbers peak about 1 hour after sunset, continue until about midnight, and then slowly decline. Other studies have indicated that poor visibility causes migfants to fly at lower altitudes. Conditions under which heavy kills are most likely occur when birds begin a migratory flight under good c,onditions but encounter worsening conditions in the vicinity of the structures, especially after several hours of flicht (Stoddard and Norris,1967; Taylor and Anderson,1973). On two occasions when surveys we.re made between 2400 and 0200, no birds were recovered, but at sunrise mortalities were discovered. There' fore impact had occurred sometime between 0200 and sunrise. On another occasion (May 16) observations were made until midnight, and no birds were found. The following morning 54 mortalities were recovered. This suggests that mortalities at the Davis-Besse tower occur more frequently in the early morning hours than before midnight. A preliminary attempt was made to monitor actual night flight movements around
the tower using a portable doppler radar AN/PPS - 12. The set was designed for military surveillance with a range up to 2500 meters. The reception of bird movement was restricted to 500-600 meters for duck-sized birds and 300-400 meters for starling-sized birds. Similar estimates for warbler-sized birds could not be determined for distances greater than 50 meters. The individual unit proved difficult to use due to the size of the targets concerned and the small angle of . reception (5.6* x 8.4*). t b
Table 1. Bird species recovered at Davis-Besse site during four seasons of observations. Species Fall 1972 Spring 1973 Fall 1973 Spring 1973 . CT ST HT Total CT ST MT Total CT ST MT Total CT ST HT Total TOTAL Sora rail 1 1 1 American coot Ring-billed gull 1 1 1 1 1 Herring gull 1 1 Yellow-bellied flycatcher 1 1 1 1 Least flycatcher 1 1 1 Acadian flycatcher . 1
. I 1 Unidentified flycatcher 1 1 1
1 Bluejay 1 1 1 1 Domestic pigeon 1 1 Flicker 1 1 1 1 Brown creeper 1 1 Long-billed marsh wren 1 1 1 1 1 2 4 Carolina wren 1 1 Catbird 5 5 4 1 1 1 2 6 12 Brown thrasher i l 1 Robin
-Wood thrush 1* l- 1 2 2 2 Grey-cheeked, thrush 1 1 1 i
Swainson's thrush 2 2 i Veery 2 1 1 Golden-crowned kinglet 1 1 2 ' 15 2 17 17 Ruby-crowned kinglet 1 1 1 1 16 7 23 Starling 25 1 1 Red-eyed vireo 5, 1 Philadelphia vireo 2 7 7 1 1 2 2 3 Warbling vireo 1 1 1 Black and white warbler 2 2 3 3 Blue winged warbler 5 3 3 Tennessee warbler 3 2 2 4 2 2 8 10 Hashville warbler 1 1 3 3 15 Yellow warbler 3 18 22 1 1 2 2 1* 3 1 4 5 10 Magnolia warbler 3 Hyrtle warbler 7 10 25 1 2 28 38 1 1 1 1 4 1 5 7 Black-throated green warbler 1 1 I 1 2 1 1 4 Black-throated blue warbler 1 1 2 2 Blackburnian warbler
- 1 1 5 5 6 Chestnut-sided warbler 1 1 1 5 2 7 1 9
Table 1 (con't) Species Fall 1972 Spring 1973 Fall 1973 Spring 1974 CT ST MT Total CT ST MT Total CT ST MT Total CT ST MT Total TOTAL Bay-breasted warbler 2 2 2 Blackpole warbler 2 2 2 Pine warbler 1 3 4 4 Ovenbird 1 1 1 1 2 5 1 4 10 13 florthern waterthrush 1 I I Kentuck sarbler l l 1 1 2 Connecticut warbler 1 I I Yellowthroat 1 1 2 6 1 7 2 1 3 10 10 22 llooded warbler i l 1 Wilson's warbler l 1 1 1 2 Canada warbler 1 1 1 Redstart 4 4 12 1 1 14 18 Unidentified warbler 1 1 1 1 2 flouse sparrow l 1 3 3 4 Bobolink 4 4 4 Red-winged blackbird 1 1. 1
- Baltimore oriole 1 1 1 T' Scarlet tanager 1 1 1 Rose-breasted grosbeak 1 2 3 3 Indigo bunting 1 1 1 Rufus-sided towee 1 1 1 Savannah sparrow 1 1 2 1 2 3 5 Grasshopper sparrow l l 1 1 2 3 Field sparrow 1 1 1 3 3 White-crowned sparrow 1 1 1 White-throated sparrow 2 2 2 Fox sparrow 1 1 1 Swamp sparrow 1 1 1 Song sparrow 2 2 1 2 3 5 Unidentified sparrow 1 1 1 Unidentified bird 10 6 ~16 1 1 2 18 Total birds 4 5 1 10 34 4 6 44 56 47 103 117 11 48 176 333 Big brown bat 1 CT=Coolina Tower MT=fieteorological Tower ST= Unit
- Guard house station (including shield, turbine, and auxilliar, suildings)
Table 2. Summary of families of birds recovered at Davis-Besse site during four seasons of observations. Family Fall 1972 Spring 1973 Fall 1973 Spring 1974 CT ST MT Total CT ST MT Total CT ST MT Tota 1 CT ST MT Total Kinglets 1 0 0 1(10) 0 1(25) 0 1(4) 31(55) 9(19) - 40(39) 0 0 0 0 Warblers 3(100)* 3(60) 1(100) 7(70) 17(50) 1(25) 2**(33) 20(45) 13(23) 25(52) - 38(37) 95(82) 6(55) 21(45) 22(69) Fringillids 0 0 0 0 8(23) 1(25) 2(33)11(25) 1(2) 1(2) - R(2) 5(4) 1(9) 8(17) 14(8) Mimmidae 0 0 0 0 5(15) 0 1(17) 6(13) 0 1(2) - 1(1) 4(3) 0 2(4) 6(3) Other families 0 2(40) 0 2(20) 4(12) 1(25) 1(17) 6(13) 1(2) 5(11) - 6(6) 12(10) 4(36) 15(32) 32**(18) Unidentified 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10(18) 6(13) - 16(IS) 1(1) 0 1(2) 2(f) Total 4(44) 5(50) 1(10) 10 34(77)4(11) 6(12) 44' 56(54) 47(46) - 103 117(67) 11(6) 48(27) 176 i CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit I station (ir.cluding shield, turbine, and auvill'ary buildings) HT = Meteorolootcal Tower
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References Bagg, M. M. 1950. Reverse warbler migration in the Conaecticut Valley. Auk, 67:244-245. Gunn, W.W.H. , J. A. Livingston , and F. A. ' ewis.1972a. A preliminary examination of the bird impact problem at the Nanticoke Plant, Ontario Hydro Electric System. L.G.L. Limited, Environmental Research Associates, Toronto. Hofslund, P.B.1955. Hawks above Duluth. In The Bird Watcher's America, edited by 0.S. Pettingill, Jr. , McGraw-Hill Book Ceccany, New York. Lowery, G.H. , Jr. 1951. A ouantitative study of the nocturnal migration of birds. Univ. Kans Publ . Mus. Nat. Hist. , 3:361-472. -Pettingill, 0.S. , Jr.1970. Ornithology in Laboratory and Field. 4th ed. Burgess Publishing Company, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Richardson, W.J. 1966. Weather and late spring migration of birds into southern Ontario. Wil. Bull., 78:400-414.
. 1971. Spring migration add weather in eastern Canada: a radar study. Amer. Birds, 25:684-690.
Rybak, Edward J., William B. Jackson, and Stephen H. Vessey. 1973. Impact of cooling towers on bird nigration. Proc. 6th Bird Control Seminar, Bowling Green State University:187-194. Stoddard, H.L., Sr., and R. A. Norris. 1967. Bird casualties at a Leon County, Florida TV tcwer: an eleven-year study. Tall Timbers Research Station, Bulletin No. 8. Tallahassee, Fla. Taylor, W. K., and B.H. Anderson. 1973. Nocturnal migrants killed at a central Florida TV tower, autumns 1969-1971. Wil. Bull., 85:42-51. Welty, J.C. 1963. The life of birds. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. l l l 1
II. WEATHER AND BIRD MORTALITY , William A. Peten,an Department of Geography During the spring 1974 migration season 35 separate observations of bird mortality were taken between April 13th and May 30th. Between April 27th and May 22nd observations were taken on a daily basis. Like the previous spring, occurrences of high mertality were grouped in a short time period, beginning with an observation of eight dead birds on May 13th and ending with another observation of eight deaths on May 19th. This seven-day oeriod accounted for three-quarters of all the recorded mortalities, and two of these days (May 15th and 17th) accounted for slightly more than half of the birds killed. An analysis of the meteorological conditions associated with the occurrences of mortality was undertaken to determine ,if any relationship exists between weather events and the potential for mortality. During this migration the two highest counts were recorded on dates when cold fronts were located west of Ohio. On both May 2nd (13 dead birds) and May 8th,1973, (6 dead birds) cold fronts were found running north-south througa Indiana. Synoptic Weather Patterns for 1974 Northward migration of birds during the spring usually occurs in connection with southerly flow. This indicates that the back side of high pressure systems or the wann sectors of low pressure systems 'are potentially the most favorable weather conditions for migrations. Cool, northerly winds found on the leading edges of highs tend to discourage migration. From the few data available on bird mortality related to the striking of man-made objects (primarily television towers), it would appear that extensive cloud cover, low ceilings, precipitation, and reduced visibilities are conditions favoring mortality. Such conditions, of course, are likely to be associated with either a l 14.
low pressure center or a surface frontal trough. Synoptic weather data, collected i i for 34 of the 35 days for which mortality observations were made, were classified two ways. The first was by assessment of the migration and mortality potential for the day (actually the preceeding evening). A day was judged as having either i a high moderate or low potential for migration depending upon the position of the synoptic weather features relative to western Lake Erie. The potential for high - or low mortality was based upon the presence or absence of the adverse weather conditions mentioned above. A second classification was made which related entirely to the synoptic weather patterns. Seven different categories relating to possible weather occurrences were ! chosen, and each observational day was assigned to the proper category (Table 3). The data were arranged (Table 4) showing the date, potential for migration and mortality, the synoptic classification, and the number of dead birds observed. Analysis When the data are grouped according to the potential for migration and mortality, it appears clear (see Table 5) that days favoring both high migration and mortality i do actually result in a high percentage of dead birds. There does not seem to be a I clear differentiation among the other categories; the low migration, low mortality category somewhat surprisingly yields the second highest average mortality. It i should be noted also that there were several days rated high for both migration and mortality when actual observations of mortality were low or zero. The average of 14.0 birds per day for th*e high-high category is a result of the high mortality counts on only two days, flay 17th (59) and May 15th (28). Looking at mortality as a function of synoptic weather patterns (see Table 6) a somewhat clearer picture emerges. The two high days (May 15th and 17th) both fall into category L-2, a cold frontal condition. On the evening of May 14th a front
-w-- -c , - - --.
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was located through central Michigan and into West Central Indiana. During the evening the front moved slowly eastward to a position just east of the Davis-Besse location. Showers and thundersnowers were common over the western end of the Lake during the night. Observations on the morning of the 15th yielded 28 dead birds. Conditions on May 17th were somewhat different. At 0700 EST on the 17th a cold front extended from a low in northeastern New York southwestward through the center of Lake Erie all the way to western Oklahoma. The Davis-Besse location was therefore just south of this front. Again showers and thundershowers were extensive over the western end of the lake. Fif ty-nine mortality cases were observed. Looking at the other synoctic categories in Table 6 it can be seen that under warm frontal (L-3) and post frontal (L -4) conditions two cases of moderately high mortality (11 and 10, res:ectively) occurred. Somewat surprising are the two cases of 10 and 8 dead birds associated with northerly flow on the leading edge of high pressure systems. Since northerly flow supposedly discourages migration, it is possible that birds either were killed while flying into adverse winds or were in a condition of reverse migration, that is,. flying southward. Discussion The data for spring 1974 are in basic agreement with those for the previous spring. Cases in which mortality is high would seem to be associated with cold fronts and convective (thundershower or stom) activity. Furthemore, there is a brief period l of approximately a week's duration for which the actual potential for migration is quite high. Data are not available to detemina whether or not the period of actual high mortality corresponds with peak migration rates. During the seven days in hich mortality was high, the bulk of the deaths occurred when cold fronts were the dominant weather feature. The renaining cases of mortality were rather evenly distributed between three synoptic patterns, two of which were conditions of high pressure. Thus for the spring migration season the period of concern for high mortality
( i I i. 4 l , is 'brief. The data suggest that it is possible to identify these conditions and pre-
- dict high hazard nights. While this does not solve the problem of how to minimize l mortality, it does perhaps simplify the problem.
1 l i ! I l 4 i 1 4 4 i I i i i E.
Table 3. Categories of Synoptic Weather Conditions i i A. Conditions associated with high pressure systems H-1 leading edge of high over wester.: Lake Erie (northerly flow) H-2 high center over western Lake Erie (calm or variable flow) H-3 trailing edge of high over western Lake Erie (southerly flow) B. Conditions associated with low pressure systems L-1 low center near or over western Lake Erie L-2 warm sector with cold front immediately to the west or northwest of western Lake Erie L-3 warm front over or immediately to the south of western Lake Erie L-4 post frontal with low to the e'ast or northeast of western Lake Erie 9 e
Table 4. Bird Mortality and Meteorological Conditions at Davis-Besse site, Spring 1974 MIGRATION MORTALITY SYNOPTIC DEAD BIRDS DATE POTENTIAL POTENTIAL CATEGORY
- OBSERVED April 13 low high L-1 1 23 low high L-4 0 25 Tou 10w H-2 3 27 high low N-3 3 28 high lou H-3 1 29 high high L-2 1 30 high high L-2 0 May 1 moderate high L-2 2 2 high low H-3 0 3 moderate high L-2 0 4 low low H-1 0
'5 low low H -3 0 6 high high L-4 2 7 low high L-4 0 ; 8 low high L-1 0 9 low high L-1 2 10 low low H-1 4 11 moderate low t H2 0 12 high high L-3 4 13 low low H-1 8 ;
14 high high L-3 4 j 15 high high L-2 28 ! 16 moderate high L-3 11 1 17 high high L-2 59 l 18 low low H-1 10 l 19 moderate high H -2 8 i , 20 moderate low H-2 2 ! 21 high low H-3 1 l 22 high low L-2 ' 3 24 low low L-4 10 26 low low H -1 0 l 27 data unavailable 0 28 high low H-3 2 29 moderate high L-3 0 I 30 moderate high L-3 0
^
, *See Table 3 y;
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Table 5 - Average Daily flumber of Dead Birds at Davis-Besse Site As a Function of Migration and Mortality Potential Mortality Potential Low High All Cases Low 4.4 0.6 2.9 Migration Mcderate 1.0 3.0 2.9 Potential High 1.7 14.0 8.3 _A1,1 1 Cases 2.9 6.8 5.0 t Table 6. Bird Mortality at Davis-Besse site as a Function of Synoptic Weather Conditions Synoptic Individual Mortality Average Daily Ca tegory Observations Mortality High Pressure Systems H-1 0, 4, 8, 10, 0 4.4 H-2 3, 0, 0,'8, 2 2.6 H-3 3, 1, 0, 0, 1, 2 1.2 Low Pressure Systems L-1 1,0,2 1.0 L-2 1, 0, 2, 28, 59, 3 15.5 L-3 4, 4, 11, 0, 0 4.8 L-4 0, 2, 0, 10 3.0 i l 1 1
. 1
( III. LOSS OF BIRD MORTALITIES AT THE COOLING TOWER Stephen H. Vessey and Thomas W. Scott Dapartment of Biological Sciences Quantification of bird mortality at the cooling tower has been complicated . by the loss of specimens to animal scavengers and construction operations. A pi-lot study in the fall of 1973 indicated a loss of 62% of marked and placed birds. In 1974 continued scavenger activity was noted. Skunks were seen near the tower: skunk and racoon tracks appeared on the cement floor within the tower. Great-horned owls nested in the woods adjacent to the tower, and pellet examination reveal-ed bird remains. The spring 1974 study of mortality losses was confined to the cooling tower and was concerned with the proportion of r,artalities that might not be recovered. 1 Methods Previously obtained and frozen birds (English sparrows, grackles, starlings and red-winged blackbirds) were thawed, tagged, and placed around the tower (10 on 29 May and 25 on 30 May). Because the distribution of mortalities around the tower was n.ot random, the placing of specimens was representative of the observed pattern. Most were placed on the cement floor in the NE quadrant. the site was checked for the next four days by the same procedure used previously for mortality recovery. Results and Discussion Only 23% of the dead birds placed beneath and around the coeling tower were not recovered during subsequent checks (Table 7). Several factors could have con-tributed to the reduced le ss, as compared with the 62% loss during the fall of 1973. By spring the area around the base of the tower had been wholly cleared and sloped, a road constructed that circled the base, and a fence erected around the water inlet.
'Se fence probably made some areas inaccessible to scavengers, and the landscaping l
- . _ _ . - . - . - - . .= _ _ . - _ =- _ . . . . - _ _ _ _ . ._ - -- -
7 reduced cover for them. Scavenger populations probably were larger in the fall,
, since young born in the spring were now feeding indep'endently as young adults.
(The mark and release trapping program initiated in the study area to the south-east should provide additional information on scavenger :opulations.)
! These results suggest that the nortality estimates reported for Spring of l 1974 might be increased by 23%. Again the northerly quadrats sustained the greater 1
loss. This appears related to the proximity to suitable habitat ar.d perhaps ob-struction of movements by the newly-erected fence.
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4 Table 7. Results by quadrant of the removal of dead birds by scavengers, Sprin9 1974 (10 dead birds placed out 5/29 p.m. and 25 dead biras 5/30 p.m.) Time bird Total recorded missing I II III IV Taken 5/30 0812-0831 3 0 0 0 3 ! 5/30 1815-1936 0 0 0 0 0 5/31 0732-0806 0 0 0 0 0 5/31 1931-1951 0 0 0 1 1 6 /1 1011-1051 4 0 0 0 4 6/2 0845-0910 0 0 0 0 0 total taken 7 0 0 1 8 1 total placed out 20 8 4 3 35
\ ! % taken 35 0 0 33 23 l
1 4 s l l l
4 , Bowling Green state University Environrnental Studies Bowhng Creen. Ohio 43403
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*spl _, e- December 27, 1973 MEMORANDUM i
TO: Toledo Edison FROM: William B. Jackson
SUBJECT:
Semi-Annual Report, Davis-Besse Terrestrial Monitoring Contract, December 1973. During the initial months of the contract baseline surveys, establishment of study sites, and the planning for instrument placement occurred. These prog-ress reports represent initial data 5wanaries and plans for observations as soon as the weather moderates. The monitoring at the facility site will be focused in the N.E. corner of , the property. This represents relatively undisturbed beach habitat and
. appears to be the area least likely to be disturbed in the future.
' Reference sites with comparable habitat and vegetation have been difficult to find. The best site appears to be a snall p1rtion on the east side of Darby Marsh. Direct and free access thus far has not been possible, but ~
some preliminary surveys have been accomplished. Because the Darby Marsh site will be downwind from the cooling towers an a estimated 20% of the time during the winter and 15% during the summer, its 1 location was not considered wholly suitable. Consequently, some observa-l tions also will be made on Little Cedar Point at the Ottawa Refuge, where d the site will not be influenced by the cooling tower plume. This report consists of the following sections: ! A Designation and mapping of plant connunities.
- B Soil environment monitoring.
C Terrestrial animal populations. D Atmospheric environment.
- In the annual report (June 1974) a full discussion and description will be
- presented relative to each of the sites, the equipment and methods used
; for each series of observations, the baseline data, and the basis for evalu-ating environmental changes. .
Previously, or in separate reports, surveys of the flora have been detailed lists of amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals observed have been pre-sented, and observations relative to migrating birds have been described. A separate evaluation of meteorological variables also is being presented. t kd
- cc
- Ted Gottshall i
l
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sowling creen state university Envenmen 5 u,d es SV' SEf1I-AtitlUAL REPORT, DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL M0:lITORIllG C0tlTRACT, DECE!!BER 1973 A. Desinnation and 11anoina of Plant Comunities Ernest S. Hamilton Department of Biology Bowling Green State University 0 Investigation of the terrestrial plant communities was initiated in August 1973. The initial area to be studied was the fl.E. corner of the site, bounded by Lake Erie to the north, Toussant Creek to the east, the disturbed area where buildings were removed to the west, and the service road to the south. In this area the following methods were employed.
- 1. Air photo enlargenents with a scale of approxinately 1 in = 225 ft were obtained and used as field naps.
- 2. In order to establish the major tree cocmunities in the area, all individual species over 1 in DBH were measured and located on these enlarced aerial photos.
- 3. Intensive reconnaissance and correlation of the vegetation with the air photos resulted in recognition of 15 distinct community types.
- 4. Of these comunities, 5 were extensive enouch and appeared important enough to justify initial quantitative studies. These cormunities were: Cottonwood, Hackberry, Dogwood-Sumac-Grape, Jewelweed, and Low Beach.
- 5. In these communities pernanent belt transects were undertaken, and 10 x 10!! quadrats were structured over the path of the transect. The following calculations made, where appropriate:
DEflSITY - represents the average number of individuals of a species per quadrat FREQUEllCY - represents the percent of quadrats in which a species occurs D0t1IflAtlCE - represents the average basal area of a species per quadrat
2 i COVER - represents the average percent of ground area covered by a species. In addition, relative values for each of the above parameters were calculated. These values represent a means of equating one species against the total number of species present in any given layer of a comunity. For example, relative frequency would be calculated as follows: Relative frequency = F{equency of Species f X 100 of Species A total trequencies or all species
- a. Tree Conmunities (Cottonwood, Hackberry) 10 x 10M cuadrats: all individuals over 1 in DBH were measured and diameters recoeded by species. All indi-I viduals under 1 in DBH and over 10 ft in height were counted and recorded by species. From this information l '
density, frequency and dominance and the relative values for these parameters were calculated. 4 x 4M ouadrats: all saplings (individuals between 2 and 10 f t in height) and all shrubs species were counted and i' recorded by species. From this information density and frequency and the relative values for these parameters were calculated. 1/2 x 2M cuadrats: all seedlings and herbaceous species were counted and percent cover for each was determined. From this information density, frequency and cover and the 4 relative values for these parameters were calculated,
- b. Shrub Comunities (Dogwood + Sumac-Grape) 4 x 4M and 1/2 x 2t1 quadrats were employed and calculations were as above, i
- c. Herbaceous Communities (Jewelweed, Low Beach) 1/2 x 2M auadrats were enployed and calculation were as above.
- 6. Importance values for all species in all layers were calculated as follows:
10 x 10M auadrats - relative density, dominance, and frequency were summed and the total divided by three. 4 x 4ft auadrats - relative density and frequency were summed , and the total divided by two. 1/2 x 2M cuadrats - relative density, frequency and cover were sumred and the total divided by three. Thus, these importance values _ are comparable in all the vegetational
l 1 3 1 1
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i layers samples, with a maximum importance value in any one layer being equal to 100. These values are extremely useful as they represent a combination of distinct vegetational parameters and thus more closely indicate the true relationships of species to each other in a community. The remaining area between the lake and the marsh was subsequently mapped during early September,1973. Seven additional arborescent conmunities were recognized and will be quantitatively studied by these same methods enumera-ted above. The initial quantitative data obtained from the five communities previous-ly indicated is found in the following tables. These data express the im-portance of each species in total connunity composition at the time of sampling in late August,1973. Each community type has been characterized by one or more dominant species or by its physiognomy. In order to obtain a broad representation of the Low Beach Community it was necessary to sample two communities that varied somewhat in degree of species diversity and exposure in relationship to direct wave action of Lake Erie. Thus, Low Beach community I was located on the eastern-most side of the sampling area and was relatively well protected fran direct wave action. In addition it was somewhat influenced by a protective border of dogwood, sumac, willow, and a few large cottonwood trees. Low Beach Conmunity II, qn the other hand, has a more NE lake exposure and lacks protection of larger trees. Thus, although both areas are influenced by wave and wind action, the degree of disturbance is at last partially reflected in the differences in species diversity in these two areas, with low Beach Community I exhibiting a larger number of species. Both communities can be characterized as being dominated by herbaceous species with invading vine species being of secondary importance. The Jewelweed Communities appear to represent areas recently disturbed l _ . ~ .
4 g by nan. These areas are located behind and somewhat below the main storm beaches and are well protected by a fringe of dogwood, sumac, and grape. These communities are characterized by a dense growth of the succulent Imoatiens biflora (jewelweed) with Saponaria officinalis (bouncing bet) the other major species. Together these two species make up approximately two-thirds of the total importance values of the entire comunity. The large number of individuals of these two species and the de.nse shade produced obviously limits invasion of other species into this area. Although the data do not indicate any rapid successional change, observation of other areas within the plant . site suggest a gradual shift to a dogwood, sumac, grape-type of community. The Dogwood-Sumac-Grape Community represents a relatively closed com-munity resulting from the dense shade produced by the dogwood component. l Reproductive data indicate that sumac will be eliminated in the relatively l l near future, while grape will increase in importance. As grape tends to cover the top of the dogwood canopy, it is conceivable that in time the dog-wood will be reduced in inportance. The two tree comunities recognized represent more advanced stages of plant succession. Of these, the Cottonwood Corununity appears to be the younger conmunity and apparently occurs in somewhat wetter areas. This is further substantiated by a relatively dense willow understory and the presence. of sycamore as the other major canopy species. It is interesting to note that the najor species are not reproducing. Rather, the only potential canopy species is hackberry. The Hackberry Community appears to represent the most advanced arbor-escent connunity sampled in tenns of longevity, competition, and reproduction. Hackberry is characteristically associated with a somewhat xeric and cal-careous substrata and in such situations will outcompete the so-called climax sugar maple. Although Prunus is evident in the Cottonwood Comunity, it
5 i t (' only becomes a major species in the sapling and understory layer of the Hackberry Community. It is a s,pecies that cones in relatively early in succession and persists until the very late stages of succession. As more quantitative data are gathered for the overall site, more con-crete statements can be enumerated as to the role of each species in the
, overall successional pattern of the area. These data will be correlated with the edaphic and physical data being collected to provide a more complete ve-1 getational picture.
The twenty-one community types which have been recognized and mapped represent one assessment of the combinations of plant species now present in the study area. These communities were napped directly on the aerial photos, transferred to overlays, and then designated by pattern variation. As quan-titative data area obtained, it is reasonable to suppose that the boundaries I of these com7 unities may change or that even community types may eventually be given different designations. Spring and early summer flora have not been 4 l characterized either. Thus, although the map expresses boundaries, they are i by no means final at this point. i L i I
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E E t T5 Ot Tt RO ME a: "s sa ja =E %D ks n e. o c: n r:r. : t? sd yij g *g g .6 a: n Q% 7g gg a: ru a: o s> Saponarin officinnlis 47.22 100.00 31.33 65.48 14.29 33.34 37.70 65.q7 19.57 44.03 43,21 Solidsco elongste 8.33 66.66 ?4.88 11.56 9.52 26.48 15.u5 11.64 13.04 35.00 19,89 fin 111otun alba 13.55 100.00 7.00 18.80 14.?) 7.45 13.51 18.94 19.57 9.85 16.19 Convovulun ecolum 83.88 6.11 1?.70 6.50 6.40 - 17.31 8.59 8.66 Cheno,odima album 1.?? 33.33 0.44 1.67 4.76 0.47 ?.11 1.71 6.52 0.6? ?.95 f414 t er ro lunulina 0.55 33.33 0.?? O.77 4.76 0.?) 1.92 0.78 6.52 0.31 ?.54 Phytolncen americans 0.33 33.33 0.?? O.46 4.76 0.93 1.87 0.47 6.5? 0. 31 ?.43 Crano np ??.2? 0.33 3.17 0.35 1.18 4.35 0.46 1.60 Verbancum th e nnu n 0.11 11.11 0.?? 0.15 1.59 0.23 0.66 0.16 ?.17 0. 31 0,88 roinnu:n dulcomern 0.11 11.11 0.?? 0.15 1.51 0.?3 0.66 0.16 ?.17 0. 31 0.83 Teucrium canndrnne 0.11 11.11 0.11 0.15 1 59 0.1? 0.67. 0.16 2.17 0.l? 0.8? Vitin riperia 66.66 14.44 9.52 15.37 U.30 35.?1 63.11 3?.80 Parth(nocinnun riuinnuefolia 100.00 8.2? 14.79 8.75 7.68 5?.94 35. 3 ? .6? Ithun typhina 0.44 11.11 0.11 0.67 1.53 0.1? 0.78 80.00 5. 8 '3 0.48 ?8.79 Gleditnin trienn thon 0.11 11.11 0.11 0.15 1.5) 0.12 0.62 3
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] sowling can state univmity agameagi,5t;djg mC7 Semi-Annual Report, Davis-Besse Terrestrial Monitoring Contract, December 1973 B. Soil Environment Monitoring, Reactor Site Arthur G. Limbird Department of Geography The soil environment serves as a link between the atmosphere and the vegeta-tion of the study sites. Changes in soil temperature, soil moisture, soil chem-1stry, and soil texture can be the result of changes in atmospheric conditions and, in turn, can be significant enough to result in alterations in flora and fauna.
In each study site soil conditions are to be monitored on a continual basis. Moni- / toring involves both the use of instruments to keep a continuous record of soil temperature and soil moisture and quarterly samples of the soil to record changes in soil chemistry, soil texture, and other soil features. Initial Investioations Basic to setting up instruments and sampling soils in detail was the need to take samples of soils within the boundaries of the designated site area on the Davis-Besse Power Plant property. These random samples were +aken to gain a general under-standing of the variety of soils over the area. Previous to the sampling work, the site area had been described as beach sand (Ottawa County Soil Survey). The group of samples were taken with a bucket auger having 3.5 inch diameter. The auger was able to reach to a depth of about 5.5 feet (1.7 meters). These samples helped explain the distribution of plant comunities across the site area and demonstrated that soil differences and variations in plant communities
B-2 r^ were related. It will take more complete soil sampling and soil mapping in the spring of 1974 to verify this point, but the preliminary soil sampling shows that important changes in plant ComJnities exist Where apparent changes in soil tex-ture and depth to ground water exist. Variations in organic matter in soils seem to coincide with vegetation changes also. However, laboratory tests were not con-ducted on the soil samples to detemine exact organic matter content. The described content is a relative one based on the experience of this investigator in sampling i soils. The results of the soil samples taken are briefly described below: ( 9
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2 LOW BEACH AREA #1 Depth in inches Terture Color Other Features ( approximate) (approximate) 0-8" Medium Sand Brownish grey little or no organic matter (o.m.) 8-14" Coarse Sand 3romish grey " 14-18" Coarse Sand. Very dark grey relatively high o.m. 18-24" Coarse Sand & grey lenses of o.m. Pebbles 24-36" Medium Sand grey lenses of o.m. 36-48" Fine sand and grey concentration of roots silt in finer silt LOW BEACH AREA #2 0-10" Coarse sand & Grey brown little o.m. some pebbles { 10-16" Coarse sand & Grey brown lenses of o.m. some pebbles 16-20" Medium to coarse very dark grey roots sand 20-44" Coarse sand & grey little o.m. few roots pebbles 44" + Silt, fine sand dark grey increase in o.m. and concentration of roots HACEBERRY AREA #1 15-14" mat of roots and decaying o.m. 14-0" very fine pov- yellowish grey very little o.m. dery sand ( overwash) 0-12" Fine Sand yellowish brom low o.a. Ag 12-18" Loamy sand Brown to dark o.m. and roots brom 18-48" Fine to medium Light brown one or two small lenses fine sand of fine sand and o.m. more roots 48-60+" Coarse sand Brownish grey moist .
3 HACKBEERY AREA #2 Depth in inches Terture Color Other Features ( approximate) ( approximate) 16-15" mat of o.m., twigs, leaves, etc. 15-12" roots and higher o.m. than below 12-O" very fine sand pale yelloviah low o.m. ( overwash) grey 0-48" fine sand light yellowish lov o.m. grey 48+" fine sand & yellowish grey coarser than 0-48" medium fine sand about $4" roots and some o.a. I DOGh' COD-SUMAC 1REA IS-O" medium to light yellow overwash , coarse sand ' Ay 0-6" loamy sand dark to very rich in o.m. dark brown 6-20" loamy coarse orangish brom still fairly high o.m. sand 20-32" coarse sand Brom roots and some o.m. 32+" coarse sand, grey brom lov o.m. gravel, and pebbles about 36" lense of finer medium to fine sand and silt about at water table-darker color--higher o.m. abou't 52" lense of medium to fine sand COT"02.~riOOD 'n'ILL0k' AREA 8-O" Coarse sand very light brown overvash 1 3 0-4" very fine sandy brom medium o.m. loam 4-12" fine sandy loam light brom limestone cobbles and pebbles (Unable to dig deeper) l N _.. , , - - - ~ _ ,
4 JEYELVEED AREA Depth in inches Terture Color Other Features ( approximate) Ay 0-6" loamy sand brown fairly high o.m. A 2 6-8" sand very light yellow tleached color, very low c.c. 8-22" medium to , grey brown low o.m. coarse sand 22-30" coarse sand brownish grey 30-33" coarse sand dark b mwnish some c m. and root grey concentration (just about water table 33-54"+ coarse sand grey low o.m., lenses have
& medium to fine sand in lenses-very dark grey higher o.m. and root t tion HACKBERRY-BOI ELDER AREA (near Hackberry tree)
Ay 0-8" sandy loam or nearly black very high c.m. content ( loamy sand A 2 8-11" 1 any sand very dark still high o.m., moist grey brown 11-48" coarse sand light brown very low o.m., moist to we t 48+" silt dark brown appears to be lacustrine shallow water material HACKBERRY-BOI ELDER AREA (near Boz Elder) Ay 0-6" loamy sand dark brown high o.m., many roots A 2 6-8" loamy sand dark greyish some o.m. brown 8-16" medium sand brown very lov o.m. 16-26" coarse sand dark bluish definite reduction i grey , 26-30" medium sand medium to dark j grey 30-34" medium sand light yellowish brown 34+" silt and very greyish brown silt darker than sand fine sand s_
5 HACKBERRY-BOX ELLER ARIA (between large Hackberry and 1srge Box Elder) Depth in inches Texture Color Other Features ( approximate) ( approximate) Ag 0-10" loamy sand dark brown high o.m., dry and pow-dery, many roots Abrupt Boundary 10-22" coarse sand brown low o.m. 22-25" coarse sand grey brown moist 25-45" very coarse brownish grey grey and orange co ttles, sand many shells, wet, smell some finer bands of medium sand-grey brown f reduction 45-46" concentration of shells 46+" silt to very brownish grey faint orange brown mottles fine sand HACKBERRY-C0FFEE AREA Ay 0-7" loamy fine medium to moderate o.m., many ( sand dark brown roots 7-12" fine sand light brown lower o.m. 12-16" very coarse light brown low o.m. sand 16-24" medium sand light brown 24-54"+ coarse sand brownish grey to grey with depth water table at 46", very dry and powdery to 40" GRAPE-VIRGINIA CREEPER 0-10" loamy sand medium brown moderate o.m., dry powdery, many roots 10-14" medium sand very light brown 14-35" medium to moder- light brown dry ately coarse sand 35-40" medium sand bands of dark grey and light brown
6 ( GRAPS-VIRGINIA CREEPER (continued) Depth in inches Ter ture Color Other Featurer ( approximate) ( appronmate) 40-44" coarse to very medium brown moist, pebbles coarse sand 44-60+" medium sand lighter grey- so=e pebbles brown than above water at about $6" HACK 3ERRY-ASH AREA (near 2 Ash and 3 Hackberry) Ay 0-8" loamy coarse dark brown moderately high o.m. sand 8-14" coarse sand medium to fair o.m. , dry and dark brom powdery 14-17" very coarse brown low o.m. sand 17-22" loamy coarse very dark grey (possibly higher o.m., wand to nearly black buried Ay?) 22-28" very coarse dark greyish moist sand to coarse brown sand 28+" medium to coarse greyish brown moist sand bands of coarse to very coarse sand-greyish brown, smaller lenses of dark grey moderately coarse sand water at 40" HACKBERRY, ASH, LOCUST AREA O-6" loamy sand dark brown moderate o.m., very d:7 6-8" medium sand brovnich grey fairly lov o.m., dry j 8-18" medium sand light brown dry 18-24" coarse sand to medium brown mixture of pebbles and very coarse sand shells with sand 24-28" very coarse sand greyish brown slightly moist 28-36" very coarse brown moist sand and gravel small lenses of finer silt and fine sane-very dark grey or brownish gray l l g - , _ . _ - - y
7 HACKBERRY, ASE, LOCUST AREA ( continued) Depth in inchee Ter ture Color Other Features ( Approximate) ( approziaate) 36-40" silt dark grey brom at water table 40+" very coarse bron mixed with pebbles sand D00k'00D-SUMAC-ORAPE AREA Ay 4 6" fine sand dad gny moderate o.a. A 2 6-7" fine sand medium bromish low o.m. grey 7-10" medium sand grey brom very little o.m. 10-12" medium sand dark greyish higher o.m., buried brown surface? 12-18" medium sand grey brom 18-37" moderately grey brom more moist than above coarse sand and moister with ( grading to depth coarse with pebbles 37-60+" very coarse grey brown very moist sand and gravel water at 52" depth l
l B-8 7 Monitoring locations. Based ca the initial general soil samples and on the mapping of plant com-munities by Dr. Hamilton and his a:;sistants, locations for continuous monitoring I nave been established. Soil sampling and instrumental monitoring are to coincide with five of the quadrats set up to neasure changes in the respective plant com-munities. One of the communities will have instruments installed for continual recording of data. The other communities will have sensing elements installed so that weekly records can be taken using portable equipment. The following sites have been chosen for soil monitoring: the jewelweed community quadrat, the hackberry- ! asn community quadrat, the cottonwood connunity quadrat, the hackberry-boxelder community quac.2 ', and the dogwood-grape community quadrat. It is felt tnat these five communities give a representative cross section of the variety of vegetation in the study area and a representation of variations in soil profiles and soil characteristics. Soil sampling. Detailed soil samples will be taken eve'/ three months at each of the five quadrat locat4ns and at conparable control locations off the Davis-Besse Plant property. The three month intervals are designed to coincide with the seasons of the year. The first detailed sampling and analysis is scheduled for later this month (December,1973), the next will be in fiarch,1974, then June,1974, and .then September, 1974. Samples taken at these times and chemical and mechanical analyses of these samples will show how much variation can be expected in the measured para-meters on a seasonal basis and how much variation can be explained by seasonal changes. Soil sampling points will be located on each of the four sides of every quadrat and at 5, 20, 50, and 100 cn depth. Thus, each quadrat will have four m
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B-9 sampling points with samples taken from four depths. This number of samples was ! decioed upon based on recommerdation's of the Soil Conservation Service and the Cooperative Extension Service. The sampling depths were decided on based upon' recommendations of the Commission for Climatology and the Commission for Agri-cultural Meteorology for observing soil temperature. Soil samples will be taken and analyzed from depths which will correspond to the levels of instrumental mon-itoring of soil moisture and soil temperature. Each soil sample taken from the four sides of the quadrat and from the four depths at the sampling points will be placed in a separate plastic bag and sub-jected separately to chemical and mechanical analyses. The results of the anal-yses on all the samples for a given quadrat will demonstrate any variaticns that occur with depth in the soil profile and also laterally within the individual plant community. The same procedure will be followed for each of the five moni-I toring locations. It is expected that the analyses will show significant varia-tions in soil features trem one plant community (quadrat) to another at similar depths and no significant variations in soil features from one sampling point to another for the same quadrat at similar depths. In other words, the soil varia-tions between plant communities should be greater than the soil variations within each plant community. Analyses of the soil samples will produce information on the chemical and physical components of the various soils at the monitoring locations. The ini-tial analysis is mechanicar to deternine' the percentage of the sample in various size classes. The mechanical analysis separates the soil sample into coarse, medium, fine, and very fine sand, silt, and clay fractions. Implications rela-tive to moisture holding capacity and nutrient availability can be nade based on the nechanical analysis, r __ ~ ._ _ _______ ._ . . _ . . _ _ _ . .
B-10 i
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( The chemical analysis of the soil samples will detemine the organic matter content, the pH, the cation exchange capacity, the percent base saturation, the phosphorus co.. tent, the potassium content, and contents of significant salts and micronutrients IAn a .iempt will be made to measure the salts coming from the cool-ing tower which are deposited on the soil surface.). These measured factors are cxpected to vary with depth at each sampling point and from one plant cocrnunity to another. The variations with depth can be utilized to explain the source of plant needs and the locations where needs are lacking. The variations from one community to another can be utilized to help explain the differences among the plant comunities. Changes in these chemical factors over time can help explain any changes that occur in each given plant community. Instruments and Instrument Setup Instruments are needed to record soil temperature and soil moisture. Both the magnitude and time span of changes in both temperatures and moisture are im-portant to understanding plant responses and changes in the plant communities. If significant long range changes do occur in soil temperature or in soil mois-ture, tHe must be docu11ented so that plant variations can be correlated with such changes. Continuous measurement and recording of temperatures and moisture are required so that regular cycles of variation of these two factors can be ob-served and so that any deviation from such regular cycles can be more clearly 1 indicated as well. Instruments which are capabic of producing the necessary data have been ac-quired. Two remote recording three point themographs will be installed, one on the Davis-Besse site and one at the control site. These thernographs are designed to record temperatures continuously on a revolving drum chart. Temperatures can be obtained at three different deeds using the temperature sensors, which are encased in stainless steel for protection. The probes are connected to the 1
B-ll recorder by capillaries, and compensation is made for temperature changes between the recorder and the probes. The themograph has an accuracy of + 0.20 C, which is well within the allowable range of error for this study. The probes will be placed at 10, 20, and 50 centimeters. This will allow for observing daily as well as seasonal ranges in temperature. It is expected that daily ranges in tempera-ture as well as seasonal ranges will be higher near the surface. The range of temperatures rapidly decreases with depth, so that it approaches 10 F at about 50 centimeters. Thus, it is felt that observations at greater depths would not be as significant as those nearer the surface. The themograph will be pemanently installed in one of the five monitoring locations. In order to correlate soil temperature changes at the monitoring location using the themograph with soil temperature changes at the four other monitoring locations, soil themometers will be used. Weekly soil temperatures will be taken at the ten, twenty, and fifty centimeter depths within the four quadrats. These temperatures will be read at the same time of day each week and correlated with the themograph temperatures for the same time. Stainless steel cased themom-eters with a temperature range of 00 to 120 F have been acquired for this purpose. The measurement of soil moisture is critical. A change in moisture, either an increase or decrease, can detemine if a particular plant species can survive. Much effort has been expended by researchers over the past fifty years or more to develop a system which can continuously measure chages in soil moisture content at a single sampling point. Variations occur in soil moisture with depth. Pre-cipitation moves downward and outward as it percolates through the soil. . Capillary action can move water upward through the soil to some extent as well. One method of measuring soil moisture concentrates on the available moisture within the soil and thus relates directly to the water which plants can utilize. Moisture availability is critical to plants, especially in sand soils such as those u t---yw 4
B-12 at the Davis-Besse site because water holding capacity is low for these soils. Some trees and other plants can withstand wide ranges of moisture availability, some plants demand very little moisture, while still other plants demand large quantities of moisture. A soil moisture meter and plaster of paris blocks have been acquired to meas-ure the available moisture in the five monitored quadrats. Each plaster of paris block has stainless steel screen electrodes inbedded in it and is used as an elec-trical unit to measure the available moisture in the soils under field conditions. The block is moisture absorbent and measures moisture as a function of electrical resistance. The block also measures soil moisture tension, since the relation be-tween soil and water is one of energy. The most important moisture range is from field capacity (0.3 atmospheres of pressure) to the wilting point of plants (16 atmospheres of pressure). ( The moisture meter, an alternating current impedance meter, is used to read the percentage of available water in the soil and the corresponding electrical resistance. The meter and block system is able to detect movements of moisture and moisture changes in field soils even if the soils are varied in texture. Other methods require sampling of soils or give faulty results in field measurements. The block method is capable of accuracy to within i 1% of total soil moisture. The plaster of paris blocks will be buried at 10, 20, and 50 cm depths at each of the five monitored quadrats on the Davis-Besse site and at corresponding quadrats off the Davis-Besse property at the control site. The portable moisture aeter will be used to measure the available moisture content of these monitored locations and depths on a weekly basis. The moisture contents will be measured and recorded at the same time of day as temperature measurements and recordings, so all quadrats and measured factors can be correlated. \ l
B-13 Instruments will be placed in a standard weather shelter for protection from wind, rain, and cold and from vandalism. The placement of the above discusseo instruments will coincide with the setting up of the weather shelter and placement i
; of meteorological equipment in the shelter by Dr. Frey and his assistants. Hope-fully, this will be accomplished in early spring of 1974.
i j f 2 4 2 _ . - - - . . ... . - , , - _ , , - . - . . , _ _ . - - . . . . - , , _ . . - , , - _ . ~ _ , . . _ . _ . , , - . . . . . . . , _ . , ,__ _ . . _ ,
WEB C'een State University goy,ronmental studies Bowling Green, Ohio 43403 Semi-Annual Report, Davis-Besse Terrestrial Monitoring Contract December 1973 C. Terrestrial Animal Populations at the Reactor Site Stephen H. Vessey Department of Biology o A preliminary kill-trapping survey of small mammals was conducted over the entire study area in November and December. Traps were placed at 10-15 M inter-vals; the trap line ran in a north-northwest direction. In a total'of 255 trap nights, 21 white-footed mice (Peromyscus _leucopus) were captured (Table 1). g Best success was in the densely forested boxelder-hackberry communities (Table 2). Fewest mice were captured along the beach area where is little cover and much dis-turbance due to road construction. A pemanent live-trapping grid will be set up in the spring in the boxelder-hackberry comunity, using the same stations to be monitored for vegetation and microclimate. In addition to small Sherman live-traps, we will use larger traps suitable for capturing opossums, woodchucks, raccoons, squirrels, skunks, and rab-bits. Larger mamals will be anesthetized with Ketaset. All animals will be checked for reproductive condition, individually marked, and released. The grid will be operated for two weeks in the spring and fall each year. Data on popula-tion size, movements, and reproductive condition will be anclyzed by computer, using programs by Krebs and Gardner. A winter bird count will be conducted over the entire study area during a two-
/
day period in January. At several other times, winter bird populations will be
\
assessed as well. l
C-2 Several trips will be made this winter af ter snowfalls to estimate relative { numbers of mamal tracks. Prelimina'ry indications are that the area supports a substantial deer population as well as opossun and woodchuck. Similar procedures will be initiated in the second study area (Darby Marsh) in the spring after vegetation mapping is complete. d j l(
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C-3 i r Table 1. Results of kill-trapping at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Reactor study area, Fall 1973. Trap spacing 10 M. Line A inland, Line B along the shore. All captures were peromyscus leucopus. Mice caught
- Traps Traps Effective Mice per effective Line Date set sprung trap nights caught trap night A 16 Nov. 144 41 123.5 20 0,16 B 8 Dec. 111 16 103.0 1 0.01 Table 2.
Vegetation Communities listed in decreasing order or trap success. ( Line A
- 1. Boxelder-Hackberry, dense forest (highest mouse population)
- 2. Hackberry-Ash, some grass and open space.
- 3. Ash-Willow, edge of marsh *
- 4. Hackberry, small, open area Line B
- 1. Willow trolar, disturbed by road cut (one mouse)
- 2. Sumac-Gcidenrod, disturbed by road cut-(no mice) s i
9 w - - - - - - y 9 yw -_ -- -
f ( ] Bowling Green State University Enuronmental studies Bowkng Green Ohio 43403 WV SElil-A*INUAL REPORT, DAVIS-BESSE TERRESTRIAL f40NITORING CONTRACT, DECEf1BER 1973 D. Atmosoheric Environment Glen R. Frey Departnent of Geography Bowling Green State University Introduction Background. The cooling tower will dissipate nearly all of the waste heat from the power station directly into the atmosphere. This extremely large transfer of heat will be in the form of water vapor and warm air. Because of the high rate of discharge from a small area, condensation is likely to occur and pro-duce a visible vapor plume. Since the moist air is released at considerable heights adverse effects, such as increased incidence of ground level fog, icing conditions, increased cloudiness, or increased precipitation dounwind, are not expected to occur. However, detailed investigations should be made, because this is one of the first natural-draft cooling towers to be operated on the shores of the Great Lakes; and there is no closely related experience on which to base predictions. In addition theoretical approaches to the complex situa-tions involved are not yet adequate to pemit accurate predictions. i Aside from the possible irmiediate meteorological consequences are the slower long-term effects caused by the vapor plume that will greatly influence the terrestrial comunities. The obstruction of sunshine by a visible plume a an obvious consequence. However, the more basic changes in the natural radiative heat transfers, evaporation, surface temperatures, and humidity,
,- caused by the influence of the visible and invisible plume must be cbnsidered.
Purpose of Investigation. The goal of this atmospheric environmental investiga- , i l l - t ._ - . - - _ _ - .-. _ .- -_ __ -- --_
2 ( tion is twofold: first, to provide data .nd data summaries to other investigators and, secondly, to determine the degree of climatic change attributable directly to the tower. Both of these must be done in a setting of constant climatic fluctuations caused by natural phenomena. The problem is to set up a meteorological monitoring procedure that will take into consideration the highly varying normal conditions. The conditions that are nost ideal for neasurement of long-term climatic fluctuations would not
~
be best for the investigation of local atmospheric elements that directly af-fect the terrestrial environment. Thus intermediate conditions must be found ! where statistical comparisons can be made both through time and between different areas near the tower. With the basis of the investigation founded in the varia-bility of statistical interrelationships, a more positive statement can be made on cooling tower effects than if conclusions were based just on individual bits ( of data. Instrumentation The general selection of sites,'the placement of instruments, and the equip-ment selected depend on the ultimate use of the information. While there are some specific purposes to be fulfilled, the underlying objective aust be to provide a general data base. This will eventually answer most questions on the disposition and effects of heat and water emitted by the c .ing tower. Sites. The initial criteria is to provide background data for each of the two principal sites of biological investigation. Because of the high var,iability 1 of plant communities within the principal area, the best plant comunity (from the standpoint of meteorological representation) will be chosen in the placement of continuous recording equipment. From this point of reference individual
.' non-continuous atmospheric measurements will be made ir various biological en-vironments under different synoptic weather conditions. The exact > also
l
; 3 i
I l( depends on the availability of power, continuous and relatively easy accessi-4 bility, and instrument safety, i Each of the two biologically oriented field sites nust be correlated 'with f a general point of reference. This reference instrumentation site should be in conjunction with the etemlogical tower. Since the tower infomation is monitored at different levels and the atmospheric environment instruments are in a standard shelter, the data provided by each will complement one another, j Placement. The placement of the equipment has been delayed for several reasons, j First, not all the instruments have been received fron the manufactu er. From
) past experience there is generclly a period of two to three months from date of i
j order before receipt of such equipment. In addition there is some factory j calibration which could delay receipt even longer. The equipment that has been l
, received is currently undergoing comparative calibration in the university
]('. neteorology lab. Secondly, because of the planned addition of extra generating facilities and the novement of tihe current nicro-meteorological tower, the exact site of the basic reference location is 3:ill in question. If the location is outside of the closely supervised area (as tentatively planned now near the barn on the farmed area) an enclosure fence will be needed. ! Third, the off-site biological comparison area is not conpletely surveyed. t Also, easy access ard instrument security does not seem to be a reality. Since i the biological comparison area at Darby Marsh, approximately 10 miles downwind,
. ot free from the influence of the cooling tower, a second off-site clima-tological station should be established 1800 from the first and approximately the same distance away. -
Eauipment The type and placement of the atmospheric environment equipment is illus-
.n..._,-- ,-- . . , - . , , , . _ . , - - . - , . . , _ , , ~ _ _ . _ _ , . . . . . . . _ _ . . . . _ _ . . , _ _ , . _ . , - - , , , . , . . . - , , . . . . . , . . _ . - - - . _ _ _ , -
4
! strated in the attached table.
Instrument Shelter. The design' complies with the U. S. Weather Bureau " cotton-region type" shelter specifications. Wooden legs support the shelter so the bottom of the box is 48" above the ground. It is the standard shelter for themometers, hygrothermographs, and similar meteorological instruments re-quiring protection from direct exposure to the sun, wind, and precipi.tation. JJet Radiation System. The Thornthwaite system is designed for research in the field. Research on the climate actually experienced by plant and animal popu-lations centers on the energy balance of the soil-air-plant system. The net radiation, the difference at the surface between the incoming short-wave and outgoing long-wave portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, must equal the energy involved in heating the soil and plants, in evapotranspiration, and in heating the air. Knowledge of the net radiation pemits a better under-standing of all of the processes of energy transfomation and transfer at the surface, processes which can come under the direct control of man. _Pyranometer System. It is used for a continuous detemination of sun and sky short-wave radiation energy from the sun. The model incorporates the silicon photovoltic cell as a sensor. The instrument shows the total radiation in cal / cm2 min. recorded in millivolts on a galvanometric recorder. The total incom-ing short wave solar radiation (pyranometer measurements) received by the earth is one-half of the natural energy environnent. By measurement of net radiation and incoming short wave, the heat energy (long wave) can be aetemined indirectly. The total incoming short wave energy received at the earth's surface is res-ponsible for the growth of vegetation, evaporation of water, and increase of temperature. The amount received is dependent on the composition of the atmos-t- phe.e, especially the amount of water vapor. With vast quantities of wat2r vapor injected into the atmosphere by the cooling tower the continuous deter-mination of sun and sky energy is a necessity.
5 ( Pyrheliometer. It is used for neasuring direct solar radiation at normal inci-dence. It is constructed with a 10 inch collimating tube blackened and baffled { internally, i t complies with the !!orld Meteorological Organization recormien-dations for measuring solar radiation. The total incoming solar radiation is l derived from energy received directly from the sun (pyrheliometer measurements) and indirectly because of scattering by the components of the atmosphere. By detemining the total radiation and one of its tuo component parts, the other can be calculated. The magnitude of the direct radiation varies greatly with , water vapor content, cloudiness, and anale of the sun. The separation between the direct and diffuse radiation has many practical applications. It is essen-tial for precisely determining the heat load on an object. In the b'iosphere, diffuse radiation penetrates more deeply than the direct solar beam. The re-fore, the ecological significance of such neasurements are evident. ( Hygrothemograph. Air temperature and relative hunidity are simultaneously recorded on the samt chart. Temperature is measured by means of a curved bi-metallic strip, one end of which is attached to the instrument case through a pivot mechanism. The other end of the bimetallic strip is attached to the i pen arm by means of a special linkage. Relative hunidity is measured by means of an 8 inch bundle of human hair looped through the pen linkage and attached fimly to the instrument case. Changes in relative humidity cause the hairs to expand or contract, thereby moving the pen-am linkage. A linear scale for humidity is provided by using two opposed quadrants to transmit the motion of the change in length of the hairs. Assman Psychrometer. Controlled aspiration of high resolution wet and dry bulb
, themometers provides accurate and representative measurements. Air is pulled ~
past the bulbs of the thermometer by a spring-driven suction fan at te e rate of approxinately 600 feet per minute. The thermometers are protected fron direct y _-%y,.7._ - , - - - y -,.p ,m- - . y _ -- - v
-%y,_-g - . , # , . ,--,,,__,,.p_7 9y_we, mg r , vgw,m--,-%rwp,w
- 6 4
i solar radiation by highly polished double-walled shields and are insulated to prevent heat transfer from the metal case to the bulbs. Recordina Evaporimeter. This is a compact, portable instrument for continuous-ly recording the accumulated evaporation. The instrunent neasures evaporation by recording the water loss from wetted filter paper. The instrument is cali-brated in millimeters. The recorded total evaporation shows excellen't agreement when compared with data collected from a standard U.S. Weather Bureau evapora-tion pan. Recording linkage may be adjusted to provide correlation with most evapoation instruments. Rain Gace. A compact rain gage with an eleven inch capacity for obtaining weekly totals at each site. Recording Rain Gage. The Friez Recording Rain Gage Model is a complete system (' in itself. It automatically measures and records precipitation in the form of rain, hail, sleet, and snow by a weighing method. The instrument is designed for use in remote areas. It is powered by a spring driven clock mechanism. Analysis The p esent efforts in analysis have been directed towards: 1) developing a method and fomat for analysis of inconing data from the various test sites;
- 2) setting up a water balance with respect to evapotranspiration and precipita-tion; 3) setting up an operational discriminate analysis for duermining a comparison of between site variability.
Data sumary. A program that will provide clinatological summaries for tk various test sites has been developed. The climatological sumary program is based on a fomat that reduces incoming data to daily figures. Once the infor-mation has been entered sumaries and comparisons could be made over any desired ! period of time: weeks, months, seasons, or years. 1 . y-- -w ---r-- g ,--, - - - - - - , - -m,-- ,
, - - --_,,,e- , - - ---- ,- -----~--
7 The computational output of this program consists of arithmetic means, standard deviations at measures of dispersion, maximums, minimums, and in some , instances, frequencies of occurrencs. Data tabulations are for maximum, minimum, and average daily temperature; hours of daylight and actual sunshine; total solar energy and radiation balance; weekly and daily precipitation totals; average deu-point and relative. humidity; and actual evaporation. Water Balance. The Thornthwaite climatic water balance method of computation of potential evapotranspiration from values of air temperature and its use in either daily or nonthly water balance computations has proved to be quite use-ful and a valuable tool for the study of the water balance. The water balance program provides a rational bookkeeping procedure by which many aspects of the 1
, moisture factor in climate can be evaluated. Using either daily or monthly ' '[
data of precipitation and air temperature (which is then converted into values of potential evapotranspiration) it is possible to establish a simple ledger that accounts for all additions to or withdrawals from soil moisture storage at 1 any particular place. Evaluation of this record provides quantitative informa-tion on the amount of excess water available when soil stot age is already at capacity - the water surplus - as well as the amount of water needed by plants for evapotranspiration but not able to be supplied by the soil the water deficit. Discrininate Analysis. The comparison of groups on the basis of all of their elements by the discriminate analysis model is well established in both the physical and social sciences. This procedure directs the computation of a set of linear functions for
.[ . the purpose of classifying the degree of difference between two discrete groups of data. Each group difference is evaluated in terms of an index number. Once i
8 ( this index is established between all sites, conclusior; can be drawn as to the degree of similarity (or amount of variability) either through time or over the Davis-Besse region. s .( f' l 4e
E Q U I P H E il T Atmospheric Environment Davis-Desse Davis-Desse Darby Marsh Element Tower ' Field Biological Calibration Reference Site Biciogical Field Comparison Portable Shelter Science Associate Science Associate Science Associate Instrument Shelter Instrument Shelter Instrument Shelter Energy Thornthwaite iletR Radiation Systen Thornthwaite Indicating NET Radiation
- Science AssociateR Science Associate Indicating Pyranometer Pyranometer Science Associate Pyrheliometer Tenperature- Belfort HygrothermographR Belfort flygrothermographR Belfort Hygrothemograph E Weather Measure Assman llumidity Psychrometer Evaporation lleather Measure R* Weather Measure R* Weather fleasureR*
Evaporineter Evaporineter Evaporineter Precipitation Science Associate Science Associate Science Associate Rain Ga,;e Rain Gage Rain Gage Bendix Recording
- Rain Gage Soil lleather fleasure tleather Measure Tempera ture Three point Themonraph R* Three point ThermographR, R = recording instrument
= instruments received flovember '73
9/_ Bowling Green State University Enronmentat studies Bowkng Green. Ohio 43403 v . Evaluation of Meteoroloaical Variable and Measurements ati the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Williap A. Peterman Department of Geography Bowling Green State University The study of the basic meteorology of the Davis-Besse area has been divided into two major sections: (a) a r,eview of the state of current meteorological knowledge pertaining to the operation of large natural dra't cooling towers and (b) a review of the meteorological data collected at the Dav'is-Besse site. The pur-pose of the investigations is to discover any possible meteorological problems associated with the operation of the nuclear power station and to replace specu-(" . n lation with " truth" wherever possible. The following is the first part of the effort to be covered under section (a). Further reports will consider the effects of lake breezes on the cooling tower plume as well as to probe more deeply into' potential extra-area effects. Work on section (b) has begun, and a report will be issued upon completion. December 1973 ( r <, .
,_..r ._ __ ._. _ _7 , --_ . . _ _ _ . , , . , . _ _ - -_ _y_,_.-r--
Inadvertent Heather Modification and the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Since there has been little experience with the operation of large natural draft cooling towers, it is difficult to speculate on the types and magnitudes of atmospheric changes which may occur due to their operation. The Final Environmental Statement related to the constraction of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station (USAEC,1973) discusses possible atmospheric effects, particularly those relating to ground-level fog and icing, cloud fomation, and increase of precipitation. Bhile knowledge appears to be sufficient to conclude that the fog and icing pro-blems will be minimal, the report concludes that "it is not now possible to pre-dict whether or not cooling tower plumes can cause any increase in rainfall amounts" (USAEC, 1973, pp. 5-10). Since it does not seem possible to predict at present the effects of the b cooling tower operation and since the amounts of heat and moisture introduced into the atmosphere will be considerable, it would, therefore, seem that now is the time to address this problem. Huff (1972) states that "at this time meteorologir+.s have not acquired adequate information to define in quantitative terms the meteorological consequences of the large amounts of heat energy and water vapor that are released into the atmosphere from cooling towers associated with large power plants" and con-cludes that new measurements are needed now, "not in 1980 or 1990 when the problems (whatever they may be) associated with cooling tower effluents will have increased many times with the rapidly increasing demands for electric power." This conclu-sion is particularly relevant in light of the stated plans for two additional nuclear units at the Davis-Besse site and two more nearby in Erie County. Furthemore, should problems or potential problems exist, work needs to begin imediately in developing measures for alleviating where possible any negative en-vironmental effects. Speaking specifically of fogging Lowry (1970) has stated that "the scientific and engineering professions do not now have either the
2 { information or the experience necessary even to begin operation avoidance or re-duction of the fogging problem which we know exists in connection with industrial cooling tower and pond facilities." The purpose of this report is to review the potential meteorological effects resulting from the operation of the Davis-Besse cooling tower. The appropriate meteorology will first be considered, then the possible primary and secondary at-mospheric modifications will be discussed. Finally methods that are currently available for obtaining "first-guess" approximations of inadvertent modification
< will be introduced, and suggestions as to how the methods could be applied will be made.
The Problem of Inadvertent Weather Modification. Although nuclear-fueled power generating plants produce insignificant amounts of gaseous and particulate air pollution, recent designs employing cooling towers [_ t result in considerable quantities of themal pollution being introduced into the atmosphere. The estimated figure for the Davis-Besse operation is 6.2 x 109BTU /hr., which is slightly more than 11 per cent of the total heat produced by ccmbustion processes for the city of St. Louis (average yearly figure, Huf f,1972). In addi-tion 4 x 106 lbs./hr. of vapor and 4 x 102 lbs./hr. of liquid water also will be introduced in the atmosphere. Heat and moisture are, of course, the basic require . ments for the fomation of convective clouds. A large natural draft cooling tower, by design, establishes a localized " hot spot" of wam, moist, rising air. Under most circumstances the rising air, as it cools adiabatically, will rapidly reach saturation; and condensation will occur, resulting in a visible plume or cloud. Under many conditions such as a stable, dry,: windy atmosphere the plume will rapidly mix with the ambient air, and the The amount of vapor plume will dissipate a short distance downwind of the tower. added to the atmosphere is from 1/3 to 1/2 of the "nomal" flux of vapor passing i i
- _ _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , . .1
3
.hrough an area 100 feet wide in the atmosphere. Thus the total additional bur-( den to the atmosphere upon diffusion will not be great. Yet the heat and mois-ture added from the tmver will be highly localized.
Morris and Ulbrich (1973) have observed the development of an isolated cu-mulus tower reaching 23,000 feet in height, which was apparently generated after the outbreak of an intense fire at a zinc smelting plant in Sandoval, Illinois. Taylor et al. (1973) have observed the occurrence of convective activity asso-ciated with a bushfire in Australia. While these events were associated with fires and not cooling towers, they nonetheless denonstrate that localized heat sources can act as triggers of convective activity (Carson,1970). Cloud pro .ics and related weather modification research have recently be-gun to unravel the many interrelated processes which when operating together produce precipitation from any given cloud. Perhaps most significant for the current purpose are two now accepted findings that: (1) the development of pre-I cipitation, particularly in cumulus clouds, is highly dependent upon the abnos-pheric stability and that small inputs (seeding material) can often produce dramatic results under certain stability conditions and that (2) there seems to be some physical or dynamic process that can cause atmospheric perturbations at considerable distances from the original source of disturbance. The height to which any cumulus cloud will grow depends upon the buoyancy of that cloud. Stable abnospheres in general and inversions in particular i place " lids" on the atmosphere restricting cloud growth. However when the atmosphere is near neutrally stable, when the stable layer is not extensive, or when an inversion is weak, it is possible to overcome the stability with the addition of small amounts of heat. Figure 1 shows the extreme case where, by adding moisture and heat to the environment, fonnerly small clouds would be able to grow into giant thunderstorms. While this is an extreme case, it actu-f ally does occur frequently enough to be of concern. Investigations of the sta-
- n, , . , _ - - . . - - ,
4 bility over time near the Davis-Besse plant need to be made. Investigators at the Illinois State Water Survey have for some time been ( concerned with the downwind meteorological effects from large urban complexes. Changnon (1968) has discu's sed the now famous LaPorte weather anomaly, contend-ing that dramatic rises in precipitation measured at La Porte, Indiana could be related to increasing industrial activity in the Chicago area. Later stu-dies in connection with the urban meteorology experiment METRCHEX have shown that downwind of St. Louis increases of from 10-17 per cent in the total rain-fall have been historically shown to occur (Changnon, et al.,1971). In addi-tion to total rainfall the following downwind increases also were found to have occurred: moderate rain days 11-23%, heavy rainstorms 80%, thunderstorms, 21%, and hailstonns 30%. While the cooling tower facilities at the Davis-Besse plant are not direct-ly analogous to an urban complex, it should be noted that if heat is a criterion for increased convective activity (whether in cumulus or stratified clouds) then the heat to be released from the tower is not insignificant, being a little less than an order of magnitude of that of the S t. Louis area. A Need to Detennine Potential Inadvertent Modification. Since there has been only scattered past experience with the operation of large natural draft cooling towers and since there is some cause for concern for the possible effects of such an operation, it would seem wise to begin a detailed investigation of the, problem. While much of the cloud physics and plume dynamics is or.ly moderately understood, it should be possible to make some "first guess" approximations which are based upon a consistent set of meteorological theory. Perhaps the best approach for these investigations to take is that of numerical modeling. ( Huff, et al. (1971) made a study of the potential effects of cooling tower effluents on downwind precipitation with major emphasis on a proposed 2200 MW
5 station at Zion in northeastern Illinois on the western shores of Lake Michigan. ( A simple steady state cumulus cloud model, first developed by Weinstein and Davis (1968), was used to produce the study. It was concluded that under steady, light rain conditions only small increases (trace amounts) of precipitation would occur downwind. Snowfall amounts resulting from onshore stoms were expected to in-crease by 1 to 2 inches for about a 5 per cent increase over natural conditions esithin the lake-effect stoms. Model computations relative to thunderstom developnent indicated that the plume penetration into the atmosphere would be sufficient to interact with existing clouds and possibly act as a trigger mechan-ism to set off extensive convective activity. The Weinstein-Davis numerical model has been widely used in weather modi-fication research. It consists basically of a mathematical description of cumu-lu's dynamics and themodynamics with a set of parameterized cloud micmphysics. 12 is steady state and produces a one-dimensional cloud, given an atmospheric ( temperature and moisture structure. Cloud developnent, or lack of it, there-fore depends upon atmospheric stability and moisture content. Todd, et al. (1968) have used this model to develop a weather modification climatology for selected global locations, and Weinstein (1972) has used the model to develop a more detailed weather modification climatology for the west-ern United States. With slight modifications the model could be used to produce a climatology for potential cooling tower effects. A climatology for all or for a region of the United States might begin to give investigators a grasp on the magnitude of the problem, if any, resulting fcm the operation of large scale cooling towers. Suggested Future Research. It is suggested that a climatological study of potential inadvertent weather modification be undertaken for the geographical area of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. This study should initially utilize the basic Weinstein-Davis Mod-
7
\
g 4 modified cloud top g hypothetical e temperature
- 4 sounding h
natural cloud top 4 m dified c b ase natural cloud base 4 ,
'g[s
'% o added) temperature 4 l
Figure 1. Cloud femation thermodynamics. ham
8 References ( Carson, J. E.1970. Some Comments on the Atr?.oipheric Consequences of Thermal Enrichment fran Power Ges;eration Station on a Large Lake. Paper presented at 64th Annual Meeting of Air Pollution Control Association. 22 pp. Changnon, S. A. , Jr.1968. The LaPorte Weather Anamaly, Fact or Fiction? Bul-letin American Meteorological Society 49: 4-11. Changnon, S. A., Jr. , F. A. Huff, and Richard G. Semonin.1971. METROMEX: an Investigation of Inadvertent Weather Modification. Bulletin Anerican Meteorological Society 52: 958-967. Huff, F. A. , R. C. Beebe, D. M. A. Jones, G. M. Morgan, Jr. , and R. G. Semonin. 1971. Effect of Cooling Tower Effluents on Atmospheric Condition: in North-eastern Illinois. Illinois State Water Survey Circular 100: 37 pp. Huff, F. A. 1972. Potential Augmentation of Precipitation from Cooling Tower Effluents. Bulletin American Meteorological Society 53: 639-644. LaVoie, R. L.1972. A Mesoscale Numerical Model of the Lake Effect Storm. Journal Abnospheric Sciences 29: 1025-1049. Lowry, W. P. 1970. Environmental Effects of Nuclear Cooling Facilities. Bul-letin American Meteorological Society 51: 23-24. Morris, T. R. and C. W. Ulbrich.1973. Radar Observation of Fire-Induced Rain , Clouds. Journal Applied Meteorology 12: 551-553. Taylor, S. T. E. , N. K. King, E. T. Stephens. D. R. Packham and R. G. Vines. - 1973. Convective Activity Above a large-Scale Bushfire. Journal Applied Meteorology 12: 1144-1150. Todd,C. J. , D. C. Shertz and W. A. Peterman, Climatology of the Potential for Mocifying Convective Clouds with Ice-Phase Seeding 1968. Proceedings of the First National Conference on Weather Modification, pp. 280-286. US AEC, 1973. Final Environmental Statenent Related to Construction of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. Weinstein, A. J. and L. G. Davis.1968. A t arameterized Nunerical Model of.Cumu-lus Convection. Pennsylvania State University (NSF Report): 43 pp. Weinstein A. J.1972. Ice-Phase Seeding Potential for Cumulus Cloud Modification in the Western United States. Journal Applied Meteorology 11: 202-210. ? ___ _ _ _ _}}