ML103620452

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants, Annual Report 2008

ML103620452
Person / Time
Issue date:	12/28/2010
From:	Conatser R L, Daugherty N Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Oak Ridge Institute for Science & Education
To:	Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Conatser, Richard 415-4039
References
Download: ML103620452 (76)

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Radi o Efflu e Nucl e A nnual R

Office of Nuclear U.S. Nuclear Re gWashington, DC o active e nts from e ar Power Plan t R eport 2008 Reactor Regulation gulatory Commission 20555-0001 t s

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Radioactive E f From Nuclear Annual Report 20 0

Prepared By:

N. Daugherty, Oak Ridge Institute f oR. Conatser, U.S. Nuclear Regulato r

Prepared for Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulatio U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commissi oWashington, DC 20555-0001

f fluents Power Plants 0 8 or Science and Education ry Commission n o n

This page intentionally left blank Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants i ABSTRACT This report describes radioactive effluents from commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the United States. This information was reported by the licensees for radioactive discharges that occurred in 2008. The report provides information relevant to the potential impact of NPPs on the environment and on public health. The report includes information on:

• radionuclides in liquid and gaseous effluents from NPPs and

• radiation doses to the public from NPP effluents.

This report is a summary of the effluent data reported by the NPPs. To view all the information contained in the Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports from each NPP, visit the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Web site at http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html.

The radionuclide and radiation dose data in this report are intended to provide the reader with a means to quickly characterize the effluents from any NPP. The data presented are considered by the NRC to be particularly relevant to the potential impact of NPPs on public health and the environment. The radionuclides selected for inclusion are either the most predominant in radioactive effluents or are particularly useful indicators of overall releases. The radiation doses in the report are those most directly associated with potential public health impact.

For purposes of comparison, the data also include the median (midpoint) radionuclide concentrations, as well as the applicable NRC dose limits and design objectives. Finally, the results of the National Council on Radiation Protection's assessment of radiation exposure to the U.S. population also are included so the reader can compare the dose from NPP effluents relative to natural background and other sources of radiation exposure.

ii Annual Report 2008

This page intentionally left blank Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................

.. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................................................. iii

LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES .............................................................................................iv

ABBREVIATIONS ......................................................................................................................vi

1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 Purpose ....................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Scope .......................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.3 Source of Data ............................................................................................................. 1-6 1.4 Limitations of the Data ................................................................................................. 1-6 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA ............................................................................................ 2-1 2.1 Airborne and Liquid Effluents ....................................................................................... 2-1 2.2 Radiation Dose to the Public ........................................................................................ 2-3 2.3 Other Sources of Radiation Dose to the U.S. Population ............................................. 2-4

3

SUMMARY

........................................................................................................................... 3-1 4 TABLES AND GRAPHS ..................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1 Effluent Data ................................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2 Radiation Dose .......................................................................................................... 4-35 5 REFERENCES.................................................................................................................... 5-1

6 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ 6-1

iv Annual Report 2008 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES 1.1 Nuclear Power Plants, 2 008 .......................................................................................... 1-2 1.2 Reactors for Which the NRC Has Normalized Data on a Unit-specific Ba sis ................. 1-8 2.1 Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents, 2008 .................................................................... 2-2 2.2 Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents, 2008 ......................................................................... 2-3 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 ................... 4-1 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine, 2008 ...................................................................... 4-2 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates, 2008 .............................................. 4-3 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium, 2008 ..................................................................... 4-5 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 ................... 4-6 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine, 2008 ...................................................................... 4-8 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates, 2008 .............................................. 4-9 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium, 2008 ................................................................... 4-11 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 .................. 4-12 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases - Tritium, 2008 ....................................................................... 4-13 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 .................. 4-14 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases - Tritium, 2008 ....................................................................... 4-16 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 .............................. 4-35 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 ............................... 4-36 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2 008 ........... 4-37 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2008 ...........

4-38 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants v FIGURES 2.1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to the U.S. Population ................................................. 2-6 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases .......................... 4-17 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine ............................................................................ 4-18 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates ..................................................... 4-19 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium ........................................................................... 4-20 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases .......................... 4-21 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine ............................................................................ 4-23 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates ..................................................... 4-25 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium ........................................................................... 4-27 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products ........................... 4-29 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases - Tritium ................................................................................ 4-30 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products ........................... 4-31 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases - Tritium ................................................................................ 4-33 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose ........................................ 4-39 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose ........................................ 4-40 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose .................... 4-42 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose .................... 4-43

vi Annual Report 2008 ABBREVIATIONS ALARA as low as is reasonably achievable ARERR Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Report BWR boiling water reactor CFR Code of Federal Regulations NCRP National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements NPP nuclear power plant NRR U.S. NRC, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation ODCM Offsite Dose Calculation Manual PWR pressurized water reactor (U.S.) EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.) NRC United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-1 Section 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PURPOSE This report describes radioactive effluents from commercial nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the United States during calendar year 2008. It is based on an extensive amount of information submitted to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) by all U.S. NPP licensees. The original information was submitted by the NPPs in their Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports (ARERRs) and comprises several thousand pages of data. These reports may be viewed in their entirety on the NRC Web site (http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html).

For the years between 1972 and 1993, this type of annual information was condensed in a tabular format and published as a large volume of raw information (Ref. 1-22). An evaluation of the practice of generating annual reports revealed the need for a more concise summary report that presented the information in a more intuitive, graphic format (Ref. 23).

The purpose of this report is to condense an extremely large volume of technical information into a few graphs and tables from which the reader can quickly, if broadly, characterize the effluents from any U.S. NPP. These graphs and tables are designed to provide easily understandable information for the public at large, while also providing experienced professionals with enough information to evaluate trends in industry performance and to identify potential performance issues for individual power plants. Those users wanting more extensive and detailed information are encouraged to retrieve the original ARERRs from the NRC Web site.

1.2 SCOPE This report summarizes data from all NPPs that were in commercial operation between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2008. A list of NPPs for which information is included in this report is provided in Table 1.1.

1-2 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 1.1 Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Arkansas 1 & 2 PWR Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO), Units 1 & 2 Russellville, AR Beaver Valley 1 & 2 PWR Beaver Valley, Units 1 & 2 Shippingport, PA Braidwood 1 & 2 PWR Braidwood Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Braceville, IL Browns Ferry 1, 2, & 3 BWR Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant, Units 1, 2, & 3 Decatur, AL Brunswick 1 & 2 BWR Brunswick Steam Electric Plant, Units 1 & 2 Southport, NC Byron 1 & 2 PWR Byron Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Byron, IL Callaway PWR Callaway Plant, Unit 1 Callaway, MO Calvert Cliffs 1, 2 PWR Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1 & 2 Lusby, MD Catawba 1, 2 PWR Catawba Nuclear Station, Units 1 & 2 York, SC Clinton BWR Clinton Power Station Clinton, IL Columbia Generating BWR Columbia Generating Station Richland, WA Comanche Peak 1, 2 PWR Comanche Peak Steam Electric Station, Units 1 & 2 Glen Rose, TX Cook 1, 2 PWR Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, Units 1 & 2 Bridgman, MI Cooper Station BWR Cooper Nuclear Station Brownville, NE Crystal River 3 PWR Crystal River, Unit 3 Crystal River, FL Davis-Besse PWR Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1 Oak Harbor, OH Diablo Canyon 1, 2 PWR Diablo Canyon, Units 1 & 2 Avila Beach, CA Dresden 2, 3 BWR Dresden Generating Station, Units 2 & 3 Morris, IL Duane Arnold BWR Duane Arnold Energy Center Palo, IA Farley 1 & 2 PWR Joseph M. Farley Nuclear Plant, Units 1 & 2 Ashford, AL Fermi 2 BWR Fermi 2 Nuclear Power Plant Newport, MI

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-3 TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Fitzpatrick BWR James A. FitzPatrick Nuclear Power Plant Lycoming, NY Fort Calhoun PWR Fort Calhoun Station, Unit 1 Fort Calhoun, NE Ginna PWR R.E. Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1 Ontario, NY Grand Gulf BWR Grand Gulf Nuclear Station, Unit 1 Port Gibson, MS Harris PWR Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1 New Hill, NC Hatch 1, 2 BWR Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Plant, Units 1 &

2 Baxley, GA Hope Creek BWR Hope Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 Hancocks Bridge, NJ Indian Point 2, 3 PWR Indian Point Energy Center, Units 2 & 3 Buchanan, NY Kewaunee PWR Kewaunee Power Station Kewaunee, WI LaSalle 1, 2 BWR LaSalle County Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Marseilles, IL Limerick 1, 2 BWR Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Saratoga, PA McGuire 1, 2 PWR McGuire Nuclear Station, Units 1 & 2 Huntersville, NC Millstone 2, 3 PWR Millstone Power Station, Units 2 & 3 Waterford, CT Monticello BWR Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant Monticello, MN Nine Mile Point 1, 2 BWR Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, Units 1

& 2 Lycoming, NY North Anna 1, 2 PWR North Anna Power Station, Units 1 & 2 Mineral, VA Oconee 1, 2, 3 PWR Oconee Nuclear Station, Units 1, 2, & 3 Seneca, SC

1-4 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Oyster Creek BWR Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station Forked River, NJ Palisades PWR Palisades Nuclear Plant Covert, MI Palo Verde 1, 2, 3 PWR Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, Units 1, 2, & 3 Phoenix, AZ Peach Bottom 2, 3 BWR Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, Units 2 & 3 Delta, PA Perry BWR Perry Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1 Perry, OH Pilgrim BWR Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1 Plymouth, MA Point Beach 1, 2 PWR Point Beach Nuclear Plant, Units 1 & 2 Two Rivers, WI Prairie Island 1, 2 PWR Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Units 1 & 2 Welch, MN Quad Cities 1, 2 BWR Quad Cities Generating Station, Units 1

& 2 Cordova, IL River Bend BWR River Bend Station, Unit 1 St. Francisville, LA Robinson 2 PWR H. B. Robinson Steam Electric Plant, Unit 2 Hartsville, SC Salem 1, 2 PWR Salem Nuclear Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Hancocks Bridge, NJ San Onofre 2, 3 PWR San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, Units 2 & 3 San Clemente, CA Seabrook PWR Seabrook Station, Unit 1 Seabrook, NH Sequoyah 1, 2 PWR Sequoyah Nuclear Plant, Units 1 & 2 Soddy-Daisy, TN South Texas 1, 2 PWR South Texas Project Electric Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Wadsworth, TX St. Lucie 1, 2 PWR St. Lucie Nuclear Plant, Units 1 & 2 Ft. Pierce, FL Summer PWR Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station, Unit 1Jenkinsville, SC Surry 1, 2 PWR Surry Power Station, Units 1 & 2 Surry, VA Susquehanna 1, 2 BWR Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, Units 1 & 2 Berwick, PA

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-5 TABLE 1.1 (continued)

Nuclear Power Plants, 2008 Plant Name Type Full Plant Name Location Three Mile Island 1 PWR Three Mile Island Generating Station, Unit 1 Harrisburg, PA Turkey Point 3, 4 PWR Turkey Point Nuclear Plant, Units 3 & 4 Princeton, FL Vermont Yankee BWR Vermont Yankee Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Vernon, VT Vogtle 1, 2 PWR Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, Units 1 & 2 Waynesboro, GA Waterford 3 PWR Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3 Killona, LA Watts Bar PWR Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Spring City, TN Wolf Creek PWR Wolf Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 Burlington, KS Reactors No Longer In Commercial Operation Big Rock Point BWR Big Rock Point Restoration Project Charlevoix, MI Dresden 1 BWR Dresden Generating Station, Unit 1 Morris, IL Haddam Neck PWR Haddam Neck Nuclear Plant Site Haddam Neck, CT Humboldt Bay BWR Humboldt Bay Power Plant, Unit 3 Eureka, CA Indian Point 1 PWR Indian Point Energy Center, Unit 1 Buchanan, NY Lacrosse BWR LaCrosse Boiling Water Reactor Genoa, WI Maine Yankee PWR Maine Yankee Bath, ME Millstone 1 PWR Millstone Power Station, Unit 1 Waterford, CT Rancho Seco PWR Rancho Seco, Unit 1 Herald, CA San Onofre 1 PWR San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, Unit 1 San Clemente, CA Three Mile Island 2 PWR Three Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit 2 Middletown, PA Trojan PWR Trojan Nuclear Plant, Unit 1 Portland, OR Yankee-Rowe PWR Yankee Nuclear Power Station Franklin Co., MA Zion 1, 2 PWR Zion Generating Station, Units 1 & 2 Warrenville, IL 1-6 Annual Report 2008 The NRC uses the information on radioactive releases to ensure NPPs are operated within regulatory requirements and consistent with the objective of maintaining radiation doses as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). For this summary report, only information submitted with regard to NRC reporting requirements and guidance is included.

The Big Rock Point, Haddam Neck, Humboldt Bay, Lacrosse, Maine Yankee, Rancho Seco, Trojan, Yankee-Rowe and Zion 1 and 2 reactor sites are shutdown and are not collocated with an operating reactor. The data from these shutdown reactors are not included in the tables in this report. The Dresden 1, Millstone 1, and Three Mile Island 2 reactors are shutdown and are collocated with one of more operating reactors. For these shutdown reactors, the licensee reports data for the shutdown unit separately from the operating units, and the results from these shutdown reactors are not included in this report. For the Indian Point 1 and San Onofre 1 reactor sites, which are shutdown and collocated beside two operating units, the licensee reports the sum of the effluents from the shutdown unit with one (or both) of the operating units.

For these shutdown reactors, the effluent data are included with (and attributed to) one or more of the operating units in this report.

1.3 SOURCE OF DATA Each commercial nuclear power plant in the United States is authorized by the NRC to release small amounts of radioactive materials to the environment as specified in the licensing documents for the plant. NRC regulations require each NPP to establish and maintain a program for monitoring radioactive effluents (10 CFR 50.36 and 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, Section IV.B) and to report these effluents in an Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Report (10 CFR 50.36a) (Ref. 24). Licensees submit their reports to the NRC with content and format in accordance with Regulatory Guide 1.21 (Ref. 25).

The information included in this document was obtained from the licensees' ARERRs. Individual licensee reports are available in the NRC Public Document Room, One White Flint North, 11555 Rockville Pike (first floor), Rockville, Maryland 20852, phone 1-800-397-4209 or 301-415-4737; in local Public Document Rooms located near each licensed facility; and on the Internet as posted on the NRC's public Web site at http://www.nrc.gov/about-nrc/radiation.html.

The data from these reports are entered into a database that is maintained by the NRC. The public may access this database through an NRC Web site (http://www.reirs.com/effluent/). The data are entered into the database as they are reported by each site.

1.4 LIMITATIONS OF THE DATA Some NPPs have more than one reactor unit located at a site. If the licensee reports data separately for each reactor unit, those data are reflected in this report as reported by the licensee. Because some licensees are allowed to operate multi-unit sites with a common radioactive waste processing system, the NRC allows these licensees to report total effluents Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 1-7 from the site instead of reporting the totals from each reactor unit. This complicates the task of presenting the effluent information in a manner that allows both (1) a direct comparison of one reactor unit to another, and (2) a direct comparison of each reactor unit to NRC limits and regulations.

For purposes of presentation in this report, the data are normalized on a per-unit basis. For multi-unit sites where the effluents are from a common radioactive waste system, the effluents are divided equally between the units in operation during that year. For example, Calvert Cliffs has two units (1 and 2) with a common radioactive waste processing system. For this report, the total effluents for Calvert Cliffs were split equally between Unit 1 and Unit 2. In the case of Beaver Valley, the licensee reports gaseous effluents from four sources: Unit 1, Unit 2, a common plant vent, and a common building vent. In this case, the releases from the common vents are split equally between Unit 1 and Unit 2, and the totals for each unit then are calculated. In those cases where the licensee does not report unit-specific data, the NRC has -

for purposes of presentation in this report - split the data on a unit-specific basis. This may affect either the radionuclide data or the dose data (or both). The affected NPPs and the type of data affected are listed in table 1-2.

Although there are other methods of normalizing effluent data (e.g., on the basis of thermal or electrical power generation), the unit-based method selected (1) is most intuitive, (2) is most directly comparable with the NRC required design objectives, and (3) is easily derived from the effluent data supplied by the licensee. This approach satisfies a primary objective for this report:

to allow the reader to quickly formulate reasonable comparisons between reactors and with the regulatory limits. It should be noted, however, that the actual unit contributions to a common multi-unit release might be different than the equal distribution calculated with this approach.

Care has been taken to assure that the information contained in this report accurately reflects the information provided by the licensees. The report includes licensees' corrections submitted to the NRC up to the time of publication. However, if licensees submit amendments to the data in accordance with NRC regulatory guidance, the NRC reserves the right to update the data in future reports. For the most current data, the reader should use the most recent versions of the NPPs' ARERRs and the NRC's annual summary report, which are available on the NRC Web site.

1-8 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 1.2 Reactors for Which the NRC Has Normalized Data on a Unit-specific Basis Boiling Water Reactors (BWRs) Pressurized Water Reactors (PWRs) Browns Ferry 1, 2 & 3 (R, D) Beaver Valley 1 & 2 (R) Brunswick 1 & 2 (R, D) Calvert Cliffs 1 & 2 (R, D) Dresden 2 & 3 (R) Catawba 1 & 2 (R, D) LaSalle 1 & 2 (R, D) Comanche Peak 1 & 2 (R, D) Limerick 1 & 2 (R, D)

Cook 1 & 2 (R, D) Nine Mile Point 1 & 2 (D) Diablo Canyon 1 & 2 (R, D) Peach Bottom 2 & 3 (R, D) Indian Point 1 & 2 (R, D) Quad Cities 1 & 2 (R, D) McGuire 1 & 2 (R, D) Susquehanna 1 & 2 (R)

North Anna 1 & 2 (R, D) Oconee 1, 2 & 3 (R, D) Point Beach 1 & 2 (R, D) Prairie Island 1 & 2 (R, D) San Onofre 2 & 3 (R, D) Sequoyah 1 & 2 (R, D) Surry 1 & 2 (D) Notes: R = Radionuclide Data, D = Dose Data .

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-1 Section 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA 2.1 AIRBORNE AND LIQUID EFFLUENTS The effluent data are presented in Section 4 as tables and graphs. Tables 4.1 through 4.12 list the total measured activities of selected radionuclides in gaseous and liquid effluents during 2008. These data are illustrated in Figures 4.1 through 4.12. If there is no value listed in a particular cell in a table, it is because the licensee indicated the radionuclide was not detected at that NPP. In those cases, the corresponding graph will not contain information on that radionuclide at that NPP.

For comparison purposes, median values are included on some tables and graphs. The median is a statistical estimate of the midpoint of the data. It is a method of estimating a central or typical value while avoiding bias caused by extremely high or low values in the data set. All sites are included when calculating the medians, even those sites for which no measurable release of a particular radionuclide is reported. If the majority of reactors did not detect a nuclide, the median will be blank.

The tables and graphs are organized by reactor type: boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The tables and graphs are further subdivided into liquid and gaseous effluents. Finally, the data are subdivided into effluent radionuclide categories.

In order to present the airborne and liquid effluent data in a manner that is both useful and concise, only selected radionuclides are included in the tables and graphs of this report. The radionuclides included are listed by effluent category in Tables 2.1 and 2.2.

The unit used for calculating and reporting effluent activity is the curie (Ci), a traditional unit for reporting radioactivity in the United States. Other countries report radionuclide activity in units of becquerels (Bq). One curie equals 3.7E+10 (3.7 x 10

10) becquerels.

2-2 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 2.1 Radionuclides in Gaseous Effluents, 2008 Gaseous Effluent Categories Some Common Radionuclides in this Category Radionuclides Included in this Report Fission and Activation Gases Krypton (85, 85m, 87, 88) Xenon (131, 131m, 133, 133m, 135, 135m)

Argon (41) Kr-85 Xe-133 Xe-135 Iodines/Halogens Iodine (131, 132, 133, 134, 135) Bromine (82) I-131 Particulates Cobalt (58, 60) Cesium (134, 137)

Chromium (51)

Manganese (54)

Niobium (95) Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 Tritium Hydrogen (3) H-3 Gross Alpha Total alpha activity from all alpha emitters Not Presented in this Report

The radionuclides highlighted in this report are good indicators of total radioactive releases from the site, and they can provide additional information about operational practices at the site. For example, although there are more than 11 radionuclides in the category of "fission and activation gases," only 3 (Kr-85, Xe-133, and Xe-135) were selected for inclusion in this report.

These three were chosen because as their activity increases, the activity of other fission and activation gases typically increases as well. Conversely, if the activity of these three radionuclides is very low, the activity of other fission and activation gases tends to be low also.

In addition, the ratios of the activities of selected radionuclides can provide insights into fuel performance, radioactive waste system operation, and general radioactive waste handling practices at a site. The interested reader wanting to see all radionuclides released from NPPs is encouraged to review the detailed, site-specific ARERRs on the NRC Web site.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-3 TABLE 2.2 Radionuclides in Liquid Effluents, 2008 Liquid Effluent Categories Some Common Radionuclides in this Category Radionuclides Included in this Report Mixed Fission and Activation Products Iron (55) Cobalt (58, 60)

Cesium (134, 137)

Chromium (51)

Manganese (54)

Zirconium (95)

Niobium (95)

Iodine (131, 133, 135) Fe-55 Co-58 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 I-131 Tritium Hydrogen (3) H-3 Dissolved and Entrained Noble Gases Krypton (85, 85m, 87, 88) Xenon (131, 133, 133m, 135, 135m) Not Presented in this Report Alpha Total alpha activity from all alpha emitters Not Presented in this Report 2.2 RADIATION DOSE TO THE PUBLIC Each licensee calculates radiation doses from radioactive effluents in accordance with requirements of 10 CFR 50, Appendix I, (Ref. 24) based on:

1. actual measurements of the radioactive materials released to the environment,

2. models of how radionuclides are dispersed and diluted in the environment,

3. models of how radionuclides are incorporated into animals, plants, and soil, and

4. biokinetic models of human uptake and metabolism of radioactive materials.

These models are designed to calculate the doses to the individuals closest to the NPP or the individuals who may be exposed to the highest concentrations of radioactive materials from radioactive effluents. This is often referred to as the maximum exposed individual. The parameters and assumptions used in these calculations typically include conservative assumptions that tend to overestimate the calculated exposures. As a result, the actual doses received by real individuals are often much less than those calculated. Guidance for these 2-4 Annual Report 2008 calculations is provided in NRC Regulatory Guide 1.109, and licensees have incorporated this guidance into their Offsite Dose Calculation Manuals (ODCM) (Ref. 26). ODCMs are available in the NRC Public Document Room and in local Public Document Rooms (e.g., public libraries) located near each NPP. The interested reader may refer to these documents for additional information about dose calculations.

The traditional unit for reporting radiation dose in the United States is the millirem (mrem). Other countries report radiation dose in units of sieverts (Sv). One millirem equals 0.00001 sievert.

The number 0.00001 is often represented in scientific notation as 1 x 10

-5 or 1E-05.

Once the doses are calculated as described in the preceding paragraphs, the calculated doses are compared to the operating limits for a NPP. Licensees have established operating limits for plant systems to control the amounts of radioactive materials released from NPPs. The NRC requires these operating limits to be established in accordance with the design objectives in 10 CFR 50, Appendix I (Ref. 24). These operating limits are designed to ensure radioactive effluents from NPPs are kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA). It should be understood that these are operating limits for plant systems and are not safety limits. If a licensee would exceed one of these operating limits, they are required to take corrective actions to ensure the plant systems are functioning as designed. Maintaining the design functions of plant systems is critical to ensure radioactive releases do not exceed the dose limits in 10 CFR 20 (which are federal safety limits) (Ref. 27). For purposes of comparison, the operating limits are set to a small fraction (typically about 3%) of the federal safety limits. Licensees have incorporated several different operating limits into their ODCMs as required by their Technical Specifications to satisfy NRC regulatory requirements.

Radiation doses from plant effluents are summarized in Section 4 (Tables 4.13 through 4.16 and Figures 4.13 through 4.16). These graphs and figures contain the annual organ doses (for gaseous and liquid effluents), the annual total body doses (for liquid effluents), and the corresponding operating limits. These doses are measures of the potential impact of NPP effluents on public health and the environment. For multi-unit sites, the operating limits are established on a per-unit basis. If there is no value listed in a particular cell of a table, it is because the value was not reported by the licensee. In such cases, the corresponding graph will not contain dose information for that NPP. Although only the annual organ doses and the annual total body doses are included in this report, other doses calculated by the NPPs are included in the individual NPP ARERRs, available on the NRC Web site.

2.3 OTHER SOURCES OF RADIATION DOSE TO THE U.S. POPULATION For comparison with NPP effluents, this section provides a perspective on the doses that Americans typically receive on average from natural and background radiation.

In March 2009, the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) published Report No. 160 as an update to the 1987 NCRP Report No. 93, Ionizing Radiation Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 2-5 Exposure of the Population of the United States (Refs. 28, 29). Report No. 160 describes the doses to the U.S. population from all sources of ionizing radiation for 2006, the most recent data available at the time the report was written. The report also includes information on the variability of those doses from one individual to another. The NCRP estimated that the average person in the United States receives the equivalent of about 620 mrem of radiation dose each year. NCRP Report No. 160 describes each of the sources of radiation that contribute to this dose, including:

1. naturally-occurring sources (natural background) such as cosmic radiation from space, terrestrial radiation from radioactive materials in the earth, and naturally occurring radioactive materials in food people eat and air people breathe; 2. medical sources from diagnosis and treatment of health disorders using radioactive pharmaceuticals and radiation-producing equipment; 3. consumer products;

4. industrial processes, security devices, educational tools, and research activities; 5. exposures of workers that result from their occupations.

Figure 2.1 is a pie chart showing the relative contributions of these sources to radiation dose to the U.S. population. Larger relative contributors to dose are represented by proportionally larger slices of the pie. Doses to the public from nuclear power generation are included in the industrial category; doses to workers from nuclear power generation are included in the category of occupational dose.

Doses to the public due to effluents from NPPs are less than 0.1% of what the average person receives each year from all sources of radiation. Doses to workers from occupational exposures, including those received from work at NPPs, also are less than 0.1% of the average dose to a member of the public from all sources.

2-6 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 2.1 Sources of Radiation Exposure to the U.S. Population Percent contribution of various sources of exposure to the total collective effective dose and the total effective dose per individual in the U.S. population for 2006. Percent values have been rounded to the nearest 1%, except for those <1 % [less than 1%]. Credit: Modification to image courtesy of National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 3-1 Section 3

SUMMARY

The effluent data from 2008 have been compiled and reported in the following section. The information contained in this report characterizes liquid and gaseous effluents from all United States nuclear power plants (NPPs) in commercial operation for calendar year 2008. Although all NPPs released some amount of radioactive materials in 2008, none of the effluents from any NPP exceeded any NRC limit, any NRC design objective, or any of the licensees' operating limits for radioactive effluents.

The effluent data provided in this report are considered by the NRC to be particularly relevant to the potential impact of the NPPs on public health and the environment. The radionuclides highlighted in this report are good indicators of the total radioactive releases from the site and they provide additional information about operational practices at a site. The radiation doses in this report are those most directly associated with potential public health impact from radioactive effluents.

The statistical medians of the effluent values, the corresponding operating limits, and the results of NCRP's assessment of radiation exposure to the U.S. population are provided for comparison to the effluent data. Comparisons between NPPs should be approached with caution because differences in fuel conditions, fuel cycle length, radwaste processing equipment, reactor types, reactor ages, electrical outputs, and operating conditions can have an effect on radioactive effluents.

More complete and detailed information, including copies of the NPP Annual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports, is available to the public on the NRC Web site.

3-2 Annual Report 2008

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Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-1 Section 4 TABLES AND GRAPHS 4.1 EFFLUENT DATA TABLE 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 BWR Facility K r-85 (Ci) Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci)Browns Ferry 1 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 3 Hatch 1 Hatch 2 Susquehanna 1 Susquehanna 2 Vermont Yankee Clinton 1.10E-03 Nine Mile Point 1 3.29E-01 3.41E-05 Fermi 2 3.60E-01 Hope Creek 9.91E-02 1.08E+00Perry 2.28E-02 2.29E+00Cooper Station 1.85E-01 2.25E+00Duane Arnold 3.00E+00Limerick 2 4.10E-017.99E-01 1.90E+00Oyster Creek 7.55E+00BWR Median Release 7.99E-01 2.25E+00BWR Facility K r-85 (Ci)Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci)Columbia Generating 8.80E+00Quad Cities 1 8.91E+00 1.36E+00Quad Cities 2 8.91E+00 1.36E+00Dresden 2 2.94E+00 1.77E+01Dresden 3 2.94E+00 1.77E+01Pilgrim 1.22E+01 1.77E+01Limerick 1 4.10E-012.25E+01 1.33E+01Nine Mile Point 2 4.31E+01 6.86E+00Brunswick 1 2.00E+01 6.18E+01Brunswick 2 2.00E+01 6.18E+01Fitzpatrick 6.61E+01 1.70E+01River Bend 1.13E+01 8.84E+01Peach Bottom 2 1.04E+02 7.62E+00Peach Bottom 3 1.04E+02 7.62E+00Grand Gulf 9.91E-029.58E+01 4.18E+01LaSalle 1 2.21E+02 1.39E+00LaSalle 2 2.21E+02 1.39E+00Monticello 2.83E+02 6.68E+01

4-2 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine, 2008 BWR Facility I-131 (Ci)Limerick 1 Limerick 2 Perry Susquehanna 1 Susquehanna 2 Clinton 3.53E-05 Vermont Yankee 4.20E-05 Hatch 1 8.33E-05 Hatch 2 1.15E-04 Cooper Station 1.29E-04 Duane Arnold 1.30E-04 Columbia Generating 3.95E-04 Oyster Creek 4.25E-04 Nine Mile Point 1 4.36E-04 Browns Ferry 1 6.92E-04 Browns Ferry 2 6.92E-04 Browns Ferry 3 6.92E-04 BWR Median Release 7.27E-04 BWR Facility I-131 (Ci)Dresden 2 7.27E-04 Dresden 3 7.27E-04 Quad Cities 1 8.33E-04 Quad Cities 2 8.33E-04 Fitzpatrick 9.57E-04 Peach Bottom 2 3.28E-03 Peach Bottom 3 3.28E-03 Fermi 2 3.90E-03 Nine Mile Point 2 4.19E-03 River Bend 5.13E-03 Hope Creek 7.24E-03 Pilgrim 8.31E-03 Grand Gulf 1.18E-02 Monticello 1.23E-02 LaSalle 1 2.32E-02 LaSalle 2 2.32E-02 Brunswick 1 5.91E-02 Brunswick 2 5.91E-02

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-3 TABLE 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates, 2008 BWR Facility Co-58 (Ci) Co-60 (Ci) Cs-134 (Ci) Cs-137 (Ci) Perry Vermont Yankee Hatch 2 3.76E-07 Oyster Creek 7.17E-06 Duane Arnold 3.89E-06 9.67E-06 3.47E-07 Grand Gulf 4.81E-06 1.02E-05 1.26E-06 Hatch 1 5.94E-06 1.33E-05 Susquehanna 1 2.03E-05 Susquehanna 2 2.03E-05 Limerick 2 8.00E-07 2.19E-05 Pilgrim 1.69E-05 1.04E-05 Limerick 1 8.00E-07 2.96E-05 Fitzpatrick 3.68E-06 2.72E-05 Peach Bottom 2 1.52E-07 3.07E-05 9.21E-06 Peach Bottom 3 1.52E-07 3.07E-05 9.21E-06 River Bend 1.66E-06 4.29E-05 Clinton 5.61E-05 BWR Median Release 8.00E-07 5.92E-05 1.90E-06 4-4 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.3 (continued)

BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates, 2008 BWR Facility Co-58 (Ci) Co-60 (Ci) Cs-134 (Ci) Cs-137 (Ci) Fermi 2 1.45E-05 6.29E-05 Hope Creek 8.30E-05 Browns Ferry 1 5.91E-06 5.92E-05 2.69E-06 2.81E-05 Browns Ferry 2 5.91E-06 5.92E-05 2.69E-06 2.81E-05 Browns Ferry 3 5.91E-06 5.92E-05 2.69E-06 2.81E-05 Nine Mile Point 2 1.36E-04 2.20E-06 Dresden 2 9.75E-07 1.44E-04 6.87E-06 Dresden 3 9.75E-07 1.44E-04 6.87E-06 Columbia Generating 1.91E-05 2.51E-04 LaSalle 1 3.05E-04 3.09E-05 LaSalle 2 3.05E-04 3.09E-05 Brunswick 1 6.01E-05 2.92E-04 3.70E-06 Brunswick 2 6.01E-05 2.92E-04 3.70E-06 Cooper Station 2.36E-05 4.50E-04 1.90E-06 Monticello 8.13E-08 2.87E-04 1.89E-04 Quad Cities 1 2.96E-06 6.54E-04 2.98E-05 Quad Cities 2 2.96E-06 6.54E-04 2.98E-05 Nine Mile Point 1 1.03E-03 1.47E-05

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-5 TABLE 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium, 2008 BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) Perry Hope Creek 3.59E-03 Vermont Yankee 5.51E+00Dresden 2 1.02E+01Dresden 3 1.02E+01Grand Gulf 1.03E+01Limerick 1 1.08E+01Limerick 2 1.08E+01Fitzpatrick 1.50E+01Cooper Station 1.75E+01River Bend 1.79E+01Peach Bottom 2 2.16E+01Peach Bottom 3 2.16E+01Oyster Creek 2.76E+01Hatch 1 2.89E+01LaSalle 1 2.92E+01LaSalle 2 2.92E+01BWR Median Release 2.99E+01BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) Susquehanna 1 2.99E+01Susquehanna 2 2.99E+01Monticello 3.13E+01Nine Mile Point 1 3.20E+01Columbia Generating 3.48E+01Hatch 2 3.67E+01Clinton 3.77E+01Quad Cities 1 5.10E+01Quad Cities 2 5.10E+01Duane Arnold 5.93E+01Browns Ferry 1 6.13E+01Browns Ferry 2 6.13E+01Browns Ferry 3 6.13E+01Pilgrim 7.23E+01Fermi 2 7.91E+01Nine Mile Point 2 9.14E+01Brunswick 1 1.48E+02Brunswick 2 1.48E+02

4-6 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 PWR Facility Kr-85 (Ci) Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci) Palo Verde 3 Indian Point 3 3.17E-03 Farley 2 8.82E-03 Farley 1 2.68E-02 Seabrook 2.56E-02 6.69E-03 4.81E-04 Beaver Valley 1 3.87E-02 1.62E-05 McGuire 1 4.00E-02 2.23E-02 2.39E-03 McGuire 2 4.00E-02 2.23E-02 2.39E-03 Beaver Valley 2 5.29E-02 2.01E-02 Kewaunee 7.65E-02 4.61E-03 Wolf Creek 3.18E-03 2.31E-01 Vogtle 1 2.56E-02 2.14E-01 Prairie Island 1 2.66E-01 2.63E-04 Prairie Island 2 2.66E-01 2.63E-04 Harris 2.64E-01 1.29E-02 St. Lucie 2 2.82E-01 1.74E-03 Catawba 1 7.45E-03 2.65E-01 1.26E-02 Catawba 2 7.45E-03 2.65E-01 1.26E-02 Point Beach 1 6.85E-04 1.51E-01 1.39E-01 Point Beach 2 6.85E-04 1.51E-01 1.39E-01 Salem 1 2.71E-01 2.39E-02 St. Lucie 1 6.79E-02 2.99E-01 Three Mile Island 1 2.08E-01 1.59E-01 2.43E-03 Palo Verde 1 4.35E-01 5.37E-03 Surry 1 4.00E-01 1.15E-01 1.51E-02 Surry 2 4.00E-01 1.15E-01 1.51E-02 Sequoyah 1 1.85E-01 4.60E-01 2.93E-02 Sequoyah 2 1.85E-01 4.60E-01 2.93E-02 Salem 2 6.29E-01 4.98E-02 North Anna 1 3.75E-01 3.00E-01 1.62E-02 North Anna 2 3.75E-01 3.00E-01 1.62E-02 Summer 7.56E-01 5.34E-01 Byron 1 1.42E+00 2.52E-03 Byron 2 2.08E+00 2.12E-03 Fort Calhoun 2.59E-03 3.01E+00 8.81E-02 PWR Median Release 2.08E-01 2.08E+00 2.39E-02 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-7 TABLE 4.5 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases, 2008 PWR Facility Kr-85 (Ci) Xe-133 (Ci) Xe-135 (Ci) Watts Bar 5.27E-02 3.01E+00 5.12E-02 Crystal River 3 5.71E-01 2.58E+00 1.20E-01 Ginna 2.99E+00 4.68E-01 Oconee 1 2.07E+00 3.61E+00 8.66E-02 Oconee 2 2.07E+00 3.61E+00 8.66E-02 Oconee 3 2.07E+00 3.61E+00 8.66E-02 South Texas 1 7.19E+00 Palisades 5.28E-02 1.17E+01 2.57E-01 Cook 1 7.69E+00 6.33E+00 1.68E-01 Cook 2 7.69E+00 6.33E+00 1.68E-01 Millstone 2 6.24E+00 1.22E+01 6.68E-02 South Texas 2 7.81E-02 1.89E+01 8.07E-04 Arkansas 1 8.93E-01 2.10E+01 Diablo Canyon 1 5.90E-01 2.57E+01 9.56E-05 Diablo Canyon 2 5.90E-01 2.57E+01 9.56E-05 Davis-Besse 1.87E+00 2.51E+01 Braidwood 1 3.20E+00 2.53E+01 1.12E+00 San Onofre 2 1.47E+00 3.66E+01 San Onofre 3 1.47E+00 3.66E+01 Indian Point 2 4.56E+01 1.43E+00 7.98E-02 Turkey Point 4 2.24E-01 4.35E+01 6.85E+00 Turkey Point 3 2.24E-01 5.06E+01 6.85E+00 Millstone 3 6.03E+00 5.34E+01 1.64E+00 Arkansas 2 2.41E+00 6.97E+01 1.94E+00 Callaway 2.60E+00 1.04E+02 1.20E+00 Palo Verde 2 1.93E+00 1.25E+02 2.00E+00 Robinson 2 5.41E+00 1.47E+02 9.44E-01 Braidwood 2 3.21E+00 2.75E+02 3.55E+00 Calvert Cliffs 1 5.24E+01 2.68E+02 6.67E+00 Calvert Cliffs 2 5.24E+01 2.68E+02 6.67E+00 Comanche Peak 1 4.53E-01 4.85E+02 6.00E+00 Comanche Peak 2 4.53E-01 4.85E+02 6.00E+00 Waterford 3 1.26E+00 5.09E+02 1.25E+01 Vogtle 2 2.01E-01 6.23E+02 5.53E+00

4-8 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine, 2008 PWR Facility I-131 (Ci) Catawba 1 Catawba 2 Harris Indian Point 2 Indian Point 3 Kewaunee Prairie Island 1 Prairie Island 2 Se q uo yah 1 Se q uo yah 2 Wolf Creek Seabrook 5.85E-10North Anna 1 1.65E-08North Anna 2 1.65E-08Farle y 2 3.11E-08Ginna 3.44E-08Beaver Valle y 1 5.85E-08Beaver Valle y 2 5.85E-08Surr y 1 1.27E-07Surr y 2 1.27E-07 Cr ystal River 3 1.02E-06South Texas 1 1.18E-06Point Beach 1 1.71E-06Point Beach 2 1.71E-06McGuire 1 2.65E-06McGuire 2 2.65E-06 Vo gtle 2 4.16E-06Three Mile Island 1 5.85E-06Salem 1 6.16E-06Palo Verde 3 8.62E-06St. Lucie 1 1.20E-05Farle y 1 1.55E-05Fort Calhoun 1.82E-05Salem 2 1.84E-05 Vo gtle 1 1.88E-05PWR Facility I-131 (Ci) PWR Median 1.88E-05 Summer2.01E-05 B yron 12.14E-05 Callawa y3.75E-05 Oconee 13.96E-05 Oconee 23.96E-05 Oconee 33.96E-05 Palo Verde 16.56E-05 Comanche Peak 17.02E-05 Comanche Peak 27.02E-05 Turke y Point 38.94E-05 Turke y Point 48.94E-05 St. Lucie 29.11E-05 B yron 29.94E-05 Arkansas 11.31E-04 Davis-Besse1.44E-04 Waterford 31.50E-04 Watts Bar1.53E-04 Cook 11.97E-04 Cook 21.97E-04 Palisades3.65E-04 San Onofre 26.22E-04 San Onofre 36.22E-04 Arkansas 27.45E-04 Braidwood 11.18E-03 Braidwood 21.32E-03 Millstone 21.34E-03 South Texas 21.75E-03 Diablo Can yon 12.36E-03 Diablo Can yon 22.36E-03 Robinson 22.46E-03 Millstone 34.60E-03 Palo Verde 28.13E-03 Calvert Cliffs 18.64E-03 Calvert Cliffs 28.64E-03

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-9 TABLE 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates, 2008 PWR Facility Co-58 (Ci) Co-60 (Ci) Cs-134 (Ci) Cs-137 (Ci) Arkansas 1 Braidwood 1 Braidwood 2 Catawba 1 Catawba 2 Davis-Besse Farley 1 Fort Calhoun Indian Point 3 Palo Verde 3 Sequoyah 1 Sequoyah 2 Summer Three Mile Island 1 Turkey Point 3 Vogtle 1 Wolf Creek Farley 2 2.47E-08 Turkey Point 4 4.39E-08 Ginna 1.34E-07 Watts Bar 5.52E-08 8.95E-08 Prairie Island 1 1.51E-07 2.66E-08 Prairie Island 2 1.51E-07 2.66E-08 Palisades 6.72E-07 Arkansas 2 1.02E-06 Crystal River 3 6.99E-07 3.82E-07 Cook 1 1.31E-06 Cook 2 1.31E-06 Robinson 2 1.04E-06 2.09E-07 1.33E-07 Oconee 1 4.70E-07 9.96E-07 Oconee 2 4.70E-07 9.96E-07 Oconee 3 4.70E-07 9.96E-07 Kewaunee 1.22E-06 2.46E-07 1.52E-07 Seabrook 2.32E-06 1.43E-08 Surry 1 2.37E-06 7.45E-08 PWR Median Release 1.02E-06 4-10 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.7 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates, 2008 PWR Facility Co-58 (Ci) Co-60 (Ci) Cs-134 (Ci) Cs-137 (Ci) Surry 2 2.37E-06 7.45E-08 Byron 2 3.88E-06 Waterford 3 2.94E-06 7.95E-07 8.43E-07 Byron 1 4.80E-06 St. Lucie 2 9.27E-08 5.07E-06 Calvert Cliffs 1 3.29E-06 3.07E-06 Calvert Cliffs 2 3.29E-06 3.07E-06 Point Beach 1 2.77E-06 4.32E-06 6.65E-08 Point Beach 2 2.77E-06 4.32E-06 6.65E-08 Millstone 2 6.06E-06 2.06E-06 1.41E-06 North Anna 1 2.42E-06 8.92E-06 8.70E-07 North Anna 2 2.42E-06 8.92E-06 8.70E-07 Diablo Canyon 1 2.06E-05 Diablo Canyon 2 2.06E-05 Salem 1 2.55E-05 Vogtle 2 2.72E-05 McGuire 1 3.16E-05 McGuire 2 3.16E-05 Beaver Valley 1 3.24E-05 Comanche Peak 1 3.61E-05 6.16E-06 Comanche Peak 2 3.61E-05 6.16E-06 Callaway 5.06E-07 4.38E-05 3.19E-07 Harris 5.17E-05 Beaver Valley 2 5.96E-05 9.17E-07 9.17E-07 Indian Point 2 1.28E-04 Salem 2 1.50E-04 South Texas 1 1.33E-04 3.17E-05 Palo Verde 1 2.15E-04 2.53E-05 2.05E-06 St. Lucie 1 1.19E-05 2.38E-04 9.63E-06 Millstone 3 2.81E-04 7.81E-05 1.52E-05 9.54E-06 South Texas 2 4.15E-04 7.51E-05 San Onofre 2 2.82E-04 2.82E-04 1.33E-05 San Onofre 3 2.82E-04 2.82E-04 1.33E-05 Palo Verde 2 9.88E-04 1.06E-04 3.54E-06

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-11 TABLE 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium, 2008 PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) Calvert Cliffs 1 2.64E+00 Calvert Cliffs 2 2.64E+00 Fort Calhoun 3.13E+00 Summer 3.41E+00 Prairie Island 1 5.20E+00 Prairie Island 2 5.20E+00 Vogtle 2 6.72E+00 Beaver Valley 1 8.00E+00 Beaver Valley 2 8.00E+00 Robinson 2 8.42E+00 Indian Point 2 9.86E+00 Farley 1 1.07E+01 Millstone 2 1.15E+01 Indian Point 3 1.20E+01 North Anna 1 1.35E+01 North Anna 2 1.35E+01 Turkey Point 4 1.43E+01 Vogtle 1 1.52E+01 Crystal River 3 1.56E+01 St. Lucie 2 1.59E+01 Oconee 1 1.65E+01 Oconee 2 1.65E+01 Oconee 3 1.65E+01 Turkey Point 3 1.69E+01 Surry 1 2.36E+01 Surry 2 2.36E+01 Arkansas 2 2.59E+01 Arkansas 1 2.62E+01 Kewaunee 2.62E+01 Byron 1 2.86E+01 Farley 2 2.88E+01 Sequoyah 1 2.99E+01 Sequoyah 2 2.99E+01 Comanche Peak 1 3.06E+01 Comanche Peak 2 3.06E+01 PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) PWR Median Release 3.06E+01 Point Beach 1 3.21E+01 Point Beach 2 3.21E+01 San Onofre 2 3.37E+01 San Onofre 3 3.37E+01 Braidwood 1 3.42E+01 Wolf Creek 3.71E+01 Palisades 3.80E+01 St. Lucie 1 4.00E+01 Watts Bar 4.20E+01 South Texas 2 4.27E+01 South Texas 1 4.83E+01 Callaway 4.94E+01 Byron 2 5.38E+01 Ginna 5.43E+01 Salem 2 6.06E+01 Davis-Besse 6.63E+01 Waterford 3 6.79E+01 Three Mile Island 1 7.20E+01 Millstone 3 7.48E+01 Diablo Canyon 1 7.98E+01 Diablo Canyon 2 7.98E+01 Braidwood 2 9.14E+01 Seabrook 9.60E+01 McGuire 1 1.13E+02 McGuire 2 1.13E+02 Cook 1 1.21E+02 Cook 2 1.21E+02 Catawba 1 1.29E+02 Catawba 2 1.29E+02 Salem 1 2.18E+02 Harris 2.60E+02 Palo Verde 2 3.50E+02 Palo Verde 3 4.96E+02 Palo Verde 1 8.69E+02

4-12 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 BWR Facility Co-58 (Ci) Co-60 (Ci) Cs-134 (Ci) Cs-137 (Ci) Fe-55 (Ci) I-131 (Ci) Vermont Yankee Clinton Columbia Generating Duane Arnold Fermi 2 Fitzpatrick LaSalle 1 LaSalle 2 Limerick 1 Limerick 2 Monticello Nine Mile Point 1 Oyster Creek Pilgrim Dresden 2 3.35E-051.91E-06Dresden 3 3.35E-051.91E-06Susquehanna 1 1.24E-04 3.92E-04BWR Median Release 1.94E-04Susquehanna 2 1.24E-04 3.92E-04Quad Cities 1 1.94E-046.75E-04Quad Cities 2 1.94E-046.75E-04Nine Mile Point 2 2.00E-05 1.30E-03Brunswick 1 1.91E-05 5.82E-042.19E-051.10E-041.10E-03Brunswick 2 1.91E-05 5.82E-042.19E-051.10E-041.10E-03Cooper Station 1.18E-037.26E-051.43E-032.12E-04 Browns Ferry 1 1.51E-05 1.03E-033.01E-041.95E-035.00E-05 Browns Ferry 2 1.51E-05 1.03E-033.01E-041.95E-035.00E-05 Browns Ferry 3 1.51E-05 1.03E-033.01E-041.95E-035.00E-05 Hatch 2 2.96E-05 5.94E-041.39E-046.42E-03 1.02E-06River Bend 1.84E-05 6.34E-031.01E-03 Perry 1.30E-02Hope Creek 2.02E-05 1.82E-033.37E-045.02E-041.25E-02 6.63E-06Hatch 1 4.07E-05 2.41E-033.80E-068.56E-041.86E-02 Peach Bottom 2 2.93E-03 7.66E-026.05E-055.22E-043.61E-03 8.99E-06Peach Bottom 3 2.93E-03 7.66E-026.05E-055.22E-043.61E-03 8.99E-06Grand Gulf 6.97E-03 2.13E-029.36E-059.07E-02 3.73E-04

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-13 TABLE 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases - Tritium, 2008 BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) Clinton Columbia Generating Fermi 2 LaSalle 1 LaSalle 2 Monticello Nine Mile Point 1 Oyster Creek Pilgrim Vermont Yankee Duane Arnold 1.13E-03 Dresden 2 4.09E-02 Dresden 3 4.09E-02 Cooper Station 8.74E-01 Peach Bottom 2 1.40E+00Peach Bottom 3 1.40E+00Browns Ferry 1 2.45E+00BWR Median Release 2.45E+00BWR Facility H-3 (Ci) Browns Ferry 2 2.45E+00Browns Ferry 3 2.45E+00Quad Cities 1 2.83E+00Quad Cities 2 2.83E+00Fitzpatrick 3.81E+00Hope Creek 6.47E+00Nine Mile Point 2 7.26E+00Hatch 2 1.44E+01Susquehanna 1 1.65E+01Susquehanna 2 1.65E+01Limerick 1 2.06E+01Limerick 2 2.06E+01Perry 2.07E+01Hatch 1 2.98E+01River Bend 7.72E+01Grand Gulf 9.89E+01Brunswick 1 1.27E+02Brunswick 2 1.27E+02

4-14 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 PWR Facility Co-58 (Ci) Co-60(Ci) Cs-134(Ci) Cs-137(Ci) Fe-55 (Ci) I-131(Ci) Palo Verde 1 Palo Verde 2 Palo Verde 3 Three Mile Island 1 1.90E-04Cook 1 1.93E-03 3.53E-042.02E-052.31E-056.95E-04 1.04E-05Cook 2 1.93E-03 3.53E-042.02E-052.31E-056.95E-04 1.04E-05Oconee 1 2.89E-03 2.08E-047.55E-05Oconee 2 2.89E-03 2.08E-047.55E-05Oconee 3 2.89E-03 2.08E-047.55E-05Fort Calhoun 1.23E-03 1.17E-036.17E-058.65E-041.38E-03Ginna 4.59E-03 4.24E-04Crystal River 3 1.50E-03 3.09E-031.49E-048.39E-04 Catawba 1 4.83E-03 1.93E-031.42E-053.45E-06Catawba 2 4.83E-03 1.93E-031.42E-053.45E-06Indian Point 3 6.51E-05 4.21E-031.98E-045.40E-041.87E-03 South Texas 1 1.87E-03 3.81E-035.37E-055.12E-041.05E-03 Comanche Peak 1 5.97E-03 5.01E-048.39E-04 Comanche Peak 2 5.97E-03 5.01E-048.39E-04 Farley 1 1.96E-03 4.21E-031.62E-061.49E-041.48E-03 Diablo Canyon 1 2.50E-03 1.56E-031.18E-061.13E-063.91E-03 3.72E-05Diablo Canyon 2 2.50E-03 1.56E-031.18E-061.13E-063.91E-03 3.72E-05Byron 1 6.59E-03 1.60E-036.45E-062.98E-05Byron 2 6.59E-03 1.60E-036.45E-062.98E-05South Texas 2 8.51E-04 4.84E-033.45E-052.34E-042.00E-03 4.51E-04Robinson 2 3.57E-03 2.84E-034.45E-066.59E-051.87E-03 1.75E-04Salem 2 8.29E-03 9.18E-047.00E-082.41E-05Surry 1 5.09E-03 2.99E-031.37E-032.02E-06Surry 2 5.09E-03 2.99E-031.37E-032.02E-06St. Lucie 1 3.64E-03 1.56E-032.36E-063.58E-055.55E-03 St. Lucie 2 3.64E-03 1.56E-032.36E-063.58E-055.55E-03 Davis-Besse 2.82E-03 1.11E-042.10E-058.94E-057.89E-03 2.13E-04Harris 8.03E-03 3.19E-031.49E-03 San Onofre 2 5.98E-03 3.71E-035.13E-052.80E-044.08E-03 San Onofre 3 5.98E-03 3.71E-035.13E-052.80E-044.08E-03 Summer 1.53E-03 4.54E-034.48E-048.62E-046.93E-03 3.18E-06PWR Median Release 5.97E-03 3.09E-031.26E-052.18E-042.75E-03 2.02E-06 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-15 TABLE 4.11 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products, 2008 PWR Facility Co-58 (Ci) Co-60(Ci) Cs-134(Ci) Cs-137(Ci) Fe-55 (Ci) I-131 (Ci) Palisades 1.20E-02 3.31E-033.05E-056.39E-06Farley 2 2.57E-03 1.02E-026.08E-043.84E-03 Kewaunee 4.83E-03 2.00E-039.99E-071.17E-02 Waterford 3 4.70E-03 2.23E-033.27E-053.59E-051.16E-02 4.12E-05Salem 1 1.20E-02 3.10E-036.15E-053.65E-03Vogtle 1 4.84E-03 4.46E-033.33E-057.42E-048.77E-03 1.34E-05McGuire 1 1.03E-02 4.20E-031.01E-034.11E-03McGuire 2 1.03E-02 4.20E-031.01E-034.11E-03Indian Point 2 3.68E-03 2.04E-035.16E-041.35E-02Seabrook 6.22E-03 1.36E-031.34E-02 Calvert Cliffs 1 5.43E-03 3.58E-032.27E-033.58E-039.15E-03 2.21E-03Calvert Cliffs 2 5.43E-03 3.58E-032.27E-033.58E-039.15E-03 2.21E-03Point Beach 1 1.89E-02 5.49E-034.68E-052.75E-03 4.66E-07Point Beach 2 1.89E-02 5.49E-034.68E-052.75E-03 4.66E-07Sequoyah 1 9.32E-03 5.75E-031.26E-052.18E-041.30E-02 8.95E-06Sequoyah 2 9.32E-03 5.75E-031.26E-052.18E-041.30E-02 8.95E-06Braidwood 1 1.61E-02 6.17E-031.23E-031.02E-034.07E-03 4.40E-04Braidwood 2 1.61E-02 6.17E-031.23E-031.04E-034.07E-03 4.40E-04Vogtle 2 1.33E-02 8.50E-031.70E-041.29E-036.64E-03 6.29E-05North Anna 1 9.93E-03 2.00E-021.61E-049.94E-043.73E-03 North Anna 2 9.93E-03 2.00E-021.61E-049.94E-043.73E-03 Millstone 3 1.34E-02 1.12E-025.60E-046.25E-041.02E-02 1.10E-03Arkansas 1 1.61E-02 1.59E-034.50E-037.86E-036.82E-03 1.03E-03Turkey Point 4 1.85E-02 8.55E-034.06E-045.05E-041.17E-02 4.01E-05Turkey Point 3 1.85E-02 8.55E-034.21E-045.19E-041.17E-02 1.23E-04Watts Bar 8.36E-03 2.19E-033.92E-044.51E-042.85E-02 1.30E-04Arkansas 2 7.05E-03 1.24E-038.24E-041.63E-032.94E-02 3.85E-05Millstone 2 9.91E-03 2.28E-028.87E-056.82E-043.06E-02 Wolf Creek 7.82E-02 2.91E-032.76E-061.17E-028.73E-04 1.17E-04Prairie Island 1 6.45E-02 5.29E-031.23E-063.74E-067.68E-02 1.54E-05Prairie Island 2 6.45E-02 5.29E-031.23E-063.74E-067.68E-02 1.54E-05Beaver Valley 1 5.05E-02 1.49E-022.68E-058.08E-048.14E-02 Beaver Valley 2 5.05E-02 1.49E-022.68E-058.08E-048.14E-02 Callaway 1.31E-01 2.74E-021.13E-032.93E-038.61E-03 1.86E-03

4-16 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases - Tritium, 2008 PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) Palo Verde 1 Palo Verde 2 Palo Verde 3 Kewaunee 1.59E+02Three Mile Island 1 1.67E+02St. Lucie 1 1.70E+02St. Lucie 2 1.70E+02Fort Calhoun 1.77E+02Indian Point 2 2.10E+02Prairie Island 1 2.19E+02Prairie Island 2 2.19E+02Seabrook 2.21E+02Oconee 1 2.52E+02Oconee 2 2.52E+02Oconee 3 2.52E+02Davis-Besse 2.58E+02Point Beach 1 2.67E+02Point Beach 2 2.67E+02Salem 2 2.67E+02Surry 1 3.01E+02Surry 2 3.01E+02Harris 3.26E+02Turkey Point 3 3.27E+02Turkey Point 4 3.27E+02Ginna 3.30E+02Catawba 1 3.35E+02Catawba 2 3.35E+02Crystal River 3 3.48E+02Salem 1 4.24E+02Waterford 3 4.45E+02Millstone 2 4.77E+02San Onofre 2 5.22E+02San Onofre 3 5.22E+02Arkansas 2 5.26E+02Farley 1 5.62E+02PWR Facility H-3 (Ci) PWR Median Release 5.26E+02Vogtle 1 5.85E+02Robinson 2 5.96E+02Calvert Cliffs 1 6.01E+02Calvert Cliffs 2 6.01E+02Farley 2 6.13E+02Sequoyah 1 6.35E+02Sequoyah 2 6.35E+02North Anna 1 6.47E+02North Anna 2 6.47E+02Arkansas 1 6.61E+02Indian Point 3 6.67E+02Millstone 3 6.95E+02Braidwood 1 7.05E+02Braidwood 2 7.05E+02South Texas 1 7.17E+02Wolf Creek 7.29E+02Palisades 7.38E+02Beaver Valley 1 7.52E+02Beaver Valley 2 7.52E+02Vogtle 2 7.78E+02McGuire 1 8.15E+02McGuire 2 8.15E+02Summer 8.45E+02Cook 1 1.01E+03Cook 2 1.01E+03Diablo Canyon 1 1.20E+03Diablo Canyon 2 1.20E+03Comanche Peak 1 1.21E+03Comanche Peak 2 1.21E+03South Texas 2 1.39E+03Byron 1 1.50E+03Byron 2 1.50E+03Watts Bar 1.64E+03Callaway 1.66E+03

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-17 FIGURE 4.1 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+3Browns Ferry 1Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 3Hatch 1Hatch 2Susquehanna 1 Susquehanna 2Vermont YankeeClintonNine Mile Point 1Fermi 2Hope CreekPerryCooper StationDuane ArnoldLimerick 2Oyster CreekBWR Median ReleaseColumbia GeneratingQuad Cities 1Quad Cities 2Dresden 2 Dresden 3PilgrimLimerick 1Nine Mile Point 2Brunswick 1Brunswick 2FitzpatrickRiver BendPeach Bottom 2Peach Bottom 3Grand GulfLaSalle 1 LaSalle 2MonticelloActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)Kr-85Xe-133Xe-135 4-18 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.2 BWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine 1E-101E-91E-81E-71E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-1Limerick 1Limerick 2PerrySusquehanna 1Susquehanna 2ClintonVermont YankeeHatch 1Hatch 2Cooper StationDuane ArnoldColumbia GeneratingOyster CreekNine Mile Point 1Browns Ferry 1 Browns Ferry 2Browns Ferry 3BWR Median ReleaseDresden 2 Dresden 3Quad Cities 1Quad Cities 2FitzpatrickPeach Bottom 2Peach Bottom 3Fermi 2Nine Mile Point 2River BendHope CreekPilgrimGrand GulfMonticelloLaSalle 1 LaSalle 2Brunswick 1Brunswick 2Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)I-131 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-19 FIGURE 4.3 BWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates 1E-81E-71E-61E-51E-41E-31E-2PerryVermont YankeeHatch 2Oyster CreekDuane ArnoldGrand GulfHatch 1Susquehanna 1Susquehanna 2Limerick 2PilgrimLimerick 1FitzpatrickPeach Bottom 2 Peach Bottom 3River BendClintonBWR Median ReleaseFermi 2Hope CreekBrowns Ferry 1Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 3Nine Mile Point 2Dresden 2Dresden 3Columbia GeneratingLaSalle 1LaSalle 2Brunswick 1 Brunswick 2Cooper StationMonticelloQuad Cities 1 Quad Cities 2Nine Mile Point 1Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)Co-58Co-60Cs-134Cs-137 4-20 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.4 BWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+3PerryHope CreekVermont YankeeDresden 2Dresden 3Grand GulfLimerick 1 Limerick 2FitzpatrickCooper StationRiver BendPeach Bottom 2Peach Bottom 3Oyster CreekHatch 1LaSalle 1LaSalle 2BWR Median ReleaseSusquehanna 1 Susquehanna 2MonticelloNine Mile Point 1Columbia GeneratingHatch 2ClintonQuad Cities 1 Quad Cities 2Duane ArnoldBrowns Ferry 1 Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 3PilgrimFermi 2Nine Mile Point 2Brunswick 1Brunswick 2Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)H-3 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-21 FIGURE 4.5 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+3PWR Median ReleaseWatts BarCrystal River 3GinnaOconee 1 Oconee 2 Oconee 3South Texas 1PalisadesCook 1 Cook 2Millstone 2South Texas 2Arkansas 1Diablo Canyon 1 Diablo Canyon 2Davis-BesseBraidwood 1San Onofre 2 San Onofre 3Indian Point 2Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3Millstone 3Arkansas 2CallawayPalo Verde 2Robinson 2Braidwood 2Calvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2Comanche Peak 1 Comanche Peak 2Waterford 3Vogtle 2Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)Kr-85Xe-133Xe-135 4-22 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.5 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Gases 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+3Palo Verde 3Indian Point 3Farley 2 Farley 1SeabrookBeaver Valley 1 McGuire 1 McGuire 2Beaver Valley 2KewauneeWolf CreekVogtle 1Prairie Island 1Prairie Island 2HarrisSt. Lucie 2Catawba 1Catawba 2Point Beach 1 Point Beach 2Salem 1St. Lucie 1Three Mile Island 1Palo Verde 1Surry 1Surry 2Sequoyah 1Sequoyah 2Salem 2North Anna 1 North Anna 2SummerByron 1 Byron 2Fort CalhounPWR Median ReleaseActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)Kr-85Xe-133Xe-135 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-23 FIGURE 4.6 PWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine 1E-101E-91E-81E-71E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-1PWR Median ReleaseSummerByron 1CallawayOconee 1 Oconee 2 Oconee 3Palo Verde 1Comanche Peak 1 Comanche Peak 2Turkey Point 3Turkey Point 4St. Lucie 2Byron 2Arkansas 1Davis-BesseWaterford 3Watts BarCook 1 Cook 2PalisadesSan Onofre 2 San Onofre 3Arkansas 2Braidwood 1Braidwood 2Millstone 2South Texas 2Diablo Canyon 1Diablo Canyon 2Robinson 2Millstone 3Palo Verde 2Calvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)I-131 4-24 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.6 (continued) PWR Gaseous Releases - Iodine 1E-101E-91E-81E-71E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-1Catawba 1Catawba 2HarrisIndian Point 2 Indian Point 3KewauneePrairie Island 1Prairie Island 2Sequoyah 1 Sequoyah 2Wolf CreekSeabrookNorth Anna 1 North Anna 2Farley 2GinnaBeaver Valley 1 Beaver Valley 2Surry 1Surry 2Crystal River 3South Texas 1Point Beach 1Point Beach 2McGuire 1 McGuire 2Vogtle 2Three Mile Island 1Salem 1Palo Verde 3St. Lucie 1Farley 1Fort CalhounSalem 2Vogtle 1PWR Median ReleaseActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)I-131 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-25 FIGURE 4.7 PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates 1E-81E-71E-61E-51E-41E-31E-2PWR Median ReleaseSurry 2Byron 2Waterford 3Byron 1St. Lucie 2Calvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2Point Beach 1 Point Beach 2Millstone 2North Anna 1 North Anna 2Diablo Canyon 1 Diablo Canyon 2Salem 1Vogtle 2McGuire 1 McGuire 2Beaver Valley 1 Comanche Peak 1Comanche Peak 2CallawayHarrisBeaver Valley 2Indian Point 2Salem 2South Texas 1Palo Verde 1St. Lucie 1Millstone 3South Texas 2San Onofre 2 San Onofre 3Palo Verde 2Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)Co-58Co-60Cs-134Cs-137 4-26 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.7 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases - Selected Particulates 1E-81E-71E-61E-51E-41E-31E-2Arkansas 1Braidwood 1 Braidwood 2Catawba 1Catawba 2Davis-BesseFarley 1Fort CalhounIndian Point 3Palo Verde 3Sequoyah 1 Sequoyah 2SummerThree Mile Island 1Turkey Point 3Vogtle 1Wolf CreekFarley 2Turkey Point 4GinnaWatts BarPrairie Island 1 Prairie Island 2PalisadesArkansas 2Crystal River 3Cook 1Cook 2Robinson 2Oconee 1 Oconee 2Oconee 3KewauneeSeabrookSurry 1PWR Median ReleaseActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)Co-58Co-60Cs-134Cs-137 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-27 FIGURE 4.8 PWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+3PWR Median ReleasePoint Beach 1Point Beach 2San Onofre 2 San Onofre 3Braidwood 1Wolf CreekPalisadesSt. Lucie 1Watts BarSouth Texas 2South Texas 1CallawayByron 2GinnaSalem 2Davis-BesseWaterford 3Three Mile Island 1Millstone 3Diablo Canyon 1Diablo Canyon 2Braidwood 2SeabrookMcGuire 1McGuire 2Cook 1 Cook 2Catawba 1Catawba 2Salem 1HarrisPalo Verde 2 Palo Verde 3Palo Verde 1Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)H-3 4-28 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.8 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Releases - Tritium 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+3Calvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2Fort CalhounSummerPrairie Island 1Prairie Island 2Vogtle 2Beaver Valley 1 Beaver Valley 2Robinson 2Indian Point 2Farley 1Millstone 2Indian Point 3North Anna 1 North Anna 2Turkey Point 4Vogtle 1Crystal River 3St. Lucie 2Oconee 1Oconee 2Oconee 3Turkey Point 3Surry 1Surry 2Arkansas 2Arkansas 1KewauneeByron 1Farley 2Sequoyah 1Sequoyah 2Comanche Peak 1Comanche Peak 2PWR Median ReleaseActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)H-3 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-29 FIGURE 4.9 BWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products 1E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+0Vermont YankeeClintonColumbia GeneratingDuane ArnoldFermi 2FitzpatrickLaSalle 1 LaSalle 2Limerick 1Limerick 2MonticelloNine Mile Point 1Oyster CreekPilgrimDresden 2 Dresden 3Susquehanna 1BWR Median ReleaseSusquehanna 2Quad Cities 1Quad Cities 2Nine Mile Point 2Brunswick 1 Brunswick 2Cooper StationBrowns Ferry 1 Browns Ferry 2Browns Ferry 3Hatch 2River BendPerryHope CreekHatch 1Peach Bottom 2 Peach Bottom 3Grand GulfActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)Co-58Co-60Cs-134Cs-137Fe-55I-131 4-30 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.10 BWR Liquid Releases - Tritium 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+31E+4ClintonColumbia GeneratingFermi 2LaSalle 1LaSalle 2MonticelloNine Mile Point 1Oyster CreekPilgrimVermont YankeeDuane ArnoldDresden 2Dresden 3Cooper StationPeach Bottom 2 Peach Bottom 3Browns Ferry 1BWR Median ReleaseBrowns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 3Quad Cities 1Quad Cities 2FitzpatrickHope CreekNine Mile Point 2Hatch 2Susquehanna 1Susquehanna 2Limerick 1 Limerick 2PerryHatch 1River BendGrand GulfBrunswick 1Brunswick 2Activity Released in 2008 (Ci)H-3 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-31 FIGURE 4.11 PWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products 1E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+0PWR Median ReleasePalisadesFarley 2KewauneeWaterford 3Salem 1Vogtle 1McGuire 1McGuire 2Indian Point 2SeabrookCalvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2Point Beach 1 Point Beach 2Sequoyah 1Sequoyah 2Braidwood 1 Braidwood 2Vogtle 2North Anna 1 North Anna 2Millstone 3Arkansas 1Turkey Point 4Turkey Point 3Watts BarArkansas 2Millstone 2Wolf CreekPrairie Island 1 Prairie Island 2Beaver Valley 1 Beaver Valley 2CallawayActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)Co-58Co-60Cs-134Cs-137Fe-55I-131 4-32 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.11 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases - Selected Fission and Activation Products 1E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+0Palo Verde 1Palo Verde 2 Palo Verde 3Three Mile Island 1Cook 1Cook 2Oconee 1 Oconee 2Oconee 3Fort CalhounGinnaCrystal River 3Catawba 1Catawba 2Indian Point 3South Texas 1Comanche Peak 1Comanche Peak 2Farley 1Diablo Canyon 1Diablo Canyon 2Byron 1 Byron 2South Texas 2Robinson 2Salem 2Surry 1Surry 2St. Lucie 1 St. Lucie 2Davis-BesseHarrisSan Onofre 2 San Onofre 3SummerPWR Median ReleaseActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)Co-58Co-60Cs-134Cs-137Fe-55I-131 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-33 FIGURE 4.12 PWR Liquid Releases - Tritium 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+31E+4Farley 1PWR Median ReleaseVogtle 1Robinson 2Calvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2Farley 2Sequoyah 1Sequoyah 2North Anna 1 North Anna 2Arkansas 1Indian Point 3Millstone 3Braidwood 1 Braidwood 2South Texas 1Wolf CreekPalisadesBeaver Valley 1 Beaver Valley 2Vogtle 2McGuire 1 McGuire 2SummerCook 1 Cook 2Diablo Canyon 1Diablo Canyon 2Comanche Peak 1 Comanche Peak 2South Texas 2Byron 1 Byron 2Watts BarCallawayActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)H-3 4-34 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.12 (continued)

PWR Liquid Releases - Tritium 1E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+21E+31E+4Palo Verde 1Palo Verde 2Palo Verde 3KewauneeThree Mile Island 1St. Lucie 1St. Lucie 2Fort CalhounIndian Point 2Prairie Island 1Prairie Island 2SeabrookOconee 1Oconee 2Oconee 3Davis-BessePoint Beach 1 Point Beach 2Salem 2Surry 1 Surry 2HarrisTurkey Point 3Turkey Point 4GinnaCatawba 1Catawba 2Crystal River 3Salem 1Waterford 3Millstone 2San Onofre 2San Onofre 3Arkansas 2Farley 1PWR Median ReleaseActivity Released in 2008 (Ci)H-3 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-35 4.2 RADIATION DOSE TABLE 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 BWR Facility Annual Organ Dose (mrem) Perry 5.26E-05 Hope Creek 5.03E-04 Clinton 7.45E-04 Vermont Yankee 1.94E-03 Dresden 2 2.33E-03 Limerick 1 2.94E-03 Limerick 2 2.94E-03 Oyster Creek 3.58E-03 Dresden 3 1.01E-02 Duane Arnold 1.13E-02 Browns Ferry 1 1.22E-02 Browns Ferry 2 1.22E-02 Browns Ferry 3 1.22E-02 Fitzpatrick 1.29E-02 Hatch 1 1.37E-02 Columbia Generating 1.44E-02 Nine Mile Point 1 1.63E-02 Hatch 2 1.77E-02 Cooper Station 1.97E-02 LaSalle 1 3.39E-02 LaSalle 2 3.39E-02 Nine Mile Point 2 7.87E-02 Monticello 8.40E-02 Susquehanna 1 8.94E-02 Pilgrim 1.07E-01 Quad Cities 1 1.19E-01 Quad Cities 2 1.19E-01 Fermi 2 1.25E-01 Grand Gulf 2.18E-01 River Bend 2.38E-01 Susquehanna 2 4.21E-01 Brunswick 1 5.00E-01 Brunswick 2 5.00E-01 Peach Bottom 2 6.83E-01 Peach Bottom 3 6.83E-01 Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit 1.50E+01 4-36 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose, 2008 PWR Facility Annual Organ Dose (mrem) Ginna 3.45E-06 Salem 2 3.03E-05 Salem 1 9.32E-05 Vogtle 2 1.30E-04 Vogtle 1 2.04E-04 Kewaunee 5.55E-04 Diablo Canyon 1 1.11E-03 Farley 1 1.50E-03 St. Lucie 2 1.56E-03 Turkey Point 4 1.64E-03 Turkey Point 3 1.67E-03 Crystal River 3 1.79E-03 South Texas 1 1.95E-03 Indian Point 3 1.99E-03 St. Lucie 1 2.10E-03 Summer 2.17E-03 Davis-Besse 2.21E-03 Indian Point 2 2.67E-03 Farley 2 3.85E-03 Palisades 5.44E-03 South Texas 2 5.50E-03 Oconee 1 5.87E-03 Oconee 2 5.87E-03 Oconee 3 5.87E-03 North Anna 1 6.65E-03 North Anna 2 6.65E-03 Three Mile Island 1 6.96E-03 Byron 1 8.02E-03 San Onofre 2 9.89E-03 San Onofre 3 9.89E-03 Beaver Valley 2 1.01E-02 Diablo Canyon 2 1.08E-02 Callaway 1.20E-02 Point Beach 1 1.27E-02 Point Beach 2 1.27E-02 Seabrook 1.28E-02 PWR Facility Annual Organ Dose (mrem) Fort Calhoun 1.74E-02 Sequoyah 1 1.95E-02 Sequoyah 2 1.95E-02 Prairie Island 1 2.18E-02 Prairie Island 2 2.18E-02 Wolf Creek 2.62E-02 Byron 2 3.10E-02 Arkansas 1 4.46E-02 Watts Bar 4.74E-02 Surry 1 5.70E-02 Surry 2 5.70E-02 Millstone 2 6.60E-02 Millstone 3 9.34E-02 Waterford 3 1.18E-01 Cook 1 1.24E-01 Cook 2 1.24E-01 McGuire 1 1.35E-01 McGuire 2 1.35E-01 Arkansas 2 1.77E-01 Palo Verde 3 1.78E-01 Beaver Valley 1 1.79E-01 Comanche Peak 1 2.07E-01 Comanche Peak 2 2.07E-01 Palo Verde 2 2.26E-01 Palo Verde 1 3.13E-01 Calvert Cliffs 1 3.35E-01 Calvert Cliffs 2 3.35E-01 Harris 3.51E-01 Catawba 1 4.64E-01 Catawba 2 4.64E-01 Robinson 2 5.60E-01 Braidwood 1 1.44E+00 Braidwood 2 1.60E+00 Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit 1.50E+01 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-37 TABLE 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2008 BWR Facility Annual Total Body Dose (mrem) Annual Organ Dose (mrem) Clinton Columbia Generating Fermi 2 LaSalle 1 LaSalle 2 Monticello Nine Mile Point 1 Nine Mile Point 2 Oyster Creek Pilgrim Vermont Yankee Dresden 3 5.22E-07 5.35E-07 Dresden 2 2.20E-06 4.11E-06 Fitzpatrick 1.63E-05 1.63E-05 Duane Arnold 3.23E-05 3.23E-05 Hope Creek 1.51E-05 5.57E-05 River Bend 1.00E-04 1.15E-03 Susquehanna 1 5.80E-04 8.95E-04 Susquehanna 2 5.80E-04 8.95E-04 Hatch 2 6.26E-04 8.77E-04 Browns Ferry 1 1.28E-03 1.80E-03 Browns Ferry 2 1.28E-03 1.80E-03 Browns Ferry 3 1.28E-03 1.80E-03 Perry 2.21E-03 3.15E-03 Brunswick 1 2.54E-03 3.26E-03 Brunswick 2 2.54E-03 3.26E-03 Peach Bottom 2 2.15E-03 4.86E-03 Peach Bottom 3 2.15E-03 4.86E-03 Limerick 1 3.56E-03 5.10E-03 Limerick 2 3.56E-03 5.10E-03 Quad Cities 1 6.75E-03 1.07E-02 Quad Cities 2 6.75E-03 1.07E-02 Hatch 1 7.79E-03 3.67E-02 Grand Gulf 2.19E-01 4.57E-01 Cooper Station 3.18E-01 6.27E-01 Liquid Effluent Operational Limit 3.00E+00 1.00E+01 4-38 Annual Report 2008 TABLE 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose, 2008 PWR Facility Annual Total Body Dose (mrem) Annual Organ Dose (mrem) Palo Verde 1 Palo Verde 2 Palo Verde 3 Ginna 3.64E-06 3.66E-06 Salem 2 1.15E-05 2.49E-05 Crystal River 3 2.08E-05 6.76E-05 Salem 1 4.03E-05 7.76E-05 Surry 1 7.50E-05 1.82E-04 Surry 2 7.50E-05 1.82E-04 Turkey Point 4 4.02E-04 Turkey Point 3 4.04E-04 Indian Point 3 1.56E-04 2.83E-04 Diablo Canyon 1 2.18E-04 3.80E-04 Diablo Canyon 2 2.18E-04 3.80E-04 Robinson 2 3.39E-04 4.72E-04 Waterford 3 6.03E-04 7.04E-04 Indian Point 2 6.11E-04 1.47E-03 Palisades 1.98E-03 2.29E-03 Prairie Island 1 8.20E-04 3.68E-03 Prairie Island 2 8.20E-04 3.68E-03 Seabrook 7.69E-04 3.77E-03 Kewaunee 1.04E-03 4.19E-03 Arkansas 2 2.30E-03 3.00E-03 Davis-Besse 2.60E-03 3.42E-03 Millstone 3 6.65E-04 5.52E-03 Calvert Cliffs 1 1.10E-03 5.30E-03 Calvert Cliffs 2 1.10E-03 5.30E-03 San Onofre 2 1.31E-03 5.62E-03 San Onofre 3 1.31E-03 5.62E-03 South Texas 1 4.12E-03 4.17E-03 Point Beach 1 3.25E-03 5.80E-03 Point Beach 2 3.25E-03 5.80E-03 Sequoyah 1 7.55E-03 7.70E-03 Sequoyah 2 7.55E-03 7.70E-03 Summer 7.58E-03 7.76E-03 South Texas 2 7.97E-03 8.02E-03 PWR Facility Annual Total Body Dose (mrem) Annual Organ Dose (mrem) Harris 7.63E-03 1.15E-02 Millstone 2 1.03E-03 1.82E-02 Arkansas 1 8.70E-03 1.16E-02 Farley 1 6.64E-03 1.57E-02 Farley 2 6.64E-03 1.57E-02 Watts Bar 1.43E-02 1.68E-02 Catawba 1 1.85E-02 1.89E-02 Catawba 2 1.85E-02 1.89E-02 Callaway 1.65E-02 2.19E-02 Three Mile Island 1 1.88E-02 2.12E-02 Oconee 1 2.03E-02 2.24E-02 Oconee 2 2.03E-02 2.24E-02 Oconee 3 2.03E-02 2.24E-02 Vogtle 1 1.95E-02 2.36E-02 Cook 1 2.84E-02 2.85E-02 Cook 2 2.84E-02 2.85E-02 Fort Calhoun 2.39E-02 3.50E-02 Vogtle 2 2.69E-02 3.28E-02 Beaver Valley 1 4.60E-02 7.01E-02 Beaver Valley 2 4.60E-02 7.01E-02 Comanche Peak 16.36E-02 6.38E-02 Comanche Peak 26.36E-02 6.38E-02 Byron 1 7.52E-02 8.42E-02 Byron 2 7.52E-02 8.42E-02 Braidwood 1 6.60E-02 1.09E-01 Braidwood 2 6.60E-02 1.09E-01 McGuire 1 1.02E-01 1.25E-01 McGuire 2 1.02E-01 1.25E-01 North Anna 1 1.91E-01 2.55E-01 North Anna 2 1.91E-01 2.55E-01 Wolf Creek 2.26E-01 2.43E-01 St. Lucie 1 2.20E+00 8.99E+00St. Lucie 2 2.20E+00 8.99E+00Liquid Effluent Operational Limit3.00E+00 1.00E+01 Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-39 FIGURE 4.13 BWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose 1E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+2PerryHope CreekClintonVermont YankeeDresden 2Limerick 1 Limerick 2Oyster CreekDresden 3Duane ArnoldBrowns Ferry 1 Browns Ferry 2Browns Ferry 3FitzpatrickHatch 1Columbia GeneratingNine Mile Point 1Hatch 2Cooper StationLaSalle 1LaSalle 2Nine Mile Point 2MonticelloSusquehanna 1PilgrimQuad Cities 1 Quad Cities 2Fermi 2Grand GulfRiver BendSusquehanna 2Brunswick 1Brunswick 2Peach Bottom 2 Peach Bottom 3Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit2008 Annual Organ Dose (mrem) 4-40 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.14 PWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose 1E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+2SeabrookFort CalhounSequoyah 1 Sequoyah 2Prairie Island 1Prairie Island 2Wolf CreekByron 2Arkansas 1Watts BarSurry 1 Surry 2Millstone 2Millstone 3Waterford 3Cook 1Cook 2McGuire 1 McGuire 2Arkansas 2Palo Verde 3Beaver Valley 1Comanche Peak 1Comanche Peak 2Palo Verde 2 Palo Verde 1Calvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2HarrisCatawba 1Catawba 2Robinson 2Braidwood 1 Braidwood 2Gaseous Effluent Operational Limi t2008 Annual Organ Dose (mrem)

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-41 FIGURE 4.14 (continued)

PWR Gaseous Effluents - Maximum Annual Organ Dose 1E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+2GinnaSalem 2Salem 1Vogtle 2 Vogtle 1KewauneeDiablo Canyon 1Farley 1St. Lucie 2Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3Crystal River 3South Texas 1Indian Point 3St. Lucie 1SummerDavis-BesseIndian Point 2Farley 2PalisadesSouth Texas 2Oconee 1 Oconee 2 Oconee 3North Anna 1North Anna 2Three Mile Island 1Byron 1San Onofre 2 San Onofre 3Beaver Valley 2Diablo Canyon 2CallawayPoint Beach 1 Point Beach 2Gaseous Effluent Operational Limit2008 Annual Organ Dose (mrem) 4-42 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.15 BWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose 1E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+2ClintonColumbia GeneratingFermi 2LaSalle 1 LaSalle 2MonticelloNine Mile Point 1Nine Mile Point 2Oyster CreekPilgrimVermont YankeeDresden 3Dresden 2FitzpatrickDuane ArnoldHope CreekRiver BendSusquehanna 1 Susquehanna 2Hatch 2Browns Ferry 1Browns Ferry 2 Browns Ferry 3PerryBrunswick 1Brunswick 2Peach Bottom 2 Peach Bottom 3Limerick 1 Limerick 2Quad Cities 1Quad Cities 2Hatch 1Grand GulfCooper StationLiquid Effluent Operational Limit2008 Annual Dose (mrem)Total BodyOrgan Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 4-43 FIGURE 4.16 PWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose 1E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+2South Texas 2HarrisMillstone 2Arkansas 1Farley 1Farley 2Watts BarCatawba 1Catawba 2CallawayThree Mile Island 1Oconee 1Oconee 2Oconee 3Vogtle 1Cook 1Cook 2Fort CalhounVogtle 2Beaver Valley 1Beaver Valley 2Comanche Peak 1 Comanche Peak 2Byron 1Byron 2Braidwood 1 Braidwood 2McGuire 1McGuire 2North Anna 1North Anna 2Wolf CreekSt. Lucie 1 St. Lucie 2Liquid Effluent Operational Limi t2008 Annual Dose (mrem)Total BodyOrgan 4-44 Annual Report 2008 FIGURE 4.16 (continued)

PWR Liquid Effluents - Maximum Annual Total Body and Organ Dose 1E-61E-51E-41E-31E-21E-11E+01E+11E+2Palo Verde 1Palo Verde 2Palo Verde 3GinnaSalem 2Crystal River 3Salem 1Surry 1 Surry 2Turkey Point 4 Turkey Point 3Indian Point 3Diablo Canyon 1 Diablo Canyon 2Robinson 2Waterford 3Indian Point 2PalisadesPrairie Island 1 Prairie Island 2SeabrookKewauneeArkansas 2Davis-BesseMillstone 3Calvert Cliffs 1Calvert Cliffs 2San Onofre 2 San Onofre 3South Texas 1Point Beach 1Point Beach 2Sequoyah 1 Sequoyah 2SummerLiquid Effluent Operational Limit2008 Annual Dose (mrem)Total BodyOrgan Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 5-1 Section 5 REFERENCES

1. "Report on Releases of Radioactivity in Effluents and Solid Wastes from Nuclear Power Plants for 1972," Directorate of Regulatory Operations, August 1973. 2. "Summary of Radioactivity Releases in Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants During 1973," NUREG-75/001, January 1975. 3. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1974," NUREG-0077, June 1976. 4. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1975," NUREG-0218, March 1977. 5. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1976," NUREG-0367, March 1978. 6. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1977," NUREG-0521, January 1979. 7. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1978," NUREG/CR-1497, BNL-NUREG-51192, March 1981. 8. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1979," NUREG/CR-2227, BNL-NUREG-51416, November 1981. 9. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1980," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 1, January 1983. 10. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1981," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 2, June 1984. 11. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1982," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 3, February 1986. 12. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1983," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 4, August 1986. 13. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1984," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 5, August 1987. 14. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1985," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 6, January 1988. 15. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1986," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 7, November 1988. 16. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1987," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 8, October 1989.

5-2 Annual Report 2008

17. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1988," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 9, July 1991. 18. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1989," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 10, September 1992. 19. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1990," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 11, October 1993. 20. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1991," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 12, May 1994. 21. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1992," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 13, August 1995. 22. "Radioactive Materials Released from Nuclear Power Plants, 1993," NUREG/CR-2907, BNL-NUREG-51581, Vol. 14, August 1995. 23. SECY-06-0212, Preparation of Annual Reports on Radioactive Materials Released in Gaseous and Liquid Effluents and in Solid Wastes Shipped for Disposal by Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, October 17, 2006. 24. 10 CFR Part 50, "Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. 25. Regulatory Guide 1.21, "Measuring, Evaluating, and Reporting Radioactive Material in Liquid and Gaseous Effluents and Solid Waste," Revision 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, June 2009. 26. Regulatory Guide 1.109, "Calculation of Annual Doses to Man from Routine Releases of Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of Demonstrating Compliance with 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix I," U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC, October 1977. 27. 10 CFR Part 20, "Standards for Protection Against Radiation," U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC. 28. NCRP Publication No. 160, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements", Bethesda, MD, March 3, 2009. 29. NCRP Publication No. 93, "Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements", Bethesda, MD, September 1987.

Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 5-3 AVAILABILITY OF REFERENCE MATERIALS IN NRC PUBLICATIONS NRC Reference Material As of November 1999, you may electronically access NUREG-series publications and other NRC records at NRC's Public Electronic Reading Room at www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/adams.html . Publicly released records include, to name a few, NUREG-series publications; Federal Register notices; applicant, licensee, and vendor documents and correspondence; NRC correspondence and internal memoranda; bulletins and information notices; inspection and investigative reports; licensee event reports; and Commission papers and their attachments. NRC publications in the NUREG series, NRC regulations, and Title 10, Energy, in the Code of Federal Regulations may also be purchased from one of these two sources. 1. The Superintendent of Documents U.S. Government Printing Office P. 0. Box 37082 Washington, DC 20402-9328 http://www.gpoaccess.gov/index.html 202-512-1800 2. The National Technical Information Service Springfield, VA 22161-0002 http://www.ntis.gov/ . 1-800-533-6847 or, locally, 703-805-6000 A single copy of each NRC draft report for comment is available free, to the extent of supply, upon written request as follows:

Address: Office of the Chief Information Officer, Reproduction and Distribution Services Section U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555-0001 E-mail: DISTRIBUTION@nrc.gov Facsimile: 301-415-2289 Some publications in the NUREG series that are posted at NRC's Web site address http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/ are updated periodically and may differ from the last printed version. Although references to material found on a Web site bear the date the material was accessed, the material available on the date cited may subsequently be removed from the site. Non-NRC Reference Material Documents available from public and special technical libraries include all open literature items, such as books, journal articles, and transactions, Federal Register notices, Federal and State legislation, and congressional reports. Such documents as theses, dissertations, foreign reports and translations, and non-NRC conference proceedings may be purchased from their sponsoring organization.

Copies of industry codes and standards used in a substantive manner in the NRC regulatory process are maintained at-

The NRC Technical Library Two White Flint North 11545 Rockville Pike Rockville, MD 20852-2738

These standards are available in the library for reference use by the public. Codes and standards are usually copyrighted and may be purchased from the originating organization or, if they are American National Standards, from-

American National Standards Institute 11 West 42nd Street New York, NY 10036-8002 http://www.ansi.org/ 212-642-4900 The NUREG series comprises (1) technical and administrative reports and books prepared by the staff (NUREG-XXXX) or agency contractors (NUREG/CR-XXXX), (2) proceedings of conferences (NUREG/CP-XXXX), (3) reports resulting from international agreements (NUREG/IA-XXXX),

(4) brochures (NUREG/BR-XXXX), and (5) compilations of legal decisions and orders of the Commission and Atomic and Safety Licensing Boards and of Directors' decisions under Section 2.206 of NRC's regulations (NUREG-0750).

5-4 Annual Report 2008

This page intentionally left blank Radioactive Effluents from Nuclear Power Plants 6-1 Section 6 GLOSSARY Activity or radioactivity: The rate of radioactive decay of a radionuclide, measured in the traditional unit of the curie (Ci) or the international standard unit of the becquerel (Bq).

Background (radiation): Radiation from cosmic sources; naturally occurring radioactive material, including radon (except as a decay product of source or special nuclear material); and global fallout as it exists in the environment from the testing of nuclear explosive devices and from past nuclear accidents such as Chernobyl that contribute to background radiation and are not under the control of the licensee. Background radiation does not include radiation from source, byproduct, or special nuclear materials regulated by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

Effluent discharge, radioactive discharge: The portion of an effluent release that reaches an unrestricted area.

Effluent release, radioactive release: The emission of an effluent.

Exposure pathway: A mechanism by which radioactive material is transferred from the (local) environment to humans. There are three commonly recognized exposure pathways: inhalation, ingestion, and direct radiation.

Fission and activation gases: The noble (chemically non-reactive) gases formed from the splitting (fission) of the uranium-235 isotope in a nuclear reactor or the creation of radioactive atoms from non-radioactive atoms (activation) by the capture of neutrons or gamma rays that were released during the fission process.

Gaseous effluents: Airborne effluents.

Iodines/Halogens: The measured radioactive isotopes of iodine or of other non-metal elements in group 17 of the Periodic Table of Elements. Licensees might report any combination of the iodine isotopes I-131, I-132, I-133, I-134, and I-135, as well as other halogens such as bromine-82 (Br-82).

Maximum exposed individual: Individuals characterized as maximum with regard to food consumption, occupancy, and other usage of the region in the vicinity of the plant site. As such, they represent individuals with habits that are considered to be maximum reasonable deviations from the average for the population in general. Additionally, in physiological or metabolic respects, the maximum exposure individuals are assumed to have those characteristics that represent the averages for their corresponding age group in the general population.

6-2 Annual Report 2008 Member of the public (10 CFR 20): Any individual except when that individual is receiving an occupational dose.

Monitoring: The measurement of radiation levels, concentrations, surface area concentrations or quantities of radioactive material and the use of results of these measurements to evaluate potential exposures and doses.

Noble gas: One of six noble gases (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon and radon) with an oxidation number of 0 that prevents it from forming compounds readily. All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others),

making them stable.

Particulates: Radioactive materials entrained in the gaseous effluent that are not included in any other effluent category.

Site boundary: That line beyond which the land is neither owned, nor leased, nor otherwise controlled by the licensee.

Tritium: The radioactive isotope of hydrogen (H-3).