ML20216H029

Model 660 Type B Transport Tests

ML20216H029
Person / Time
Site:	07109033
Issue date:	09/11/1997
From:	AMERSHAM CORP.
To:
Shared Package
ML20216H010	List: ML20216H006 ML20216H029
References
PROC-970911, NUDOCS 9709160114
Download: ML20216H029 (83)

Text

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SENTINEL TFST PLAN NO.

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REGULATORY AITAIRS APPROVAL:

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Tacoma. Washington 98424 2033 ackaging echnology, Inc.

e (253) 9221450 m (263) 922144s September 11,1997 o x um.,,,no w w ge3 aoe FW' 97012 (vis Fax (617) 273 2216)

Ms. Cathleen Roughan Regulatory Affairs and Safety Manager Amersham Corporation 40 North Avenue Burlington, MA 01803

SUBJECT:

Review of Amersham Test Plan #70, dated 9/5/97 with 9/11/97 Revisions

Reference:

Letter, Cathleen Roughan, Amersham Corporation, to Gary Clark, Packaging Technology, Inc., dated June 16,1997.

Dear Ms. Roughan:

In accordance with the referenced letter, Packaging Technology has reviewed the subject test plan for the Model 660 package. Based on our independent review, we have detennined that the test plan provides the required details to ensure that packaging testing performed in accordance with this test plan will comply with the requirements of Title 10, Code of Federal Regulations, Part 71 (10 CFR 71).

Ver/ Truly Yours, Packaging Technology, Inc.

M M

Gary L. Clark, P.E.

Vice President RECEIVED DATE : 09/11/97 18:07 FROM

206 922 1445

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amors. ham Corporation September 11.1997 Durhngton, Massachusetts Pagoi Contents Li st o f Fi g u re s a n d Tabl e s............................................................................................... i y l

Amersham Test Plan #70 l

l 1.0 Tra n s po rt Pac ka ge O ve rview.................................................................................. I l

2.0 Purpose.....................................................................................................................2 3.0 Syst e m Fallu res of I n te rest..................................................................................... 3 3.1 S hic Id M oveme n t or Frac t u te.......................................................................... 3

3. 2 Loc k A s se mb ly Sc re w s................................................................................... 3 3.3 Shipping Plug and Source Tube Connection................................................... 3 3.4 lind. Plate At tac h ment S cre ws........................................................................ 3

3. 5 O t he r S y s t e m Fai l u re s...................................................................................... 4 4.0 Canstructlon and Conditlon of Test Specimens...................................................... 4 5.0 M a t e rt al a nd Eq ulpmen t List............................................................................... 7 6.0 Tes t P roc ed u re..................................................................................................... 8 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities............................................................................... 8 6.2 Test Specimen Preparation and Inspection...................................................... 9 6.3 Compression Test ( 10 CFR 71.71(c)(9))......................................................... 9 6.3.1 Compression Test Setup ---.-.-~~----.-..---.---..- ~~~~--~~.-- 9 6.3.2 Compre ssion Test A ssess me nt.............................................................. I 1 6.4 Penetration Test ( 10 CFR 71.71(c)( 10))........................................................ 12 6.4.1 Pe net ration Test Set up.......................................................................... 12 6.4.2 Specimen A Orientation for Penetration Test.......................................

13 6.4.3 Specimen B Orientation for Penetration Test...................................... 14 6.4.4 Specimen C Orientation for Penetration Test....................................... 15

SENTINCL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page li 6.4.5 Specimen D Orientation for Penetration Test....................................,..

16 6.4.6 Pc net rat ion Test Assessme n t................................................................ 17 6.5 Four-foot Free Drop Test (10 CFR 71.71(c)(7))............................................

18 6.5.1 Four-foot Free Drop Se t u p................................................................... 18 6.5.2 Specimen A Orientation for Four foot Free Drop.............................. 19 6.5.3 Specimen 11 Orientation for Four foot Free Drop................................ 20 l

6.5.4 Specimen C Orientation for Four foot Free Drop................................ 21 1

6.5.5 Specimen D Orientation for Four foot Free Drop................................ 22 6.5.6 Four foot Free Drop Assessment.......................................................... 23 6.6 First Intermedlate Test inspection................................................................. 23 5.7 30 foot Free Orop Test (10 CFR 71.73(c)(1))............................................... 24

- 6.7. I 30- foot Free Drop Se t up...................................................................... 24 6.7.2 Specimen A Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop............................. 25 6.7.3 Specimen B Orientation for the 30 foot Free Drop.............................. 26 6.7.4 Specimen C Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop.............................., 27 6.7.5 Specimen D Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop.............................. 28

- 6.7.6 30-foot Free Drop Test Assessment...................................................... 29 -

6.8 Pu ncture Test (10 CFR 71.73(c)(3)).............................................................. 30

6. 8. I Pu ne t u re Tes t S e t up............................................................................. 3 0 6.8.2 Specimen A Orientation for the Puncture Test..................................... 31 6.8.3 Specimen B Orientation for the Puncture Test.................................... 32 6.8.4 Specimen C Orientation for the Puncture Test..................................... 33 6.8.5 Specimen D Orientation for the Puncture Test.................................... 34 6.8.6 Pu ncture Test A ssess me nt.................................................................... 35 6.9 Second Intermedinte Test Inspect 10n............................................................. 3 5 6.10 Thermal Test ( 10 CFR 71.73(c)(4))........................................................... 36 6.10.1 The rmal Te st....................................................................................... 3 8 6.10.2 Orie nt ation.......................................................................................... 3 8 6.10.3 The rmal Test Asse ss ment................................................................... 3 8

6. I 1 Fi n al Te st i n s pec t io n.................................................................................... 3 9

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l SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11.1997 j

Durbngton, Massachusetts Page lii j -

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j-7.0 Wo r k s hee ts............................................................................................................... 40 1

Eq uipme nt List 1 : Cempression Test..................................................................

40 Chec klist 1 : Compres si on Test............................................................................ 4 0 Equipmcnt List 2: Pcnetratlon Test Equipment..................................................

42 i

Chec kli st 2: Pene t rat ion Te st............................................................................... 4 2 i

Equipment List 3: Four foot Free Drop Equipment List.................................... 44 -

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- Chec klist 3: Fou r-foot Free Drop....................................................................... 44 I.

Equipmcnt List 4: 30. foot Free Drop Equipmcnt List........................................

46 j-Checkli st 4 : 3 0. foot Free Drop............................................................................ 4 6 j

Equipment List 5: Punetute Test Equipment...................................................... 49 i

Chec kli st 5 : Pu net u s e Test................................................................................... 4 9 l

Equipmcnt List 6: Thermal Test Equipment.......................................................

52 Ch e c k l i s t 6 : The rma l Te st.................................................................................. 1 Appendix A Drawings Appendix B Referenced Material t-

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Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 bwiegton. Massachucetts PagoIV List of Figures and Tables Figute 1: Side Vicw af a Mode 1660 Series Projector................................................... 1 Table 1 : M odel 660 Series Variations.......................................................................... 5 Figure 2: Specimen Orientation for the Compression Test............................................ 10 Figure 3: Specimen A Orientation for the Penetration Test........................................... 13 Figure 4: Specimen H Orientation for the Penetration Test........................................... 14 Figure 5: Specimen C Orientation for the Penetration Test.............................................

15 Figure 6: Specimen D Jrientation for the Fenetration Test..............:.......................... 16 Figure 7: Specimen a Orientation for the Four-foot Free Drop,....................................

19 Figure 8: Specimen 11 Orientation for the Four-foot Free Drop.................................... 20 Figure 9: Specimen C Orientation for the Font foot Free Drop..................................... 21 Figure 10: Specimen D Orientation for the Four foot Free Drop................................. 22 Figure 11: Specimen A Oricntation for the 30-fcot Free Drop...................................... 25 Figure 12: Specimen 11 Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop...................................... 26 Figure 13: Specimen C Oricntation for the 30-foot Free Drop..................................... 27 Figure 14: Specimen D Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop..................................... 28 Figure 15: Specimen A Orientation for the Puncture Test............................................. 31 Figure 16: Specimen B Orieatation for the Puneture Test............................................... 32 Figure 17: Specimen C Orientation for the Puncture Test............................................... 33 Figure 18: Specimen D Orientation for the Puncture Test............................................. 34

SENTINEL Test Plan 1870 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Durlington, Massachusetts Page 1 of 54 Amersham Test Plan #70 This document describes the package design test plan for Sentinel Model 660 Series projectors to meet NRC requirements for Type il(U) packages (10 CFR 71.71 and 10 CFR 71.73). The test plan also covers the criteria stated in I AEA, Safety Series 6 (1985, as amended 1990).

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The Model 660 Series includes the following models: 660,660A,660!!,660E,660AE, and j

660llE. Reference Certificate of Compliance 9011

'Ihis document outlines the testing scenario,jusAs the package orientations for the different

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test specimens, and provides test worksheets to record key steps in the testing sequence.

l 1.0 Transport Package Overview The Model 660 Series projector consists of a source tube enclosed in a depleted-uranium shield, an end plate with a lock assembly, a second end plate with a storage plug assembly, four steel connecting rods, a sheet metal shell and foam packing material (Figure 1).

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GENTINEL Test Plan #70 Ammsham Corporation September 11,1997 Durlington, Massachusetts Pago 2 of 64

'Ihe shield consists of a 1/2 inch outside diameter source tube with its mid section set in depleted uranium. One end of the source tube is inserted into a 1/2 inch deep hole of the lock assembly at the rear end plate 1he other end of the shield's source tube is inserted into another 1/2 inch deep hole of the shipping plug at the front end-plate. Iloth 1/2 inch deep holes allow enough radial clearance for a slip fitting attachment. 'lhere is approximately 1/8 inch axial clearance at the front end for assembly.

'the source is contained in a special fonn, encapsulated capsule assembly which is attached to the source wire assembly. This source wire assembly is secured in the package by the lock assembly. The lock assembly, in turn, is attached to the rear end-plate by four #10 32 U.N.C.

stainless steel screws.1here are two versions of the lock assembly used on the Model 660 series projectors.1he sire, material and location of the end plate attachment screws are identical on both versions.

The shield, end plates and the sheet metal shell are connected by four 3/8 inch thick steel rods which are threaded at each end to accept 1/4 inch screws securing the end plates to the rods.

A polyurethane foam is med to Gil the space around the shield and fill void within the sheet metal shell.1he foam acts as an impact absorber, lhe depleted uranium shield provides the primary radiation protection for the Model 660 Series projector. The shield accomplishes this by limiting the transmission of gamma rays to a dose level at or below 200 mluhr at the package surface and limiting the dose level at or below 10 mlUhr at one meter from the surface of the package. A fracture of the shield could compromise this protection.

'the location of the source relative to its stored position in the shield is also an imponant safety element. A large displacement of the source relative to its stored position could elevate the dose at the surface of the package above regulatory limits.

There are two possible scenarios to displace the source relative to its stored position:

The shield could move away from the source if the source tubes were bent or frac-tured during testing.

The source could move away from the shield if the lock assembly became loose or was removed from the end plate or if the end plates themselves became loose or were removed during testing.

The tests in this plan focus on damaging those components of the package which could cause the displacement of the source relative to its stored position within the shield and which affect the integrity of the shield itself.

2.0 Purpose This purpose of this plan, which was developed in accordance with Amersham SOP-E005, is to ensure the Model 660 Series projectors meet the Type 11 transport package requirements of 10 CFR 71.

The series includes these models: 660,660A,6600,660E,660AE, and 660llE. Refer to Appendix A for descriptive drawings of these models.

SENTINEL Test Pkn 870 Amorsham Corporation September 11,1997 Durhngton, Massachusetts Page 3 of 54

'Ihe Nonnal Conditions of Transport tests (10 CFR 71.71) to be performed are the compression test, penetration test and four foot free drop test.

The water spray preconditioning of the package is not perfonned as the Model 660 projectors are constructed of waterproof materials throughout.1he water spray would not contribute to any degradation in structural integrity.

The flypothetical Accident Tests (10 CFR 71.73) to be perfonned are the 30 foot free drop, puncture test, and thennal test.

'the crush test (10 CFR 71.73(c)(2)) is not perfonned because the radioactive contents are special-fonn radioactive material.

The immersion test and all other conditions specified in 10 CFR 71 will be separately evaluated in accordance with Amersham Work Instruction Wi-E08, 3.0 System Failures of Interest The possible system failures which could occur during test conditions and affect package integrity:

3.1 Shield Movement or Fracture Elevated dose levels and depleted :iranium contamination may result if the shield were to move or break as a result of high shock loading.

3.2 Lock Assembly Screws Elevated dose levels may result il the lock assembly with source assembly attached were to be removed or damaged t.s a result of high impact loading.

Dispersal of special form contents is highly unlikely since the encapsulated source assembly meets the requirements of special form and is protected at the center of the shield.

3.3 Shipping Plug and Source Tube Connection

v. direct impact en the shipping plug could defonn the end plate in towards the shield. An impact could also damage the source tube connection allowing the shield to move.

3.4 End-Plate Attachment Screws lhe loss of the rear end-plate would result in loss of the lock assembly as well and cause exposure of the source. 'lhe loss of the front plate may indicate that the loss of the rear plate is just as likely,

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersharn Corporation September 11,1997 Buriington, Massachusetts Page 4 of 54 3.5 Other System Failurst Two other possible system failures y e considered but rejected because damage to these components would not cause damage to safety related components.

Plunger Lock: The lock mount containing the plunger lock functions as a locking index plunger for the selector ring. It does not hold the source wire assembly. Ifit l

were to fail, the source would continue to be secured in the lock assembly. The se-I lector ring can only be rotated during operation, that is, after removal of the ship-ping cap and depression of the anti rotation lugs.

Carrying llandle: The handle provides no safety features to the device. Its prima-ry function is as a carrying or lifling feature.

4.0 Construction and Condition of Test Specimens The test specimens will be Model 660B units constructed in accordance with Amersham Drawing D66010, Rev. C, modified per Drawing Tp?0, Rev. H. The units specified in Drawing TP70, Rev. O, are in accordance with the NRC-approved design.

Drawing TP70, Rev. B, specifies the Model 660 Series in its worst case transport condition, that is, with supplemental lead added to the shield. The added weight induces higher loads during dynamic testing.

Except for the compression and thermal tests, the test temperature of the specimen must be below 40* C at the time of each test, a minimum temperature required by l AEA, Safety Series 6 (1985, as amended 1990). The low temperature represents the worst case condition for the package because of the potential for brittle fracture of the shield and the end plate attachment scre ws.

Four test specimens, built to Drawing TP70, Rev. D, and the Amersham Quality Assurance Program, are to be tested, one for each possible failure mode:

Specimen A: Shield movement or fracture Specimen D: Failure of the lock assembly attachment screws Specimen C: less of the connection between the storage plug and the source tube Specimen D: Failure of the end plate attachment screws NOTE:

Because each test is designed to add to damage inflicted on a spectfic component or assembly in the preceding test, it is important that each specimen maintain its identity throughout the battery of tests and that the setup instructions specific to the specimen are strictlyfollowed.

Table I lists the differences between the test specimen and other 660 Series models.

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SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 11urtington, Massachusetts Pago 5 of $4 Table 1: Model 660 Series Variations Test Specimen Feature per Drawing TP70, 660 Series Models llev. Il Shell Material Stainless steel

%c Models 660,660A,660AE and 660E can have either a carbon steel shell or a stainless steel shell.

All other models in the series use stainless steel.

Lock Assembly Posilok"'

He Model 660 and 660E use a non Posilok lock assembly.

All other models feature the Posilok lock assembly.

i Actuator Wires No actuator wires and Models 660AE,660ilE and 660E have wires and connectors and Connectors connectors attached to ends plates for automatic actuation, l

Models 660,660A and 660!! do not have actuator wires and

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connectors.

Shield Capacity 140 Curie

%e following models have 120-Curie capacity thields:

660,660A,660AE and 660E.

He following models have 140-Curie capacity shields:

66011 and 660llE.

t Ilody Width Standard width Some Model 660s and Model 660Es have a narrow body (51/4 inches) design (4 3/4 inches wide).

All other models only use the standard width body (51/4 inches).

Source Tube Titanium Prior to 1980, the Models 660,660A,660AE and 660E were Material manufactured with zircaloy source tubes.

All other units have titanium source tubes.

Use of Lead Supplementallead Prior to June 1992, some units in the Model 660 Series had added lead added to supplement the shielding. De maximum amount oflead added was 3 pounds, ne amount was also limited by a maximum shield weight of 40 pounds and a maximum package weight of 56 pounds.

Weight 54 pounds minimum Over the last five years, the average package weight has been approximately 50 pounds. Earlier in the product history, the average weight was approximately 53 pounds.

I

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Durlington, Massachusetts Page 6 of 54 1he differences listed in Table I do not affect the radiological safety of the projector for the following reasons:

J Shell Materials: ne Shell thickness is 1/16 inch for the carbon steel and stainless steel versions. ne likelihood of a crack or brittle flaw increases with the thickness of the section and is a problem in sections greater than 1/8 inch. Additionally, the temperature for transition from ductile to brittle is lower for the thinner sections.

The thicker carbon steel end plates will reach the ductile to brittle transition tem.

perature long before the shell does. The end plates are structural members, while the shell is not structurally significant.

lock Style: Damage to the Positol. lock assembly used on the test specimen would represent damage to any Model 660 Series lock assembly, including the non Posilok style assemblies used on the Model 660 and the Model 660B.

De internal components of both lock assemblics are protected by the same lock 4

assembly cover and practically the same selector ring. %c cover and selector ring must be significantly damaged before an impact can disrupt the intemal components' securement of the source 11ccause of the strength of the cover and the selector ring, damage to the source securement is more likely to occur from the failure of the lock assembly attachment screws. All models use the same type and size attachment screws in the same locations.

Actuator Wires and Connectors: ne additional parts used for automatic actua.

tion provide no structural support.

Shield Capacity: The lower-capacity shields are either lighter than or the same weight as the shield used on the Model 6601), making the 660!! the worst case for shield failures ofinterest in these tests.

Ilody Width: The end plates and shells of the narrow body versions of the Model 660 and the Model 660B would provide smaller impact surfaces than the standard-width plates and shell used in the test specimen. He smaller impact surfaces would result in greater surface deformation and less deceleration on impact.- As a result there would be less transfer ofimpact forces that could affect the integrity of the source securement.

Source Tut ~ aterial ne Model 660 Series projectors have been manufactured with titanium source tubes exclusively since 1980. [lecause this represents our cur-rent manufacturing methods and because the majority of Model 660 Series units

- currently in use have titanium source tubes, the test specimens will be manufac-tured with titanium source tubes. llased on an evaluation of the damage caused by the tests, we will assess the implications for previously fabricated packages which utilized zircaloy.

Note that although listed on the descriptive drawings, stainless steel source tubes have never been used in the fabrication of Model 660 Series units, nor do we intend to use them in future fabrication.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burhngton, Massachusetts Page 7 of 64 Supplemental Lead Prior to June 1992, supplemental lead was used in the pro-

+

duction of Model 660 Series projectors with the depleted uranium shield. Although the addition of supplemental lead is no longer a production technique, the TP70 test specimen will be fabricated with the supplemental lead to ensure the maximum de-vice mass.

Package Weight: llecause of more efficient casting and the climination of supple-mental lead shielding, the average weight of Model 660 units produced in the last five years is three pounds less than the average weight for units produced in the ear-ly years of the series history. Two steps will be taken to build test specimens that will weigh at least $4 pounds:

licavier depleted-uranium shields will be tubricated.

Supplemental lead will be added to the shield.

i The TP70 will be consistent with current manufacturing procedures and will i

represent the heavier units in the Model 660 population. Ninety seven percent of all 660 units produced weigh 54 pounds or less.

- 5,0 Material and Equipment List

%e test worksheets in Section 7.0 list the key materials and equipment speci6ed in 10 CFR 71 and the necessary measurement instruments.

When video recording is speci0ed in the following tests, select video cameras with the highest shutter speed practical tt word testing.

Additic,nal materials and equipment may be used to facilitate the tests.

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SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 0dngton. Massachusetts Page 8 of 54 6.0 Test Procedure Four units are tested in parallel with the same sequence but with the focus on the transport integrity of different components and assemblies for each sample, as described in Section 3.0.

The tests have the following Fequence:

1. Test specimen preparation and inspection

2. Compression test (10 CFR 71.71(cX9))

3. Penetration test (10 CFR 71.71(cX10))

4.

Four foot free drop (10 CFR 71.7l(cK7))

l-First intermediate test inspection l

6.

30 foot free drop (10 CFR 71.73(cXI))

7.

Puncture test (10 CFR 71.73(cX3))

8.

Second intermediate test inspection

9. Thermal test (10 CFR 71.73(cX4))

10. Final test inspection 6.1 Roles and Responsibilities The responsibilities of the groups identiGed in this plan are:

Engineering executes the tests according to the test plan and summarir.es the test results, Engineering also provides technicalinput to assist Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance as needed.

Regulatory Atfairs monitors the tests and reviews test reposts for compliance with regulatory requirements.

Quality Assurance oversees test execution and test report generation to ensure

+

compliance with 10 CFR 71, other regulatory requirements and the Amersham Quality Assurance Program.

Engineering, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance are jointly responsible for assessing test and specimen conditions relative to 10 CFR 71.

Quality Control, a function that reports directly to Quality Assurance, is responsi-ble for measuring and recording test and specimen data throughout the test cycle.

The managers directly responsible for Engineering, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance will identify and document personnel who are qualiGed to represent their departments in carrying out this test plan.

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1 SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amorsham Corporation September 11,1997 Durtangtoa, Massachusetts Page 9 of 54 6.2 Test Specimen Preparation and Inspection To prepare the test units:

1. Manufacture five standard production units with the changes indicated on Amersham Drawing TP70, lley. fl. 'the fifth unit is a spare.

2. Measure and record the weight of the shield.

3, Measure and record the weight of the total package.

4 Inspect the test units to ensure that:

All fabrication and inspection records are documented in accordance with the Amersharr Quality Assurance Program.

The test units comply with the requirements of Drawing TP70, Itev. II.

5. Perfonn and record the radiation profile in accordance with Amersham Work Instruction Wl-Q05.

6.

Engineering, llegulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance will lointly verify that the test specimen complies with Drawing TP70, Itev. II, and the Amersham Quality Assurance Program.

7. Measure and record the location of the dummy source from the front end using the source kwation tool (Amersham Drawing 13T10142,llev. A).

8.

Prepare the package for transport.

6.3 Compression Test (10 CFR 71.71(c)(9))

The first test is the compression test per 10 CFit 71.71(c)(9) in which the package is placed under a load of 280 to 290 pounds for at least 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />.

Use Checklist h Compression Test on page 40 to date at:d initial all action items and to record required data.

NOTE:

The worksheet identijles those steps which mtat be witnessed by Engineering.

Regulatory Afairs and Quality Assurance.

The following describes the orientation of the test specimen during the compression test and the test assessment.

6.3.1 Compression Test Setup The same setup is used in the compression test for all test samples.

To prepare a specimen for the compression test:

1. Iteview the setup shown in Figure 2.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amers. ham Corporation September 11,1997 Durkngton, Massachusetts Page 10 of 54 2.

Place the specimen upright on a concrete surface with only the feet of the package touching the fimr.

'T he package is oriented in its normal transport position.

3. Place 280 to 290 pounds uniformly distributed onto the specimen as shown in Figure 2.

2 The weight is five times the package weight and greater than 2 lbflin multiplied 2

by the vertically projected area (5.25" wide x 9.875" long x 2 lbflin = 104 lbf).

280 to 290 pound load evenly distributed

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Figure 2: Specimen Orientationfor the Compression Test

SEf4TitJEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation Septemtsor ' t,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 11 of 54 6.3.2 Compression Test Assessment Upon completion of the test,lingineering,llegulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance team l

members willjointly rerform the following:

f(eview the test execution to ensure that the test was performed in accordance with a

10 CI'R 71, Make a preliminary evaluation of the specimen relative to the requirements of 10 Cl7R 71, 1

Assess the damage to the specimen to decide whether testing of that specimen is to

continue, Evaluate the condition of the specimen to detennine what changes are necessary in package orientation in the penetration test to achieve maximum damage,

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burtington, Massachuse.s Page 12 of 54 4

6.4 Penetration Test (10 CFR 71.71(c)(10))

The compression test is followed by tb ' penetration test per 10 CFR 71.71(c)(10), in which a penetration bar is dropped from a heignt of at least 40 inches to impact a specified point on the package. The bar is dropped throegh free air.

Use Checklist 21 Penetration Tesst on page 42 to ensure that test sequence is fol' owed. Date and

' initial all action items and record required data.

NOTE:

The uvrksheet identifies those steps which must be witnessed by Engineering.

Regulatory Affairs ard Quality Assurance.

Tlie following describes the orientation of each test specimen immediately before the har is dropped and the test evaluation for the test.

6.4.1 Penetration Test Setup There is a specific orientation for each specimen so that the penetration bar is aimed at the component or assembly ofinterest.

NOTE:

Because each test is designed to add to damage inflicted on a specific component or assembly in the preceding test, it is important that each specimen maintain its identity throughout the battery oftests and that the setup instructions specific to the specimen are strictlyfollowed.

This test requires that the test specimen be at or below -40* C at tM time of the penetration bar release.The worksheet calls for measuring and recording the specimen temperature before and after the test.

To set up a package for the penetration test:

1. Measure the specimen's internal and surface temperatuou to ensure that the package is at or below -40* C.

2. Place the specimen on the drop surface (Drawing AT10122, Rev. B) and position it according to the specimen-specific orientation described belov.

3. Use steel shims to position the package, if necessary.

4.

Position the penetration bar shown in Drawing BT10129, Rev. B, directly.

above the specified point ofimpact, and raise the bar 40 to 42 inches above the target.

o

)

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 -

Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 13 of 54 i

6.4.2 Specimen A Orientation for Penetration Test The penetration target for Specimen A is the hit marker on the left side of the package (when facing the lock assembly), as shown in Figure 3. There are two objectives for this orientation:

)

Move the shield and thus disrupt the source tube connections at either end plate Fracture the shield This setup was chosen because the depleted-uranium shield is closer to the exterior on the left side than it is in any other location.

i

+

1, I

'l

• Penetration Bar Drawing BT10129, Rev. B l

I t

l 4

IT t

I 40 to 42 inches Lock Assembly x

Drop Surface S

e j

Drawing AT10122 Shipping Plug Figure 3: Specimen A Orientationfor the Penetration Test

.__m SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burhngton, Massachusetts Page 14 of 54 1

6.4.3 Specimen B Orientation for Penetration Test i

The setup for Specimen B (Figure 4) provides the greatest impact moment on the lack assembly

' with the penetration bar. The resulting damage could include loosening or shearing the lock assembly screws, disruption of the source tube-end plate connection at either end, and movement of the source. Note that the point ofimpact is the outer edge of the lock selector ring.

+

1, 1

~ Penetration Bar

=

Drawing BT10129, Rev. B l

4 I

I i,

l l

I a

l I

40 to 42 inches s

Drop Surface s -e Drawing AT10122, Impact Point:

Outer Edge of the Lock -

Rev.B

',8 Selector Ring Figure 4: Specimen B Orientationfor the Penetration Test Other orientations that were considered, but not included in this test include:

Normal Transport: If the package were oriented in its normal transport position, the plunger lock-mount would interfere.

Inverted: If the package were inverted, that is, positioned on its handle, the plunger lock-mount would restrict the lock assembly movement, reducing the likelihood of shearing the screws, disrupting the source tube-end plate connections and moving of the source.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 15 of 54 6.4.4

- Specimen C Orientation for Penetration Test The Specimen C setup attacks the shipping plug in much the same way as Setup B attacks the lock assembly. This test causes an initial round of damage to the plug which is compounded by the two drop tests for the Specimen C, The point of the penetration bar should impact a flat portion on the shipping plug fitting as close to the outer edge as possible (Figure 5).

+

l l e Penetration Bar Drawing BT10129, Rev. B l

I t

Ia.

T, i..

I j

40 to 42 inches 1

l 3

11 Drop Surface S

Impact Point:

Dmwing AT10122, Flat Outer Edge of

"*V' Shipping Plug Fitting I

Figure 5: Specimen C Orientationfor the Penetration Test -

SENTINEL

. Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997--

Burlington, Massachusetts Page 16 of 54 6.4.5

-Specimen D Orientation for Penetration Test The object of the penetration test 7,etup for Specimen D is to impact the end-plate attachment screw in the lower left comer of the rear end plate (Figure 6). A hit marker indicates the target.

Damage that may result from the bar drop includes loosening or shearing of the eni-plate screws.

'I f

I i

Penetration Bar l :-

Drawing BT10129, Rev. B I,

l 6

L j

i y

l 40 to 42 ir'chds o

se@

W y

Hit Marker-Drop Surface

- Drawing AT10122, Rev.B

,N Figure 6: Specimen D Orientat.'onfor the Penetration Test sw

=l

~

GENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 17 of 54 i

6.4.6 Penetration Test Assessment E

Upon completion of the test, Engineering, Regulatory AfTairs and Quality Assurance team members willjointly perform the following:

. Review the test execution to ensure that the test was pe-formed in accordance with 10 CFR 71.

Make a preliminary evaluation of the specimen relative to the requiseracnts of 10 CFR 71.

Assess the damage to the specimen to decide whether testing of that specimen is to -

continue.

Evaluate the condition of the specimen to determine what changes are necessary in package orientation in the 4 foot free drop to achieve maximum damage.

_.___m.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 4

Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 18 of 54 6.5 Four-foot Free Drop Test (10 CFR 71.71(c)(7))

The final Normal Transport Conditions test is the four-foot free drop as described in 10 CFR 71.71(c)(7). This drop compounds any damage caused in the first two tests. Upon completion of this step. you will perform the first intermediate test inspections.

Use Checklist 3: Four-foot Free Drop on page 44 to ensure that the test sequence is followed.

Date and initial all action items, and record required data on the worksheet.

NOTE:

The worksheet identifies those steps which nutst be witnessed by Engineering, i

Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance.

6.5.1 Four-foot Free Drop Setup in this test, the package is released from a height of four feet and lands on the steel drop surface specified in Drawing AT10122 Rev. B. There is a specific orientation for each specimen so that the package lands on the component or assembly ofinterest.

NOTE:

Because each test is designed to add to damage inflicted on a specific component or assembly in the preceding test, it is important that each specimen maintain its identity throughout the battery oftests and that the setup instructions specific to the specimen are strictlyfollowed l

This test requires that the test specimen be at or below -40 C at the time of the drop. Follow the Worksheet instructions for measuring and recording the specimen temperature before and after the drop.

To set up a package for the four-foot drop test:

1. Use the drop surface specified in Drawing AT10122, Rev B.

2. Measure the specimen's internal and surface temperature to ensure that the package is at or below -40 C.

3. Place the specimen on the drop surface and position it according to the specimen-specific orientation described below.

4.

Raise the package so that the impact target is 4.0 to 4.5 feet above the drop surface.

5. Align the selected center of gravity marker as shown in the referenced drawing.

1

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 19 of 54

'6.5.2 Specimen A Orientation for Four-foot Free Drop The impact points are the bottom edges of the two end plates as shown in Figure 7. Align the center of gravity marker on the sides of the packages with the middle of the drop surface.

This orientation attempts to break the connection between the source tube and the end plates, and move the shield away from the source. Each end plate provides a rigid structure which limits deformation and directs the shock load to the source tube connections of the shield. The momentum of the shield toward the bottom of the package may cause the end plates to separate from the shell.

(

l

',Q T

/

b y

/gl....'n..- J y Center-of-Gravity Marker fe I,'

5 f

\\

- }-3.

V i

l.

impact Surfaces:

Bottom Edges of the End Plates 4.0 to 4.5 feet t

Drop Surface g

y Drawing AT10122 Rev,B Figure 7: Specimen A Orientationfor the Four-foot Free Drop -

As the bottom edges make contact with the drop surface, the plates rapidly decelerate while the downward momentum of the shield (the heaviest component in the package and the center of gravity) increases the likelihood of damaging the source tube-to-end plate connections. The shield may act as a wedge forcing the end plates apart. The downward momentum may also have the secondary effect of moving the source.

i:

s-SENTINEL Test Plan #70 l

Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 20 of 54 i

6.5.3 Specimen B Orientation for Four-foot Free Drop j

The four foot drop setup for Specimen B is shown in Figure 8. The object of the drop is to shear or loosen the lock assembly screws and damage the connection with the shield.

The impact point is the outer edge of the lock assembly cover. It is important to position test specimen B so that its center of gravity is directly above the lock assembly.

The impact will add to any damage to the lock assembly caused by the penetration bar in the l

second test.

1 This orientation directs the maximum obtainable shear force to the lock assembly attachment j

~

assembly would not benefit from the center of gravity aligned with the impact position and/or

~

screws in an attempt to move the lock and the source. Other orientations for attacking the lock would be limited by interference from the plate edges.

4-j

/.w lj

(.L.

s Center-of-Gravity

_,[ Y /i Marker I

'I j

N 1

a Impact Surface:

' Outer Edge of l

j Lock Assembly 4.0 to 4.5 feet.

Cover i;

U Drop Surface.

5

)

Drawing AT10122, Rev. B Figure 8: Specimen B Orientationfor the Four-foot Free Drop

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporaton September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 21 of 54 6.5.4 Specimen C Orientation for Four-foot Free Drop The setup for Specimen C is similar to the Specimen B orientation except that the point of impact is a flat outer edge on the shipping plug. The object in this drop is to disrupt the connection between the source tube and the shipping plug, which in turn could cause movement of the source. A secondary effect could be disruption of the connection between the source tube and the rear end-plate.

Figure 9 shows the Four foot Drop setup for Specimen C. Again, the center ofgravity is directly above the point ofimpact and there is no interference from the plate edges or other package components.

~ Ll

.r i

+

Center of-Gravity Marker S -4

\\l s.u l' l N

impact Surface:

i A Flat Outer I

Edge of the 4.0 to 4.5 feet Shipping Plug U

b

-)

Drop Surface Drawing AT10122, l

~. ' ~

Rev.B

- Figure 9: Specimen C Orientationfor the Four-foot Free Drop i

.- SENTINEL -

Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 22 of 54 6.5.5 Specimen D Orientation for Four-foot Free Drop-

'The four foot drop setup for Specimen D (Figure 10) targets the bottom edge of the rear end.

plate. liere, the objective is to loosen or shear the end-plate screws which hold the plate to the steel connecting rods, 'the bottom edge of the plate provides the greatest surface area for a

- direct hit, and thus the most rapid deceleration. Other locations were rejected as follows:

The top edge provides less than half the surface area of the bottom edge, and much of the load would be directed through the carrying handle.

The curved side edges would only provide a point impact.

The lock assembly and the shipping plug would interfere with a direct hit to the face of their respective end plates.

Dropping the package on any corner would absorb the impact energy by deforming the end plate into the foam.

Make sure the center of gravity is directly over the point ofimpact.

Center of Gravity W

I impact Surface: #

Bottom Edge of

' Rear End-Plate j

4.0 to 4.5 feet i-V

?

Orop Surface

.f Drawing AT10122,

..a Rev.B Figure 10: Specimen D Orientationfor the Four-foot Free Dmp 1

SENTINEL.

Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1937 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 23 of 54 6.5.6 Four-foot Free Drop Assessment Upon completion of the test, Engineering, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance team members will jointly perform the following:

Review the test execution to ensure that the test was performed in accordance with 10 CFR 71.

Make a preliminary evaluation of the specimen relative to the requirements of 10 CFR 71.

Assess the damage to the specimen to decide whether testing of that specimen is to continue.

Evaluate the condition of the specimen to determine what changes are necessary in package orientation in the 30-foot free drop to achieve maximum damage.

6.6 First intermediate Test inspection Perform an intennediate test inspection aner the four foot free drop test.

t

1. Measure and record any damage to the test specimen.

2. Measure and record the location of the source from the front end-plate using the source location tool (Amersham Drawing BT10142, Rev. A).

3.

Remove and assess the condition of the dummy source.

4.

Reassemble the package using an active 424-9 source, making sure that the source wire position and the package configuration are the same as they were immediately after the four-foot free drop.

5. Measure and record a radiation profile of the test specimen in accordance v ith Amersham Work Instruction WI-Q09.

6. Assess the significance of any change in radiation at the surface or at one meter from the package.

7.

Reassemble the package using the same dummy source used in the speci-men during the first three tests.

8.

Make sum that the source wire position and the package configuration ere the same as they were immediately aner the four-foot free drop.

Engineering, Regulatory AfTairs, and Quality Assurance Ram members will make a final assessment of the test specimen andjointly determine whether the specimen meets the requireraents of 10 CFR 71.71.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts -

Page 24 of 54 4

6.7 30-foot Free Drop Test (10 CFR 71.73(c)(1))

The first liypothetical Accidents Test is the 30 foot free drop as described in 10 CFR 71.73(c)(1). This drop compounds t.ny damage caused in the three Nonnal Conditions Tests.

Use Checklist 4:30-foot Free Drop on page 46 to ensure that the test sequence is followed. Date and initial all action items, and record required data on the worksheet.

The worksheet identikes those steps which must be witnessed by Engineering, NOTE:

Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance.

Figure i I through Figure 14 illustrate the orientations for the foer test units, which are the same as those for the four-foot free drop except the package is raised 30 feet above the drop surface.

This test requires that the test specimen be at or below -40* C. at the time of the drop. Follow the worksheet instructions for measuring and recording the specimen temperature before and af ter the drop.

6.7.1 30-foot Free Drop Setup

(-

To set up a package for the 30-foot drop test:

1.

Use the drop surface specified in Drawing AT10122, Rev IL 2.

Measure and record the weight of test specimen.

- 3. Measure the specimen's internal and surface temperature to ensure that the package is at or below -40* C.

4.

Place the specimen on the drop surface and position it according to the specimen-specific orientation described below.

5. Raise the package so that the impact target is 30 to 32 feet above the drop surface.

6.

Align the selected center-of-gravity marker as shown in the referenced drawing.

.. - -..,,~_. - - -.-.

.. - ~.- -

. ~ ~. -

2-j SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Buriington, Massachusetts.

Page 25 of 54 6.7.2 Specimen A Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop Figure 11 shows the package orientation for Specimen A.

[

)

J Center-of Gravity X-r' Marker

+,

(

-f l

l Impact Surface:

{

Bottom Edges of the End Plates l.

30 to 32 feet I

'l o'

l I

i F

s Drop Surface Drawing AT10122, Figure 11: Specimen A Orientationfor the 30-foot Free Drop N

SENTINEL--

Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts -

Page 26 of 54 6.7.3 Specimen B Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop Figure 12 shows the package orientation for Specimen D.

l Center-of Gravity Marker I

N impact Surface:

j Outer Edge of the j

Lock Assembly Cover j

30 to 32 feet I

s Drop Surface N

Drawing AT10122, Figure 12: Specimen B Orientationfor the 30-foot Free Drop

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation -

September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 27 of 54 6.7.4 Specimen C Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop Figure 13 shows the package orientation for test specimen C.

'N Center-of-Gravity Marker Y i

+ ;q N..!

I impact Surface:

g Same Flat Outer Edge Targeted in the Four foot Drop l

l l

30 to 32 feet l

I I

s Drop Surface D

"^

Rev B Figure 13: Specimen C Orientationfor the 30-foot Free Drop

- _ ~.

~....

..... ~..,

SENTINEL '

Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997

1. Durlington, Massachusetts Page 28 of 54 6.7.5 Specimen D Orientation for the 30-foot Free Drop Figure 14 shows the package orientation for test specimen D.

s Center of-Gravity g\\7799),k Marker 3: 4:#\\j j

impact Surface:

Bottom Edge of the i

l Rear End-Plate l

4 30 to 32 feet l

l.

l.

l.

P Drop Surface s

... g Drawing AT10122, s

t <- e Rev.B Figure 14: Specimen D Orientationfor the 30-foot Free Drop

SENTINEL -

Test Plan #70 Amersham Covation September 11,1997 Burlington, Masse.chusetts Page 29 of 54 i

~6.7.6 30-foot Free Drop Test Assessment -

Unon completion of the test, Engineering, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance team j

members willjointly perform the following:

Review the test execution to ensure that the test was performed in accordance with 10 CFR 71.

Make a preliminary evaluation of the specimen relative to the requirements of 10 CFR 71, Assess the damage to the specimen to decide whether testing of that specimen is to continue.

Evaluate the condition of the specimen to determine what changes are necessary ir.

+

package orientation in the puncture test to achieve maximum damage.

f-p

--.~. - - -. _ ~.

- - _ =.. -. - _.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 30 of 54 6.8 Puncture Test (10 CFR 71.73(c)(3))

The 30-foot free drop is followed by the puncture test per 10 CFR 71.73(c)(3), in which a package is dropped from a height of at least 40 inches onto the puncture billet specified in i

Drawing CT10119. Rev. C.

The billet is to be bolted to the drop surface used in the free drop tests (Figure 15).

Use Checklist 5: Puncture Test on page 49 to ensure that test sequence is followed. Date and initial all action items and record required data.

1 NOTE:

The worksheet identifies those steps which mmt be witnessed by Engineering.

Regt:!atory Affairs and Quality Assurance.

i The following describes the orientation of each test specimen immediately before the package is dropped onto the billet and the test evaluation.

i-6.8.1 Puncture Test Setup There is a specific orientation for each specimen se that the package lands on the component or assembly ofinterest.

1 NOTE:

Because each test is designed to add to damage inflicted on a specific component or assembly in the preceding test, it is important that each specimen maintain its identity thrcughout the batterywftests and that the setup instructions specific to the specimen are strictlyfollowed.

i This test requires that the test specimen be at or below -40' C at the time of the test. The worksheet calls for measuring and recording the specimen temperature before and after the test.

This test uses t;.a 12 inch high puncture bi'let (Drawing CT10119, Rev. C). The billet meets the 4

minis aum height (8 inches) required in 10 CFR 71.73(c)(3). The specimen has no projections or ov erhanging members longer than 8 inches which could act as impact absorbers, thus allowing the billet to cause the maximum damage to the specimen.

To set up a package for the puncture test:

1. Measic and record the weight of the package.

2.

Ensure that the package is at or below -40* C.

3. Position it according to the specimen-specific orientation described below.

4.

Raise the package so that there is 40 to 42 inches between the package and the top of the puncture billet.

l Check the alignment of the specified center-of-gravity marker with the tar-a.

geted point ofimpact.

3

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 31 of 54 Figure 15 through Figure 18 illustrate the four package orientations for the puncture tests. The justification for each orientation is the same as the orientation for the specimen's free drops.

6.8.2 Specimen A Orientation for the Puncture Test The objective of the Specimen A orientation (Figure 15) is to puncture the shell and move the shield. The impact area is the bottom of the package, the largest flat surface on the shell This surface will yield the greatest deceleration, while the momentum of the shield continues downward Align the center of gravity marker on the side of the package with the center of the puncture billet,

[

D

, c(_,_L Center-of-Gravity Marker

'- t l

(

'. ',f Impact Surface:

40 to 42 inches Bottom of the Package Between the End Plates l

1 ft Puncture Billet Drawing CT10119 Rev.C lL i_ll ll

? Drop Surface Drawing AT10122 Rev. B -

Figure 15: Specimen A Orientationfor the Puncture Test

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 32 of 54 6.8.3 Specimen B Orientation for the Puncture Test The objective of the Specimen B setup (Figure 16)is to continue the damage inflicted on the lock assembly caused b, de penetration test and the two free drops To achieve the same point of attack as the free drops, you must align the center-of gravity marker over the lock assembly and ensure that the plunger lock cleais the top of the billet.

Center of Gravity

' = q [i Marker

\\/

i 3

)

J

{

N Impact Surface:/ I, l

Outer Edge of the l

Lock Assembly 40 to 42 inches Cover I,

y Puncture Billet Drawing CT10119 sf Rev.C Drop Surface J Drawing AT10122 Figure 16: Specimen B Orientationfor the Puncture Test

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation _

September 11,1997 Burkngton, Massachusetts Page 33 of 54 6.8,4 Specimen C Orientation for the Puncture Test The objective of the Specimen C setup (Figure 17) is to continue the damage inflicted on the shipping plug assembly caused by the penetration test and the two free drops. The impact point should be the same flat outer edge on the shipping plug targeted in the previous tests. Align the center-of gravity marker directly above the impact point on the shipping plug assembly.

l l

Center-of Gravity i

Marker ep D..

I.

/i impact Surface:

Same Flat Outer l

40 to 42 inches Edge of the Shipping Plug Target in I

Free Drops o

Puncture Billet Drawing CT10119 Rev.C

$h 5 E E

Drop Surface M Drawing AT10122 Figure 17: Specimen C Orientationfor the Puncture Test m

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation -

September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 34 of 54 6.8.5 Specimen D Orientation for the Puncture Test The Specimen D setup (Figure 18) targets the bottom edge of the rear end-plate to distort the end plate and loosen or shear the screws securing the end plate to the interior metal rods.

The bottom edge provides the largest, unobstructed flat surface on the plate The impact will crush the bottom of the end plate into the polyurethane foam, the sollest material in the package, and cause the maximum distortion of the plate. Attacking the top edge was rejected because the flat surface area is less than half that of the bottom edge and the carrying handle would deflect much of the energy.

1 l

Center-of-Gravity

.re,

yh Marker

'%: 9<\\

l

}

t-Impact Surface:

I Bottom Edge of j

Rear End-Plate 40 to 42 inches I

i n

Puncture Billet Drawing CT10119 Rev.C r@

sa a

Drop Surface Drawing AT10122 Figure 18: Specimen D Orientationfor the Puncture Test J

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 35 of 54 6.8.6 Puncture Test Assessment Upon completion of the test, Engineering, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance team members willjointly perform the following:

Review the test execution to ensure that the test was performed in accordance with 10 CFR 71.

Make a preliminary evaluation of the specimen relative to the requirements of 10 CFR 71.

I Assess the damage to the specimen to decide whether testing of that specimen is to continue.

Evaluate the condition of the specimen to detemiine the package orientation for the thennat test to achieve maximum damage.

As part of the evaluation, measure the weight of the specimen.

6.9 Second Intermediate Test inspection Perform a second intermediate test inspection after the puncture test and before the thermal test.

1.

hieasure and record any damage to the test specimen.

2.

Measure and record the location of the source from the front end using the I

source location tool (Amersham Drawing BT10142, Rev. A).

I

3. Remove and assess the condition of the dummy source.

4.

Reassemble the package using an active 424-9 source, making sure that the source wire position and the package configuration are the same as they were immediately after the puncture test.

5. Measure and record a radiation profile of the test specimen in accordance with Amersham Work Instruction WI.Q09.

6.

Reassemble the package using the same dummy source used in the speci-men during the first three tests.

7.

Make sure that the source wire position and the package configuration are the same as they were immediately after the puncture test.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burhngton, Massachusetts Page 36 of 54 6.10 Thermal Test (10 CFR 71.73(c)(4))

The final requirement is the thermal test specifiel in 10 CFR 71.73(c)(4).

To ensure sufficient heat input to the test specimens, each specimen will be pre-heated to a temperature of at least 800 C and held to at least that temperature for 30 minutes. This test condition provides heat input in excess of the requirements specified in 10 CFR 71.73(c)(4),

which does not include a pre-heat condition. The pre-heat condition assures equivalent heat input regardless of emissivity and absorptivity coefficients.

The test environment is a vented electric oven operating at 900 C. There will be sufficient air flow to allow combustion. Air will be forced into the oven at a minimum rate of 9.6 cubic feet per minute to ensure sufficie.nt oxygen to fully combust all package materials that are capable of burning. This rate is based on the following analysis:

1.

The only corrbustible material in the TP70 is the polyurethane foam.

2.

The chemical composition of polyurethane is (C si'33N O }n-2 l3 l

3. The products of combustion are carbon dioxide (CO ) and water (110) 2 2

and the molecular weights of the component materials are:

C = 12 11 = 1 O = 16 N = 14 4.

The maximum mass of the polyurethane in a TP70 is 988 grams. The max-l imum amounts of carbon and hydrogen present in the polyurethane are computed as follows:

Polyurethane C26 1133 N

0:3 Molecular Weight (26x12) +

(3hl) +

(1x14) +

(13x16) 567=

312 +

33 +

14 +

208 Percent by Mass 55.0 %

5.8%

2.5%

36.7 %

988 g =

543g +

$7g +

25g +

363g

5. The amount of oxygen required to fully combust the carbon to carbon di-oxide is computed as follows:

Carbon Dioxide C

02 Molecular Weight (1x 12) +

(2x16) 44 -

8.2 +

32 For a given mass of carbon,32/12 = 2.67 times that mass of oxygen is required to fully combust the carbon to carbon dioxide. For a TP70 containing 543 grams of carbon, full combustion would require 1450 grams of oxygen,

- ~.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 37 of 54

6. The amount of oxygen required to fully convert the hydrogen to water is computed as follows:

Water 112 O

Molecular Weight (2x 1) +

16 18 -

2+

16 For a given mass of hydrogen,16/2 = 8 times that mass of oxygen is required to fully convert the hydrogen to water. For a TP70 with 57 grams of hydrogen, full combustion would require 456 grams of oxygen.

7. The sum of these oxygen requirements (1450g + 456 g)less the oxygen supplied by the polyurethane (-363 g) equals 1543 grams of oxygen to as-sure sufficient oxygen to bum the polyurethane foam. At standard condi-i tions, the composition of air is 23.2% oxygen by mass. Therefore,6650 I

grams of air are required.

8. The volume of air is computed at a density of 1.225 grams / liter to be 192 cubic fect:

3 3

6650g/1.225g/l = 54301 = 5.43m =192 ft 9.

A 50% safety factor is added and the volume is distributed over the 30-minute test period to determine a minimum air flow rate of 9.6 cubis feet per minute:

3 3

(192 ft )(1.5) / 30 min. = 9.6 ft / min.

The air will be introduced as compressed air passing through a flowmeter and into the oven via metal tubing. A sufficient length of tubing will be inside the oven to ensure sufficient pie-heating.

The temperature of the package's exterior surface closest to the air entry point will be monitored throughout the test to ensure that the package remains above 800 C.

If the specimen is burning when it is removed, the unit is allowed to extinguish by itself and then cool naturally. The final evaluation of the package is performed when the specimen reaches ambient temperature.

I

1. Avallone, Eugene A., and neodore Baumeister III, Editors, Marks' Standard Handbookfor Mechanical Engineers, Ninth Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company,1987), page 4-27

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 38 of 54 6.10.1 Thermal Test To perform the thennal test:

1, Ileat the oven to 900* C.

2.

Attach thermocouples to the package's internal and external measurement locations.

3.

Place the package in the oven and close the door.

4.

When the internal temperature of the package goes above 800* C, start air Dow and start a 30-minute timer.

5. Measure and record the oven temperature, test specimen internal and ex-ternal temperatures and the air How rate. Record whether there is any com-bustion.

6.

Monitor the specimen's intemal and extemal temperatures, and the oven temperature throughout the 30-minute test period to ensure that all temper.

i atures remain above 800* C.

l' 7.

Monitor the airaow rate throughout the test period to ensure that it remains 3

above 9.6 ft / minute.

8.

At the end of the 30 minutes, repeat Step 5.

9.

Remove the test specimen from the oven.

10. Allow the package to self-extinguish and cool.

6.10.2 Orientation The orientation and justi0 cation should be based on an assessment of the test specimen condition immediately after the puncture test. Record, justify and approve the orientation for this test in accordance with Amersham SOP-E005.

6.10.3 ThermalTest Assessment Upon completion of the test, Engineering, Regulatory Affairs and Quality Assurance team members willjointly perform the following:

Review the test execution to ensure that the test was performed in accordance with 10 CFR 71.

Make a preliminary evaluation of the specimen relative to the requirements of 10 CFR 71.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burhngton, Massachusetts Page 39 of 54 6,11 Final Test inspection Perform the following inspections aller completion of the thermal test:

1.

Measure and record any damage to the test specimen.

2.

Measure and record the location of the source from the front end-plate using the source location tool (Drawing BT10142, Rev A).

3. Remove and assess the condition of the dummy source, 4.

Reassemble the package using an active 424-9 source, making sure that the source wire position and the package configuration are the same as they were immediately after the thennal test.

5.

Measure and record a radiation profile of the test specimen in accordance with Amersham Work Instruction Wi-Q09.

6.

Assess the significance of any change in radiation at one meter from the package.

j 7.

Determine whether it is necessary to dismantle the test specimen for in-l spection of hidden component damage or failure.

8.

If you decide to proceed with the inspection, record and photograph the process of removing any component.

9.

Measure and record any damage or failure found in the process of dismantling the test specimen.

Engineering, Regulatory Affairs, and Quality Assurance team members will make a final assessment of the test specimen andjointly determine whether the specimen meets the requirements of 10 CFR 71.73

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 40 of 54 l

l 7.0 Worksheets Use the following worksheets for executing these tests. There are two worksheets for each test:

an equipment list and a test procedure checklist.

Use the test equipment list to record the serial number of each measurement device used. Attach a copy of the relevant inspection report or calibration certificate aller you have verified the range and accuracy of the equipment.

Quality Control will initial each step on the checklist as it is executed and record data as required. The Engineering, Regulatory Afralrs and Quality Assurance representatives must be present or otherwise available during all testing to provide general process oversight and -

review.

Make copics of the fomis for additional attempts. Maintain records of all attempts.-

Equipment List it Compression Test Enter the Model and Attach inspection Report or Description Serial Number Calibration certificate Weight Scale Record any additional tools used to facilitate the test and attach the appropriate inspection report or calibration certificate.

Checklist liCompression Test -

Test Location:

Attempt Numbers Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen ggP A

B C

D

1. Enginecting, RA and QA confirm that test specimen complies with Drawing TP70, -

Rev. B, and the Amersham Quality Assurance Program.

~ 2. Position specimen on concrete surface :

Figure 2 Figure 2 Figure 2 Figure 2 per the appropriate drawing.

3. ' Measure ambient temperature.

Record ambient temperature:

=

i SENTINEL Test Plan #70 i

Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 41 of 54 Checklist 1: Compression Test (Continued)

Test leentiont Attempt Numbers Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen gE A-Il C

D Note the instrument used:

4. Apply a uniformly distributed weight of 280 to 290 pounds on the top surface of the handle for a period of 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />.

Record the actual weight:

Note the instrutnent used:

Record start time and date:

5. Aller 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />, remove the weight.

Record end date:

Record end tirae:

6. Measure the ambient temperature, l

Record the ambient temperature:

Note the instrument used:

7. Photograph the test specimen and any subsequent damage.

8. Record damage to test specimen on a separate sheet and attach.

The following step must be performed by Engineering, RA and QA.

9. Make a preliminary assessment relative l

to 10 CFR 71 Record the assessment on a separate sheet and attach.

Detenrine what changes are necessary in package orientation for the penetration test to achieve maximum damage.

Test Data Accepted by:

Signature Date Engineering:

Regulatory Affairs:

Quality Assurance:

i n,n,

,--.n_,.

..,.-..-.._,-.w.-

l SENTINEL.

Test Plan 870 Amorsham Corporation Septornber 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 42 of $4 Equipmeist I.ist 2: Penetration Test Equipment Enter the Model and Attach inspection Report or Description Serial Number Calibration Certincate r.

l'enetration liar. Drawing IIT10129, Rev. Il Drop Surface, Drawing AT10122, Rev.11 Thermometer

'Ihermocouple Dexible probe l

1hermocouple surface probe Record any additional tools used to facilitate the test and attach the appropriate inspection report or calibration certificate.

I Checklist 2: Penetration Test Test location Attempt Numbert b "* I*""

b *"I**"

b *" * * "

b '*I**"

E E

E E

Step A

11 C

D

1. Immerse the test specimen in dry ice as needed to bring specimen temperature below 40'C.

2. Remove the specimen from the dry ice, and Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure $

Figure 6 position it as shown in the referenced Ogure,

3. Begin video recording of the test so that the impact is recorded.

4. Inspect the orientation setup and vesify the bar height.

5. Measure the ambient temperature and the test specimen internal and surface temperatures.

Ensure that specimen temperature is below

-40' C.

Record ambient temperature:

Note the instrument used:

Record the specimen intemal temperature:

=

=.

SENilNEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11.1997 Durlington, Massachusotts Page 43 of 64.

CheckUst 21 l'enetration Test (Continual)

Test location:

Attempt Number Spec men Specimen Specimen Specimen Step A

11 C

D Note the instrument used:

Record.iie specimen surface temperature:

l l

Note the instrument used:

The following step must he witnessed by Engineering. RA and QA.

6. Drop the penetration bar onto the specifie[

Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 area shown in the referenced figure.

7. Check to ensure that penetration bar hit the specified area.

8. Measure the test specim"i's surface temperature. Ensure that spec.nen is below

-40 C.

Record the specimen surface temperature:

Note the instrument used:

E pause the sideo recorder. Ensure that the point ofimpact and orientation specified in the plan have been achieved and recorded.

10. Record damage to test specimen on a separate sheet and attach.

The following step must be performed by Engineering, RA and QA.

I1. Make a preliminary assessment relative to 10 CFR 71. Record the assessment on a separate sheet and attach.

Determine what changes are necessary in package orientation for the four foot free drop to achieve maximum damage.

Test Data Accepted by:

signature Date Engineering:

Regulatory AITairs:

Quality Assurance:

==

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporebon September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts pago 44 of 54 l

Equipment List 3: Four-foot Free Drop Equipment List Enter the Model and Attach inspect 5n Report or Description Serial Number Calibation Certificate Drop Surface, Drawing ATl0122, Rev.11

'ihennometer j

1hermocouple flexible probe Thermocouple surface probe-Record any additional tools used to facilitate the test and attach the appropriate inspection report or calibration certificate.

Checklist 3: Four foot Free Drop Test locationt Attempt Number:

b I**"

b *'I**"

b '"i*'"

b "I**"

P E

E E

SkP A

B C

D

1. Immerse the test specimen in dry ice as need to bring specimen temperature below 40' C.

2. Measure the ambient temperature.

Record ambient temperature:

Note the instrument used:

3. Attach the test specimen to the release mechanism.

'4.

Begin video recording of test so that impact is recorded.'

$. Measure the temperature of the specimen.

Ensure that specimen is below -40' C.

Record the specimen internal temperature:

Note the instrument used:

-1

=

=-

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 45 of 54 Checklist 3: Four foot Free Drop (Continued)

Test location:

Attempt Number:

b CCI*'"

b CCI*'"

b I*'"

b "I*'"

P P

P P

Step A

Il C

D Kecord the specimen surface temperature.

l Note the instrument (med:

6. Lift and orient the test specimen as shown Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 in the referenced figure for the specimen.

7. Inspect the orientation setup and verify drop heightc

8. Photograph the setup in at least two perpendicular plancs.

I The following step must be witnessed by Engineering, RA ahJ QA.

(

9. Release the test specimen.

10. Measure the surface temperature of the test specimen.

Record the surface temperature:

Note the instrument used:

11. pause the video recorder. Ensure that the point ofimpact and orientation sp-cified in the plan have been achieved and recorded.

12. Record damage to test specimen on a separate sheet and attach.

The following step must be performed by Engineering, RA and QA.

13. Make a preliminary assessment relative to 10 CFR 71. Record the assessment on a separate r,heet and attach.

Determine what changes are necessary in package orientation for the 30-foot free drop to achieve maximum damage.

Test Data Accepted by:

Signature Date Engineering:

Regulatory Affairs:

Quality Assurance:

_ _ _ _ _ =. - -

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Pago 40 of 64 Equipment L!st 4t 30 foot Free Drop Equipment I.ist E.nter the Model and Attach inspection Report or Description Serial Number Calibtation Certincate Drop Surface, Drawl.tg AT10122, Rev.11 Weight Scale lhennometer

%ermocouple flexible probe lhennocouple surface probe Record any additional tools used to f,icilitate the test and attach the appropriate inspection report or calibration certincate.

Checklist 4: 30 foot Free Drop Test Location:

Attempt Number:

Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen b'#P A

11 C

D

1. Measure and record test specimen weight.

Record the specimen's weight:

Note the instrument used:

2. Immerse the test specimen in dry ice as need to bring specimen temperature below

-40" C.

3. Measure the ambient temperature.

Record ambient temperature:

Note the instrument used:

4. Attach the test specimen to the release mechanism.

5. 13egin video recording of test so that the impact is recorded.

SCNTINEL Test Plan 870 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burkngton, Massachusetts P,ge 47 of 54 Checklist 4: 30-foot Free Drop (Continued) l Test 14 cation:

Attempt Number:

Specimen Specimen Specimen Specirnen 3,E A

Il C

D

6. Measure the temperature of the specimen.

Ensure that specimen is below -40' C.

Record the specimen intemal temperature:

Note the instrument used:

Record the specimen surface temperature.

Note the instrument used:

7. Lill and orient the test specimen as shown Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 in the referenced figure for the specimen.

8. Inspect the orientation setup and verify drop height.

9. photograph the setup in at least two perpendicular planes.

The following step must be witnessed by Engineering, RA and QA.

10. Release the test specimen.

11. Measure the surface temperature of the test specimen.

Record the surface temperature:

Note the instrument used:

12. Measure and record the test specimen's weight.

Record the specimen's weight:

Note the instrument used:

-13. Pause the video recorder. Ensure that the--

point of impact and orientation specified in the plan have been achieved and recorded.

14. Record damage to test specimen on a separate sheet and attach.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation Septernber 11,1997 Durlington, Massachusetts Page 48 of 64

]

Checklist 4: 30 foot Free Drop (Continued)

Test I A> cation:

Attempt Numbers Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen gI, A

11 C

D The following step must he performed by Engineering, RA and QA.

l$. Make a preliminary assessment relative to 10 CFR 71 Record the assessment on a I

separate sheet and attach.

Determine what changes are necessary in package orientation for the puncture test to achieve maximum damage.

Test Data Accepted by:

Signatu t Date Engineering:

Regulatory Affairs:

Quality Assurance:

SENTINEL.

Test Plan #70 Amorsham Corporation September 11,1997 Durlington, Massachusotts Page 49 of 54 Equipment List 5: Puncture Test Equipment I 1:nter the Model and Attach inspection Report or Description Serial Number Calibration Certificate Drop Surface, Drawing AT10122 Rev. Il Puncture Ilillet, Drawing CTl0119, Rey, C Weight Scale Thermometer Thermocouple flexible probe Thennocouple surface probe Record any additional tools used to facilitate the test and attach the appropriate inspection report or calibration certificate.

Checklist 5: Puncture Test Test I ocntion:

Attempt Number:

Spec men Specimen Specimen Specimen SteE A

11 C

D

1. Immerse the test specimen in dry ice as need to bring specimen temperature below 40' C.

2. Measure the weight of the specimen.

Record the specimen's weight:

Note instrument used:

3. Measure the ambient temperature.

Record ambient temperature:

Note the instrument used:

4. Attach the test specimen to the release mechanism.

5. Begin video recording of test so that the impact is recorded.

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation Septerrber 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 60 of 64 Checklist 5: l' uncture Test (Continued)

Test location:

Attempt Number Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen

'gE A

11 C

D l

6. Measure the surface temperature of the i

specimen.

l linsure that specimen is below -40' O.

l l

Record the specimen surface temperature.

Note the instrument used; i

7. Lill and orient the test specimen as shown Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 in the referenced figure for the specimen.

8. Inspect the orientation setup and verify drop height.

9. Photograph the setup in at least two perpendicular planes.

The following step must be witnessed by 1:ngineering,ItA and QA.

10. Release the test specimen.

11. Measure the surface temperature of the test specimen.

Record the surface temperature:

Note the instrument used:

12. Measure and record the test specimen's weight.

Record the specimen's weight:

Note the instrur. tent used:

13. Pause the video recorder, Ensure that the point of impact and orientation specified in the plan have been achiewd and recorded,

14. Record damage to test specimen on a separate sheet and attach.

SENilNEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 61 of 64 Checklist 5: Puncture Test (Continued)

Test locatlont Attempt Number:

Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen 3E A

11 C

D The following step must be performed by Engineering. itA and QA.

l$, Make a preliminary assessment relative to 10 CI:R 71. Record the assessmcnt on a separate sheet and attach, As part of the assessment, determine the package orientation for the thermal test.

B Test Data Accepted by:

Signature Date Engineering: l Regulatory Affairs:

Quality Assurance:

1

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997

-- Burlington, Massachusetts Page 52 of 54 Equipment List 6t Thermal Test Equipment l Enter the Model and Attach inspection Report or Description Serial Number Calibration certificate Air Flowmeter l_

1hermocouple ficxible probe l

1hermocouple surface probe Oven thermostat Record any additional tools used to facilitate the test and attach the appropriate inspection report or calibration certificate.

Checklist 6: Thermal Test Test Location:

Attempt Number:

Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen ggE A

Il C

D

1. Pre-heat the oven to 900* C.

2. Attach the thermocouple the specimen's internal measuring point.

3. Place the package in the oven and close the

) -

oven door.

Record date and time placed in oven.

i

4. When the specimen temperature exceeds 800* C, start the air flow into the oven. Record..

time.

5. Measure the oven temperature, the specimen's internal and external temperatures and the air flow rate.

Record the oven temperature:

Note instrument used:

Record the specimen's intemal temperature:

Note instrument used:

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 53 of 54 Checklist 6: Thermni Test (Continued)

Test locationt Attempt Number:

Specimen Specimen Specimen Specimen 3,,

A 11 C

D Record the specimen's extemal temperature:

Note instrument used:

Record airflow rate:

Note instrument used:

6. Monitor the specimsn temperatures and oven temperature throughout the 30-minute period to ensure that they are above 800* C.

7. Monitor the airflow throughout the 30-minute period to ensure a rate of at least l

9.6 fi / min,

8. At the end of the 30-minute period, repeat step 5 using the same measurement devices.

Record the oven temperature:

Record the specimen's internal temperature:

Record the specimen's extemal temperature:

Record intake alt flow velocity:

9. Remove test specimen from the oven.

Record time the specimen is removed.

Describe combustion w hen door is opened to remove specimen.

NOTE: If specimen continues to burn, let it self-extinguish and coci naturally.

10. Measure the ambient temperature.

Record the ambient temperature:

Note the instrument used:

11. Photograph the test specimen and any subsequent damage

12. Record damage to test specimen on a separate sheet and attach.

k

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amersham Corporation September 11,1997 Burlington, Massachusetts Page 64 of 64 Checklist 6: Thermal Test (Continued)

Test IA> cation:

Attempt Number S '* i"'"

S '*i*""

S #'I*'"

b '* I*""

E E

E P

St'E A

B C

D The following step must be performed by Engineering, RA and QA.

l

_13. Make a preliminary assessment relative to 10 CFR 71. Record the assessment on a separate sheet and attach.

Test Data Accepted by:

Signature Date l

l Engineering:

Regulatory Affairs:

Quality Assurame:

I

SENTINEL Test Plan #70 Amorsharn Corporation September 11,1997 Durhngton. Massachusetts Appendix A Appendix A Drawings hiodel 660 Test Specimen TP70, Rev. D (1 sheet) hiodel 660 damma Ray Projector Shipping Container Descriptive Assembly C66025, llev. F (3 sheets) hiodel 660 Gamma Ray Projector Shipping Container Descriptive Assembly C66025, llev.11(4 sheets) hiodel 660 Gamma Ray Projector Shipping Container Descriptive Assembly C66030. Rev. D (3 sheets) hiodel 660 Gamma Ray Projector Shipping Container Descriptive Assembly C66030,llev. A (3 sheets) hiodel 660 Gamma itay Projector Shipping Container Descriptive Assembly C66030, Rev. -(4 sheets)

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TM 4 I's Approsimete inversi n-Curve Locus for Air For the elements C and ll, the equations of complete com-bustion are

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f g "g

526 509 491 470 445 417 386 345 300 Taking, as a basis, I molecule of CH, and making a balance of the atoms on the two sides of the equation,it is seen that

. p m.ilaenuceh=a y=6 t=2 2x = 2y + s or x=2 Loss Due to Throtthng A throtthng process in a cycle of opergiions always introduces a loss of efficiency. If T. is the temperature corresponding te the back pressure, the loss of CH. + 20, = CO, + 2H,0 evailable energy is the proc act of T. and the increase of 16 lb + 64 lb = 44 lb + 36 lb entropy during the throtthng process. The following example The coemcients in the combustion equation give the combin-illustrates the calculation in the case of ammonia passing ing volumes of the gaseous components. Thus, in the last equa.

through the expansion valve of a refrigerating machine.

tion i ft' of CH. reTsires for combustion 2 ft'of oxygen and E n o.ca The liquid ammonia at a temperature of 70,F passes the resulting gaseous products of combustion are i It'of CO, and 2 ft'of H 0. The cocmcients multiplied by the correspond-pgh the valve into the brine cost in which the temperstare is 20 deg 3

sed the preuure is 48 21 psia. The imtial enthalpy of the 1. quid amnu>

8

,,, a af, = 120 5. and therefore the final enthalpy is An + s, A,,.

conveniently referred to I lb of the fuct in the combustion of j

64 7 + $53 la, = t 20.5, whence 4, = 0101 The iniisal entropy is s,,

CH., for example, I lb of CH. requires 64/16 = 4 lb of ox) gen

= 0.254 The naal entropy is sp + (1,4,d T,) = 0144 + 0101 X for complete combustion and the products are 44/]6 = 2 75 j

8.15) = 0 260 T. = 20 + 460 = 480,hence alw loss of refrigerating Ib of CO, and 36/16 = 2.25 lb of H,0.

ehes a 480 x (0 260 - 0.254) = 2.9 Btu.

Ai, Required for Combust',in The composition of air is approximately 0.232 0,and 0.768 N,on a pound basis,or G.21 COMSU3 TION 0, and 0.79 N, by volume. For exact analyses, a may be nec-essary sometimes to take account of the water vapor mixed Renna cts. Chigier, " Energy. Combustion and Environment,-

with the air, but ordinarily this may be neglected.

McGrawwn,1981.Campben," Thermodynamic Analysis of Comb.

The minimum amount of air required for the combustbn of ison En8ines." Wiley,1979. Glassman," Combustion," Academic Press, I lb of a fuelis the quantity of oxygen required,as found from New York,1977. i.efebvre," Gas Turbine Combustion " McGrsw. Hill, the combustion equation, divided by 0.232, Likewise, the min-New Yosh,198) Strehlow, " Combustion Fundamentals

• McGraw-Hiti, New York,1984. Williams et al.," Fundamental Aspects of Soled imum volume of air required for the combustion of I ft' of a Propellant Rocke,ts," AgardofrepA.184. Oct.1969. Basic thermody-fuel gas is the volume of oxygen divided by 0.21. For example namac table type information needed in this area is found in Glashko et in the combustion of CH. the air required *r E0und of Cil is' E

st," Thermodynamic and Thermophysical Properties of Combustion 4/0.232 = 17.24 lb and the volume of air per cubic foot of Products," Moscow, and IPST translation, Gordon, NASA Technical CH. is 2/0.21 = 9.52 ft', Ordinarily, more air is provided than Pope 6906,1982,"JAN AF Thermactiemical Tables," NSRDS NBS.

is required for cornplete combustion. Let a denote the mini-37,1971.

mum amount required and ze the quantity of air admitted, Fuels for special properties of various fuels, see Sec. 7. In then x - I is the excess coefficient, general, fuels may be classed under three heads: (1) gaseous Producta of Cornbustion The products arising from the fuels,(2) hquid fuels, and (3) solid fuels.

The combustible elements that characterize fuels are cer.

complete combustion of a fuel are CO,, H,0, and, if sulphur bon, bydrogen, and, in some cases, sulphur. The compicle cons is present,SO,. Accompanying these are the nitrogen brought wastion of carbon gives, as a product, carbon dioxide, CO,; the in with Ihe air and the oxygen in the cacess of air. Hence the combustion of hydrogen gives water, H,0.

products of complete combustion are principal!i CO,, H,0, N,, a nd Or The m of CO indicates inceiaplete combustion. In Combunon of Gaseous and Uquid Fuela simple calculations the reaction of nitrogen with oxygen to form noxious oxides, often termed NO,, such as nitric oxide Combusuon cquations The approximate molecular weights (NO), nitrogen peroxide (NO ), etc.,is neglected. In practice, cf the important elements and compounds entering into com.

3 husbon calculations are:

\\ an automobile engine is run at a lower compression ratio to reduce NO, formation. The reduced poiiution is bought at the Material C

H, 0

N, CO CO, H,0 CH.

C,H.

C,H.O S NO NO, SO, 1

Molecular weight 12 2 32 28 24 44 18 16 28 46 32 30 46 64

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