ML20245C426
| ML20245C426 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1988 |
| From: | Shelton D TOLEDO EDISON CO. |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF INFORMATION RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (IRM) |
| References | |
| 1655, NUDOCS 8904270156 | |
| Download: ML20245C426 (214) | |
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{{#Wiki_filter:_ _ - - - - ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING REPORT
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ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING REPORT for DAVIS BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION January 1,1988 to December 31,1988 Prepared by: l The Environmental Compliance Unit l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio l April 1989
Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table ofContents
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Title Page List of Tables vii List of Figures ix Summary xiv Background Information 1-1 e Fundamentals 1-1 The Atom 1-1 l Isotopes 1-2 e Radiation and Radioactivity 1-2 Radionuclides 1-2 l' Radioactive Decay 1-3 Half-Life 1-3 e Interaction with Matter 1-3 Ionization 1-3 Range and Shielding 1-4 e Quantities and Units of Measurement 1-5 Exposure: Roentgen 1-5 Absorbed Dose: Rad 1-5 Dose Equivalent: Rem 1-5 Activity: Curie 1-6 e Sources of Radiation 1-6 Background 1-6 Man-Made 1-7 i
v. Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table of Contents (continued) Title Page e Effects of Radiation 1-8 Studies 1-8 Health Risks 1-9 e NuclearReactorOpertaion 1-11 Fission 1-11 Nuclear Fuel 1-11 Reactor Operation 1-11 CoolingTower 1-14 Isolation Barriers 1-15 Reactor Safety 1-15 Description of the Davis-Besse Site 1-17 The 1988 Radioactive Liquid and Gaseous Ef11uents Summary 1-20 e Protection Standards 1-20
- Limits 1-20
- Sources 1-21 e Noble Gas 1-22
- Iodine and Particulate 1-22 e Tritium 1-23 e Processing and Monitoring 1-23 e Exposure Pathways 1-24 e Dose Assessment 1-26 e Results 1-26 References 1 28 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program 2-1 e Program Design 2-1 e Objectives 2-1
- Quality Assurance 2-2 e Program Description 2-3 ii
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating. Report Table of Contents (continued) Title Page e Sample Analysis 2-17 e Sample History 2-18 Atmospheric 2-18 Direct Radiation 2-19 Terrestrial 2-19 Aquatic 2-19 1988 Sampling Program 2-20 e 1988 Program Deviations 2-24 o Atmospheric Monitoring 2-25 Airborne Particulate 2-25 Airborne Iodine-131 2-27 Precipitation / Snow 2-27 e Direct Radiation Monitoring 2-28 Thermoluminescent Dosimeters 2-28 TLD Collection 2-28 Quality ControlTLDs 2-30 1 NRC TLD Monitoring 2-31 e TerrestrialMonitoring 2-32 i Ground Water 2-32 Milk 2-34 Meat 2-35 Fruit and Vegetables 2-37 Animal / Wildlife Feed 2-37 Soil 2-39
- Aquatic Monitoring 2-41 Treated Surface Water 2-41 Untreated Surface Water 2-42 Fish 2-44 Bottom Sediments 2-45 o Conclusion 2-46
~ References 2-47 ii.i
Anrual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station A
. Table of Contents (continued)
Title .Page-Land use Census 3-1 e ProgramDesign 3-1 e Methodology 3-2 i e Results 3-3 l' 1 Meteorological Monitoring . 4-1 l i
' e Introduction 4-1 -1 e Onsite Meteorological Monitoring 4-2 System Description 4-2 l MeteorologicalInstrumentation 4-2 l Meteorological System Maintenance and Calibration 4-4 Meteorological Data Handling and Reduction 4-5 Meteorological Data Recovery 4-5 e MeteorologicalDataSummaries 4-6 Wind Speed and Wind Direction 4-6 Atmospheric Stability 4-7 Ambient Temperature 4-7 ,
Dew Point Temperature 4-7 Precipitation 4-20 4 e Monthly and Annual Comparison of Local Climatological Data 4-20 Description of Monitoring Locations 4-20 Site Comparisons 4-20 e Lake /L,and Breeze Study 4-21 e AtmosphericDiffusion , 4-24 Environmental Evaluations 5-1 e Program Description 5-1 e 1988 Environmental Evaluations 5-2 Dredging of the Intake Canal 5-2 Fire Training Area Modification 5-3 Fuel Storage Tanks at Service Building Number 4 5-3 1 iv
g Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table of Contents (continued) Title Page Marsh Management 6-1 e Navarre Marsh 6-1 e Vegetation Cover Mapping 6-4 References 6-11 Water Treatment 7-1 e Water Treatment Plant Operation 7-1 Description 7-1 Replacement of Splitter Box 7-2 Covering the Clearwell 7-2 Second Clarifier Operational 7-3 e Wastewater (Sewage) Treatment Plant Operation 7-3 e National Pollutant Discharge and Elimination System (NPDES) Reporting 7-6 e 1988 NPDES Summary 7-7 Outfall 001 7-7 Outfall 002 7-8 Outfall003 7-8 Outfall 601 7-8 Outfall 602 7-8 Outfall 801 7-9 Chemical Waste Management Program 8-1 e The Regulations Governing Chemical Materials 8-1 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) 8-1 y
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table of Contents (continued) Title Page Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) 8-2 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) 8-2 Clean Air Act 8-3 Transportation Safety Act 8-3 e Compliance with Chemical Materials Regulations 8-3 Compliance with RCRA 8-3 Compliance with CERCLA and SARA 8-5 Compliance with TSCA 8-6 Compliance with the Clean Air Act 8-6 Compliance with the Transportation Safety Act 8-6 Audits and Inspections 8-7 e Other Programs 8-7 Underground Storage Tanks 8-7 Burn Permits 8-8
- New Programs and Waste Minimizaiton 8-8 Spill Control Kits 8-8 Testing of Waste Oil 8-8 Waste Inventory Forms 8-8 Reuse 8-9 Chemical Approval 8-9 Glossary 9-1 l
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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station List ofTables Table No. Page No. Title e 1-1 1-2 Isotopes of Uranium 1-2 1-8 Common Sources of Radiation 1-3 1-10 Risk Factors 1-4 1-21 Dose Limits 1-5 1-27 1988 Dose Comparison 2-1 2-4 Explanation of Sampling Codes 2-2 2-9 Sampling Locations 2-3 2-23 Sample Collection Summary 2-4 2-31 Comparisoc of Routine and OC Results 3-1 3-6 Pathway Distance from Site 3-2 3-9 Pathway Locations and Atmospheric Dispersion Parameters 4-1 4-35 Summary of Meteorological Instrumentation Used at Davis-Besse 4-2 4-36 Meteorological Data Recovery 4-3 4-37 Summary of Meteorological Data for Jan.1 - Dec. 31,1988 Vii
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Ersironmental Operating Report List ofTables (continued) Table No. Page No. Title 4-4 4-39 Classification of Meteorological Data / PasquillStablity 4-5 4-40 Monthly and AnnualStability Class Frequency Distributions Based on Delta T (100m-10m) for Jan.1 - Dec. 31,1988 4-6 4-41 Monthly and AnnualStability Class Frequency Distributions Based on Delta T (75m-10m) for Jan.1 - Dec. 31,1988 4-7 4-42 Stability Classes by Hour of Day for 1988,100m-10m Delta T 4-8 4-43 Stability Classes by Hour of Day for 1988,75m-10m Delta T 4-9 4-44 Stability Class Persistence Periods for 1988,100m-10m Delta T 4-10 4-45 Stability Class Persistence Periods for 1988,75m - 10m Delta T 4-11 4-46 Local Climatological Data Comparisons for Toledo, Cleveland and Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station,1988 4-12 4-49 Lake / Land Breeze Analysis of 23 Selected Days in 1988 Viii
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station List ofFigures Figure _ No. Page No. Title Credit 1-1 1-2 Diagram of an Atom 1-2 1-4 Range and Shielding of Radiation 1-3 1-6 Curie: Measure of Activity S. Johnson 1-4 1-7 Sources of Radiation J. Lochotzki 1-5 1-11 Fission Diagram S. Johnson 1-6 1-12 Reactor Vessel Diagram with FuelRod Assemblics j 1-7 1-13 Diagram of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1-8 1-14 CoolingTower S. Johnson 1-9 1-16 Isolation Barriers 1-10 1-17 Map of the Davis-Besse Area D. Bartley K.Chung 1-11 1-18 Great Horned Owl USFWS 1 12 1-23 Radioactivity Monitor S. Chimo 1-13 1-25 Diagram of External Exposure Pathways 1-14 1-25 Diagram ofInternal Exposure Pathways IX
L: Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Title Credit 1 15 1-27 Maximum Whole Body Dose D. Guest 2-1 3 Quality ControlSamples P. Kraps 22: 2-5 Site Sample Location Map D. Bartley K. Chung
.2-3 2-6 Five Mile Radius Sample D. Bartley Location Map K.Chung 2-4 2-7 Ten Mile Radius Sample D. Bartley Loca. tion Map K Chung 2-5 2-8' Lake Erie Sample - D. Bartley Lccation Map K.Chung 2-6 2-22 Expansion of REMP Sampling D. Guest Locations Graph from 1986 through 1988 2-7 2-22 1987-1988 Comparison of D. Guest Samples Analyzed 2-8 2-26 Monthly Results, Gross Beta Analysis D. Guest of Airborne Particulate 2-9 . 28 Thermoluminescent Dosimeter P. Kraps 2-10 2-29 Monthly, Quarterly, AnnualTLD D. Guest Dose Comparison 2 11 2-29 Indicator and Control TLD Ress.s, D. Guest 1987-1988 2 12 2-33 Routine vs. Quality Control, D. Guest Ground Water 2-13 2-36 Potassium-40 Concentrations in D. Guest Edible Meat X
I' I l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1 i List of Figures (continued) l Figure No. Page No. Title Credit 2-14 2-36 Egg Sampling P. Kraps l 2-15 2-38 Wildlife Feed Sampling P. Kraps 2-16 2-39 Potassium-40 Concentrations in D. Guest Feed Samples 2-17 2-40 Concentration of Cesium-137 in D. Guest SoilSamples J. Lochotzki 2-18 2-41 Gross Beta Analysis of Treated D. Guest Surface Water from 1972 Through 1988 2-19 2-42 Beta Emitting Radionuclides D. Guest in OC and Routine Samples of J. Lochotzki Treated Surfare Water 2-20 2-44 Gross Beta Results for OC D. G uest, and Routine Untreated Surface J. Lochotzki Water Samples 2-21 2-46 Strontium-90 Activityin Bottom P. Kraps Sediments 3-1 3-2 Conducting the Annual Land P. Kraps Use Census 3-2 3-5 Land Use Census Map D. Bartley, > K.Chung 4-1 4-3 Color Satellite Images of the WSI Western Hemisphere 4-2 4-3 Color Satellite Images of North America WSI 4-3 4-2 340 Foot Meteorological Tower at P. Kraps Davis-Besse Xi
Das.a-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Title Credit 4-4 4-4 Diagram of Transmission Flow from S. Johnson MeteorologicalTowers 4-5 4-8 100m Wind Roses for 1988 4-6 4-12 75m W'md Roses for 1988 4-7 4-16 10m Wind Roses for 1988 4-8 4-23 Diagram of Coriolis Force S. Johnson 4-9 4-25 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths,0 to 5 miles 4-10 4 26 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths, O to 5 miles 4-11 4 27 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths,0 to 5 miles 4 12 4-28 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths,0 to 5 miles 4-13 4-29 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths,0 to 5 miles 4-14 4-30 Average Atmospl}eric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths, O to 50 miles 4-15 4-31 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths, O to 50 miles f 4-16 4-32 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths,O to 50 miles 4-17 4-33 Average Atmospheric Diffusion l Estimate Isopleths,0 to 50 miles 4-18 4-34 Average Atmospheric Diffusion Estimate Isopleths,0 to 50 miles l xii L _
f l-p 1 Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station List of Figures (continued) Figure No. Page No. Title Credit 5-1 5-2 EnvironmentalEvaluations Help P. Kraps Maintain the Surrounding Ecosystems 6-1 6-2 Water Level and Vegetation Graph J. Lochotzki for Navarre Marsh 6-2 6-3 Red Fox USFWS 6-3 65 Water Lily USFWS 6-4 6-7 HistoricalMarsh Vegetation,High USFWS Water Map,1955 US Corps Engineers 6-5 6-8 Marsh Vegetation Map,1960 J. Lochotzki 6-6 6-9 Marsh Vegetation Map,1977 USFWS, US Corps Engineers 6-7 6-10 Marsh Vegetation Map,1988 USFWS 7-1 7-1 Lake Erie as a Water Source for P. Kraps Davis-Besse 7-2 7-4 Diagram of Wastewater Treatment D. Bartley Plant at Davis-Besse 7-3 7-5 Treatment of Effluent Wastewater P. Kraps 7-4 7-7 pH Monitor in the Wastewater P. Kraps Treatment Lab 8-1 8-4 Weekly Inspections to insure Compliance P. Kraps at Davis-Besse 8-2 8-5 Site-Wide Inspections of Hazardous P. Kraps Products and Chemicals 8-3 8-8 SpillCleanup Kits P. Kraps 9 USFWS: United States Fish and Wildlife Service 9 REMP: Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program 9 WSI: Weather Information Services Xill >
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1 Summary The Annual Environmental Operating Report is a detailed report on the environ-mental monitoring programs conducted at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Sta-tion from January 1 through December 31,1988. Reports on the Radiological Environmental Monitoring, Meteorological Monitoring, Enviromnental Evalua-tion, Marsh Management, Water Treatment, and Chemical Waste Management programs are included. i Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program The operation of a nuclear power station may result in the release of small amounts of radioactivity to the surrounding environment. However, the quan-tities of such releases are small and must comply with stringent regulations im-posed by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). A Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) has been established to monitor the radiation and radioactivity released to the environment around Davis-Besse. This program includes the sampling and analysis of environmental samples, evaluation of the effects of releases of radioactivity on the environment, and the evaluation of the dose to the surrounding population. Radiation and radioactivity are constantly being monitored around Davis-Besse within a 25 mile radius. The environment around Davis-Besse has been monitored for radiation and radioactivity for approximately 17 years. A Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program was established at Davis-Besse j about five years before the Station became operational. This study provides data on background radiation and radioactivity which is normally present in the area. Davis-Besse has continued to monitor the environment by sampling air, ground water, milk, edible meat, fruit and vegetables, feed, soil, drinking water, surface water, fish, and lake bottom sediments, as well as the measurement of radiation. The results obtained are compared with the concentrations present in the en-vironment before Davis-Besse became operational. This allows for the assess-ment of the impact the operation of Davis-Besse has on the surrounding environment. xiv _________________j
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report In 1988, over 3000 radiological environmental samples were collected and over 4200 analyses for radioactivity were performed. Radionuclides concentrations measured at indicator locations were compared with concentrations measured at control locations, as well as those measured in previous studies. The results of the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program demonstrate the adequacy of the control of radioactive effluents at Davis-Besse. These results also demonstrate that Davis-Besse complies with all applicable federal and state regulations. The results are divided into four sections: atmospheric, j direct radiation, terrestrial, and aquatic monitoring. 1 i e Atmospheric monitoring includes the collection and analysis of airborne particulate, airborne iodine-131, and precipitation / snow. The 1988 results are very similar to those observed in preoperational and previous l operational programs. Only radionuclides which are normally present in the environment were detected and only at normal concentrations. e Direct radiation measurements averaged 14.5 mrem /91 days in 1988. This is almost identical to the preoperational and operational averages of 13.6 mrem /91 days and 14.6 mrem /91 days, respectively. e Terrestrial monitoring includes analysis of milk, ground water, meat, vegetables, feed and soil samples. The results of the sample anc.iyses compare favorably with those of previous years. For example potassium-40 radioactivity in soil was at an average concentration of 13.7 picocuries per gram dry weight (pCi/g) in 1988, which is within the normal range of 9.7 to 25.8 pCi/g dry weight. The results of the analyses of the other terrestrial samples also indicate concentrations of radioactivity similar to previous years. g e Aquatic monitoringincludes the collection and analysis of drinking water, untreated surface water, fish, and lake bottom sediments. The 1988 results of these analyses indicate normal concentrations of radionuclides. The 1988 operation of Davis-Besse had no significant or measurable effect on the quality of the environment. All radioactivity released in the Station's ef-fluents was well below the applicable federal and state regulatory limits. The es-timated radiation dose to the general public due to the operation of Davis-Besse was also well below all applicable regulatory limits. A valuable part of the REMP is the Annual Land Use Census. The Annual Land Use Census is performed to locate the radiological exposure pathways within a ' five-mile (8,045 meters) radius of the station vent. In 1988, the critical pathway changed from the.NNE sector (child / vegetation) to the W sector xy
l l l i Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l
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i (child / vegetation) at 980 meters, because the garden in the NNE sector was not j planted in 1988. l i Meteorological Monitoring ! The Meteorological Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is part of a program for evaluating the effects of the routine operation of Davis-Besse on the surrounding i environment. Meteorological monitoring began in October,1968. Measure-ments are made continuously and meteorological data are monitored every day. 1 Meteorological data at Davis-Besse are composed of wind speed, wind direction, sigma theta (standard deviation of wind direction), ambient (outside air) temperature, differential temperature (air temperature at one height minus air temperature at another height), dew point temperature (air temperature where j moisture begins to condense out of air or 100% relative humidity) and precipita- < tion. Two instrumented meteorological towers are used to collect data. Data recovery for 1988 was 94.8% or greater for all measured parameters. Data recovery for 1988 for the six instruments required to be operational was 98.6% or greater. Environmental Evaluations Environmental Evaluations provide the means by which the integrity of Davis-Besse and the surrounding ecosystems can be maintained and enhanced. Among the Environmental Evaluations performed in 1988 are the dredging of the intake canal, modification of the fire training area, and storage of fuel tanks at Service Building Number 4. Marsh Management Toledo Edison and the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company co-own the Navarre Marsh which they lease to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, who manage it as part of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. At Davis-Resse, En-vironmental Compliance is responsible for the inspection of the marsn and reporting on its status monthly. 4 xvi
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Water Treatment Davis-Besse uses Lake Erie as a source of water for the water treatment facility. The water is treated to make it clean and safe to drink. Wastewater generated by site personnelis treated onsite at the Davis-Besse Wastewater Treatment facility. The wastewater is processed and then pumped to holding basins where further reduction in solid content takes place. Chemical Waste Managem'ent The Chemical Waste Management program at Davis-Besse was developed to in-sure the disposal of chemical, hazardous, and non-hazardous wastes is performed in accordance with all applicable state and federal regulations. 1 xvii
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report BackgroundInformation Coal, oil, natural gas, and hydropower have been used to run the nation's electric generating stations; however, each method has its drawbacks. Coal-fired power can affect the environment through mining, acid rain, and airborne discharges. Oil and natural gas are in limited supply and are therefore costly. Hydropower is limited due to the impact of damming our waterways and the scarcity of suitable sites in our country. Nuclear energy provides an alternate source of energy which is readily available. The operation of nuclear power stations has a very small impact on the environ-ment. In fact, the hundreds of acres surrounding the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station are a federal wildlife refuge. In order to more fully understand this unique source of energy, background infor-mation on basic radiation characteristics, risk assessment, reactor operation, ef-fluent control, and environmental monitoring is provided in this chapter. 1 Fundamentals The Atom All matter is made of atoms, which are the smallest parts of an element that still have all the chemicai properties of that element. At the center of an atom is a nucleus. The nucleus consists of neutrons and protons. Electrons move in an i orbit around the nucleus and are negatively charged. Protons and neutrons are nearly identical in size and weight, and each is about 2000 times heavier than an electron. However, the proton has a positive charge and the neutron has no charge, it is electrically neutral. Figure 1-1 presents a simple diagram of an atom. l 1-1
f s Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l l ( lsotopes -l Electron The number of protons f "" l'"* I in the atoms of any ele-
- Neutron ment is always the same. .
op,,,,, For example, all _ \- hydrogen atoms have ,_/g one proton and all oxygen atoms have eight protons. However, the
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_ g\ number of neutrons in the nucleus of an ele-ment may vary. Atoms $',/ay,6, [cgl,g. with the same number . of protons, but a dif- , ferent number of Fig.1-1: Diagram of an atom. neutrons, are called isotopes. Table 1-1 lists the isotopes of uranium. Table 1-1: Isotopes of Uranium _ Isotope Symbol #ofProtons # of Neutrons Uranium-235............ ........ 235U . . . . . . . . .. .... . ... .. . . . . .... .. ... . 9 2 ... .... .. . ... . . . 14 3 U raniu m-23 6.......................
- U ............ . . .... . .... .. .. . . 92 ..... . ...... .... . 144 Uranium-237...................... 237U . . . . . .. . . .. . . ... . .... ... . .. . .. . . 9 2 . . . . . . ... .. . . . . . . .. 1 Uranium-238........ .......... . 238U.............. ..... 92 ...... . ....... .. 14 6 Uranium-239............. ........ 239U..................................92...................147 Uranium-240.............. ....... 24U.................................92..................148 Radiation and Radioactivity Radionuclides Normally, the parts of an atom are in a balanced or stable state. If the nucleus of an atom contains an excess of energy,it is called a radioactive atom or !
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i Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report 1 radionuclides. The excess energy is usually due to an imbalance in the number of electrons, protons, and/or neutrons which make up the atom. Radionuclides can be naturally occurr:ng, such as uranium-238, thorium-232 and potassium-40, or man-made, such as iodme-131, cesium-137, and cobalt-60. Radioactive Decay Radioactive atoms attempt to reach a stable (non-radioactive) state through a process known as radioactive decay. Radioactive decay is the release of energy from the atom through the emission of particulate and/or electromagnetic radia-tion. Particulate radiation may be in the form of electrically charged particles such as alpha (2 protons plus 2 neutrons) or beta particles (1 electron), or may be electrically neutral, such as neutrons. Part of the electromagnetic spectrum con-sists of gamma rays and X-rays which are similar to light and microwaves. Half-Life A half life is the amount of time required for a radioactive substance to lose half ofits activity through the process of radioactive decay. Cobalt-60 has a half-life of about 5 years, so after 5 years 50% ofits activity is gone and after 10 years 75% has decayed away. Half-lives vary from millionths of a second to millions of years. Radioactive atoms may decay directly to a stable state or may undergo a series of decay stages and produce several daughter products which eventually lead to a stable atom. Radium-226, for example, has 10 successive daughter products (in-cluding radon) and has lead-206 as a final stable form. Interaction With Matter Ionization When alpha, beta, or gamma radiation comes in contact with any form of material,it may cause atoms in that material to become ions. An atom normally has the same number of electrons as protons. Thus, the number of negative and positive charges cancel and the atom is electrically neutral. If one or more electrons are removed, an ion pair is formed. For example, if an electron is removed from an oxygen atom, the electron is one half of the ion pair (negatively charged) and the rest of the atom (positively charged)is the other half of the ion pair. i 1-3
1 I I l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Range and Shielding I Alpha particles contain two protons and two neutrons. The electrical charge of an alpha particle is + 2. Because of its relatively large size, an alpha particle I usually does not travel very far before it loses most of its energy through col-lisions with other atoms. Alpha particles can easily be stopped by a sheet of paper or a few centimeters of air. Beta particles are very small particles with an electrical charge of either + 1 or -1. Because they are small and have a low ; I charge, they don't collide as often as alpha particles, so they can travel further. Beta particles can usually travel through several meters of air, but may be t stopped by a thin piece of metal or wood. Gamma rays are pure energy that travel at the speed oflight. Gamma rays generally travel much further than alpha or beta particles before being absorbed. When the gamma ray finally loses , all ofits energy after repeated collisions, it is gone. The range of a gamma ray in air varies, depending on its energy. Very high energy ganuna radiation can travel a considerable distance. Low energy gamma radiation may travel only a few feet , in air. Lead is used as a shielding material for gamma radiation because of its density. Severalinches oflead or concrete may be needed to stop gamma radia-tion (Figure 1-2). I h
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Radicadne Paper Aluminum Concrete Material Fig.1-2: As radiation travels, it collides with other atoms and loses energy. Alpha particles can be stopped by a sheet of paper, beta particles by a thin sheet of aluminum, and gamma radiation by severalinches of concrete or lead. 1 1-4 L______._____________ .
i t l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Quantities and Units of Measurement There are several quantities and units used to describe radioactivity and its ef-l fects. Four terms of particular usefulness are exposure, absorbed dose, dose , equivalent, and activity.
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Exposure: Roentgen Exposure is a term used to describe the ability of gamma or X-radiation to produce ion pairs in a certain volume of air. Exposure measures the energy of , the radiation and is reported in units called roentgens (R). One roentgen is the quantity of exposure that causes approximately two billion ionizing events (crea-tion ofion pairs). The roentgen applies only to gamma and X-radiation and is not used for alpha or beta radiation. A common way to describe a gamma radiation field is to give the rate of ex-posure in roentgens per hour (R/hr). Often a smaller unit used is milliroentgen per hour (mR/hr), which is 1000 times less. Absorbed Dose: Rad Absorbed dose is a term used to describe the radiation energy absorbed by an ex-posed material. The rad (radiation absorbed dose) is the unit used to measure the absorbed dose. It is defined as the energy ofionizing radiation deposited per gram of absorbing material. The rate of absorbed dose is usually given in rad /hr. Dose Equivalent: Rem Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation differ in their ability to produce ion pairs in a material and so vary in their ability to cause biological damage. To account for these different ionizing abilities, the dose equivalent is used. The absorbed dose, as measured in rads, is multiplied by a quality factor to give a dose equivalent in rem (roentgen equivalent man). The quality factor relates the potential for biological damage to the absorbed dose. For beta and gamma radiation, the quality factor is one, so one rad of beta radiation is approximately equal to one rem. For alpha radiation, the quality factor is ten, so one rad of alpha radiation is approximately equal to ten rem. Hence, one rad of alpha radiation has the potential to cause ten times more biological damage than one rad of beta radia- i tion. In terms of environmental radiation, the rem is a large unit. So a smaller unit, the millirem,is often used. One millirem (mrem) is equal to 1/1000 of a rem. 1-5
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1 Curie Activity: Curie Activity is the number af nucleiin a sample
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that disintegrate ,,,,,,,,,,,,/ %; (decay) every second. '''''''j% % Each time a nucleus 4 !? disintegrates, radia- 2 %{ 1 co,i, tion is emitted. The % unit of activity is the % v; :? curie. A curie (Ci)is {?' g the amount of radioac-18 Tens of Thorium-232 1 Grea of Radium 226 tive material which (radiation source) trediation source) decays at a rate of 37 billion atoms per Fig.13:One gram of radium-226 and 10 tons of thorium-232 { second. Smaller units are both approximately 1 curie. of the curie are often used. Two common units are the microcurie (uCl), one millionth of a curie, and the picocurie (pCi), one trillionth of a curie. A curie is a measurement of activity, not a quantity of material. The amount of material to give one curie varies. For example, one gram of radium-226 is one curie of activity, but it would take 9,170,000 grams (about 10 tons) of thorium- l 232 to obtain one curie (Figure 1-3). Sources of Radiation
Background
Radiation is not a new creation of the nuclear power industry; it is a natural oc-currence on the earth. Mankind has always lived with radiation and always will. Every second of our lives, over 7,000 atoms undergo radioactive decay in the body of the average adult. Radioactivity exists naturally in the soil, water, air and space. All these common sources of radiation contribute to the natural back-ground radiation to which we are exposed (Figure 1-4). The earth is constantly showered by a steady stream of high energy gamma rays l that come from space, known as cosmic radiation. The atmosphere shields out most of this radiation, but everyone still receives about 20 to 50 mrem each year 1-6 i i l
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Sources of Radiation re,re.tri.i internal Cosmic occupational .i
- - j & Miscellaneous I Medical pNuclear Power Radon M$ Consumer Products Man-rnade Sources Natural 5Bources Fig.1-4: Sources of radiation may be natural or man-made. Man-made sources contribute only a small portion (less than 22%) of the dose received.
i from this source. The thinner air at higher altitudes provides less protection against cosmic radiation. So, people living at higher altitudes or even flying in an airplane are exposed to more radiation. Radionuclides commonly found in the atmosphere as a result of cosmic ray interactions, include beryllium-7, carbon-14, tritium, and sodium-: ' Otl :r natural sources of radiation include the radionuclides naturally found in j soil, water, food, building materials and even people. People have always been I radioactive, in part because the carbon found in our bodies is a mixture of all carbon isotopes, both non-radioactive and radioactive. About one-third of the ex-ternal terrestrial and internal whole body dose from natural sources is at- , tributable to a natural radioactive isotope of potassium, potassium-40. I i Man-Made In addition to naturally occurring radiation and radioactivity, people are also ex-posed to man-made radiation. The largest sources of exposure are from medical l X-rays, fluoroscopic examinations, and radioactive drugs. Small doses are received from consumer products such as television, smoke alarms, and fer-tilizers. As shown in Table 1-2, very small doses result from the production of i 1-7 ! _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ .J
J Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station nuclear power. Fallout from nuclear weapons tests is another source of man-1 made exposure. Fallout radionuclides include strontium-90, cesium-137, carbon-14, and tritium. f Some of the common sources of radiation and the approximate dose associated f with each are giveninTable 1-2. .{
)
Table 1-2: Common Sources of Radiation j Source Dose (mrem /yr) Natural: ! Ra d o n .. . .. . .. ... . . ........... .. . . .... .... ...... .. . . . . . 200 Inte rnal ................................................ 3 9 l Cosmi c ..... ................................. ........ 28 Terrestrial ................................. ......... 28 Man-Made: M e di cal ................. .............................. . 5 3 Consumer Products ........................... 13 Occupatio nal ........................................ 1 Miscellaneous....... .......................... 0.06 Nu clear Powe r............ .................... 0.05 Effects of Radiation I Studies The effects ofionizing radiation on human health have been under study for more than eighty years. Scientists have obtained valuable knowledge through the study oflaboratory animals that were exposed to radiation under extremely controlled conditions. However, it has proven difficult to relate the biological ef-fects ofirradiated laboratory animals to the potential health effects on humans. Hence, much study has been done with human populations that were irradiated under various circumstances. These groups include the survivors of the atomic bomb; persons undergoing medical radiation treatment; radium dial painters, who ingested large amounts of radioactivity by " tipping" the paint brushes with their lips; uranium miners, who inhaled large amounts of radioactive dust while mining pitchblende (uranium ore); and early radiologists, who accumulated large doses of radiation while being unaware of the potential hazards. 1-8
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operatiilg Report The studies performed on these groups have increased our knowledge of th,e health effects from large doses of radiation. However, less is known about the ef-fects oflow doses of radiation. To be on the conservative side, generally we as-sume that health effects occur proportionally to those observed following a large dose of radiation. That is, if one dose of radiation causes an effect, then half the dose will cause half the effect. Radiation scientists agree that this assumption overestimates the risks associated with low level radiation exposure. The effects predicted in this manner have not been actually observed in individuals exposed to low level radiation. Health Risks Since the actual effects of exposure to low level radiation are difficult to measure, scientists often refer to the risk involved. The problem is one of evaluating alternatives, of comparing risks and weighing them against benefits. People make decisions involving risks every day such as whether to wear seat-belts or smoke cigarettes. Risks are a part of everyday life. The question is one of determining how great the risks are. We accept the inevitability of automobile accidents. Chances are that several people reading this report will be seriously injured this year as a result of automobile accidents. By building safer cars or wearing sealt belts, the risk can be reduced. But even a parked car is not risk-free. You could choose not to ; drive, but even pedestrians and bicyclists may be injured by cars. Reducing the risk ofinjury from automobiles to zero requires moving to a place where there are no automobiles. While accepting the many daily risks of living, many people seem to be getting the idea that their demands for energy should be met on an essentially risk-free basis. Since this is impossible, attention should be focused on taking steps to safeguard the public, on developing a realistic assessment of the risks, and on placing them in perspective. One of the most widely distorted perceptions of risk is that associated with radiation exposure. Because you cannot see, feel, taste, hear, or smell radiation, it is a source of con-cern. But this is not true of other potentially hazardous thincs for which we have the same lack of sensory perception, such as radio waves, careon monoxide, and small concentrations of numerous cancer causing substances. Although these risks are just as real as the risks associated with radiation, they do not generate the same degree of concern as radiation. Most risks are with us throughout our lives, and their effects can be added up over a lifetime to obtain a total effect on our lives. The typical life span in the 1-9
i l i i l Annual Environrnental Openating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station L United States is now 76 years for women and 71 years for men. Table 1-3 shows a number of different factors that decrease this average life expectancy. Table 1-3: Risk Factors Factors Estimated Decrease in Average Life Expectancy Male rather than female............................................. 5.0 years Overweight by 30%................ ................................... 3.6 ye ars Cigarette smoking: 1 pack / day ..................... 7.0 years 2 packs / day..................10.0 years Heart diseases ........................................... ........ ......... 5.8 years Can ce r ..... ..... . . .. . ..... . ..... . . . .... .... ....... .. ..... . . . . . ... . ... .. ..... ..... 2.7 ye a rs City living (not rural) .................................................. 5.0 years 125 operating nuclear power stations..........................less than 12. minutes The American Cancer Society estimates that about 30 percent of all Americans , f will develop cancer at some time in their lives from all possible causes. So, in a l group of 10,000 people it is expected that 3,000 of them will develop cancer. If each person were to receive one rem in addition to the natural and man-made sources of radiation they are normally exposed to, then it is expected that three more may develop cancer during their lifetime. This increases the risk from 30 percent to 30.03 percent. Hence, the risks of radiation exposure are small when compared to the risks of everyday life. These comparisons should give you some idea of the risk involved in activities that you are familar with. They give a basis for judging what smoking, eating, or driving a car could mean to your health and safety. This is the kind of perspec-tive people can relate to. Everyone knows that life is full of risks. If you have the basis forjudgment, you can decide what to do or what not to do. l 1 - 10
I l l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Nuclear Reactor Operation l Nuclear power stations are built to provide electricity for people. Electricity can be produced using fossil fuel, uranium, or falling water. A fossil-fueled power l station burns coal, oil or natural gas in a boiler to produce heat energy. Nuclear power stations use uranium fuel and the heat produced from the fission process to make heat energy. In both cases, the heat boils water to produce steam.The steam is used to drive a turbine which turns a generator and produces electricity. Fission Nuclear energy is produced by a process called fission. Fission occurs when a heavy atom, such as uranium, is split into lighter fragments. This splitting produces heat and releases neutrons. These neutrons can, in turn, O H--vr =ta= tb '9(.c strike other uranium , atoms, causing them to- 3 split (fission) and release 8 more heat and neutrons.
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reaction (Figure 1-5). ib $3 This reaction continues until stopped by insertion OQ ih of the reactor control rods. Fig.1-5: Fission, a chain reaction. Nuclear Fuel Uranium is the basic ingredient in nuclear fuel, consisting of atoms of U-235 and U-238. Natural uranium contains less than one percent U-235 when it is mined. Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel with a U-235 content of approximate-ly three percent. The process used to increase the concentration of U-235 rela-tive to U-238 is known as enrichment. Reactor Operation After enrichment, the uranium fuel is chemically changed to uranium dioxide, a dry black powder. This powder is compressed and placed into small ceramic pel-lets. Each fuel pellet is about 3/4 inches long and 3/8 inches in diameter. The pellets are placed into 12 foot long metal tubes made of zirconium alloy, to make 1 - 11
l l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station I l a fuel rod. About five pounds of pellets are used to fill each rod. A total of 208 l fuel rods make a single fuel assembly. The Davis-Besse reactor core contains 177 fuel assemblies (Figure 1-6). Control rods are an essential part of the reactor core. Control rods contain cad- i mium, indium, and silver metals which absorb and control the amount of neutrons produced in the reactor, The control rods act to slow down or stop the chain reaction. A chain reaction cannot occur when the rods are inserted com-pletely into the core. When the rods are withdrawn, the chain reaction begins j again and heat is generated. l 1 The Davis-Besse Station uses a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) to generate j electricity, (Figure 1-7). The water in the reactor cooling system enters the reac-tor at 558 F under a pressure of 2,200 pounds-per-square inch (PSI). This pres-sure prevents the water in the reactor from boiling and turning into steam. The reactor cooling water (primary coolant) circulates continuously in a closed primary loop throu;h the reactor and steam generators (green on Figure 1-7). The water heats to 506 F as it passes through the core. The pipes carrying this hot water pass through the steam generator which cools the water down to 558 F again. The reactor heat is transferred to a secondary loop in the steam REACTOR VESSEL r 7 FUEL ROD n ' h s , n 5 Q' - _s
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l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station generators (blue on Figure 1-7). Tubes inside the steam generators contain the primary coolant. The secondary coolant water circulates around these tubes and thus, transfers the heat from the primary to the secondary side. The tubes in the ; steam generators prevent any mixing of the radioactive primary coolant water ! and the secondary coolant water. The water in the secondary loop boils to steam ! in the steam generator (red on Figure 1-7) and flows to the turbine generator where its energy is converted to electricity. The steam is cooled and condensed by transferring heat to a third loop system called the circulating water system (yellow on Figure 1-7). This system carries heat from the condenser to the cool-ing tower where the heat is lost to the atmosphere via evaporative cooling. The circulating water is completely separated from any water which is potentially radioactive. The cooled water is recirculated back to the condenser to cool more steam. Cooling Tower Cooling requirements are a major area of concern associated with the operation of power stations. Federal regulations governing the water temperature of rivers, lakes, and bays require that power station operation introduce only rela-tively small changes in water temperature. To meet these regulations, many plants, both nuclear and fossil-fueled, use cooling towers. The cooling toweris probably one of
~
the most distinctive features at Davis-
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Besse (Figure 1-8). The tower is 7AP designed to create a natural draft, just like a chimney in a fireplace. Cool air l enters the tower at the bottom,is drawn up through the tower's hollow interior, and exits the tower's top. At the same time, warm water that was used to cool exhaust steam exiting the turbines inside the power plant, is dis-charged into a perforated basin inside the lower half of the cooling tower. coot The warm water is showered onto a ^* rot sassTs c - 4 series of vertical cement / fiber parti- # t tions that form a ring around the inte-rior base of the tower. The partitions M_ / khk.: g,.-
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_l a u , are called fill sheets. As the warm @ g rewsasm o _,, water strikes the fill sheets, it breaks - f % g,g = w . up into even smaller water droplets , Fi9 1-8: The cooling tower releases water in thus increasing the overall surface the form of water vapor. 1 - 14
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report I l area of the warm water. The cool air passing over the water droplets allows heat to escape from the water via evaporative transfer. The water vapor produced during the cooling process exits the top of the cooling tower. The remaining now-cool water falls into a catch-basin at the base of the tower, and is pumped back to the plant coolant intake to be used again in the cooling process. The water vapor that exits the cooling tower was never in con- l tact with the water in the reactor, and therfore has no radioactivity added to it as a result of plant operation. The vapor discharged into the atmosphere is just plain water. F isolation Barriers Almost all of the radioactivity of an operating nuclear power station is contained by a series ofisolation barriers. They are used to prevent the escape of radioac-tivity to the environment. The first barrier is provided by the ceramic fuel pellets. They contain the fuel and most of the fission products produced. The pellets are contained in the fuel rods, which also prevent the escape of radioactivity. The third barrier is the primary coolant. Many of the fission products, including radioactive iodines and strontiums, are water soluble and are retained in the primary coolant. These nuclides can be removed by processing systems (demineralizers).The noble gases, such as radioactive kryptons and xenons, may evolve into a gas or vapor phase above the coolant, especially when the coolant is depressurized. The steel reactor pressure vessel, with walls that are 81/2 inches thick, and the steel piping of the primary coolant system provide a fourth barrier. They contain the radionuclides in the primary coolant. In the United States, a specially designed shield building houses the nuclear plant systems that could release radioactivity in the event of an accident. The sole purpose of the shield building is to contain all radioactivity that could result from the worst possible accident, so that the people living in the surrounding area would not be affected. The shield building has reinforced concrete walls 2-1/2 feet thick (Figure 1-9). The containment is a steel liner which is inside the shield building walls. Fleactor Safety Nuclear power plants are inherently safe, not only by the laws of physics, but by design. Nuclear power plants cannot explode like a bomb because the concentra-tion of fissionable materialis far less than is necessary for such a nuclear ex-1 - 15
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i l l shield building steel containment O pressure vessel g fuel tods I fuel pellets Fig.1-9: Barriers against the release of radiation and radioactivity. plosion. Just as the battery of a flashlight provides enough energy to produce light, the amount of energy produced by the battery is far below that needed to electrocute a person. Many safety features with several backup systems are provided to ensure that any possible accident would be prevented from causing a serious health or safety threat to the public. The Davis-Besse reactor, like all U.S. nuclear units, has many overlapping safety features, called redundant devices. If one system should fail, there would still be back-up systems to assure the safe operation of the plant. l During normal operation, the reactor control system regulates the power output by adjusting the position of the control rods. The reactor can be automatically shut down by a separate reactor protection system that causes all the control rods to be quickly and completely inserted into the reactor core, stopping the cl' iin reaction. To guard against the possibility of a loss of reactor cooling water, the reactor system is equipped with an emergency core cooling system designed to pump reserve water into the reactor automatically if the reactor coolant pressure drops below a predetermined level. 1-16
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1986 Annual Environmental Operating Report DescriptionoftheDavis-Besse Site The Davis-Besse site is located in Carroll Township of Ottawa County, Ohio. It is on the southwestern shore of Lake Erie just north of the mouth of the Tous-saint River. The site lies north and east of Ohio State Route 2, approximately 10 miles northwest of Port Clinton,7 miles north of Oak Harbor, and 25 miles east of Toledo, Ohio (Figure 1-10). This section of Ohio is flat and marshy, with maximum elevations of only a few feet above lake level. The area was originally swamp forest and marshland, rich in wildlife but unsuitable for settling and farming. During the nineteenth cen-tury, the land was cleared and drained, and has been fenned successfully since. ts g/ fi Y
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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station
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I Today, the terrain consists of farmland with marshes extending in some places
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, marshes are part of a valuable ecologi-J # cal resource, providing a breeding
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' 'k' eagles, ospreys, swans, great horned owls, and a large number of hawks are Fig.1-11:The Great Horned Owlis one of the often seen in the area (Figure 1-11).
major species of birds which utilize the marsh for food, nesting and breeding. The site includes a tract known as Navarre Marsh, which was acquired from the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, Department of the Interior. In 1971, Toledo Edison purchased the 188 acre Toussaint River Marsh. The Toussaint River Marsh is contiguous with the 610-acre Navarre Marsh section of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. Most of the remaining marshes in the area have been maintained by private hunt-ing clubs, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife. There are some residences along the lake shore used mainly as summer houses. However, the major resort area of the county is further east, around Port Clinton, Sandusky, and the Bass Islands. The immediate area near Davis-Besse is sparsely populated; Ottawa County had a population of only 40,076 in the 1980 census. The nearest incorporated com-munities are: o Port Clinton - 10 miles southeast, population 7,223 e Oak Harbor - 7 miles south, population 2,678 e Rocky Ridge - 7 miles west southwest, population 457 1 -18 )
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report e Toledo (the nearest major city) - 25 miles west, population 354,650. The non-marsh areas around the Davis-Besse site are used primarily for farming. The major crops include soybeans, wheat, oats, hay, fruit and vegetables. Live-stock raising and dairy farming are not major activities. The main industries within five miles of the site are located in Erie Industrial Park, about four miles southeast of the site. The State of Ohio, Department of Natural Resources, operates many wildlife and recreational areas within 10 miles of the site. These include Magee Marsh, Turtle Creek, Crane Creek State Park, and the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. Magee Marsh and Turtle Creek lie between three and six miles WNW of the site. Magee Marsh is a wildlife preserve allowing public fishing, nature study, and con-trolled hunting in season. Turtle Creek', a wooded area at the southern end of Magee Marsh, offers boating and fishing. Crane Creek State Park is adjacent to Magee Marsh and is a popular picnicking, swimming, and fishing area. The Ot-tawa National Wildlife Refuge lies four to nine miles WNW of the site,im-mediately west of Magee Marsh. i i l 1 - 19 i _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -
l - l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station I I The 1988 Radioactive Liquid and Gaseous Effluents Summary i Protection Standards Soon after the discovery of X-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Roentgen, the potential hazards of ionizing radiation were recognized and efforts were made to establish radiation protection standards;. The primary source of recommendations for radiation protection standards within the United States is the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP). Recommendations of this group are in general agree-ment with those of the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and many of them have been given legislative authority through publica-tion in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) by the Nuclear Regulatory Com-mission (NRC). The main objectives in the control of radiation exposure are to ensure that any necessary exposures are kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA), and that the dose received does not exceed certain specified limits. Limits To protect the general public, guidelines and limits have been established governing the release of radioactivity iritiquid and gaseous effluents. The Code , of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 50, Appendix I (10CFR50, App. I) provides guidelines for the Technical Specifications which are part of the license authorizing nuclear reactor operation. Davis-Besse's Technical Specifications plsee restrictions on the release of radioactivity to the environment and the resulting dose to the public. Table 1-4 presents these limits. 1 - 20
-------------------------_----_------------------_---------__------------------------.------.-.-------_-----a
1 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 1-4: Dose Limits Source Davis-Besse Limits Liquid Emuents less than or equal to 3 mrem / year to the whole body
- less than or equal to 10 mrem / year to any organ Gaseous Emuents Noble Gases:
gamma less than or equalto 10 mrem / year beta less than or equal to 20 mrem / year Iodine-131, tritium and particulate with half-lives greater than 8 days less than or equal to 15 mrem / year to any organ The Davis-Besse limits are only a small fraction of the dose limits established by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). In its environmental dose standard of 40CFR190, the EPA established environmental radiation protection j standards for nuclear power operations. The standards for normal operation I provide that the dose from discharges of radioactivity should not exceed: e 25 mrem / year to the whole body, e 75 mrem / year to the thyroid. l e 25 miem/ year to any other organ. Sources l Through the normal operation of a nuclear power station, most of the fission products are retained within the fuel and fuel cladding. However, small amounts of radioactive fission products and trace amounts of the component and structure surfaces, which have been activated, are in the primary coolant water. Many of these particles are removed through demineralizers in a processing system. 1 - 21
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i The noble gas fission products, which are in the primary coolant, are given off as j a gas when the primary coolant is depressurized. These gases are then collected by a system designed for gas collection and storage for decay prior to release. Small releases of radioactivity in liquids may occur from valves, piping or equip-ment associated with the primary coolant system. These liquids are collected through a series of floor and equipment drains and sumps. Allliqui! '.of this na- l ture are processed and carefully monitored prior to release. Noble Gas Some of the radionuclides released in airborne effluents are radioactive isotopes of noble gases, such as xenon and krypton. Noble gases are biologically and chemically nonreactive. They do not concentrate in humans or other organisms. They contribute to human radiation exposure by being a source of external whole body exposure. Xenon-133 and xenon-135, with half-lives of approximately five days and nine hours, respectively, are the major noble gases released. They are readily dispersed in the aimosphere. Smaller amounts of krypton-85 (10.8 year half-life) are also released. The longer half-life of this radionuclides makes it more persistent in the atmosphere. However, nuclear power production is only a small contributor to the total atmospheric inventory of krypton-85 and has not contributed signi5cantly to existing concentrations. In 1988, approximately 108 curies of noble gases were released. This represents approximately 0.03% of the gamma and beta dose limits. lodine and Particulate Annual releases of radioactive iodine and particulate in airborne and liquid ef-fluents are small. Factors such as their high chemical reactivity and solubility in water, combined with the high efficiency of airborne and liquid processing sys-tems, minimize their discharge. The predominant radioiodine released is iodine-131 with a half-life of eight days. The principal particulate released are radioactive fisson products (cesium-134 and cesium-137) and activation products (cobalt-58 and cobalt-60). During 1988, the amount of radioactive iodines and particulate (excluding tritium) released was approximately 0.0006 curie in gaseous effluents and 0.02 curie in liquid ef-fluents. These releases are well below federal effluent limits. 1-22
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Tritium Tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, is the predominant radionuclides in liquid effluents, and is also present in gaseous effluents. Tritium is produced in reactor coolant as a result of neutron interaction with deuterium (also a hydrogen isotope) present in water and with the boron used for reactivity control of the reactor. The amount of tritium released in 1988 was approximately 50 curies in gaseous effluents and 35 curies in liquid effluents. This is less than three percent of the federallimits. All releases of tritium (1977 to present) have been substantially below the federal limits. Processing and Monitoring Effluents are strictly controlled to ensure radioactivity released to the environ-ment is minimal and does not exceed release limits. Effluent control includes the operation of monitoring systems, in-plant and environmental sampling and analysis programs, quality assurance programs for effluents and environmental samples, and procedures covering all aspects of effluent and environmental monitoring. The waste treatment systems at Davis-Besse are designed to collect and process the liquid and gaseous wastes which contain radioactivity. For example, the Waste Gas Decay Tanks are holding tanks which allow radioactivity in gases to decay prior to release via the station vent. All wastes are sampled prior to release to ensure the ALARA principle (as low as reasonably achievable) is maintained. Radioactivity monitoring systems are u:;ed to ensure that all releases are Vsi . &. 9 ;. .N -4 p 4t
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below regulatory limits (Figure 1-12). g g *
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. These instruments provide a continuous "i";
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.-a y to ensure the limits will not be ex-ceeded. If a monitor alarms, the release is automatically stopped.
Fig.1-12: Sensitive radioactivity monitors are used to ensure all releases are below regulatory limits. 1 - 23
i i 1 L ! Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Additionally, effluent samples are collected and analyzed in a laboratory to iden- , tify the specific concentrations of radionuclides being released. Sampling and analysis provides a more sensitive and precise method of determining effluent composition than with instruments alone. A meteorological tower is located in the southwest sector of the station. It is linked to a computer which records all necessary meteorological data. Coupled with the effluent release data, the meteorological data are used to calculate the dose to the public. Beyond the plant, devices maintained for the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program constantly sample the air in the surrounding environment. Frequent samples of other media are also taken to determine the build up of deposited radioactivity in the area. Exposure Pathways ) Radiological exposure pathways define the methods by which people may be-come exposed to radioactivity. The major pathways of concern are those which could cause the highest calculated radiation dose. These pathways are deter-mined from the type and amount of radioactivity released, the environmental transport mechanism, and the use of the environment. The environmental transport mechanism includes consideration of physical factors, such as the hydrological (water) and meteorological (weather) characteristics of the area. This provides information on the water flow, wind speed and wind direction at the time of the release. This information is used to evaluate how the radionuclides will be distributed in the area. The most important factor in evaluating the exposure pathways is the use of the environment. Many factors f are considered such as dietary intake of residents, recreational use of the area, and the location of homes in the area. The environmental pathways considered are shown in Figures 1-13 and 1-14. The radioactive gaseous effluent exposure pathways include direct radiation, deposition on plants, deposition on soil, inhalation by animals destined for human consumption, and inhalation by humans. The radioactive liquid effhient exposure pathways include drinking water, fish consumption and direct exposure from the lake, both shoreline and immersion in the lake (swimming). Although radionuclides can reach humans by many different pathways, some are more important than others. The pathway of concern is termed the critical path-way. The critical pathway is the exposure pathway which will provide, for a specific radionuclides, the greatest dose to a population, or to a specific group of the population, called the critical group. The critical group may vary depending on the radionuclides involved, age, diet, or other cultural factors. The dose may
. 1 - 24
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1-25
l Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station be delivered to the whole body or to a specific organ. The organ receiving the - greatest fraction of the dose is called the critical organ. Dose Assessment l Dose is the energy deposited by radiation in an exposed individual. Whole body 1 I radiation exposure involves the exposure of all organs. Most background ex-posures are of this form. Radioactive elements can enter the body through in-halation (breathing) or ingestion (eating, drinking). When they do, they are usually not distributed evenly. For example, radioactive iodine selectively con-centrates in the thyroid gland, while radioactive cesium collects in muscle and liver tissue, and radioactive strontium collects in mineralized bone. The total dose to organs from a given radionuclides also depends on the radioac-tivity in the organ and the amount of time that the radionuclides remains in the body. Some radionuclides remain for very short times due to their rapid radioac-tive decay and/or elimination rate from the body, other radionuclides may remain longerin our bodies. The dose to people in the area surrounding Davis-Besse is calculated for each release using the concentration of radioactivity and the weather conditions present at the time of release. The dose is calculated in the predominant wind direction and takes into account the location of the nearest residents, vegetable gardens, and milk animals. The calculated dose also incorporates such concepts as a maximum exposed individual, standard individual, and maximum use factors for the environment. Among other items, these concepts include how much milk a person drinks per year, how long a person stays outdoors, and how much air a person breathes in a year. The use of these guidelines results in a conservative overestimation of the dose. Results The results of the effluent monitoring program are reported semiannually to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. For 1988, the doses from radioactivity released were a small fraction of the NRC and Technical Specifications limits. The dose due to liquid releases was approximately 2% of the limits. The dose due to gaseous effluents was even smaller,less than 0.1% of the limits. Table 1-5 presents a comparison of the dose due to radioactivity reteased in effluents in l 1988 and the limits. j A review of the effluent monitoring data since Davis-Besse began operating in 1977, indicates radioactivity released in gaseous and liquid effluents was well l below all release limits. Figure 1-15 presents a comparison of the NRC guidelines and the results of monitoring effluents at Davis-Besse since 1978. 1-26
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report The largest dose Maximum Whole Body occurred in 1981 Offsite Individual Dose due to mechani-cal demage to two 'oo'- steam generator ,,7, tubes which resulted in a soy, small amount of radioactive water 4 07. leaking into the zo7. secondary system. Some of this ,7, _;__ _ m , um M mm _ water from the " " " " = = " " " = = " " = " " secondary side gg,o yg..g.... was released in 1007. Represents NRC Guidelines Station effluents. Fig.1-15: The maximum whole body individual dose due toall releases of However, the radioactivity frdm Davis-Besse has been well below the limits since the resulting dose Station became operational in August,1977. was less than 50% of the regulatory limits. The peaks which occurred in 1984 and 1985 were as-sociated with the liquid radioactive waste processing methods. These doses were less than 25 percent of the regulatory limits. Table 1-5: 1988 Dose Comparison Dose Limit Percent (mrem /vr.) (mrem /vr.) of Limit Uquid Effluents Whole Body 0.063 3 2.0% Organ 0.094 10 1.0% Gaseous Effluents Noble Gas Gamma 0.003 10 0.03 % Beta 0.008 20 0.04 % lodine-131, tritium and particulate with half-lives greater than 8 days 0.013 15 0.08 % 1-27 L-_-____________ __ _ __
l Annual Environmental Operating Report ' 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l l I References
- 1. " Basic Radiation Protection Criteria," Report No. 39, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (January,1971,.
- 2. " Cesium-137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose," Report No. 52, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (January,1977).
- 3. Deutsch, R., Nuclear Power, A Rational Approach, GP Courseware, Inc.,
Columbia, MD (1987).
- 4. Eisenbud, M., Environmental Radioactivity, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL(1987). '
- 5. "Environniental Radiation Measurements," Report No. 50, National Council on R*idiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (December, 1976).
- 6. " Exposure of the Population in the United States and Cant.da from Natural Background Radiation," Report No. 94, National Council on Radiation Protec-tion and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (December,1987).
- 7. " Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," Report No. 93, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (Sepember,1987).
- 8. " Natural Background Radiation in the United States," Report No. 45, Nation-al Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C.
(November,1975).
- 9. "Public Radiation Exposure From Nuclear Power Generation in the United States," Report No. 92, National Council on Rad'ation Protection and Measure-ments, Washington, D.C. (December,1987).
1-28 _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____--_ b
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report
- 10. " Radiation Protection Standards," Department of Environmental Science and Physiology and the Office of Continuing Education, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA (1986).
.11. "1985 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Report for Three Mile Island Station," GPU Nuclear Corporation, Middletown, PA (1985).
- 12. Title 10, Part 20," Standards for Protection Against Radiation," Code of Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).
- 13. Title 10, Part 50," Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities, " Code of Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).
- 14. Title 40, Part 190, " Environmental Radiation Protection Standard for Nuclear Power Operations", Code of Federal Regulations, Washington, D.C. (1988).
- 15. " Tritium in the Environment," Report No. 62, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, D.C. (March,1979).
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Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Radiological Environmental Monitoring Prograin Program Design The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) was established at Davis-Besse to ensure that any radiological environmental effects would be detected and to comply with NRC regulations. Environmental surveillance at Davis-Besse has been a part of the radiological programs conducted at the Sta-tion for 17 years. The Radiological Enviromnental Monitoring Program was es-tablished in 1972, five years before the Station became operational. This preoperational surveillance program was established to document the radioac-tivity, and its variability, which existed in the area prior to the operation of Davis-Besse. When Davis-Besse became operationalin 1977, the REMP continued to measure radiation and radioactivity in the surrounding areas. The operational program has been collecting environmental data for over 11 years. A wide variety of emrirocmental samples are collected as part of the REMP at Davis-Besse. The selection of sample types was based on the established critical pathways for the transfer of radionuclides through the environment to humans. Sampling locations were determined based on sample availability, local meteorol-ogy, local water charactenstics, local popuiation characterist!cs, and land uses. The sampling frequencies for the various media were based on the radionuclides of interest, their half-lives, and their behavior in the biological and physical en-vironment. i Objectives i The REMP at Davis-Besse was designed with the following objectives in mind:
- To fulfill the obligations of the radiological surveillance sections of the Technical Specifications.
2-1
1 j.: p Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1 e To determine whether any significant increase occurs in the concentration of radionuclides in critical pathways. e To assess the dose to th.e public due to the operation of
. Davis-Besse.
e To identify and evaluate the physical and biological sites of build up of radioactivity,if any,in the environment and any changes in normal background radiation. e To verify the adequacy ofin-plant control of radioactivity. Quality Assurance Quality Assurance (QA) consists of all the planned and systematic actions that are necessary to provide adequate confidence in the results of an activity such as the REMP. In other words, OA is a program which provides a method to check the adequacy and validity of our monitoring program through written policies, procedures and records. The OA program at Davis-Bsse is conducted in accordance with the guidelines specified in NRC Regulatory Guide 4.15. " Quality Assurance for Radiological Monitoring Programs." The program is designed to identify possible deficiencies so corrective actions may be immediately taken. Davis-Besse's Quality Assurance program also provides confidence in the results of the REMP through: o Performiog regular audits (investigations) of the monitoring program. e Performing audits of contractor laboratories which at:alyze ; environmental samples. e Requiring analytical contractor laboratories to participate in the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Cross-Check Program. e Requiring analytical contractor laboratories to split samples for separate analysis and compare the results for agreement. 'l e Splitting samples and having samples analyzed by independent laboratories, and then comparing the results for agreement. e Requiring analytical contractor laboratories to perform in-house spiked sample analysis. i OA audits and inspections of the Davis-Besse REMP are performed by groups such as Davis-Besse's OA department and the NRC. In addition, the NRC and 2-2 a l
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) also perform independent monitoring of the Davis-Besse environment.The types of samples collected and the sampling , locations used by the NRC and ODH are also duplicated in Davis-Besse's REMP. Hence, the results of these different programs should be similar. This i I provides a valuable QA tool to verify the quality of the laboratory's analyses and the data generated. In 1987, Environmental Compliance incorporated its own quality control program into the REMP. Duplicate samples, called Quality Control (QC) samples,were collected at severallocations. These duplicate samples were labeled differently than the routine samples so the analyticallab would not know they were identical (Figure 2-1). The r; g, , laboratory results from 4 both the QC samples and "W g%'{"dI gh,)$ g yg"yggy the routine samples could then be compared for con-sistency. This providez a check on the quality of analysis at the contracted analyticallaboratory. QC sampling locations are Fig. 2-1: Duplicate (OC) samples taken from the same changed frequently to sampling site provide a check on the quality of anal) sis at enable us to duplicate as the coraracted laboratory. many sampling locations as possible. Program Description The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse consists of the routine collection and analysis of a wide variety of environmental samples. Samples are collected on a routine basis either weekly, monthly, quarterly, semi-annually, or annually, depending upon the type of sample. The samples collected at DBNPS are divided into four general categories: e atmospheric--including samples of airborne particulate, airborne radioiodine, and precipitation / snow. 2-3
Annual Environmental Operating Report ' 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station
- e direct radiation -- measured by thermoluminescent dosimeters.
e terrestrial-- monitored through the collection of milk, ground water, fruit and vegetables, animal / wildlife feed, soil, and wild and domestic meat. e aquatic -- samples include treated surface water, untreated surface water, fish, and lake bottom sediments. All samples are labeled using a sampling code. Table 2-1 lists the sampling codes used in this report. Samples are collected at many locations, both onsite and up to 25 miles away from the Station. Sampling locations are divided into two categories, indicator and control. Indicator locations are those which would be most likely to display the effects of Davis-Besse's operation. Generally, they are located within five miles of the Station. Control locations are those which should be unaffected by Station' operations. Typically, they are more than five miles from the Station. The data obtained from the indicator locations are com-pared with data from the controllocations. This comparison allows for the evaluation of the samples while taking into account background radiation, such as cosmic radiation, and radioactivity, such as nuclear fallout from weapons test-ing. Data are also compared with preoperational data to determine whether sig-nificant variations or trends exist. Figures 2-2,2-3,2-4 and 2-5 depict the sampling locations at the Davis-Besse site, within a five mile radius, within a ten mile radius and in Lake Erie, respectively. Table 2-2 (page 2-9) lists the loca-tions of all sampling sites. Table 2-1: Explanation of Sampling Codes CODE DESCRIPTION AP~ . . . . . . ... . . . . Airbome Par'iculate Al= . . . . . . . . . Airbome lodine TLD ... . . .Thermoluminescent Dosimeter P/S. .. . . . . . . . . .. Precipitation / Snow M.. ... .. . Milk WW. . .. .. . WellWater (Ground Water) ' GLV .. . . . . .. . Fruits and Vegetables SWT.. ... ... . .. . Surface Water - Treated SWU.. . . . . . . . Surface Water Untreated
- F .. . . . . . . . . . . . Fish BS.... . . . . . . take Bottom Sediments SO .... .. . . . Soil AF.... .. . . .. .. . . . .. Animal / Wildlife Feed Me(D)... . . . . ... ... .. Meat-Domestic Me(W) . .. . Meat Wild 2-4
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Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environrnental Operating Report Table 2-2: Sampling Locations Site Type of Number Location
- Location Description T-1 I Site boundary,0.6 miles ENE of Station, near intake canal.
T-2 I Site boundary,0.9 miles E of Station. T-3 I Site boundary,1.4 miles ESE of Station, near Toussaint River and storm drain. T-4 I Site boundary,0.8 miles S of Station, near Toussaint River. T-5 I Main entrance to site,0.5 miles W of Station. T-7 I Sand Beach,0.9 miles NW of Station. T-8 I Farm,2.7 miles WSW of Station. T-9 C Oak Harbor,6.8 miles SW of Station. T-11 C Port Clinton,9.5 miles SE of Station. T-12 C Toledo Water Treatment Station, airborne particulate and iodine collected 23.5 miles WNW of Station and water samples taken from Intake Crib 11.25 miles NW of Station. T-17 I Well onsite,0.7 miles SW of Station. T-20 I Farm,5.5 miles WSW of Station, Oak Harbor. T-23 C Put-In-Bay Lighthouse,14.3 miles ENE of Station. T-24 C Sandusky,24.9 miles SE of Station. T-25 I Farm,33 miles S of Station. Oak Harbor. I T-27 C Magee Mush,5.3 miles WNW of Station
- Crane Creek State Park.
)
T-28 I Unit 1 treated and untreated water supply, onsite. I T-31 I Onsite T-33 I Lake Erie, within 5 miles radius of site. T-34 C Land, greater than 10 miles radius of site.
~T-35 C Lake Erie, greater than 10 miles radius of site.
'I = Indicator C = Control 2-9 9
/,
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station I Table 2-2: Sampling Locations (continued) ] i Site Type of Number Location
- Location Description T-37 C Farm, State Route 105, Elmore, OH.
T-38 I Site boundary,0.6 miles ENE of Station near Lake Erie. T-39 I Site boundary,1.2 miles ESE of Station near ditch to Toussaint River. T-40 I Site boundary,0.7 miles SE of Station near ditch to Toussaint River. T-41 I Site boundary,0.6 miles SSE of Station near ditch to Toussaint River. T-42 I Site boundary,0.8 miles SW of Station by meteorological tower. T-43 I Site boundary,0.5 miles SW of Station along Route 2 fence. T-44 I Site boundary,0.5 miles WSW of Station by railroad tracks. T-45 I Site boundary,0.5 miles WNW of Station l on access road behind cooling tower. T-46 I Site boundary,0.5 miles NW of Station along access road. T-47 I Site boundary,0.5 miles N of Station along access rosd. T-48 I Site boundary,0.5 miles NE of Station by lake. T-49 I Site boundary,'O.5 miles NE of Station by lake. T-50 I Erie Industrial Park,4.5 miles SE of Station. l T-51 I Farm,4.5 miles SSE of the Station, Port Clinton, Ohio. T-52 I Farm,3.7 miles S of site, Oak Harbor. T-53 I Farm,4.5 miles S of site, Oak Harbor. T-54 I Farm,4.8 miles SW of site, Oak Harbor. T-55 I Farm,5 miles west of site, Oak Harbor. T-57 C Farm,22 miles SSE of Station, Fremont.
'I = Indicator C = Control 2 - 10
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1968 Annual Environmental Operating Report l Table 2-2: Sampling Locations (continued) Site Type of Number Location
- Location Description T-60 I Onsite,03 mile S of Station on south entrance road to marsh.
T-61. I Site boundary,0.6 mile SE of Station near ditch to Toussaint River. T-62 I Site boundary,1 mile SE of Station, near Toussaint River. T-63 I Site boundary,1.1 miles ESE of Station. T-64 I Site boundary,0.9 mile E of Station. , T-65 I Onsite,03 mile NE of Station, near south side of intake canal. - T-66 I Onsite,03 mile ENE of Station, near north side ofintake canal. T 67 I Site boundary,03 mile NNW of Station, north of cooling tower. T-68 I Site boundary,0.5 mile WNW of Station. T-69 I Site boundary,0.4 mile W of Station, alongside Route 2. T-70 I Onsite,03 mile WNW of Station. T-71 I Onsite,0.1 mile NW of Station at Service Building #3. T-73 I Onsite,0.1 mile WSW of Station in paved parking lot. T 74 I Onsite,0.1 mile SSW of Station outside of trailer complex. T-75 I Onsite,0.2 mile SSE of Station outside of Waste Water Treatment Plant. T-76 I Onsite,0.1 mile ESE of Station on concrete building between settling pond and the Station. T-77 I Onsite,0.1 mile ENE of Station at Service Building #4. T-78 C West Sister Island,10 miles N of site. ' l
*I = Indicator C = Control )
l l i 2 - 11
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 2-2: Sampling Locations (continued) Site Type of , Number Location
- Location Description T-79 QC Quality Control site.
T-80 QC Quality Control site. T-81 QC Quality Control site. T-82 QC Quality Control site. T-83 QC Quality Control site. T-84 QC Quality Control site. T-86 QC Quality control site. T-88 QC Quality Control site. T-89 QC Quality Control site. T-90 I Toussaint East and Leutz Roads,2 miles SSW of Station. T-91 I Rankie Road and State Route 2,2.5 miles SSE of Station. T-92 I Iecust Point Road,2.7 miles WNW of Station. T-93 I Sand Beach Road,1.2 miles NNW of Station. T-94 I State Route 2 near Humphrey Road, 1.8 miles WNW of Station. T-95 C Route 579 W of State Route 2 junction, 9.3 miles W of Station. T-96 C State Route 2 and Howard Road, 10.5 miles WNW of Station. T-97 I Duff Washa and Zetzer Road,1.5 miles W of Station. T-98 C Toussaint-Portage and Bier Road,6 miles SW of Station. T-99 I Behlman Road south of Bier Road, 4.7 miles SSW of Station. I T-100 C Ottawa County Highway Garage, on State Route 163,6 miles S of Station. T-101 C Finke Street in Oak Harbor,6.5 miles SSW of Station. j I
'I = Indicator C = Controf '
i 2 - 12 !
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 2-2: Sampling Locations (continued) Site Type of Number Location
- Location Description T-102 C Oak Street in Oak Harbor,6.5 miles SSW of Station.
T-103 C Lickert-Harder Road, S of State Route 163 and N of State Route 105,8.5' miles SW of Station. T-104 C Salem-Carroll Road,0.5 mile E of Rocky Ridge, 7.3 miles SW of Station. T-105 C Lake Shore Drive,6 miles SE of Station. T-106 C Third Street in Port Clinton,6.5 miles SE of Station. T-107 C Little Portage East Road,8.5 miles SSE of Station. T-108 C Boysen Road,9 miles S of Station. T-109 C Stange Road,8 miles W of Station. T-110 C Toussaint North and Graytown Road, 10 miles WSW of Station. , T-111 C Toussaint North Road,8.3 miles WSW of Station. T-112 I Thompson Road,1.5 miles SSW of Station. T-113 OC Ouality Control site. T-114 OC Quality Control site. T-115 OC Ouality Control site. T-116 OC Ouality contro! site. T-117 OC Ouality Control site. T-118 OC Ouality Control site. T-119 OC Ouality Control site. T-120 OC Ouality control site. T-121 I State Route 19,2 miles W of Station. T-122 I 1.7 miles W of Station, intersection of Duff Washa Road and Humphrey Road.
'I = Indicator C = Control 2 - 13
l 1 Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station j
.l Table 2-2: Sampling Locations (continued)
Site Type of Number Location
- Location Description T-123 I 1.6 miles WSW of Station.
T-124 C 6.5 miles SSW of Station, intersection of Church and Walnut Street, Oak Harbor. T-125 I 4.4 miles SSW of Station, intersection of ' Behlman and Bier Roads. T-126 I Intersection of Camp Perry Western Road and Toussaint South Road,3.7 miles S of Station. T-127- I Intersection of Camp Perry Western Road and Rymers Road,4.0 miles SSE of Station. T-128 I Erie Industrial Park,4.0 miles SE of Station. T-130 I Lake Erie,1.7 miles ESE of Station, about 300 yards offshore from mouth of Toussaint River. T-131 I Lake Erie,0.8 mile NE of Station, about 300 yards offshore ofIntake Canal. T-132 I Lake Erie,1 mile E of Station, about 600 yards offshore by buoy J. T-133 I Lake Erie,0.8 miles N of Station, about 300 yards offshore of Sand Beach. T-134 I Lake Erie,1.4 miles NW of Station, about 300 yards offshore of Sand Beach. T-135 I Lake Erie,2.5 miles WNW of Station, about 300 yards offshore of Locust Point. T-136 I Lake Erie,3.8 miles WNW of Station, about 300 yards offshore. T-137 C Lake Erie,7 miles WNW of Station, about 300 yards offshore from Crane Creek State Park Beach.
*I = Indicator C = Control 2 - 14
I Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report 4 1 Table 2-2: Sampling Locations (continued) Site Type of Number Location
- Location Description l
l T-138 C Lake Erie,11 miles NW of Station, about 1000 yards from Toledo Water Treatment Station Intake Crib. T-141 OC Quality Control site. T-143 OC Ouality Control site. T-144 I Green Cove condominiums,0.9 miles NNW of Station. T-145 OC Ouality Control site. T-146 I Duff-Washa Road,3.5 miles W of Station. T-147 C Farm,5.7 miles WSW of Station, Oak Harbor. T-150 I Intersection of Humphrey Road and Hollywood Road,2.1 miles NW of Station. T-151 I Intersection of, State Route 2 and Humphrey Road, 1.8 miles WNW of Station. T-153 I Leutz Road 0.5 mile W of State Route 2,1.4 miles SSW of Station. T-154 I JV Carryout on State Route 2,0.7 miles SW of Station. T-155 C Corner of 4th and Madison St., Port Clinton, 9.5 miles SE of Station. T-156 C Lake Erie, offshore of Metzger's Marsh, 8 miles WNW of Station. T-157 C I.ake Erie offshore of Ward Canal,8.9 miles WNW of Station. T-158 . C Lake Erie offshore of Reno Beach, i 10 miles WNW of Station. T-159 C Lake Erie offshore of Potter's Pond, 10.2 miles WNW of Station. T-160 I Lake Erie offshore of Toussaint Hunting Club,3.5 miles ESE of Station.
*I= Indicator C = Control 2 -15
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 2-2: Sampling Locations (continued) Site Type of Number location
- Location Description T-161 I Lake Erie offshore of Camp Perry,4.7 miles SE of Station.
T-162 C Lake Erie offshore of Darby marsh,5.4 miles SE of Station. T-163 C Lake Erie offshore of Lakefront Marina in Port Clinton, 8.5 miles SE of Station. T-164 C Lake Erie offshore of Port Clinton Waterworks, 9.5 miles ESE of Station. T-165 C Lake Erie offshore of Port Clinton,10.2 miles ESE of Station. T-166 C Lake Erie offshore W of Catawba,12 miles ESE of Station. T-167 C Lake Erie offshore of Catawba,11.5 miles E of Station. T-168 C Lake Erie between Put-In-Bay and Green Island, 12.5 miles ENE of Station. T-169 C Lake Erie between Perry's monument and Gibralters Island, 14 miles ENE of Station. T-170 C Lake Erie between Sugar Island and Middle Bass Island, 15 miles ENE of Station. T-171 C Lake Erie offshore of south end of North Bass Island, 15.5 miles ENE of Station. T-172 C Lake Erie offshore of north end of North Bass Island, 17 miles ENE of Station. T-173 C Firelands Winery, Barshard Road, Sandusky, 24 miles SE of. Station. T-173A C Fireland Farms, Sandusky,24 miles SE of Station. T-175 I Farm on Humphrey Road,1.7 miles W'of Station. T-176 I Toussaint Creek Wildlife Area,3.6 miles WSW of Station. T-197 OC Ouality Control site. T-198 OC Ouality Control site. T-199 C Farm on Bier Road,5.8 miles SW of Station.
'I = Indicator C= Control 2 - 16
< Davis-Sesse Nuclear Power Station 16 Annual Environmental Operating Report i Sample Analysis q When environmental samples are analyzed for radioactivity, several types of measurements may be performed to provide information about the types of radiation and radionuclides present. The majc: analyses that are performed in- 3 clude: ) e Gross beta analysis e Gamma spectral analysis e Tritium analysis e Strontium-89 analysis e Strontium-90 analysis 1 l Gross beta analysis measures the total amount of beta emitting radioactivity present in a sample. Beta radiation may be released by many different radionuclides. Gross beta analysis only indicates whether the sample contains normal or abnormal concentrations of beta radioactivity. It does not identify specific radionuclides. Gross beta analysis acts as a tool to identify samples that may need further analysis. Gamma spectral analysis provides more specific information than the gross beta analysis. This analysis identifies each radionuclides present in the sample that emits gamma radiation and tl'e amount of radioactivity present. For example, gamma spectral analysis can be used to identify the presence and amount of iodine-131 in a sample. Iodine-131 is a man-made radioactive isotope of iodine. This isotope may be present in the environment as a result of fallout from weapons testing, routine medical uses in diagnostic tests, and routine releases from nuclear power. stations. Tritium analysis indicates whether a sample contains the radionuclides tritium (H-3) and the amount of radioactiv4y present. As discussed in Chapter One, tritium is an isotope of hydrogen that emits low energy beta particles. Tritium may be natural or man-made. Strontium-89 and strontium-90 are man-made radionuclides that are found in the environment as a result of fallout from weapons testing. Strontium is usually incorporated into the calcium pool of the biosphere. In other words, strontium tends to replace calcium in living organisms and become incorporated in the bones. The principal exposure pathway for humans is through milk produced by cows that grazed on pasture which was exposed to strontium from atmospheric fallout. Strontium analysis identifies the presence and amount of strontium-89 and strontium-90 present. 2-17 2
Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Often samples will have little radioactivity and may be below the lower limit of detection. The lower limit of detection (LLD) is the smallest amount of sample , activity that will give a net count for which there is confidence, at a predeter-mined level, that the activity is present. When a measurement of radioactivity is reported as less than LLD ( < LLD), it means that the radioactivity is so low that it cannot be accurately measured with any degree of confidence. Sample History The concentration of radioactivity present in the environment will vary due to factors such as weather or variations in the collection and analysis programs. This is one reason that the results of sample analyses are compared with results from other locations and previous data. Generally, the results of sample analysis are compared with preoperational and operational data. Additionally, the results ofindicator and control locations are also compared. This allows us to track and trend the radioactivity present in the environment, to assess whether a build up of radionuclides is occurring, and to determine the affect the operation of Davis-Besse is having on the environment. If any unusual activity is detected, it is investigated to determine whether it is at-tributable to the operation of Davis-Besse or other sources such as nuclear weapons testing. A summary of the results of sample analyses from the REMP, which has been conducted from 1972 through 1988, follows. Atmospheric:
- Airborne Particulate: '
No radioactive particulate have been detected as a result of Davis-Besse's operation. Only natural and fallout radioactivity from weapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl were detected. ! e Airborne Radioiodine: { Radi:vetive iodine-131 fallout was detected in 1976,1977, and 1978 l from wapons testing, and in'1986 (0.12 to 1.2 picocune per cubic {' meter) from the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. e Precipitation / Snow: i Only normal background and fallout radioactivity from weapons testing have been detected. 2-18 1
Dav:s-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Direct Radiation: e TLDs: The annual average dose rates have ranged between 49 and 87 millirem a year at controllocations and between 44 and 63 millirem a year at indicator locations. No increase above natural background l a radiation was observed as a result of Davis-Besse's operation. f Terrestrial: o Ground (Well) Water: Only naturally occuring background radioactivity has been detected in ground water.
- Milk:
Iodine-131 was detected in 1976 and 1977 as a result of vzeapons testing fallout at concentrations of 1.36 and 23.9 picocuries/ liter. In 1986, concentrations of 8.5 picoeuries/ liter were. detected from the nuclear accident at Chernobyl. No iodine-131 detected has been attributable to the operation of Davis-Besse. ; e Meat: 1 Only caturally occurring potassium-40 and very low cesium-137 activity have been detected in samples. Potassium-40 has ranged from 1.1 to 4.6 picocuries/ gram wet weight. Cesium-137 was detected in 1974,1975, and 1981 due to fallout from weapons testing. e Froit/ Vegetables: Only natural and fallout radioactivity from weapons testing has been detected. e Soil: Only natural and fallout radioactivity from weapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl was detected.
- Animal / Wildlife Feed:
Only natural and fallout radionuclides from weapons testing were detected. Aquatic: e Surface / Drinking Water: In 1979 and 1980, the tritium concentrations at location T-7 were above normal background. Location T-7 is a beach well fed directly by Lake Erie. The fourth quarter sample in 1979 read 590 picocuries per liter and the first quarter sample in 1980 had a concentration of 2-19
Annual Environmental Operating Fleport 1988' Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station - 1 510 picoeuries per liter above the background concentration of 450 picocuries per liter. A follow-up sample was collected in Lake Erie between T-7 and the Station discharge. This sample contained tritium at a concentration of 2737 picocuries per liter. These concentrations could be attributed to the operation of Davis-Besse. However, the results at T-7 were more than 39 times lower than the annual average concentration allowed by the EPA National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations (40 CFR 141), and were only 0.018% of the maximum permissible concentration for tritium in unrestricted areas
. (3,000,000 picoeuries per liter). The fellow-up sample was less than 0.1% of this concentration. None of the subsequent samples indicate any significant difference between the background tritium concentration and the conc %itration at T-7.
e Fish: Only natural and fallout radioactivity attributable to nuclear weapons testing was detected in fish samples collected in 1972 through 1988. e Bottom Sediments: Only natural and radioactivity attributed to nuclear weapons testing and the 1986 nuclear accident at Chernobyl were detected. 1988 Sampling Program The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) is conducted in accordance with the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Operating License, Ap-pendix A, Technical Specifications. The program includes the collection and analysis of airbome particulate, airborne radiciodine, precipitation / snow, ground (well) water, milk, edible meat, fruit, vegetables, soil, treated and un-treated surface water, fish, lake bottom sediments, and measurements of direct radiation. All samples are sent to an independent laboratory for analysis. In 1988, there were 129 sampling locations and 22 quality control locations. Over 3,000 samples were collected and analyzed. The number of samples col-lected and analyzed has increased over the past two years in an effort to imple-ment the most comprehensive REMP possible. Expansion of the REMP began in 1987 and continued in 1988. This was achieved by increasing the number of sampling locations and types of samples collected, and by collecting duplicate or quality control (OC) samples. The program was expanded to ensure Davis-Besse is conducting a thorough and comprehensive environmental study. 2-20
l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report j I In 1987, the TLD program was expanded from 31 to 72 locations, a new milk sam-pling location was added, and the untreated surface water collection was ex-panded to include nine additionallocations in Lake Erie. In 1988, the collection of precipitation and snow at five locations was added to the prcgram. Also, the TLD program was expanded to 102 locations and annual TLDs were added at all locations. In December,1988, milk at location T-20 be-came unavailable when the dairy herd was sold, but a replacement milk sampling location was added at location T-199. Well water collection was expanded from three to six locations. The collection of meat, both domestic and wild, and animal / wildlife feed were added to the REMP. Fruit and vegetable collection was expanded from three to five locations. Soil samples were collected at three : new locations, giving a total of 13 sample locations. The aquatic sampling program was also expanded to increase the number of treated surface water samples from three to seven and untreated surface water samples from 15 to 34. Fish collection was expanded to include a third species, carp. Lake sediment sampling was increased from two to four locations, and from an annual to a semi-annual collection frequency. An important part of the 1988 expansion in sample collection is attributed to the addition of several QC samples. These consist of duplicate untreated surface water, treated surface water, well water, soil, fruit and vegetable samples, and TLDs. Figure 2-6 presents information on the REMP expansion. It compares the num-ber of sampling locations used by Davis-Besse in 1986,1987, and 1988 and the l number of sampling locations required by the Technical Specifications. f I In 1988, approximately 3,060 samples were collected and 4,200 analyses were per-formed. As seen in Figure 2-7, this represents an increase of approximately 150%. Davis-Besse is committed to implementing the most comprehensive Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program reasonably achievable. Table 2-3 presents a summary of the samples collected in 1988. f 2-21
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse NuclearPower Station REMP Sampling Locations
/ _ . _ _ . . . .
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- the same, Davis-Besse has expanded the REMP to include more sample locations.
REMP Sample Collection Scot l 400t -- 30ot_.....- -. ._. ( , . 200t - - . - s n ..:, . ..g: . s
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1987 1988 C Samples Collected E Analyses Performed Fig. 2-7:In 1988, over 3,000 samples were collected and over 4,200 analyses were performed. This increase demonstrates Davis-Besse's commitment to implementing the most comprehensive'e REMP possible. 2-22
i Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 2-3: Sample Collection Summary Sample Collection Number Number Number Type Type */ of Samples Samples Not (Remarks) Farquency** Locations Collected Collected l l ATMOSPHERIC Airborne Particulate ( see text p. 2-24) C/W 10 527 3 Airborne Iodine (see text p. 2-24) C/W 10 527 3 Lecipitation/ Snow (see text p. 2-21) G/AO 5 7 0 DIRECT RADIATION TLDs (See text p. 2-24) C/M. 31 371 1 C/O 102 399 9 C/A 102 92 10 TERRESTRIAL Milk.(May-Oct.) G/SM 4 48 0 (Nov.-Apr.) _ G/M 4 24 0 Well Water G/O 6 22 0 Edible Meat
- a. wild G/A 3 3 0 b, domestic G/SA 3 4 0 Fruit / Vegetables (collected Jul.-Sep.) G/M 5 14 0 Soil G/SA 13 26 0 Animal / Wildlife feed G/A 7 7 0 AQUATIC Treated Surface Water G/WM 7 290 0 Untreated Surface Water (See text p. 2-24)G/WM 34 429 4 Comp /WM 3 3 0 Fish (3 species) G/SA 2 12 0 Lake Sediments G/SA 4 6 0
- Type of collection:
C/ = Continuous;G/ = Grab; Comp / = Composite.
** Frequency of collection:
/WM = Weeklycomposited Monthly;/W = Weekly; /SM = Semi-monthly;/M = Monthly;
/0 = Ouarterly;/SA = Semiannually;/A = Annually;
/AO = When available composited Quarterly.
2-23
Annual Envire.,nmental Operating Fleport 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Program Deviations The detailed list which follows provides a description and explanation of all samples which were not collected in 1988. e There were no airborne particulate or airborne radiciodine samples collected at location T-3 for the weeks of February 29, March 7, and March 14,1988, because the power cable supplying the pump was severed during construction in the area, e There were no TLD data for location T-41 for the month of April, because the TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e There were no TLD data for locations T-78 and T-79 for the first and fourth quarters, becuuse they are located on an island and lake conditions did not permit collection. e There were no TLD data for locations T-92 and T-113 for the first-quarter of 1988, because the TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e There were no TLD data for locations T-41, T-79, and T-114 for the second quarter of 1988, because tlm TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e There were no TLD data for locations T-74, T-86, T-93, T-114, and T-151 for the third quarter of 1988, because the TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e There were no TLD data for locations T-122 and T-155 for the fourth quarter of 1988, because the TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e There were no TLD data for locations T-47, T-74, T-92, T-93, T-106, T-122, T-151, and T-155 for the annual collection, because the TLDs were lost due to vandalism. e The LLD for iodine-131 analyst, of milk was not reached for samples collected the week of May 9,1988 at locations T-8, T-20, and T-24 and the week of May 24,1988 at locations T-8, T-20, T-24, and T-57, because the laboratory was relocated and sample analyses were delayed. e The LLD for airborne radiciodine analysis was elevated to < 0.121 picoeuries/ cubic meter for the sample collected at location T-4 during the week of October 10,1988, because power was lost to the sampling pump for part of the week and this resulted in a very low sample volume. e Untreated surface water from Lake Erie at site boundary locationT-3 was not collected during the weeks of January 20,27, and the month of March, because the lake was frozen. 2-24
1 I Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report I e There were no milk sample data from location T-20 after December 12, 1988, because the dairy herd was sold and moved to a new location. In 1988, the major deviation in the program was the loss of several TLDs. However, the data which was lost can be reproduced from calculations using data from other nearby locations or from other TLDs (monthly, quarterly, annual) at the same site. Due to the number of sampling stations, the data loss which oc-curred in 1988 is not significant. Atmospheric Monitoring The atmosphere is one of the primary exposure pathways for humans through breathing or ingesting radionuclides released to the atmosphere. Davis-Besse monitors the atmosphere through air sampling and the collection of precipita-tion / snow samples. Environmental air sampling is conducted to evalu n te poten-tial doses to the surrounding population from inhaled or ingested radionuclides. Precipitation / Snow sampling is conducted to evaluate radionuclides deposition from the atmosphere. Airborne Particulate Davis-Besse samples air for airborne radioactivity continuously at ten locations. There are six indicator locations -- four around the site boundary, one at Sand Beach, and another at a local farm. There are four control locations, Oak Har-bor, Port Clinton, Toledo and Magee Marsh. Air sampling pumps are used to draw continuous samples. Air is drawn through particulate membrane filters and charcoal cartridges at a rate of approximately one cubic foot per minute. The samples, both filters and charcoal cartridges, are collected for about 168 hours (7 days). Occasionally, when a holiday interrupts the normal sampling schedule, the samples may be collected after six or eight days. However, these deviations do not adversely affect the data. Airborne particulate samples are collected on 47mm diameter membrane filters of 0.8 micron porosity at a rate of approximately one cubic foot per minute. These filters are collected weekly from ten locations (T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, T-8, l T-9, T-11, T-12 and T-27) and are carefully handled so as not to disturb or lose any deposited particulate. They are individually packaged in glassine envelopes and sent to an independent laboratory for radiometric analyses. At the laboratory, the filters are stored for at least five days after collection to allow for the decay of naturally occurring short ';ved radionuclides. 2-25
i Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Gross beta analysis is performed on each of the weekly samples. Each quarter, the filters from each location are combined (composited) and analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. The gross beta analyses yielded annual averages that were virtually identical at 3 the six indicator locations (0.030 pCi/m ) and the four control locations (0.031 pCi/m 3). Evidence of the similarity of the results of the control and indicator locations may be seen in the similarity of the average monthly results shown in 3 Figure 2-8. The highest annual average (0.033 pCi/m ) was measured at control location T-9. The 1988 annual average results are in good agreement with an-nual averages from previous years. The results over the past 17 years are as fol-lows: 1' 3 3 1972 - 0.041 pC1/m 1980 - 0.030 pCl/m 3 1973 - 0.035 pCl/m 3 1981 - 0.090 pCi/m
- 3 1974 - 0.198 pCl/m3
- 1982 - 0.023 pCl/m 3
1975 - 0.096 pCl/m3
- 1983 - 0.021 pCl/m 3
1976 - 0.089 pCi/m3
- 1984 - 0.025 pCl/m 3
1977-0.166 pCl/m3
- 1985 - 0.023 pCl/m 3
1978 0.096 pCi/m3
- 1986 - 0.033 pCl/m 3
1979 - 0.038 pCi/m 3 1987 - 0.022 pCi/m 3 1988 - 0.031 pCl/m
- Averages were influenced by nuclear fallout from weapons testing.
m Airborne Particulate Beta L04 _ . . _ _ . _ N63 _ tosj yge . _ _ _ _ _ . . _ . _ . M8 _ _ _ _ . _ _ . _ . . . . . . _ . _ c.cl A J////////////
/ / / / /,/ /,/ /_/,/,_/
J F M A M J J A 5 oN D E tno:asor IZEl control Fig. 2-8:The results of gross beta analysis of airborne particulate samples shows that the concentrations at the , j indicator and control locations are almost identical.
\
2-26
]
l I Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report
]
1 1 Beryllium-7 was the only gamma emitting radionuclides detected by the gamma spectroscopic amdysis of the quarterly composites. Beryllium-7 is a naturally oc- , curring radionuclides produced in the upper atmosphere by cosmic radiation. 3 The average concentration of beryllium-7 was 0.084 pCi/m for indicator loca-tions and 0.096 pCi/m3 for controllocations. These values are similar to those ' observed in the previous preoperational and operational years. No other radionuclides were detected above their respective LLDs. i l Airborne lodino-131 Charcoal cartridges are installed downstream of the particulate filters to sample for the presence of airborne radiciodine. These cartridges are collected weekly, j sealed in separate collection bags and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Gamma spectral analysis was performed on the charcoal cartridges. There was 3 no detectable iodine-131 above the LLD of 0.07 pCi/m in all of the samples col-3 lected. In one sample, the LLD of 0.07 pCi/m could not be reached due to a low , volume caused by a loss of power to the pump. This sample indicated less than 1 3 the LLD of 0.121 pCi/m ofiodine-131. Precipitation / Snow Precipitation and snow provide a mechenism to sample for radionuclides deposi-tion from the atmosphere. They may contain naturally occurring radionuclides or fallout radionuclides from weapons testing. In 1988, only snow was collected due to an abnormally dry year. Following a fresh snowfall, approximately 10 pounds of snow are collected from the surface and packed into a container. Once the snow melts,it is transferred to a one gallon container. At the end of the quarter, a one gallon composite is made for each location. In 1988, snow was collected at five locations (T-1, T-4, T-8, T-9 and T-11). The samples were analyzed for beta emitting radionuclides, tritium, and gamma emit-ting radionuclides. In all snow samples collected in 1988, there were no detectable beta emitting radionuclides above the LLD of 0.8 pCi/l in suspended solids. The concentration in dpolved solids averaged 5.2 pCi/l at indicator locations and 3.8 pCi/l at con-M locatiorG. Tritium was not detected above the LLD of 330 pCi/lin all samples. There was no detectable cesium-137 above the LLD of 10 pCi/l in any of the samples. , i 2-27 l
1 Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Direct Radiation Monitoring Populations may be exposed to extremely small amounts of external radiation I from nuclear facilities by several pathways, including airborne radioactivity or radionuclides deposition in soil, vegetation or lake bottom sediments. Some radiation will always be present from background sources, both man-made and natural. The amount of normal background radiation can be determined by ex-amining preoperational measurements or data collected at control locations. Davis-Besse measures direct radiation at 85 locations. These locations include 61 indicator and 24 control locations. Additionally, there are 17 duplicate or QC sites. Thermoluminescent Dosimeters l Radiation at and around Davis-Besse is constantly monitored by a network of thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs): TLDs are small devices which store radiation dose information (Figure 2-9). The TLDs used at Davis-Besse contain a calcuim sulfate: dysprosium (CaSO4 : Dy) card with four main readout areas. Multiple readout areas are used to ensure the precision of the measurements. Thennoluminescence is a process by which ionizing radiation interacts with the sensitive material in the TLD, the phosphor. Energy is trapped in the TLD material and can be stored for several months or years. This provides an excel-lent method to measure the dose received over long periods of time. The amount of energy that was stored in the TLD as a result of interaction with radia-tion is removed and measured by a controlled heating process in a calibrated reading system. As the TLD is 4- N heated, the phosphor releases
- the stored energy as light. The 4h *~ '@ .
amount oflight detected is 7%. directly proportional to the
- e "# ' - '
amount of radiation to which
$i L ' * % # , ' - ,
the TLD was exposed. The read- - . x ~ Em ing process rezeros the TLD and - . -
, j prepares it for reuse. g -
TLD Collection ,. bg Davis-Besse has 31 TLD loca- -
% .y i *$.
tions (6 control and 25 in-Am 12 a i .1h V
- Fig. 2-9:Thermoluminescent Dosimeters (TLDs) dicator) at which TLDs are monitor radiation at and around Davis-Besse. These collected and replaced on a small devices are capable of storing radiation dose monthly, quarterly and annual information for several months to several years. ;
i 2-28 ! 1 i
1 l I Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report basis. An additional 54 locations contain TLDs which are collected on a quartr.rly 1 and annual basis only. The 17 PC locations contain TLDs that are also collected I quarterly and annually. Hence, at any given time there are a total of 235 TLDs in ' the environment surrounding Davis-Besse. By collecting TLDs on a monthly, quarterly, and annual basis from a single site, the three measurements serve as a quality control check on each other. For example, the sum of the four quarterly Dose Comparison exposures should be Monthly, Quarterly, Annual similar to the annual go-a == exposure recorded by a single TLD at the 1._ __...._.. _.m...- -
- same location. Figure Q .
i f 2-10 compares the an-io- --- ggj . J c- nual average dose as lih ) r measured by monthly,
' ^_.
4 3 is!! liii quarterly and annual
, . .-- .L ' . . .
m TLDs at indicator and controllocations. All chonm,v cacommy c m a""* doses have been ad-justed to 91 days for Fig. 2-10:The dose received by the monthly, quarterly and annual the purpose of com-TLDs are almost identical. These three sets of TLDs allow us to check the accuracy of the measurements. parison. i Indicator vs. Control In 1988, the annual TLD average value for all rnrern dov$ l indicator locations was 14.1 mrem /91 I - ---
,o.
days, and for all con-trol locations was 14.9 6' ' R$
~
l mrem /91 days. Figure io- , 2-11 presents a com- ,, g parison of the quarter-ly average values for o A . .. , j
, , 3 , 3
' I '*8 '
indicator and control ia7 locations. m inaia m a cenuo: Fig. 211:The similarity of the indicator and control results demonstrate that the operation of Davis Besse has not adversely affected the background radiation dose. 2-29 l
s g , 4L , Annual Environmental Operating Report . 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station The annual average value for all TLDs in 1988 was 14.5 mrem /91 days. This is similar to the results obtained in previous years.They were: a;
'1972 - 22.4 mrem /91 days 1'900 14.5 mrem /91 days .. < 1973 - 14.3 mrem /91 days 1981 14.8 mrem /91 days '
1974 - 11,7 mrem /91 days , 1982 14.5 mrem /91 days 1975i12.8 mrem /91 days 1983 > 3.2 mrem /91 days 1976 - 15.6 mrem /91 days . 1984 - 13.2 mrem /91 days 1977 - 16.5 mrom/91 days 1985 - 14.4 mrem /91 days 1978 - 16.7 mrem /91 days 1986 - 14.8 mrem /91 days 1979 - 13.4 mrem /91 days 1987 14.5 mrem /91 days
- 1988 - 14.5 mrem /91 days Quality ControlTLDs l
In 1988, duplicate TLDs were established at 17 sites. These TLDs were placed in the' field at the same time and at the same location as some of the routine TLDs, but labeled differently. This allows us to take several measurements at the same location without the laboratory being aware that they are the same. A com-parison of the QC and routine results provides a method to check the accuracy of the measurements. Table 2-4 presents the results of routine and OC TLD monitoring at the 17 sites. . l 1 2-30
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 2-4: Comparison of Routine and QC Results Location Routine Results (mrem /91 days)QC 8... .. .. .. .. . 16.9 1.9..... .. . . .18.5 3.5 27.............. . 15.0 2.0 . . 17.8 23 60 . . . . . ~ . . . . -13.6 1.8.. . .. . . 13 3 2.1 62 . .. -
. 12.521.4.. . . . . 12.4 1.8 64 . .- ... .. 8.7 2 1.4.. . . 9.4 z 1.5 67 .. . . . . 18.0 z 2.4.... .18.2 2.4 70 - . ... . .10.8 2 0.8.. . . . . 10.6 z 1.5 74 ... : .12.6 2 2.4.. . ... .. .... . .. .12.9 z 2.6 78 . -. . . . . . . . . - 14.2 21.8.... . . . . .12.8 z 0.5 92 .. . 12.0 2.6.. . .. . 14.022.6 93.....-............... ...9.9 1.1... . . . . . . .123 3.5 95 .17l6 2.2 .17.6 z 23 98 . 15.9 2.9.. .. . .17323.2 101 . 14.8 23.. . . .16.2 z 3.0 104 . . ~ . . . . . . . -14 3 2.4.. . .. .15.5 2.6 106.... .. .-. ... 13.9 2.0. . . . . . . . . . . .. . 13.6 z 2.5 110 ......-- 16 3 2.4.. .. .. . . .15.7 2.2 All the QC and routine sample results are very similar. This demonstrates the ac-curacy of the TLDs and the laboratory's measurements.
NRC TLD Monitoring The NRC has 22 TLDs located around Davis-Besse as part of their Direct Monitoring Network Program. Davis-Besse maintains TLDs at all of the NRC TLD rnonitoring sites. The NRC collects their TLDs on a quarterly basis, whereas Davis-Besse collects TLDs quarterly and annually at these locations. The NRC TLDs are collected and read independently of Davis-Besse's TLDs, thus providing a quality control check on both laboratories. The NRC uses the Panasonic Model UD801 TLD, which has two elements of lithium borate: copper (Li2B407:Cu) and two elements of calcium sulfate: l thulium (CaSO4:Tm). The difference iriTLD material used by the NRC and Davis-Besse will cause some variation in results The results of TLD monitoring at these 22 locations show good consistency for ; the NRC TLDs and for the Davis-Besse TLDs. The average of the quarterly l results are 14.0 mrem /91 days for the Davis-Besse TLDs and 16.6 mrem /91 days ; for the NRC TLDs. The variance in these measurements is most likely due to the differences in TLD materials. I 1 2-31 - ___ _ _ _ - __________ ____ _ a
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environrnental Operating Report l l Terrestrial Monitoring The collection and analysis of ground water, milk, meat, fruit and vegetables provide data to assess the dose to humans through ingestion pathways. Animal and wildlife feed samples provide additional information on radionuclides that may be present in the food chain. The data from soil sampling allows us to assess the deposition of radionuclides from the atmosphere. Many radionuclides are present in the environment due to sources such as cos-mic radiation and fallout from weapons testing. Some of the radionuclides nor-mally present are: e Beryllium-7, present as a result of the interaction of cosmic radiation with the upper atmosphere. e Cesium-137, a man-made radionuclides which has been deposited in the environment, such as in surface soils, as a , result of fallout from nuclear weapons tes. ting and releases i from nuclear facilities.
- Potassium-40, a naturally occurring radionuclides normally found in humans and throughout the enviromnent.
e Fallout radionuclides from nuclear weapons testing, including strontium-89, strontium-90, cesium-134, cesium-137, cerium-141, cerium-144, and ruthenium-103 and 106. These radionuclides are also released in minute amounts from nuclear facilities. These radionuclides are expected to be present in many of the samples collected. l The contribution of radionuclides from the operation of Davis-Besse is assessed i by comparing sample results with preoperational data, operational data, control location data, and the types and amounts of radioactivity periodically released ] from the Station. , 1 Davis-Besse rnonitors the terrestrial environment through the collection and analysis of samples of ground water, milk, meat, fruit and vegetables, animal feed, and soil. Ground Water Ground water (well water) is unlikely to accumulate radioactivity from nuclear { facilities, unless facilities discharge radioactivity in liquid effluents to the ground. l The soil acts as a filter and ion exchange medium for most radionuclides. However, some radionuclides, such as tritium, have a potential for seeping through the soilinto the ground water. Davis-Besse does not release radioac-tivity in liquid effluents to the ground. However, to ensure that an up-to-date log l l i 2-32
L l I Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l of background data is maintained, ground water samples are collected quarterly at six locations. The six wells used include three indicator locations (T-7, T-17, T-54), two control locations (T-23 and T-27), and one QC location. The location of the QC sample is changed quarterly. The samples are analyzed for beta emitting radioactivity in dissolved and suspended solids, tritium, strontium-89, strontium-90 and gamma emitting radionuclides. Beta emitting radionuclides concentrations in suspended solids were not detected above the LLD of 1.0 pCi/l in any of the samples. In dissolved solids, the con-centrations averaged 7.1 pCi/l at indicator locations and 3.3 pCi/l at the control I locations. The location with the highest annual average was a new site estab-lished in February,1988, T-54. The concentration of beta emitting radionuclides at T-54 averaged 13.9 pCi/1, which is one-seventh of the maximum permissible concentration established by federal regulations. Since this is a new location, no background data exist. If this new location was not included in the indicator average, the average concentration would be 3.8 pCi/1. These values are similar to those obtained in previous years (indicator -- 3.2 pCi/1, control -- 4.2 pCi/l). Tritium was not detected above the LLD of 330 pCi/l for all samples. Strontium-89 and strontium-90 were not detected above their respective LLDs of 1.6 pCi/l and 1.1 pCi/lin any of the samples. Additionally, no gamma emitting radionuclides were detected in any of the GTOUnd WCler samples collected. The activity Routine vs. Quality Control which was detected in the well water was not attributable to the 4 __ _ _ . _ . . _ . . . _ . . . . Station's operation. 3 .. ._ _ _ . . _ . . One QC sample was collected each quarter. The results of the analyses of the QC and routine
, _ . . _ _ . i. . -
locations were almost identical . Figure 2-12 compares the results 73, h um mu. s omy co. 12, Ic r., oc of the gross beta analyses at the QC and routme sample collec-l tion sites. Fig. 2-12:The similarity of the OC and routine results demonstrate the accuracy of these analyses. 2-33
f l . Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report i Milk Milk sampling is very important in environmental surveillance because it provides a direct basis for assessing the dose to humans through ingestion. Milk analyses for certain radionuclides can be used for the evaluation of short and long term trends, as well as dose calculations. Milk is particularly important, because it is one of the few foods commonly con-sumed soon after production. The milk pathway involves the deposition of radionuclides from atmospheric releases onto forage consumed by cows. The radionuclides present can become incorporated into the milk which is then con-sumed by humans. Samples of milk are collected at three farms and a commercial dairy store once a month from November through April, and twice a month from May through Oc-tober. Sampling is increased in the summer since this is when the herds are usually cutside on pasture and not on stored feed. I The sample locations consist of two indicator (T-8, T-20) and two control loca-tions (T-24, T-57). However, in December,1988, one indicator location (T-20) was eliminated because the farm sold the dairy herd. To compensate for this loss, a replacement location, T-199, was added in December,1988. However, this replacement was a controllocatiou since there were not any other dairy herds within five miles of Davis-Besse. The milk samples are analyzed for strontium-89, strontium-90, iodine-131 and other gamma emitting radionuclides, stable calcium and potassium. A total of 72 ' milk samples were collected in 1988. The results obtained were similar to those of the previous years. Strontium-89 was not detected above the LLD of 1.5 pCi/lin any of the samples. i Strontium-90 activity was detected in 67 of the 72 samples collected and ranged from 0.7 to 2.6 pCi/1. The annual average concentration of strontium-90 was 1.4 pCi/l at the indicator locations and 1.2 pCi/l at the control locations. The loca-tion with the highest annual average concentration was indicator location T-20 with an average of 1.7 pCi/1. For all sample sites, the annual average concentra-tions were similar to those measured in the previous years. They were: 2-34
c j
, j e c n
. _ l Annual Envicci,ir-,ami Operating Report 1988' Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station h i 1972 - 3.5 pCM 1980 - 1.9 pCM .
L 1973 - 3.7 pCH 1981 2.0 pCW ; l1974 - 2.5 pCM 1982 - 1.6 pCM . -
]
1975 - 2.5 pCM 1983 - 1.5 pCM 1976 - 2.1 pCM 1984 - 1.3 pCM .
- 1977 - 1.9 pCM 1985 - 1.5 pCM .
1978 - 1.9 pCM 1986 - 1.7 pCM
]
- p 3 1979 - 1.8 pCM 1987 - 1.4 pCM 1988 - 1.3 pCM ~
I A total of 72 analyses for iodine-131 in milk were performed during the report-ing period. Iodine-131 was not detected in milk samples. In all but seven of the - samples, the LLD for iodine-131 was 0.5 pCi/1. In the seven exceptions, the LLD could not be reached due to the relocation of the laboratory and subsequent delays in counting. The LLDs of these samples ranged from 0.9 to 2.9 pCi/1. The concentrations of barium-140 and cesium-137 were below their respective LLDs in all samples collected. The results for potassium-40, a naturally occur-ring radionuclides, were similar at indicator and control locations (1370 and 1330 pCi/1, respectively). These results are similar to those found in previous years'. ; t Since the chemistries of calcium and strontium, and potassium and cesium are
'similar, organisms tend to deposit cesium-137 in muscle tissue, and strontium-89 and strontium-90 in bones. In order to detect the potential environmental ac-cumulation of these radionuclides, the ratio of the strontium-90 radioactivity-(pCi/1) to the concentration of calcium (g/l), and cesium-137 radioactivity (pCi/l) to the concentration of potassium (g/1) were monitored in milk. These ratios are compared to standard values to determine if build up is occurring. No statistical-ly significant variations in the ratios were observed. The results of the analyses performed on the milk samples collected in 1988 indicate no affect due to the operation of Davis-Besse.
/
. Meat '
l Sampling of meat, both domestic and wild, provides information that can be used
^
to assess the dose to humans due to ingestion. The principle pathways for radionuclides contamination of meat animals are atmospheric deposition from air-borne releases on their food and contamination of their drinking water through atmospheric deposition or radionuclides released in liquid effluents. The follow-ing samples were collectedin 1988: l
.i i
2-35 t
.. ___ . - _ _ _ _ _ ___ __U
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report e DomesticMeat: Domestic meat samples (cbickens) were collected at three locations (T-146, T-147, T-175). The samples were analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. e Wild Meat: - One sample of deer meat was collected from a road kill that occurred approximately six miles from the station. The meat was analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides.
- Eggs:
Eggs were collected at two Meat locations (T-147, T-175)in Potassium-40 Analysis September,1988. The samples were analyzed for gamma emitting 2.4e ac> radionuclides. 2 38
- In the edible meat samples, chicken and deer, the mean potassium-40 con- , _ , _ , _ _ _
centration was 2.46 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator locations and 2.38 pCi/g l - ~ ~ - - wet weight for the controllocation. 3 These values are well within the range Fig. 2-13:The average potassium-40 of the preoperational and operational concentrations in edible meat samples for both ) values (Figure 2-13). Cesium-137 was control (C) and indicator (I) locations were well within the normal range observed in previous not detected in meat samples.The Y'" l cesium-137 LLD was 0.032 pCi/g wet weight epplicable for all samples. a.-. .. . - In the eggs (Figure 2-14), the only detec-table gamma emitting radionuclides was potassium-40, a naturally occurring I radionuclides. The concentration ranged from 1.31 to 1.37 pCi/g wet weight and ) averaged 1.34 pCi/g wet weight, which is well within the normal range. ! V , ;
- u. l Fig. 2-14:The 1988 sampling program included both wild and domestic meat, and eggs.
I 2-36 1
l l l l l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Fruit and Vegetables ! Fruit and vegetables also represent a direct ingestion pathway to humans from in-gestion. The fruit and vegetables may become contaminated from atmospheric deposition from airborne sources (nuclear weapons fallout or atmospheric releases) or from irrigation water drawn from lakewater receiving liquid ef-fluents (from hospitals, nuclear facilities, etc.). Also, radionuclides from the soil may be absorbed by the roots of the plants and become incorporated into the edible portions. In '988, fruit and vegetables were collected at two indicator (T-8, T-25) and thee control locations (T-23, T-37, T-173). Samples were collected o. ice a r ionth during the growing / harvest season, July through September. All samples were analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. In addition, fruit samples were analyzed for strontium-89 and strontium-90, and vegetables were analyzed for l iodine-131. In all samples, strontium-89 was not detected above the LLD of 0.008 pCi/g wet weight . Strontium-90 was detected in one of the five fruit samples at a con-centration of 0.012 pCi/g wet weight. This is well within the normal range. For all other samples, strontium-90 was not detected above the LLD of 0.002 pCi/g wet weight. Green leafy vegetables (cabbage, cornstalks, chard, cauliflower, and broccoli) col-lected curing the season were analyzed for iodine-131 by gamma spectral analysis. Broad leaf vegetation provides an excellent source for assessing the deposition of radionuclides from the atmosphere on the leaves. No iodine-131 was detected above the LLD of 0.022 pCi/g wet weight. ! No gamma emitting radionuclides, except potassium-40, were detected. In fruits, I the average concentrations were 1.40 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator locations and 1.94 pCi/g wet weight for the control locations. In the leafy vegetables, the concentrations of potassium-40 averaged 3.57 pCi/g wet weight and 1.86 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator and controllocations, respectively. These concentra-i tions were similar to those detected in previous years. Animal / Wildlife Feed Domestic animal and wildlife feed may provide important information for deter-mining radionuclides concentrations in the food chain (Figure 2-15). As in all ter-restrial samples, naturally occur ing potassium-40, cosmic ray produced radionuclides such as berylliu: ,-7, and fallout from nuclear weapons testing may l be present in the samples. In 1988, the following feed samples were collected: 2-37
i i I Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report e Domestic AnimalFeed: Domestic animal feed was collected at four locations. The feed collected consisted of hay, cattle feed, and chicken feed. The samples were analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. e Wildlife Feed: Wildlife feed was collected at two locations and consisted of smartweed, nut-grass and other grasses. The samples were analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. W% *~
.'g
%)
4 st - _u' _ l h ', i ; (f gL '
>j ' ' ' y;[g[ _ ' ? '4 ; (d 4
~
o, < y
.- f ,, . . , . . , K:
f' h
.9 + .
,} y ,- . , -
Fig. 215:Wildiffe feed may provide important information for determining radionuclides concentrations in the food chain. In cattle feed, hay, chicken feed and wildlife feed, the only gamma emitting radionuclides detected were beryllium-7 and potassium-40. The annual average beryllium-7 concentration for indicator locations was 0.94 pCi/g wet weight and for control locations was 0.52 pCi/g wet weight. The annual average potassium-40 concentration for the control locations was 3.15 pCi/g wet weight as compared to the average value of 9.26 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator locations. The higher concentrations at the indicator locations were mainly due to the higher ac-tivity normally found in the hay. The normal range of beryllium-7 concentrations is 0.15 to 1.61 pCi/g wet weight. The normal range for potassium-40 is 1.17 to 14.4 pCi/g wet weight. So the concentrations measured in 1988 are typical for the types of feed sampled (Figure 2-16). No other gamma emitting radionuclides were detected. 2-38
s Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station' 1 Feed . l Potassium-40 Analysis 3.16 (C) 1.U 14A 9.26 G)
-,-.,m,,.
me.- 1 I ~ ime N. $ Fig. 2-16:The concentrations of potassium-40, a naturally occurring radionuclides, r"9asured in 1988 were ; similar to the values seen in previous years. ' Soll
.i Soil sampling provides a method to assess the radionuclides which have been deposited on the ground from the atmosphere. Many naturally occurring ,
radionuclides (beryllium-7, potassium-40) and fallout radionuclides from weapons testing can be expected. Fallout radionuclides which are often detected include tritium, strontium-90, cesium-137, cerium-141, cerium-144, and ruthenium-106. Soil samples were collected semiannually in June and October. In June, ten loca-tions were sampled, as well as two QC samples. In October, samples were col-lected at eleven locations and two QC samples were collected. The indicator locations included T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4, T-7, and T-8. The control locations in-cluded T-9, T-11, T-12, T-23 and T-27. The QC samples were collected at T-7 and T-12 in June and October. At each location, an appropriate site was chosen. Generally, the sites selected should be undisturbed so the sample will be representative of the actual deposi-tion in the area. Also, there should be little or no vegetation present, because l vegetation could affect the results of the analyses. Approximately five pounds of soil are taken from the top two inches'at each site. All samples are analyzed for gamma emitting radionuclides. The predominant activity was attributable to the presence of potassium-40, which had an average concentration of 12.55 pCi/g dry weight at the indicator 2-39
p - -
.g 3
{) l Davh-Besse Nuclear Power Station' 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report locations and 14.86 pCi/g dry weight at the control locations. Potassin,m-40 is part of the natural environment and is expected to be found in soil. Typical potassium-40 concentrations for these locations range from 9.70 pCi/g dry weight to 25.82 pCi/g dry weight. Cesium-137 is a man-made radionuclides that is normally present in the top few inches of soil as a result of fallout from nuclear weapons testing. Cesium-137- .
. was detected in all samples. The average concentration for the indicator loca -
tions was 0.39 pCi/g dry weight and 0.49 pCi/g dry weight at the control locations. The highest average cesium-137 concentration was 0.94 pCi/g dry weight at con-trollocation T-11,9.5 miles SE of the Station. The concentrations and distribu-tion patterns were very similar to those observed in previous years (Figure 2-17). Soil Samples ' Cesium-137 pel/s 3./ .. 2.5 - 2-1.5 - 1-J i2. is i4 is io i7 is s't 82 83 e'4 es so 87 ee W caium-137 Fig. 2-17:The concentration of cesium-137 in soil has remained fairly constant. The peak observed in 1977 was due to fallout from nuclear weapons testing. The results of the QC samples were similar to those obtained at the routine loca-tions. No other radionuclides were detected above their respective LLDs. 2-40
l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station i Aquatic Monitoring Radionuclides may be present in Lake Erie from many sources such as atmos- j pheric deposition, run-off/ soil erosion, or releases of radioactivity from hospitals or liquid effluents. These sources provide two forms of potential radiation ex-posure, external and internal. External. exposure can occur from the surface of the water, bottom sediments, and from immersion in the water. Internal ex-posure can occur from the ingestion of radionuclides, either directly from drink-ing water, or as a result of the transfer of radionuclides through aquatic food chains and consumption of aquatic organisms, such as fish. To monitor these pathways, Davis-Besse samples treated surface water (drinking water), untreated surface water (lake water), fish and lake bottom sediments. Treated Surface Water Treated surface water is water from 12ke Erie which has been processed for human consumption. Radiochemical analysis of this processed water provides a direct basis for assessing the dose to humans from ingestion of drinking water. Samples of treated surface water were collected from two indicator and three control locations. These locations include the water treatment facilities for Davis-Besse, Erie Industrial Park, Port Clinton, Toledo and Put-In-Bay. Samples were collected weekly and composited monthly. The monthly com-posites were analyzed for beta emitting radioactivity. The samples were also composited into a quarterly sample and analyzed for strontium-89, strontium-90, gamma emitting radionuclides and tritiom. One OC sample was collected from a routine location which was changed each month. Treated Surface Water Gross Beta Analysis In treated water samples, beta - emitting radionuclides were not detected in suspended solids
'f--
s above the LLD of 1.0 pCi/1. The ':, - - - - - - - average concentration in dis- 6- . .___ . solved solids was similar for in- ': t ~ dicator and controllocations (3.1 - and 2.6 pCi/1, respectively). The h-cc,ccccc-c.c- -- annual average beta emitting radionuclides concentration was h $a similar to concentrations ob- Fig. 2-18:The annual average concentration of beta served in previous years emitting radionuclides in 1988 is similar to observations k m previ us ye rs. (Figure 2-18). l 2-41
I Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Tritium, strontium-89, strontium-90, and cesium-137 were not detected in any samples of treated surface water. The tritium LLD was 330 pCill in all samples. The LLD for strontium-89 was 2.8 pCi/l and for strontium-90 was 0.9 pCi/l for all samples. The cesium-137 LLD was 10 pCi/l for all samples. A OC sample was collected from.a routine sample site each week and com- . Treated Surface Water posited each month, Gross Beta Analysis /QC vs. Routine and the location was varied on a monthly _ _ . . . . _ _._ _j basis. The results of - . . the analyses indicate s. - good agreement u. _- _ mgg ~ 8- a with the results ob- -
?PEi -
$k nII_
tained at the routine T[VEh 6^ 7
/ M[$/'Lj sampling locations. E-Figure 2-19 presents "[O
~ ~
Y a comparison of the Tn T-u T-ar results of the gross m oun. um owi, e w beta analyses per- Fig. 2-19:The concentrations of beta emitting radionuclides in oc formed on these and routine samples were almost identical. samples. Allother analyses performed indicated no other radionuclides were detected above their respective LLDs. Untreated Surface Water , Sampling and analysis of untreated surface water provides a method to assess the dose to humans from external exposure from the lake surface as well as immer-sion in the water. It also provides information on the radionuclides present which may affect drinking water, fish and irrigated crops. The untreated water sampling program is divided into two phases, routine and summer. e Routine Program: The routine program is the basic sampling program which is performed year round. Untreated water samples are collected in the areas of the Station intake and discharge, and at the water intakes used by nearby water treatment plants. Routine samples are collected at Port Clinton, Toledo, Davis-Besse, Erie Industrial Park, and Put-In-Bay Water Treatment Plants. A sample is also collected from 2-42
l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Lake Erie at the mouth of the Toussaint River. These samples are j collected weekly and composited monthly. The monthly composite is analyzed for beta emitting radionuclides, tritium, and gamma emitting radionuclides. The samples are further composited quarterly and , analyzed for strontium-89, strontium-90 and gamma emitting radionuclides. A QC sample was collected weekly at a different location each month.
- Summer Program:
The summer program is designed to supplement the routine untreated water sampling program in order to provide a more comprehensive study during the months of high lake recreational activity. such as boating, fishing, and swimming. These samples are collected in July, August nd September at 27 locations in L.ake Erie. The samples are obtained in areas along the shoreline of Lake Erie and around the islands (see Figure 2-5). The samples are collected weekly and composited monthly. The monthly composites are analyzed for beta emitting radioactivity, tritium, strontium-89, strontium-90, and gamma emitting radionuclides. In untreated water samples, beta emitting radionuclides in suspended solids were not detected above the LLD of 1.0 pCi/l at the indicator locations and averaged 1.4 pCi/l at the control locations. In dissolved solids, the average concentration was identical at both indicator and control locations (2.8 pCi/l). Similar results were obtained in previous years. Tritium was not detected above the LLD of 330 pCi/l in all but one sample. The detected concentration of 343 pCi/l at location T-12 in July was barely above this LLD. This is less than 0.01% of the maximum permissible concentration estab-lished by federal regulations. Strontium-89, strontium-90, and cesium-137 were not detected in samples of un-treated water above their LLDs of 4.3 pCi/1,2.2 pCi/l, and 10 pCi/1, respectively. Each month, weekly OC samples were collected at different locations. The results of the analyses show good correlation between the QC and routine samples. The results of the gross beta analyses are presented in Figure 2-20. During the summer months, some of the samples collected in Lake Erie were close to the collection points of some of the routine samples. Thus, they serve as OC samples and help to verify the accuracy of the measurements performed. A 2-43 (
Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Untreated Surface Water Quality Control vs. Routine u < g g
~
SA
.~ _
T-ft T-10 T-88 m n veine W ou nir ceneres Fig. 2-20:The results of the grM9 beta analyses of the QC and routine samples are almost identical. This demonstrates the accuracyof theanalyses. comparison of their results indicates similar concentrations. The annual average concentration of beta emitting radionuclides for these samples were: e T-12 -- 3.1 pCi/l vs. T-138 -- 2.6 pCI'l e T- 3 -- 2.7 pCi/l vs. T-131 -- 2.3 pCi/l e T-11 -- 2.7 pCi/l vs. T-164 -- 2.7 pCi/l e T-23 -- 23 pCi/l vs. T-168 -- 2.7 pCi/l e T-23 -- 23 pCill vs. T-169 -- 2.7 pCi/1. Fish Aquatic organisms can concentrate marty radionuclides in their tissue as a result of exposure from the water or their food. In the Lake Erie area, fishing is a major commercial and sport activity. Therefore, sampling and analysis of fish provide a method to assess the dose to humans through ingestion. Fish samples are collected semiannually from two locations, in the vicinity of Davis-Besse and at a controllocation greater than 10 miles away. The samples are collected with the help of a local commercial fisherman. Three species are collected (walleye, white bass, and carp). Walleye are collected because they are a popular sport fish. White bass are collected because they are an important comniercial fish. Carp are collected because they are bottom feeders. The fish are analyzed for beta and gamma emitting radionuclides. 2-44
l l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i T'le average concentration of beta emitting radionuclides in fish muscle was similar for indicator and control locations (2.44 and 2.52 pCi/g wet weight respec-tively). The predominant gamma emitting radionuclides detected was naturally occurring potassium-40. The average concentration was 2.44 pCi/g wet weight for the indicator location and 2.63 pCi/g wet weight for the control location. i These average concentrations for beta emitting radionuclides and potassium-40 ) l are well within the ranges observed previously. Bottom Sediments The sampling oflake bottom sediments can provide an indication of the ac-cumulation of undissolved radionuclides which may lead to exposure to humans through ingestion of fish, through resuspension into drinking water supplies, or as an external radiation source from shoreline exposure to fishermen or swim-mers. l Sediment samples were collected from two locations in May. In October, the program was expanded to four locations, two indicators and two controls. Sedi-ment samples are analyzed for beta and gamma emitting radionuclides. The average beta emitting radionuclides concentration was nearly identical at both indicator and control locations (16.7 and 16.8 pCi/g dry weight, respective-ly). The location with the highest average concentration was indicator location T-4 with a concentration of 20.1 pCi/g dry weight. Potassium-40 was the major contributor to the gross beta activity at all locations. Strontium-89 was not detected in any samples. The LLD of strontium-89 was 0.036 pCi/g dry weight for all samples. Strontium-90 was detected in three samples and averaged 0.032 pCi/g dry weight and 0.023 pCi/g dry weight at in-dicator and controllocations, respectively (Figure 2-21). Potassium-40 averaged
~8.99 and 11.22 pCi/g dry weight at indicator and control locations, respectively.
Cesium-137 was detected ir Evo of the six samples and averaged 0.11 pCi/g dry weight at control locations and was not detected above the LLD of 10 pCi/g dry weight at any indicator locations. The concentrations detected in bottom sedi-ments are normal for this area. 2-45
l l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Bottom diediments Strontium-9O O.023 (C) O. N i 0.032 09 mum w.<w r .e e,-oo ..evier ecues. I Aver .otivity .f ..ntr.1 (C) .nd ane..t., as ..m,0.. (. cues. Fig. 2-21:The average concentrations of strontium-90 measured at indicator and control locations were sirn!!ar to those observed in previous years. Conclusion The Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is con-ducted to determine the radiologicalimpact of the Station's operation on the en-vironment. The results of the sample analyses performed during the period of January through December,1988 are summarized in Appendix F of Appendices to the 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report. Radionuclides concentrations measured at indicator locations were compared with concentrations measured at control locations, and in preoperational and pre-vious operational studies. These comparisons indicate normal concentrations of radioactivity in all samples collected in 1988. No adverse effects due to the operation of Davis-Besse were indicated in any of the sampling media collected and analyzed. In fact, the dose to man from exposure to normal sources of radia-tion, both natural and other man-made sources, is much more significant than the dose associated with the operation of Davis-Besse. 2-46
Davis-Besse nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report References
- 1. " Cesium-137 from the Environment to Man: Metabolism and Dose," Report No. 52, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (January,1977).
- 2. Eisenbud, M., Environmental Radioactivity, Academic Press, Inc., Orlando, FL (1987).
- 3. " Environmental Radiation Measurements," Report No. 50, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (December,1976).
- 4. " Exposure of the Population in the United States and Canada from Natural Background Radiation," Report No. 94, National Council on Radiation Protec-tion and Measurements, Washington, DC (December,1987).
- 5. "A Guide for Environmental Radiological Surveillance at U.S. Department of Energy Installations," DOE /EP-0023, Department of Energy, Washington, DC
[ (July,1981).
- 6. " Ionizing Radiation Exposure of the Population of the United States," Report No. 93, National Cot.' Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (September,1987).
l l 7. Kirk, T.J. and G.N. Midkiff, Health Physics Fundamentals, General Physics l Corporation (1980).
- 8. " Natural Background Radiation in the United States," Report No. 45, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (Novem-ber,1975).
i
- 9. " Numerical Guides for Design Objectives and Limiting Conditions for Opera-tion to meet the Criterion 'As Low As Reasonably Achievable
- for Radioactive Materialin Light Water Cooled Nuclear Power Reactor Effluents," Code of L
2-47 :
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse nuclear Power Station Federal Regulations, Title 10 Energy, Part 50 " Domestic Licensing of Production and Utilization Facilities," Appendix J (1988).
- 10. " Performance, Testing and Procedural Specifications for Thermoluminescent Dosimetry," ANSI-N545-1975, American National Standards Institute, Inc., New York, New York (1975).
- 11. "Public Radiation Exposure from Nuclear Power Generation in the United States," Report No. 92, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measure-ments, Washington DC (December,1987).
- 12. " Radiological Assessment: Predicting the Transport, Bioaccumulation, and Uptake by Man of Radionuclides Released to the Environment," Report No. 76, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (March,1984).
- 13. Regulatory Guide 4.1," Programs for Monitoring Radioactivity in the En-virons of Nuclear Power Plants," US NRC (April,1975).
- 14. Regulatory Guide 4.13," Performance, Testing, and Procedural Specifications forThermoluminescent Dosimetry: Environmental Appli:ations," US NRC (July,1977).
- 15. Regulatory Guide 4.15," Quality Assurance for Radiological Monitoring Programs (Normal Operations) - Effluent Streams and the Environment," US NRC (February,1979).
- 16. Regulatory Guide 0475, " Radiological Environmental Menitoring by NRC Licensees for Routine Operations of Nuclear Facilities," US NRC (September, 1978).
! 17. Regulatory Guide 0837,"NRC TLD Direct Radiation Monitoring Network," US NRC (1988).
- 18. " Standards for Protection Against Radiation," Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Energy, Part 20 (1987).
- 19. Teledyne Isotopes Midwest Laboratory, " Operational Radiological Monitor-l l ing for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No.1, Oak Harbor, OH,"
l Annual Report, Parts I and II (1977 through 1988). l' 2 48
L L L Davis-Besse nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report
- 20. Teledyne Isotopes Midwest Laboratory, "Preoperational Environmental Radiological Monitoring for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit No.1, Oak Harbor, OH (1972 through 1977).
- 21. Toledo Edison Company, " Davis-Besse: Nuclear Energy for Northern Ohio."
- 22. . "Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit No.1, Radiological Effluent Technical Specifications," Volume 1, Appendix A to License No. NPF-3.
- 23. , " Environmental Radiological Monitoring Program," ST 5099.03, Revision 14 (1987).
- 24. , "Final Environmental Statement - Related to the Construction of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station," Docket #50-346 (1973).
- 25. , "Performance Specifications for Radiological Environmental Monitor-ing Program," S-720, Revision 2 (1988).
- 26. , "Semiannual Effluent and Waste Disposal Report," January 1 - June 30 (1978 through 1988).
- 27. , "Semiannual Effluent and Waste Disposal Report," July 1 - December 31 (1977 through 1988).
- 28. , "Updated Safety Analysis for the Offsite Radiological Monitoring Program," USAR 11.6, Revision 5 (1985).
- 29. ' Tritium in the Environment," Report No. 62, National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements, Washington, DC (March,1979).
i 2-49 I
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Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Repor'. LandUse Census Program Design In order to gather information necessary to monitor radioactivity in the environ- ; ment and to estimate radiation dosage in the unlikely event of an unplanned i release, an Annual Land Use Census is conducted by Davis-Besse. The Annual Land Use Census is required by Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Part 50, Appendix I, and the Davis-Besse Technical Specifications, Section 3/4.12.2. Radiological exposure pathways, as discussed in Chapter 1 of this report, define ti. methods by which people may become exposed to radioac-tivity. This census identifies the various pathways by which radioactivity may reach the population around Davis-Besse. These pathways include: e Inhalation Pathway-Internal exposure as a result of breathing radioactivity carried in the air. e Ground Exposure Pathway- External exposure from radioactivity deposited on the ground. e Plume Exposure Pathway- External exposure directly from a plume or cloud of radioactive material. e Vegetation Pathway-Internal exposure as a result of eating plants, fruit, etc. which have a build up of deposited radioactivity or which have absorbed radionuclides through the soil. e Milk Pathway-Internal exposure as a result of drinking milk which may contain radioactivity as a result of a cow or goat grazing on a pasture contaminated by radionuclides. Pathways are identified and investigated annually during the growing season for suitability as environmental sampling sites. Information on these pathways is also used to perform radiation dose calculations. 3-1
--- _ _ _ -- _ _ _ _ -- _ _ _---_-- - _ ----_ _ _ _ _-_ --- -- - -- ]
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis.Besse Nuclear Power Station I The use ofinformation gathered in the Annuall2nd Use Census for dose assess-ment and input into the environmental monitoring program ensures that all infor-mation is as current as possible. For instance, if the Annual Land Use Census identifies the presence of a dairy animal closer to the Station than was previously identified, then as a new critical pathway, information from this new location will be used to estimate the potential dose to the surrounding population. Also, the milk at this location will be sought as a new sample for the environmental monitoring program. Methodology The Annual Land Use Census consists of n :ording and mapping the locations of' all residences, dairy cows, dairy goats, and oroad leaf vegetable gardens (greater than 500 square feet). This census is conducted within a five mile radius of Davis-Besse. The surveillance portion of
. 1.
g{ the 1988 Land Use Census was performed during the month of July. In order to 4Q . y " gather as much information as possible, the locations of
' 4
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- y. beef cows, fowl, fruit trees,
'h it@pfg[. .,[ goats, vegetable ga
%g'w . 9 - Ng grapes, sheep, and swine w 1 g were recorded (Figure 3-1).
, .[QMM However, only the residen-( ; e p.4 ; :r ./ . ces, vegetable gardens
) (greater than 500 square
, dW% j / :'.h*, @ { [ , ' ' feet), and milk ammals are
- 2. _
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program. The Ottawa Coun-jjd 44. ty Cooperative Extension Fig. 31: The Annual Land Use Census is conducted within in a Agency confirmed the five mile radius to collect information used to evaluate presence of dairy cows and exposure pathways. dairy goats reported within the five mile radius. 3-2
'l
. 1 I ,
l I Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmrsntal Operating Report Each residence is tabulated as having an inhalation pathway, as well as ground ! and plume exposu e pathways. Each garden is tabulated as a vegetation pathway. ) Each milk animal is tabulated as a milk pathway. All of the locations identified are plotted on a map (based on the U.S.G.S. 7.5 minute series of the relevant quadrangles) which has been divided into 16 equal j sectors corresponding to the 16 cardinal compass points. The closest residence, i milk animal, and vegetable garden in each sector is determined by measuring their distance from the station vent at Davis-Besse (Figure 3-2). Results The following changes in the pathways were recorded in the 1988 censas: e NNE Sector- The vegetation pathway at 900 meters was deleted. No other vegetation pathways were found in this sector. So, the closest pathway in this sector is an inhalation pathway at the residence located at 870 meters. e SSE Sector-The vegetation pathway at 2030 meters was deleted and a vegetation pathway at 2830 meters was recorded. e S Sector-The residence at 1130 meters was deleted in favor of a closer residence at 1090 meters. e SSW Sector-The residence at 1000 meters was deleted in favor of a closer residence at 960 meters. A vegetation pathway was recorded at 2550 meters. e SW Sector-The residence at 990 meters was changed to 1050 meters. This change was due to an increased accuracy in measurement. e WNW Sector- The residence and the vegetation pathway at 1520 meters and 28;t0 meters, respectively, were changed to 1310 meters and 2900 meters, respectively. As in the SW sector, these changes were due to an increased accuracy in measurement. The actual ground locations remained the same. e Critical Pathway- The critical pathway, as discussed in 1 Chapter 1, is the exposure pathway which will provide, for a specific radionuclides, the greatest dose to a population, or to a specific group of the population. The critical pathway changed from the NNE sector (child / vegetation) to the W sector (child / vegetation). The former critical pathway in the l 3-3 ) I
- _ _ _ _ _ __-_-___-__-___-_-___--___-____-______-__a
i Annual Environrnental Operating Report 1988- Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station NNE sector changed, because the garden on which it was based was not present in 1988. The closest garden was found in the W sector at 980 meters. There were a number of changes in the 1988 Annual Land Use Census. The overwhelming majority of these changes were due to improvements imple-mented for this census. These improvements included the use of more precise measurements, and a cartographer to draw the cardinal compass points and plot . the Land Use Census results on a detailed map of the area. " The detailed pathway list in Table 3-1 was used to update the data base of the ef-fluent dispersion model used in dose calculations. Table 3-1 is divided by sectors and lists the distance (in meters) of the closest pathway in each sector. A "#" indi-cates that a particular pathway is present at the distance indicated. In 1988, changes were recorded in the NNE, S, SSW, SW, and WNW sectors. Table 3-2 provides information on the pathways, critical age group, atmospheric dispersion (X/Q) and deposition (D/Q) for each sector. This information is used to update the Offsite Dose Calculation Manual (ODCM). The ODCM describes the methodology and parameters used in calculating offsite doses from radioac-tivity released in liquid and gaseous effluents and in calculating liquid and _ gaseous effluent monitoring instrumentation alarm / trip setpoints. l 3-4
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; Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Table 3 - 1: Pathway Distance From Site Sector /I'ype Distance (m)/ Pathway SECTOR 1 (N) 870 Inhalation #
Ground Exposure # Vegetation Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # SECTOR 2 (NNE) 870* Inhalation # Ground Exposure # Vegetation Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # SECTOR 3 (NE) 900 Inhalation # - Ground Exposure # Vegetation Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # SECTOR 4 (ENE) l Located over marsh area and/or Lake Eric SECTOR 5 (E) Located over marsh area and/or Lake Erie SECTOR 6(ESE) Located over marsh area and/or Lake Erie SECTOR 7(SE) Located over marsh area and/or Lake Erie
- Changes since 1987.
# Denotes existence of indicated pathway 3-6 1 .
)
Davis-B6sse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 3 - 1: Pathway Distance From Site (Continued) l Sector / Type Distance (m)/ Pathway SECTOR 8 (SSE) 2030 . 2830 Inhalation # # Ground Exposure # # Vegetation # CowMilk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # # { SECTOR 9 (S) 1990* 1750 5860 Inhalation # # # . Ground Exposure # # # ! Vegetation # # f Cow Milk Goat Milk # Plume Exposure # # # SECTOR 10 (SSW) 960* 2550* Inhalation # # Ground Exposure # # Vegetation # Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # # SECTOR 11(SW) 1050* 1360 Inhalation # # Ground Exposure # # Vegetation . # , Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # # SECTOR 12 (WSW) 1640 4250 Inhalation # # Ground Exposure # # Vegetation # # Cow Milk # Goat Milk Plume Exposure # #
- Changes since 1987.
# Denotes existence ofIndicatedpathway.
3-7
w. Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l ~ l Table 3 - 1: Pathway Distance From Site (Continued) 1 Sector / Type Distance (m)/ Pathway SECTOR 13 (W) 980 Inhalation # Ground Expostre # Vegetation # Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # , SECTOR 14 (WNW) 1310* 2900* . Inhalation - # # I Ground Exposure # # t Vegetation # Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # # SECTOR 15 (NW) 1730 2290 Inhalation # # Ground Exposure # # Vegetation # Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # # SECTOR 16 (NNW) 1250 1330 Inhalation # # Ground Exposure # # Vegetation # ; Cow Milk Goat Milk Plume Exposure # #
- Changes since 1987.
# Denotes existence ofindicated pathway.
3-8
4 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Table 3 - 2: Pathway Locations and Atmospheric Dispersion Parameters SECTOR METERS PATHWAY AGE X/Q D/g 3 GROUP (sec/m ) '(m") ! N 870 inhalation child 9.34E-07 8.55E-09 NNE" 870 inhalation child 1.27E-06 1.47E-08 NE 900 inhalation child 1.26E-06 1.58E-08 , ENE* -- -- --- --- --- E' --- --- --- ESE* --- --- --- --- --- SE* -- -- --- SSE 2830 vegetation child 6.99E-08 8.31E-10 S 5860 goat / milk infant 2.89E-08 1.66E-10 l child 5.38E-08 8.84E-'10 SSW" 2550 vegetation SW 1360 vegetation child 2.05E-07 3.85E-09 ; WSW 4250 cow / milk infant 5.74E-08 5.36E-10 l W 980 vegetation child 6.21E-07 9.58E-09 WNW" 2900 vegetation child 'i.19E 08 6.50E-10 NW 2290 vegetation child 7.02E-08 5.84E-10 NNW 1330 vegetation child 2.15E-07 1.57E-09 l
*Since these sectors are located over marsh areas and Lake Erie, no ingestion l pathways are present.
" Changes since 1987. l l
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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station ' MeteorologicalMonitoring Introduction The Meteorological Monitoring Program at Davis-Besse is required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) as part of the program for evaluating the effects of routine operation of nuclear power stations on the surrounding en-vironment. Both NRC regulations and Davis-Besse Technical Specifications i provide guidelines for the Meteorological Monitoring Program. These i guidelines ensure that Davis-Besse has the proper equipment, in good working order, to support the Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program. Meteorological observations at Davis-Besse began in October,1968. Measure-ments are made continuously and are monitored every day of the year. This l provides an extensive record of meteorologicalinformation that can be used by ! many programs at Davis-Besse. 1 ) l The Radiological Enviromnental Monitoring Program uses the meteorological l data to evaluate the effects of radioactivity released in effluents. The meteorological conditions at the time of these releases are used to calculate doses to the general public. Meteorological data are also used to evaluate where ! new radiological environmental monitoring sites should be located. The meteorological monitoring system is valuable in monitcring weather condi-tions and predicting the develo.pment of adverse weather trends, such as flooding or high wind (See Figures 4-1 and 4-2). This provides an early warning system, so precautions can be taken to protect the facilities and personnel at Davis-Besse, as well as the surrounding local residents. Onsite meteorological data would also be a valuable tool in the unlikely event of , an emergency at Davis-Besse. Atmospheric dispersion characteristics necessary for evaluating conditions, distribution, and doses to the public could be readily j obtained. l l 1 l l 41
l
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Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Fig. 4-1: Local radar images and other weather information can be accessed to aid in identifying m }or storm systems which could impact plant Onsite Meteorological P *' " "*' Monitoring
. . Fig. 4-2: Satellite images of North America can be This section desen.bes the onsite accessed to aid in planning and scheduling of plant Meteorological Monitoring Program maintenance and operations as well as j at Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Sta- identification of severe or unusual weather. !
tion (DBNPS). A description of the l meteorological system at Davis-Besse, and data handling and analysis procedures follow. A table and discussion of the annual data recovery are also provided. System Description 1
- Meteorological data collection at Davis-Besse is composed of wind speed, wind direction, sigma theta (standard deviation of wind direction), ambient (outside air) temperature, differential temperature (air temperature at one level minus j air temperature at another level), dew point temperature (the air temperature where moisture begins to condense out of the air or 100% relative humidity), -
and precipitation. Two instrumented meteorological towers (weather towers) are used to gather data. f-
,'Y. ,' ,
MeteorologicalInstrumentation p . I The meteorological system consists A-
) of one monitoring site located at a grade level of 577 feet above mean
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. sea level. A 340 foot free-standing
-. ~ ji1k'k? % ' , [-
tower located about 3000 feet SSW N '.'+" ' of the cooling tower and an
,, auxiliary 35 foot tower located 100 m - feet west of the 340 foot tower are
- .., used to gather the meteorological S- data. The 340 foot tower is instru-
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g'" 7 1- direction at 340 feet (100 meters) and 250 feet (75 meters) (Figure 4-l l wJ - J , [ f.d [ hub V Fig. 4-3: The 340 foot meteorclsgical tower contains 3). The 35 foot (10 meter) tower is instrumented for wm, d speed and sensors located at 340 ' and 250' which measure wind direction. The 340 foot tower wind speed and wind direction. This tower also also measures two differential measures two differential temperatures which temperatures (delta T's) : 340-35 determine the stability of the lower atmosphere. foot and 250-35 foot (100-10 meter 4-2 1
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Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report and 75-10 meter). Differential temperatures are used to determine how stable or unstable the lower atmosphere is. This gives an indication of how fast ef-fluents can mix and disperse. Precipitation is measured by a tipping bucket rain gauge located near the base of the 35 foot tower. Allinstruments used, their location, accuracy, and thresholds are presented in Table 4-1. According to the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, OI ierating License, Appendix A, Technical Specifications, a minimum of six instruments are required to be operable at the two lower levels (75 meter and 10 meter) to measure temperature, wind speed and wind direction. The signals from each meteorological instrument are electronically conditioned by translator modules located inside the meteorological shelter. These signals are then transmitted to various places: to an ADAC System-1000 computer (PDP 11/03) located in the meteorological shelter, to , the control room, plant - l computer, and to four ! Esterline-Angus strip chart recorders (see Figure 4-4) _ M .- :~. I 1 located in the meteorology- g cal shelter which are used if the PDP 11/03 and con-no ( ;.,. l trol room data are not _ l available. The PDP 11/03 -
~~
- also communicates data to '
a PDP 11/34 computer lo-cated in the Davis-Besse - Administration Buildmg 8"
- ~ ~
Technical Support Center, - and to a line printer 10-cated in the meteorological Fig. 4-4: The tignals from the two meteorological towers shelter. The final are transmitti d to many computers located onsite. i meteorological database is , stored on the PDP 11/34. Meteorological System Maintenance and Calibration , l Personnel at Davis-Besse inspect the meteorological site and instrumentation i l regularly. All strip charts and data listings are removed and reviewed on a week-l ly basis. Tower instrumentation maintenance and quarterly calibrations are per-formed by a qualified consulting firm. . I l 4-4
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis.Besse Nuclear Power Station Meteorological Data Handling and Reduction 1' The PDP 11/03 in the meteorological shelter communicates instantaneous meteorological data to the PDP 11/34 in the Technical Support Center. The PDP 11/34 averages these data for each hour and stores these data in computer disk files. Missing digital data are replaced by the reduction of the strip charts where required. The data are processed and analyzed by several computer programs. Computer listings of the data are generated and values are checked for satisfying specified range and rate-of-change criteria. Summary statistics and joint frequency distributions of wind and stability data are generated and the results are reviewed for reasonableness in terms of known site characteristics and regional climatology. The end result of the review process is a validated final database suitable for use by atmospheric dispersion models and for site meteorological characterizations. The strip charts are logged-in with parameter name, sequential chart number, chart on date, chart off date, and the date of receipt. The charts are reviewed and any problems are noted. .The charts are manually reduced to give one-hour averages only on an as-needed basis to replace missing digital data and raise data recovery. Due to chart accuracy, all wind speeds are read to the nearest one mile per hour. All wind directions are read to the nearest 5 degrees. All tempera-tures are read to the nearest 0.5 Fahrenheit. Differential temperatures are read to the nearest 0.1 Fahrenheit. The hourly precipitation totals are determined by counting the number of event marks that occurred during that hour in incre-ments of 0.01 inches. l Meteorological Data Recovery The monthly and annual data recovery statistics for all parameters for 1988 are given in Table 4-2. Data recovery for 1988 was 94.80 percent or greater for all measured parameters. Data recovery for 1988 for the six instruments required to be operable was 98.69 percent or greater. Brief data losses during the year were as follows: e February: Ice storm freezes 75 meter wind direction. e April: 100 meter wind direction sensor failure. 100 meter and 75 meter wind speed sensor failure due to strong winds. e July: 100 meter wind speed sensor failure due to a lightning strike. o October: 10 meter dew point temperature sensor failure. 75 meter wind speed sensor failure. 4-5
I
. I i
I 1 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report 1 i Other minor losses of data were due to routine maintenance, data validation, and calibration. Table 4-2 also gives monthly and annual recovery rates for joint oc-currence of wind and delta T(differential temperatures) for 1988. Annualjoint recovery rates were 95.26 percent or greater for all combinations of wind and stability data, and 97.54 percent or greater for the six instruments required to be operable. Meteorological Data Summaries This section presents summaries of the meteorological data collected from the i onsite monitoring program at Davis-Besse during 1988. Table 4-3 summarizes i average and extreme values by month for wind, temperature, and precipitation data. Wind Speed and Wind Direction The monthly and annual average 100m,75m, and 10m wind speed for 1988 are W given in Table 4-3. The maximum monthly average was 19.8 mph for the 100m level in January and November,18.4' mph for the 75m level in January, and 12.6 mph for the 10m levelin February. The maximum hourly average wind speeds for 1988 were 50.8 mph for the 100m level on November 16,48.0 mph for the ; 75m level on November 16, and 34.5 mph for the 10m level on December 23. { Figure 4-5 gives monthly and annual wind roses of average wind speed and per-cent frequency by direction for the 100m winds for 1988. The wind roses get I their name because the circular pattern of each graph resembles a flowering rose. Each wind sector has two radial bars, the darker bar represents the percent 1 of time the wind blew from that direction. The hatched bar represents the average speed of the wind from that direction. Wind direction sectors are clas-sified using Table 4-4. Calms (less than or equal to 1.0 mph) are shown in per-cent in the middle of the wind rose. The 75m wind roses are given in Figure 4-6 and the 10m wind roses in Figure 4-7. On an annual basis, alllevels show peak I frequencies for winds from the SSW, SW and WSW. The maximum average wind speeds are for SSW, SW and WSW winds for the 100m level; SSW, SW and WSW for the 75m level; and WSW, NW and NNW for the 10m level. Minimum average wind speeds are for winds from the NE and NNE at the 100 meter level, , SE and NNE at the 75 meter level, and SE and SSE at the 10 meter level. Winds ! } occur less frequently from the SE at alllevels. The wind roses show considerable ' variability from month to month, but the three levels are generally similar for a given month. l ) 4-6 1
'l
Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station l Atmospheric Stability The atmospheric stability is categorized by delta T (100m - 10m) and delta T (75m - 10m) using Table 4-4. Unstable conditions (classes A-C) mix and dis-perse effluents better than stable conditions (classes E-G). Table 4-5 gives the monthly and annual stability class frequency distributions for 1988, based on delta T (100m - 10m). This shows that neutral and slightly stable conditions (clas- ! ses D and E) were the most common during the year. l For comparison purposes, the delta T (75m - 10m) stability class frequency dis-tribution is given in Table 4-6. The delta T (75m - 10m) shows an increase of ex-treme classes (A and G) and a decrease of neutral class D relative to the delta T (100m - 10m) distribution, as expected due to the small height separation. Tables 4-7 and 4-8 give the distributions of stability classes by hour of day for delta T (100m - 10m) and delta T (75m - 10m), respectively, for 1988. They show, as expected, that unstable classes occur primarily during the daytime hours l and stable classes generally occur at night. The neutral class occurs throughout the day and night, but shows a peak frequency for morning and afternoon transi-tion periods. Stability persistence periods, based on delta T (100m - 10m) and delta T (75m - 10m) are given in Tables 4-9 and 4-10, respectively. The longest period of persistence was 78 hours for delta T (100m - 10m) and 72 hours for delta T (75m - 10m), all for stability class D. The longest period of persistence for any other class was 28 hours for delta T (100m - 10m) and 28 hours for delta T (75m - 10m), all for stability class E. I Ambient Temperature Monthly average and extreme temperatures for 1988 are given in Table 4-3. These data are measured at the 10m level. The maximum monthly average temperature was 76.5 F for July. The minimum monthly average temperature was 24.5 F for February. The extreme maximum was 101.6 F on June 25, and the extreme minimum was -2.8 F on February 6. Dew Point Temperature Monthly average and extreme dew poin,t temperatures for 1988 are given in Table 4-3. These data are measured at the 10m level. The maximum monthly average dew point temperature was 64.9 F for August. The minimum monthly ' average dew point temperature was 15.6 F for January. The extreme maximum was 79.1 F on August 2, and the extreme minimum was -9.8 F on February 6. l 4-7 i 1
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Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Precipitation . Monthly totals and extremes of precipitation at Davis-Besse for 1988 are given in Table 4-3. Total precipitation fer the year was 21.59 inches. The maximum daily precipitation total was 1.53 inches which occurred on October 17. The maximum one-hour total precipitation was 0.73 inches, on October 17. It is likely that precipitation totals in colder months are somewhat less than the actual amounts received at the site due to periods of freezing precipitation coupled with strong winds.
- Appendix G of the Appendices to the 1988 Annual Enviromnental Operating Report provides a listing of hourly wind directions and wind speeds at all levels, hourly delta T (100m - 10m and 75m - 1.0m) values, hourly 10 meter tempera-tures, hourly 10 meter dew point temperatures, and hourly precipitation totals for 1988.
Monthly and Annual Comparison of Local Climatological Data Meteorological data from Toledo Erpress Airport and Cleveland Hopkins Inter-national Airport were compared to Davis-Besse meteorological data on an an-nual and monthly basis for 1988. l Description of Monitoring Locations Toledo Exgress Airport is located 20 miles inland and southwest of Lake Erie at latitude 41 36'N and longitude 83 48'W. The temperature sensor is located at 2 meters above ground level and the wind speed sensor is located at 10 meters above ground level. Both sensors are located in generally level and open terrain. Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is located 5 miles inland and south of Lake Erie at latitude 41 25'N and longitude 81 52'W. The temperature sensor is located at 2 meters above ground level and the wind speed sensor is located 10 meters above ground level. Both sensors are located in gently rolling and open terrain. Dat:is-Besse's meteorological tower is located one mile inland from Lake Erie at latitude 41 36'N and longitude 83 05'W. Temperature and wind speed sensors are located 10 meters above ground level in level and open terrain. 4-20
. Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Site Comparisons ,
Most of the differences between the three sites are a result of their proximity to Lake Erie. Lake Erie moderates the temperature near the shore, and also af-fects the wind because oflake/ land breezes. Davis-Besse is located closest to the lake, and is influenced more than Cleveland or Toledo. Table 4-11 gives monthly and annual summaries for Toledo, Davis-Besse, and Cleveland meteorological data. Table 4-H shows the maximum and minimum temperatures, the average maximum and minimum temperatures, the average range between average maximum and minimum temperatures, total precipita-tion, number of days where at least 0.01 inches of precipitation fell, and the average wind speed. . The maximum temperature and the average of all maximum temperatures in each month were usually lowest at Davis-Besse. The minimum temperature and l the average of all minimum temperatures in each month were usually highest at Davis-Besse. Thus, because Davis-Besse is closest to Lake Erie, it was not as hot during the day and not as cold during the night compared with Toledo and Cleveland. The range between the maximum and minimum, as well as the average range between the average maximum and minimum, show that Toledo had the higher temperature range. Thus, because Toledo is farthest from Lake Erie, it was hotter during the day and colder during the night compared with Davis-Besse and Cleveland. The moderation of temperature due to Lake Erie is slightly less during the winter months when the ice cover tends to insulate Lake Erie. Since Davis-Besse is closest to Lake Erie, average wind speeds are faster at Davis-Besse than Toledo or Geveland. Friction due to trees, terrain, buildings, and other features on land causes wind speeds over land to be slower than the wind speeds over Lake Erie. Wind flow coming off Lake Erie thus tends to be stronger at Davis-Besse causing the ave, rage speeds at Davis-Besse to be higher. Cleveland received more precipitation throughout the year because it lies downwind from Lake Erie. The prevailing wind, from the southwest and west-southwest, blows moist air off Lake Erie over Cleveland. Lake enhanced snow-fall is also much greater at Cleveland. Lake / Land Breeze Study l i Heating and cooling cycles that develop from solar heating of the atmosphere - I can create severallocalized wind systems. The onshore (lake) and offshore
~
1 f 4-21 L __ _ _
l i Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report 1 (land) breezes near Lake Erie at Davis-Besse are a good example. Lake Erie ! causes the temperature of the air over the water to be quite different compared j with the air temperature over the land. During the daytime the land surface heats faster than the water and reaches higher temperatures becat. a of the dif-l ferent thermal characteristics ofland and water. , l l Warmer air above the land rises faster because it is less dense than the cooler air i over Lake Erie. This leads to rising air currents over the land with descending denser air over the Lake. This starts a wind circulation which draws air from the wat:r to the land during the daytime causing a lake breeze. At night, the water retains its heat as the land cools rapidly. This results in warmer,less dense air over the Lake with colder air over the land causing the local winds to shift from the land to the water resulting in a land breeze. The lake / land breeze circulation at Davis-Besse is generally not present during the late fall, winter, and early spring or when skies are cloudy due to the loss of strong solar heating of the land. The lakeMand breeze is also not present when the difference between the lake temperature and land temperature is too small, or when wind speeds become faster than 12 mph, which tends to destroy the cir-culation and indicates that the large scale weather features (fronts, lows, highs, etc.) are more dominant. To study the lakeSand breezes at Davis-Besse, the meteorological data were analyzed to find the most likely days the lakeSand breeze developed by review-ing the data and finding all of the following conditions in a given day: e Wind speeds less than 10 miles per hour during th . day. This served to screen obvious cases where the lakeSand breeze is not present.
- Wind speeds at the 10 meter level were faster than the 75 meter and 100 meterlevels. Due to the nature of the lakedand breeze circulation, this was often observed.
- Stability class A, B, or C during the day. This helped to find only the days with strong insolation.
The days meeting the above conditions were reviewed and compared to daily weather maps. Only the strongest and obvious lakeMand breeze days were selected for processing. As a result,23 days were selected as lakeMand breeze days. The 10 meter level wind direction data from these 23 lakeMand breeze days were classified by hour of day and wind directions The result is shown in Table 4-12. The gray outlined areas of Table 4-12 show the predominant wind pattern during 4-22
I Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Powsr Station the course of a day whet e a lake / land breeze occurs. During the mid-morning the wind is from the SSW and WSW. As the land becomes warmer during the day, the lake breeze develops and the wind shifts to the NNE and NE, Once the lake breeze develops, the Coriolis Force begins to act on the wind direction. The Coriolis Force develops due to the earth's rotation. When any mass travels above the earth's surface, the Coriolis Force appears to deflect this mass to the right in the northern hemisphere (left in the southern hemisphere), relative to the earth's surface, when facing in the direction the mass is moving (Figure 4-8). In the area surrounding Davis-Besse, the lake breezes are deflected clockwise 12 degrees each hour until about midnight. As the land cools, a land breeze from late evening to mid-morning develops, resulting in wind from the SSW and WSW. In general, lake / land breezes occurred at Davis-Besse from April through Sep-tember with a' peak in May. Lake breezes occur during the day with flow from the E and ENE and land breezes occur during the night with flow from the SSW N
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----. _a Fig. 4-8: When viewed from a point in space, a bullet travels a linear path. When viewed from the earth's rotating surf ace, the bullet appears to travel a curved path. The earth actually moves out from under tha bullet. Since many currents are above the rotating earth, Wind currents in the northern hemisphere are deflected to the right of their path of motion due to the Coriolls Force.
1 4-23
f. Davls-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report and SW. This study prepares Davis-Besse personnel for the possibility of wind shifts due to lake / land breezes which can rapidly change dispersion patterns at the site.
^
Atmospheric Diffusion The average atmospheric diffusion estimate isopleths are presented in Figures 4-9 through 4-18. The isopleths are lines of equal atmospheric diffusion. These figures were generated from output of the computer code XOODOQ. These figures show relative concentrations for undepleted and undecayed atmospheric i releases. Isopleth fields are shown for both a 0 to 5 mile area and a 0 to 50 mile area centered on Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. Isopleths figures are shown for each quarter for the entire year of 1988. The isopleths are for a mixed-mode release and shown for the purpose of displaying general data trends only. Due to rounding and smoothing by the plotting routines, these plots should not be used to extract exact value.s of the parameters or given distances and direc-tions, i The isopleth figures are used to graphically depict where effluents released into l the atmosphere will travel and how much the effluents will be mixed into the at- ' mosphere. The isopleth figures are also used to help evaluate where new radiological monitoring locations should be placed by graphically showing where effluents have potentially dispersed. Begining at the corner of the 0 to 5 mile figures (Figures 4-9 through 4-13), the first isopleth has a value of 1.0 E-06 sec/m . Proceeding outward from the center 3 of the 0 to 5 mile figures are the 5.0 E-07,1.0 E-07,5.0 E-08, and 1.0 E-08 sec/m isopleths, respectively. . Beginning at the corner of the 0 to 50 mile figures (Figures 4-14 through 4-18), 3 the first isopleth has a value of 5.0 E-08 sec/m . Proceeding outward from the , 3 center of the 0 to 50 mile figures are the 1.0 E-08,5.0 E-09, and 1.0 E-09 sec/m { isopleths, respectively. l l l I i 4-24
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4-31
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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i
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EnvironmentalEvaluations Program Description Environmental Evaluations (EE) provide a program to study the means by which the integrity of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station and its surrounding ecosystems can be maintained and enhanced. Basic requirements for studies of this kind are found in the Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) for the site. Whenever a change is proposed to a design, procedure, or process, the ef-fects of the change should be evaluated and an environmental evaluation prepared as necessary. An EE is begun following a request by a department or section at Davis-Besse. Most often, EEs deal with construction projects or with the introduction of new facilities, such as parking lots or new buildings. The first step in preparing an EE is to determine the scope of the project. Some-times projects are small and will not involve any environmental disturbance. These projects do not receive a full EE. Larger projects, however, require more in-depth studies. The environmental consequences of a proposal are identified next. These are determined by looking a. ditferent areas which might be impacted such as air quality, noise levels, and wildlife habitat. Most often projects will have some im-pact on these areas. The individual preparing the EE must evaluate all available information to determine whether or not the benefits provided by the proposed project will off-set these impacts. ! The EE also generates possible alternatives to the propwed project. These alter-natives are provided to ensure that many different ways of satisfying the project are evaluated prior to its implementation. This often saves money and prevents additional or unforseen future environmental impact. i 5-1
Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station 1938 Annual Enviro.7 mental Operating Report The results of the alternative comparisons are then summarized and the proposal l is evaluated based on cost versus benefits. Costs include not only monetary I values but also costs to the environment. A proposal should yield more benefits { than the cost it takes to implement. If this condition does not exist, recommenda-tions are given to not implement the proposed oroject. Following completion of all the steps mentioned above, the individual or group 1 preparing the EE will make final recommendations. These recommendations a
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1 can either support the proposal or deter from it, but they must always reflect the findings of the EE to ensure that both the station and the surrounding environ-ment are protected (Figure 5-1). Among the EE's performed during 1988 were the dredging of the intake canal, fire training area modification, and the proposal to place fuel storage tanks at Service Building Number 4. These projects are summarized in the following paragraphs. 1988 Environmental Evaluations Dredging of the intake Canal Systems Engineering determined that the slow recharge of water to the intake forebay following high winds, was caused by the sedimentation of material at the 5-2
l l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station mouth of the forebay. Env' anmental Compliance (EC) prepared an Environ-mental Evaluation to assist Systems Engineering removing the sediment and find-ing a suitable location for it. j The areas surrounding the forebay are part of a federally regulated wetland. EC f1 takes great precautions to maintain the integrity of these areas and therefore per- ' forms Environmental Evaluations before work is performed here. In this case there were two primary concerns.
- Silt would migrate into the surrounding marsh.
e Important plant species would be damaged due to project > implementation. The EE provided suggestions to eliminate these impacts and maintain the area's integrity. l l FireTraining Area Modification ! 1 In response to an independent chemical risk assessment audit performed at the ) Davis-Besse site, Environmental Compliance recommended that the Fire Protec-tion Training Area be upgraded to reduce the potential of environmental impact due to training activities or potential spills. j Environmental Compliance determined that the proposed m,dification would enhance environmental protection. EC recommended that a concrete pad be in-stalled with drains in each training area section. These drains would collect j wastes and discharge to a below-grade holding tank. Wastes would periodically I l be pumped out and properly disposed. l l Fuel Storage Tanks at Sendce Building Number 4 l l Facility Services requested an Environmental Evaluation to determine the ac- l ceptability of placing gasoline storage tanks at Service Building Number 4 (SB l 4). Service Building 4 is mobile central, providing vehicle repair, service and parking. Having a fuel supply at this location would save time and eliminate the inconveniences of the present storage facility at the Station Warehouse. { Environmental Compliance evaluated the proposal and provided three possible j locations. Of these, the area between SB 4 and SB 5 was recommended. This location provided sufficient isolation from structures while positioning the fuel storage tanks away from high traffic areas. !
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l A concrete dike surrounding the fuel storage area w:Is also recommended to col-lect any spilled fuels. l l L 5-3
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l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report t 4 i Marsh Management Navarre Marsh The Navarre Marsh is approximately 733 acres of low-lying wetland which sur-rounds the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, located on the southwestern shore of Lake Erie. Toledo Edison and Cleveland Electric Illuminating Com-pany co-own the marsh which is leased to the US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), who manage it as part of the Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge. Protective dibs and access roads are maintained by Toledo Edison. Environ-mental Compliance at Davis-Besse is responsible for the inspection of the marsh, monthly status reports, recommending management actions and actively control-ling undesirable plant species, such as purple loosestrife. The results of the in-spection are compared to the expected activity levels of each seasonal period and an evaluation of the marsh progress is made. The Navarre Marsh is completely enclosed by dikes to protect it from flooding and the wave action of Lake Erie. Besides protection from natural forces, the dikes aid in controlling the water levels to obtain the desired vegetation (Figure 6-1). This is the most important management tool for the Navarre Marsh. The water levels are determined based on the physical and biological characteristics of the marsh. The Navarre Marsh has a varied landscape with different plants found in each. The majority of vegetation is found in the fresh water marsh. Three kinds of vegetation grow here, emergents, submergents, and floating plants. Emergents ! grow in wet soil or'ont of the water and include cattails, smartweed and ar-rowhead. Submergents, such as pond weed and water milfoil, thrive beneath the water's surface. Floating on the water are greater and lesser duckweed, and water lilies. All these plants provide food, cover, and nesting area essential to wildlife. Other important areas are the swamp forest and wet meadows. Bluejoint grass and rice-cut grass are the major v st meadow plants. The swamp forest is charac- ; J
! 1 6-1 )
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1 l Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station i I ELEVATION SHRUBS AND TREES I )/ 571.5'- scocs f ** 'l i CATTAR. I !$ susucRotwT ANo i I I FLD ATING PLANTS j
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570.5'- --- 569.5'- l I 1000 FEET I Fig. 6-1:The water levels in Navarre Marsh are determined based on the phy3 cal and the biological characteristics of the marsh. Tho water level may stimulate new growth or control the existing growth within the marsh. ( l terized by woody plants. In the swamp forest, the soilis poorly drained or under-water for part of the growing season. The swamp forest supports cottonwood, willows, and button bush plus many understory plants such as poison ivy, sumac, and swamp loosestrife. This swamp is special because of the button bush which is becoming rare along Lake Erie. Studies have shown that 90% of Navarre Marsh's black crown night heron use this area for feeding and resting. Also, green heron were observed nesting in the swamp (Meeks and Hoffman, Bird i Populations Common to the Sister Islands, the Role of Navarre Marsh,1979). A narrow, dry beach ridge exists along the lake front which supports a limited l numbers of woody plants within this area. The beach has many standing dead trees valuable to hunting raptors such as bald eagles. Extending out from the beach is a sandbar which formed as a result of the revetment completed in early j l spring of 1988. The revetment dissipates the lake wave action causing suspended particles in the water to settle out and accumulate. Shore birds and waterfowl are often seen resting and feeding on these areas. In addition to the wildlife benefits, the sandbar acts as a natural barrier protecting ihe shore from storms l and wave action. l l - ( ! 6-2 L _ __ _
P , Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report Not all the plants found in Navarre Marsh are beneficial to wildlife. One such plant is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria). This exotic plant is a noxious weed which out-competes the native vegetation. Once established,it can make the area less attractive to wildlife. The staff at Davis-Besse records the location of all such plants sighted and then elindnates them through the use of herbicides approved by the Environmental Protection Agency. By controlling this weed, ~ the diversity of the marsh is maintained. A wide variety of animals utilize the marsh. The best known resident of Navarre Mash is the Canada goose, which can be seen throughout the marsh and the Sta-tion site. Besides natural nesting sites, several artificial nesting areas, such as wood duck boxes, and goose tubs are provided. The marsh also provides water-fowl a feeding and resting place during migration. Besides waterfowl, raptors such as owls, hawks, and eagles frequent the marsh. In the spring and fall warblers, vireos and kinglets stop here during their migra-tion north and south. Great blue heron and great egrets use the marsh as a feed-ing and resting area during the breeding season. Gulls, rails, killdeer, and a wide variety of songbirds can be observed throughout the year. mm - -
., Mammals also use the marsh
'j$ g- ' Tg throughout the year, most w .e noticeably the muskrat. The
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marsh is dotted with muskrat f houses which serve a dual pur-pose; homes for the muskrat and nesting places for waterfowl. The
; ~ muskrat population is kept in balance by trappers who are su-Ofp pervised by Ottawa National k Wildlife Refuge personnel.
I MRI . . Other animals seen here are rac- i
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% Toledo Edison is committed to Fig. 6-2: A wide variety of animals utilize the marsh, protecting the marsh and has such as this Red Fox. gone to great lengths to preserve this valuable resource. This can be seen in the extensive dike system built to protect the area from flooding, and in the many special projects conducted in the marsh each year. One special project is the banding of the waterfowl and songbirds by the Ohio Department of 6-3
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Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Natural Resources. Information from banding can help track the movement of birds dnring migration and keep an eye on population levels. Another project is the. mapping of vegetation to monitor changes in plants which will help deter-mine the marsh's usefulness to wildlife. Vegetation Cover Mapping Navarre Marsh has been a wetland area for hundreds of years. In the 1800's.and early 1900's it was a tidal marsh fed by the Toussaint River and Lake Erie. As an-nual water levels fluctuated in the lake, the vegetation changed to accommodate , the change in water. Wet meadows were drowned out and converted to fresh l water marshes; later when the water receded, the wet meadows returned. In the late 1800's, many wetland areas were diked to provide land for agriculture. As I part of the construction of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, many of these - areas were returned to wetlands. In 1985 and 1986, diking structures were rejuvenated or reconstructed in response to record high lake water levels. Once the dikes were reconstructed, manipulating water levels in the marsh al-lowed normal plant growth to occur. To maintain the desired species, a way of recording annual change in plant communities was needed. To accomplish this, the USFWS began mapping marsh vegetation communities with the aid of aerial photography. Black and white photographs were taken of Navarre Marsh from 1969-1984. Then, m 1985, infrared aerial photographs were taken which allowed better identification of different plant communities. Environmental Compliance ; also provided aerial photographs of various specific marsh locations, i 1 The information needed to draw a vegetation map is obtained through a ground survey as well as through the use of aerial photography. The ground survey con-sists of dividing the map of the marsh into four smaller units, with unit boun-daries corresponding to dikes accessible by walking or driving. The size and ; shape of predominant plant communities are recorded in each unit to aid in ! plant identification from photographs. In mid-August, when the plants are at their peak production, several infrared aerial photograph: of the marsh are taken. Each color on the photograph indicates a different plam type. After out- 1 lining all the vegetation in the marsh, the ground survey maps are used to iden- l tify plant types. I Emergents, submergents, floating plants, trees and shrubs, and cultivated crops , were identified (Figure 6-3). Cattail areas are listed separately from the emer- ) l gents because of their predominance. l I 4 l ' ' 6-4 D
l Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station 1988 Annual Environmental Operating Report f
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A Fig. G-3: Water lilies are a type of plant with floating leaves cornmonly found in the Navarre Marsh. The primary purpose of a vegetation map is to aid in determining the proper water levels in the marsh during the growing season. The map provides informa-tion on the quantity and quality of existing plant species. From this information, it can be determined if water levels require adjustment to obtain more desirable plants. By evaluating the vegetation annually, the proper habitat necessary to support breeding and migrating waterfowl is maintained. Another use of the vegetation mapping is to provide information that can be compared with maps from previous years. The quality of mapping in recent years has greatly improved over those produced a few decades ago. By having many years worth of data on the vegetation, one can trace the history of the plants growing in the marsh. For example, Figure 6-4 presents the vegetation present in 1955. At this time, Navarre Marsh was a tidal marsh. Figure 6-5 shows the change in vegetation noted in 1960, after the dikes were constructed in 1958. The vegetation present is more varied and the marsh area is larger. However, in 1977 (Figure 6-6), after several years of high water, the marsh was partially flooded and the dikes were destroyed. The marsh area and vegetation l noted in 1977 is similar to that recorded in 1955. Figure 6-7 presents Navarre Marsh as it appeared in 1988. The marsh area was recovered by the reconstruc-tion of the dikes and the vegetation is flourishing. 6-5
. Annual Environmental Operating Report 1988 Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station j Based on the information shown on the four maps, the Navarre Marsh is l healthier today than in the past 15 years. This condition is reflected in the amount and diversity of vegetation, and in turn, the diversity of wildlife present in the marsh today. Vegetation mapping of the Navarre Marsh will continue to provide the necessary information required to manage the marsh successfully.
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