ML23062A704
| ML23062A704 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 10/02/2000 |
| From: | Allard D, Kirk W Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards, State of PA, Dept of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Radiation Protection |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML23062A719 | List: |
| References | |
| Download: ML23062A704 (33) | |
Text
RADIOACTIVITY IN SOLID WASTE Regulations and Guidance for Dealing With Radioactivity in Solid Waste in Pennsylvania David J. Allard, CHP William P. Kirk, Ph.D., CHP DEP/Bureau of Radiation Protection
(Rev. 9/22/00) 1 LANDFILLS LANDFILLS 51 MUNICIPAL, 47 PRIVATE,, 7 C&D 51 MUNICIPAL, 47 PRIVATE,, 7 C&D
2 TRANSFER STATIONS & PROCESSING FAC. TRANSFER STATIONS & PROCESSING FAC.
TRANSFER-73, MEDICAL INCINERATORS-2, TRANSFER-73, MEDICAL INCINERATORS-2, COMPOSTING-8, OTHER-10 COMPOSTING-8, OTHER-10
3 WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITIES - 6 WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITIES - 6
4 Why do we need Regs and Guidance?
Permits say no Radioactivity at SW Facilities Some SW Facilities have installed radiation /
radioactive materials (RAM) monitors Differences between monitors, policies, alarm set point, sensitivity, modes of use etc.
Alarms require response by facilities and BRP RP staff responding to several alarms a week A quagmire of national regulations and standards regarding the RAM involved
5 Why do we need Regs and Guidance?
Ensure the responses are appropriate from the public health & environmental standpoint Alarms usually involve DEP/ RP program staff, and sometimes NRC or EPA staff Most of the alarms result from radioactive material that has been disposed of legally
[i.e., nuclear medicine (NM) procedures; RAM w/ T1/2 < 65 days]
6 Why do we need Regs and Guidance?
The entity with the source / radioactive material possession is responsible to act Most of the alarms are of little or no radiological significance (i.e., RAM T 1/2 < 65 d)
High costs of response if RAM > 65 d T 1/2 If classified as low-level rad. waste who pays?
Hauler or SW facility may have to pay if originator cant be identified
7 Why have facilities been installing monitors without mandate ?
To protect their image and legal interests Permits prohibit accepting radioactivity Cost of facility cleanup if contaminated Concerned Citizens, Monitoring Groups Concern for illegal disposal of LLRW
8 Why do we have this problem?
Almost everything in the world contains some radioactivity, mostly of natural origins; but There is no accepted legal definition of what may be detectable as radioactive, but of such a low public dose impact (i.e., health risk) as having little need for regulatory control Now SW facility permit holder will have to develop an Action Plan for radiation alarm response
9 Sources of Radioactivity - Medical Nuclear Medicine Procedures - 1
Short-lived NM radioisotopes w/ T1/2 < 65 days NM Diagnostic or therapy procedures No longer controlled to 30 mCi, use dose limit Once inpatient, now dose based to determine if patient leaves facility Excreta to sanitary sewer - biosolids with RAM, or contaminated household items in trash While in facility, contaminated items are controlled, but may get in trash accidentally
10 Sources of Radioactivity - Medical Nuclear Medicine Procedures - 2 Commonly contaminated items in hospitals or medical clinics
- Personal hygiene items
- Cleaning wipes, paper towels
- Newspapers, magazines
- Dishes, tableware
- Bedding
- Anything else touched by patient At home, much of above materials may get into trash
11 Sources of Radioactivity - Industry
Radium sources can be a major hazard Discarded NRC General License (GL) RAM (e.g.
static eliminators) and thickness gauges Stolen or lost sources:
- Well loggers
- Moisture / density gauges Some RAM are not gamma emitters & cant be detected by usual monitors (e.g., tritium EXIT signs)
12 Sources of Radioactivity - NORM Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material
Primordial Radioactive Elements
- Present since earth was formed
- Very long half-lifes (billions of years)
- Uranium, thorium, and decay products
- Potassium-40 (K-40)
Cosmogenic Radionuclides
- Formed continuously through interactions of cosmic rays with air, e.g., C-14, Be-7, H-3
13 Sources of Radiation Items containing NORM or TENORM
Rocks Coke slags Minerals Metal processing slags Fertilizer Media from water Gypsum purification -Rn, Ra Sheet rock Fire Bricks Oil & gas brines and Mineral Sands sludges Soils Coal fly ash Anything from earth
14 Sources of Radiation Consumer Products - 1
Self luminous items
- Timepieces (tritium, radium, promethium)
- Gauges for aircraft etc (same as timepieces)
- Tritium EXIT signs (hydrogen-3)
Smoke detectors (Am-241)
Pottery [and glass] used natural uranium compounds for color in glazes Gas lantern mantles (thorium)
15 Sources of Radiation Consumer Products - 2
Optical lenses - cameras, glasses, binoculars, telescopes, etc. (thorium)
Welding rods (thorium)
(Old) Dental porcelain (uranium)
Gold recovered from radon seeds used for interstitial therapy ( Pb -210)
Fertilizers (uranium, radium, K-40)
Lite salt or road salt (KCl), or other potassium compounds (K-40)
16 Objectives of Regs and Guidance
To protect environment, public and workers from unnecessary exposure To protect SW Facility property from RAM contamination and costly decontamination To help prevent unlawful disposal of controlled RAM To assist facility operators in complying with revised regulations and permits To conserve DEP resources by reducing unnecessary response activity
17 SW Regulations - Basic Limitations The following radioactive material controlled under specific or general license or order authorized by any federal, state or other government agency shall not be processed at the facility, unless specifically exempted from disposal restrictions by an applicable Pennsylvania or federal statute or regulation:
NARM Byproduct material Source material Special nuclear material Transuranic radioactive material Low-level radioactive waste
18 SW Regulations - Basic Limitations The following radioactive material shall not be disposed/processed at the facility, unless approved in writing by the department and the disposal/processing does not endanger the health and safety of the public and the environment:
Short lived radioactive material from a patient having undergone a medical procedure TENORM Consumer products containing radioactive material The limitations in subsections () and () shall not apply to radioactive material as found in the undisturbed natural environment of the commonwealth.
19 Guidance General
Definitions (RAM, NARM, NORM, TENORM, etc.)
Background; reg drivers, sources, past events General Considerations
- Personnel Training
- Monitoring and detection of radiation
- Awareness of items containing RAM
- Initial response to detection
- Notifications; internal/external (DEP)
- Characterization
- Disposition; reject, dispose/process onsite
- Record keeping
20 Guidance Action Plans
Approved Action Plan, can have a disposal option for NM RAM, TENORM and consumer products Plan summary posted for facility personnel Facility personnel trained to plan Proper response if alarm exceeded Customer and waste hauler awareness Ensure that at least one trained person on duty
21 Guidance Action Levels Below average background + 10 m R h-1 NO ACTION REQUIRED Treat waste in normal manner ACTION LEVEL 1 Above average background + 10 m R h-1 shall cause an alarm; 10 m R h-1 limit on instrument background ACTION LEVEL 2 Above 2 mR h-1 in vehicle cab, 50 mR h -1 any other surface, or contamination - notify DEP/BRP and isolate waste or vehicle
22 Guidance Detection and Initial Response - 1
System must alarm with 10 m R h-1 radiation field at detector element, with Cs-137 Must detect 50 KeV and above gamma rays Alarm set at no higher than average instrument background + 10 m R h-1 (maximize sensitivity, minimize false alarms)
Background is instrument response AT THAT LOCATION; may need to shield to 10 m R h-1 If wastes exceeds alarm set point, test again Still above alarm set point - survey truck
23 Guidance Monitoring Equipment
Recommends that facilities have suggested types of monitoring devices
- Fixed portal monitors
- Hand-held instrument and 2 probes (NaI and pancake G-M) for dose rate and contamination
- Portable MCA Annual calibration Daily performance source checks if used Staff training on field use and maintenance
24 Guidance Detection & Initial Response
Facility situation specific Action Plan Initial measurements below Action Level 2, T 1/2 < 65 days and patient excreta, facility may have DEP blanket approval for disposal option If > 2 mR h -1 cab and/or > 50 mR h-1 on surface, or removable contamination-isolate and call DEP/BRP DO NOT send driver back on road until proper action determined, and DOT Exemption obtained from DEP/BRP If waste rejected, DEP will want to know destination to notify other state agencies
25 Guidance Characterization Identification of radioisotope - use portable MCA for gamma spectroscopy T1/2 < 65 days and NM RAM, see guidance T1/2 > 65 days, see guidance May have to unload or hold in Designated Area
- Isolate vehicle, bag, or container
- STOP, isolate vehicle from people, call DEP if Action Level 2 exceeded
26 Guidance Determining Origin
Ask driver where the shipment came from Record information required by SW regs Identification on containers or bags. Look for anything with radiation labels while unloading. Any printed material where radiation is localized.
Assistance from DEP/BRP, NRC and/or EPA
27 Guidance - Disposition
Dispose of NM RAM with half life less than 65 days (Determined by DEP not to endanger health and safety of site staff, public and environment)
Small quantity TENORM and consumer products can be pre-approved too Expect most facilities will want blanket approval of DEP in Action Plan, or DEP HP managers can approve case by case OR Return to point of origin (with DOT Exemption manifest from DEP/BRP)
28 Guidance - Disposal Option Examples of RAM from patients Isotope T-1/2 Tc-99m 6 hr Tl-201 3.0 days Ga-67 3.3 days I-131* 8 days
- About 75% of alarms to date
29 Guidance - Disposal Option NORM or TENORM TENORM,surface gamma dose rate < 50 m R h-1 @ 5 cm, combined radium activity < 5.0 pCi/g, and < one cubic meter - facility can dispose / process with DEP approval Higher with BRP Director approval if pathways analysis demonstrates annual dose to maximum exposed person is less than 10 mrem a-1 air, 4 mrem a-1 DW, 25 mrem yr-1 for total all exposure pathways
30 Guidance - Disposition T1/2 > 65 days, except NORM / TENORM Above ACTION LEVEL 1 - Reject and return to point of origin (with DOT Exemption Form from BRP), or arrange for proper recovery and disposal Above ACTION LEVEL 2 - Respond in consultation with DEP/BRP, and/or U.S. NRC or EPA
31 Guidance Records & Notification Daily Operational DEP Notification Records - For DOT Exemption
- Date/time/location - For disposal NM RAM w/
- Brief Narrative
- Any info on origin T1/2 < 65 days
- Isotope ID if known - Immediate if Action
- Name, address,Level 2 exceeded tel.# of hauler/ - Annual report of supplier/driver ID detected RAM
- Final deposition (dispose/reject)
32 Guidance APPENDICES DEP contact tel.# for notification, by region RAM activities for released patients Guidelines for Monitoring Equipment Guidelines for Action Plans Background information on RAM in Solid Waste Radiation Protection Fundamentals (rev.)
33