Text

Marine Ecology Studies Re Operation of Pilgrim Station, Semiannual Rept 21,1982
	ML20073S809
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Site:	Pilgrim
Issue date:	04/30/1983
From:	Richard Anderson, Scotton L; BOSTON EDISON CO.
To:	;
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ML20073S798	List: ML20073S796; ML20073S809;
References
	NUC3-E1, NUC3-E1-01, NUC3-E1-1, NUDOCS 8305100144
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NUC3-El MARINE ECOLOGY STUDIES RELATED TO OPERATION OF PILGRIM STATION SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT NO. 21 REPORT PERIOD: JANUARY 1982 THROUGH DECEMBER 1982 DATE OF ISSUE: APRIL 30,1983 f

Compiled and Reviewed by:

Robert D. Anderson

/h Senior Marine Fisheries Biologist Lewis N. Scotton Senior Marine Fisheries Biologist Nuclear Operations Support Department Boston Edison Company

I NUC3-E2 TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION I Summary II Introduction III Marine Biota Studies IIIA Marine Fisheries Studies Progress Report on Studies to Evaluate Possible Effects of the Pilgnm Nuclear Power Station on the Marine Environ-ment, Project Report No. 34 (January - December 1982)

(Mass. Dept. of Fisheries, Wildlife and Recreational Ve-hicles; Division of Marine Fisheries)

IIIB Benthic Studies Benthic Algal and Faunal Studies at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, August, 1982 - March,1983 (Battelle New England Marine Research Lab)

IIIC Plankton Studies IIIC.1 Investigations of Entrainment of Ichthyoplankton at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January -

December 1982 (Boston Edison Company)

IIIC. 2 Larval Winter Flounder Studies in Plymouth Harbor, Kingston, Duxbury Bay, and Green Harbor River Estuaries - 1982 (Marine Research, Inc.)

IIID Impingement Studies IIID.1 Impingement of Organisms at Pilgrim Nuclear j Power Station: January -

December 1982.

(Boston Edison Company)

IIID .2 Progress Report: Assessment of Finfish Survi-

val at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station 1982.

(Marine Research, Inc.)

IV Fish Surveillance Studies IVA Overflights Summary Report: Fish Spotting Overflights in Western y Cap Cod Bay in 1982. (Boston Edison Company)

IVB Barrier Net Summary Report: 1982 Inspections of Pilgrim Discharge Canal and Fish Barrier Net. (Boston Edison Company) ii

NUC3-E3 V Integration of Biological Studies , 1982 (Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries: Battelle New England Marine Research Lab.)

VI Minutes of Meetings 55 and 56 of the Administrative-Technical Committee, Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station Y

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NUC83-H1 ,

SUMMARY

Highlights of the environmental surveillance and study program results obtained over this reporting period (January - December 1982) are presented below:

Marine Fisheries Studies:

1. Irish moss landing statistics for June - August 1982 compared to 1981 indicated that landings increased 5.8%

and effort decreased 0.9%. Pooled area harvest rate was the fourth highest recorded in 12 years and increased from 181.7 in 1981 to 194.0 lbs/hr in 1982. Harvest rate from Area 5 (Pilgrim Station - 190.9 lbs/hr) decreased 2.6% from 1981, and Area 1 (control) harvest rate (197.0 lbs/hr) decreased 4.2% below the 1981 rate. This in-dicates Pilgnm Station operation had no adverse impact on the Irish moss species.

2. Winter flounder, skate spp. , yellowtail flounder, window-pane, longhorn sculpin and ocean pout were the dominant fishes , respectively, in the January -

December 1982 otter trawl catch. CPUE decreased from 1981 for winter flounder (38.5 to 30.2), skate spp. (8.6 to 7.8), window-9 pane (4.4 to 3.4) and yellowtail flounder (10.0 to 3.5).

CPUE increased for longhorn sculpin (2.2 to 3.2) and ocean pout (0.6 to 0.7). American lobster CPUE for I-1

i NUC83-H2 1982 (26.0) was similar to 1981 (27.0). Pelagic fish mean catch at the original gill net station (150.5 fishes / set) decreased 33.0% from 1981 when 224.7 fishes / set were taken. Pollock (36.4%), cunner (25.8%) and Atlantic herring (8.8%) accounted for 71.0% of the total catch.

Pollock CPUE decreased from 110.7 to 54.8, cunner 40.7 to 38.8 and Atlantic herring 44.4 to 13.3 compared to January - December 1981. It was suggested that declines in the most abundant species' CPUEs were the result of natural variability, and that Pilgrim Station operation had no detrimental effect on benthic and pelagic fish studied in 1982.

3. Shrimp trawl catch from March - December 1982 recorded twenty-six benthic fish species with winter flounder, little skate, windowpane, yellowtail flounder, longhorn sculpin and fourspot flounder composing 96.1% of the total. Mean CPUE for all species was 30.7 compared to 28.3 in 1981.

Individual species CPUEs declined from 1981 for winter flounder (13.6 to 11.4) and yellowtail flounder (5.2 to 3.8), while they increased for skate spp. (3.7 to 6.5),

windowpane (3.1 to 6.3) and longhorn sculpin (0.3 to 2.0).

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4. Adult lobster mean monthly catch rate per pot haul in May - November 1982 was 0.65 lobsters (0.62 in 1981).

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1 NUC83-H3 '

In the Pilgram Station discharge area the legal lobster catch per pot was 0.43. Berried female lobsters ac-counted for 1.8% of the total catch for this period com-i pared to 2.3% in 1981.

5. In May - November 1982 fish observational dive surveys approximately 2,100 fishes of eight species were observed in the thermal plume area. Cunner, pollock, tautog and Atlantic silverside were the most numerous species seen.

No fish showed abnormal behavior and no gas bubble disease symptoms were observed on routine observational dives. Most fishes (43%) were in greatest concentrations at stations in the direct path of the thermal plume, in-dicating attraction to the Pilgrim Station thermal effluent.

i In June and July a possible fungal or bacterial growth was observed on the bottom and dead mussels were noted beneath this growth.

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6. Atlantic silverside accounted for 65.3%, bay anchovy j 18.7% and sand lance 10.2% of the 1982 haul seine (shore

! zone) fish catch with a total of twenty-two species col-lected. Shrimp (Crangon spp.) dominated the inverte-brate catch. Fish captured in the PNPS intake embay-i ment included Atlantic silverside, sand lance spp. , winter flounder, northern puffer and northern pipefish.

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7. Fishing power trials comparing the otter and near-shore (shrimp) trawls in September / October showed the former gear caught more species and 3 times greater number of fishes than the latter gear.

Impingement Studies:

1. The mean January - December 1982 impingement collection rate was 0.93 fish /hr. The rate ranged from 0.13 fish /hr (August) to 2.41 fish /hr (March) with Atlantic silverside comprising 20.7% of the catch, followed by bay anchovy 11.5%, cunner 9.8%, rainbow smelt 9.4%, and threespine stickleback 6.7%.

2. In March and April 1982, Atlantic silverside impingement accounted for 83.2% of the fishes collected. This is historically the maximum impingement period for Atlantic silverside.

i l 3. The mean January - December 1982 invertebrate collection rate was 1.33/hr with the long-finned squid and horse-l shoe crab accounting for 40.8 and 33.6% of the catch, l

respectively.

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4. Thirty-two American lobsters were sampled for a yearly rate of 408 lobsters impinged, assuming 100% operation of Pilgnm Station.

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NUC83-H5

5. Impinged fish survival (pooled for static and continuous washes) at the end of the new Pilgrim Station sluiceway was 13.2% (short-term) and 5.9% (long-term) from 1980-1982. Fish introduced in front of operating travel-ing screens in 1982 showed initial survival of 100% for cunner, 99.5% for winter flounder and 19.9% for Atlantic silverside. Long-term survival percentages were 100, 68.7 and 4.9, respectively.

Fish Surveillance Studies:

1. Fish overflights in 1982 spotted five major species cate-gories: herring, Atlantic menhaden, pollock, Atlantic mackerel and baitfish. Both Atlantic herring and pollock were noted schooling inside the PNPS intake breakwaters at times during 1982, and 50,000 pounds of Atlantic men-handen were observed within the discharge vicinity in August. Regulatory authorities were not notified as no incidents occurred involving these fish.

2. Dive inspections of the fish barrier net at the end of the Pilgrim discharge canal revealed it was operating success-fully in excluding fishes during 1982. Several species of biota that were resident in the discharge canal, or could pass the barrier net's 2" mesh were noted upstream of it.

Live fish were observed in the canal only in May, and they included a small school of Atlantic silversides, and a l

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1 NUC83-H6 Coho salmon beneath the cod end of the barrier net. No live individuals observed appeared stressed or showed gas bubble disease symptoms. Many sportfish were in evidence downstream (seaward) of the barrier net as indicated by sportfishermen's catches.

Benthic Studies:

1. Some minor changes in faunal taxonomy were observed; however it is not yet clear if these are actually new l

species to the area.

2. Dominant species patterns were similar at all three sites with several notable differences. A chief difference was the depressed dominance of mussels at Effluent where Mytilus was only the fourth most abundant species.

3. Sediment at the Effluent Station is a combination of Mytilus 1

edulis shell fragments and entrapped sand particles .

Sediment of this nature is not found at the Rocky Point and Manomet Point Stations.

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4. Based on transect study observations, it is possible that an enhancement effect operates during winter months, with the overall impacted zone being reduced due to rapid g cooling of the discharge water through mixing with cold seawater. In September, the total area encompassed by the denuded and stunted zones covered approximately 2328 m,2 whereas in December the area covered was 2082 m 2, I-6

NUC83-H7

5. The Chondrus/Phyllophora condition index study indicated that Phyllophora was more heavily colonized, presumably due to its ability to tolerate epiphyte-induced stress.

Plankton Studies:

1. Entrainment 4

a. A total of 37 species of fish eggs and/or larvae were found in the January - December 1982 entramment collections.

b. Egg collections for 1982 were dominated by Atlantic cod (Jar.uary - February), winter flounder (March -

April), labridae - Limanda group (May - August),

Atlantic mackerel and windowpane (May - October).

Menhaden were most abundant in September. Hake and rockling were abundant in June - September.

Cod eggs were most abundant 'in November and December, and labrids were present in December.

c. Larv 1 collections for 1982 were dominated by sand lar_;e (January - March and December), rock gunnel (February - April), winter flouncer ( April - June),

h grubby (February -

April), cunner (June -

August) , rockling (May, July -

September), and Atlantic maekerel (June), Atlantic menhaden (Septem-ber - October), and hake ( August - October).

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NUC83-H8

d. One lobster larvae was collected in the entrainment samples for 1982.

e. Several rainbow smelt larvae were collected in June 1982.

2. Winter Flounder Egg Viability Studies

a. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) eggs were collected to determine if these eggs sur-vive entrainment at PNPS. Samples were taken from both the intake bay and the discharge canal, in order to look at egg viability both before and after entrainment.

b. Winter flounder eggs do survive entrainment, and some winter flounder eggs collected prior to entrain-ment are dead.

3. Larval Winter Flounder Studies

a. The main part of the 1982 larval winter flounder program was designed to test the assumption that all winter flounder entrained at PNPS originate from t Plymouth Harbor, Kingston and Duxbury Bay (PHEDB) .

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b. The data support the assumption that PHKDB is the l

sole source of larval flounder entrained at PNPS.

c. Some larvae from Green Harbor River are probably entrained; however this number is quite small com-pared with numbers of larval flounder form PHKDB.

d. The second part of the 1982 program involved sup-plementary winter flounder egg studies, designed to estimate the age of winter flounder eggs collected at PNPS.

e. Results indicated that 40.9% of the live eggs (n-44) collected at PNPS appeared to be considerably younger than 7 days. Thirty-six percent were less than 3 days old and 15.0% were 1 day old.

f. The data strongly suggest that some flounder i

spawning occurs nearer PNPS than inside PHKDB.

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k NUC3-E4 INTRODUCTION A. Scope and Objective This is the twenty-first semi-annual report on the status and results of the environmental surveillance and study programs related to the operation of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS). The study programs discussed in this report relate specifically to the Cape Cod Bay ecosystem with particular emphasis on the Rocky Point area. This is the ninth semi-annual report in accordance with the environmental monitoring and reporting requirements of the PNPS Unit 1 (#MA0003557)

NPDES permit from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

A multi-year (1969-1977) report incorporating marine fisheries, benthic, plankton-entrainment and impingement studies was submitted to the NRC in July 1978 as required by the PNPS Appendix B, Tech. Specs. Programs in these areas have been continued under the PNPS NPDES permit.

The objectives of the Environmental Surveillance and Study Program are to determine whether the operation of PNPS results in measurable effects on the marine ecology and to evaluate the significance of any observed effects. If an effect of significance is detected, Boston Edison Company has L ccmmitted to take steps to correct or mitigate any adverse situation. These studies are guided by an Administrative-II-1

l NUC3-E5 Technical Committee which is chaired by a member of the U.S. ;

Environmental Protection Agency and whose membership in-cludes representatives from the University of Massachusetts, the Mass. Division of Water Pollution Control, the Mass. Divi-sion of Marine Fisheries, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NOAA), the U.S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Boston Edison j Company. Copies of the Minutes of the Pilgrim Station Administrative-Technical Committee meetings held during this reporting period are included in Section VI.

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B. Marine Biota Studies I

1. Marine Fisheries Studies A marine fisheries study initiated in 1969 is being con-ducted by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF).

l The occurrence and distribution of fish around Rocky 1 Point and at sites outside the area of temperature in-crease are being studied. Groundfish and pelagic species i 1

are sampled using otter trawl (5 stations) and gill net (2 j i

stations) collections (Figure 1) made at one-month inter-vals . In 1983 otter trawl sampling and 1 gill net station (south of the PNPS discharge canal) will be terminated, l

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k NUC3-E6 In 1981, two additional fish sampling techniques were j

added and the frequency of otter trawl and gill net sampling reduced to accommodate these. The new tech-niques are shrimp trawling and haul seining which pro-vide more PNPS impact-related sampling of benthic fish i

and shore zone fish, respectively. Shrimp trawling is done twice/ month at 4 stations and haul seining once/ week during March / April, August / September and November /

December at 4 stations (Figure 2).

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Studies have been conducted since early 1970 of local

. lobster stock catch statistics for areas off Rocky and Manomet Points (Figure 3). Catch statistics continue to be collected approximately weekly throughout the fishing s

season (May-November).

The recording of total landings of Irish moss harvested in the study area began in 1971. To facilitate comparisons of the amount of moss harvested in the immediate dis-charge area with control areas, the coastline was divided into eight monitoring zones (Figure 4). The total weight of moss harvested and the effort expended within each monitoring zone by each raker are recorded daily. In 9 1983 the Irish moss harvest study will be terminated.

II-3

NUC3-E7 A finfish observational dive program was initiated in June 1978. SCUBA gear is utilized on biweekly dives from May-October (weekly mid-August to mid-September) at 6 stations (Figure 2) in the PNPS thermal plume area. '

1 Results of the marine fisheries studies during the re-porting period are presented in Section IIIA.

2. Benthic Studies The studies described in this report were conducted by Battelle New England Marine Research Lab, Duxbury, Massachusetts. -

i The benthic flora and fauna were sampled at three loca-tions at depths of 10 feet (MLW) (Figure 1). Quantitative (rock substratum) samples were collected, and the dom-inant flora and fauna in each plot were recorded. Samp-I ling was conducted two times per year to determme biotic changes, if any. Transet sampling off the discharge canal to determine the extent of the denuded and stunted zones is conducted four times a year. Results of the l

benthic surveys reported during this period are discussed in Section IIIB.

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F NUC3-E8 f

3. Plankton Studies Since August 1973, Marine Research, Inc. (MRI) of Fal-mouth, Massachusetts has been studying entramment in Pilgnm Station cooling water of fish eggs and larvae, and lobster larvae (from 1973-1975 phytoplankton and ::ooplank-ton were also studied). Figure 5 shows the entramment contingency sampling station locations. Information gen-erated through these studies has been utilized to make periodic modifications in the sampling program to more efficiently address the question of the effect of entrain-ment. These modifications have been developed by the contractor, and reviewed and approved by the Pilgrim A-T Committee on the bases of the program results.

Plankton studies in 1982 emphasized consideration of ichthyoplankton entramment. The 1982 entrainment report was prepared by Boston Edison Company. Data were col-lected by Marine Research, Inc. Results of the ichthyo-plankton entramment studies for this reporting period are discussed in Section IIIC.1. The 1982 winter flounder larvae report was prepared by Marine Research, Inc.,

and is included in Section III C.2.

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NUC3-E9

4. Impingement Studies The Pilgrim 1 impingement program commenced in Novem-ber 1972 to speciate and quantify the organisms carried onto the four intake traveling screens. Through June 1976, the Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries reported on collection by private contractors . In January 1976, Marine Research Institute began both collecting and re- '

porting on results of this program. Since January 1979, Marine Research, Inc. has been conducting impingement sampling with results being reported on by Boston Edison Company.

A new screen wash sluiceway system was installed at Pilgrim 1 in 1979 at a total cost of approximately $150,000.

This new sluiceway system was required by the 'J.S. En-i vironmental Protection Agency and the Mass. Division of Water Pollution Control as a part of NPDES Permit

MA0003557. Fish survival studies were conducted in 1982 to determine its effectiveness in protecting marine life.

Results of the impingement monitoring and survival pro-grams for this reporting period are discussed in Sections IIID.1 and IIID.2, respectively.

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NUC3-E10 C. Fish Surveillance Studies t

In Spring 1976, regular fish spotting overflights were com-

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menced as part of a continuing effort to monitor the times when large concentrations of fish might be expected in the Pilgrim vicinity. Since September 1976, and regularly from May-October since 1978, dive inspections have been conducted of the Pilgrim discharge canal in order to evaluate fish barrier net durability, and effectiveness in excluding fishes from the discharge canal.

Annual summary reports for these efforts for 1982 are pre-sented in Sections IVA and IVB, respectively.

D. Studies' Integration This is a new section of the Marine Ecology Semi-Annual Reports which attempts to integrate results from different study areas, l where possible, for a more comprehensive understanding of the l

Western Cape Cod Bay ecosystem and Pilgrim Station's influence on it. Analyses appear in Section V.

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E. Station Operation History The daily average, reactor thermal power levels from January L through December 1981 and 1982 are shown in Figure 6, and for July 1972 through December 1980 in Figure 7.

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T 5: Trewi Station 5 extends parallel to shore off White Horse Beach, G-1, G-2, G 3: Benthic Stations f N-1 & N-2: Gill Net Stations h

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PROGRESS REPORT ON STUDIES TO EVALUATE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF THE PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION ON TIE MARIE ENVIRONMENT Project Report No. 34 (January-December,1982) Summag Report No. 15 By Robert P. Lawton, Phillips Brady, Christine Sheehan, Mando Borgttti and Vincent Malkoski February 25, 1983 Massachusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Recreational. Vehicles Division of Marine Fisheries j 100 Cambridge Street ! Boston, Massachusetts 02202
TABLE OF CONTENTS
f. age, Introduction 1 Commercial Lobster Catch Statistics 2 Irich Moss Harvest 5 Offehore Benthic Finfish Collections 8 Nearshore Benthic Finfish Collections 12 Fishing Power Trials 15 Palagic and Benthi-pelagic Fishes 18 Fishes of the Nearshore Community 24 Undsrwater Finfish Observations 30 Summary 32 Acknowledgements 35 Literature Cited 36 Appsndix
~~LIST OF TABLES Table~~
1. Average legal lobster catch per pot haul per month for all quadrats combined.

2. Total yearly lobster pot catch, 1970-1982.

3. Irish moss landing statistics from the vicinity of PNPS, 1971-1982.

4. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Winter flounder (Pseudo-pleuronectes americanus).

5. Otter trawl catch per unit effort for dominant community species (pooled stations' data) from January-December, 1970-1982.

6. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Skates (Raja spp.).

7. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Ye11cwtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea).

8. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus).

9. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus ).

10. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear i Power Station from January-December, 1982. Ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus).

11. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. American lobster (Homarus americanus).

12. Total numbers and percent composition of each finfish species captured by near-shore trawling at stations 1-4, January-December, 1982.

13. Near-shore trawl catch data for winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) at stations 1-4, 1982.
14 Trawl catch data for yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) at stations 1-4, 1982, iii
LIST OF TABLES (Continued) Table
15. Mean catch per unit effort data for selected community species, January-December, 1982.

16. Vessel / gear specifications for fishing power trials in September and October, 1982.

17. 1983 Fishing trial ~ station information.

18. Inter-vessel comparison of catch numbers for individual species.

19. Mean lengths, total catch in numbers, and inter-vessel factors of selected species for fishing power trials, 1982.

20. Inter-vessel factors
~~for predominant species by comparative tows.~~
21. Gill net catch data (five panels of 3.8-8.9 cm mesh) at two sites in the vicinity of PNPS from January-December, 1982.

22. Gill net catch data (two panels of 11.4-15.2 cm mesh) at two sites in the vicinity of PNPS, from January-December, 1982.

23. Mean annual catch per standard gill net (five panels of 3.8-8.9 cm mesh) set CPUE for selected species collected northwest (Station 1) of PNPS, 1971-1982.
~~24 Gill net collection totals at Station 2 for the five (3.8-8.9 cm) and two (11.4-15.2 cm) mesh panel groups, 1981-1982.~~
25. Numerical rank, catch, percentage composition and size range of shore-zone fishes captured by haul seine at four stations in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station in 1982.

26. Density of Atlantic silversides (no. per m surface area) collected in the off-site waters of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station by haul seine in 1982.

27. Occurrence of finfish species at each observational station from 6 May -
~~26 November, 1982.~~
~~28. Surface and bottom water temperatures (C) at each observational station, 6 May - 26 November, 1982.~~
l
~~29. Approximate numbers of finfish that occurred at each observational station from 6 May - 26 November, 1982.~~
l
30. Abundance, size ranges and temperatures associated with the occurrence of

all species observed during underwater finfish observations,1982.
iv
LIST OF FIGURES Figure
~~1. Distribution of lobster pots sampled in 1982. ,~~
~~l l~~
2. Irish moss harvest zones.

3. Otter trawl station locations in the vicinity of PNPS. l 4 Location of shrimp trawl, beach seine and dive sampling stations for Marine Fisheries studies.

5. Size frequency distributions for little skate (Raja erinacea) in otter trawl and near-shore trawl catches.

6. Size frequency distributions for winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes I americanus) in otter trawl and near-shore trawl catches.

7. Size frequency distributions for windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus) in otter trawl and near-shore trawl catches.

8. Size frequency distributions for yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) in otter trawl and near-shore trawl catches.

9. Gill net station locations in the vicinity of PNPS, 1982.

10. Length-frequency of pollock from a seven-panel gill net (3.8-15.2 cm mesh), at two stations in the vicinity of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January-December, 1981.

11. Length-frequency of pollock from a seven-panel gill net (3.8-15.2 cm mesh), at two stations in the vicinity of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January-December, 1982.
~~'I2. Haul seine station locations in the vicinity of PNPS,1982.~~
13. Finfish observational diving stations at PNPS discharge, 1982.

14. Number of pollock at bottom water temperatures during underwater observations, 1982.

15. Number of cunner observed at bottom water temperatures during under-water observations, 1982.

16. Number of tautog at bottom water temperatures during underwater observations, 1982.
v
PLATES Picte
1. Divers making observations at a ' control' station, located outside the influence of the thermal discharge.

2. A .' carpet' of Irish moss, with accompanying epiphytes, extends over the rocky bottom at a ' control' site.

3. A longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) watches while divers complete observations at a station in the ' stunted' zone.

4. Starfish (Asterias spp. ) observed during many dives, graze on new mussel sets in the ' stunted' zone.
~~'5. A horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) and several cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) are sighted at Station D2 (discharge).~~
~~6. Cunner, often occur in large numbers in the ' denuded' zone, and are pictured actively feeding on suspended particles emanating from the discharge canal.~~
l I INTRODUCTION Ecological studies have been conducted by the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries since 1969 to assess non-radiological impact of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station - Unit I-on fisheries resources in the off-site waters of wastern Cape Cod Bay. . Data from 1982 are summarized.In this report, and unless otherwise indicated, methods and materials employed in sampling programs are identical to those described in past reports. Numerical tabulations of measure-mints, counts, percentages, and computed indices of abundance are compared sp tiotemporally to identify data trends and relationships and to examine causal cgtnts for observed ecological phenomena. 1
COMMERCIAL LOBSTER CATCH STATISTICS
~~- Lobster catch data by quadrat from the Plymouth Bay to the Manomet-Indian Hill region of Cape Cod Bay are presented in Appendix A of this report.~~
A total of 3,374 lobster pots, containing 7,794 lobsters, was sampled during the 1982 harvest study, which ran from 18 May through 17 November. As noted last season, fishing effort determined by the number of pots fished, was higher in quadrats further offshore. Distribution of pots sampled by quadrat is presented in Figure 1. Mean monthly catch rates (i.e., x catch per pot haul) of legal lobsters (> 81 m carapace length) for all quadrats combined are found in Table 1, I together with monthly rates from past years. Legal catch rates of 0.46 for June and July were the highest and lowest, respectively, of the study. This is in contrast to previous years when traditionally the June catch is low (due to ecdysis) and higher in July as lobster activity increases following the molt. Cause of this phenomenon is unknown but may be related to anomalous spring conditions influencing lobster molt cycles. Comonwealth landings for 1982 are presently unavailable to ascertain if this condition was localized or regional. The September catch rate of 1.11 legal lobsters per pot haul is the second highest value obtained during the study, 0.19 below the 1.30 high recorded in September, 1972. A catch rate of 1.11 was also obtained in October, l 1976, however sample size was small (37 pots hauled). Average seasonal (May-November) catch rate (legal and sublegals) for all i j quadrats combined was 2.31obsters per pot (Table 2). Seasonal legal catch rate averaged 0.65 in the study area, which is similar to the mean for the j three pre-operational years (0.66). The mean rare (pooled data) for quadrats l 2 l I
~~-- .----.,.,--n. .,, - , , - . - . - - , , . . , . . - - . . , , ,. , - - - - - - . _ , , , .~~
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[A total of 231 pots in quadrats 0-5 (16), R-9 (142), S-9 (24) and S-10 (49) was sampled, but do not appear on the grid cap.]
t Table 1 . Average legal lobster catch per pot haul per month for all quadrate combined. March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov 1970 - - 0.41 0.30 0.54 0.75 0.61 0.68 0.80 (330) (351) (627) (667) (571) (691) ( 72) 1971 0.68 0.46 0.62 0.32 0.68 0.86 0.77 0.70 - ( 95) (331) (681) (591) (723) (730) (668) (668) 1972 - 0.59 0.55 0.31 0.66 0.80 1.30 0.88 - (428) (248) (519) (718) (707) (477) (352) 1973 - 0.46 0.39 0.41 0.74 0.60 0.56 0.82 - (135) (646) (634) (625) (295) (279) (151) 1974 - - 0.38 0.33 1.00 0.51 1.09 0.64 - (309) (341) (544) (595) (499) (455) - 1975 - 0.32 0.23 0.26 0.64 0.58 0.81 0.70 0.65 (322) (525) (555) (314) (29f' (278) (269) (233) 1976 - - 0.27 0.21 0.69 0.5e 0.34 1.11 0.63 (438) (541) (641) .(554, (570) ( 37) (178) 1977 - 0.48 0.46 0.29 0.55 0.47 0.72 0.86 - (379) (417) (203) (555) (663) (604) (664) 1978 - - 0.41 0.30 0.63 0.62 1.09 0.71 - (374) (571) (441) (775) (279) (162) 1979 - - 0.31 0.29 0.54 0.59 0.50 0.42 0.58 (130) (659) (797) (491) (200) (272) (271) 1980 - - 0.21 0.25 0.63 0.64 0.58 0.84 0.63 (107) (477) (983) (849) (476) (520) (255) 1981 - - 0.58 0.26 0.62 0.64 0.96 0.73 0.67 (318) (798) (744) (352) (696) (482) (377) 1982 - - 0.45 0.46 0.46 0.73 1.11 0.66 0.58 (410) (271) (780) (877) (475) (454) (107) (Number of pots hauled. )
Table 2. Total yearly lobster pot catch, 1970-1982. Overall Overall No. of Total Sub- catch legals (car pots catch Male Female Legals legals Eggers per pot per pot L970 3200 113e3 4950 6449 1889 9334 195 3.6 0.59 (43) (57) (17) (82) (2) L971 4376 15158 6543 8615 2855 12043 260 3.5 0.65 (43) (57) (19) (79) (2) L972 3449 12527 5484 7051 2522 9848 166 3.6 0.73 (44) (56) (20) (79) (1) LO73 2762 7821 3456 4363 1490 6267 68 2.8 0.54 (44) (56) (19) (80) (1) L974 2762 8386 3838 4558 1922 6426 41 3.0 0.70 (46) (54) (23) (77) (0.5) L975 2762 8210 3757 ' t443 1306 6884 20 3.0 0.47 (46) (54) (16) (84) (0.2) L976 2959 9179 4308 4871 1352 7819 8 3.1 0.46 (47) (53) (15) (85) (0.1) L977 3485 7694 3646 4078 2050 5596 27 2.2 0.59 (47) (53) (27) (73) (0.4) L978 2432 7717 3432 4285 1535 6147 35 3.2 0.63 (44) (56) (20) (80) (0.5) L979 2820 5596 2339 3257 1325 4214 57 2.0 0.47 (42) (58) (24) (75) (1) 980 3667 7534 2892 4642 2181 5244 109 2.1 0.59 (38) (62) (29) (70) (1) (981 3767 8294 3260 5034 2347 5756 191 2.2 0.62 (39) (61) (28) (69) (2.3) 982 3374 7794 2899 4895 2195 5457 142 2.3 0.65 I (37) (63) (28) (70) (1.8) I Pere:nt of total catch. ) i
H-11, H-12, I-11, and I-12, those most strongly influenced by Pilgrim Station's ) th:rmal discharge (E G and G 1976) was 1.9 lobsters per pot (0.43 legals). By i ccmparison catch rate for reference quadrats, N-10, N-11, and M-10 (Stone and Wabster 1977) was 1.9 lobsters per pot (0.70 legals). To date, there is no svidence in the catch data to indicate that the operation of Pilgrim Station has altered the availability of legal lobsters for harvesting. Females substantially outnumber males in total catch every year (Table 2). H: wever, in 1982 the percent catch composition of females was the highest obtained to date (8% above the 1970-1979 ten-year mean). Females comprised 63% of the total catch and males 37%, or 1.7 females for each male sampled. During the last three years, the percent composition (61-63%) of females has besn higher than in the previous 10 years when values ranged from 53-58%. There were 142 ovigerous females sampled (81 legals, 61 sublegals) repre-stating 1.8% of the total catch and 2.9% of all captured females. This repre-stnts a marked increase from the mid-seventies and a return to levels reported during preoperational years of the study (Table 2). The monthly frequency of esptured berried females varied from 0.6-6.3%. Highest frequencias occurred during June (4.3%) and October (6.3%), with levels declining during the summer months, July-September. Russell et al. (1978) also reported peak percentages of egg-bearing females in June and October in a study of the inshore Rhode Island lobster fishery. Since 1978, commercial fishermen have expanded their fishing efforts on sr.nd substrate. Past data from project trawl studies have indicated an increase 1 of lobsters inhabiting sand bottom. From 1970-1978, mean catch per standard-ised 20-minute tow (utilizing a half-scale Yankee trawl, equipped with a cod-end liner of 3.8 cm mesh) of lobsters in Warren Cove and at Rocky Point ranged 3
between 0.47 and 3.54. From 1979-1980, 3,746 lobsters were collected in 229
.- trawl tows made in the study area, for a mean catch per tow of 16.4 In 1981, 3,001 lobsters were collected in 134 tows of both a half-scale Yankee, and half-scale Wilcox trawl for a combined mean catch of 22.4 lobsters per tow. Mean catch rate for the combined trawls in 1982 was 20.2 lobsters per tow further substantiating the apparent sustained abundance of lobsters on sand bottom.
O l 1 r i m
IRISH MOSS HARVEST Landing statistics for the commercially harvested alga, Irish moss (Chrondrus crispus), were recorded in the Plymouth area for the twelfth con-cccutive year. In 1982, harvesting commenced on 11 June and terminated 1 Saptember, when work skiffs were hauled from the water. Harvesting zones tre depicted in Figure 2. Landing data through 1982 are found in Table 3. During 390 raker days1 , harvesters numbering from 1-13 on any given dry, expended a total of 1,037.0 hrs'of effort and harvested 201,131 lbs (wst weight) of mosc for a seasonal mean rate of 194.0 lbs/hr. Totals do not include 9,420 lbs of moss gathered outside the study area from Ellisville (Indian Hill region) and landed at White Horse Beach. A total of 367 boat trips, involving 1-12 craft per day, was made during 54 days of harvesting. Dun to adverse weather and/or low raker interest, no raking occurred on 28 days of the harvesting season. i Total effort and landings are the second and third lowest values, rsspectively, recorded during the 12 years. However, seasonal harvest rate (pooled data) for the study area was the fourth highest recorded, only 8.6 lbs/hr below the two-year preoperational mean and 8.2 lbs/hr above the nine-ycar average for operational years. Percent distribution of landings (pooled dnta) by month was: June - 35.3%; July - 49.7%, and August - 14.9%. Landings, effort and mean harvest rate were greater in Zone 1 (reference) than in Zone 5 (surveillance). Traditionally higher landings, effort and harvest rates occur in Zone 1, with exceptions noted in harvest rate for 1973, 1975, and 1976, and in effort for 1977 (Table 3). Landings and effort 1 A unit of measure representing one person raking moss for one harvest day. 5
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isii Figure 2- Irish moss harvest zon*S*
4 r- -
increased from 1981 levels by 57.5% and 64.5%, respectively in Zone 1 and by <- 23.6% and 26.9% in Zone 5. By contrast, in Zone 2 (White Horse Beach), landings and effort de-creased from last-year by 12.6% and 18.9%, respectively. However, this zone again accounted for the major portion of harvesting activity, providing 46.2% of the seasons' landings and 47.3% of the effort. This reflects the extensive harvesting pressure at this location. Work conducted in Zones 1 and 2 com-bined produced 75.2% of the effort and 74.5% of the landed moss. From Zone 5 (surveillance),17.4% of the harvest and 17.7% of the effort were recorded. i 1 Zones 3 and 4 each accounted for 3.1% or less of the total harvest and effort. As in 1981, highest harvest rate (305.3 lbs/hr) was obtained in Zone 6; however, landings and effort there represented only 3.1% and 2.0%, respectively, of the seasons' totals. Limited harvesting occurred in Zone 8 (southern edge of Warren Cove), which has been the trend throughout operational years. Zone 8 accounted for only 0.3% of the seasons' moss poundage and 0.6% of the effort. Zone 7 was not harvested. By employing harvest rate to compare zones, the bias inherent in com-paring areas of unequal size is reduced, and a measure of success for this fishery is provided. During preoperational years (1971-1972), harvest rates in Zone 5 (surveillance) averaged almost 90% of that from Zone 1 (reference). In the operational years (1973-1982) harvest rates from Zone 5 exceeded that of Zone 1 on three occasions, fluctuating from 64.8% to 110.7% of that in the reference Zone with an average of 91.6% for the 10-year period. Throughout 1 the operational period, the relationship in harvest rate between reference and surveillance zones has remained fairly constant in this local fishery. 6
Table 3. Irish ames landin8 ctatistics from the vicinity of PWPS, 1971-3982.
~~!andin8s (1be-wet we18ht)~~
Area 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 19798 1980 1981 1982 , 1 1 92,437 133,402 57,045 105.110 79,852 72,950 68,045 54.685 56,240 63,475 34,157 54,965 l 2 70,000 110,244 45,310 91,290 89,814 125,140 129,235 110.668 76,297 120,899 104.200 92.878 i 3 10,719 17,295 4,140 11,730 16,487 25,250 18,680 12,824 12.830 14.985 13.024 6,260 1
~
4 23,252 31,402 7.495 10,795 14,317 7,010 18,275 9.864 13.037 8.151 2.992 3.030 5 02,724 78,587 18.815 28,515 72,557 58,330 65,595 34,870 37,582 52,428 20,376 35,085 6 39,925 54,881 24,985 17.230 74,417 24,200 29,145 10,580 31,237 21.045 3,300 6,198 7 14,727 17,004 30 215 10.517 - 2,230 ^ - 2,215 70 - - 0 33,429 20,348 605 '25 3,252 235 1,025 640 - 1,350 - 715 l 375,473 473,185 158,535 284,910 380,813 313.515 328,000 236,366 227,293 282.333 190,137 201,131
~~Does not imeluda 3,0051he from study area for which effort uns not recorded.~~
L* fort (bours) Area 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 411.4 573.1 343.4 444.4 339.2 373.3 291.8 239.8 249.6 282.2 175.8 289.2 2 443.7 778.3 345.8 391.9 542.8 840.8 959.2 721.5 551.7 573.0 603.6 490.2 3 55.7 90.4 22.8 77.8 83.0 149.6 145.3 56.0 102.2 82.1 84.0 32.1 4 113.5 155.9 41.3 29.7 47.9 47.8 100.0 59.1 99.0 50.3 23.4 15.2 5 404.8 374.9 102.3 139.7 290.7 284.2 322.5 238.0 201.1 278.3 144.8 183.8 6 170.7 233.9 128.8 79.0 29.5 88.7 137.5 42.5 133.5 98.8 14.8 20.3 7 87.s 80.3 0.1 1.3 27.8 11.2 - 5.8 0.5 - - - 8 119.7 108.1 1.4 0.3 13.9 1.2 3.3 2.8 - 1.8 - 6.2 1809.2 2393.1 985.9 1178.1 1584.4 1796.8 1959.8 1363.5 1337.7 1966.5 1044.4 1037.0 i l Harvest Rate j (1bs/hr) I Area 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1 225.2 232.8 166.1 235.5 234.4 195.4 234.4 228.0 225.3 224.5 205.7 197.0 2 175.9 142.0 131.0 232.9 159.2 148.8 134.7 153.4 138.3 179.6 176.0 189.5 3 192.4 190.9 181.6 150.8 198.6 158.8 114.8 229.0 125.5 182.6 155.0 195.0 4 204.7 201.4 186.3 271.9 298.9 146.8 162.8 166.9 131.7 162.0 127.9 199.3 5 203.s 209.6 183.9 204.1 249.6 198.2 203.4 147.8 186.9 188.4 196.0 190.9 6 233.9 243.2 193.7 218.1 339.0 273.8 212.0 248.9 233.8 213.0 228.4 305.3 7 168.1 211.8 300.0 165.4 378.3 207.8 - 381.9 140.0 - - - 8 279.3 262.4 u32.1 83.3 234.0 201.5 307.5 235.7 - 750.0 - 115.3
207.5 197.7 160.9 225.2 227.7 174.5 166.4 173.4 169.9 192.5 181.7 19u.0 .

Seasonal harvest rate.
(Total its wet weight / total effort P s.)
Each year, as the harvesting season progresses, cropping of moss de-crrases stock availability, while epiphytization reduces product quality. This progressive trend was evident in both the reference and surveillance zones, in 1982, in that monthly harvest rates declined from June-August. This diminishing return for effort expended probably contributed to the waning enthusiasm of r2kers and the large number of days (18) when harvesting was not conducted in August. Only 3 of the last 16 days in the season were utilized for gathering moss. In assessing power plant effects, three findings are pertinent: there is consistent propinquity in harvest rate between Zone 5 (surveillance) and Zone 1 (reference) during the preoperational and operational years; the 12-year mean harvest rate in the surveillance zone exceeded the mean seasonal rate for all zones by 7.6 lbs/hr; and there was an increase of 23.6% in curveillance zone landings over last season (Table 3). l l l i L 7
A 0FFSHORE BENTHIC FINFISH COLLECTIONS Bottom trawling with a half-Yankee 10.7 m otter-door trawl from the Division's R/V F.C. WILBOUR continued on a monthly schedule in the environs of Pilgrim Station. Five stations, at depths of 6-12 m (MLW), were sampled (Fig. 3). Single 20-minute tows were conducted with a duplicate haul generally made at one randomly selected station each cruise. We examined the data base for seasonal trends in abundance of dominant demersal fish stocks and compared annual measures of relative abundance (i.e., mean catch per 20-minute tow-CPUE) by station. Adverse weather and deployment of lobster gear in the study area t I resulted in abbreviated tows or tow omissions on several occasions. Fifty-seven tows were completed and 2,785 fish caught comprising 26 species. In 1981, we also trawled 26 species of finfish. The number of species caught ranged from 12 at Station 5 (off White Horse Beach) to 18 at Station 3 (12 m depth contour), the deepest sampling location; 17 species were captured at Station 2 (surveillance site). Catch abundance (pooled species) was highest at Station 1 in Warren Cove where 32% of all the fish were trawled. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) once again were numerically dominant, comprising 47.8% of total catch. From 1970-1981, this species has constituted from 33.4 - 56.0% of the annual trawl catch. Catches were highest in Warren Cove and off Rocky Point (Station 4) and lowest at Station 5 off White Horse Beach (Table 4). June was the month of greatest abundance. Winter l flounder ranged in size from 69-505 mm ((TL), with the average size of the fish i l caught each month generally increasing throughout the year. I The pooled mean CPUE for this species (30.2) decreased from last year (Table 5) by 22% but, nevertheless, was substantially higher than the grand 8
Curnot Pt. NOTE: T 1 & T-4: Tr=wl stations 1 and 4 extend perpendicular , to the shore line appromimately 2 m2es NW of Pilgrim Station.
~~T-2 & T-3: TrawiStations 2 and 3 entend parallel to shors line along 30 and 40 foot contours (MLW). sespectively diemly seaward of station discharge.~~
T-55 Trawl Station 5 ertends paraitel1o shore off White Horse Be.ach. t 1 0 1/2 1 N W-.: - - SCALE IN MIL ES w, g,4 PLYMOUTHS 4Y 1 T-3 PL YMOS/TN MAABOR
~~. T-2 T.4 Rocky Pomt \ PILGRIM SIT E g~~
r.w.. c e Aen.;al.'s f aacA e m.,,, h0M bed T. Mom Power 5tg Ia.a e i r Tigure G. Otter trawl station locations in the vicinity of PNPS. l
Table 4. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Winter flounder (Pseudooleuronectes americanus) Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Aor. May June Station 1 No. of fish -- 0 0 50 42 93 Size range (mm) 5 - - 69-370 88-401 120-368 Mean size (mm) 8 - - 195.8 233.8 253.9 Y Station 2 Y 8 No. of fish 2 8 36 39 43 Size range (mm) 8 112-363 90-400 89-421 118-455 155-395 Mean size (mm) 227.5 252.6 243.1 299.0 292.9 I Station 3 g a No. of fish .- 8 3 15 25 17 37 Size range (mm) 3 368-370 148-375 101-360 110-371 132-371 Mean size (mm) a 369.0 298.3 227.5 227.1 265.8 E Station 4 8 m No. of fish 2* 4 7 52 50 56 Size range (mm) 111-328 312-485 88-375 78-376 146-373 Mean size (mm) $ 263.5 365.9 207.8 287.1 278.5 i Station 5 m I 8 No. of fish - - - - 23 Size range (mm) S 102-381 Mean size (mm) - - - - 281.8
.~
i l 1
Table 4. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December,1982 (continued). Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) Mean Total Month July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. No./ tow Catch Stttion 1 No. of fish 37 52 53 41 53 10 39.2 431 Size range (mm) 158-321 170-360 168-348 255-360 97-347 112-406 Mean size (mm) 265.1 287.2 291.0 302.2 280.0 265.0 Stttion 2 No. of fish
~~* *~~
~~31 50 10 27.4 219 Size range (mm) - - -~~
225-385 93-398 188-413 Mean size (mm) __ __ __ 317.2 311.0 299.4 Stttion 3 No. of fish 24 * *
~~34 22 22.1 177 Size range (mm) 146-340 - - -~~
222-348 212-505 Hean size (mm) 286.5 - - - 331.0 321.0 Station 4 No. of fish 8 39 75 54 59 5 37.2 409 Size range (mm) 250-350 165-366 168-388 262-370 222-382 178-352 Mean size (mm) 316.0 295.0 294.0 310.4 297.0 295.4 Station 5 14 15 24 8 12
~~16.0 96 No. of fish Size range (mm) 127-340 145-420 ,181-451 285-370 300-440 -~~
~~Mran size (mm) 289.0 254.0 282.3 325.1 345.0 -~~
~~No tows because of interference by commercial lobster gear. 30.2 1,332~~
Table 5 . Otter trawl catch per unit effort for dominant conununity species (pooled stations' data) from January-December, 1970-1982. winter skate longhorn ocean yellowtail Year flounder spp. sculpin windowpane pout flounder 1970 48.7 3.7 10.2 3.3 16.0 7.5 1971 41.6 3.7 6.1 3.2 11.1 12.0 1972 29.0 3.1 7.0 3.1 6.2 5.3 1973 23.8 2.0 5.3 2.7 5.6 5.3 1974 9.8 2.7 2.b 2.0 2.9 3.1
~ 1 . . 1975 9.3 2.4 1.1 3.5 2.6 4.8 1976 13.8 3.6 0.8 4.3 1.6 8.3
~ 1977 16.0 7.9 0.6 3.7 0.5 5.3 1978 10.6 5.4 1.1 2.5 0.9 4.1 1979 32.0 14.4 3.2 7.7 2.2 11.5 1980 32.9 11.1 1.9 4.1 0.3 11.2 1981 38.5 8.6 2.2 4.4 0.6 10.0 1982 30.2 7.8 3.2 3.4 0.7 3.5 i I 1 1 s -
~~. _ . __ . _ _ _ -1~~
m;an catch estimate (20.7) for all other operational years (1973-1981) combined. Catch estimates declined at all stations from last year. Winter flounder has b2xn subject to long-term fluctuations in abundance that have been region-wide (Lawton et al. 1981). A downward trend, noted in the Plymouth area from 1970-1975, was subsequently followed by a resurgence in relative abundance (Table 5). For the second consecutive year, skate spp. (primarily little skate, Raja erinacea) ranked second in total catch (12.2%). Catches were highest during warmer months and at Station 1 in Warren Cove (Table 6). The pooled mean CPUE for this species decreased slightly from the 1981 index (Table 5) but was greater than the preoperational and operational averages. CPUE declined at Stations 1-3 but increased slightly at Stations 4 and 5; this is just the opposite of what happened in 1981. Catches of yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) were highest in August and November (Table 7); none were caught in February when water temperatures have been traditionally lowest in the study area. Mean annual catch per tow wIs highest at Station 2 (surveillance site). Pelative abundance markedly dtclined, by 65.0%,overall from last year's index level. Pooled CPUE for this species was tt; second lowest value obtained for the entire groundfish study (Table 5). Over the years, catch data have fluctuated with highs occurring in 1971 (preoperayional) and 1979-1980 (operational). Clark et al. (1981) reported that bottom traul index values for 1980 were among the highest observed for Cape Cod yellovcall flounder in a survey conducted since the early 1960's. Windowpana (Scopthalmus aquosus) were rarely taken in the study area ) in winter; their abundance increased in summer and into the fall (Table 8). Catches of this flatfish, commonly called sand flounder, were highest on sand substrate which prevails off White Horse Beach (Station 5) and in Warren Cove 9
(Station 1). The annual pooled abundance estimate declined by 1.0 fish per tow from 1981 to 1982, but nevertheless, the 1982 index value was slightly greater than the preoperational (1970-1972) mean (Table 5). Longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) occurred in the study area primarily in spring and fall, with highest catches obtained in November (Table 9). Spatially, sculpin were most abundant at the deeper depth strata found at Stations 2 and 3. Catch-per-tow indicate a trend of declining abundance, nore or less continual from a high of 10.2 in 1970 to a' low of 0.6 in 1977; subsequent index values have fluctuated semewhat but at a slightly increased level from the nadir (Table 5). Mean annual CPUE (pooled station data) increased from 1981 by 1.0 fish per standard tow. Small numbers of ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus) were captured primarily in April and May. Catches were highest at Stations 2 and 3 ('Jable 10). Ocean peut like longhorn sculpin reflect an identical trend of declining relative abundance through the preoperational years and half-way into the operational period; this was followed by a slight upswing in 1979 (Table 5). American lobsters (Homarus americanus) were not captured in number until May, when bottom temperatures wanned to 8 C and above. Overall, catches peaked in June and remained relatively high until November (Table 11). A total of 1,145 lobsters was trawled; 93.6% were sublegal ( < 81 mm CL). Our lobster pot catch study revealed that 70% of the lobsters captured by traps in 1982 were sublegal. Throughout the study area, catch rates (catch / tow) in 1982 ranged from 4.0-45.4 (legals & sublegals), with a mean of 26.0. By way of comparison, l [ from 1970-1978, we trawled from 0.5-3.5 lobsters per tow in the Plymouth area. Lobsters catches greatly increased in 1979; annual CPUE for 1979-1980 averaged 16.4 and increased further in 1981 to 27.0. 10 l l l
Table 6 . Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Skates (Raja spp.) Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Anr. May June l Station 1 No. of fish n 0 0 1 9 49 I Size range (mm) - - 300 350-482 145-535 Mean size (mm) @ - - 300.0 424.7 363.0 I Station 2 % 8 0 0 2 1 2 26 No. of fish Size range (mm) 8 - - 313 311-500 213-505 Mean size (m) - - 313.0 429.8 347.2 (
~~]o Stntion 3 e E~~
No. of fish 8 G 1 0 1 12 Size range (mm) .8 328 171-490 Mean size (mm) .c 328.0 343.8 E Station 4 8 m No. of fish j 0 5 0 5 21 Size range (mm) * - - - 407-495 108-505 Mean size (mm) 8 436.4 320.7 E Station 5 m o 3 No. of fish - - - Size range (mm) :E 285-485 Mean size (;m) - - - - 385.0
Table 6. Otter ty ;wl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982 (continued). Skates (Raja spp.) _ Hean Total Month July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. No./ tow Catch Station 1 No. of fish 9 17 19 24 6 0 12.2 134 Size range imm) 230-460 285-520 292-532 201-510 302-425 - Mean size (mm) 328.0 387.0 349.0 380.4 364.0 - Station 2 No. of fish * *
~~4 11 0 5.8 46 Size range (=m) - - -~~
282-362 320-530 - Mean size (mm) - - - 314.C 45h.0 - Station 3 No. of f*sh 2 * *
~~21 0 4.6 37 Size range (mm) 128-140 - - - 210-462 -~~
Mean size (mm) 234.0 - - - 341.0 - Station 4 No. of fish 2 9 18 8 9 1 7.1 78 Size range (mm) 308-341 300-510 256-511 305-460 319-520 558 Mean size (mm) 324.5 391.0 344.4 384.0 412.4 558.0 Station 5 No. of fish 0 32 2 6 3
~~7.7 46 Size range (mm) -~~
~~260-540 476-503 110-480 153-393 - Mean size (mm) - 359.4 490.0 325.0 277.0 -~~
~~No tows because of interference by commercial lebster gear. 7.8 341~~
Table 7. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982. Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Aor. May June Station 1 No. of fish -- 0 0 0 4 1 Size range (mm) - - - 92-338 265 Mean size (mm) 5 - - - 220.8 265.0 Y Station 2 'l 8 U No. of fish 0 0 2 0 2 Size range (mm) $ - - 205-377 190-371 225-250 Mean size (mm) - - 291.0 257.8 237.5 o Station 3 e No. of fish 8 0 2 0 1 3 Size range (mm) j - 171-246 - 347 227-282 Mean size (mm) e - 208.5 - 347.0 245.8 U Station 4 8 m No. of fish ))# O O O O O Size range (mm) - - - - - Mean size (mm) $ - - - - - 2 Station 5 m E
* - - - - 0 No. of fish Size range (=m) S Mean size (mm) - - - - -
Table 7 Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982 (continued). Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) Mean Total Month July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. No./ tow Catch Str. tion 1 No. of fish 2 22 2 1 5 0 3.5 38 Size range (mm) 255-280 185-400 305-318 310 310-348 - M;an size (mm) 268.0 304.0 313.3 310.0 330.0 - 1 Station 2 No. of fish
~~* *~~
~~2 24 2 4.8 38 Size range (cm) - - -~~
295-355 216-360 318-341 Mran size (mm) - - - 317.3 305.0 330.0 . Station 3 No. of fish 7 * *
~~10 5 3.5 28 Size range (mm) 123-305 - - -~~
188-328 211-366 M;an size (mm) 214.0 - - - 238.0 312.0 Station 4 No. of fish 2 6 8 1 12 0 2.6 29 Size range (mm) 288-298 285-400 275-335 305-340 305-344 - Mran size (mm) 293.0 318.0 311.0 323.0 325.0 - Station 5 No. of fish 0 1 1 1 17
~~3.3 20 Size range (mm) - 285 250 305 266-364 -~~
~~Mran size (mm) - 285.0 250.0 305.0 309.1 -~~
~~No tows because of interference by commercial lobster traps. 3.5 153 ,~~
]
J
Table 8. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power
~~, Station from January-December, 1982.~~
Windowpane (Scophthalmus aquesus) Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June Station 1 No. of fish rs 0 0 0 2 2 Size range (mm) J - - - 270-271 164-172 Mean size (mm) E - - - 270.5 168.0 Station 2 5 8 No. of fish 0 1 0 1 7 Size range (mm) 8 - - - 220 172-275 Mean size (mm) - - - 220.0 227.4 o Staticn 3 e No. of fish $ 0 0 3 1 5 Size range (mm) .8 - - 186-337 315 150-305 Mean size (ma) .c - - 275.7 315.0 230.7 c Station 4 0 m No. of fish 2* 0 0 0 1 7 Size range (mm) - - - 290 160-357 Mean size (mm) 8 - - - 290.0 238.0 l E Station 5 m 2 No. of fish - - - Size range (mm) :O - - - - 285-485 l Mean size (mm) - - - - 385.0 2 1
~~' " - - - ' ~ - - -~~
Table 8. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982 (continued). Windowpane (Scophthalmus ajuosus) Mean Total M_onth July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. No./ tow Catch Stttion 1 3 6 10 10 8 0 3.7 41 No. of fish Size range- (m) 251-280 195-360 228-312 100-362 248-301 - Mean size (mm) 266.0 272.G 247.0 265.2 273.3 - j I Station 2 No. of fish
~~* *~~
~~3 14 0 3.3 26 Size range (mn) - - -~~
165-331 216-295 - Mean size (mm) - - - 292.3 267.3 - Station 3 No. of fish 1 * *
~~7 0 2.1 17 Size range (m) 175 - - -~~
111-327 - Mean size (m ) 176.0 - - - 241. 0 - Station 4 No. of fish 0 2 1 1 6 0 2.2 25 Size range (m) - 245-335 257-305 86 ,95-300 - l Mean size (m) - 289.0 282.3 86.0 223.0 - l Station 5 No. of fish 1 19.5 2 1 15.
~~6.8 41 Size range (m) 331 160-340 265-280 275 249-316 -~~
~~Mean size (m) 331.0 249.0 273.0 275.0 284.1 -~~
~~No tows because of interference by commercial lobster gear. 3.4 150 T -~~
r - . . - , .n .
l i l l Table 9. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power
~~. Station from January-December, 1982.~~
Longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus_) Month Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. Mav June Srstion 1 No. of fish -- 0 0 0 1 0 Size range (mm) - - - 275 - Mean size (mm) 5 - - - 275.0 - 5 Station 2 y 5 No. of fish 0 0 20 3 0 Size range (m) 8 - - 228-325 268-320 <- Mean size (mm) - - 290.7 284.7 - o Station 3 o E No. of fir.,h 8 0 4 6 4 0 Size range (mm) .8 258-310 287-402 - Mean size (m) .c - - 284.8 320.5 c Station 4 8 m No. of fish y 0 0 4 8 0
~~268-300 275-330 Size range (mm) - - -~~
~~Mean size (mm) .g - - 288.2 294.5 - 2 Stttion 5 m 8~~
~~0 No. of fish - - - -~~
Size range (mm) S - - - - - Mean size (mm) - - - - - I
Table 9. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982 (continued). Longhorn sculpin (Myoxocephalus octodecemspinosus) Mean Total Month July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. No./ tow Catch Station 1 No. of fish 0 0 0 0 6 0 0.6 7 Size range (mm) - - - - 271-300 - Mean size (mm) - - - - 290.0- - I Strtion 2 No. of fish * *
~~O 23 3 6.1 49 Size range (a:m) - - - -~~
244-325 271-319 Hean size (mm) - - - - 282.0 294.0 Station 3 No. of fish 0 * *
~~22 8 5.5 44 Size range (mm) - - - -~~
208-335 253-322 Mean size (mm) - - - - 266.3 283.3 Station 4 0 2 0 0 12 2 2.6 . 28 No. of fish Size range (mm) - 245-267 - - 243-315 242-288 Mean size (mm) 256.0 - - 286.2 265.0 Station 5 No of fish 0 0 0 0 11
~~1.8 11 Size range (mm) - - - -~~
~~266-338 - Mean size (mm) - - - - 305.1 - i~~
~~No tows because of interference by lobster gear. 3.2 139 ,~~
l
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Table 10. Otter trawl catch data at stEtions 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982 (continued). Ocean peut (Macrozoarces americanus) Mean Total Month July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. No./ tow Catch l Station 1 No. of fish 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5 5 Size range (mm) - - - - - - Mzen size (mm) - - - - - Station 2 No. of fish - - - 0 0 0 1.8 14 Size range (mm) - - - - - - Msan size (mm) Station 3 0 - - - o g 1,g g No. of fish Size range (mm) - - - - - 540-612 Mzan size (mm) - - - - - 581.0 Station 4 No. of fish 0 - 0 0 0 0 0.2 2 Size range (mm) - - - - - Mran size (mm) Station 5 - No. of fish 0 0 0 0 0 - 0.0 0 Size range (mm) - - - - - - Mran size (mm) i, No tows because of interference by lobster gear. 0.7 30 ; Y 1 I J i I ! I
Table .11. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Filgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December,1982. American lobster (Homarus americanus) Month Jan. Feb. Mar. 'Apr. May June ! Stttien 1 No. of legals 7 0 0 0 1 1 N2. of sublegals E O O O 33 79 Tot:1 No. d 0 0 0 34 80 i N Station 2 I
.E No. of legals e 0 0 0 1 8 No. of sublegals 0 0 0 2 97 107 . Total No. % 0 0 2 98 115 o
~~Ststinn 3 E 5 Na. of legals e 0 0 0 0 4~~
# 331 No. of sublegals 0 0 0 18 Total No. f 0 0 0 18 335 Ststion 4 O '
No. of legals f 0 0 0 2 O No. of sublegals e 0 0 0 43 84 Total No. } O O O 45 84 Station 5 E
~~? ,~~
~~No. of legals o - _ _ _ o~~
~~18 No. of subleFals - - -~~
~~Total No. - - - - 18 l. l e e~~
~~- . - . . , _ . _m_ _ . - - . - . _ , . _ _ ..w __-# - _ _ _ , - _ _ _ . - , . - . _ - - - - _ _ . - - _ ,,. . - - - - _ - - , .~~
l 1 Table 11. Otter trawl catch data at stations 1-5 in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station from January-December, 1982 (continued). I American lobster (Homarus americanus) Mean Total Month July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. No./ tow Catch Stxtirn 1 Ns. of legals 9 1 12 0 0 -9 2.2 24 No. of sublegals 45 20 75 1 1 0 23.1 254 21 87 1 1 0 25.3 278 Total No. 54 Stttion 2 No. of legals * *
~~4 7 0 2.5 20 No. of sublegals - - - 33 0 0 29.9 239 Tctn1 No. - - -~~
37 7 0 32.4 259 St tion 3 No. of 1cgals 0 * *
~~2 0 0.8- 6 No. of sublegals 5 - - -~~
3 0 44.6 357 Totc1 No. 5 - - - 5 0 45.4 363 Str. tion 4 Ns. of legals 3 6 6 3 2 0 22 0 22 N2. of sublegals 0 7- 47 15 3 0 18.1 199 Total No. 3 13 53 18 5 0 20.1 221 Station 5 No. of legals 0 0 0 1 0
0.2 1 No. of sublegals 0 4 1 0 0 - 3.8 23 Total No. 0 4 1 1 0 - 4.0 24 l
~~6 No tows because of interference by lobster gear. 26.0 legals 73 sub- 1,072 , legals 1,145~~
~~. total k_~~
In summary, abundance estimates for skates, longhorn sculpin, windowpane, and ocean pout changed very little from 1981-1982. However, stock sotimates for winter flounder and yellowtail flounder showed pronounced declines, which were evident at all stations sampled. The relative abundance of lobsters dtclined from the high of last year but was still at a level that greatly exceeded tha first nine years of studies. 9 l 11
i i l l NEARSHORE BENTHIC FINFISH COLLECTIONS In our long-term endeavor to gauge power plant impact on the nearshore benthic finfish community,' we continued small vessel trawling to effectively sample coastal areas 3-10 m in depth (Lawton et al. 1931). Tows l'n the impact area were made approximately 30-200 m seaward of the intake breakwaters and discharge outlet, respectively (Fig. 4). Sampling, which was increased in frequency from last year (monthly to biweekly), began 10 March and concluded 30 December. Towing time was also increased from 10 to 15 minutes to more representative 1y sample community structure (Pennington and Grosslein 1978). No hauls were executed in January, February, or September due to inclement weather. Catch per 15 minute tow (CPUE) was empfoyed as a measure of relative abundance. Data for replicate tows were averaged for each station (by species) to generate mean catch estimates. When uncontrollable factors prevented the l completion of a 15 minute haul, catch rates were adjusted accordingly. The expanded catch for fish taken in 79 hauls at all stations, all dates, was 2,421.1 (Table 12). Nine additional speciec - Atlantic cod, lump-fish, northern puffer, Atlantic tomcod, northern kingfish, northern pipefish, Atlantic seasnail, summer flounder, and grubby - were acquired this year. No more than five individuals of any of these species were captured on any one occasion. Winter skate (Raja ocellata) were identified to species level for the first time this year, but comprised a very small percentage of the total catch (Table 12), s Winter flounder ranked first in numerical abundance, comprising 34.9% of the total catch. Little skate ranked second at 21.0%, while windowpane (20.4%) was third. Yellowtail flounder was also abundant, totaling 12.3% 12 l l l l 1
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Figure 4. Location of Shrimp Trawl, Beach Seine and Dive Sampling Stations for Marine Fisheries Studies.
Table 12. Total numbers and percent composition of each finfish species captured by near-shore trawl-ing at Stations 1-4, January-December,1982 Percent of Sta. 1 Sta. 2 Sta. 3 Sta. 4 Total total catch Number of tows 19 17 25 18 79 winter flounder 296.6* 160.0* 210.4* 177.5* 844.5* 34.9 little skate 82.8* 108.0* 196.3* 122.3* 509.4* 21.0 windowpane 82.3* 113.5* 166.2* 133.0* 495.0* 20.4 yellowtail 27.0* 66.5* 105.0* 100.3* 298.8* 12.3 longhorn sculpin 4 124.0* 15.4* 13.5* 156.9* 6.5 fourspot flounder 2 8.5* 8.3* 6.2* 25.0* 1.0 ocean pout 3 3.5* 3.2* 3 !.12 . 7
0.5 Atlantic silverside 1 1 2 7 11.0 0.5 rock gunnel 9 9.0 0.4 hake spp. 1 4 3.0* 8.0* 0.3 l
- winter skate 3 3.1* 6.1* 0.3 rainbow smelt 1 3 1 1 6.0 0.2 cunner 3 1.5* 1 5.5* 0.2 northern searobin 2 3.2* 5.2* 0.2 Atlantic cod 2 2 1 5.0 0.2 lumpfish 1 3 1 5.0 0.2 northern pipefish 1 2 3.0 0.1 sea raven 3 3.0 0.1 silver hake 1 1 2.0 < 0.1 Atlantic seasnail 1 1 2.0 < 0.1 northern puffer 1 1.0 < 0.1 Atlantic tomcod 1 1.0 < 0.1 northern kingfish 1 1.0 < 0.1 butterfish 1 1.0 < 0.1 !
summer flounder 1 1.0 < 0.1 j grubby 1 1.0 < 0.1 Total species 18 14 17 17 26
~~-Total numbers of fish 521.7 598.0 726.5 574.9 2421.1 Pooled catch / tow 29.0 35.2 29.1 31.9 30.7~~
~~Represents expanded value based on 15 minute tows.~~
1 1 I
cf the catch (Table 12). This year's winter flounder and yellowtail flounder catch data (Tables 13 & 14) raflected overall declines in relative abundance from last year. Even though towing times were longer this year, CPUE (pooled stations) declined for winter flounder from 13.6 in 1981 to 11.4 (1982) and for yellowtail flounder from 5.2 (1981) to 3.8 (1982). The opposite was true for the other three dominant genera - skate spp., windowpane, and longhorn sculpin (Table 15). An increase in relative abundance ovsr last year was noted, even allcwing for the expanded towing time. For the i rrmaining species, occurrence was incidental, with each comprising 1% or less of the catch. Total catch and CPUE of winter flounder were highest at Station 1 l (Wnrren Cove) in both 1981 and 1982. This result corresponds with data collected over 12 years of otter trawling; winter flounder abundance indices wrra always greatest in Warren Cove. Yellowtail flounder were captured in gractest numbers at Station 3 (discharge area) both years, while CPUE was highest at this site in 1982 but at Station 4 (White Horse Beach) in 1981. Catch and relative abundance for skate spp. (primarily little skate) were highest in the discharge area in both 1981 and 1982. Catch per unit effort for windowpane was highest in the discharge area last year as opposed to White
Horse Beach this year. The absolute abundance of longhorn sculpin in the study arra apparently increased in 1982, in that total catch and CPUE rose from 24.5*
~~i and 0.3 in 1981 to 156.9* and 7.3 in 1982, respectively. The greatest numbers of sculpin were taken both years at Station 2.~~
~~represents expanded value.~~
13
takia 13. Mene-sham, ta==1 met:h dass for vinter flander (PoenadspL_.- _- _". : . -
~~'- -> at Statiema 1-e.1982.~~
Datee 1/10 3/2m 4/20 5/3 Tow 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Station 1 f fish 1 8 28 26
~~-Sise range (mm) 339 95-390 88-387 102-320 Maan size (mm) -~~
304 218 279 Station 2 f Tiah 0 3 0 12 21.08 Size range (un) - 245-320 - 78-364 12ch.311 Maan size (am) .- 281 - 229 255 Station 3 i Flah 0 6.48 6.0* 18 le 15 Size range (mm) - 110-328 88-311 93-387 130-355 110-320 Maan size (mm) -- 199 230 260 292 206 Station 4 i Tiah 1 6.98 15 17 Siae range (mm) 350 302-352 10m-382 105-356 Moen eine (un) - 323 279 253 Dates 5/27 8/3 6/22 7/12 i Tov 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 7tw 1 Tow 2 Station 1 f riah - 22 21 19 0 Size range (um) - 198-362 245-398 251 330 - Mean size (mm) - 282 295 289 - Station 2 f riah 10 7 19 6 Sise range (mm) 270-350 151-342 133-362 262-360 Mesa size (mm) 312 281 293 306 Station 3 f Fish 19 4.68 19.58 12 8.88 Size range (mm) 95-365 322-338 98-321 170-396 262-340 Maan Size (mm) 276 328 267- 313 309 l Station e l f fish 5 8 3.5* 10.0* 10 5 Size range (mm) 279-331 145-375 281-358 265-351 152-350 130-328 I Mean size (m ) 306 280 327 313 307 27m i 7/26 8/10 8/26 10/6 Detes l Tow 1 Taw 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Station 1 9.6* 9 33 f Fish 36 4 18 Size range (mm) 170-374 265-300 105-390 261-321 275-335 176-376 292 282 302 292 300 300 Mean size (as) - Station 2 18 4.58 - 13 ' # Tish 9 301-381 268-350 Size range (mm) 233-354 260-330 - 293 289 - 325 303 Mean size (mm) 4
. Station 3 4 17 f Tish 6 5.8* 22.8* 7 Size range (mm) 181-337 277-381 223-355 272-317 275-305 176-348 272 306 292 294 293 287 Mean size (mm)
Station a f rish 18 24 0 17.1 275-372 156-350 - 225-345 Size ranse (mm) 298 Maan size (mm) 319 287 -
1 Table 13. (soutinued) l Dates 10/10 11/2 11/17 12/1 Taw 1 Tow 2 Tau 1 Tau 2 Tow 1 Taw 2 Tow 1 Tow 2 Station 1 f Fish 39 1 13 6 3 Size range (um) 198-372 312 303-398 300-387 177-334 ' Mean size (mm) 3lt - 336 328 271 ) i 1 Station 2 f Fish 12 14 4 7.5* Sise range (m ) 291-350 206-515 295-375 284-375 Mean size (mm) 315 322 327 335 l 5tation 3 f Fish 0 4 0 1.5e a gg . Size range (mm) - 200-345 - 365 268-354 290-342 - ' l Mean size (mm) - 306 - 324 338 - j l Station # J f Fish 17 9 6 5
)
Sise range (ass) 118-410 255-365 294-3=8 127-341 l Mean size (mm) 305 329 27# 2813 1 1 1 1 Total f Total f Mean Dates 12/30 of tous of fish catch /tou Tov 1 Tow 2 l Station 1 f Tish - 19 296.6 16.7 i Size range (mm) - l mean size (m ) - l Station 2 f Tish - 17 160.0 9.2 Size range (m) - Mean size ( m ) - Statica 3 l f Tish 0 1 25 210.4 9.6 Size range (mm) - 356 Mean size (mm) - - Statica
f Fish - 18 177.5 10.2 Sise range (m ) -
Mean size (m) - e - s == rand =d ulues. Total catch 8=4.5 Pooled stations 11.4 l l l f 1 l l
Tabla 14. Trew1 catch data fe yellowtail flounder (&iammeds f_--- .,-?-J (t Statisme 1-4, 1942. Deere 3/10 3/24 #/20 5/3 Tow 1 Tow 2 Taw 1 Tov 2 Taw 1 Taw 2 Tow 1 Tau 2 Statias 1 f Tish 0 0 1 2 Size mage (mm) - - 352 252-370 Mean size ( m ) - - 311 Station 2 9 Tish 0 0 0 1 6.0* Sise range (um) - - - 357 230-330 Mesa size (mm) - - - - 265 Station 3 f fish 1.1* 1.1* O 5 10 5 Size range (mm) 215 175 - 155-326 130-355 237-251 Mesa size (mm) - -- - 281 292 245 Station a f Tish 0 1.28 1 17 Size range (mm) - 125 177 105-356 Mean size (mm) - - - 253 I Dat ee 5/27 6/3 6/22 7/12 Taw 1 Taw 2 Taw 1 Tow 2 Tau 1 Taw 2 Tau 1 Tau 2 Station 1 f Fish - 2
~~0 0 Size range (am) - 254-268 245-303 - -~~
Mean size uni) - 263 268 - - 1 Station 2 f Fish 23 5 5 0 Size range (mm) 99-330 101-335 233-320 - Mean size (sm) 259 217 276 - Station 3 f Fish 25 18.58 3.08 0 6.2* Size range (mm) 118-362 150-342 111-290 - 255-303 Mean size (un) 263 269 201 - 274 Station 4 f Tiah . 12 10 2.38 10.0* 13.8* O Size snage (mm) 222-312 131-300 141-275 265-351 242-331 - Mean size (um) 269 240 200 313 293 - i l Detoe 7/26 8/10 8/26 10/6 Tow 1 Taw 2 Taw 1 Tow 2 Taw 1 Taw 2 Taw 1 Taw 2 Station 1 f fish 3 0 1 0 0 0 Size range (mm) 275-284 - 310 - - - Mean size (un) 279 - - - - - Station 2 f Fish 3 1.5* - 2 1 Size runge (mm) 180-330 295 - 265-312 225 Mean size (mm) 276 - - 288 - i Statlan 3 f Tish 16 0 2.1* O 3 0 Size range (mm) 246-315 - 285-295 - 276-285 - Mean size (mm) 276 - 290 - 281 - Station a f Fish 10 8 0 1 Size range (um) 245-329 263-321 . - 300 Mean size (mm) 296 294 - -
Tabla 14. (oostinued) Datee 10/10 11/2 11/17 12/1
* Tov 1 Tow 2 Tow 1 Tau 2 Tau 1 Taw 2 Tow 1 Tau 2 Station 1 f fish 0 0 10 2 2 Sise range (um) - - 300-368 320-390 34S.354 Nana aise (mm) - - 342 359 352 Station 2 f Fish 2 12 0 5 Size range (mm) 265-320 240-345 -
285-342 unas size (um) 292 517 - 323 ! Station 3 f Fish 4 0 0 0 2 3 - Sise range (m ) 312 335 - - - 328-a64 200-360 - Mesa size (mm) 328 - - - 395 320 - Station a f The 2 3 3 5 , Size range (mm) 295 350 295-351 315-360 124-355 mean size (mm) - 322 322 339 306 I Total f Total f Mean pares 12/30 of tow of fish catch / tow Tow 1 Tow 2 Station 1
~~# Tish - 19 27.0 1. 4 Size rarse (um) -~~
Mean size (mm) - station 2 f Fish - 17 66.5 4.3 Size range (mm) - Mean size (mm) . Station 3
~~# Tiah 0 0 25 105.0 3.4 Size range (mm) - -~~
~~Mean size (mm) - - Station 4~~
~~# Tish - 18 100.3 5.9 Size range (en) -~~
~~Meso size (mm) -~~
~~Represents ==pandad values. Total catch 294.3 Fooled stations 3.8 I~~
~~l l~~
~~) \~~
~~Ttble 15. Mean catch per unit effort data for selected c M ty species, January-December, 1982.' Station ' Skate spp. Windowpane Longhorn sculpin~~
(Raja spp.) (Scopthalmus (Myoxocephalus aquosus) octodeceaspinosus) 1 4.4 4.3 0.2 l 2 6.4 6.8 7.3 3 8.0 6.4 0.6 4 7.0 7.4 0.8 Pooled stations 6.5 G.3 2.0
~~Represents expanded values.~~
~~I t I~~
~~, , - - - , ,---,n-- ., ,. - , . . - . , .--, - , .--r.- --.---------e~~
~~After comparison of otter and near-shore trawl catch data, differences and sbnilarities were noted. Generally, the smaller trawl captured fewer~~
)
species per tow; although in 1982, 26 taxa were obtained in each trawl survey. However, there were twice as many near-shore trawl tows made, thereby increas-ing opportunity for sampling a greater diversity. Greater numbers of individuals were taken by the larger half-Yankee trawl than by the half-Wilcox (near-shore trawl). This was expected because of the former's larger net mouth opening and 1 greater towing speed at which this net was fished from the R/V F.C. WILBCUR. l Despite the aforementioned differences, catch-per-tow data reflected l l similar trends. For example, winter flounder and yellowtail flounder catch l l
~~. indices from both surveys evidenced declines of relative abundance frem 1981 to i~~
1982. In addition, although the overall mean sizes for fish captured in the i e i near-shore trawl were smaller (see FISHING POWER TRIALS, this report), because of the small cod-end liner, ranges and relative size frequencies appeared similar. , I The minor exception was that higher frequencies of smaller fish were caught in the half-Wilcox. This indicates that both gear types sampled comparable cross-sections of the populations. l l 1 i l 14 l . - - - - - _ - _ __ -- - - - - . - - -
FISHING POWER TRIALS Following recommendations of the Administrative-Technical Com-mittee, fishing power trials were performed this year prior to discontinuing long-term otter trawl sampling in 1983. This evaluation was undertaken to provide insight into comparative gear efficiency of the half-Yankee (otter) and half-Wilcox (near-shore) bottom trawls. September and October were selected for the test trials because histori-celly at that time of year, the amount of lobster gear inshore is reduced,and groundfish concentrate in the near-shore area. Tows on the first two trial dates (9 and 23 September) were conducted parallel to the coastline off l Barnstable's Sandy Neck Beach - northerly from the Barnstable Harbor channel, to Scorton Creek, Sandwich. This area was chosen because trawlable bottom stretching for several miles abounded, enabling us to conduct several sets of
~~straight, parallel tows. In October, when the majority of lobster gear in Wcrren Cove, Plymouth, had been moved further offshore, we executed comparative tows there.~~
Towing time was 20 and 15 minutes for otter trawling and near-shore trawling, respectively. As time can effect gear efficiency (Pennington and Grosslein 1978), and since the data were to be used for comparative purposes, I wa kept this variable consistent with past samplings. Vessel and gear speci-fications are listed in Table 16. Both nets were set simultaneously at the same depth (9 m). Tows were generally made within 0.4 km of each other. Thirty-seven daytime paired tows were attempted during the trials; 11 indi-vidual tows were aborted because of hangups, twisted doors or twisted net, leaving 26 suitable for comparison. Trawl catches were sorted and fish of all species were measured and enumerated. Occasionally, large catches were 15
l I l l Table 16. Vessel / Gear specifications for fishing power trials in September and October, 1982. Gear Otter trawl Near-shore trawl nst half (#35) Yankee half-Wilcox doors 0.8 x 1.5 m, 68 kg 0.5 x 0.9 m, 22 kg legs 0.9 m 5.5 m htadrope 7.6 m 7.0 m footrope 10.7 m 9.8 m wing mesh 11.4 cm 10.2 cm cod end mesh 3.8 cm 1.3 cm tow speed 1.9 - 2.8 km/hr 1.4 - 1.9 km/hr (1.0 - 1.5 kts) (0.75 - 1.0 kts) Vessel vessel type side trawler not applicable 1cagth 15.2 m (50') 4.9 m (16') gross tonnage 20 % 1/2 draft 1.7 m (5.5') 0.3 m (l') spzed 18.5 km/hr 37.0 km/hr (10 kts) (20 kts) engine GMV 671 Diesel inboard Mercury outboard drive 2.5:1 reduction not applicable horsepower 160 SHP 75 l (
sub-sampled according to standard procedures. Fishing trial station data are found in Table 17. With the half-Yankee trawl, we captured a total of 27 species, whereas ] with the smaller trawl we took only 20 Catch / tow for each species is listed in Table 18. Smooth dogfish and seasnail were taken only by the half-Wilcox (near-shore) trawl. Seven species (longhorn sculpin, pollock, sea raven, northern kingfish, Atlantic tomcod, lumpfish and northern searobin) were captured ex-4 clusively in the half-Yankee otter trawl tows. Overall, the number of fish taken in the larger trawl (1,199) was nearly thiee times greater than that obtained in the Wilcox trawl (430). In addition, mean lengths of all species (except scup) were smaller in the latter catches (Table 19). Mean lengths of four species - winter flounder, windowpane, rain-bow smelt and white hake - were significantly (P 6 05) sneller (student's t-test). ranges for most taxa were similar, with size frequencies exhibiting similar trends, with one exception. Fewer fish of all lengths were captured in the half-Wilcox (Figs. 5-8). Inter-vessel / gear factors (the ratio of the otter trawl catch divided l l by the near-shore trawl catch) were calculated for selected species per trial l and for pooled trials (Tables 18 and 20). All factors were greater than 1.0 except for rainbow smelt (0.5). Larger catches of smelt in the near-shore trawl were probably due to additional retention of smaller individuals in that net's cod-end liner (Table 19). Of note, far more butterfish and scup were captured in the larger net. These pelagic species were probably more suscep-l tible to capture because of the F. C. WILBOUR's greater towing speed combined with the larger and perhaps higher opening of the half-Yankee trawl net. 1' j Areal and seasonal fluctuations in abundance of most species complicate 16
Table 17. 1982 Fishing trial station information. Surface Bottom temp. temp. Salinity Stntion # Date Time Depth (C) (C) (9/mo ) 1 9/ 9/82 0958 30' 18.0 17.0 30 2 9/ 9/82 1048 30' 18.0 17.5 29 3 9/ 9/82 1125 30' 18.0 18.0 29 4 9/ 9/82 1225 30' 18.0 18.0 29 5 9/ 9/82 1333 30' 18.5 18.5 29 6 9/23/82 1030 30' 15.0 15.0 25 7 9/23/82 1105 30' 15.0 15.0 24 8 9/23/82 1140 30' 15.0 15.0 30 9 9/23/82 1345 30' 17.0 16.5 28 10 10/13/82 1006 30' 13.5 13.5 - 11 10/13/82 1053 30' 13.5 13.5 - 12 10/13/82 1142 30' 13.5 13.5 - 13 10/13/82 1258 30' 13.0 13.0 - l l h
Table 18. Inter-vessel comparison of catoh numbers for individual specise. September 9, 1982 September 23, 1982 Detober 13. 1942 Tow f Tow f Tow f Species 140 It" 2A 25 3A 3B 4A 48 5A 55 GA GB -7A TB SA 08 SA 98 lbk 108 11A 118 k24 12B" 134 114 2 2 1 2 2 1 5 2 7 5 8 3 1 60 27 57 39 56 le 44 14 winter flounder 13 4 2 1 1 2 7 8 8 2 27 9 windowpene 2 4 4 3 2 1 1 2 t 3 '1 3 11 2 4 12 yellowtail flounder '9 2 8 5 1 4 35 10 24 15 as 14 43 16 32 12 31 4 little skete 49 17 40 10 36 21 la 19 52 11 8 4 to 2*
. 1 1 1 3 8 winter skate 4 3 1 2 1 1 los q 4 1 1 1 butterfleh 12 4 3 2 4 2 Atlantic cod 1 'I elewife 2 2 3 2 1 3 4 3 14 m inbow emelt 1 *1 longhorn sculpin 1 8 1 15 pollock 1 1 1 5 rock gunnel 1 .
1
1 bay anchovy 19 7 12 8 8 2 3 1 white hake 1 1 1 Atlantio ellverside 1 2 1 spotted hake 1 1 emooth dogfish 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 northern puffer

1 2 7 2 northern pipefish 1 1 see raven 3 1 1 Atlar.tlo sea herring 1 northern kingflah ' 1 Atlantic toscod 1 lumpfieh 2 seesnail 38 7 to 9 2 29 1 1 ocup 1 4 1 1 four-opot flounder 1 1 2 2 4 11 4 1 3 1 5 2 10 summer flounder 1 northern searobin 156 59 14 9 78 127 61 143 58 Totals 80 26 50 25 55 24 2i 2r 57 13 62 to 72 0 55 18 170 19 A e ,ottee trawl B = near-shore treut
computation of reliable inter-vessel / gear factors. This is evident when viewing l data presented in Table 20. Inter-vessel /gcar factors ranged from 0.5 to 5.5 for windowpane and 5.1 - 29.0 for scup. These wide ranges indicate that these l fish were not uniformly distributed within and/or between the areas sampled secording to Howe at al. (1980) or insuff'cient numbers of tows were made for compariron purposes. Howe et al. ( L id) state that when the distribution of fish is contagious, with the variar.ce greater than the mean (s 2 > x'), a small number of tows is of limited value in deriving accurate and meaningful inter-vassel/goar con.parisons. They purport that in the order of 500 tows are needed for gear comparison. 4 17
Table 19. Mean lengths, total catch in numbers, and inter-vessel factors of selected species for fishing power trials, 1982. Mean lengths Total catch Inter-vessel Species A* B* A* B* factor *** winter flounder 296.! 276.5** 255 116 2.2 rainbow smelt 138.0 95.4** 10 22 0.5 Atlantic cod 299.8 245.0 13 4 3.2 white hake 192.8 139.6** 42 16 2.6 butterfish 69.4 61.7 131 2 65.5 winter skate 462.4 452.9 14 10 1.4 windowpane 242.2 195.2** 72 37 1.9 yellowtail 186.0 190.4 28 23 1.2 scup 58.2 60.7 86 10 8.6 summer flounder 430.0 413.5 43 2 21.5 little skate 392.3 377.0 449 153 2.9
~~A = otter trawl; B = near-shore trawl.~~
** Significantly different at P > .03. *** Number of fish captured / otter trawl tow.
Number of fish captured /near-shore trawl tow. l j l
i Figure 5. Si=e frequency distributions for little skate (Paia erinacea) in otter trawl (white) and near-shore (black) fishing power trials, 1982. 30-V e 20-t " l t 10 20 30 40 50 SIZE (CF0 Figure 6. Si=e frequency distributions for winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in otter trawl (white) and near-shore (blacO fishing power trials, 1982. 30- - m - d E
~~$ L 20- [ -'~~
~~l 8~~
~~!5 -~~
~~z _ 1 10-I b, e~~
~~-I i fl l 1 i 10 20 30 40 SIZE (CM) l l~~
~~3 Figure 7. Size frequency distributions for windowpane g (Scophthalmus aquesus) in otter trawl (white)~~
~~~ and near-shore (N sek) fishing power trials,198h e ~10-u.~~
lit I R . . - 10 20 30 l SIZE (CM) 1 l k Figure 8. Size frequency distributions for yellowtail fl ""d*" (""^"d^ f* "**) i" " *" t"*"1 l
~~@ 10- "28 i ~ (white) and near-shore (black) fishing power trials, 1982. ;~~
~~Le 5 E 0-~~
~~$ 1~~
_. s,n ,. 10 20 30 : SIZE (CM) (
Table 20. Inter-vessel factors
~~for predominant specios by comp;rstiva tow.~~
Tow # Species 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 l winter flounder 3.2 1.0 1.0 2.5 1.0 3.0 2.2 1.5 3.0 3.1 l windowpane 0.5 0.5 2.0 0.5 3.0 2.0 0.5 5.5 1.4 4.0 3.0 yellowtail flounder 4.5 1.6 1.8 0.3 , little skate 2.9 4.0 1.7 0.7 4.7 2.0 3.5 1.6 2.6 2.7 2.7 7.8 winter skate 1.0 4.0 butterfish 4.0 1.0 Atlantic cod 2.5 2.0 rainbow smelt 0.7 2.0 0.8 0.2 white hake 2.7 2.0 4.0 3.0 scup 5.1 4.5 29.0 summer flounder 4.0 3.0
~~Humber of fish captured / otter trawl tow.~~
Number of fish captured /near-shore trawl tow.
PELAGIC AND BENTHI-PELAGIC FISHES
,- Two gill net stations were again sampled (Fig. 9) in 1982, one set being made at each site on a monthly basis, weather permitting. Set duration was overnight, with the two staticas being sampled on consecutive nights whenever possible. The end of the net positioned closest to the power plant's thermal discharge was reversed on alternate sets to reduce sampling bias.
Data records this year included length measurements of skates, sculpins, searobins and others deemed as " trash fish" (those of little or no commercial or recreational valua). In addition, hakes (red and white) and skates were identified to species level rather than being grouped by genus as formerly done. Sampling was highlighted by the capture of two species new to project collections. In May, a 5.5 m (18 ft) male basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) was netted at Station 1. Approximately three years old (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953) and estimated at between 680-907 kg (1500-2000 lb), this shark caused the destruction of the entire 15.2 cm mesh panel and up to 50% of the adjoining panels. This necessitated replacement of the entire net (Lawton et al. 1981). In November at Station 2, a female Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrhynchus) was taken in the 15.2 cm mesh panel. This individual was 82.8 cm in length and weighed 2.6 kg. Comprising 29 species, 1,635 fish (from seven panels of 3.8-15.2 cm mesh) were caught at Station 1 during 10 sets (Tables 21 and 22). Eleven sets at Station 2 yielded 1,487 fish (seven panels), representing 31 species (Tables 21 and 22). Adverse wind conditions resulted in a two-day set at Station 2 in May; I respective data were excluded from totals or calculations of catch-per-unit- 4 l l l effort. As in 1981, a large by-catch of rock crabs (Cancer irroratus and C. , borealis) was noted at Station 2. Also at the latter location, relatively l l 18 l
yigin&L Site (1) Cape Cod B*Y
~~% S e(2)~~
~~N s' g% 's' s' ' utw h / /-~~
~~/ ,,, ,,,s' INT AKE 57gucTu E li a~~
~~4 L k'. i, I~~
~~, M C2 4 p \ TURBINE "~~
~~c ~ > BUILCING {} c~~
, %A-s uu i \ j. , - k Figure g, Gill net station locations in the vicinity of FNPS, 1962*
e
1rrge numbers of sub-legal lobsters wer e taken, particularly in June. Data from the five original (3.8-8.9 cm mesh) and two larger panels (11.4-15.2 cm mesh) were pooled separately, and mean catch per set, i.e., catch per unit effort (CPUE), computed for all species combined for each station. M:cn catch estimates were also calculated by species (Tables 21 and 22). For all species combined (five panels), mean CPUE was 150.5 at Station 1, which is tubstantially lower than the 1981 value of 224.7. This difference reflects the r:duced numbers of pollock (Pollachius virens) and Atlantic herring (Clupea har ngus harengus) captured this year at that site. Mean CPUE (five panels) at Station 2 was 127.5, a slight decrease from last year's estimate of 138.8. For tha two larger meshes, CPUE's (pooled species) of 13.0 and 7.7 were obtained at Stations 1 and 2, respectively. In 1981, mean CPUE was 11.3 at Station 1 and 22.1 at Station 2. The marked difference between years at Station 2 is due in part to the reduced catches of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) and northern snarobin (Prionotus evolans) in 1992. We observed in 1981 that data from Stations 1 and 2 were quite dissimilar in that there were marked differences in catch indices for most species. As a quantified means of comparing the two stations for all species captured, percent similarity (Whittaker and Fairbanks 1958) was calculated for 1981 and 1982 by mash cize groups (five mesh and two mesh). Percent similarity is an index com-bining ". . .information both on the species present and their relative abundances ~. It "... ranges from 0 when two samples contain no species in common, to 103, when ths two samples are identical in both species and individual abundances." (Haedrich 1975). Percent similarity is calculated: PS = 100 - 0.5 I l a-bl = E min (a, b); where "a and b are, for a given species, the percentages of samples A and B which that species represents" 19
(Whittaker and Fairbanks 1958). Between Stations 1 and 2 for the five-mesh panels, percent similarity was 68.8% in 1981 and 62.8% in 1982.. For the two larger panels, PS was 33.2% in 1981 and 25.2% in 1982. These values indicate considerable dissimilarity of catches between stations, especially in the larger panels. However, catch differences were fairly constant from one year to the next. The most abundant species captured at both Stations 1 and 2 was pollock. Catch was lower then in previous years, but nevertheless, pollock accounted for over one-third (36.4% at Station 1 and 37.6% at Station 2) of all the fish gill netted (pooled species) at both stations. Mean annual CPUE at Station 1 (54.8)
. was the lowest index value recorded the last six years (Table 23). However, based on long-term records, abundance fluctuations appear to result from natural variability. Mean CPUE at Station 2 was 47.9, a slight increase from last year's level (42.0).
Length-frequency data for pollock, from pooled seven-panel catches, were plotted by station for 1981 and 1982 (Figs.10 and 11). There was good agreement i l in the 1981 data between stations, with peak numbers of pollock caught in the 230-250 mm length increment. Catch data for 1982 were more evenly distributed over the entire size range, although data at both stations show a small mode at the 170-190 mm interval. Length frequencies between years, by station, are noticeably dissimilar, in that the 1982 frequencies are bimodel, lying to either side of the 1981 mode at both stations. Although none of the fish were aged, a comparison with age-length data from Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) suggests that we sampled three age classes of pollock (1-3 years-olds). Older fish are pro-1 l 20 1
~~- = . ._. ._. -- - - - ._ .~~
~~i Table 21. Gill net catch data (five panels of 3.8-8.9 cm mesh) at two sites in the vicinity of PNPS from January-December, 1982.~~
.0*
~~Percent of Size Mean catch / set Species Number total catch~~
~~range (mm) (C.P.U.E.)~~
pollock 548 (527) 36.4 (37.6) 123-418 (100-473) 54.8 (47.9) cunn:r 388 (20) 25.8 (1.4) 109-330 (72-256) 38.8 (1.8) Atlantic herring 133 (472) 8.8 (33.7) 135- 307 (130-361) 13.3 (42.9) Atlantic cod 89 (27) 5.9 (1.9) 235-670 (210-620) 8.9 (2.5) Atlantic mackerel 66 (26) 4.4 (1.9) 200-425 (190-412) 6.6 (2.4) n:rthern searobin 47 (42) 3.1 (3.0) 226-361 (220-340) 4.7 (3.8) trutcg 44 (0) 2.9 (0.0) 188-366 4.4 (0.0) 3.4 (4.2) Icnghorn sculpin 34 (46) 2.3 (3.3) 260-378 (262-383) cicwife 30 (16) 1.9 (1.1) 80-278 (168-278) 3.0 (1.5) eilvcr hake 23 (66) 1.5 (4.7) 220-402 (120-432) 2.3 (6.0) Atltntic menhaden 19 (15) 1.3 (1.1) 250-297 (116-325) 1.9 (1.4) I sea raven 18 (3) 1.2 (0.2) 260-432 (198-432) 1.8 (0.3) winter flounder 15 (14) 1.0'(1.0) 220-399 (182-433) 1.5 (1.3) rainbow smelt 13 (34) 0.9 (2.4) 190-230 (172-285) 1.3 (3.1) Atlantic tomcod 8 (1) 0.5 (0.1) 215-253 (260) 0.8 (0.1) striped bass 8 (6) 0.5 (0.4) 376-425 (405-455) 0.8 (0.5) buttsrfish 6 (0) 0.4 (0.0) 115-140 0.6 (0.0) rsd hake 5 (5) 0.3 (0.4) 381-491 (341-431) 0.5 (0.5) amooth dogfish 4 (21) 0.3 (1.5) 505-962 (529-772) 0.4 (1.9) grubby 2 (0) 0.1 (0.0) 115-125 0.2 (0.0) Amsrican shad 1 (0) 0.1 (0.0) 305 0.1 (0.0) hickory shad 1 (0) 0.1 (0.0) 363 0.1 (0.0) black sea bass 1 (4) 0.1 (0.3) 320 (240-342) 0.1 (0.4) blucback herring 1 (0) 0.1 (0.0) 196 0.1 (0.0)~ j blusfish 1 (4) 0.1 (0.3) 505 (158-160) 0.1 (0.4) l little skate 0 (17) 0.0 (1.2) (231-542) 0.0 (1.5) spiny dogfish 0 (17) 0.0 (1.2) (592-1028) 0.0 (1.5) windowpane 0 (9) 0.0 (0.6) (185-321) 0.0 (0.8) i j fourspot flounder 0 (3) 0.0 (0.2) (227-293) 0.0 (0.3)
Table 21. Gill net catch data (five panels of 3.8-8.9 cm mesh) at two sites in the vicinity of PNPS from January-December,1982. (continued) Percent of Size Mean catch / set Species Number total catch
~~range (mm) (C.P.U.E.)~~
yallowtail flounder 0 (2) 0.0 (0.1) (326-331) 0.0 (0.2) coho salmon 0 (1) 0.0 (0.1) (386) 0.0 (0.1) scup 0 (1) 0.0 (0.1) (180) 0.0 (0.1) wintcr skate 0 (2) 0.0 (0.1) (350-413) 0.0 (0.2) whito hake 0 (1) 0.0 (0.1) (215) 0.0 (0.1) Totc1 1505 (1402) 150.5-(127.5) ( ) Numbers in parentheses represent fish captured at Station 2. O From five panels of 3.8-8.9 cm mesh l l l l
Table 22. Gill net catch data (two panels of 11.4-15.2 cm mesh) at two sites in the vicinity of PNPS from January-December, 1982. Percent of Size Catch / set Species Number total catch
~~range (mm) (C.P.U.E.)~~
Atlantic cod 32 (1) 24.6 (1.2) 358-853 (m) 3.2 (0.1) trut:g 26 (1) 20.0 (1.2) 320-512 (460) 2.'6 (0.1) wintcr flounder 20 (9) 15.4 (10.8) 222-356 (223-325) 2.0 (0.8) sGa riven 13 (1) 10'.0 (1.2) 300-381 (348) 1.3 (0.1) polleck 11 (0) 8.5 (0.0) 142-348 1.1 (0)
~~, emooth dogfish 10 (6) 7.6 (7.2) 927-1172 (560-1155) 1.0 (0.5)~~
Atinntic mackerel 8 (1) 6.1 (0.0) 352-407 (306) 0.8 (0.1) longhorn sculpin 2 (1) 1.5 (1.2) 318-349 (m) 0.2 (0.1) northtrn searobin 2 (0) 1.5 (0.0) 285 0.2 (0.0) basking shark 1 (0) 0.8 (O'.0) 5500 0.1 (0.0) cunnar 1 (0) 0.8 (0.0) 270 0.1 (0.0) scup 1 (0) 0.8 (0.0) 300 0.1 (0.0) silvtr hake 1 (4) 0.8 (4.8) 402 (315-415) 0.1 (0.4) spiny dogfish 1 (25) 0.3 (30.1) 968 (898-1115) 0.1 (2.3) cumm2r flounder 1 (2) 0.8 (2.4) 431 (403-461) 0.1 (0.2) little skate 0 (11) 0.0 (13.3) (336-568) 0.0 (2.0) windowpane 0 (10) 0.0 (12.0) (210-330) 0.0 (0.C) Atlantic herring 0 (6) 0.0 (7.2) (283-316) 0.0 (0.5) Atlentic menhaden 0 (2) 0.0 (2.4) (290-292) 0.0 (0.2) stripad bass 0 (1) 0.0 (1.2) (500) 0.0 (0.1) l Atlantic sturgeon 0 (1) 0.0 (1.2) (828) 0.0 (0.1) black sea bass 0 (1) 0.0 (1.2) (245) 0.0 (0.1) fourspot flounder 0 (1) 0.0 (1.2) (335) 0.0 (0.1) yellowtail flounder 0 (1) 0.0 (1.2) (359) 0.0 (0.1) Total 130 (85) 13.0 (7.7) ( ) Numbers in parentheses are fish captured at Station 2. m From two panels of 11.4-15.2 cm mesh.
~~Mutilated - unable to measure.~~
~~- ,r ,,y-,- .-- - - --,--y-~~
Table 23. Mean annual catch per standard gill net (five panels of 3.8 - 8.9 cm mesh) set (CPUE)for selected species collected northwest (Station 1) of PNPS, 1971-1982. 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Species pollock 67.9 119.8 109.1 41.6 22.1 57.2 141.8 91.3 86.9 135.2 110.7 54.8 cunner 18.9 18.6 21.1 18.9 26.4 27.6 42.7 44.0 38.6 44.3 40.7 38.8 Atlantic herring 14.2 1.5 4.6 19.9 17.4 96.1 80.0 22.3 56.0 14.7 44.4 13.3 alewife 44.3 10.8 15.3 29.6 4.1 12.2 7.4 14.5 4.7 6.1 1.3 3.0 13.9 5.0 6.3 2.4 5.7 1.6 2.5 8.7 3.7 6.4 2.2 6.6 Atlantic mackerel 9.6 7.9 6.1 4.4 3.0 2.8 6.5 4.5 4.1 8.9 Atlantic cod 8.9 14.2 0 0 0.4 0 1.0 0.1 1.5 1.2 4.2 0.7 0.6 butterfish 0.9 0.3 0.1 0.4 8.4 5.1 21.8 13.4 0 0 2.5 0.7 2.3 silver hake 0.7 0.6 1.2 1.0 0.4 1.2 0.6 0.7 3.1 1.9 1.6 4.4 tautog 0.2 5.6 0.8 0.6 2.1 2.9 3.5 4.9 0.8 0.7 0.1 blueback herring 2.1 0.1 0.2 1.9 0.5 0.9 0.5 0.7 1.6 0.7 0.6 1.3 rainbow smelt 0.1 0.7 4.1 6.4 2.7 6.4 8.1 0.5 1.8 1.9 Atlantic menhaden 1.8 1.9 4.9 0.2 0 0.4 0.9 2.6 1.8 0.4 0.2 0.8 Atlantic tomcod 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 6.6 4.4 0.6 0.8 0.9 3.2 0.3 0.4 0.1 bluefish
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bably not common in the shallow study area because of their preference for docper, colder water (Steele 1963). Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) ranked second (25.8% of the total catch) in catch abundance at Station 1, but only tenth at Station 2 (1.4% of total). A cubstantial spatial difference was'also noted in 1981, with greater numbers c1co caught at Station 1. Lawton et al. (1981) believed this was related to habitat preference. Cunner were sampled during all four seasons but were most abundant in into spring and summer. Low numbers captured during colder months probably rsflect an offshore movement and their sedentary nature in winter (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Third in total catch at Station 1 (8.8%) and second at Station 2 (33.7%) was the Atlantic herring. A mean annual CPUE of 13.3 at Station 1 is a marked dierease from the 1981 level (44.4). Water temperatures were higher (= 4.5 C) during the fall months (October-December) of 1982, usually a time of high cctches; this may have influenced local abundance of this cold-water species. Howsver, time-series data reveal that' abundance of this species fluctuates gractly. Stock fluctuations were also reported by Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) for the Gulf of Maine,~at large. A comparisor with age-length data from Drrganik and Zukowski (1967) suggests that we sampled as many as eight year-l l classes. Size data from Georges Bank ranged from 210 mm (Age I) to 339 mm (Ago VIII). Our ranges at Stations 1 and 2 were 135-307 mm (FL) and 130-361 mm (FL), respectively. ? Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were fourth in total catch (5.9%) at Station 1 and seventh (1.9%) at Station 2. Mean catch per set was 8.9 and 2.5 at Stations 1 and 2, respectively. Both values are slightly higher than last year. As in 21
1981, larger cod were taken at Station 1 (Table 21). Cod were netted from April-November, with the greattst numbers caught from September-November. At a mean annual'CPUE of 6.6, Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) ranked fifth in total catch (4.4%) at Station 1 and eighth (1.9%) at Station 2, where CPUE was 2.4. Catch per set at Station 2 decreased substantially from last year's index of 17.6. Catches were highest from June-July and October-November, which corresponds with their northern and southern migrations, respectively, in Cape Cod 8 Using age-length data from Moores et al. (1975), we probably captured 1-8 year old mackerel. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were slightly more abun-dant at Station 2 in 1981 but were collected at similar levels at both stations in 1982, when mean CPUE was 1.5 and 1.3 at Stations 1 and 2, respectively. The index value at Station 2 decreased 50% from last year. However, fluctuations are common, and the gill netting of winter flounder has always been sporadic. The two larger panels (11.4-15.2 cm mesh) were added to our experimental gill net in 1979 to sample larger individuals that might be present in the i immediate area of the power station but were not representative 1y caught by the original five-panel net. Comparison of length data from each of the two-panel ' groups supports this contention. Catch composition varied between panels, but species found to be common in the catches of the five smaller panels were also ' common in the two larger panels. In addition, CPUE estimates indicated that trends in relative abundance by season and year were the same for all panels. A summary of the collection totals from Station 2 for 1981 and 1982 appears in Table 24. Station 2.will not be sampled in 1983 because of the S excessive damage caused to the net by the capture. of rock crabs. Sampling will revert to biweekly sets made at Station 1 only. 22
i Table 24 Gill net collection totals at Station 2 for the five (3.8-8.9 cm) and two (11.4-15.2 cm) mesh panel groups, 1981-82. Number Size range (mm) Species 5 mesh 2 mesh 5 mesh 2 mesh pollock 1051 8 100-473 253-325 Atlantic herring 623 16 110-364 264-327 Atlantic mackerel 184 31 190-436 306-404 northern searobin 135 38 220-340 ** cunner 91 0 72-256 hake spp.* 80 9 196-550 332-525 cilver hake 78 4 120-470 315-415 longhorn sculpin 76 4 262-383 ** rainbow smelt 46 0 172-285 winter flounder 38 37 142-453 223-325 Atlantic cod 37 5 210-620 305-660 ekate spp.* 35 34 231-542 ** 336-568 smooth dogfish
~
31 13 529-772 ** 560-1155 clewife 26 1 142-278 274 Atlantic menhaden 20 2 116-325 290-292 windowpane 14 24 185-321 ** 210-330 fourspot flounder 13 7 227-415 270-375 cea raven 10 9 198-432 ** 348 bluefish 9 0 158-485 yallowtail flounder 8 1 160-331 359 ctriped bass 8 5 311-455 348-500 butterfish 6 0 100-160 b1:ck sea bass 5 1 240-342 245 blueback herring 3 0 160-250 Atlan'ic tomcod 2 0 243-260 scup 2 0 163-180 I tautog 1 6 311 361-543 spiny dogfish 0 26 898-1115 summer flounder 0 2 403-461 Atlantic sturgeon 0 1 828 lumpfish 0 1 479 Total 2632 284
~~Not identified to species in 1981.~~
** 1982 measurements only; species not measured in 1981.
\
In general, sampling at Station 2 yielded fewer numbers of fish but more cpecies. Mean lengths of species collected at Station 2 were generally smaller then corresponding measurements at Station 1. Seasonal trends in abundance wers essentially the same for both stations. Greater numbers of flatfishes cnd rock crabs were captured at Station 2, which may reflect habitat differences, in that this area was less rocky than Station 1. Data collected by gill net through 1982 suggest that fluctuations occur in local species abundance and these are related to natural variability. l l l I l 1 7 i 23 l
[ FISHES OF THE NEARSHORE COMMUNITY
,- Haul seining, initiated in 1981, was continued in 1982 to sample shore-zone finfish in the vicinity of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. This sampling technique complements other sampling methods and provides representative data on forage species and the juvenile stages of sport and commercial fishes which inhabit the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. Species occurring in the nearshore area are important components of community structure. As an effective means of campling shallow water habitats, haul seining countervails gear selectivity of the nets employed in trawling and gill netting.
Four stations (Fig.12), representing typical shore-zone habitats in the study area, were systematically sampled weekly during segments of three seasons: spring (March-April), summer (August-September), and autumn (November-December). The temporal selection of field sampling coincided with the traditional periods of highest impingement of fish at Pilgrim Station. Gray's Beach (Station 1) in Plymouth, Kingston, Duxbury Bay complex, an estuarine l l location, is a sandy beach bordered by salt marsh grass (Spartina alterniflora) I l with exposed mud flats at low tide. Warren Cove (Station 2) and White Horse Beach (Station 4), both in Plymouth, are open coastal sand beaches. Pilgrim Station Intake embayment (Station 3) is a man-made enclosure bordered by breakwaters and rip-rap. Seining at the latter site was conducted at the head of the embayment, proximal to the power plant's intake screens. We adopted a standardized quantitative seining technique, modified after Conover and Ross (1982), requiring 3-4 people and employing a 45.7 x 1.8 m haul seine with a 1.8 x 1.8 x 1.8 m pocket of 0.48 cm square mesh (twine #63). The net was set as follows: 13.7 m of net were drawn together at one end and walked out perpendicular from shore to a depth of approximately 1.1 m with the 24 l
I rest of the net trailing behind. The central 18.3 m section, containing the bag, was then stretched parallel to the shoreline while the other end was escured ashore. At this point, an attached lead weight and float was dropped ! ct the newly formed corner, and this end of the net was quickly brought to l chore thus enclosing a rectangular area completed by the shoreline. Replicate hauls were made at each station to address data variability, and mean catches wara calculated. The surface area (m2) of water seined each haul was estimated considering tha linear distance of the net from shore at inception of a set. Fish were idcntified, enumerated, and measured. If catches were unusually large, all fish were counted, but length data were obtained from a subsample of at least 100 individuals of each species caught. Density estimates (no. per m 2 surface area) were calculated by dividing species catch by the surface area seined. Seining was conducted at different tidal stages. Water temperature and salinity of the nearshore water column (= 1 m deep) were measured using a YSI (Model 33) SCT meter at the time of sampling. Temperatures ranged from 1.0 C in March to 22.0 C in August. Salinities ranged from 19-34 o/oo , which reflected the influence of both the ocean and watershed drainage. Lowest salinities occurred on ebb tides. During 26 sampling dates, we seined a total of 22 finfish species (2 mora than in 1981) and 8 species of invertebrates (Table 29. Overall, di-l versity and abundance were again greatest in summer. Three species, not saintd last year, were the tautog (Tautoga onitis), northern kingfish (Msnticirrhus saxatilis), and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). The i capture of a large haddock (540 mm TL; age = 7 yrs) in early December in Warren l Cove was a most unusual occurrence. We have caught few haddock (small juveniles) l 25
1 Table 25.. Numerical rank, catch, percentage composition, and size range of shore-zone fishes captured by haul seine at four stations in the environs of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station in 1982.
% of Size Range Rank Species Catch Catch (mm) 1 Atlantic silverside 3,701 65.3 18-162 (TL) 2 bay anchovy 1,059 18.7 35- 77 (FL) 3 sand lance spp.* 580 10.2 75-145 (TL) 4 northern puffer 119 2.1 12- 50 (TL) 5 winter flounder 79 1.4 30-235 (TL) 6 mummichog 55 1.0 26- 99 (TL) 7 windowpane 18 0.3 34-258 (TL) 8 rainbow smelt 11 0.2 63-128 (TL) 9 northern pipefish 10 0.2 31-169 (TL) 10 alewife 9 0.2 31- 94 (FL) 11 Atlantic menhaden 7 0.1 32- 68 (FL) 12 Atlantic tomcod 6 0.1 72-156 (TL) 13 striped killifish 5 0.1 55- 76 (TL) 14 cunner 3- 20- 24 (TL) 15 blueback herring 2 32- 63 (FL) i l unidentified Carangid or Pomatomid .2 40- 45 (FL)
I 16 Atlantic herring 1 112 (FL) American eel 1 0.1 520 (TL) haddock A 560 (TL) tautog 1 25 (TL) northern kingfish 1 42 (TL) white hake 1- 34 (TL)
~~Not separated by species; (TL) = total length; (FL) = fork length.~~
~~during 12 years of fisheries investigations in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station~~
~~<- and never in such shallow water.~~
The number of finfish species caught by station ranged from 8 in Pilgrim's Intake embayment to 14 in Warren Cove. We recorded 13 species at Gray's Beach as compared to 6 species seined there in the early 1970's by Iwanowicz et al. (1974). The total number of fish caught'(pooled species) was highest at Gray's Beach followed by White Horse Beach, primarily due to the abundance of the Atlantic silverside at the former site and Atlantic silverside, bay anchovy, and sand lance spp. at the latter location. It should be noted, however, that subsequent to the end of September, maintenance dredging operations in the Intake embayment prevented autumn sampling there. Seasonally, the number of species (pooled station data) captured was lowest in spring (7) and highest in summer (18); to winter sampling was con-ducted. The total number of fish caught also peaked in summer when warmest temperatures prevailed irshore (as high as 22 C). Species occurring at all collecting stations were: Atlantic silverside (Menidia,menidia), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus), Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes-americanus). Both cyprinodontids, viz. mummichog l (Fundulus heteroclitus) and striped killifish (Fundulus majalis), were taken l only at Gray's Beach, apparently due to their estuarine / marsh dependence (Valeila et al. 1977). Exploratory day / night seining revealed overall that catches were dis-similar, and specifically, catches of Atlantic silverside and green crab (Carcinus maenas) were substantially higher at night. , Size differences were apparent for Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) and northern kingfish, I with larger individuals caught after dark. Possibly these differences resulted from diel changes in species distribution and/or were related to gear avoidance. 26
d
~~,. t DUKSUSY 8AY l~~
~~h - n .~~
Geey's

e Se.d (Il PtYMOUTH N
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~~, i..v,t-n ,- eist PtYMOUTH wk... w W g,,, g p g o 1~~
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Figure'12. Haul seine station locations in the vicinity of FNPS, 1982. l l 1 t I t e m---- ---' -' ' ~ ~
a The' Atlantic silverside was the most abundant species encountered, com-pricing 65.3% of the total haul seine catch (Table 25). Fish ranged in size from 18-162 mm (TU)( vhich included young-of-the-year and adults. As in 1981, station totals for this species were highest at Gray's Beach (Station 1) and 1: west'in' Warren Cove (Station 2). In 1982, annual mean densities in the Intake embay-ment add at White Horse Beach were identical (Table 26). The abundance of juvaniles (some just exceeding the post-larval size of 12-15 mm) at Gray's Be:ch in August indicates that spawning occurs in Plymouth, Kingston, Duxbury
~,
Bay. There is' a protracted spawning season for silversides which extends through~ July in the Gulf of Maine (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953); eggs are dem 2 sal and adhere to intertidal vegetation within salt marshes (Conover and Ross 1982).- Iwanowicz et al. (1974) repo8ted that the salt marshes within Plymouth, Kingston, Duxbury Bay provide spawning and nursery habitat for many species of marine biota. Seasonally, silversides were most abundant in the study area during summ a (x' density
0.27 per 2m ) followed closely by fall (x density = 0.24 per m2 ). Densitiec declined in December (Table 26) concomitant with decreasing war w temperatures. Howe and Germano (1982) captured relatively large numbers in mid-December, 1981, ranging in size from 60-160 mm (TL), from bottom trawls of Cape Cod Bay in up to 46 m of water and approximately 9.3 km off the Cape Cod shoreline. Conover and Murawski (1982) demonstrated that populations of
~
this neirshore species north of Cape Hatteras undergo an offshore winter migration.- Silversides (> 70 mm TL) were first captured in the Plymouth area in 1982 when water temperatures warmed to about 6-8 C in the spring. Over-wintering losses (1981-1982) were apparently substantial as indicated by a mran add 1t density of 0.007 per m2obtained that spring. Conover and Ross 27
Table 26. Density of Atlantic silversides (no. per m surface
~~- area) collected in the off-site waters of Pilgrim~~
' Nuclear Power Station by haul seine in 1982. Gray's Beach Warren Cove Intake White Horse Beach Dats (Sta. 1) (Sta. 2) (Sta. 3) (Sta. 4) 3/4 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) - 3/12 0.01 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 3/18 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 3/26 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) i 4/1 0.01 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.02 (2) 0.11 (28) 4/9 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0)
-4/16 0.00 (0)' O.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 4/23 0.00 (0) 0.02 (4) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) i 14/30 0.08 (19) 0.01 (2) 0.00 (0) 0.00 (0) 8/3 0.27 (67) -
~~0.04 (9) - 8/13 0.53 (134)~~
~~~ - 0.06 (14) -~~
8/19 0.74 (186) 0.01 (1) 0.00 (0) 0.26 (64) 8/27 1.20 (403) 0.01 (2) 0.01 (1) 0.73 (184) 9/3 0.07 (22) 0.00 (0) 0.63 (106) 0.03 (11) 9/13 1.26 (317) 0.04 (10) 0.70 (175) 0.01 (2) 9/24 0.29 (151) 0.01 (1) 0.02 (5) 0.13 (110) 10/1 0.26 (64) 0.08 (29)
0.01 (2) 11/5 1.61 (404) 0.04 (9)

0.27 (69) 11/12 1.53 (384) 0.38 (138)

0.14 (64)
~~11/19 0.41 (102) - -~~
~~11/24 0.46 (212) 0.10 (25)~~
0.04 (12) 12/2 0.07 (28) 0.06 (16)

0.02 (6) 0.01 (2)

12/8 0.13 (39) -
~~12/14 0.03 (7) 0.01 (2)~~
0.06 (14) 0.00 (0)

12/22 0.03 (7) -
~~12/31 0.00 (0) 0.18 (30)~~
~~0.01 (2) x (Total) 0.35 (2,500) 0.04 (271) 0.09 (312) 0.09 (568)~~
Standard dsviation 0.50 0.09 0.22 0.17 ( ) Numbers in parentheses represent the mean catch in numbers for duplicate sets.
~~- No haul made because of strong surf.~~
~~No sampling conducted because of dredging operations.~~
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(1982) reported losses of 99% in the Atlantic silverside population of Essex Bay over the winter of 1977-78; adult density was .009 .002 per m in May, 1978. The annual abundance of silversides in-our study area in 1982, when the overall study mean density was 0.16 per m2, was much less than in 1981 when density averaged 2.07. Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), ranging in size from 35-77 mm (FL), ranked second in total seine catch (18.7%). They occurred at each station except in the Intake'embayment; catches were highest at White Horse Beach. Abundance peaked in summer when water temperatures ranged from 13.0-22.0 C. l l 1 This schooling species is a summer straggler to the Gulf of Maine waters from the south (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Sand lance (Ammodytes spp. ) ranked third (10.2%) in numerical abundance (Table 25). Ranging in size from 75-145 mm (TL), sand lance were collected each season sampled. However, none were caught at Gray's Beach. Iwanowicz et al. (1974) did not capture this species at stations located throughout i Overall abundance was greatest in autumn on Plymouth, Kingston, Duxbury Bay. the sandy foreshore at White Horse Beach. Summer catches were also high in l Warren Cove. l Ranking fourth in overall catch (2.1%) was the northern puffer l (Sphoeroides maculatus), a species not commonly encountered north of Cape Cod. In 1981, we seined only 6 specimens (18-52 mm TL), while 12 years of bottom trawling in the vicinity of Pilgrim Station has produced only 4 puffers. In l 1982, our catch (Table 25.) consisted of all juveniles (young-of-the-year), I l ! which ranged in size from 12-50 mm (TL). They occurred only in summer and j at all sites except Gray's Beach; abundance was highest in the Intake at Pilgrim Station. An inshore species, northern puffer spawn demersal, adhesive eggs in 28
choal water close to shore from early June through summer off southern Marsachusetts (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Winter flounder, as in 1981, ranked fifth in overall seine totals (Tchle 25). Based on length data (30-235 mm TL) and the age-length work of B rry et al. (1965), it appears we sampled three year-classes (0-II) in this survey. Greatest numbers were caught in Warren Cove and at Gray's Beach during summer. Our bottom trawl catches from 1970-1982 indicate that peak abundance of this flatfish occurs in Warren Cove in summer. The mummichog was collected only at Gray's Beach; catches were sub-t stantially reduced from last year when this species ranked second in seine hauls. Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) were taken at Gray's Beach and in Warren Cove and northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus) at White Horse Beach and in the Intake in relatively small numbers. Of the invertebrates seined, shrimp (Crangon spp. ), by far, predominated at all stations. l l l l l 29 1 l l L
UNDERWATER FINFISH OBSERVATIONS The 1982' underwater finfish observational study commenced on G May and continued through 26 November. Biologist-divers, utilizing SCU3A, made biweekly observations at six stations (Fig. 13 ) from May to mid-August and mid-September through November. From the mid-August through mid-September interim (the period of highest ambient temperatures), weekly observations were made. Diving was restricted to a two-hour period before and after high tide. - Dive stations were identical to those of last year, (Lawton et at. 1981). Stations designated 'S', 'D', and 'C', were located in the ' stunted', ' denuded'
~~. and ' control' zones, respectively (Boston Edison Company 1980). Plates 1-6 depict typical scenes viewed by divers during operations.~~
Eight finfish species were noted during observational dives (Toble 27 ). Surface and bottom water temperatures ranged from 11.0-28.0 C and 9.0-27.8 C, respectively (Table 28 ). As in past years, water temperatures were generally l l highest from 1-te August to mid-September. Finfish composition varied spatiotemporally. Approximately 2,100 finfish were observed which is similar to last year's total of 2,230 fish. Of the fish recorded, 43% were encountered in the ' denuded zone', 22% in the ' stunted zone' and 35% in the ' control zone'. Distribution of fish was identical to past years when more were observed in the ' denuded zone' than the other zones. Numbers of fish observed at the offshore ' denuded' station (D ) were approximately 16% lower than the nearshore station (D2 ). Contrasting with results obtained last year, the numbers of fish occurring at the offshore stations (S and 1 C )1 were 24 and 26% higher than at respective nearshore stations (S2 and C2 )* This year's findings agree, in general, with those of the past; finfish appear to concentrate directly in the path of the thermal effluent. Pollock was 30
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- . _ . _____l
Table 27. Percent occurrence of finfish species at each observational station from 6 May-26 November, 1982. Stations - Species Percent occurrence Sg S D D Cy C 2 1 2 2 fautogoZabrus adsperous 14.1 10.3 19.7 27.8 12.9 15.2 (cunner) Pp1Zachius virens 20.0 5.6 4.7 9.1 51.2 9.3 (pollock) Tautoga onitis 9.6 0.7 22.2 63.7 2.2 1.5 (tautog) Morens sazacilus - - - 30.8 - 69.2 (striped bass) Gadus morhua - - 83.3 - 16.7 - (Atlantic cod) Pausdepleurcnsetas americanus 25.0 - - 25.0 25.0 25.0 (winter flounder) h,foslocephalus octodscotspinosus - 50.0 - - 50.0 - (longhorn sculpin) Menidia app. - - 54 5 - *5 5 - (silversides) Table 28. Surface and bottom water t. ,__- u e (C) et each observational statsse, 6 May-26 November, 1982. Surface unter toeparetwee Sottoa veter temperetsree Date Sg S Dy D Cg C2 3 3 0 0 E C 2 2 1 2 1 2 l 2 5/6 10.0 17.5 18.0 21.0 18.0 16.0 n.0 11.0 10.0 n.0 11.0 12.0 6/21 - - 22.2 22.2 - - 14.4 14.4 14.4 16.7 lo.h 14.m 8/30 21.0 16.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 22.0 14.0 12.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 7/8 19.0 19.0 21.0 20.0 19.0 21.0 12.5 11.0 15.0 15.0 14.0 16.0 7/19 19.0 23.5 23.0 26.0 21.0 23.0 10.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 13.0 14.0 8/2 25.0 27.0 20.0 27.0 28.0 23.0 17.0 16.0 16.5 17.0 17.0 17.0 8/19 22.0 22.0 21.0 23.0 10.0 18.0 17.5 17.0 17.0 18.0 17.0 17.0 8/23 21.0 25.0 25.0 27.0 21.0 20.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 24.0 16.0 16.0 8/30 21.0 2m.0 24.0 26.0 21.0 20.0 16.0 17.0 17.0 20.0 15.0 17.0 9/9 19.0 18.0 20.0 24.0 21.0 21.0 16.7 16.7 25.5 27.8 15.6 15.6 ( 9/20 17.0 23.0 18.0 20.0 18.0 17.0 16.0 17.0 17.0 22.0 20.0 20.0 1 10/4 16.0 18.0 - - - - 16.7 15.6 16.7 22.2 16.7 16.7 10/14 11.0 13.0 11.0 12.0 n.0 12.0 9.0 12.0 10.0 12.0 11.0 11.0 11/26 19.0 20.0 22.0 25.0 22.0 21.0 15.0 15.0 20.0 22.0 18.0 18.0
Tabla 29. Approximata amber af finfish that occurred at each obIer-wational etatism frem e ney to 26 November,1982.
. Appresiaste 6 21 30 e 19 2 19 23 30. 9 20 4 2s total for all Sta. May June Joe July July Aug Aus Aur . Aug Sept Sept cet now dates cambined
~~rs-g *** 8 27 31 12 9 43 15 12** 15 29 1 0 '~~
202 13** 13** .1 (g s *** 2 2' 14 21 53 19 9 0 1 144
*** 25 25 32 10 al 44 19 45** O 13 43 0 283 *** ' 35 125 93 29 25 27 24 15** 3 23 1 0 400 *** 6** 22 14 16 19 30+** 17 15** 27+ 9 9 1 le5+ *** 588 10 15 11 22 48 28 10** 10 47 13 4 . 219 Tollack g *** O O 1 56 & O O' 0** ' . 0 30+ 0 0 87+
5 *** O 3** 1 7 0 0 0 0** O 10* 0 '3 20 , 2 *** O O O 20 0 0 0 0** - 0 0 0 0 20 3 1 *** O O O 25 0 0 0 0** 0 11* O 3 39 + D C 2 ese g** 4 0 44 1 8 25* e** 0 125+ 1 0 220 *
*** s** 5 0 0 1 1 8 11** 0 1 3 2 to Teutog s *** O O O O O 1 12 0** 0 0 0 0 13 *** O 0** 0 0 0 0 1 0** 0 0 0 0- 1 *** 1 3 0 0 1 0 0 10** 15 0 0 0 30 D
2
*** 6 9 7 0 25 . 2 10 13** 1 3 10 0 86 *** -0** 1 0 0 0 0 0 2** 0 0 0 0 . 3 *** 2** O O O O O O 0** O O O O 2 Appumminate a 21 30 8 19 2 19 23 30 9 20 4 28 total for all sta. Hay June June July July Aug Aug .Aug Aug Sept Sept Oer New dates ecebined Striped base S *** O O O O O O O 0** 0 0 0 0 0 52 *** O 0** O O O O O 0** 0 0 0 0 0 D *** O O O O 0 0 0 0*e 0 0 0 0 -0 *** 0 g ***
~~3 0** O 0 O 0 O 0 O 0 O~~
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*** 0** O O O O O O 0** 0 0 0 - 9 Atlantic cod l $ *** O O O O O O O 0** ' O O O O O 5 *** O 0** O O O O O .0** O O O O O D *** O 5 0 0 0 0 0 0** O O O O 5 1 *** 'D 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0** O- 0 0 0 0 C **e gee 1 0 0 0 0 0 0** - 0 0 0 0 .1 I *** 0** O O O- 0 0 0, 0** O O O 0 0 Approximate 6 21 30 e is 2 19 23 30 9 20 4 28 total for all Sta. May June June July July Aur Aug Aug Aur Sept Sept Cet Now dates combined liinter flounder S *** 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 , 0** 0 0 1 5 *** O 0** O O O O O 0** 0 0 0 0 0 Dy *** O O O O ,0 0 O O O 0** 0 0 0 D *** O O 1 0 0 0 0 0** O O O O 1 C *** 0** 0 1 'O O O 0 0 0 O 0** 0 L *** 0** 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0** O 0 1 langhorn sculpin i S *** O O O O O O O 0** O O O O O Sk O 0** O O O O O 1** 0 0 0 0 1 D' *** O O O O O O O 0** O O O O O D *** 0** O O O O O O 0**
2 O O O O O C *** C** O O O O O O C** 0 0 1 0 1
*** 0** O O O O O C** 0 0 0 O 0 0 SLiverside spp.
~~5 *** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0** 0 0 0 0 0~~
~~*** O 0** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Sf ***~~
0** t, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0** 0 60+ 0 0 60+ D' *** O O O O O O O 0** O 0 0 0 0 C. *** 0** 0 0 0 0 0 0 50+ 0 0** 0 0 50+ C'2 *** 0** 0 0 0 0 0 0 0** 0 0 0 0 C e No obsenation et this station ce this date.
** Single diver observation. *** No fish seen by either diver.
~~400-I~~
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2-E 200-100-( 3 : i e i 5 10 15 20 25 TEMPERATURE-C ITigure 14 . Number of pollock at bottom water temperatures during underwater observations, 1982.
Table 30. Abundance, size ranges and temperatures associated with the occurrence of all species observed during underwater finfish observations, 1982. Total Botton Station where number Size range temperature Species inest abundant observed (cin) range (C) Cunner D 2,096 % 3-25 10.427.8 2 Pollock Cy 395 % 8-38 10.0-22.0 l Tautog D 135 %15 51 14.4-24.0 2 Silverside spp. Dy 110 %10 14.0-20.0 Striped bass D 20 16.7-22.2 2 Atlantic cod D 6 %15 14.4 Winter flounder - 3 %10-30 14.0-20.0 tonghorn sculpin - 2 %25-36 16.7-I7.0
l 400-x 300-u_ u. 1 O e UJ m
=
~~E 200-100-a y s 5 10 1'S 2O 25 IEMPERATURE-C Figure 15. Number of cunner observed at bottom~~
~~water temperatures during underwater observations, 1982.~~
\
~~400-x 2 300-u_ I u_ O m m~~
~~; m z~~
E 200-100-i - i . M M, _ 5 10 15 20 25 l TEMPERATURE-C Figure 16. Number of tautog at bottom water temperatures l during underwater observations, 1982. i I i l
En exception in 1982. Contrary to past data, pollock were more abundant in ths ' control and stunted' zones (Table 29 ). Only 10% were sighted in the
~~'dsnuded' zone; 66% and 24% were in the ' control and stunted' zones, respectively.~~
Pollock demonstrated no particular temperature preference within the temperature ragime experienced (Fig. l4 i ). They occurred at temperatures ranging from 10-22 C and ranked second in overall abundance (Table 30 ). Cunner were numerically dominant in the study area. Most were observed at temperatures of 16-17 C (Fig. 15 ). Abundance was greatest at Station D 2' whsre 48% were observed. Tautog were also most abundant at 16-17 C (Fig. 16 ); eixty-four percent were encountered at station D2 ' The remaining species occurred as incidental sightings. Striped bass appsared in spring and fall during their north / south migrations. For the first time in the study, young-of-the-year Atlantic cod were sighted. All finfish cighted by divers in 1982 appeared to be in good condition, and were active; frrquently, feeding fish were observed. There was no evidence of adverse tcmperature or gas bubble disease effects. An unusual phenomenon was noted during June and July. Large quantities of a presumed fungal or bacterial growth were present on the bottom in the obssrvational area. Appearing as white ' streaks', this material was oriented perpendicular to the discharge water current. Deadamussels were observed bantath the substance. When attempts were made to procure a sample for identification, the material disintegrated. On a later dive, only minute quantities could be found. At first, we believed this event to be singular to . the discharge area. However, this material was observed in the intake channel several weeks later by divers collecting special sediment cores for radio-logical analysis. If this recurs in 1983, we will again attempt to obtain an intact sample for identification. 31
~~SUMMARY~~
1 An additional 3,374 lobster pots, containing 7,794 lobsters of which 28% were of legal size, were sampled in 1982. Overall catch rate (legal and sublegal) was 2.3. Ovigerous females comprised 1.8% of the total catch and 2.9% of all captured females. Mean catch rate for legal lobsters was the second highest obtained since study commencement and was similar to the three year pre-operational mean. During 1982, commercial rakers expended 1,037 hrs of effort, harvesting I 201,131 lbs (wet weight) of Irish moss from the study area at a mean rate of 194.0 lbs/hr. Though total effort and landings were the second and third i lowest recorded during the entire study, seasonal harvest rate (pooled data) ranked fourth. During the preoperational and operational years there has been a fairly consistent ratio of harvest rate between Zone 5 (surveillance) and Zone 1 (reference). The 12-year mean harvest rate in the surveillance zone exceeded the study's seasonal mean rate (total pounds, wet weight / total effort, hrs) for the same period by 7.6 lbs/hr. Landings in the surveillance zone increased 23.6% from last season. Fifty-seven bottom trawl tows, utilizing a half-Yankee net, collected l t 2,785 fish comprising 26 species. Fish abundance (pooled species) was highest at Station 1 in Warren Cove, where 32% of the total trawl catch was obtained. Winter flounder were numerically dominant, comprising 47.8% of the annual catch. Decreases in catch-per-unit-effort were noted for winter flounder, skate spp., l I windowpane, and yellowtail flounder, while small increases were recorded for I longhorn sculpin and ocean pout. Catch per tow of lobsters was again high this year, which further substantiates that there has been a recent increase in f i abundance of lobsters on sand substrate. l l l 32 1 I l
Small vessel trawling utilizing a half-Wilcox net, collected an estimated 2,421 fish in 79 tows at stations bracketing the power plant. Of the 26 species caught,5 were prevalent. Winter flounder were numerically dominant, with catch cnd catch per tow being highest at Station 1 in Warren Cove. At Station 3 (discharge area), yellowtail flounder were captured in greatest numbers as in 1981. Catch / tow for all species combined was highest at Station 2 (9 m depth contour) and lowest at Station 1, ranging from 29.0 to 35.2. Fishing power trials were conducted this year prior to discontinuing long-term otter trawl sampling. Of the 37 daytime paired tows attempted during September End October at two separate locations in Cape Cod Bay, 26 were suitable for comparison. With the larger half-Yankee trawl, we captured 27 fish species and with the smaller half-Wilcox trawl, 20. Number of fish taken in the former was nearly three times greater than by the latter. Two species were sampled only by the half-Wilcox net, while seven were captured exclusively in the half-Yankee ^ trawl. Inter-vessel / gear comparison factors were variable, gg., 0.5 to 5.5 for windowpane and 5.1-29.0 for scup. It appears that when the distribution of fish is contagious, a small number of tows is of limited value in deriving accurate and meaningful inter-vessel / gear comparisons. Twenty-one gill net sets made at two sites this year sampled 3,122 fish. Thsre were 29 species recorded from Station 1 and 31 from Station 2. Mean catch per set for all species combined (five panels) was 150.5 at Station 1, or a 33% decline from 1981, and 127.5 at Station 2, representing a 8.1% decrease from last year. Pollock was again the dominant species captured. Two new species L to our fisheries studies, collected this year were a 5.5 m (18 ft) basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and a.82.8 cm Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser
~~oxyrhynchus). Percent similarity, comparing catches from the smaller five mesh 33~~
panels for Station 1 and 2, was 68.8% and 62.8% for 1981 and 1982, respectively. Similarity of catch was 33.2% and 25.2% for the two larger-mesh panels for the same y, ears. Seine collections in the nearshore zone produced 22 species of finfish and 8 species of invertebrates. Atlantic silverside was again the dominant species comprising 65.3% of the total catch. An unusual occurrence was the capture of a large haddock (54.0 cm) from Warren Cove in early December. Larger numbers of the northern puffer, an uncommon species north of Cape Cod, were seined in summer; their abundance was highest in the Pilgrim Station intake , embayment. Biologist-divers, utilizing SCUBA, made underwater finfish observations at six stations from 6 May-26 November. Eight finfish species were noted. Of the approximate 2,100 fish observed, 43% were encountered in the immediate path of the thermal discharge, referred to as the ' denuded zone'; 22% in the designated ' stunted zone'; and 35% in the ' control zone' . Cunner were numerically dominant; pollock ranked second. Atlantic cod were sighted for the first time in the dive study. Of the fish observed, no overt symptoms of gas bubble disease, abnormal physical appearance, or aberrant behavior were apparent. l l t i I 34
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We acknowledge the contributions of James Barrett for phases of field sampling, and data compilation. We extend special thanks to the numerous staff members of the Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries who assisted in the field; and to Leigh Bridges for editing the final manuscript. Also greatly appreciated is the work of Eleanor Bois and Marie Callahan in typing this rcport. Finally, we thank Robert Anderson and the Pilgrim Advisory Technical Committee for overseeing the study. f L 35
LITERATURE CITED berry, R. J. , S. B. Saila, and D. B. Horton,1965. Growth studies of winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes americanus (Walbaum), in Rhode Island. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 94(3):259-264. Bigelow, H. B. and W. C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bulletin 53(74). Boston Edison Company. 1980. Benthic map overlays and assessment of benthic monitoring programs, Vol. 2. Nuclear Engineering Dept., Environmental Sciences Group. Boston Edison Company, Boston, MA 25 p. Clark, S. H. , L. O'Brien, and R. K. Mayo. 1981. Yellowtail flounder stock status. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries. Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, Woods Hole, Mass.
Conover, D. O., and S. A. Murawski. 1982. Offshore winter migration of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia. Fishery Bulletin 8(1)

145-150.
! Conover, D. O. , and M. R. Ross. 1982. Patterns in seasonal abundance, growth, l 1 and biomass of the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia, in a New England estuary. Estuaries 5(4):275-286. Draganik, B., and C. Zukowski. 1967. Further studies on herring caught on Georges Bank in November and December 1966. ICNAF Research Document. 70/63 Series 2404:117-120. l E G and G Envizanmental Consultants. 1976. Forecasting power plant effects i on the coastal zone. Waltham, Massachusetts. Haedrich, R. L. 1975. Density and overlap as measures of environmental quality. Water Research. 9:945-952. l Howe, A. B., and F. J. Germano, Jr. 1982. Fisheries and environmental baselines relative to dredge spoil disposal, Cape Cod Bay,1981. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. 19 p. 1 36 l 1
LITERATURE CITED (Continued) Howe, A. B., D. B. MacIsaac, B. T. Estrella, F. J. Germano, Jr. 1980. 1979 Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries Fishing Power Trials. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, 100 Cambridge St., Boston, MA 02202. Iwnnowicz, H. R., R. D. Anderson, and B. A. Ketschke. 1974. A study of the marine resources in Plymouth, Kingston, and Duxbury Bay. Monograph Series Number 17. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. 37 p. Lawton, R. P. , P. Brady, C. Sheehan, M. Borgatti, V. Malkoski, T. Currier, and C. Kudera. 1982. Progress report on studies to evaluate possible effects of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station on the marine environment Project Report No. 32. In: Marine Ecology Studies Related to Operation of Pilgrim Station, Semi-Annual Report No.19. Boston Edison Company. Boston, Mass. Moores, J. A., G. H. Winters, and L. S. Parsons. 1975. Migrations and bio-logical characteristics of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) occurring in Newfoundland waters. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 32:1347-1357. Pennington, M. R. and M. D. Grosslein. 1978. Accuracy of abundance indices based on stratified random trawl surveys. National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA. Russell, H. J., C. U. D. Borden, and M. J. Fogarty. 1978. Management studies of inshore lobster resources. Completion Report. Identification No. LO74-1-RI (1):1. R. I. Fish and Game. 75 p. Steel, D. H. 1963. Pollock (Pollachius virens L.) in the Bay of Fundy. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. 20(5):1267-1314, 37
LITERATURE CITED (Continued)
~~'- Stone and Webster. 1977. 316 Demonstration for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station -~~
Units 1 and 2. Boston, Massachusetts. Whittaker, R. H. and C. W. Fairbanks. 1958. A study of plankton copepod communities in the Columbia Basin, southeastern Washington. Ecology. 39(1):46-65. Valiela, I., J. E. Wright, J. M. Teal, and S. B. Wolkmann. 1977. Growth, production, and energy transformations in the salt-marsh killifish Fundulus heteroclitus. Marine Biology 40:135-144. l i 38
O Appendix A. Sumary of Lobster Pot Catch Data January - December, 1982. 1
O
# of R;tio sampling # of Total Sub- Legals Catch Sub-daya Pots catch Male Female Legals legals Eggers / pot / pot Legals : legals : Eggers F-10 1 4 9 4 5 2 7 0 0. 5 2.3 1.0 : 3.5 : 0.0 P-ll 1 10 9 6 3 2 7 0 0.2 0.9 1.0 : 3.5 : 0.0 P-12 1 14 58 30 28 3 55 0 0.2 4.1 1.0 : 18.3 : 0.0 P-13 2 15 9 2 7 2 7 0 0.1 0.6 1.0 : 3.5 : 0.0 P-14 4 41 77 30 47 17 59 1 0.4 1.9 1.0 : 3.5 : 0.1 P-15 3 29 61 33 28 14 46 1 0.5 2.1 1.0 : 3.3 : 0.1 G-10 5 31 81 25 56 15 66 0 0.5 2.6 1.0 : 4.4 : 0.0 G-ll 6 72 293 116 177 58 235 0 0.8 4.1 1.0 : ': o4.0 : 0.0 G-12 4 27 114 45 69 20 94 0 0.7 4.2 1.0 : 4.7 : 0.0 G-13 4 20 44 26 le 11 33 0 0.6 2.2 1.0 : 3.0 : 0.0 G-14 5 50 145 63 82 24 119 2 0.5 2.9 1.0 : 5.0 : 0.0 G-15 2 13 29 14 15 4 25 0 0.3 2.2 1.0 : 6.2 : 0.0
~~c3 I Ratio~~
~~# of~~
, Sampling # of Total Sub- Legals Catch Sub-days Pots catch Male Female Legals legals Eggers / pot / pot Legals : legals : Eggers H-10 5 47 142 50 92 20 121 1 0.4 3.0 1.0 : 6.0 : 0.0 H-ll 4 54 119 49 70 20 97 2 0.4 2.2 1.0 : 4.8 : 0.1 H-12 3 35 74 37 37 24 48 2 0.7 2.1 1.0 : 2.0 : 0.1 I-9 2 16 31 10 21 11 19 1 0.7 1.9 1.0 : 1.7 : 0.1 I-10 1 9 29 11 18 6 23 0 0.7 3.2 1.0 : 3.8 : 0.0 I-11 3 21 30 19 11 6 24 0 0.3 1.4 1.0 : 4.0 : 0.0 I-12 2 10 8 3 5 2 6 0 0.2 0.8 1.0 : 3.0 : 0.0 J-1 1 17 34 13 21 7 25 2 0.4 2.0 1.0 : 3.6 : 0.3 ! J-2 1 17 19 6 13 4 15 0 0.2 1.1 1.0 : 3.8 : 0.0 J-7 1 8 4 3 1 4 0 0 0.5 0.5 1.0 : 0.0 : 0.0 i ^ ? J-8 1 9 1 1 0 1 0 0 0.1 0.1 1.0 : 0.0 : 0.0 J-9 4 33 103 31 72 28 70 5 0.8 3.1 1.0 : 2.5 : 0.2 i _______._,--.--a - - _.__... --_ ___ __ _ ___ __ _ - . .- - . _ - _ - - _ - - - _
# of Ratio Sampling # of Total Sub- Legals Catch Sub-days pots catch Male Female Legals Eggers / pot legals / pot Legals : legals : Eggers J-10 2 10 20 9 11 4 15 1 0.4 2.0 1.0 : 3.8 : 0.2 J-11 1 20 39 16 23 10 29 0 0.5 2.0 1.0 : 2.9 : 0.0 J-12 1 -
3 7 3 4 3 4 0 1.0 2.3 1.0 : 1.3 : 0.0 K-2 1 96 219 82 137 135 84 0 1.4 2.3 1.0 : 0.6 : 0.0 K-3 1 32 26 5 21 5 19 0.2 0.8 2 1.0 : 3.8 : 0.4 K-8 3 34 43 18 25 17 26 0 0.5 1.3 1.0 : 1.5 : 0.0 K-9 6 196 304 104 200 '111 184 9 0.6 1.6 1.0 : 1.7 : 0.1 K-10 6 141 212 88 124 85 127 0 0.6 1.5 1.0 : 1.5 : 0.0
~~, K-ll 4 29 39 18 21 13 26 0 0.4 1.3 1.0 : 2.0 -~~
0.0 L-8 - 2 16 12 4 8 10 2 0 0.6 0.8 1.0 : 0.2 : 0.0 L-9 4 81 123 47 76 47 i 74 2 0.6 1.5 1.0 : 1.6 : 0.0 L-10 3 38 59 19 40 20 38 1 0.5 1.6 1.0 : 1.9 : 0.1
'l Ratio H of Sub-Sampling # of Total Sub- Legals Catch-days pots catch Male Female Legals legals Eggers / pot / pot Legals : legals : Eggers L-11 9 8 0 1.3 2.4 1.0 : 0.9 : 0.0 1 7 17 8 9 M-5 58 21 37 32 26 0 2.0 3.6 ~ 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.0 1 16 M-6 54 111 3 1.3 4.0 1.0 : 2.1 : 0.1 2 42 168 61 107 M-8 12 3 14 0 0.4 2.1 1.0 : 4.7 : 0.0 1 8 17 5 M-10 25 45 2' O.8 2.4 1.0 : 1.8 : 0.1 2 30 72 25 47 N-5 8 1.3 4.4 1.0 : 2.3 : 0.1 2 48 213 65 148 62 143 N-6 46 73 3 1.0 2.6 1.0 : 1.6 : 0.1 2 47 122 81 0 82 N-7 1 1.0 1.5 1.0 : 0.5 : 0.0 1 24 35 13 22 23 11 K-8 1 1.0 2.3 1.0 : 1.4 : 0.0 3 32 75 26 49 31 43 N-9 0 0.7 1.8 1.0 : 1.8 : 0.0 32 59 23 36 21 38 2
N-10 0.1 92 5 0.7 1.7 1.0 : 1.5 : 4 93 160 49 111 63 N-11 0.0 5 0 0.0 2.5 0.0 : 0.0 : 2 5 3 2 0 1
g g Ratio Sampling # of Total Sub- Legals days Catch Sub-pots catch Male Female Legals legals Eggers / pot i,/ pot Legals : legals : Eggers N-12 - 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 0 0.5 1.0 1.0 : 1.0 : 0.0 4 0-5 1 16 53 18 35 23 30 1.4 0 3.3 1.0 : 1.3 : 0.0 l 1 0-6 2 56 171 48 123 46 115 10 0.8 3.1 1.0 : 2.5 : 0.2 0-8 3 89 176 58 118 42 125 9 0.5 2.0 1.0 : 3.0 : 0.2 0-9 ! 2 96 133 ' 32 101 48 79 6 0.5 1.4 1.0 : 1.6 : 0.1 0-10 4 77 119 44 75 44 74 1 0.6 1.5 1.0 : 1.7 : 0.0 l 0-11 2 28 19 7 12 4 14 1 0.1 0.7 1.0 : 3.5 : 0.3 0-12 3 14 13 4 9 3 9 1 0.2 0.9 1.0 : 3.0 : 0.3 0-13 1 9 12 4 8 7 5 0 0.8 1.3 1.0 : 0.7 : 0.0 P-8 2 12 37 13 24 14 23 0 1.2 3.1 1.0 : 1.6 : 0.0 < P-9 1 8 30 8 22 9 21 0 1.1 3.8 1.0 : 2.3 : 0.0 J P-10 1 6 12 3 9 1 11 0 0.2 2.0 1.0 : 11.0 : 0.0 4
Ratio g of Sampling # of Total Sub- Legals Catch Sub-days pots catch Male Female Legals legals Eggers / pot / pot Legals : legals : EEgers P-11 3 44 47 12 'S 19 28 0 0.4 1.1 1.0 : 1.5 : 0.0 P-12 3 44 43 8 35 17 25 1 0.4 1.0 1.0 : 1.5 : 0.1 0-10 3 26 38 18 20 21 17 0 0.8 1.5 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.0 Q-12 27 12 24 2 0.4 1.3 1.0 : 2.0 : 0.2 3 30 38 11 Q-13 0 1 1 0 0 0.1 0.1 1.0 : 0.C : 0.0 2 7 1 R-9 96 139 5 0.7 1.7 1.0 : 1.4 : 0.1 4 142 240 96 144 R-11 38 68 39 65 2 0.7 1.8 1.0 : 1.7 : 0.1 3 59 f.06 R-12 2 0 0.3 1.0 1.0 : 2.0 : 0.0 1 3 3 1 2 1 R-13 1 1 1 0.2 0.6 1.0 : 1.0 : 1.0 1 5 3 0 3 S-9 18 2 1.0 1.8 1.0 : 0.8 : 0.1 2 24 43 13 30 23 S-10 31 50 3 0.6 1.7 1.0 : 1.6 : 0.1 2 49 84 25 59 S-ll 7 12 0 0.9 2.4 1.0 : 1.7 : 0.0 1 8 19 7 12
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SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT Number 21 to BOSTON EDISON COMPANY on BENTHIC ALGAL AND FAUNAL STUDIES e AT THE PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION August,1982 - March,1983 James A. Blake Richard A. McGrath Judith A. Scanlon John W. Williams BATTELLE New England Marine Research Laboratory 397 Washington Street Duxbury, Massachusetts 02332
TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE
~~SUMMARY~~
. . . ._. . . .._. . i INTRODUCTION .. . ._ . ......._. . . ~ 1 METH005... .. . . - : . . .. . . . _ 2 QUANTITATIVE ALGAL AND FAUNAL SAMPLING. .... ._ ._ 2 QUALITATTVE TRANSECT SURVEY . .. . . . ..... ....... . ..... 8 DATA AN ALYS15 . . .... . . . ... .. ... ... . ._._ 9 RESULTS ...... .... .. .._..... . . . . . . . . I1 FAUNAL STUDIES. .. . . . . . .. . .. ~ .. . I1 ALG AL STU DIES......... .... ..... . . .... .~ . . ... . .. .. . 25 SEDIMEN r GRAIN SIZE ANALYS15 . . . . . ...~. 38 -
C QUALITATIVE TRANSECT SURVEY... .. .. ... ... .. . . . 40 LITERATURE CITED .... .. .._. _ . .._ . . .. . ........ 45 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 Algal species collected from the replicate samples of the Effluent, Rocky Point, and Manomet Point subtidal(10') MLW) stations Mr the September,1982 collecting period........................................................... 1-1 APPENDIX 2 Replicate individuals per (total number species per m of ly)ividuals faunal per species) data for Effluent Station, and station (numbers of Sep t e m be r , 19 8 2. .......... . .. . ................. . ...... ... ... . ............ ........ ... ....... .... ... 2-1 APPENDIX 3 viduals per species) and station (numbers of Replicate individuals per (total numbers species per m of ip) faunal data for Manomet Point, Se p t e m be r , 19 8 2... .. . .... ...... ........... ............ ..... ................. .. . ....... . .. ..... ........ ... 3-1
)
Page APPENDIX 4 Replicate individuals per(total numbers species per m of Ip) faunal data for Rocky Point,viduals per species) and s September,1982. : ~ ~ _ . _ 4-1 LIST OF TABL_ES Table 1. Faunal Species Richness (S), Faunal Density with (N), and without (N') Mytilus edulis. September,1982. .x -
. _ ~ - . . . 13 Table 2. Rank Order of Abundance for the Dominant 15 Species, September,1982.._.. ._ . . ._ ~. . ... 19 Table 3. Informatip Theory Diversity Values (Shannon-Wiener) by replicate and for m data, September,1982. ..-.-. ..-._.- - . 21 Table 4. Information Theory Diversity Valys (Shannon-Wiener) excluding Mytilus edulis by replicate and m data, September,1982 . _.. . 21 2
Table 5. Dry Weight Blomass Values (g/m ) for Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora spp., Epiphytes, the Remaini Benthic Species, and Total Algal Biomass for Manomet Pt., R y Pt., and Effluent Subtidal (10'mlw) Stations for September,1982. .... . . .. . . 29 Table 6. Results of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) statistical treatment for location effects on Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora spp., the remaining benthic species, epiphytes of Chondrus, epiphytes of Phyl'ophora, and total algal biomass for the September,1982 collections... ...... ... . _ . .. . ... :...- 30 Table 7. Results of two way ANOVAs indicating significant differences for algal biomass parameters. . . . -.. . ~ . . _. .. 34 Table 3. Colonization Values for Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp. for the Manomet Point, Effluent, and Rocky Point Subtidal(10' mlw) Stations ior September,1982 ._.. . ~. . ... ~ .... . 36 Table 9. Condition Index Values for Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp. for the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent subtidal(10' mlw) Stations for September, 1982.......... .. ... . . ...... .. 37 Table 10. Particle Size Distribution for Sediment Samples collected at Elfluent Station, September,1982... .. .... .. . ...... .. ....... .~. 39 I l LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Location of the Rocky Point, Effluent, and Manomet Point Rock-substratum Subtidal (10'mlw) Stations........ . .. .... ........ .. ... 3
P, age Figure 2. Rock Substratum Airlift ?amplir6 Device _.. . _ 5 Figure 3. Species Richness for the Period September,1979 through September,1982.: :..- _. . 14 Figure 4. Faunal Densities (m2 ) for the Period September,1979 through September,1982 . .-- :...-. 16 Figure 5. Faunal Densities (m2 ) Excluding Mytilh edulis for the period September,1979 through March,1982. _._.._. _ 17 Figure 6. Mytilus Edulis Densities (m2 ) for the Period September,1979 through September,1982. . .... . . . . . I8 Figure 7. Replicates of Manomet Point, Rocky Point and Effluent Stations Clustered by NESS- . . .. . .- : 23 Figure 8. Replicates of Manomet Point, Rocky Point and Effluent Stations Clustered by Bray-Curtiv 24 Figure 9. Algal Community Overlap (Jaccard's Coefficient of Community) and number of Species Shared Between Replicate Pairs at the Manomet Point, Rocky Point and Effluent Subtidal Stations (10' mlw), September,1982. _ .. .._ ... - :. 27 Figure 10. Pilgrim Station, September 24,1982. Configuration of the Chondrus crispus Community in the Vicinity of the Discharge Ca nal ... _ ... .. . ... .. .-.. .... 41 Figure 11. Pilgrim Station, December 1,1982. Configuration of the Chondrus crispus Community in the Vicinity of the Discharge Ca nal.. ... . ... . . .. .. . ..... . . 42 Figure 12. Measurements of Denuded and Stunted Areas in the Vicinity of the Effluent Discharge ... . ... .. .. . . ....... ... .. .. 44
EXECUTIVE
~~SUMMARY~~
This report presents the results of benthic studies conducted from August, 1982 to March,1983 in conjunction with operation of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS). Quantitative samples were collected on September 24, 1982 and transect I mappings were conducted on September 24 and December 1,1982. These investigations rrpresent the most recent phase of an extensive long-term effort by Boston Edison to assess the impact of PNPS on the inshore benthic community of Cape Cod Bay. The benthic monitoring program has been refined in scope during the past several years by the Pilgrim Administrative - Technical Committee in conjunction with Boston Edison Company and presently comprises the following components: e semi-annual quantitative sampling at the Effluent, and at the Rocky Point and Manomet Point control sites, and e quarterly mapping of the near-field acute impact zones via diver observa-tion. A variety of analytical techniques were employed to assess community structure. Specific data on algal biomass, dominant fauna and density of selected species wtre also investigated. Both spatial (with control sites) and temporal (with previous samplings) comparisons were used to examine the data for any evidence of PNPS effects. Field collection and laboratory analysis techniques were in most cases identical with techniques used by former contractors. Comparability of methodology was insured by the continuation of some personnel who have had a long history with the program and by the use of previous investigators as consultants. Every effort was made to ensure that the long-term comparability of the data base would not be compromised due to a change in contractors. We have carefully noted any changes in techniques which wsre deemed advisable. As in previous samplings, five replicate 33 cm2 benthic samples were collected with SCUBA at three sites: Effluent, Manomet Point and Rocky Point. Samples were preserved in the field and returned to the laboratory where the faunal and algal fractions ware separated and analyzed. Data analysis was conducted on the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution computer using software which had previously been used to analyze PNPS data. l t i
The diver-transect study was conducted with particular care so as to ensure comparability with previous work. Previous contractors participated in the initial survey and were consulted regularly on particular technical points. Methods were therefore identical with previous years, involving a fixed line stretched offshore along the discharge centerline and a moveable line pe pendicular to this which was traversed by divers who noted the boundaries of the stunted and denuded algal zones. There have been some minor changes in faunal taxonomy as a result of analysis of the September,1982 samples. We are not presently sure which of the newly-identified species are in fact new to the area and which were perhaps overlooked by previous taxonomists. This will become clearer with subsequent samplings, examination of previous voucher specimens, and consultation with systematists. In any event, none of the major species are involved, and those taxonomic discrepancies are not of sufficient importance to change any of the previous conclusions. The Effluent station had significantly fewer numbers of species in September, 1982. This has been the typical pattern for this parameter in recent years and appears to be related to reduced habitat stability due to the hydrodynamic rather than the thermal effects of the PNPS discharge. Faunal densities, however, were higher at the Effluent than at the control sites, though not significantly so. Few mussels (Mytilus edulis) were found at the Effluent and the elevated densities were due primarily to the amphipods 3assa falcata and Corophium spp. Patterns of dominant species during September were essentially similar at all three sites though some differences are notable. Chief among these is the depressed dominance of mussels, especially at Effluent where Mytilus was only the fourth most abundant species comprising 6.62% of the fauna. This species is typically an overwhelm-ing dominant at all sites and particularly so at Effluent where conditions appear optimal for settlement. Mussels are known to vary greatly from year to year in reproductive success and this may account for the observed distribution pattern. Shannon-Wiener diversities were markedly lower at Effluent than at the two control sites. Examination of the data indicated that this was due to the combined effects of lowered species richness and strong dominance of Jassa falcata. Both of these factors result in lowered Shannon-Wiener values. Depressed diversity values at Effluent are seen commonly in previous data. ii
Classification (cluster) analysis was used to identify broad patterns of similarity in the data. All stations were generally distinct from each other and the replicates from a station tended to cluster together. Rocky Point and Manomet Point were shown to be more similar to each other in faunal composition than either was to the Effluent. The distinct clustering of the Effluent Station is due to the unusual dominance of amphipods and the reduced importance of Mytilus, in the rank order of dominance. In addition, among the 15 dominant species at Effluent Station, 6 species are not dominant at Rocky Point and Manomet Point. The differences observed at the Effluent Station is unquestionably due to the integrated effects of the PNPS discharge at the sampling site. No additional algal species were identified from the September,1982 sampling and the algal systematics were identical with those used in previous years. Abundant species throughout the sampling area continued to be Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp., with Chondrus being more dense at most sites. Gracilaria foliifera and Codium fragile tomentosoides, two warm-water algae, were again found in the discharge canal and immediately beyond the ends of the discharge jstties. These species do not normally occur in open coastal situations north of Cape Cod and their occurrence is partly due to the presence of heated effluent from PNPS. Algal community overlap values were similar at all three sampling sites and indicated comparable habitat homogeneity. Algal biomass was determined separately for six different algal categories. Although there was considerable variability, greatest biomass was found at the Effluent, and Rocky Point appeared to support considerably less biomass than the other two sites. None of the observed differences were found to be statistically significant, however. The previous pattern of decreased Chondrus biomass and decreased Chondrus/Phyllophora biomass ratio at Effluent, believed to be due to scour from the PNPS discharge, was not repeated in the September,1982 data. Comparison of the present algal biomass data with data collected in August, 1981 indicated significant differences for Chondrus epiphytes, Phyllophora spp. and total biomass, respectively. Of these, only Chondrus epiphytes showed a significant site x time interaction which would be indicative of differential effects at Effluent since the previous year. The importance of this observation is not presently known. The Chondrus/Phyllophora condition index study indicated that Phyllophora was more heavily colonized, presumably due to its ability to tolerate epiphyte-induced iii
stress. Epiphytization and condition values were highest at Manomet Point and similar at Rocky Point and Effluent. The extent and configuration of the near-field acute impact zones were measured twice during this reporting period, September and December,1982. Results were generally comparable to previous surveys, indicating a denuded zone of approxi-mately 1000 m2 and a total impact area of 2200 m 2. The impacted area was again found to be more extensive to the northwest (left) of the discharge. With data now available from eight mappings, we believe we may be seeing some indication of a seasonal pattern in the size of the impacted area (Figure 12). There is a tendency for the impacted area to increase in total area during the spring and summer months and to be more restricted during the colder months of the year. Additional data are required to evaluate this hypothesis. iv
1 l I I SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT Number 21 to BOSTON EDISON COMPANY on BENTHIC ALGAL AND FAUNAL STUDIES AT THE PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION August,1982-March,1983 3ames A. Blake Richard A. McGrath Judith A. Scanlon John W. Williams INTROQUCTION This report presents the results of the most recent series of benthic monitoring surveys performed at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) . The monitoring surveys are part of a long-term effort by Boston Edison Company to assess the impact of the thermal effluent from the 655 MW" nuclear steam-electric generating station on the inshore benthic community. PNPS is located on the northwest shore of Cape Cod Bay, five miles southeast of Plymouth Harbor, Massachusetts. The quantitative algal and faunal data presented and analyzed in this report were derived from field collections conducted in September,1982. Qualitative transect data were collected on September 24, and December 1,1982. The specifications for times of sampling and procedures follow guidelines estab-lished by the Pilgrim Administrative Technical Committee (PATC) and adopted by the Boston Edison Company. The program was modified in the summer of 1981 to include: 1) Semi-annual (August, March) benthic sampling (quarterly samples were taken from September,1974 to June 11, 1981); 2) Three quantitative sampling sites (Manomet Point, Rocky Point and Effluent Station); 3) Five replicate samples (0.33m2 ) from each of the 3 stations (three replicates were taken from September,1974 through June,1980; six replicates were taken from September,1980 through June,1981); and 4) Diver-conducted 1
transect surveys to be performed quarterly (August, December, March, June) from December,1981 to assess localized effects of PNPS cooling water discharge on near-field benthic communities. A variety of analytical techniques were employed in this program to assess community structure. In addition, specific data on algal biomass, dominant fauna and densities of selected species were also investigated. Where appropriate, biological interpretation of observed results are incorporated. All data were analyzed and compared with data from previous samplings and with control station results. Field collections were supervised by Mr. John Williams. Sorting and identification of algal and faunal samples was supervised by the Project Manager, Dr. James A. Blake. Data analysis was supervised by Mr. Richard McGrath. Algal taxonomy and analysis were j performed by Ms. Judy Scanlon, with the consultation of Mr. Walter Grocki. Other key personnel included: Ms. Maggie Dutch, Mr. Dale Davis, Mr. Mark Curran, Mr. Jim Cammarata, Ms. Sandra Weiss, .Mr. Bill Johnson, Ms. Elizabeth Garlo, Mr. Phillip Nimerskern and Mr. Paul Banas. METHODS l QUANTITATIVE ALGAL AND FAUNAL SAMPLING The field procedures basically follow some techniques initiated by Battelle in 1972. i Present procedures adhere closely to the most recent modifications initiated by Taxon, t i Inc. in subsequent years, especially since 1974. l Benthic Sampling Stations Quantitative benthic samples were collected on September 24, 1982 at three stations: Manomet Point, Rocky Point and Effluent (Figure 1). The first two stations served as southern and northern controls respectively, while the Effluent Station represented the area of most immediate potential impact. All stations were located at a 1 depth of 10 feet (MLW). The Effluent Station is located directly seaward of the center 2
W PLYMOUTH l
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L l FIGURE 1. LOCATION OF THE ROCKY POINT, EFFLUENT, AND MANOMET POINT ROCK-SUBSTRATUM SUBTIDAL (10' MLW) STATIONS 3 1- .__
3- J _, I l l l line of the discharge canal. The Rocky Point control station is located approximately 0.25 nautical miles (nm) northeast of the Effluent site. The Manomet Point Station is located 1 l approximately 2 nautical miles (nm) southeast of the Effluent Station. Precise station locations depend upon line-of-sight techniques, with highly visible structures located on the shore. These reference points are coordinated with fathometer l readings to provide precise station location. The Rocky Point Station was located by lining up the microwave relay tower with the off-gas stack. The Effluent Station was ! identified as the center line between the two discharge jetties. The Manomet Point f Station was located by lining up the two southernmost telephone poles on top of Manomet Point. Station relocation techniques are sufficiently reliable to insure that all sampling i i occurs within a radius of 20-50 m of the originally established station locations. ! l l Collection Techniques All sampling was performed by a team of SCUBA divers. Sampling equipment 2 consisted of an airlift sampling device and a 0.33 cm metal pipe-frame quadrate (Figure 2). The pipe-frame insured that a uniform surface area of 1089 cm was consistently sampled from each rock. A standard SCUBA tank supplied the suction necessary for the operation of the airlift device. The Battelle research vessel, R/V Mya was used as a base from which the divers operated. At Manomet Point, a small boat was required to assist j l
~~the divers, due to large rocks in the area which forced the Mya to anchor slightly seaward of the station.~~
Upon arriving at the sampling location, divers descended to the bottom with the sampling equipment and randomly chose large, flat-surfaced rocks or boulders for sampling. Small rocks with less than half the surface area of the quadrate were eliminated from sampling consideration due to their increased susceptibility to movement or dislodgement during stormy weather. Such rocks were considered to have a less stable resident community. The quadrate was placed on the surface of a rock and the airlift device was positioned a few inches above the quadrate by one diver, while a second diver began scraping the quadrate with a sharp bladed tool (Red Devil Paint Scraper). The algae I and resident fauna were carried by suction up the airlift into a bag (Nitex,0.5 mm mesh) at the opposite end. When the quadrate had been scraped clean, the bag was removed and sealed. A new bag was then attached while one diver took the filled sample bag to the surface to a biologist waiting in the boat. In some cases, 2 or 3 bags would be collected 4 j j
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and returned at once, depending upon convenience. Five replicate samples were taken at each station. On board the Mya, each sealed bag was placed in a wet box containing fresh seawater. While underway to the next station, the contents of each bag were transferred to a one-gallon plastic jar, labelled and preserved with 10% formalin. Two handfulls of Borax were added as a buffering agent to prevent softening of mollusc shells. i Faunal Processira in the laboratory, the algal and faunal components were separated by washing the animals off the algae onto a 0.5 mm mesh screen. The fauna was then preserved in 70% ethanol. The algae were returned to 5% formalin. Each faunal sample was then divided in one-quarter aliquots prior to sorting. One aliquot from each replicate was processed and the rest archived. A solution of Rose Bengal stain was added to each faunal aliquot prior to sorting. Animals were sorted into major groups by the sorter or to the lowest possible taxon depending upon the individual sorter. Major groups were then assigned to identifiers as follows: polychaetes, echinoderms, cnidarians, nemerteans and turbellarians to 3. Blake, arthropods to 3. Cammarata, S. Weiss and L. Garlo; molluscs to M. Curran and P. Nimeskern. 3. Blake, L. Garlo and P. Nimeskern are senior level taxonomists and certify that all identifications follow the latest nomenclature. Species counts did not include bryozoa, colonial hydroids and spirorbid worms as l they are attached epifauna on the algae and their presence in the faunal fraction is an underestimate of their abundance. These epifauna were noted during the algal processing (see below). Species exhibiting very high densities such as Mytilus edulis juveniles were sub-sampled from the residue rather than expending the labor needed to remove them in toto from the processed aliquot. Research quality stereomicroscopes and compound microscopes were used by all l
~~personnel during the identification process. '~~
l l l l Algal Processing i i The algal component of each replicate sample was examined, using both a dissection l and compound microscope, to determine the presence or absence of 38 indicator species 6
(See Appendix 1). The relative abundance of each indicator or taxon encountered was also noted for each sample. The indicator species currently under observation were originally chosen in September 1978, and were carefully selected from a listing of the several hundred algal species recorded from the Pilgrim I study sites in the 1974 - 1978 period. The indicator species include members of each of the major algal families, and also include representatives of a variety of habitat types; the group includes all of the dominant species within the study area, the majority of the macrophytic species, and the most common epiphytic species. Although the indicator species constitute only a small fraction of the total number of species inhabiting the study area, they comprise by far the most substantial part of the algal community as measured by both percent cover and biomass. Additional points of interest such as reproductive states of various algal species encountered, algal species present in addition to the 38 indicator species, and similarities and differences between each replicate sample were also recorded. Two voucher collections were established. One is preserved in 5% formalin. The second is a set of permanent slide mounts. The slides include reproductive structures and other characteristics useful for identification. The Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp. fractions of each replicate sample were examined to assess the degree of algal and faunal colonization of the host species. The algal colonizers were epiphytic species such as Spermothamnion repens, Ceramium rubrum, Cystoclonium purpureum and Polysiphonia spp.; the faunal colonizers were primarily the encrusting hydrozoans, bryozoans, spirorbid worms and mussel spat (Mytilus edulis). Each Chondrus and Phyllophora replicate fraction was compared with a set of five reference samples which were ranked in order of increasing levels of algal and faunal l infestation. Each fraction was then assigned the numerical value of the reference sample with which it most closely compared. Separate algal and faunal colonization indices were then determined for the Chondrus and Phyllophora populations of each station by summing the values assigned to the three replicate samples. Dry weight biomass of each sample was determined for five separate algal fractions: Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora spp., epiphytes of Chondrus, epiphytes of Phyliophora, and the remaining benthic species. Total algal biomass was also determined. Each fraction was weighed on a Mettler balance after drying for 72 hours in a atandard drying oven set L at 80 C. 4 7
Sediment Grain Size A sample of sediment was taken from each of the Effluent Station replicates. The amount of sand was conspicuous at this station. The sample was dried and passed through a 19 nested series of Standard Sieves on a Roto-Tap Shaking Device. The contents of each sieve were weighed and tabulated as a cumulative of the total pre-sieved weight. QUALITATIVE TRANSECT SURVEY SCUBA observations along the axis of the discharge canal were conducted on 1 September 24,1982 and December 1,1982. A line was extended across the mouth of the discharge canal at the mean high water mark on the ends of the discharge jetties. A weighted transect line, marked at 10 m intervals was then attached to the center of this line and deployed along the central axis of the discharge canal for 200 m offshore. A third line, marked at one meter intervals, was extended perpendicularly to the transect line by divers on the bottom, and oriented at 90 with a compass. A SCUBA diver then transversed this third line underwater and l recorded changes in algal cover over the distance from the center line through the I denuded and stunted areas to where the algal cover became normal. These observations were made at 10 m intervals on each side of the center line until the offshore limit of the stunted zone was encountered. Observations were the same as those conducted for the 1981 Transect Program. According to BECo (1982 a-b), the distinction between " denuded" and " stunted" is j
based on Chondrus crispus. The denuded zone is defined as that area where Chondrus occurs only as stunted plants restricted to the sides and crevices of rocks. No Chondrus is found on the upper surfaces of rocks in this area except where the microtopography of the rock surfaces creates small protected areas. In the stunted zone, Chondrus is found en the upper surfaces of the rocks but is noticeably inferior in height, density, and frond development. The normal zone was considered to begin at that point where these factors are typical for the depth and substratum in question. In order to ensure that Battelle divers were making the same judgements as to changes in algal cover, as previously made i by Taxon, Inc. biologists, Mr. Walter Grocki demonstrated the procedure to Battelle divers l
during a preliminary sampling trip on September 17, 1982. l 8
DATA ANALYSIS Data analysis was performed on the VAX - 11/780 computer at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI). All data were coded onto specially designed project coding sheets as the samples were processed. Data were entered onto SK" diskettes on a VT-180 microcomputer located at BNEMRL and subsequently transmitted to magnetic disk at WHOI. Following transmittal, a hard copy of the raw data was generated at BNEMRL's rcmote terminal and verified against the original coding sheets. All keypunching errors were corrected at this point. Auditing software was then employed to further examine the data for errors. Analytical software comprised a suite of programs developed at WHOI specifically for the analysis of benthic data. In addition to a variety of data-management and modification utilities, these include primarily the programs PRAREl and SPSTCL. PRAREl summarizes the data for each sample, calculates a variety of diversity-related indices, and generates a rarefaction curve. SPSTCL is a multivariate classification package which allows a wide variety of user-specified options for similarity indices and clustering strategies. Analytical Techniques Rank Order of Abundance. The individual species comprising the fauna at each station are rank ordered by abundance for each replicate. The most dominant species are listed first, followed in order by less dominant forms. The contribution of each species to the overall total percent of the fauna is denoted by an increasing cumulative percentage starting with the most dominant species and ending with the most rare. Basic statistical trcatments including calculation of means, standard deviations, sta.ndard error and 2 extrapolation to an abundance per m are performed on each replicate sample in order to obtain the rank order for each station. Diversity Measures (Community Parameters). At least two measures of diversity are calculated for each sample and station, including the Shannon-Wiener information index, H', as well as evenness (Pielou's 3) and species richness. In addition, rarefaction curves according to the method of Hurlbert (1971) are calculated. It can be shown that 9
l l l I Shannon's H' is a biased estimator, and for small samples will underestimate the true population information (Smith and Grassie,1977). Hurlbert's expected species index of l diversity has an unbiased estimator and is thus particularly useful when small and unequal sample size must be compared. Rarefaction curves will not be presented until the October report. i Similarity Measures. The most direct measure of faunal similarity between field i i samples is the number of species in common. The concept of species shared is biologically meaningful and can be readily visualized in terms of species distribution. We used the measure of similarity developed by Grassle and Smith (1976), the Normalized Expected i i Species Shared (NESS). This measure is based on the expected number of species shared between random samples of size, m, drawn from a population. The NESS is sensitive to the less common species in the populations to be compared. Confidence intervals can be calculated for this index using the two sample jackknife estimator (Smith, Grassle and Kravitz,1979). l The classic Bray-Curtis similarity measure, the most widely used clustering technique, was also used (Boesch,1977). These values can be calculated for stations (Q Type) and by species (R Type). For the present report, only the Q Type value was calculated. In developing similarity values for station pairs (Effluent station with Rocky Point; Effluent Station with Manomet Point; Rocky Point with Manomet Point), clustering algorithms, such as flexible sorting and group averaging are applied to the -similarity matrix, and a cluster diagram or dendrogram is generated. This provides a graphical means of visualizing station relationships based on similarity. The significance of I differences between stations and sampling periods is then tested with analysis of variance. Time-Series Analysis. New results were compared with important components of the 8-year data base to observe long-term effects of thermal discharge on the benthic community. The simplest manner in which to compare long-term data of this sort is to compare changes in species composition over time. Changes in rank of dominants may indicate that perturbation of the community has occurred, or may be merely indicative of I natural population cycles. In the August, 1981 samples, Mytilus edulis and Caprella I penantis were the most dominant faunal species at all three stations. In the same samples, however, two other highly placed dominants at Rocky Point and Manomet Point, i 10
Hiatella arctica and Margarites umbilicus, were greatly reduced in numbers at the 4 Effluent site. The past data base is valuable to see if this relationship and others has clways existed or if it is related to operation of PNPS, as suspected. RESULTS FAUNAL STUDIES i Systematics Following the change in contractors from Taxon, Inc. to Battelle, there have been a f:w changes in the names applied to some taxa. With two exceptions, however, none of the commen indicator or dominant faunal components are affected. One minor change is with the species previously called Nicolea venustula, a terebellid polychaete. We have decided that this species should properly be called N. zostericola since it has 15 instead of 17 thoracic setigerous segments. The caprellid amphipod, Aeginina longicornis found in previous years was not identified by our crustacean taxonomist Elizabeth Garlo. Instead, i Caprella linearis, a superficially similar species was identified. At the moment we are unsure whether A. longicornis has been replaced, or whether there is a disagreement among amphiped identifiers, although the latter appears unlikely due to differences in morphology. We plan to have Dr. Les Watling of the University of Maine examine our specimens and the reference specimens from Taxon in order to resolve the issue. Among the Mollusca, several species have been identified which appear to be newly reported for the program. These include the bivalves Mysella planulata and Spisula f solidissima and the gastropods Facelina bostoniensis, Doto coronata, Anachis avara, Odostomia gibbosa and Nassarius vibex. Cingula aculea is the same as Taxon's Onoba aculea and Turbonilla sumneri is possibly the same as T. interrupta. Our Anomia squamula l is a senior synonym of A. aculeata. Several very interesting species of Polychaeta have been identified. Caulleriella j bioculata occurred at both the Rocky Point and Manomet stations and represents the first record of the species from North America. Previously known from European waters, C_. bioculata is the type-species of its genus. Representative specimens will be archived in 11
F l l the National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution. A new species of Cirratulidae has been discovered, which is possibly referrable to the genus Chaetozone. Two species of Polydora have been identified including P. socialis and P. giard!. The l latter species resolves a long standing taxonomic problem. Blake (1971) suggested that P_. anoculata Moore,1909 from Woods Hole, might be a junior synonym of P. giardi Mesnil, 1897 known from widely distributed areas. Little material was available at the time to l l resolve the issue. The new specimens clearly indicate that the characters of the I widespread P_. giardi are present and that P. anoculata must be sunk into synonymy. Two species, Harmothoe extenuata and H_. imbricata, have been separated from what was previously called H. imbricata. The two forms may be readily distinguished by the lateral placement of the anterior eyes in the former and their forward location in the latter (Pettibone,1963). l l Species Richness I Species Richness for the September,1982 sampling is presented in Table 1. Data are presented as total numbers of species for each replicate, with a mean (x) value from
~~all replicates and a cumulative value for the entire station.~~
Manomet Point and Rocky Point had the most species with an average of 55 and 54.6 respectively. Effluent Station had the fewest species with an average of 41.6 per replicate. Manomet Point had a cumulative total of 89 species and Rocky Point had 83. Effluent had 75 species. The observed differences in mean number of species per replicate were tested with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (Sokal and Rohlf,1969). The results of this test showed that the Effluent Station had significantly fewer species than Manomet and Rocky Point (p <.001). There was no difference between the two control stations. This pattern was nearly the same as observed in previous sampling periods and represents a typical pattern observed in previous years (BECo,1981a-b; 1982a-b). The patterns for variation in species richness since September,1979 are shown in Figure 3. the species totals have increased from the lows recorded in March,1982. i l l 12
TABLE 1. FAUNAL SPECIES RICHNESS, FAUNAL DENSITY WITH AND WITHOUT MYTILUS EDULIS, SEPTEMBER,1982. Station / Species Richness Density w/o Replicate No. (No.of Species) Density Mytilus Effluent 1 40 39,376 36,220 2 42 12,852 11,288 3 48 7,716 7,464 4 41 10,616 10,276 5 37 39,364 37,392 i 41.6 21,985 20,528 m2 - 197,865 184,752 Total No. Species 75 - - Manomet Point 1 52 6,944 5,660 2 53 8,232 6,844 3 58 14,240 11,804 4 56- 16,192 12,916 5 56 8,068 6,584 ic 55 10,735 8,762 2 96,616 78,845 m - Total No. Species 89 - - Rocky Point 1 56 8,844 7,364 2 54 14,244 12,476 3 56 9,712 8,040 4 53 7,472 6,512 5 54 9,476 3,304 i 54.6 9,950 8,539 m2 - 89,546 76,853 Total No. Species 83 - -- 13
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Faunal Density Densities of benthic macrofauna per replicate and per square meter at each station are presented in Table 1 and Figures 4,5, and 6. Results are presented with and without mussels (Mytilus edulis). Densities of each species are given in Appendices 2,3, and 4. The greatest densities are recorded at the Effluent Station with individual replicates ranging from 7,716 to 39,376 (x= 21,985) individuals per sample. Removal of Mytilus had little impact on the totals, since they only represented 6.2% of the total fauna. Faunal densities at Manomet Point and Rocky Point were lower. At Manomet Point, replicate densities ranged from 6,944 to 14,240 (x = 10,735) individuals per sample. This is 2 calculated to be 96,616 individuals per m . At Rocky Point, replicate densities ranged from 7,472 to 14,244 (R = 9,950) individuals per sample. This is 76,853 per m2 . Removal of mussels at Manomet Point and Rocky Point was important since they represent 18.38% and 14.17% of the fauna, respectively. Effluent. Station faunal densities were controlled by amphipods, especially Jassa falcata (54.14%), Corophium bonelli (15.22%) and C. acutum (8.78%). The differences in faunal densities were examined with a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) for overall density and for density without mussels. Results of these tests were not significant. Species Dominance The 15 numerically dominant species at each station for the September, 1982 sampling are shown in Table 2. The Effluent Station is different from the Rocky Point and Manomet Point Stations. However, there are also differences between the two latter stations. Effluent Station is dominated by three amphipods, Jassa falcata, Corophium bonelli and C. acutum, which comprise 78.14% of the total density. Jassa falcata alone accounts for over one-half of the total number of individuals. Mytilus edulis only comprises 6.62% of the total fauna and is ranked fourth. All of the 15 top species make up 97.63% of the total density with the remaining 60 species comprising only 2.37%. At Rocky Point, Corophium bonelli is the most abundant species, with Jassa falcata dropping to sixth in the rank order. Mytilus edulis is second in abundance. After the first 15 species, the remaining 68 species comprise 13.07% of the total. At Manomet Point, Mytilus edulis is 15
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TABLE 2. RANK ORDER OF ABUNDANCE FOR THE DOMINANT 15 SPECIES, SEPTEMBER,1982. Number Station / Species (I/ rep!!cate) Percent Effluent 3assa falcata 11,903 54.14 Ephium bonelli 3,347 15.22 Corophium acutum 1,930 8.78 Mytilus edulis I,457 6.62 Cathopus laevisculus 811.2 3.68 Caprella penantis 745.6 3.39 Acarirm sp. 568.0 2.58 Dexamine thea 268.0 1.22 Idothea phosphorea 196.0 0.89 Asternas forbesii 77.6 0.35 Lacuna vincta 69.6 0.31 Idotea baltica 64.8 0.29 Aeotidia papillosa 60.8 0.27 Metridium senile 51.2 0.23 Mysella pianulata 50.4 0.22 Total of 15 Species 21,600.4 97.63 % Remaining fauna - 60 spp. 384.4 2.37 % Total Fauna - 75 spp. 21,984.8 100.0 % Manomet Point Mytilus edulis 2,776.8 25.86 % Jassa falcata 1,766.4 16.45 Acarina sp. 746.4 6.95 Pleusymtes glaber 636.0 5.92 Ischyroceros anguipes 529.6 4.93 Corophium acutum 513.6 4.78 Caprella penantis 464.8 4.32 Margarites helicinia 380.8 3.54 Corophium borelli 377.6 3.51 Calliopus laevisculus 304.0 2.83 Nicolea zostericola 248.8 2.31 Deramine thea 240.3 2.24 Hiatella arctica 217.6 2.02 Caorella linearis 176.8 1.64 Idotea phosphorea 172.0 1.60 Total of 15 Species 9,552.0 88.90 Remaining fauna - = 74 spp. 1,183.2 ! ! .10% Total Fauna - 89 spp. 10,735.2 100.0 % Rocky Point Corophium bonelli 1,612.8 16.20 Mytilus edulis 1,410.4 14.17 Dexamine thea 1,049.6 10.54 M- writes helici,s 632.0 6.35 L . .ella penantas 604.8 6.07 Jassa falcata 600.0 6.03 Corophium acutum 493.6 4.96 Acarina sp. 473.6 4.75 Pleusymtes glaber 403.2 4.05 Lacuna vincta 300.0 3.01 Hiatella arctica 257.6 2.58 Ischyrocerus anguioes 24v,0 2.45 Cingula aculeus 218.4 2.19 Calliooius laevisculus 182.4 1.83 Nicolea zostericola 174.4 1.75 Total of 15 5pecies . 5,636.8 TC93 Remaining fauna - 68 spp. 1,292.8 13.07 % Total Fauna - 83 spp. 9,949.6 100.0 % 19
F l I the most abundant species, with 25.86% of the total. 3assa falcata is second with 16.45%. Nine species of amphipods in the top 15 comprise 46.62% of the total. The remaining 74 species of the station account for 11.1%. 1 The patterns of dominance observed in these September,1982 samples depart from I the patterns seen in August,1981 where Mytilus edulis and Caprella penantis were ranked first and second at all three stations (BECo,1981b). In 1982, Mytilus ranked first only at Manomet Point. Caprella penantis ranked from fifth to seventh at all three stations. The samples of March,1982 again showed Mytilus edulis as the single most abundant species at all three stations. Jassa falcata was second at Manomet Point and Effluent, but ranked seventh at Rocky Point. In summary, amphipods were far more abundant than mussels in the September,1982 samples. This pattern departs from the last two sampling periods (August,1981; March, 1982) where Mytilus was dominant (BECo,1981b; 1982a-b). Species Diversity Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') and eveness (Pielou's 3') were calculated for each replicate and for the combined data of each station. These values are presented in Table 3 for the entire community and in Table 4 for the community excluding Mytilus edulis. The exclusion of M_. edulis has been used in previous studies due to the usual dispropor-tionate influence this numerical dominant usually has one on these indices. In the September,1982 data, however, Mytilus populations were not as high as in previous sampling periods (see above) and the values are probably influenced more by elevated amphipod densities. The highest diversity and eveness values are found at the Manomet and Rocky Point Stations. Values at Effluent are significantly lower. This data corresponds to the lower species richness data also evident at Effluent Station. The lower diversity values at Effluent Station are undoubtedly due to the dominance of three amphipod species which comprise over 78% of the total number of individuals. The September,1982 values may be compared with March,1982 (BECo, 1982a) where overall diversities were low at all stations. Manomet Point which had the lowest diversities in March are all now very high, while diversity at Effluent Station has i remained low. 20 r
TABLE 3. INFORMATION THEORY DIVERSITY VALUES (SHANNON-WIENER) BY REPLICATE AND FOR M 2DATA, SEPTEMBER,1982. Replicate Manomet Point H' J' H' J' H' J' 1 4.04 0.71 4.23 0.73 2.03 0.38 2 4.21 0.74 4.14 0.72 2.55 0.47 3 3.95 0.67 3.88 0.67 3.30 0.59 4 3.71 0.64 4.34 0.76 2.76 0.51 5 4.17 0.72 4.08 0.71 2.14 0.41 m 4.2:a 0.65 4.27 0.67 2.41 0.39 TABLE 4. INFORMATION THEORY DIVERSITY VALUES (SHANNON-WIENER) EXCLUDING MYTILUS EDULIS BY REPLICATE AND M2 DATA, SEPTEMBER,1982. Replicate Manomet Point Rocky Point Effluent H' J' M' J' H' J' 1 4.11 0.72 4.30 0.74 1.76 0.33 2 4.29 0.75 4.10 0.72 2.31 0.43 3 3.98 0.68 3.89 0.67 3.20 0.58 4 3.75 0.65 4.34 0.76 2.64 0.50 5 4.27 0.74 4.04 0.71 1.95 0.38 2 h.29 0.68 2.20 0.35 m 4.33 0.67 21
I l l Similarity Measures l Number of species in common is a direct measure of faunal similarity between i samples. The concept of species shared can be readily visualized in terms of species distribution. Cluster analyses were conducted using both the NESS Similarity measure developed by Grassle and Smith (1976) and the Bray-Curtis method (Boesch,1977). The ! NESS (Normalized Expected Species Shared) is more sensitive to the rare species in j populations. The results are presented in Figure 7 for NESS and Figure 8 for Bray-Curtis. The l l Effluent Station is distinctly separated from the Manomet Point and Rocky Point stations l by both techniques. Manomet Point and Rocky Point separate at lower levels of similarity. All five replicates each of Manomet Point and Rocky Point cluster closely together with their respective stations using NESS. Using Bray-Curtis, however, Rocky Point replicate 2 clusters with the five Manomet Stations. That particular replicate, upon inspection, had higher numbers of Jassa falcata than the other four. This amphipod was the second ranking species in the dominance hierarchy at Manomet, but only ranked sixth I at Rocky Point. The NESS method apparently did not place undue weight upon that single anomaly in one replicate, but dealt with overall population similarities of the two stations. 22
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ALGAL STUDIES Systematics No additions to the cumulative algal species list presented in BECo Report No.16 (BECo,1980) have been made as a result of the September,1982 sample analyses. Species identifications and taxonomic determinations were based on the works of Bold and Wynne (1978), Dawson (1966), Parke and Dixon (1976), South (1976), and Taylor (1962). Algal Community Description Throughout the Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent survey areas, the rock and cobble substratum was heavily colonized by red macroalgae. The most abundant species were Chondrus crispus and Phyllophora spp., both representatives of the Order Gigartinales. Chondrus densities appeared similar at all three sampling areas. Phyllophora spp. was present at all three sample areas, but was less dense than Chondrus. Additional benthic macroalgal species were also represented within the three sampling areas. The most noticeable red algae were Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata, and Corallina officinalis. The most conspicuous brown algae were isolated specimens of Laminaria spp. Green algae within the sampling area included mostly Chaetomorpha sp. filaments and scattered Ulva lactuca. While each of these taxa were occasionally observed to form well defined populations, their most common mode of occurrence was either as isolated individuals, or as weakly developed populations occurring within the Chondrus and Phyllophora. Gracilaria folifera blanketed the rocks within the Effluent Canal, decreasing to sparse patches at a distance of 50 meters from the jetties. Also common in clumps among the Gracilaria was the introduced green alga Codium fragile tomentosoides. Since its introduction in Long Island Sound in 1957, Codium has spread to the south side of Cape Cod. In recent years, Codium has been documented in Cape Cod Bay and presently a local population exists year round in Duxbury Bay (Carlton and Scanlon, MS.). The shallower stunted zone interface was dominated by sparse Chondrus and the brown alga Fucus spp. The epiphytic algal population encompassed a large number of species and constituted an important component of the algal community. Chondrus and Phyllophora 25
i served as the primary host species although Polyides rotundus was also epiphytized at Rocky Point, where it was most abundant. Epiphytic species are prevalent year round, but attain their maximum development during summer and early autumn. During this time, the dominant epiphytic species include Spermothamnion repens, several species of l Polysiphonia, Cystoclonium pupureum and Ceramium rubrum. While all species were common at all .three sampling stations, Ceramium dominated at the warmer Effluent l Station whereas Spermothamnion and Polysiphonia were more abundant at the Rocky Point and Manomet Point Stations. Based upon previous BECo reports, the primary winter spring epiphytes are expected to include Phycodrys rubens, Callophyllis cristata, Membranoptera alata, and Rhodomela confervoides, i 1 1 Algal Community Overlap Community overlap was calculated using Jaccard's Coefficient of Community (Greig-Smith,1964) to measure quantitatively the extent of similarity in algal species composition between the Manomet Point, Effluent, and Rocky Point stations. The coefficient model provides a mathematical evaluation of the similarity of two stations or replicates using only the species content, and without reference to any differences in the abundance of the species involved. Species occurrence records of 38 carefully selected indicator species were used for all community overlap calculations. Specific criteria ,
\
employed in the selection of the indicator species have been described in the Methods l l section of this report. Results of community overlap comparisons between replicate samples of each ) station for the September,1982 collecting period are presented in matrix form in Figs. . 9a-c. Ranges of replicate overlap values were 65% - 90% at Manomet Point and Rocky l Point Stations, and 70% - 95% at the Effluent. The mean replicate overlap value for the three stations showed a close degree of correspondence; the respective values for Manomet Point, Rocky Point and Effluent were 79.6%, 77.6% and 82.9%. Similar ranges I i and means of these values at the three stations indicates that the algal species l composition of each was similarly homogeneous. I 26
1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 19 16 18 17 1 17 21 20 19 2 82.6 18 19 18 NtfEER & 2 63.0 19 18 17 hl12ER & SPECIES SND SPECIES 3 E6.7 81.8 17 18 See 3 70.0 79.2 21 21 4 81.8 90.5 81.0 17 4 7 11 . 1 85.7 8 11 . 0 20 5 70.8 78.3 85.7 77.3 5 67.9 77.3 8ti.0 90.9 ITRCENT OVERLAP PERCENT OVERLAP A. MANOrlEr POINT STATION B. ROCKY POINT STATION N N 1 2 3 4 5 Overlap between stations 1 20 W 18 20 Number of Shared Species Community Overla Station Pair _ August 1982 August 1982
~~2 83.3 20 17 19 htfBER OF~~
" Manomet Point-Rocky Polnt 23 79.31% SPECIES Manomet Point-Effluent 20 68.97% SmRED 3 95.7 87.0 18 21 Rocky Polut-Erliuent 23 76.67% 4 75.0 73.9 78.3 18 5 95.7 79.2 91.3 69.2 FIGURE 9. ALCAI. COMMUNITY OVEkLAP (JACARD'S fTRCENT OVERLAP COEFFICIENT OF COMMUNITY) AND NUMBER OF SPECIES SilAREI) 15LTWELN REPLICATE PA!RS AT Tile MANOMET POINT. ROCKY POINT ANI) EFFl.tWur SUBTIDAL STATIONS C. EFFl.UkNT STATION (10' MI.W). SEPTfMBER, 1982.
j Algal Biomass Algal biomass was determined for benthic (Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora spp., and remaining benthic species) and epiphytic (epiphytes of Chondrus and epiphytes of Phyllophora) algal fractions. Total algal biomass was also determined for each replicate. Chondrus crispus Biomass. Chondrus crispus biomass values for Manomet Point, Effluent, and Rocky Point Stations for September, .1982 are presented in Table 5. The Effluent Station produced the highest mean Chondrus biomass (474.19 g/m2) followed closely by Manomet Point (465.44 g/m2). Rocky Point mean biomass was the lowest of the three stations (325.85 g/m2), 31% lower than the Effluent value, and 30% lower than the Manomet Point value. An examination of the replicate biomass values for the three stations show the 2 range of individual biomass to be greatest at Effluent (56.25-990.27 g/m ). Ranges at 2 2 Rocky Point and Manomet Point were lower, 225.72-574.38 g/m , and 189.72-594.90 g/m respectively. This year's Chondrus biomass has more than doubled over the August,1981 value at the Effluent Station. Table 5 shows that the mean Chondrus biomass constituted the same percentage at both Effluent and Manomet Point Stations (54%). Rocky Point Chondrus biomass consisted of 48 % of the total algae present. The ratio of Chondrus/Phyllophora biomass at Rocky Point, Effluent, and Manomet Point was similar with ratios of 1.9:1,1.8:1, and 1.5:1, respectively. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed on replicate sample data i from September,1982 to test for significant differences in Chondrus biomass between the three stations. Results of the ANOVA are included in Table 6, and indicate no significant differences between stations. Previous BECo semi-annual reports have advanced the hypothesis that sand scour at the Effluent site may be primarily responsible for a decreased Chondrus biomass observed from October,1975 to August,1981. Chondrus is relatively delicate and is considered to be particularly susceptible to the effects of scouring (Prince,1971). These include inhibition of germination and abrasion-induced dislodging of established plants (Newroth, 1970), both of which could contribute to locally-depressed biomass. The September,1982 data do not repeat the previous pattern of decreassed biomass at the Effluent Station. However, variation in Chondrus biomass was higher at this site and may reflect selective scouring effects at some replicate sampling sites, i l l 28
TABLE 5. 2 DRY WEIGitT BIOMASS VALUES (g/m ) FOR CHONDRUS CRISPUS, PHYLLOPilOR A spp., EPIPifYTES, Tile REMAINING BENTillC SPECIES, AND TOTAL ALGAL BIOMASS FOR MANOMET PT., ROCKY PT., AND EFFLUENT SUBTIDAL (10'mtw) STATIONS FOR SEPTEMBElk,1982. Chondrus Phyliophora Remainiog Station Rep. Crispus Epiphytic Total Algal spp. Benthic Species Species (Total) Biomass MANOMET PT. I 521.55 (60%) 218.88 (25%) 3.78 2 448.65 (0.4%) 121.68 (14%) 365.89 (55%) 235.08 (29%) 36.63 (5%) 90.00 3 572.40 (11%) 810.36 (60%) 324.45 (34%) 1.08 (0.1%) 53.64 4 189.72 (6%) 951.57 (23%) 540.36 (66%) 8.19 (1%) 75.51 5 594.90 (9%) 813.78 (66%) 228.60 (25%) 8.73 (1%) 71.10 (8%) 903.33 E 465.44 (54%) 309.47 (36%) 11.68 (1%) 82.39 (9%) 868.99 ROCKY PT. I 272.25 (38%) 145.17 (20%) 188.28 (26%) 113.22 (16%) 718.92 2 574.38 (67%) 196.11 (23%) 3.15 (0.4%) 79.11 (9%) 832.75 3 225.72 (37%) 126.90 (21%) 174.87 (29%) 78.03 4 280.80 (13%) 605.52 (48%) 170.10 (29%) 58.59 (10%) 72.54 (13%) 582.03 5 276.12 (45%) 190.17 (31%) 12.10 (2%) 129.96 (21%) 608.35 i 325.85 (48%) 165.69 (25%) 87.40 (13%) 94.57 (14%) 673.51 EFFLUENT I 990.27 (71%) 247.32 (19%) 4.68 (0.4%) 50.67 (4%) 1292.94 2 889.29 (84%) 123.66 (12%) 0.45 (.04%) 46.35 (4%) 1059.75 3 84.15 (14%) 235.35 (39%) 124.3R (21%) 163.80 (27%) 607.68 4 36.25 (10%) 374.22 (69%) 14.40 (3%) 99.99 (18%) 544.86 5 351.00 (39%) 285.30 (31%) 188.10 (21 %) 85.32 (9%) 909.72 R 474.19 (54%) 253.17 (29%) 66.40 (8%) 89.23 (10%) 882.99
TABLE 6. RESULTS OF ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) STATISTICAL TREATMENT FOR LOCATION EFFECTS ON CHONDRUS CRISPUS, PHYLLOPHORA SPP., THE REMAINING BENTHIC SPECIES, EPIPHYTES OF CHONDRUS, EPIPHYTES OF PHYLLOPHORA, AND TOTAL ALGAL BIOMASS FOR THE SEPTEMBER,1982 COLLECTIONS. September,1982 Biomass category d.f. f-value Level of Significance Chondrus crispus 2/12 0.4296 not significant Phyllophora spp. 2/12 2.8608 not signficant Remaining benthic species 2/12 1.4961 not significant
Epiphytes of Chondrus 2/12 0.1232 not significant Epiphytes of Phyllophora 2/12 1.0773 not significant Total algal biomass 2/12 1.8042 not significant i
I l 30
Phyllophora spp. Biomass. Phyllophora spp. biomass is given in Table 5. The data 2 show that Manomet Point had the highest mean biomass (309.47 g/m ) and Rocky Point 2 the lowest (165.69 g/m2 ), with Effluent having 253.17 g/m . Rocky Point biomass was 46% lower than at Manomet Point, and 35% lower than at the Effluent. Chondrus biomass at Effluent was only 18% lower than at the Manomet Point Station. In all individual replicates at Manomet Point, and four out of five replicates at the Effluent, Phyllophora biomass exceeded 200.00 g/m 2 . At Rocky Point, individual replicate biomass approached, 2 but never exceeded 200.00 g/m . The individual replicate biomass high and low ranges at Manomet Point, Rocky Point, and Effluent were 218.88 -540.36 g/m2,126.90 - 196.11 l g/m2, and 123.66 - 374.22 g/m 2 respectively. As shown in Table 5, Phyllophora constituted 36% of the total algae present at Manomet,25% at Rocky Point, and 29% at the Effluent. 4 A one-way ANOVA was performed on the replicate sample data of September,1982 to test for significant Phyllophora biomass differences between stations. As seen in Table 6, there were no significant differences.
Since similar Chondrus/Phyllophora ratios exist at all three stations, it can be assumed that the PNPS Unit I discharge current at the Effluent Station did not affect the Chondrus and Phyllophora growth this year as has been hypothesized in past reports. It has been thought that the course sand substratum combined with the scouring of holdfasts by increased sediment deposition occurring at the discharge plume created conditions which favored Phyllophora growth, a more hardy alga, over Chondrus. This is the first time since September,1979 that Phyllophora has not been most abundant at the Effluent Station.
Biomass of Remaining Benthic Species. The algal biomass category designated as ! " remaining benthic species" comprises all benthic algae excluding Chondrus, Phyllophora, Laminaria spp. and algal epiphytes. For all stations, the dominant algal species were Polyides rotundus, Ahnfeltia plicata, Corallina officinalis, Chaetomorpha linum and Ulva lactuca. Biomass data for the RBS are presented in Table 5. Rocky Point produced the 7 2 2 highest RBS biomass (37.40 g/m ) Manomet Point the lowest (11.68 g/m ) and Effluent the intermediate level (66.40 g/m2). Higher Chondrus and Phyllophora biomass at the Manomet Point Station are directly related to the low RBS biomass due to competition for similar resources (primarily space) among these species. 31
The Manomet Point biomass value was 87% lower and Effluent biomass 24% lower than the Rocky Point value. Elevated Rocky Point biomass was due to the abundance of Polyides rotundus. No Polyides was found at Manomet Point. Individual replicate ranges 2 for Rocky Point and Effluent were 12.10-188.28 g/m2 and 0.45-188.10 g/m , respectively. Manomet Point had a lower range of 1.08-36.63 g/m 2, and the RBS comprised only 1% of the total algae present at that station. RBS made up 13% of the total algae at Rocky Point, and 8% at the Effluent. A one-way ANOVA was performed on the September,1982 data and showed no significant differences between stations (Table 6). Epiphytic Alzal Biomass. Total epiphytic biomass for September,1982 is included in Table 5. Epiphytes were usually more abundant on Phyllophora than on Chondrus at all three stations, with the highest amount of algal epiphytes occurring at Rocky Point. Colonization values for both host species are presented in Table 8. Epiphytes additionally colonized Polyides rotundus which increased the total epiphyte biomass at the Rocky Point Station where Polyides was abundant. Mean epiphytic biomass was similar at 2 Manomet Point, Rocky Point and Effluent with values of 82.39 g/m2 , 94.57 g/m , and 89.23 g/m2 respectively, and ranged from 9% to 14% of the total algae present. A one-way ANOVA was performed on the September,1982 data and showed no signficant differences between stations. The higher Phyllophora epiphytism values are believed to reflect, at least in part, the greater capability of Phyllophora to tolerate the increased stresses associated with increased infestation. Morphologically, the wirey Phyllophora is considerably tougher and sturdier than Chondrus. Consequently, Phyllophora may be able to withstand levels of epiphytism which, for Chondrus, would be sufficient to bring about dislodgement from the substratum. Results of the Chondrus/Phyliophora Condition Index study also showed that Phyllophora was more heavily epiphytized than Chondrus. l Total Algal Biomass. Total mean algal biomass for each station, and values for individual replicates are given in Table 5. During previous fall sampling periods, (September,1979, October,1980 and August,1981), Manomet Point produced the highest j , total mean algal biomass. For the current September,1982 report, the highest total algal ! biomass was produced at the Effluent Station (882.99 g/m2 ). Manomet Point was very similar with a total algal biomass of 868.99 g/m2 . Rocky Point had the lowest value with a total production of 673.5 g/m 2. The Manomet Point value was .02% lower and Rocky i [ i 32 i
Point 24% lower than the Effluent value. Individual replicate ranges at Manomet Point, 2 Rocky Point and Effluent were 810.36-951.57 g/m2, 582.03-852.75 g/m , and 544.86-1292.94 g/m 2 respectively, with the lowest range occurring at Manomet Point. At all 2 three stations, individual replicate biomass values exceeded 500 g/m . During the August, 2 1981 sampling period only one replicate at the Effluent Station exceeded 600 g/m , 2 Currently, four out of five replicates show biomass values over 600 g/m , two of which exceed 1000 g/m2, A one-way ANOVA was performed on the September,1982 data and showed no significant differences between stations (Table 6). Two-Way ANOVA for Algal Biomass. The relative effects of location and time on the various algal biomass parameters were examined via a two-way ANOVA using subprogram ANOVA of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (Nie, et al.,1975). Biomass parameters examined included total algae, Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora spp., remainirg benthic algae, epiphytes of Chondrus sp., and epiphytes of Phyllophora spp. The ANOVA values for those analyses resulting in significant differences are included in Table 7. For Chondrus crispus, Phyllophora epiphytes, and remaining benthic species, no significant differences were indicated for the effects of site and time. For Chondrus epiphytes, however, both main effects and the site x time interaction were very highly significant (p < .001). Examination of the algal biomass data (Table 5) indicates that epiphyte biomass decreased from August, 1981 to September 1982 at Rocky Point and Manomet Point, but increased at Effluent over the same period. The ANOVA for Phyllophora spp. biomass was also significant for main effects (Table 7), but was not significant for interaction. Inspection of Table 5 indicates that biomass increased at all stations from August, 1981 to September, 1982 and was significantly less at Rocky Point for both collections. A similar result was produced by the ANOVA for total algal biomass, but the reasons for the observed patterns of significance were different from those described above for ) Phyllophora spp. Manomet Point had significantly greater total algal biomass over this period and the September,1982 sampling was significantly greater than August,1981. The interaction effect for this parameter was nearly significant (p = .059) due to a marked increase in total algal biomass at Effluent from 1981 to 1982. Alth%gh all three stations increased over this period, the increase at Effluent was considerably greater than that seen at Manomet Point or Rocky Point. 33
TABLE 7: RESULTS OF TWO-WAY ANOVAS INDICATING SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES FOR ALGAL BIOMASS PARAMETERS. Chondrus crispus Epiphytes: SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SS MS P Location 2 3,428 1,714 <.001 Time 1 1,973 1,973 <.001 Location x Time 2 3,555 1,777 <.001 Error 24 2,148 89.5 Total 29 11,104 383 Phyllophora spp.: SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SS MS P Location 2 75,122 37,561 < .01 Time 1 88,419 88,419 <.001 Location x Time 2 11,478 5,739 .340 , Error 24 122,110 5,088 ' l Total 29 297,129 10,246 Total Algal Biomass: SOURCE OF VARIATION DF SS MS P Location 2 237,471 118,736 <.05 Time 1 252,533 252,533 <.01 l Location x Time 2 175,539 87,769 .059 Error 24 665,544 27,434 l Total 29 1,323,970 45,654 l l 34
Chondrus/Phyllophora Condition Index Study Colonization values for Chondrus and Phyllophora for September,1982 are presented in Table 8. Condition Index Values are presented in Table 9. An inspection of the data indicates that Phyllophora was more heavily colonized with both epiphytes and encrusting fauna than was Chondrus. The higher Phyllophora infestation values reflect a greater capability of tolerating increased stresses associated with heavy plant and animal colonization. Epiphytic and epifaunal colonization values were highest at Manomet Point. Values are generally similar at Rocky Point and Effluent Stations. These results differ from those of August,1981 where epiphytic colonization values for Chondrus were highest at Rocky Point and lowest at Effluent (BECo,1982b); epiphytic colonization values for Phyllophora were similar at all three stations. Faunal colonization values of Chondrus in August,1981 were highest at Effluent and lowest at Rocky Point. Values for all stations were generally similar in September,1982 to what they have been in the past. There does not appear to be any direct correlation between epiphytic and epifaunal colonization and the PNPS discharge. t t o ( J 35
. TABLE 8. COLONIZATION VALUES FOR CilONDRUS CRl5Ptl5 AND PHYLLOPHORA spp. FOR Tile MANOMET POINT, EFFLUENT, AND ROCKY POINT SUBTIDAL (10' mlw) STATIONS FOR SEPTEMBER,1982 A) CllONDRUS CRISPil5 Algal Colonization Faunal Colonization Replicate Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Efiluent Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Elfluent i 3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 3 1 3 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 1 1 4 1 2 1 2 I I 2 3 1 3 u 5 2 1 9 7 13 8 7 TOTAL 10 B) PilYLLOPilORA spp. Algal Colonization Faur.at Cokwization Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Efiluent Manomet Pt. Rocky Pt. Eifluent Replicate 4 4 4 i 3 3 1 2 4 3 3 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 2 3 4 2 3 4 3 2 2 4 3 3 5 3 2 19 15 15 TOTAL I4 11 11 ,
TABLE 9: CONDITION INDEX VALUES FOR CHONDRUS CRISPUS AND PHYLLOPHORA SPP. FOR THE MANOMET POINT, ROCKY POINT, AND EFFLUENT SUBTIDAL (10' MLW) STATIONS FOR SEPTEMBER,1982. Chondrus crispus Condition Index Collecting Period Station September,1982 Manomet Point 23 Rocky Point 17 Effluent 14 Phyllophora spp. Condition Index Collecting Period Station September,1982 Manomet Point 33 Rocky Point 26 Effluent 26 l 37
SEDIMENT GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS Four of five replicates at the Effluent Station contained large amounts of sand. Analysis of the particle size distribution is presented in Table 10). Ali of the large particles (>.500 mm) are Mytilus edulis shell fragments. The 0.250 mm fraction is a mixture of shell fragments and quartz sand grains. The 0.125 mm fraction is mostly sand grains with a few shell splinters. The 0.63 mm fraction is mostly minute sand grains, shell splinters and miscellaneous organic debris. The source of this sediment is undoubtedly a combination of destruction of Mytilus edulis shells in the area and transport and entrapment of sand particles. Sediment concentrations of this sort are not present at the Rocky Point and Manomet Point Stations. It is not known at this time if the occurrence at the Effluent Station is related to the warm water discharge, but must in some manner, be related to the destruction of mussel shells. i l l l I I l 38
TABLE 10. PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION FOR SEDIMENT SAMPLES COLLECTED AT EFFLUENT STATION SEPTEMBER,1982. Diameter Corrected Cumulative Cumulative Individual Replicate $5ize (mm) Weight (g) Weight (g) Percent Percent 1 - >2 14.5393 14.5393 40.37 40.37 0 1-2 7.4900 22.0293 61.17 20.80 1 0.5-1 7.5421 29.5714 82.11 20.94 2 0.25-0.5 5.5120 35.0834 97.42 15.31 3 0.125-0.25 0.8441 35.9275 99.76 2.34 l 4 0.063-0.125 0.0856 36.0131 100.00 0.24 3* - >2 12.5465 12.5465 24.72 24.72 0 1-2 6.5130 19.0595 37.56 12.83 1 0.5-1 10.6165 29.6760 58.48 20.92 2 0.25-0.5 18.2945 47.9705 94.53 36.05 3 0.125-0.25 2.5345 50.5050 99.53 4.99 4 0.063-0.125 0.2405 50.7455 100.00 0.47 4 - >2 17.8939 17.8939 41.20 41.20 0 1-2 9.3356 27.6295 63.61 22.41 1 0.5-1 12.2471 39.8766 91.81 28.20 2 0.25-0.5 2.5250 42.4016 97.62 5.81 3 0.125-0.25 0.9241 43.3257 99.75 2.13 4 0.063-0.125 0.1089 43.4346 100.00 0.25 l l 5 - >2 11.1560. 11.1560 30.62 30.62 0 1-2 8.5159 19.6719 53.99 23.37 1 0.5-1 7.8008 27.4727 75.39 21.41 2 0.25-0.5 8.1207 35.5934 97.68 22.29 3 0.125-0.25 0.7403 36.3337 99.71 2.03 4 0.063-0.125 0.1056 36.4393 100.00 0.29 l
~~Replicate No. 2 was free of sediment.~~
39
F QUALITATIVE TRANSECT SURVEY The quarterly transect surveys were initiated in January,1980 and have now been conducted seven times. A full review of these studies will be developed for the Annual Report in October. The results presented here discuss results of the two most recent transects performed in September and December,1982. l l September,1982 Transect Survey 1 1 The extent of the denuded and stunted areas immediately offshore from the PNPS discharge is shown in Fig.10. The denuded area is defined as being essentially devoid of l l- Chondrus crispus, while the stunted area is identified as having Chondrus, but of a low height. In September, the denuded zone extended to about 8t+ m offshore as measured from the mean Figh water mark on the discharge canal jetties. The denuded area extended further westward (left) of the center line of the transect reaching a maximum extent of 15 m in that direction. To the right, the denuded zone was more or less continuous out to the 80 m mark, extending no more than 6-9 m from the center line. The total denuded ' 2 ' area was estimated at 1193 m . Beyond the denuded zone, the stunted Chondrus generally followed the contour of the denuded zone, but bulged westward 25 m at the 30 and 60 m marks. The total area 2 encompassed by the denuded and stunted zones covered approximately 2328 m , l December,1982 Transect Survey l 5 For December, the overall configuration of the denuded zone was similar to that seen in September, except for 15 m bulges on the westerly side at the 20 and 50 m marks (Fig.11). The easterly side was again relatively constant, only extending 5-6 meters from the center line. The denuded zone extended out about 73 m along the center line, and 2 j encompassed a total area of about 856 m , The stunted zone was characterized by a large westerly bulge located between the 30 and 60 m marks and extending outward for 35 m. The area occupied by this bulge was 40 _ -. _ - - - _ _ . . - _ ~ _ _ - - .- _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ ,
/% l O / --90 \m / 'i / \ ' \ / / \ / / --80 k ;
~~10m j~~
/ \ / \ / \ -- 70 OhI / / / / /
~~FUCUS ZONE / /~~
~~~~ \ DENUDED \ \~~
~~g CHONDRUS g STUNTED \ e --50 g~~
/ \ / \ / \ / --40 4 9 CHONDRUS j /
~~SPARSE / l~~
~~\ /~~
~~l h -- 30~~
~~\ l \~~
~~N I~~
~~\ l N~~
~~k\ I --20~~
\
~~j N s~~
~~--10 i~~
~~FIGURE 10. PILGRIM STATION, SEPTEMBER 24,1982. CONFIGURATION OF THE CHONDRUS CRISPU! COMMUNITY IN THE VICINITY OF THE DISCHARGE CANAL 41~~
--9o -~~ / \ --ao ' /
~~6 6 10m l~~
~~\ / \ / / \~~
t
,/ Q --7o 13 \ / /
~~s' \~~
~~/ / \ ,~~
~~FUCUS ZONE / 9' --so 4 l~~
/ l i / I 1 / l f-I STUNTED DENUDED --so o 4 I
~~I I I k n --4o o 4~~
\ ASTERIAS GRA2NG ON MYTLUS N I \q l 's I N --so < 6 \ l \ \
~~GRACLARIA {s --20~~
\
~~l N i~~
~~--10 l i~~
l FIGURE 11. PILGRIM STATION, DECEMBER 1,1982. CONFIGURATION OF THE CHONDRUS CFA COMMUN:TY IN THE VICINITY OF THE DISCHARGE CANAL ! 42 l
shallow and the rocks were covered with juvenile Mytilus edulis which were being preyed upon by starfish (Asterias). The stunted zone was uniform on the easterly side, extending l no more than 10 m from the ceater line. The stunted zone was identified outward to 85 m 2 along the transect and encompassed a total area with the denuded zone of 2082 m , i Remarks Data is now available from eight near-field mappings of the discharge area (Fig. 12). The data for 1982 is now complete. Except for the August,1980 transect survey, the l extent of the stunted and denuded areas have tended to increase and decrease roughly parallel with one another. There is a tendency for the impacted area to increase in total area in spring and summer months and to be more restricted in the colder months. The condition of August, 1980 reflects the same pattern, if the stunted and denuded zones are taken together. It is possible that an enhancement effect is operative during winter months, where the impacted zone is reduced because of rapid cooling of the discharge water through mixing with cold seawater. Just enough warming effect is left in the stunted areas to promote good growth. In the summer months, the water does not cool as fast, and its effect is more extensive, with the algal growth inhibited. In order to test this hypothesis, one approach would be to design an experiment to be conducted concurrently with the transect survey which would carefully document temperature changes over tidal cycles in correlation with current measurements. With this data and with Chondrus culture information from the literature, it should be possible to develop a model to predict how Chondrus responds to seasonal changes in warm water discharge in the nearfield area. A transect dive was made on December 1, just one week following cessation of a { dredging operation in the intake basin. Sediment stirred up during the dredging operation was passed through the cooling system and out the effluent canal, where a distinct plume 6 was observed (Anderson, personal communication). Battelle divers reported no evidence of scouring or unusual sedimentation during this dive. 43
I 3000 - v m I 2000-so I a i
~~u. k z 'A s%s~ /~~
/ Ag . ? k , / %) N N 1000 - *% / \ 4 O DENUDED AND STUNTED.
O DENUDED 0 ,i i i i i i i i i i i ii : ii,,,,,,,iii,,,iiy J F M A M J J A S O N DJ F M A M J J A S O N DJ F M A M J J A S O N D 1980 19 81 1982 FIGURE 12. MEASUREMENTS OF DENUDED AND STUNTED AREAS IN THE
i LITERATURE CITED Blake, 3.A.1971. Revision of the genus Polydora from the east coast of North America (Polychaeta: Spionidae). Smiths. Contrib. Zool. 175:1-32. Boesch, D.F.1977. Application of numerical classification in ecological investigations of water pollution. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA Reprot 600/3-77-033. 114 pp. Bold, H.C. and M.J. Wynne.1978. Introduction to, the Algal Structure and Reproduction. Prentice-Hall. Boston Edison Co.1980. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No.16. 1981a. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No.17. 1981b. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No.18. 1982a. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No.19. 1982b. Marine ecology studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No. 20. Dawson, E.Y.1966. Marine Botany A_n Introduction. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Grassie,3.F. and W.L. Smith.1976. A similarity measure sensitive to the contribution of rare species and its use in investigation of variation in marine benthic communities. l Oecologia, 25:13-22. l ! Greig-Smith, P.1964. Quantitative Plant Ecology. 2nd Ed. Butterworths, Washington, l 256pp. Hurlbert, S.H.1971. The nonconcept of species diversity: a critique and alternative parameters. Ecology, 52:577-586. Newroth, P.R.1970. A study of the genus Phyllophora Grev. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New Brunswick. 313pp. Nie, N.H., C.H. Hull, 3.G. Jenkins, K. Steinbrenner and D.H. Bent.1975. Statistical
~~Package f_or o the Social Sciences. 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, New York. 675pp.~~
Parke, M. and P. Dixon.1976. Checklist of the British marine algae. 3rd revision. Jour. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K., 56:817-843. Pettibone, M.H.1963. Marine Polychaete worms of the New England Region. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 227(1):1-356. 45
l i Prince, 3.5. 1971. An ecological study of the marine red algae Chondrus crispus in the l waters off Plymouth, Massachusetts. Ph. D. Thesis, Cornell University.177pp. Sokal, R.R. and F. Rohlf.- 1969. Biometry. W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco. 775pp. Smith, W. and 3.F. Grassle.1977. Sampling properties of a family of diversity measures. Biometrics, 33:233 292. 3.F. Grassle and D. Kravitz. 1979. Measures of diversity with unbiased estimators. Ira Ecological Diversity in Theory and Practice. Statistical Ecology Vol.
~~56. Int. Coop. Publ. House, Fairland, MD.~~
South, G.R.1976. A checklist of marine algae of eastern Canada. Ist Revision. Jour. Mar. ! Biol. Assoc. U.K., 56:317-343. l Taylor, W.R.1957. Marine algae of the northeastern coast of North America. 2nd. Ed. University of Michigan Press. Ann Arbor, Mich. 509pp. v I 4 i l l l 46
I APPENDIX 1
APPEN0tX 1. ALCAL SPECIES COLLECTED FROM THE REPLICATE 5AMPLES OP THE EFFLUENT, ROCKY POINT, AND MANOMET POINT SUBTIDAL (10' MLT) STATIONS FOR THE SEPTEMBER,1982 CO* LECTING PEJUOO. Effluent Rocky Point Manomet Point Dielsion Species ! 2 3 4 3 1 2 3 4 3 1 2 3 4 3 CHLOROPHYTA (green algae) Brvoosis plumosa R Chaetomorona nnum C O O C O O O O C C R C O O O C. melanomum R R O O O O C O C C C C O O C fnteromorpha flevuosa A A A C C R R R Rhizociomum ripared C C O O R R R R R R R R R R R h lactuca R R R R R R R O O R R R O R PHAEOPHYTA (brown algae) Chordaria flagelliformis Desmarestia aculeata R R D. viricis Caminaria digitata R R R R R L. sacenarina R R R R R 5phacelaria cirrosa A O O O C A O R R R R R RHODOPHYTA (red algae) Ahnfeltia Dlicata O R A C A C R O O C R R R Antitnamnion americanum R R O O R R O R R R R R Sonnemaisorua namtiera R Callopnyths cristata ceramium runrum A A A A C A C 0 C C O C C C C Cnonorus crispus A A R R O O C R O O C C C R C Coralbna of f reinalis R R R O O R R O O O R O R O O Cystoclonium purpureum O O R O O C C O O O O C C C C Gracilaria folufera R R R R Gymnotontrus crenulatus R Memoranoptera alata R R R Fatmaria palmatI Phycoorys ruoens R R R R R O O R C R PNvilopnora truncata O O O O O O O O O O O O O A O P. pseudoceranoides O O R O O O O O O O O O O O O P. trailhi R R Plumaria elegans i olvioes rotunous R C A C A A C O Polvsiphonra elongata R P. fierailosa R C R A O O O R O O O O O P.harvevi O C C A A A C C C C A A A A A P. rurrescens R O O O O C O R R O R R P R P. urceolata O O O C C C C R C O R R R R R Rhodoracia confervoides R R R R R R R R R 5permornamnion repens O O C C C C C C C C 0 0 C C O Replicate species richness 23 21 22 19 22 26 18 23 21 21 21 21 19 19 20 5tation species richness 23 28 24 Legend A e abundant C e commore O = occassional; R = rare. l 1-1 i
4
~~. APPENDIX 2 k~~
i
APPENDIX 2. REPLICATE (TOTAL NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES) AND STATION 2 (NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES PER M ) FAUNAL DATA FOR EFFLUENT STATION SEPTEMBER,1982. PHYLUM Replicate Station 2 Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m ) COELENTERATA H-liclystis salpinx -- -- -- -- -- -- Matridium senile 68 52 12 56 68 460.8 PLATYHELMINTHES N ,toplana atomata -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 NEMERTEA Nemertea sp. -- 96 -- 3 24 230.4 MOLLUSCA Acmaea testudinalis -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 Aeotidia papillosa 72 56 72 36 68 547.2 Alvania pseudoareolata -- -- -- -- -- -- Anachis avara -- -. -- -- -- -- Anachis transiirata -- -- -- -- -- -- Anomia simplex -- -- -- -- -- -- Anomia sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Anomia squamula -- -- -- -- -- -- Cerastoderma pinnulatum -- -- -- -- -- -- Cingula aculeus -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 Crepidula fornicata 32 24 4 20 16 172.8 Diaphana minuta -- -- -- -- -- -- Doto coronata -- 8 -- -- -- 14.4 Ensis directus -- -- -- -- -- -- Facalina bostoniensis -- -- -- -- -- -- Hiatella arctica 16 16 -- 16 -- 36.4 1shnochiton ruber -- -- -- -- -- -- Lacuna vincta 80 -- -- 16 40 244.8 Mysella pianulata 120 56 4 28 44 252.0 Margarites helicinia 32 -- -- -- -- 57.6 Mitrella lunata 48 -- 8 4 16 15.2 Modiolus modiolus -- -- -- -- -- -- Mytilus edulis 3,156 1,564 252 340 1,972 13,111.2 Mytilus sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Nassarius vibex -- -- -- 8 -- 14.4 Odostomia gibbosa -- -- -- -- -- -- 9 Omalogyra atomus -- -- -- -- -- -- Onchidoris aspera 12 -- 4 4 8 50.4 Pandora sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- i Spisula solidissma -- -- -- -- -- -- Tellina agilis 12 4 8 -- -- 43.2 Turbonilla sumneri -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 ANNELIDA Amphitrite johnsoni -- -- -- -- -- -- Aricidea catherinae -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Asabellides oculata -- -- -- -- -- -- 2-1
i PHYLUM Autolytus cornutus Capitella capitata Cirratulidae sp. A Dodecaceria sp. Harmothoe Imbricata Naineris quadricuspida Nephtys bucera i 1 Nephtys sp. (juv.) Nereis pelagica Pholoe minuta 52 4 Potamilla reniformis Pygospio elegans Sabellaria vulgaris l Schistomeringos caeca 7.2 l Terebellidae Tharyx acutus ARTHROPODA Acarina sp. Achelia scabra Achelia spinosa Amphipoda Ampithoe rubricata Anoplodactylus lentus Brachyura (megalopa) 2-2 Replicate Station Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) -- -- -- 4 -- 7.2 Autolytus prismaticus -- 8 4 140 16 20 338.4 Caulleriella bioculata -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 24 4 -- -- -- 50.4 Eteone longa -- -- 4 -- 4 14.4 Eulalia bilineata -- -- 8 16 -- 43.2 Eulalia viridis 28 8 -- -- 40 76.0 Eumida sanguinea -- -- 12 -- -- 21.6 Harmothoe extenuata 3 -- -- 4 4 28.8 ) 24 8 12 -- 12 100.8 I Lepidonotus squamatus 4 4 8 8 4 50.4 ) -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 I -- -- 12 -- -- 21.6 Nephtys picta -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 4 16 4 12 79.2 Nicotea zostericola 16 -- 3 -- -- 43.2 Oligochaeta sp. -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Pectinaria granulata -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 7.2 Peloscolex apectinatus -- -- 4 -- -- 32 -- 24 8 24 158.4 i Phyllodoce maculata 4 20 4 23 64 216.0 l Polycirrus sp. A -- -- 4 -- 4 14.4 Polydora giardi -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 Polydora socialis -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 Polygordius sp. -- -- -- 100.8 Potamilla sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 Spio cf. armata -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 4 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 16 -- -- 23.8 Tubifex pseudogaster -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Typosyllis sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- 620 323 248 860 784 5,112.0 ' -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 3 3 -- 16 4 6A.S ' -- -- -- -- -- -- 8 -- -- 4 4 28.8 Calliopius laevisculus 1,603 348 388 508 1,204 7,300.8 Cancer irroratus 32 4 52 20 56 295.2 Caprella linearis 4 8 20 16 20 122.4 Caprella penantis 403 348 1,552 623 784 6,696.0 Caridea indet. -- -- -- -- -- --
1 l l PHYLUM Replicate Station SyJes 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) Corophium acutum 3,296 680 588 672 4,416 9,652.0 Corophium bonelli 3,936 1,540 2,124 2,260 6,876 16,736.0 Crrngon septemspinosa_ -- -- -- -- -- -- Decapoda indet. -- -- -- -- -- -- Dexamine thea 288 -- 384 240 148 1,908.0 Diastylis sculpta -- -- -- -- -- -- Di stylis sp. -- -- 8 4 -- 21.6 Edotea trilobata 4 -- -- -- -- 7.2 Eualus pusiolus -- -- -- -- -- -- Idotea balthica 132 24 36 48 84 583.2 Idotea phosphorea 252 200 112 120 296 1,764.0 Ischyrocerus anguipes -- 16 32 8 80 27.2 Jaera marina 8 -- -- -- -- 14.4 Jessa falcata 24,840 6,792 1,304 4,500 22,080 107,128.0 Lamprops quadriplicata -- -- -- -- -- -- Nantantia indet. -- -- -- -- -- -- Pagurus acadianus -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 Pigurus sp. -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Ph?xocephalus holbolli 4 -- 4 -- -- 14.4 PI'usymtes glaber -- 4 4 -- -- 14.4 Pontogencia inermis -- -- 12 4 -- 21.6 Proboloides holmesi 28 -- -- 8 -- 64.8 Stanopleustes inermis -- -- -- -- -- -- Tanystylum orbiculare -- -- -- -- -- -- Rhtpoxynius hudsoni -- -- 12 -- -- 21.6 ECHINODERMATA Amphipholis squamata -- 4 -- 4 -- 14.4 Asttrias forbesi 104 108 52 60 64 698.4 Echinarachius parma -- -- -- -- -- -- Henricia sanguinolenta -- -- -- -- -- -- Ophiopholis aculeata 4 4 - 4 - 21.6 Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis -- -- -- -- -- - CHORDATA Colonial Ascidacea -- -- -- -- -- -- Solitary Ascidacea -- -- -- -- -- -- 2-3
APPENDIX 3 c
APPENDIX 3. REPLICATE (TOTAL NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES) AND STATION 2 (NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES PER M ) FAUNAL DATA FOR MANOMET POINT SEPTEMBER,1982. PHYLUM Replicate Station Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) COELENTERATA H*liclystis salpinx -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 Matridium senile -- -- -- -- -- -- PLATYHELMINTHES Nntoplana atomata -- -- 4 8 -- 21.6 NEMERTEA N;mertea sp. 12 36 24 12 -- 151.2 MOLLUSCA Acmaea testudinalis -- -- -- 16 4 36 Aeotidia papillosa -- -- Alvania pseudoareolata -- -- -- -- -- -- Anachis avara -- -- -- 8 -- 14.4 Anachis transiirata -- -- -- -- -- -- Anomia simplex 12 -- 12 8 -- 57.6 Anomia sp. -- 3 -- -- -- 14.4 Anomia squamula -- -- -- -- -- -- Ctrastoderma pinnulatum 4 40 8 48 32 244.8 Cingula aculeus 36 16 20 8 12 165.6 Crepidula fornicata 4 8 9 20 8 86.4 Diaphana minuta -- 4 -- -- 4 14.4 Doto coronata -- -- -- -- 8 14.4 Ensis directus -- -- -- -- -- -- Facelina bostoniensis 20 8 28 4 8 122.4 Hiatella arctica 116 280 140 108 144 1,418.4 Ishnochiton ruber -- -- -- 4 4 14.4 Lucuna vincta 220 92 176 112 84 1,231.2 Mysella pianulata -- 24 -- 24 4 93.6 Margarites helicinia 184 272 400 432 120 2,534.4 Mitrella lunata 68 -- 3 44 20 252.0 Modiolus modiolus 40 52 40 56 60 446.4 Mytilus edulis 1,284 1,388 2,436 3,268 1,484 17,748.0 Mytilus sp. -- 1,560 2,456 -- -- 7,228.8 Nassarius vibex -- -- -- -- -- -- Odostomia gibbosa -- -- -- -- -- -- i Omalogyra atomus -- -- -- -- Onchidoris aspera 32 92 100 44 44 561.6 21.6 L Pandora sp. -- 12 -- -- -- ! Spisula solidissma 4 12 -- 12 4 57.6 Tellina agilis 4 40 -- 88 12 259.2 Turbonilla sumneri -- -- -- 4 -- 7.2 ANNELIDA Amphit.-ite johnsoni -- -- -- -- -- -- Aricidea catherinae -- -- -- -- -- -- Asabellides oculata 4 8 8 -- 12 58.5 3-1
~~. . _ _ _ _ =.~~
, PHYLUM Replicate Station Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) Autolytus cornutus -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Autolytus prismaticus -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Capitella capitata -- 8 8 8 -- 43.2 Caulleriella bioculata 4 12 28 -- 28 129.6 Cirratulidae sp. A -- -- -- -- 4 7.2
Dodecaceria sp. 4 4 12 -- 4 43.2 Eteone longa -- -- -- -- -- --
Eulalia bilineata -- -- -- 16 8 43.2 l Eulalia viridis 12 4 20 -- -- 64.8 Eumida sanguinea -- 12 -- -- -- 21.6 Harmothoe extenuata 16 28 24 4 20 165.6 Harmothoe imbricata 20 48 36 12 44 288.0 Lepidonotus squamatus 8 8 -- 4 8 50.4 Naineris quadricuspida -- 4 12 -- -- 28.8 Nephtys bucera -- -- -- -- ! Nephtys picta -- -- -- -- Nephtys sp. (juv.) -- -- 52 -- -- 93.6 Nereis pelagica 8 20 ,
-- 28 8 115.2 Nicolea zostericola 292 220 320 296 408 2,764.8 Oligochaeta sp. -- -- -- -- -- --
Pectinaria granulata -- -- -- -- -- -- Peloscolex apectinatus -- -- -- -- -- -- Pholoe minuta -- -- 4 -- 12 28.8 Phyllodoce maculata 4 8 8 4 -- 43.2 Polycirrus sp. A 4 -- -- -- -- 7.2 Polydora giardi 4 -- 20 -- 3 57.6 Polydora socialis 4 4 4 8 -- 36.0 Polygordius sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Potamilla sp. -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Potamilla remiformis -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 Pygospio elegans -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 Sabellaria vulgaris -- -- 4 4 -- 14.4 Spio cf. armata -- -- -- l Schistomeringos caeca -- -- -- -- l Terebellidae -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2
~~-- -- l Tharyx acutus -- -- -- --~~
Tubifex pseudogaster -- -- -- -- l ! Typosyllis sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- l l ARTHROPODA Acarina sp. 136 244 1,064 1,264 1,024 6,717.6 ' j Achelia scabra -- -- -- -- -- - Achelia spinosa -- -- -- , Amphipoda -- -- -- 1 -- 1.8 Ampithoe rubricata 76 84 64 72 60 640.8 Anoplodactylus lentus -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 i Brachyura indet. -- -- -- -- -- -- , Calliopius laevisculus 260 124 396 308 432 2,736.0 Cancer irroratus 12 8 8 12 8 86.4 Caprella linearis 40 60 256 284 244 1,591.2 Caprella penantis 476 224 836 344 444 4,183.2 Caridea indet. -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 3-2
PHYLUM Replicate Station Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) Corophium acutum 296 240 544 1,256 232 4,622.4 Corophium bonelli 288 532 248 640 180 3,398.4 Crrngon septemspinosa -- -- -- -- -- -- Decapoda indet. -- -- -- -- -- -- Dexamine thea 120 304 296 316 168 2,167.2 Dinstylis sculpta 4 -- 8 -- 3 36.0 Dinstylis sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Edotea trilobata -- -- 8 -- -- 14.4 Eualus pusiolus -- -- 12 16 16 79.2 Id: tea balthica 4 -- 8 12 24 86.4 Idotea phosphorea 136 148 124 264 188 1,548.0 Ischyrocerus anguipes 564 228 748 712 396 4,766.0 JaTra marina -- -- -- -- -- -- Jassa falcata 1,156 544 2,008 4,160 964 15,898.0 Lamprops quadriplicata -- -- -- -- -- -- Natantia indet. -- 4 4 4 -- 21.6 Pagurus acadianus -- -- -- -- -- -- Pagurus sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Phoxocephalus holbolli -- -- -- 4 -- 7.2 Pirusymtes glaber 712 516 772 628 552 5,724.0 Pontogencia inermis -- 52 148 144 168 921.6 Proboloides holmesi 20 12 132 140 116 756.0 Stenopleustes inermis 60 -- -- -- -- 108.0 Tanystylum orbiculare -- -- -- -- -- -- Rhrpoxynius hudsoni -- -- -- -- -- -- ECHINODERMATA Amphipholis squamata 4 48 20 24 28 223.2 Asttrias forbesi 36 52 60 56 44 446.4 Echinarachius parma -- -- -- 20 -- 36.0 Henricia sanguinolenta 4 -- -- -- -- 7.2 Ophiopholis aculeata 12 24 12 12 16 136.8 Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis 48 48 20 -- 24 252 CHORDATA Colonial Ascidacea 12 -- -- -- -- 21.6 Solitary Ascidacea 4 -- -- -- -- 7.2 3-3
I APPENDIX 4 l 1 k l i l
APPENDIX 4. REPLICATE (TOTAL NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES) AND STATION 2 (NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS PER SPECIES PER M ) FAUNAL DATA FOR ROCKY POINT, SEPTEMBER,1982. PHYLUM Replicate Station Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) COELENTERATA Heliclystis salpinx -- 12 -- 8 -- 36.0 M:tridium senile -- -- -- 4 -- 7.2 PLATYHELMINTHES N:toplana atomata -- 4 4 -- -- 14.4 NEMERTEA Nemertea sp. 120 136 40 -- 56 633.6 MOLLUSCA Acmaea testudinalis -- 12 4 12 -- 50.4 Aeotidia papillosa -- -- -- -- -- -- Alvania pseudoareolata 12 16 8 20 16 129.6 Anachis avara -- -- -- -- -- -- Anachis transiirata -- -- -- -- -- -- Anomia simplex 4 -- 16 -- -- 36.0 Anomia sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Anomia squamula -- -- -- -- 8 14.4 Cnrestoderma pinnulatum 16 20 20 12 12 144.0
Cingula aculeus 264 64 376 196 192 1,965.6 Crepidula fornicata 16 12 16 36 28 194.4 Diaphana minuta 3 20 4 3 8 86.4 Doto coronata -- -- -- -- -- --
Ensis directus -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Factlina bostoniensis 4 8 -- 4 3 43.2 Hiatella arctica 356 304 268 136 224 2,313.4 Ishnochiton ruber -- 4 12 -- -- 28.3 Lacuna vincta 620 196 192 248 244 2,700.0 Mysella pianulata 38 16 23 4 60 352.8 i Margarites helicinia 364 984 616 564 632 5,688.0 Mitrella lunata 32 48 23 16 48 309.6 l Modiolus modiolus 48 12 60 56 24 360.0 Mytilus edulis 1,480 1,883 1,672 960 1,172 12,909.6 Mytilus sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Nassarius vibex -- -- -- -- -- -- Odostomia gibbosa -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 Omalogyra atomus 12 -- 4 -- 3 43.2 Onchidoris aspera 80 120 72 180 38 972.0 l Pandorc sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- l Spisula solidissma 3 -- -- -- -- 14.0 Tellina agilis 44 -- 12 16 8 80.0 Turbonilla sumneri -- -- -- -- -- -- I i ANNELIDA Amphitrite johnsoni -- -- -- 4 -- 7.2 l Aricidea catherinae -- -- -- -- -- -- l Asabellides oculata 4 -- -- 4 3 28.8 l l 4-1 i - t .
PHYLUM Replicate Station Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) Autolytus cornutus -- -- Autolytus prismaticus -- -- -- -- -- -- Capitella capitata 20 -- -- -- -- 36.0 Caulleriella bioculata -- -- 3 -- -- 14.4 Cirratulidae sp. A -- -- -- -- -- -- Dodecaceria sp. 4 4 -- -- 4 21.6 l Eteone longa -- -- -- -- -- -- Eulalia bilineata -- 28 -- 32 -- 108.0 Eulalia viridis -- -- 4 -- 8 21.6 Eumida sanguinea -- -- -- -- -- -- Harmothoe extenuata 32 32 -- 12 12 158.4 Harmothoe imbricata 64 68 32 68 44 496.8 Lepidonotus squamatus -- 8 4 12 8 57.6 Naineris quadricuspida 8 -- 4 -- -- 21.6 ) Nephtys bucera -- -- -- -- -- -- Nephtys picta -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 ' Nephtys sp. (juv.) 4 -- -- -- -- 7.2 Nereis pelagica 24 36 24 16 36 244.8 Nicolea zostericola 176 324 124 136 288 1,S86.4 I Oligochaeta sp. -- -- -- -- -- Pectinaria granulata -- -- -- -- -- -- Peloscolex apectinatus -- -- -- -- -- -- Pholoe minuta 160 28 72 32 32 583.2 Phyllodoce maculata 16 4 8 4 20 93.6 l Polycirrus sp. A -- -- -- Polydora giardi -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 Polydora socialis -- -- -- 4 -- 7.2 Polygordius sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Potamilla sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Potamilla reniformis -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 Pygospio elegans -- -- -- -- -- -- Sabellaria vulgaris -- -- -- -- 4 7.2 4 -- -- 7.2 ] Spio cf. armata -- -- Schistomeringos caeca -- -- -- -- -- -- i Terebellidae -- -- -- -- -- -- 1 Tharyx acutus -- 4 -- -- -- 7.2 Tubifex pseudogaster -- -- -- -- -- -- Typosyllis sp. 4 -- -- -- -- 7.2 [ 1 l ARTHROPODA Acarina sp. 344 924 260 200 384 3,801.6 Achelia scabra -- -- -- -- -- -- J'
~~Achelia spinosa -- -- -- -- -- --~~
J Amphipoda -- -- -- -- -- -- Ampithoe rubricata 20 40 20 20 12 201.6 Anoplodactylus lentus -- -- -- -- -- -- Brachyura indet. -- -- -- I Calliopius laevisculus 168 328 124 148 144 1,641.6 ! Cancer irroratus 12 4 12 16 -- 79.2 Caprella linearis 64 252 96 160 136 1,274.4 Caprella penantis 756 740 312 652 564 5,443.7 Caridea indet. -- -- -- -- -- -- l 4-2
1 PHYLUM Replicate Station Species 1 2 3 4 5 (No./m2) Corophium acutum 144 1,196 396 356 376 4,442.4 Corophium bonelli 808 1,540 2,500 904 2,312 14,515.2 Crangon septemspinosa -- -- -- -- -- Dec:poda indet. -- -- 4 -- -- 7.2 Dexamine thea 1,428 1,404 708 324 384 9,446.4 Diastylis sculpta 4 -- -- -- -- 7.2 Diastylis sp. -- -- 4 -- 4 14.4 Edotea trilobata 4 4 -- 4 -- 21.6 Eualus pusiolus 16 16 8 24 56 216.0 Idotra balthica 16 72 4 4 24 216 Idotra phosphorea 56 416 52 60 144 1,310.4 Ischyrocerus anguipes 96 532 168 212 212 2,196 Jaera marina -- -- -- -- -- -- Jassa falcata 184 1,844 340 284 348 5,400.0 Lamprops quadriplicata -- -- -- -- -- -- Natantia indet. -- -- -- -- -- -- Pagurus acadianus -- -- -- -- -- -- Pagurus sp. -- -- -- -- -- -- Phoxocephalus holbolii 68 4 48 60 20 360.0 Pisusymtes glaber 246 380 496 484 340 3,502.8 Pantogeneia inermis 152 100 80 136 108 1,036.8 Proboloides holmesi -- -- -- -- -- Stanopleustes inermis -- -- -- -- -- -- Tanystylum orbiculare -- -- -- -- -- -- Rhepoxynius hudsoni -- -- -- -- -- -- ECHINODERMATA Amphipholis squamata 20 20 16 12 36 187.2 Ast rias forbesi 24 32 12 -- 20 115.2 Echinarachius parma -- -- -- Hanricia sanguinolenta -- -- -- 4 4 14.4 Ophiopholis aculeata 4 32 12 40 8 172.8 Strongylecentrotus droebachiensis 40 12 24 48 12 244.8 CHORDATA l Colonial Ascidacea -- 8 -- -- -- 14.4 Solitary Ascidacea -- -- -- -- -- -- l 4-3
~
NUC72-A o. 5 j INVESTIGATIONS OF ENTRAINMENT OF ICHTHY 0 PLANKTON AT PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION 1982 i e h' / Prepared by: di.n Lewis N. Scotton d-J k Senior Marine Fisheries
~~' Biologist i~~
1 o f Nuclear Operations Support Department j Boston Edison Company 800 Boylston Street Boston, MA 02199 i April 1983 I l i i l l I
NUC72-A TABLE OF CONTENTS [ age,
~~SUMMARY~~
i I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. METHODS 2 , III. RESULTS 9 i A. Ichthyoplankton Entrained 9 B. Lobster Larvae Entrained 18 l C. Contingency Sampling Plan Notification 20 IV. CONCLUSIONS 21 V. LITERATURE CITED 65 APPENDIX *
~~Appendix available upon request~~
~~NUC72-A FIGURES gage~~
1. Entrainment sampling station in PNPS discharge canal. 3

2. Contingency sampling locations 19 3

3. Mean monthly densities (per 100m of water) of the numerically dominant fish larvae entrained at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January through December, 1980-1981. 52 1
~~TABLES~~
1. Species >f fish eggs (E) and larvae (L) obtained in ichthyoplankton collections from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station discharge canal, January-June,1982. 22

2. Species of fish eggs (E) and larvae (L) collected in the PNPS discharge canal from 1974-1982. 24

3. Mean monthly densities of the numerically dominant fish eggs and larvae entrained at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January-December, 1975-1981, and Janua ry-June , 1982. 28

4. Summary of numbers of smelt larvae entrained at PNPS during the months of Apgil and May, 1974-1981. All densities are per 100 m of water. 64 i

5. Mean, maximum, and minimum discharge (cfs) in the l Jones River recorded at Kingston, Mass. by the U.S. l Geological Survey for the months of April and May, 1974-1981. 64 APPENDIX
3 Fish egg and larval densities, per 100 m of water, for each sample collected in the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station discharge canal, January-December, 1981 Al I

Appendix available upon request.
~~NUC72-A 1982 ENTRAINMENT STUDY~~
~~SUMMARY~~
Ichthyoplankton samples were collected from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station discharge canal in triplicate, twice-monthly in January-February and October-December, and weekly March through September, 1982. Eggs and/or larvae of 37 species of fish were obtained during the period Jan-uary-June 1982. Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were most abundant among the eggs collected in January and February. Through March and April, Winter flounder eggs (Pseudo-pleuronectes americanus) were dominant and cod were second in abundance. As in 1981, from early May through August the labrids (tautog, Tautoga onitis, and cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus), and Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) were most abundant among the eggs. Windowpane (Scophthalmus aquosus) were also abundant in late May - October. Hake (Urophycis spp.) and rockling (Enchelyopus cimbrius) were abundant in June - September. Menhaden (Brevoortia tyran.9td) were most abundant in September. Larval collections were dominated by sand lance (Ammodytes sp.) during the months of January through March and December. During part of February, March and April, rock gunnel (Pholis gunnellus) and grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus) were also numerous. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were i [ common during April, dominated the larval collections in tiay, and were third i in abundance in June. Mackerel was the most common larval species during
~~-i-~~
L. . - _ NUC72-A June, with cuaner second in abundance. Cunner were abundant June - August, rockling in May, and July - September, and hake from August - October. Atlantic mackerel were most abundant in June, and menhaden in September - October. Several larval rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) were collected in the June 1982 samples. One larval lobster (Homarus americanus) was callected. 1 1 a 1
~~- ii -~~
I
~~-_ - - - _. -_ _ = . - = - .~~
NUC72-A SECTION I INTRODUCTION This report summarizes the results of ichthyoplankton sampling conducted at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) during 1982 by Marine Research, Inc., (MRI) for Boston Edison Company. MRI was also responsible for sample sorting and ichthyoplankton identification. Data analyses and report preparation were carried out by the Environmental and Radiological Health and Safety Group of Boston Edison Company's Nuclear Operations Support Department. This report is pursuant to operational environmental monitoring and reporting requirements of NPDES Permit No. 0003557 (EPA) for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Sta-tion (PNPS), Unit I. The report describes organisms entrained at PNPS as de-termined by samples collected from the discharge canal. Methods are discussed in Section II and results in Section III. i A
r NUC72-A SECTION II METHODS The entrainment sampling plan for January-June 1982 at the PNPS specified triplicate samples to be collected twice monthly in January, February, and October - December, and weekly from March through September. All samples were collected from rigging mounted approximately 30 meters from the headwall of the discharge canal (Fig. 1) at low tide during daylight. A 0.333-mm mesh, 60-em diameter plankton net affixed to this rigging was streamed in the canal for 6 to 15 minutes depending on the abundance of plankton and detritus. In each case, a minimum of 1003m of water was sampled. Exact filtration volumes were calculated with the aid of a digital flowmeter (General Oceanics Model 2030) mounted in the mouth of the net. All samples were preserved in 10% formalin and returned to the laboratory for microscopic analysis. All fish eggs and larvae were identified to the lowest distinguishable taxonomic category and counted (these tasks were conducted by MRI). In most cases, species were identifiable. In certain cases, however, eggs- particularly in the early stages of development--could not be identified at the species level in the preserved samples. In such cases, species were grouped. A brief description of each of these egg groupings is given below. i (
~~. Gadidae-Glyptocephalus group (Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua; haddock, Melanogrammus aeglefinus; pollock, Pollachius virens; and witch flounder, l~~
~~Glyptocephalus cynoglossus); egg diameters overlap, no oil globule present. l l l CAPE' COD BAY 1. W~~
~~^$hht.~~
~~9iR; .~~
~~'ihi}5f. , '" $.i~~
~~a. ;3~~
~~-f.<. s .y. '~~
e
~~.a...~~
~~v.:~~
- DISCH ARGE CANAL BRIDGE 'Yio-q,u, .O 1 N ~
~~2c in 7 A Kg~~
~~a '~~
~~d g A Sty l ..~~
~~. ..?o: .? . c :.~~
~~HEA0 WALL -~~
~~# 0g ,.~~
I UNIT 1 INTAKE dF~~ f 9 (CHTHYOPLANKTON UNIT 1 t STATION I I l 100 METERS F16 ure 1: Entrainment sampling station in PNFS discharge canal.
~
NUC72-A Stage III eggs (those containing embryos whose tails have grown free of the yolk; Ahlstrom and Counts, 1955) are separated based on relative size and pigmentation combinations. Haddock eggs are difficult to identify until shortly before hatching (late stage III). Because of this, some early stage III haddock eggs may have been identified as cod eggs. This error should be quite small judging from the relatively low numbers of late stage III haddock eggs and haddock larvae collected during recent years. The gadidae-Glyptocephalus grouping was not necessary in January and February because it is unlikely that witch flounder spawn during these months, and haddock spawning is not likely to occur in January. We assumed haddock eggs were absent in February. All eggs of the'
~~gadidae-Glyptocephalus type were therefore classified as either cod or pollock based on differing egg diameters.~~
~~. Brosme-Scomber group (cusk, Brosme brosme, and Atlantic mackerel, Scomber ,~~
i scombrus)

egg and oil globule diameters overlap. Differences in pig-mentation permit separation of stage II (early embryo) and stage III eggs, i 1
~~. Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus group (fourbeard rockling, Enchelyopus cimbrius; hake, Urophycis spp.; and butterfish, Peprilus triancathus):~~
~~egg and oil globule diameters overlap. Stage III eggs are separated based on differences in embryonic pigmentation.~~
. Merluccius-Stenotomus-Cynoscion group (silver hake, Merluccius bilinearis; scup, Stenotomus chyrysops; and weakfish, Cynoscion regalis): egg and oil globule diameters overlap. Stage III eggs are separated into silver hake
NUC72-A and scup-weakfish based on differences in embryonic pigmentation. Scup and weakfish eggs, which have rarely been taken, remain grouped throughout their development because differences in embryonic pigmentation are subtle 4 and not clearly understood.
. Labridae-Limanda group (tautog, Tautoga onitis; cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus; and yellowtail flounder, Limanda ferruginea): no oil globule present, egg diameters overlap. Stage III eggs are separated into labridae and yellowtail flounder based on differences in embryonic pigmentation. A high percentage of the two species of labrid eggs are distinguishable, but only with individual, time-consuming measurement (Marine Research, 1977a).
~~Labrid eggs are therefore grouped in all three stages of development in the 1 i 1982 samples.~~
. Paralichthys-Scophthalmus group (fourspot flounder, Paralichthys oblongus, and windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus): oil globule and egg diameters as well as pigmentation are quite similar. Separation of these two species,
, even at stage III, remains uncertain. They are therefore grouped in all Cases. Eggs of the bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) and striped anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus) are easily distinguishable, but their larvae are not. Eggs of these fishes were L therefore listed by species while the larvae are listed simply as Anchoa spp. l I I I
~~= _ .. . . . - _ _ - __- -. . . - . _ _. ._ _~~
~~NUC72-A Several other groups of eggs and larvae were not identified to the species level because adequate descriptions of each species are not available at this time. These groupings are as follows:~~
~~. Urophycis spp. - consists of the red hake (U. chuss), the spotted hake I~~
(U. regius), and the white hake (U. tenuis). Most larvae (and eggs) in this genus collected at PNPS are probably the red hake (see summary in Hardy 1978). i . Menidia spp. - consists of the tidewater silverside (M. beryllina) and l Atlantic silverside (M. menidia). Atlantic silverside larvae are probably more likely to occur as far north as Plymouth based on their more northern distribution. I
~~. Ammodytes sp. - No species designation was given the sand lance because~~
considerable taxonomic confusion exists in the literature (see for example Richards et al. 1963; Scott 1968, 1972; Winters 1970). Meyer et i al. (1979) examined adults collected on Stellwagen Bank and classified them as A. americanus (= A. hexapterus). This population is probably the source of larvae entrained at PNPS.
i
~~. Prionotus spp. - consists of the northern seaobin (P. carolinus) and the striped searobin (P. evolans).~~
~~r lI~~
. Liparis spp. generally we are now separting Liparis spp. Most of these are L. atlanticus or L. Coheni. They can also include striped seasnail i . _ _ _ - . . _..
1 NUC72-A l l (L. liparis). Most of those collected at PNPS are probably L. atlanticus J based on an identification by K. W. Able (personal communication, July 1978). Because of particular interest in rainbow smelt (Osserus mordax), cunner, and winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus), larvae of these species were classified into three or four arbitrary developmental stages. These stages and corresponding length ranges are given below. Rainbow smelt Stage I - From hatching until the yolk sac is fully absorbed (5-7 mm TL). Stage II - From the end of stage I until dorsal fin rays become visible (6-12 mm TL). Stage III - From the end of stage II onward (11.5-20 mm TL). 1 Cunner Definitions of developmental stages are the same as for smelt larvae. Observed size ranges for each stage are: stage I, 1.6-2.6 mm TL; stage II, 1.8-6.0 mm TL; stage III, 6.5-14 mm TL. Winter flounder l Stage I - From hatching until the yolk sac is fully absorbed (2.3-2.8 mm TL). Stage II - From the end of stage I until a loop or coil forms in the gut j (2.6-4 mm TL). l
NUC72-A Stage III - From the end of stage II until the left eye migrates past the midline of the head during transformation (3.5-8 mm TL). l Stage IV - From the end of stage III onward (7.3-8.2 mm TL). In most cases, entire samples were examined for fish larvae and the less common types of fish eggs. When a particular species was especially abundant, aliquot subsamples were taken. Such subsamples contained 100 or more specimens of a l given species or grouping. Unpublished studies by Marine Research have indicated that subsampling error can be maintained at a low level if the number of spec-1 imens in an aliquot increases as the fraction represented by the aliquot grows smaller, e.g. ,100 larvae are sufficient in a 'one-half split, but 200 should be present in a one-quarter split. l \ l l
NUC72-A SECTION III RESULTS A. Ichthyoplankton Entrained 3 Population densities, per 100 m of water, listed by date, station, and replicate for all samples collected in 1982 are presented in the Appendix (available upon request). The occurrence of eggs and larvae of each species by month is summarized in Table 1. The occurrence of eggs and larvae over the period 1974-1982 are shown in Table 2. Table 3 lists the mean monthly densities of the numerically dominant fish eggs and larvae at PNPS for the period 1975-1982. The ichthyoplankton collected may be summarized as follows: l January: Cod eggs (Gadus morhua) represented 100% of the egg catch with mean densities for the two sampling days of 0.4 and 0.6 per 100 3 m. Five species of fishes were represented in the January larval collections. Sand lance composed 54% of the catch, with a 3 monthly mean density of 0.6 larvae per 100 m . The other species, each of which represented about 12% of the total catch were rock gunnel (Pholis gunnellus), and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus). l
r NUC72-A February: Five species of fish were collected, one species as eggs and four as larvae. Cod were again abundant among the eggs with a mean density of 0.1 per 100 m3 accounting for about 100% of the egg catch. Winter flounder eggs were not found as they usually are at this time of year. As in 1981, larval collections were dominated by sand lance and rock gunnel with mean densities over the month of 2.7 and 0.5 per 100 m3 of water, respectively; these 1 two species accounting for 78.5% and 15.6%, respectively, of all larvae collected. The grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus) and tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) together represented 5.9% of larvae collected. March: The species count rose to 11 during the. month. Two species were represented by eggs - cod, and winter flounder (Pseudo-pleuronectes americanus). Winter flounder was 69% of the egg catch and cod eggs were identified as Gadus morhua, not merely as part of the gadid - Glytocephalus grouping, and represented about 31% of the egg catch. I Ten species of fish were represented by larvae in March. Sand
- lance accounted for 79% of the month's catch with a monthly mean density per 100 m of water of 190.0. Grubby and rock gunnel larvae composed an additional 18.3% of the month's larval catch. Their monthly mean densities were 25.2 and 18.7 per 100 m , respectively. Also the longhorn sculpin and four-beard rockling were each found in all 3 collection dates.
l
KUC72-A Three species of Myoxocephalus were identified. Other species represented included the wrymouth, Cryptacanthodes maculatus, and tomcod. April: Twenty-two species were taken during the month, seven of these represented by eggs. Winter flounder were most abundant. Cod eggs were second most abundant. American plaice (Hippoglos-soides platessoides) and yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) each composed just over 3% of the egg catch. Fourbeard rocking (Enchelyopus cimbrius) and windowpane (Scopthalmus aquosus) made up the' rest of the catch. Larvae representing 17 species, as opposed to 14 in April 1981 collections, were found. Sand lance dropped to second place instead of dominating the catch as in January, February, and March with a mean density over the month of 54.1 larvae per 100 m3 of water accounting for 29% of the month's catch. Grubby were the most abundant, representing 48% of the catch, and rock gunnel accounted for an additional 18% of the catch. Maximum weekly mean densities for the grubby and rock gunnel were 167.2 3 and 74.8 per 100 m , respectively. I 1 L 1
r NUC72-A May: Of the 19 species of fish collected in the May ichthyoplankton samples, 11 were represented by eggs. Brosme-scomber eggs accounted for 58% of the egg total, becoming most abundant in the second half of May. The labrid-Limanda eggs were second in abundance. Over the month, weekly mean densities for the 3 Brosme-scomber grouping ranged from 4.3 per 100 m on May 4 to 151.4 per 100 m3 on May 25. Mackerel eggs were third in order of abundance at 6%, even apart from the Brosme-Scomber egg grouping. The Brosme-Scomber grouping combined with mackerel eggs accounted for 64% of the egg catch with a mean density calculated over the month of 146 eggs per 100 m3 . In May 1981, the labrid-Limanda egg grouping was dominant. Sixteen species of fish larvae were taken in the May samples. Winter flounder, sand lance, radiated shanny, and seasnail dominated the catch accounting for 92% of the total. This was similar to 1981 with the addition of sand lance. Weekly larval 3 winter flounder densities ranged from 1.3 to 49.3 per 100 m , , Sand lance, continued to be a dominant species as it was from January-April. Sand lance were represented by 23.6, 78.7, 3.7, 9.5 and 0.2 larvae per 100 m3per week in May. Fourbeard rockling, American plaice, sculpin and Atlantic mackerel accounted for an additional 5% of the larval catch. No rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) larvae were found as in May 1981. A second species of Liparis, L. coheni was found in very low 1 densities. NUC72-A June: The species count reached 21 in June. Labrid eggs clearly dominated among the 13 species of eggs collected, assuming they dominated the labrid-Limanda group.* Combined with the grouped eggs they composed 88.2% of the June egg total with weekly mean 3 densities averaging 1763 per 100 m of water. Atlantic mackerel, the Paralichthys-Scophthalmus and Enchelyopus-Urophycis-Peprilus egg groupings accounted for 9.3% of the remaining eggs. Within these two groups fourspot flouncer and butterfish were probably comparatively uncommon, judging by no larvae for these species being collected in June. Fifteen species of fishes were represented by larvae. Atlantic mackerel accounted for 41% of the larvae. Cunner and tautog accounted for 27.3% of the larval densities with monthly mean 3 densities of 6.5 and 3.2 per 100 m of water, respectively. Winter flounder were third in abundance representing 10.5% of the larvae catch. Atlantic aienhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) represented 0.1% of the catch with a mean density of 0.3 larvae per 100 m3 of water. Osmerus mordax (Rainbow smelt) had a mean density for the month of 1.2 per 100 m 3and represented 3.3% of the catch. Sandlance were absent from collections as eggs or larvae.
*During the month of June, yellowtail flounder stage III eggs averaged 2.7 per 100 m of water, respectively. These figures are quite low relative to the densities of stage III labrid eggs, and cunner and tautog larvae. Therefore the vast majority of labrid - Limanda eggs are assumed to be labrid eggs during June.
1 _.____________________.___.________ ______ __. ________________ Q
NUC72-A July: Fourteen of the 18 species found in July were represented by eggs. Labrid eggs clearly dominated among these, as they did in June, accounting for 94% of the total (if yellowtail floun-der eggs are considered to have been absent from the labrid-Limanda grouping; see footnote for June). Mean densities for both labrid and labrid - Limanda eggs combined ranged from 3 120.4 to 2,126 per 100m . Flounder, rockling, hake, cusk and i bay anchovies counted for most of the remaining eggs in the i samples. i Rockling were most abundant among the 10 species of larvae col- j lected. They accounted for 34% of the month's larval catch with weekly mean densities ranging between 0.6 and 2.6 per l 3 100m . Cunner was in a close second place comprising 31% of the catch. Northern pipefish, tautog (Tautoga onitis), anchovy and radiated shanny composed most of the remaining larvae. The number of species collected was down from the 20 of the pre-vious year. August: Fifteen species were represented by eggs. Labrids retained their dominant position from July, accounting for 78% of the larvae. Windowpane, hake, rocking and butterfish when totaled together, accounted for 18.7% of the egg catch. The windowpane group was less well represented than in August 1981, with only 7% of the catch. The weekly labrid mean density, per 100m of water, ranged from 743 on August 3 to 0.4 on August 31.
NUC72-A l The number of species represented by larvae was 16. Cunner, rockling and hake accounted for 56, 26, and 6% of the month's 3 larval catch, respectively. Weekly mean densities, per 100m of water, for these species ranged from 1.7 to 25.1 for the cunner, 0.4 to 10.4 for the rockling, and 0 to 2.2 for hake. The mean number of larvae for the month increased from 3.7 in July to 11.3 in August (see Table 3). Sept: Thirteen species were represented by eggs in this month's collections. In contrast to Sept. 1981, Atlantic menhaden composed 81% of the catch. Windowpane, hake and rockling combined accounted for 16% of the month's catch assuming no fourspot flounder or butterfish eggs were taken among the Enchelyopus - Urophycis - Peprilus and Paralichthys - 3 Scophthalmus egg groups. Weekly densities ranges, per 100m og water, were from 0 to 2,533 for menhaden, 39-312 for the windowpane group, O to 28.9 for rockling eggs and 0.6 to 44.1 for the hakes. The remaining eggs were those of goosefish and searobin. The mean numbers of eggs were considerably higher than in September 1981. Larval collections contained 13 species. Hake composed 33% of the catch, followed by rockling with 20% and menhaden with 20%. These were followed by windowpane which represented 17%. Hake weekly mean densities ranged from 0.6 to 14.4 per 100m3 gg water. Cunner, fourspot flounder and the northern pipefish accounted for most of the remaining catch. A small number of butterfish and anchovy were also found.
~~- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - .- _u~~
NUC72-A October: The number of species represented by eggs was five out of a total of seven species. Windowpane ranked first with 63% of the catch, with rockling, menhaden, and hake and two other 3 species incidental. Monthly mean densities, per 100m of water, were 1.3 for windowpane, 0.3 for rockling, 0.2 for menhaden and 0.2 for the Enchelyopus - Urophycis -Peprilus group. 1 I l Five species of larvae were found in the October collections. Hake, menhaden, and tautog accounted for 92% of the catch with monthly mean densities of 1.7, 0.5 and 0.2 per 100m3 , respec-tively. Windowpane were also represented. November: The Atlantic cod were the only eggs in this month's egg collections. The mean density of cod eggs per 100m 3was 0.4 and there was just one collection in Novamber on the 9th. No larvae were collected in November.
December

Only cod eggs and labrid eggs were identified in the December ,
i egg collections with cod accounting for 96% of the catch and 3 labrid eggs for the remainder. Mean densities per 100m re-i corded on December 7 and 21 were 0.4 and 3.6, respectively for , 1 cod, and 0.2 on December 7 only for labrids. i lI Three species were found among the larvae. Sand lance accoun-3 ted for 94% of the total with mean densities per 100m of water of 24.7 on December 21. Cod (3%) and menhaden (3%) composed the remainder of the larval catch. I 1 i
~~. , , , , . . . - _ , - _ -_. . _ _ . .1~~
NUC72-A Table 2 summarizes by year all species by eggs and larvae collected in i the PNPS discharge canal from 1974-1982. Monthly mean densities for the numerically dominant species of eggs.and larvae taken in 1982 are summarized in Table 3. Similar data for 1975 through 1979 were also tabulated for comparision after being standardized as follows:
~~1. Only 0.333-mm mesh net data were used in those cases (1975) when field sampling was carried out using both 0.333 and 0.505 mesh nets.~~
3 2. When, as in 1976 and 1977, 24-hour sampling series were conducted, ' 4 the samples taken nearest the time of daylight low tide were selected for comparison, since this conforms to the routine speci-fication for the time of entrainment sampling.
~~3. For the same reason only daylight low tide data were used when, in 1975, samples were also taken at high tide and/or at night.~~
~~l 4. Cod and pollock egg densities were summed to make up the category~~
~~" gadidae" since these eggs, which are listed separately in recent i reports, were not distinguished in earlier ones.~~
~~i l I~~
5. Sculpin larvae were identified to species beginning in 1979 follow-f ing Khan (1971). They appear as Myoxocephalus spp. in Table 3 for comparison with past years.
Although samples were in fact taken once in April 1976 and once in March ' 1977, comparisons with other years when sampling was weekly are not valid 17 -
NUC72-A and consequently do not appear in the Table. Data collected in 1974 were not included because samples were not collected at low tide in all cases. Mean larval densities are summarized in Table 3. As indicated in Table 3, ichthyoplankton densities recorded in 1980 do not appear unusual. In each case, densities fell within the level of variation observed over the previous four years. B. Lobster Larvae Entrained In the period 1982, one lobster larva (Homarus americanus) was collected in June. It was a stage I larva. This compares with past years'as follows: 1981: 1 larva - 1 stage IV 1980: none found. l l 1979: 1 larva - 1 stage I on July 14. 1978: none found. l 1977: 3 larvae - 1 stage I on June 10; 2 stage I on June 17. i 1976: 2 larvae - 1 stage I on July 22; 1 stage IV-V on August 5. 1975: 1 larva - 1 stage I, date unknown. 1974: none found. l The lobster larvae collected in 1976 were obtained during a more in-l l tensive lobster larvae program which employed a 1 meter net, collecting j relatively large sample volumes, in addition to the standard 60-cm ' plankton net (MRI 1977b). Both larvae taken in 1976 were collected in l the meter net; none were found in the routine ichthyoplankton samples. l l l
r c . o ( C-13
~~,F :~~
~~Duxsuny O O C 11 C-12 l P~~
~~,1 oussunsear l O~~
~~O C ,o c" ' C4 n. O ?* O O C4 C7~~
~~"' # # l SCALE en aseLES n rar.~~
~~lO C4 av.o . O c.~~
~~~~O .- v_ b; -~~
~~lb.y'y,~~
~~* '=' -~ , . .;s. . *~~
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C2
~~.! y' N.,"~~
~~c -~~
% .O l ~'O-. .i. C 1 ;. }l g 0
~~h' L L~~
~~~*'~~
~~n\ . l '.. s Figure 2. Location of Entrainment Contingency Plan Sampling Stations, C. i~~
~~-19 i _~~
NUC72-A C. Contingency Sampling Plan Notification Since the Cape Cod Bay ichthyoplankton surveys stopped in 1976, the entrainment monitoring program has always included a special contingency sampling plan (Fig. 2). This plan was designed to be implemented if the eggs or larvae of any species appear in unusually large numbers in the discharge canal when compared with previous years. For the 1982 entrain-l ment program, as in 1981, we attempted to quantify " unusually large" by I defining it as any mean density (per 100 m 3of water) which is 50% greater than the highest mean density recorded on or near that date over the past five years (1976-1981) as recorded in previous entrainment reports. BECo. was notified by MRI five times in 1982 of the occurrence of unusually large numbers. One such occurrence in April resulted in 1 extra daily set of entrainment samples being taken, until numbers returned to acceptable ranges. No bay contingency program had to be carried out. A difficulty in attempting to use this "50% greater" approach with ich-thyoplankton is related to its patchiness. A large mass of eggs,- for example, may be entrataed by chance, but this may not be a true indica-tion of unusually large numbers of organisms being generally available in i Cape Cod Bay and subject ,to entrainment. i 1 l l
NUC72-A SECTION IV CONCLUSIONS Fish eggs and larval densities from the PNPS entrainment collections for the period January - December 1982 fell within the level of variation observed during this period over the previous four years. The numbers entrained were not large enough to require the Cape Cod Bay contingency sampling program to be implemented. The frequency of occurrence and levels of abundance of species represented by eggs and larvae in January - December 1982 were very similar to previous years. i l l l L l L i t
NUC72-A Table 1: Species of fish eggs (E) and larvae (L) obtained in ichthyoplankton collections from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station discharge canal, January-June, 1982. . Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia grannus E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L L Atlantic herring Clupea harengus harengus L L L L Anchovy Anchoa spp. E L L L Bay Anchovy Anchoa mitchilli E E/L Rainbow Smelt Osmerus mordax L L Goosefish Lophius americanus E L E Cusk Brosme brosme E E Fourbeard rockling Enchelyopus cimbrius E E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E Atlantic cod Gadus morhua E E E E/L E/L E/L E E E/L Atlantic Tomcod Microgadus tomcod L L L Silver hake Merluccius bilinearis E E E E E/L j Pollock Pollachius virens llakes Urophycis spp. E E E/L E/L L Silversides Menidia spp. E Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus J* J J J Wrasses Labridae E E E E E 1 Tautog Tautoga onitis L L L L Cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus L L L L L Coby Gobiosoma ginburgi L
*J = Juvenile
Table 1 (Continued). J j Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Radiated shanny Ulvaria subbifurcata L L L L L Rock gunnel Pholis gunnellus L L L L L ! Snakeblenny Lumpenus lumpretaeformis Sand lance Anunodytes sp. L L L L L Wrymouth Cryptaeanthodes maculatus _ L L ! Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus E/L E/L E liut te r fish Peprilus triacanthus E L Searobin Prionotus spp. E E E E Lumpfish Cyclopterus Iumpus L Grubby Myoxocephalus aenaeus L L L L L L Longhorn sculpin Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus L L Shorthorn sculpin tpoxocephalus scorpius L Alligatorfish Aspidophoroides monopterygius L Seasnail Liparis spp. L L L Fourspot flounder Paralichthys oblongus E L L L Windowpane Scophthalnus aquosus E L L L L L L Witch flounder Glyptocephalus cynoglossus E E E/L E/L E E American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides E/L E/L Yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea E E/L E/L E/L Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus L E E/L E/L L L l Smooth flounder ljopsetta putnami L 4 llogchoke r Trinectes maculatus E O
NUC72-A Table 2: Species of fish eggs (E) and larvae (L) collected in the PNPS discharge canal from 1974-1981, and January-June, 1982. Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1918 1979 1980 1981 1982 American eel Anguilla rostrata J* J J J J J Alewife /blueback herring Alosa spp. L L L J L Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L Atlantic herring Clupea harengus harengus L L L L L L L L L Anchovy Anchoa spp. L L L L L E/L E/L Bay anchovy Anchoa mitchilli E E E E/L Rainbow smelt E/L L L L L L - E/L L Osmerus morda_x Goosefish Lophius americanus E/L E/L E E/L E/L E/L L E/L E/L Cusk Brosme brosme E E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E E Fourbeard rockling Enchelyopus cimbrius E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L Atlantic cod Gadus,morhua L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L lladdock Melanogrammus aeglefinns L L E/L E/L E/L L Silver hake Merluccius bilinearis E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L Atlantic tomcod Microgadus tomcod L L L L L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L L Pollock Pollachius virens L E llakes Urophycis spp. E/L E/L E/L E/L E E/L E/L E/L E/L
NllC72-A Table 2: (Continued). Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Cusk-eels /Eeln>uts i Ophidiidae-Zoarcidae L Atlautic needlefish Strongylura marina L L Kil1ifish Fundulus spp. E E flununichog Fundulus heteroclitus E Striped killifish F. majalis J Silversides tienidia spp. L L L L E/L E/L E Atlantic silverside tienidia menidia L E/L E/L E Northern pipefish Syngnathus fuscus J* J J J J J J J J Black sea bass Centropristis striata L L Weakfish Cynoseion rega1is L Scup Stenotomus chrysops L L Northern kingtish tienticirrhus saxatilis E L L Wrasses Labridae E E E E E E E E E Tautog Tautoga onitis L L L L L L L L L Cunner Tautogolabrus adspersus L L L L L L L L L Snakeblenny Lumpenus lumpretaeformis L L L Radiated shanny Ulvaria subbifurcata L L L L L L L L L
~~..J = Juvenile~~
NUC72-A Table 2: (Continued). i Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Rock gunnel Pholis gunnellus L L L L L L L L L l Wrymouth Cryptacanthodes maculatus L L L L L Sand lance Ammodytes sp. L L L L L E/L L L L Seaboard goby Gobiosoma ginsburgi L L L Atlantic mackerel Scomber scombrus E/L E/L E/L E/L F./L E/L E/L E/L E/L Butterfish Peprilus triacanthus E/L E/L E/L E E E/L E/L L E Searobins Prionotus spp. E/L E/L E E E E/L E/L E Sculpin Myoxocephalus spp. L L L L L L L L L Alligatorfish Aspidophoroides monopterygius L L Lumpfish Cyclopterus lumpus L L L L L Seasnail Liparis atlanticus L L L L L L L L L Liparis cohenus L Smallmouth flounder Etropus microstomus L Summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus E/L E/L Fourspot flounder P. oblongus E/L E/L E/L L E/L E/L E/L Windowpane Sco@thalmus aquosus E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L Witch flounder G_lyptocephalus cynoglossus E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L
4 Table 2: (Continued).
Species 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 i 1980 1981 1982 American plaice Ilippoglossoides platessoides E/L E/L E/L E/L l
E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L 1 Yellowtail flounder Limanda ferruginea E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L i Winter flounder Pseudopleuronectes americanus E/L E/L L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L E/L llogchoker Trinectes maculatus E E E E Northern puffer Sphoeroides maculatus L Smooth Flounder Liopsetta putnami L E/L i i , 1 i a
NUC72-A Table 3: Mean monthly densities of the numerically dominant fish Format: RangG eggs and larvae entrained at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January-December, 1975-1982. The total column represents the total for all species collected by month. See text for details. JANUARY 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus - - - 1 Gadidae
~~0.5 0.2 2.2 0-1 0 - 0.7 0-5 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- _ _ _~~
Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0.1 0 0 0 - 0.6 Urophtcis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 0.6 0.2 2.7 0-1 0 - 0.7 0-5 LARVAE l Clupea harengus harengus 0.2 0 0 0 - 0.6 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 1 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 l Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0.7 5.1 1.0 0-3 2-9 0-5 Ammodytes sp. 6.7 1.4 4.8 0 - 18 0-4 0 - 11 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 1.4 0.3 0.5 0-6 0-1 0-1 l Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 americanus Total 9.4 7.4 ] 8 0 - 25 3 - 13 0 - 12
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg stages from January through March.
1
NUC72-A M**" Table 3: (Continued) Format: Range JANUARY 1980 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus - 0 0 Gadidus morhua 2.8 3.4 0.5 0.3-6.2 2.2-9.1 0-1.2 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- - 0 0 Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 2.8 3.4 1.1 0.3-6.2 0.8-9.1 0-1.20 LAP.ifAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0.1 0.1 0 - 0.4 0-0.6 I Enchelyopus c'.mbrius 0 0 0 Tautogolat.as adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0, 0 0 l Pholis gunnellus -.3 0.06 0.1 0 T.2 0-0.4 0 .6 Ammodytes sp. 16 1.6 0.6 0.-38.4 2.3-4.8 0-1.2 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. J 0 0.3 0-0.6 0-1.2 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 ' Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 ! americanus Total 17.0 1.8 1.1 0-39.0 0-4.8 0-2.43 i ** Represents all three egg stages from January through March.
NUC72-A Format: Table 3 (Continued). Rn FEBRUARY 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus - - - Gadidae
~~0.9 2.4 1.6 0-3 0-5 0-3 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- - - -~~
Peprilus l Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 1.0 2.5 1.6 OT3 0-5 0-3 LARVAE 0.1 0.6 0 i Clupea harengus harengus i 0 - 0.5 0-2 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 3.7 IJ 2.9 0 - 14 0-3 0 - 10 Ammodytes sp. ] 2 8_. 8 11.1 0-8 0.6 - 24 4 - 21 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 2.2 J 0 6.6 0-7 0-1 0 - 26 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 americanus Total 10.8 11.0 20.9 l 0 - 17 0.8 - 29 4 - 58 l
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg states from January through March.
NUC72-A Format: Table 3: (Continued) , , FEBRUARY 1980 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus - 0 0 Gadidae
~~1.5 1.1 0.1 0.3-2.9 0-2.5 0-0.6 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- -~~
0 0 Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 1.8 3.5 0.1 0.8-2.9 0-13.0 0-1.2 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0.1 0 0 .4 4 Pholis gunnellus 0.6 2.1 0.5 0-1.6 3.7-4.6 0-2.6 Amraodytes sp. 3.1 10.2 2.7 0.4-7.6 2.6-15.7 0-9.1 1 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 l Myoxocephalus spp. 1.9 0 0.1 l 0-4.7 0-0.6 l Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 americanus
~~Total 5.9 14.8 3.5 l 1.5-9.7 2.6-24.1 0-23.4~~
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
l**RepresentsallthreeeggstagesfromJanuarythroughMarch. l t
NUC72-A
^
Table 3 (Continued). Format: MARCH 1975 1976 1977+ 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0.6 1.5 9.2 0-2 0-3 0 - 32 Gadidus* Morhua 0.8 0J 0.5 0-3 0-1 0-3 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- _ _ _ Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 O Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 9.7 2.8 12.1 0.8 - 41 0-5 0.4 - 35 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0.8 0A 0 0-2 0-1 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 34.0 11.2 9.3 26 - 47 0.7 - 28 1 - 34 Ammodytes sp. 29.5 11.1 54.0 11 - 60 0.7 - 22 9 - 228 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 61.4 32.8 12.3 17 - 137 11 - 65 1 - 35 Liparis spp. 0.5 0 0.4 0-1 0-4 Pseudopleuronectes
0 0 americanus 0 - 0.5 Total 127.5 55.7 76.8 66 - 236 26 - 96 11 - 293

Represents all three egg stages from January through February.
** Represents all three egg states from January through March.
! +A single set of samples was taken in 1977. These data were not included in this comparison because weekly data sets were available in 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981. l NUC72-A M* " Table 3: (Continued) Format: Range MARCH 1980 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus .3 0 0 OX7 Gadidus morhua .8 1.5 0.4 0 .5 0-8.5 0-1.8 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- - 0 0 Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 1.9 6.9 lj 0-12 0.5-20.1 0-8.9 I/J1VAE Clupea harengus harengus 0.1 2.4 0.3 0-1.9 0-8.4 0-1.8 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 Tautogolabry adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0.1 0 0 .5 Pholis gunnellus 22.5 23.7 18.7 0-80.5 1-62.4 17.8-34.2 Ammodytes sp. 43 35.5 190.0 1-153 9.6-78.6 0-612.7 Scomber scombrus 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 63.1 0.04 27.6 1.1-181.9 0 .5 0-77.7 Liparis coheni 4.9 0 0.1 0-18.2 0.09 Pseudopleuronectes .15 .11 2.6 americanus 0-0.7 0-3 0-11.9 Total 26.8 99.6 240.6 3.2-382.2 42.6-169.1 31.1-714.2
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg stages from Janut.ry through March. +A single set of samples was taken in 1977. These data were not included in this comparison because weekly data sets were available in 1975, 1978, 1979, 1980 and 1981.
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ a
NUC72-A-Format: Table 3 (Continued). R APRIL 1975 1976+ 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 1.7 0.7 8.1 3.5 0-5 0-2 2 - 14 0.8 - 12 Gadidae
2.4 0.3 8.4 1.1 0-6 0-3 0.6 - 14 0-3 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 0.3 0.1 0 0 Peprilus 0-1 0-1 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 2.9 0.2 0
0.3 0 - 10 0-2 0-2 Urophycis spp. 0.1 0 0 0 0 - 0.8 Labridae-Limanda 4.8 2.5 11.1 8.1 0 - 18 0-7 0 - 26 0 - 28 Labridae 0.2 0.5 0.08 0 0 - 0.9 0-3 0-1 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 0.1 0 0 0 0 - 0.7 Total 33.4 10.2 63.1 73.9 1 - 84 1 - 18 8 - 114 4 - 546 NAE Clupea harengus harengus 1.3 OM 0.3 0.6 0 - 12 0-1 0-2 0-3 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 5.4 3.9 0.2 0.3 0 - 19 0 - 19 072 0-1 Pholis gunnellus 1.8 4.0 1.5 3.7 0-8 0 - 19 0-5 0 - 13 Ammodytes sp. 6.6 36.8 388.8 92.1 0.8 - 18 6 - 85 6 - 1252 26 - 196 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 7.2 30.7 21.3 16.3 3 - 12 14 - 57 0 - 57 1 - 32 j Liparis spp. 3J 16.9 1.8 2.1 0 - 11 0 - 72 0-7 0-8 i Pseudopleuronectes 3.1 9.5 35.6 2.9 j americanus 0.8 - 10 0 - 21 0 - 127 0-8 Total 29.7 103.1 458.2 120.5 14 - 43 55 - 154 21 - 1324 57 - 238
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg states from January through March. +A single set of samples was taken in 1976. These data were not inlcuded in this comparison because weekly data sets were available in 1975 and 1977-1981.
NUC72-A Table 3: (Continued) Format: R ng APRIL 1980 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 2.3 0 0 3.1-7.2 Gadidus morhua 1.1 -0.4 0.2 0-4.1 0 178 0.6-2.5 Encholyopus-Urophycis- 0 0 0 Peprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0.5 0.3 0.1 0-4.1 0-2.4 0-1.6 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0.6 0 0 0-7.6 Scorber scombrus 0 0 0 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 26.1 13.5 5.8 0-17.6 0-77.4 0-41.6 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0.1 0 1.0 0-0.5 0.4-5 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 2.5 0.3 0 0-6.2 0-275 Pholis gunnellus 0.4 3.4 32.8 0-1.1 0-1376 0-74.8 Ammodytes sp. 50.3 33.0 8.1 0-171.3 6.8-66.1 260.9 Scomber scombrus 0 0 ' Myoxocephalus spp. 16.4 0.4 88.6 0-58.8 0-1.7 0-167.2 , Liparis coheni 5.3 0 0.9 0-20.3 0-4.4 Pseudopleuronectes~ 8.9 2.1 5.6 americanus 1.5-23.8 0-375 0-36.2 Total 86.0 66.5 185.4 8.2-265.8 29.1-141.8 3.8-732.4 1
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg stages from January through March. +A single set of samples was taken in 1976. These data were not included in this comparison because weekly data sets were available in 1975 and 1977-1981.
NUC72-A Table 3 (Continued). Format: " ,,*
MAY 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 1.0 2.3 3.4 3.4 1.4 0-3 0 !6 0 - 11 0 - 14 0 !5 Gadidae

1.1 1.5 1.2 9.6 1.8 0-3 0-4 0-3 0 - 61 0 ---5 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 8.3 13.3 12.5 27.8 9.5 Peprilus 0 - 30 0 - 72 5 - 22 2 - 125 0.6 - 34 ,
l Enchelyopus cimbrius** 28.3 30.8 14.0 10.9 5.3 6 - 70 0 - 91 0 - 32 0 - 37 0 - 15 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0.4 0 0 0-3 Labridae-Limanda 145.8 12.0 280.8 1843.4 1491.9 2 - 1248 5 - 23 3 - 1240 3 - 11809 6 - 9475 Labridae 0.3 0 8.6 20.5 4.1 0-2 0 - 55 0 - 169 0 I 19 Scomber scombrus 1.8 1.2 12.7 8.5 37.5 0-6 0-5 0 - 67 0 - 62 0 - 155 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 10.1 6.3 12.5 30.4 21.0 0 - 64 0 - 19 2 - 32 0 - 169 0 - 76 Total 196.5 74.7 396.3 2017.8 1638.3 12 - 1366 35 - 126 31 - 1324 13 - 12428 45 - 9925 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 2.2 0 0 0.1 0.03 0 - 24 0-1 0 - 0.5 Enchelyopus cimbrius 2.6 2.9 0.3 4.0 4.5 ! 0 - 10 0 - 13 0-1 0 - 19 0 - 19 l Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 0 S2 0-2 Ulvaria subbifurcata 65.4 7.3 5.7 43.5 5.2 10 - 235 1 - 24 0 - 20 11 - 141 0 I 23 Pholis gunnellus 0.1 0 0.4 g;q8 0 0 - 0.5 0-4 0 1 Ammodytes sp. 4.0 2.5 2.2 79.9 '.0 .1 0 - 22 0-8 0-7 0 - 265 0 - 88 Scomber scombrus 0.1 2.6 6.I 0 0 0 - 0.4 0 - 27 0 - 29 Myoxocephalus spp. 3.2 0.5 1.2 0.3 5.9 0 - 11 0-2 0-9 0 - 37 0 - 17 l Liparis spp. 9.2 13.0 38.9 37.0 20.3 0 - 30 6 - 31 0 - 112 1 - 92 6 - 40 Pseudopleuronectes 13.9 7.4 16.3 38.0 18.4 americanus 2 - 36 2 - 18 4 - 29 0 - 129 13 - 40 Total 99.6 37.9 81.9 222.2 104.1 28 - 283 15 - 76 24 - 185 33 - 660 66 - 210 l
~~Represents all three egg stages f rom January through February.~~
, ** Represents all three egg states from January through March.
NUC72-A Mean Table 3: (continued) Format: Range 1980 MAY 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 8.5 0.3 0.4 1.1-5.9 0-2.3 0192 Gadidus morhua 1.2 0.8 0.1 0-3.8 0-2.7 0-0.8 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 8.5 7.8 3.4 Peprilus 4.3-14.1 0.95-19.1 1.2-8.2 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 52 15.1 0.9 10.2-72.6 0-54.8 0-2.3 Urophycis spp. 0 0.1 0 0-1.4
.Labridae-Limanda 3024 74.1 917.8 4.8-9331 1.9-94.0 4.0-248.2 4 Labridae 119 3.6 5.3 0!?30.5 0-22.8 0.5!14.7 , Scomber scombrus 94 32.8 15.0 3227'6.7 5 0-167.5 0-63.3 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 34 22.2 11.7 6.7-66.7 0-63.6 0-43.1 Total 3489 151.6 251.9 1-10,314 29-368 39.5-425.4 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0.2 0-1.2 Enchelyopus cimbrius 5.4 1.0 0 4.5-11 0-2.5 0-0.6 Tautogolabrus adspersus 1.3 0.04 0 0-8.3 0 .2 Ulvaria subbifurcata 10.2 10.7 4.0 4.6-21.4 3.5-27.0 0-15.9 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0.2 0-2.0 l Ammodytes sp. 3.8 1.8 23.2 1.9-9.1 0-3.5 0-29.0 Scomber scombrus 3.8 0.9 0.1 1679-12.0 0.5-4.9 0-1.1 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 1.5 0-9.9 I
Liparis atlanticus 27.8 0 2.7 l 15.7-44.9 0-12.5 l Liparis coheni 0.1 0-1.5 [ Pseudopleuronectes 29.1 11.1 30.3
americanus 11.1-74.8 0-97.5 1.3-49.3 Total 104 69.9 65.4 0!i66 13-234 8.4-181.6
~~Represents all threu egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg stages from January through March.
NUC72-A Table 3 (Continued). Fo rmat: (( JUNE 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 1.1 2.3 2.6 2.5 1.5 0-4 0-6 0 - 11 0-7 075 Gadidae
0.8 1.5 5.3 2.0 0.4 0-3 0-4 0 - 27 0-7 0-2 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 28.5 11.3 24.4 75.8 38.0 Peprilus 16 - 55 2 - 25 0 - 96 0 - 308 17 - 98 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 20.0 25.6 51.5 14.7 24.3 1 - 76 9 - 90 5 - 114 0 - 33 2 - 65 Urophycis spp. 1.5 0.7 4.7 4.3 10.2 0-6 0-2 0 - 15 0 - 14 0 - 27 Labridae-Limands 2432.0 699.0 5739.1 1317.7 5217.8 809-5501 147-2258 289-19078 24-3876 1080-10505 Labridae 137.1 75.4 185.4 90.6 216.3
, 0 - 294 7 - 249 26 - 1181 0 - 262 50 - 774 Scomber scombrus 126.3 5.0 55.0 151.8 18.0 4 - 746 0.8 ! 19 6 - 199 0 - 360 4 - 41 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 18.2 17.2 38.6 41.8 61.2 2 - 78 0 - 73 3 - 129 0 - 132 20 - 141 Total 2819.8 856.2 6301.5 1934.7 5620.2 819-5718 342-2393 609-19425 228-5917 1401-11522 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 50.1 28.7 128.2 40.2 7.4 0 - 137 0 - 46 84 - 248 0 - 145 1 - 15 Tautogolabrus adspersus 11.3 2.6 11.5 19.5 38.8 0 - 39 0!~13 0 - 750 0 - 107 4 - 78 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0.6 5.1 0 4.3 1.3 0-2 0 - 28 0 - 12 0-3 Pholis gunnellus 0.2 0 0 0 0 0-2 Ammodytes sp.
0 N 0-2 0 0.2 0-2 0.1 0-1 Scomber scombrus 39.9 4.2 14.0 31.5 9.9 0 - 149 0 - 15 0 - 55 0 - 126 0 ! 37 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 Liparis spp. 2.1 0.7 6.2 16.0 1.3 0-7 0 - 50 0 - 28 2 - 65 0-4 Pseudopleuronectes 5.5 6.6 4.6 15.9 9.7 americanus 0.5 - 15 0 - 47 0 - 16 0 - 54 0 - 39 Total 117.9 55.1 297.2 176.7 82.5 14 - 260 8 - 139 125 - 641 51 - 343 27 - 154
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg states from January through March.
NUC72-A Mean Table 3: (continued) Format: Range JUNE 1980 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 6.4 3.7 0.5 0-16 0-8.6 0-2.5 Gtdidus morhua 10.6 5.0 0.2 0-24 0-21.7 0-0.9 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 14.7 143.8 8.8 Peprilus 1.9-25.6 3.9-634.4 0-18.7 Enchalyopus cimbrius 49.8 18.4 6.9 2.2-50.8 6.8-37.7 0-23.4 Urophycis spp. 2.2 9.9 1.8 3.7-4.9 0-56.2 0-5.7 Labridae-Limanda 631 5371.8 1607.8 248-1266 184-12,537 276.2-4588.4 Labridae 101.6 302.5 155.2 12.7-190.5 81.7-1492 75.0-237.6 Scomber scombrus 40.5 197.9 135.2 0-54.2 3.2-1083 0-663.1
. Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 27.5 73.2 38.7 13.6-25.6 0-500.6 5.3-82.8 Total 760 6291 1974.2 499-1651 407-22,226 419.9-4912.2 LARVAE Clupea harengus barengus 0 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 34.5 32.2 0.9 j 3.9-101.8 0-94.3 0-5.2 Tautogolabrus adspersus 45.6 276 6.5 82.7 0-693 0-26.4
~~' Ulvaria subbifurcata 2 1.6 0-1.6 0-3.4 e D, 3'~~
Pholis gunnellus 0 0 v Ammodytes sp. 0 0.1 0 0 .6 Scomber scombrus 35.3 544.9 14.6 l 0-108.8 1.3-3662 0-80.6

Myoxocephalus spp. 0.5 0 0 l 0-7.2
! Liparis atlanticus 5.8 0 0.5 0-21.2 0-3.9 Pseudopleuronectes 5.8 2.4 3.8 americanus 2.7-19.3 0-6.8 0-16.8 Total 145.8 910
~
~~35.8 i 48.7-377.3 18.4 5442 0-136.1~~
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg stages from January through March.
l l i i _
NUC72-A Table 3 (continued). Format: R e JULY 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0.6 0 2.9 0.8 0.6 0-2 0-9 0-2 0-4 Gadidae
~~0 0 2.1 0.2 0.2 0-13 0-2 0-0.~~
Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 26.6 271.8 656.3 389.2 17.5 Peprilus 2-132 3-943 10-2858 50-1445 4-49 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 1.7 5.2 6.0 3.1 7.1 0-10 0-10 0-14 0-9 0-14 Urophycis spp. 0.7 27.9 34.7 74.9 10.2 0-2 0.7-70 0-113 5-184 0-38 Labridae-Limanda 2972.0 2588.1 2793.4 3275.8 1430.4 182-9861 75-6817 814-8537 482-8086 154-691 Labridae 44.3 232.6 223.6 210.8 54.1 0-170 39-460 11-791 93-386 12-12s Scomber scombrus 0.1 7.2 9.2 13.3 2.1 0-1 0-20 0-35 0-49 0-9 Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 7.7 17.8 43.5 92.7 13.3 0-23 0-29 2-118 20-271 2-27 Total 3056.9 3235.4 3936.2 4117.3 4624.2 192-10041 303-4115 962-12306 677-8711 207-711 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 6.4 5.8 34.3 1.1 3.2 0-27 0-25 25-*2 0-3 0-8 Tautogolabrus adspersus 5.2 30.8 20.1 11.2 8.9 0!15 0-124 0-155 0-110 0-39 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 3.0 2.4 5.9 0.4 0-12 0-13 0-52 0-2 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 0 0.0t 0-0. Liparis spp. 0 0.3 0 0.1 0. 0< 0-2 0-1 0-0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 americanus 0- 0. 8 0-0.8 0-2 0-0 Total 19.1 50.6 69.5 30.9 47.6 0-42 10-153 4-275 4-211 0-57
Represents all three egg stages from January through' February.
Represents all three egg stages from January through March.
I 1 NUC72-A i l Table 3 (continued). Format: R e 4 r
~~I i~~
~~JULY I 1980 1981 1982~~
EGGS

Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0.6 0.2 0.734 1 0-2.2 0-0.88 0-3.57

Gadidae
~~1.7 0 0~~
! 0-7.5 ' Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 121.6 67.6 0.203 i Peprilus 20-495 4.2-202.6 0.6-1.2 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 31.3 4.1 6.16 2.9-121.5 1.7-15.0 0.5-19.9 Urophycis spp. 30.2 79.4 3.1 6.6-61.2 3.3-257.6 0-13.9 Labridae-Limanda 1320.6 0 778.7 262.7-2456 117.5-2053.2 Labridae 336 473.0 33.7 3.3-699.7 3.1-1868.0 2.9-72.9 Scomber scombrus 32.3 47.6 0.4
0-100.1 46.0-144.4 0-1.9

Paralichthys-Scophthalmus 38.8 56.9 19.1 l 11.7-92.5 08.-172.6 2.1-71.5 Total 1999.7 4615.2 859.8 l 1099-3867 74.9-13508.5 148.2-2132.3 LARVAE lClupeaharengusharengus

0 0 0 i
Enchelyopus cimbrius 23.9 11.5 1.3 1.6-89.1 .0.8-43.1 0-4.1 Tautogolabrus adspersus 107.7 1.2 1.6-305.1 0-3.5 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 .2009 0.1 0-1.6 0-0.9 lPholisgunnellus 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 i Scomber scombrus 5.9 9.7 0 i 0-32.7 0.9-50.7 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 [ Liparis spp. 0 0 0 L Pseudopleuronectes 0.2 0 0.1 amerianus 63 0-0.75 ! Total 157.6 660.2 3.72 l 27.6-376.7 11.2-2996.0 0.7-8.0 l E -- . ~ __-.. _ _ . _ _ _ ____ _ _ _.. _.-_____ ___ _.-_ -,,_ _________.__ _ .,-.___- _ -_ .--__ ..
NUC72-A Table 3 (continued). Fo rmat : Mean Range AUGUST 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EG3S Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0.1 0.4 0.7 0.9 0.2 0-0.9 0-2 0-1 0-2 0-1 Gadidae
~~0 0.2 0.3 0.06 0.09 0-1 0-1 0-0.7 0-0.~~
Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 4.8 104.9 17.4 206.4 132.6 Peprilus 1-14 10-318 13-21 5-490 2-502 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 2.0 10.9 2.3 12.8 10.5 0-4 2-26 2-3 0-56 0.5-36 Urophycis spp. 2.2 39.9 15.4 80.1 18.3 0-8 3-76 9-25 0-250 0.8-39 Labridae-Limanda 202.7 30.2 22.0 531.9 133.6 0.5-896 1-90 17-31 0-2334 0.8-531 Labridae 2.6 9.7 20.3 19.6 16.2 0 '~6 0-20 14-31 0-88 0-72 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 1.0 0.2 077 0-0.5 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 22.9 37.0 6.5 37.6 46.4 8-48 13-69 4-10 1-96 10-81 Total 239.96 249.5 114.9 899.6 369.@ 21-920 57-584 101-128 30-2445 22-111 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 1.0 12.6 1.6 1.9 1.7 6!3 0-25 1-2 0-13 0.5-4 Tautogolabrus adspersus 2.8 25.4 0.3 0.4 4.7 0-15 2-62 0-1 0-3 0-1@ Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0.0) 0-1 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 s Liparis spp. 0 0 0.3 0 0 0-1 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0.4 0 0 0l americanus 0-2 , Total 20.5 52.8 3.9 7.0 14.8l 0-17 8-126 2-8 0-29 5-28l
Represents all three egg stages from January through February.
Represents all three egg states from January through March.
NUC72-A Table 3 (continued). Format: Mean Range AUGUST 1980 1981 1982 EGGS 1 Gadi'dae-Glyptocephalus 0.3 0 0 0-1.3 Gadidae
~~0 0 0 l~~
Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 43.2 20.0 11.9 Peprilus 3.3-158.7 1.3-69.0 0-55.5 , Enchelyopus cimbrius** 8.9 1.9 2.7 2.1-19.6 0-8.1 0-7.4 Urophycis spp. 38.8 8.2 11.8 11.1-72.8 0-22.0 0-64.9 Labridae-Limanda 283.5 4.5 147.6 12.6-1196 0-20.2 0-857.1 Labiidae 42.6 4.3 12.5 0.8-186.5 0-13.0 0-77.9 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0
' Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 17.6 21.0 14.6 2.1-31.4 0-62.5 1.8-29.9 Total 444.4 70.4 204 23.1-1202 17.7-169.1 3.5-1092.2 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0 1
Enchelyopus cimbrius 13.7 3.3 25.7 0-44.8 0.63-17.0 0-13.2 Tautogolabrus adspersus 40.6 0 0 l 2.2-206 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0
Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 t Scomber scombrus 0.02 0 0 0-1.8 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 l
L Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 americanus ! Total 70.8 17.2 11.3 0.5-19.0 5.1-58.6 1.2-49.9 i
~~i. . _~~
NUC72-A Table 3 (continued). Format: Mean Range SEPTEMBER 1975* 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 0 0.1 0.06 0-1 0-O c) Gadidae
0 0 0 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 10.7 10.1 18.7 13.9, Peprilus 4-20 1-23 2-32 0.5-3 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 30.7 9.3 6.1 5.4 l 19-39 0 f9 0-24 0-12, Urophycis spp. 5.7 10.0 13.0 7.41 1-8 0-42 0-32 0-2$
Labridae-Limanda 2.9 0.7 1.3 0.5 0-6 0-3 0-6 0-2 Labridae 1.4 0.2 0.5 0 0-4 0-0.9 0-3 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 22.4 47.0 23.9 13.6 3-50 1-203 4-81 2-26 Total 75.6 94.4 65.3 50.1 29-126 10-334 9-154 11-11@ LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0.1 0 0-1 Enchelyopus cimbrius 3.1 18.0 0.7 1.1 1-8 1-67 0-3 0-5 1 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0.9 0.2 0.5 0l 0-2 OE9 0-2 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 0 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 0' americanus Total 13.6 35.2 33.2 2.2 6-20 5-130 1-169 0-7
Represents all three egg stages from January through February.
Represents all three egg states from January through March.
~~+0.505 samples only.~~
~~3 NUC72-A Table 3 (continued). Format: Mean I~~
~~! Range~~
~~SEPTEMBER 1980 1981 1982~~
~~! EGGS !~~
~~Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0.14 0.05 0.05 0-1.2 0-0.63 0-0.6 i Gadidae~~
0 0 0 Encholyopus-Urophycis- 27.1 4.4 22.7 Prprilus 0.8-85.4 0-1.4 0-76.8 i Enchelyopus cimbrius** 14.9 1.9 4.5 0-59.1 0-7.6 0-28.9 Urophycis spp. 37.3 OJ 11.9 0-238.1 0-1.9 0.6-44.1 Labridae-Limanda 1.6 0 8.9 4
0-7.0 0-44.7 . Labridae 1.2 0.6 1.5 1 0-5.8 0-0.7 0-7.1 Sconber scombrus 0 0 0 1 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 25.0 5.4 117.5 3.1-73.2 0.Ff0.1 38.9-312.5 Total 107.5 8.9 934.6 64-436.2 0-20.8 58.7-2729.6 l LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 5.3 0.7 2.6 0-30.3 0-3.3 0-12.0 Tautogolabrus adspersus 4.9 0 0.2 ! 0-27.0 0-1.3 i Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0.05 I 0-0.6
Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0
~~[Liparisspp. 0 0 0 i~~
~~Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 i americanus~~
~~Total 18.8 9_. 6 12.7 O.8-89.2 0-30.0 0.9-35.3 I~~
l 1
NUC72-A Table 3 (continued). Format: Mean Range OCTOBER 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0.8 0.2 1.3 0-2 0-1 0-5 Gadidae
~~0 J 0 0.2 0-1 0-0.7 Euchelyopus-Urophycis- 2.0 1.2 0~~
Peprilus 0-8 0-3 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 3.2 2.5 0-16 5-T Urophycis spp. 0 0.1 0.1 0-1 0-0. Labridae-Limanda 0 0.1 0 0-1 Labridae 0 0.1 0 0-1 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0.3 2.5 0-2 0-8 Total 0.8 6.5 8.6 0-2 2-22 2-11 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0.2 0 0 0-0.8 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 1.9 3.9 0-6 0-10 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 l Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 ! americanus l Total 1.0 3.5 6.2 0-2 0-15 2-1
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg states from January through March.
i !
NUC72-A Table 3 (continued). Format: Mean Range OCTOBER 1 0' 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 0.2 0.09 0-1.2 0-0.8 Gadidae
~~0 0 0 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 0.5 2.1 0.2 Peprilus 0-0.9 0-4.2 0-0.6 t~~
Enchelyopus cimbrius** 1.7 1.4 0.3 0!374 1.8-4.6 0-1.3 Urophycis spp. 1.1 0.6 0 0-2.1 0.6-2.4 Labridae-Limanda 0 0.2 0 0-0.6 Labridae 0 0 0 Sco:ber scombrus 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 0.8 3.3 1.3 0-1.5 4.7-7.7 0-4.1 Total 22.9 7.9 2.1 0-52.1 0-17.4 0-4.1 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0 0 0 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0.8 1.1 0 0.6-1.9 1.9-2.4 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0.1 0-0.5 Ulvaria subbifurcat_a 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 americanus Total 7.3 3.7 2.7 0-16.2 0-8.9 0-6.5 NUC72-A .i Table 3 (Continued). Format: Mean Range; NOVEMBER 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS ! I Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 29.6 1.6 4.6 1.7 6.8 l 16-48 1-3 I!8 0-4 2-10) 4 Gadidae
2.8 1.0 2.2 11.0 3.8 1-6 0.4-2 0.5-5 1-26 0.9-7 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 0.1 0 0 0.1 0l Peprilus 0-0.6 0-0.5 Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 0 0 0 ]-0.5 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 0 0 Labridae 0

0 0 0 0
Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 0 0 Par 1ichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 0 0 Total 32.5 2.6 20.3 13.0 10.6 18-51 1-4 2-13 2-7 4-17 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 0.4 0 2.0 0.2 0.3 0-1 05
! 0-0.5 0-0.6 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 0.7 0.07 0-2 0-0.e Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 0.2 0 !
0-1 ! Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 0 0l Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 0 0 ; Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 0 0 l Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 0 0 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 0 01 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 0 0 americanus Total 0.7 0.1 2.0 3.0 0.6 0-1 0-0.4 0-5 25! 0 . 4-(
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February.~~
** Represents all three egg states from January through March.
f 1 NUC72-A i Table 3 (Continued). Format: Mean Range NOVEMBER 1980 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidre-Glyptocephalus 1.1 0 0 1.6-2.8 Gadidaa* 0.6 0 0.4 0-2.3 0-0.6 Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 0 0 0 Peprilus
Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0.2 0 0-0.7 Labridae 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 1.7 7.9 0.4 0-4.8 5.5-10.5 0-0.6 LARVAE
[ Clupea harengus harengus 0 0.3 0 1 0-0.8 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0.25 0.5 0 0-0.7 0.4-0.6 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0 0 fScomberscombrus 0 0 0 - Myoxocephalus spp. , 0 0 0 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 americanus Total 0.5 13.5 0 0-1.5 0.5-26.3 l
NUC72-A Table 3 (Continued). Format: Mean Range DECEMBER 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 0 0 0 0 Gadidae
~~6.7 0.9 2.3 2.8 4.4 1-12 0-3 1-3 1E! 35!~~
Enchelyopus-Urophycis- 0 0 0 0 0 i Peprilus ) i Enchelyopus cichrius** 0 0 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0 0 0 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 0 0 Parlichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 0 0 Total 6.7 0.9 3.7 2.8 4.5 ' l-12 0-3 2-10 1-6 5!9 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 1.8 0 2.2 0.7 0 1-4 0-5 0-2 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 0 0 .15 0-0J Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 0 0.6 0 0.1 9.8 0-1 0-0.4 0-2q Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 0 0 Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 0 0l Liparis spp. 0 0 0 0 0' Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 0 0 americanus ) Total 2.5 0.8 2.5 1.3 10. 2l 2-7 2 01 0-5 1-2 0-24
~~Represents all three egg stages from January through February. I~~
** Represents all three egg states from January through March.
l I l i -. -- .- _ _ _ . _ _ __ ._
~~- _ _ . _ - _ _ .. \~~
~~NUC72-A Table 3 (Continued). Format: Mean Range DECEMBER 1980 1981 1982 EGGS Gadidae-Glyptocephalus 0 0 0 Gadidae~~
0.5 0 1.5 0-1.8 0-4.5 Enchslyopus-Urophycis- 0 0 0 Pcprilus Enchelyopus cimbrius** 0 0 0 Urophycis spp. 0 0 0 Labridae-Limanda 0 0 0 Labridae 0 0 0.1 0-0.6 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 Par 1ichthys-Scophthalmus 0 0 0 Total 19.7 2.5 1.6 0-42.1 1.7 4 2 OT5 LARVAE Clupea harengus harengus 1.6 0 0 2.1-4.6 Enchelyopus cimbrius 0 0 0 Tautogolabrus adspersus 0 0 0 Ulvaria subbifurcata 0 0 0 Pholis gunnellus 0 0 0 Ammodytes sp. 1.1 0 8.4 0-2.4 Scomber scombrus 0 0 0 s
Myoxocephalus spp. 0 0 0 Liparis spp. 0 0 0 Pseudopleuronectes 0 0 0 americanus Total 4.1 0.3 8.9 2.1-6.3 0-0.6 0.6-40.2 NUC72-A 1
~~3 Figure 3: Mean monthly densities (per 100 m of water) of the numerically dominant fish larvae entrained at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, January through December, 1982. I i o~~
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NUC72-A Table 4: Summary of numbers of smelt. larvae entrained at PNPS durigg the months of April and May, 1974-1982. All densities are per 100 m of water. 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Summed smelt l densities 395 2 3.9 1123 3.5 4.5 0 0.5 17.7 Number samples taken 30 53 57 221 27 27 18 24 15 ; 1 Mean 13.2 0.05 0.07 5.1 0.1 0.17 0 0.02 1.2 Highest density 97.2 1.0 1.0 65.9 1.7 1.1 0 0.3 4.3 Sampling perod 4/24-5/25 4/1-5/27 4/29-5/7 4/1-5/27 4/3-5/3 4/5-5/29 4/8-5/28 4/6-5/26 6/2-6 Table 5: Mean, maximum, and minimum discharge (cfs) in the Jones River recorded at Kingston, Mass. by the U.S. Geological Survey
~~for the months of April and May, 1974-1982.~~
1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 April Mean 46.0 34.6 27.7 40.5 44.5 34.9 39.6 22.0 33.0 Maximum 84 75 44 87 82 62 73 39 58 Minimum 30 17 19 25 24 14 21 9 18 May Mean 33.3 18.8 21.6 33.4 48.2 50.2 22.3 12 20.1 3 Maximum 62 28 33 120 95 128 49 23 35 Minimum 18 11 16 14 19 22 12 8 12
~~U.S.G.S. 1975-1982 1~~
s s s NUC72-A V. LITERATURE CITED Ahlstrom, E.H. and R.C. Counts. 1955. Eggs and larvae of the Pacific hake Merluccius productus. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fish. Bull. 56(99): 295-329. Hardy, J,.D., Jr. 1978. Development of fishes of the mid-Atlantic Bight. An atlas of egg, larval and juvenile stages. Vol. II Anguillidae through syngnathidae. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Biol. Serv. Progr., 458 pp. Khan, N.Y. 1971. Comparative morphology and ecology of the pelagic larvae of nine cottidae (Pisces) on the northwest Atlantic and St. Lawrence drainage. Ph.D. thesis. Univ. Ottowa. 234 pp. Lawton, R.P., E. Louloheras, P. Brady, and M. Borgatti. 1979. Progress report on smelt reproduction and spawning population structure in the Jones River run. In Boston Edison Company. 1979. Marine Ecology Studies related to operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-annual report 14. Lawton, R.P. 1980.* Final Report on smelt reproduction and spawning popu-lation structure in the Jones River, Massachusetts. In Boston Edison Company. 1980. Marine Ecology Studies related to operation of Pil-grim Station. Semi-annual Report 15. Marine Research, Inc. 1977a. Entrainment investigations and Cape Cod Bay ichthyoplankton studies, March-August 1977. 31 pp. and 78 pp. Appendix.
. 1977b. Entrainment investigations and Cape Cod Bay ichthyo-plankton studies, July-September 1976. 69 pp. and 332 pp. Appendix. . 1978. Investigations of entrainment of ichthyoplankton at the Pilgrim Station and Cape Cod Bay ichthyoplankton studies, March-December 1977. Twelve-month summary for 1977 Cape Cod Bay Ichthyo-plankton Studies. 43 pp. and 180 pp. Appendix.
Meyer, T.L., R.A. Cooper, and R.W. Langton. 1979. Relative abundance, behavior, and food habits of the American sand lance, Ammodytes americanus, from the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull., U.S. 77: 243-253. Richards, S.W., A. Perlmutter, and D.C. McAneny. 1963. A taxonomic study of the genus Ammodytes from the east coast of North America (Teleostei: Ammodytes). Copeia 1963(2): 358-377. f Scott, J.S. 1968. Morphometrics, distribution, growth, and maturity of I offshore sand lance (Ammodytes dubius) on the Nova Scotia banks.
~~J. Fish Res. Board Can. 25: 1775-1785.~~
~~. 1972. Morphological and meristic variation in Northwest At-lantic sand lances (Ammodytes). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29: 1673-1678.~~
U.S. Geological Survey. 1975. Water Resources Data for Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont. Part 1. Surface Water Records. Part 2. Water Quality Records. 429 pp.
NUC72-A
~~. 1976 - 1981 Water Resources Data for Massachusetts and Rhs Island - Water Year 1975. Water data report MA-RI.~~
Winters, G.H. 1970. Meristics and Morphometrics of sand lance in the Newfoundland area. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 27: 2104-2108. r 1 i' 4 k f i E a i 8 ! i i i
~~? ,i e~~
r i 1 l
Final Report Larval Winter Flounder Studies in Plymouth Harbor, Kingston, Duxbury Bay, and Green Harbor River Estuaries - 1982 Submitted to Boston Edison Company Boston, Massachusetts bY Marine Research, Inc. Falmouth, Massachusetts l l , November 30, 1982 h l l l l il
~~. , . , _ , , , . - _ . _ . -- - . _ - . . v_-..e---- -~~
Table of Contents Pace I. Introduction 1 II. Methods A. Larval Sampling 2 B. Supplementary Winter Flounder Egg Studies 4 III. Results A. Larval Sampling 4 B. Supplementary Winter Flounder Egg Studies 6 IV. Summary A. Larval Sampling 8 B. Supplementary Winter Flounder Egg Studies 9
v. Literature Cited 10 Figures 11 - 13 Tables 14 - 18 Appendix Al - A10 i
i l
Figures No. Page 1 Green Harbor River and Plymouth Harbor, Kingston and Duxbury Bay sampling stations. 11 2 Plymouth Harbor, Kingston and Duxbury Day sampling station. 12 3 Green Harbor River sampling station. 13 , I Tables 1 Mean larval winter flounder densities recorded at the entrance to PHKDB and GHR during ebb tides on nine dates in 1982. 14 2 Percent of total wint'er flounder larvae classified among developmental stages I, II, and III from collections made at the entrance to PHKDB and GIIR. 15 3 Temperature ( C) and salinity ( /oo) recorded at surface, mid-depth, and bottom at the entrance to PHKDB and GHR on nine dates in 1982. 16
'4 Elapsed time in hours and days ( ) during development of winter flounder eggs at four water temperatures (C). 17 l 5 Approximate ages in hours and days ( ) for winter flounder eggs collected in the PNPS discharge canal, March-May 1982. 18 l
~~t Appendix~~
i. 1 Population densities, per 100 m of water, 4 for larval winter flounder classified by I four arbitrary developmental stages on nine dates in 1982 for Plymouth Harbor, Kingsten, Duxbury Bay and Green Harbor River estuaries. Al i 1
1 Io Introduction Entrainment studies at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) and abun-dance and distribution studies of larval winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) in Plymouth Bight have, in the past, assumed that all flounder in the collections originated in Plymouth Harbor, Kingston and Duxbury Bay (PHKDB). Since winter flounder are considered to be estuarine spawners (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Smith et al.1975), the Green Harbor River, the nearest estuary to PNPS other than PHKDB may also contribute larval flounder to the waters potentially under the influence of the plant. The absence of estuaries within a reasonable distance to the sour.h of PNPS and the fact that net drif t in Cape Cod Bay is southeast along the western shore further support this hypothesis. A sampling program was conducted in the spring of 1982 to compare numbers of larval flounder flushed into Cape Cod Bay from PHKDB with those from the Green Harbor River estuary (GER) located approximately 5 nautical miles to the north. In conjunction with the larval sampling, tidal flushit; volumes of the two estuaries we e compared so that total numbers of larvae potentially reaching Cape Cod Bay could be estimated for both sites. In addition to the PHKDB and CHR larval flounder program, independent, supplementary studies were conducted in 1982 to estimate the approximate age of winter flounder eggs entrained at PNPS. These studies were completed in response to a question raised by the Pilgrim Advisory Technical Committee con-cerning the origin of flounder eggs collected in the discharge canal. Speci-fically, did these eggs drif t from PRKDB (or CHR), or does coastal spawning ) appear to occur closer to the plant? Based on a net drift of 0.04 ft/see r I (Stone and Webster 1975), it would require 7 days (168 hours) for an egg to drif t from the mouth of PHKDB to PNPS (MRI 1978) and 15 days from GHR to PNPS. Any eggs at the plant found to be younger than 7 days would theoretically have originated from spawning nearer the plant. l l
~
2 To address this question a developmental time series was obtained f or winter flounder by rearing eggs at four temperatures covering the range ob-served at PNPS and PHKDB during the spawning season. II. Method s A. Larval Sampling Sampling in 1982 was conducted at two stations, one located at the mouth of PHKDB, the other at the mouth of GHR (Figures 1 - 3). Collections were made simultaneously at both stations using two boats. At each station duplicate tows were made during daylight ebb tides with a 0.333-3/4 m Tucker net one hour af ter high water, three hours af ter high water, and one hour before low water. At the relatively deep station in PHKDB (approximately 21 m at MLW) tows were oblique from bottom to surface. In GHR where depths ranged from 1.5 to 2.4 m at MUI tows were made at mid-depth. All tows were made at 2 to 2.5 k for 5 to 8 minutes. Net-mounted flowmeters (General Oceanics 2030) provided filtration 3 volumes which ranged from about 125 to 250 m per tow. Sampling was completed on nine dates in 1982. The original design specified two sampling dates in March, three in April and in May, and one in early June. The unusual blizzard and high wind period which occurred from April 6-8 forced I a delay which permitted only two sampling periods in April; as a result four I l periods were completed in May. From April 20 to June 1 collections were made I during seven consecutive weeks. l Temperature (10.1 c) and salinity (10.1 /oo) were recorded after each l l set of duplicates was taken using either a Beckman RS-5 portable salinometer l or a Hydrolab digital model 4041. Readings were made at surf ace, mid-depth, and bottom at each station. - l In addition to the larval sampling, ccmparative estimates were necessary of the cmount of water flushed from each estuary on ebb tides. For PIIKDB , data were available from Iwanowicz et al. (1974). Since none were available
3 for GIIR, current measurements were recorded throughout each sampling day using an Endeco model 110 current meter. Current meter readings (10.05 k) were made before and af ter each collection period at the surf ace, mid-depth, and bottom in the narrowest part of the channel just downstream of the sampling station (Figure 3). On each occasion when current was determined, the width of the channel was measured with an optical range finder. Plankton samples were preserved in 10". formalin-seawater solutions and returned to the laboratory for microscopic analysis. Generally entire samples were sorted for larval winter flounder. In 147. of the cases aliquot subsamples were taken using a plankton splitter because larval flounder were particularly abundant or the samples were exceptionally heavy with zooplankton and detritus. The contribution of subsampling error to total sampling error froc. all sources is generally not large (MRI 1974) and may be maintained at a low level if the number of specimens in an aliquot increases as the aliquot fraction grows smaller (e.g., 100 larvae of a species should be present in a one-half split, 200 in a one-quarter split, etc.). All larval flounder were classified into arbitrary developmental stages and counted. The stages are defined below along with an approximate size range observed in each case. Stage I - from hatching until the yolk sac is fully absorbed (2.3-2.8 mm TL). Stage II - from the end of stage I until a loop or coil forms in the gut (2.6-4.0 mm TL). l Stage III - from the end of stage II until the left eye migrates past the midline of the head during transformation (3.5-8.0 cm TL). t Stage IV - from the end of stage III to juvenile stage (7.3-8.2 cm TL). Based on the laboratory counts and flowmeter-derived filtration volumes, larval 3 densities were expressed in numbers per 100 m of water.
4 B. Supplementarv Winter Flounder Egg Studies One ripe male and one gravid female with freely flowing eggs were collected from the PNPS screenwash sluiceway on May 5, 1982. Eggs and milt were manually expressed from the fish, mixed on site in ambient seawater (9.5 C; 31.0 0/oo), and the fertilized eggs were transferred to our laboratory. Eggs were then divided into aerated,1 liter, glass beakers containing ambient seawater, and the beakers were placed in constant temperature (10.5 C) water baths set at 3, 8, 12, and 15 C incubation cemperatures. Every two or three days 75-907. of the water in each beaker was exchanged with fresh PNPS intake water filtered to 0.8 p and adjusted to the appropriate temperatures. Each day until hatching at approximately 0800 and 1630 about 50 eggs were removed from each bath and preserved in 5% buffered formalin. These eggs of known age were then compared with flounder eggs obtained from the PNPS discharge canal to determine if any eggs collected at PNPS were less than seven days old. III. Results A. Larval Sampling Based on calculations presented by Iwanowic: et al. (1974) , Plymouth llarbor, ( Kingston and Duxbury Bay, have a mean high water surface area of 4069.8 hectares (10 056.7 acres) and a mean low water surface area of 2211.6 hectares (5464.8 acres). Based on mean depth values of 3.3 m (10.9 f t) at mean high water and 2.1 m (6.8 ft) at mean low water, 89584210 m3 (3163636476 f3 t ) of water flow from PilKDB cach tide. Using the same chart as Iwanowicz et al. (C&CS chart 245, now NOAA chart 13253), we made similar computations for the Creen l{ arbor River estuary using a polar planimeter and depth observations made during the sampling program. I Based on these, CIIR has an approximate FDW surf ace area of 21.3 hectares (52.6 acres) and a M1W surf ace area of 9.8 hectares (24.2 acres). With an average
5 M1H depth of 2.2 m (7.1 f t) and average MIN depth of 1.1 m (3.5 f t), an average
~~-of 356000 m3 (12572021 3f t ) of water flow from the estuary on each ebb tide, or about 0.47. of the volume leaving PHKDB.~~
The current meter readings provided an alternate method of calculating the water discharged from GHR. Flow rates averaged over the nine sampling dates 3 for each of the three sampling periods resulted in an estimate of 445000 m 3 (15715027 f t ) of water discharging from the estuary on ebb tides, or about 0.57. of the volume leaving PHKDB. Calculations of larval flounder densities flushed from the. estuary were based on the higher, current meter value primar-ily because tide gates are present under Route 139 where it passes over GHR (Figure 3), and their effect on the flushing volume is unclear at this time. Larval winter flounder densities, per 100 m of water, by developmental stage, date, station, sample set, and replicate are presented in Appendix Table 1. Mean densities recorded on each date at both sites are shown in Table 1. These densities were in turn multiplied by the ebb tide water volume estimates obtained for each estuary. Finally the numbers of larvae discharged from GHR were expressed as a percent of the numbers discharged frcm PHKDB. With the exception of March 19 when a small number of larvae were taken ( in GHR while none were found in PHKDB, GHR contributed less than 17. of the larval flounder to Cape Cod Bay that PHKDB contributed. The presence of larval flounder in GHR samples before they appeared in PHKDB suggests that spawning or hatching may have begun'there somewhat earlier. This is supported by the greater percentage of stage II larvae in GHR early in the season (Table 2). Temperature records at both sites (Table 3) indicate i l that, while GHR surf ace water temperatures were generally higher than those in PHKDD, mid- and bottom temperatures where the eggs develop were generally similar. The observed differences in first occurrence and stage distribution
~~.tay simply reflect differences in size and circulation patterns of the two~~
6 s estuaries; larvae probably have varying drif t rates between spawning ground and the entrance to each estuary. B. Sunnlementary Winter Flounder Egg Stud ies Winter flounder eggs were successfully reared in large numbers through hatching at 3, 8, and 12 c. Development proceeded normally at 15 C, but 1007. mortality occurred following the third day. Although Dreder (1922) reported rearing winter flounder eggs to hatching at 20.6 C, Williams (1975) Listed 15 C as the upper lethal temperature with some viable hatching occurring to j 18 C. Rogers (1976) reported a viable hatching rate of 327. at 14 C and 30 o/oo, so it is likely that 15 C exceeded the lethal temperature for the particular group of eggs used in our experiment. Table 4 summarizes the time series for each temperature, presenting elapsed time in hours and days to each stage. Since the eggs had reached the two-cell stage during the time necessary to transfer them from field to the water baths, studies and elapsed time began at that point. In cases where no time is presented for a particular stage, the eggs developed beyond that point between sampling occasions. Information available in the literature (see Rogers 1976) indicates that a single batch of winter flounder eggs hatches over a long period of time. The PNPS rearing studies indicated that the staggering of development among eggs fertill cd at the same time begins at or near the end of gastrulation and becomes quite dramatic once the early embryo forms. The data in Table 4 indicate the wide range in development times beyond that point. Some eggs continue to develop while others appear to slow or stop for periods of perhaps ! J six or more days (3 C). Viewed within the goals of this study, an egg col-lected at 3 C with an embryo just encircling the yolk could be as young as a 10 or as old as 15.6 days. During the March-::ay period when winter flounder eggs are generally taken at M:PS , 79 cegs were f ound in entrain =ent samples utill cd for the aging studies. (Others were collected but were reared under another phase of the , l 1 l
7 study - see MRI 1982.) Among the 79 eggs, 35 (44.37.) vere dead and did not offer any useful information. Table 5 summarizes the numbers of eggs taken by date and lists the approximate ages of all the live eggs in each case. Eggs were aged using the 3 C (March 24, 31) and 8 C (all others) laboratory-reared series based on PMPS intake water temperature records. As shcun in Table 5, 18 (40.97) of the live eggs taken during the study appeared to be considerably younger than 7 days (163 hours) even allcuing for the fact that in all but one case (May ll) field temperatures ucre scmewhat l l lower than the laboratory temperature used to age the eggs. For example, if the eggs collected at 6.1 (April 7) and 6.7 C (April 29, May 4) vere aged using the considerably longer 3 C developmental series, only the single egg on May 4 would exceed seven days in age. Many of the other eggs could have been less than seven days in age but, due to the wide range in development times among the older eggs, results are uncertain. Results of these stud'es certainly suggest that some winter flounder eggs are spawned outside the Plymouth liarbor, Kingston and Duxbury Bay estuary nearer I the station. The alternate hypothesis is that some eggs may drift from the estuary to P:TPS in much less time than the estimated seven days. The larval flounder studies completed in 1975 (MRI 1976) suggested that larvae might, under some tidal conditions, pass over Browns Bank and through the narrow channel between the Bank and the tip of Plymouth Beach. It is reasonable to j assume that this route would result in a more rapid passage to M;PS than if (
~~an egg followed the channel out of the estuary. This shorter route may be offset to some extent by the fact that the seven-day esti=ated passage ti=c l~~
was assumed to begin at the mouth of Fl!KDB and not inside the estuary where spawning was expected to occur. In any event, given that sc=e eggs found at the plant appeared to be under 3 days old and several were about 1 day old, it would appear doubtful, based on present information, that they cliginated from Pl!KDB.
8 IV. Summary A. Larval Samoling Larval winter flounder sampling in 1982 was designed to test the assumption that all winter flounder larvae entrained at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) originate from Plymouth Harbor, Kingston and Duxbury Bay (PHKDB). This assumption was made in impact modeling studies by MIT and Stone and Webster Engineering Corporation (Pagenkopf et al. 1976; Chau and Pearce 1977; Stone and , Webster 1975) and Marine Research, Inc. (MRI 1978). Concurrent ebb tide sampling' f I was completed on nine dates between mid-March and early June at the mouth of 1 PHKDB and the Green Harbor River (CHR), the nearest estuary to PNPS other than l PHKDB. Over nine collection dates larval flounder densities, per 100 m of water, in PHKDB ranged from 0 (March 19) to 73.9 (March 26) with a mean of 34.8. { In GHR they ranged from 0.2 (March 19) to 36.8 (March 26) with a mean of 15.0 ; 3 per 100 m3 of water. Based on tidal flushing volumes of 89584210 m for PHKDB 3 ebb tides (Iwanowicz et al.1974) and 445000 m for GER (determined with 1982 current meter readings), the number of larval flounder drif ting into Cape Cod i i Bay from GHR was less than 1% of the number drif ting from PHKDB (range = 0.04- . 0. 87.) . 1 These values suggest that assuming PHKDB to be the sole source of larval l flounder entrained at PNPS has in general been valid. Assuming near shore drif t patterns carry larval flounder from GHR to PNPS and that these larvae survive the drift period, some are probably entrained. However, the 1982 sampling program indicated that, compared with numbers of larval flounder from PHKDB, this number is probably quite small. Since it is usually wise to main-tain a conservative approach to power plant impact assessment, attributing all larval flounder impact to PHKDB appears to have been appropriate. l
9 B. Supplementary Winter Flounder Egg Studies In conjunction with 1982 ichthyoplankton entrainment sampling, supple-mentary studies were completed to estLaate the age of winter flounder eggs collected at PNPS. These developed in response to a question concerning the cource of flounder eggs at PNPS; specifically do these eggs drif t from PHKDB (or GHR), or does coastal spawning appear to occur closer to PNPS? Based on available drift data, any entrained flounder eggs less than 7 days old could not have originated from PRKDB and must therefore have been spawned nearer the plant. To age entrained eggs, winter flounder eggs were reared at 3, 3, 12, and 15 C and fixed at known intervals for comparison with field samples. Results of these studies indicated that 40.97. of the live eggs (n = 44) collected at PNPS eppeared to be considerably younger than 7 days. A total o of 16 eggs (36.4%) were in fact less than 3 days old and 7 of these (15.9%) were about 1 day old. These data strongly suggest that some flounder spawning occurs nearer PKPS than inside PHKDB. Studies conducted in 1982 indicated that live winter flounder eggs col-lected in the intake and discharge water at PNPS and returned to the laboratory produce viable larvae (MRI 1982). Therefore eggs found outside PHKDB pre-sumably contribute to larval entrainment. If significant coastal spawning occurs, attributing all plant impacts to PRKDB populations would be conserva-tive as mentioned above in the case of Cria. l 4 i I I l
10 V. Literature Cited Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. , U.S. 53( 74) . 577p. Breder, C.M. Jr. 1922. Some embryonic and larval stages of the winter flounder. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 38:311-315. Chau, T.S. and B.R. Pearce. 1977. Real time simulation of the winter flounder larvae entrainment near Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. (Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, M.I.T.) I_n n Marine Ecology Studies Related to the Operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-annual Report No. 10. Boston Edison Company. Iwanowicz, H.R. , R.D. Anderson, and B.A. Ketschke. 1974. A study of the marine resources of Plymouth, Kingston, and Duxbury Bay. Mass. Dept. Natur. Resourc. Monogr. Ser. 17. 37p. MRI (Marine Research, Inc.). 1974. Rome Point investigations - Narragansett l Bay ichthyoplankton survey. Final report submitted to Narragansett Electric Company December 13, 1974. 68p + appendix.
. 1976. Entrainment investigations and Cape Cod Bay plankton studies c April-June 1976. p III.c.2-1-68. M Marine Ecology Studies Related to the Operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-annual Report No. 8. Boston Edison Co. . 1978. Entrainment. investigations and Cape Cod Bay plankton studiesq March 1970-June 1972 and March 1974-July 1977. Vol. 2. p V.1-1-144 g j Marine Ecology Studies Related to the Operation of Pilgrim Station. Final Report July 1969-December 1977. Boston Edison Company. . 1982. Supplementary winter flounder egg studies conducted at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station March-May 1982. 4p.
Pagenkopf, J.F., G.C. Christodoulou, D.R. Pearce, and J.J. Connor. 1976. Circulation and dispersion studies at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, ( Rocky Pt. , Mass. (Ralph M. Parsons Laboratory, M.I.T.) . M Marine l Ecology Studies Related to the Operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-annual l Report No. 7. Boston Edison Company. l Rogers, C.A. 1976. Effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of winter flounder embryos. Fish. Bull. U.S. 74(1):52-53. Smith, W.C. , J.D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. 1975. Seasonal distribution of larval flatfinhos (Pleuronectif ormes) on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, Massachusetts, and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, 1965-66. NOAA Tech. Rept. ( NMFS SSRF-691. 68p. I I Stone and Webster Engineering Corp. 1975. 316 Demonstration for Pilgrim Nuclear Pcwer Station, Units 1 and 2. Boston, Mass. Williams, G.C. 1975. Viable embryogenesis of the winter flounder, Pseudopicuronectes americanus, from -1.8 to 15 c. Mar. Biol. 33:71-74 1
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14 Table 1. Mean larval winter flounder densities recorded at the entrance to PHKDB and GHR during ebb tides on nine dates in 1982. Numbers of larvae discharged to Gape Cod Bay during one tjdal cycle were based on jlushing volumes of 89,584,210 m for PHKDB and 445,000 m for GHR. TotalDisegarged Percent Mean Density (x 10 ) Contributed Date (1982) PHKDB GHR PHKDB GHR by GHR March 19 0 0.2 0 0.9 100 March 26 73.9 36.8 66,202.7 163.8 0.2 April 20 6.0 9.5 5,375.0 42.3 0.8 April 26 13.0 20.0 11,645.9 89.0 0.8 May 3 43.4 22.0 38,879.5 97.9 0.3 May 10 70.1 19.5 62,798.5 86.8 0.1 May 18 43.5 18.3 38,969.1 81.4 0.2 May 25 60.2 4.7 53,929.7 20.9 0.04 June 1 3.4 3.7 3,045.9 16.5 0.5 t l t I l i I i l
15 Table 2. Percent of total winter flounder larvae classified among developmental stages I, II, and III from collections ende at the entrance to PHKDB and GHR. Stage I Stage II Stage III Date (1982) PHKDB GHR PHKDB GHR PHKDB GIR F! arch 19
65.2

34.8

O tiarch 26 93.0 30.4 7.0 69.1 0 0.5 April 20 27.0 0 69.8 98.4 3.0 1.5 April 26 6.3 0 91.1 93.4 2.6 6.6
!!ay 3 0 0.3 54.2 61.3 45.8 38.4 11ay 10 2.4 1.0 13.4 1.7 84.2 97.3 May 18 1.9 0 40.7 8.3 57.2 91.4 Ilay 25 0 5.5 11.1 14.6 87.5 77.0 June 1 2.8 3.5 97.4 94.9 0 1.6
~~o larval flounder were present.~~
l 1
16 Table 3. Temperature ( C) and salinity (0/oo) recorded at surface, mid-depth, and bottom at the entrance to PHKDB and GHR on nine dates in 1982. Temperature (OC) Salinity ("/oo) Surface Mid Bottom Surface Mid Bottom March 19 PHKDB 2.8 2.8 2.7 32.1 32.2 32.2 GHR 4.2 2.5 2.3 22.6 31.7 31.2 March 26 PHKDB 4.7 4.4 4.0 32.1 32.1 32.3 GHR 6.0 4.3 .4.5 29.6 32.0 32.0 April 20 PHKDB 7.5 7.3 7.2 31.9 31.9 31.9 GHR 6.9 5.0 5.9 28.9 33.0 32.0 April 26 PHKDB 6.4 6.3 6.0 30.3 30.6 30.6 GHR 8.2 7.6 7.4 * * *
,. May 3 PHKDB 7.8 7.3 6.9 32.1 32.5 32.4 GHR 10.1 8.1 8.2 29.8 29.8 30.4 May 10 PHKDB 9.4 8.3 8.2 32.6 32.2 32.2 GHR 8.8 8.4 8.3 29.3 30.5 30.0 May 18 PHKDB 11.5 12.8 12.2 30.8 30.9 30.8 GHR 13.2 12.7 11.6 27.9 29.0 29.6 May 25 PHKDB 11.8 10.5 10.5 30.8 31.6 32.0 GHR 12.3 10.3 10.1' 29.2 29.7 29.8 June 1 PHKDB 12.7 12.5 12.5 30.8 30.8 30.9 GHR 13.2 13.0 13.1 28.2 28.5 29.4 Conductivity meter malfunctioned. ]
l
17 Tcbis 4. Elapsed time in hours and days ( ) during development of winter flounder eggs at four water temperatures (C). Temperature (C) S taa,e 3 8 12 15 scrly to mid-blastula ( 6) (0 6) 24 - 39 24 15 15 - 24 mid to late blastula (1.0-1.6) (1.0) (0.6) (0.6-1.0) ectly gastrulation ( 0) gsrm ring h to % around 62 - - - yolk ( 2.6) gcrm ring % to 3/4 72 39 24 24 around yolk (3.0) (1.6) (1.0) (1.0) gsrm ring 3/4 around 87 - 168 48 - 62 - - to fully around (3.6-7.0) (2.0-2.6) 135 - 144 62 - 72 39 - 62 39
~~mbryonic axis visible (5.6-6.0) (2.6-3.0) (1.6-2.6) (1.6- )~~
~~144 - 192 72 - 87 - 48~~
~~head visible (6.0-8.0) (3.0-3.6) (2.0- )~~
abryo 9/12 around 159 - 192 96 - 120 - - yolk (6.6-8.0) (4.0-5.0) embryo 10/12 around 168 - 240 - 48 - 144 62
~~yolk ( 7.0-10.0) (2.0-6.0) (2.6- )~~
embryo 11/12 around 207 - 335 111 - 264 62 - 159 yolk (8.6-14.0) (4.6-11.0) (2.6-6.6) embryo fully around 240 - 375 120 - 264 72 - 159 yolk (10.0-15.6) (5.0-11.0) (3.0-6.6) tip of tail reaches 255 - 399 135 - 264 87 - 159 front edge of eye (10.6-16.6) (5.6-11.0) (3.6-6.6) tip of tail reaches 288 - 399 144 - 264 - bsyond rear of eye (12.0-16.6) (6.0-11.0)
tip of tail distinctly 312 - 686 166 - 288 96 - 159 l pointed (13.0-28.6) ( 7.0-12.0) (4.0-6.6) finfold becoming 360 - 686 168 - 288 -
clearly defined (15.0-28.6) ( 7.0-12.0) 384 740** 192 - 375** 96 - 159 hatching iminent (8.0-15.6) (4.0-6.6) (16.0-30.8) 399 - 740** 207 - 375** 111 - 184
~~hatching (8.6-15.6)~~
(16.6-30.8) ( 4. 6- 7. 7) Dsvelopment appearea to cease at approximately 72 hours. listching largely completed. l l
18 Table 5. Approximate ages in hours and days ( ) for winter flounder eggs collected in the PNPS discharge canal, March-May 1982. Total Age Water Date Number Hours (Days) No. Eggs Temp. (C) March 24 6 <l5 (0.6) 2 2.8 24-39 (1.0-1.6) 1 62 (2.6) 3 March 31 3 <15 (0.6) 1 2.2
~~- 2 (dead) l April 7 12 24 (1.0) 3 6.1 111-264 (4.6-11.0) 1 )~~
120-264 (5.0-11.0) 2 ; 168-288 (7.0-12.0) 2 192-375 (G.0-15.6) 1 3 (dead) April 13 . 2 - 2 (dead) 7.8 April 27 1 - 1 (dead) 7.8 April 29 45 <39 (1.6) 2 6.7 48-62 (2.0-2.6) 4 111-264 (4.6-11.0) 8 135-264 (5.6-11.0) 3 192-375 (8.0-15.6) 4 24 (dead) May 4 2 96-120 (4.0-5.0) 1 6.7 1 (dead) May 11 8 96-120 (4.0-5.0) 1 8.9 111-264 (4.6-11.0) 1 135-264 (5.6-11.0) 1 i 192-375 (8.0-15.6) 3 2 (dead) 1
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TIME CODE 2 26 MARCH 1982 Densities in Numbers of Plankton Per 100 Cubic Meters Localits PLYMOUTH HARBOR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBOR Set ! II III MEAN I II III MEAN Larvae-s-Seecies P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 I 22.36 63.56 129.70 71.87 0.73 21.19 0.00 7.31 i P. AnERICANUS STAGE 1 II 10.25 111.99 74.27 65.50 1.78 19.07 24.45 15.10 l AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 16.30 87.78 101.99 68.69 1.25 20.13 12.22 11.20 l P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 I 1.24 4.38 5.90 3.84 0.00 0.00 151.45 50.48 , P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 II 0.60 0.00 18.91 6.50 0.00 1.19 0.00
AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 0.40 0.92 2.19 12.40 5.17 0.00 0.60 75.73 25.44 i P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.04 0.35 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4
AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.52 0.17 TOTAL I 23.60 67.95 135.59 75.71 0.73 21.19 152.49 58.14
' 101AL 11 10.85 111.99 93.18 72.01 1.78 20.26 24.45 15.50 < AVERAGE 10JAL 17.23 89.91 114.39 73.86 1.25 20.73 88.47 36.82 TOTAL 34.45 179.94 228.77 147.72 2.51 41.46 176.94 73.63 IRosar.NumeralsDesisnateReplicateTowsataStation
TIME CODE 3 20 APRIL 1982 Derisities iri Numbers of Plariktori per 100 Cubic Meters PLYMOUTH HARBOR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBOR Localitw Set I II III hEAN I II III MEAll Lorvae-t-Srectes 2.44 1.11 6.16 3.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00

9. AnERICANUS STAGE 1 II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.22 0.55 3.08 1.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 AVERAGE P. AnERICANUS STAGE 1 2.44 2.21 0.00 1.55 12.54 3.28 7.15 7.66 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 1 6.81 11.15 11.99 9.90 11.01 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 2 II 0.00 1.80 18.64 1.22 2.00 9.32 4.18 11.85 7.63 8.53 9.33 AVERAGE P. AhERICANUS STAGE 2 0.00 1.11 0.00 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 1 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.00 0.29 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14

AVERAGE P. AhERICANUS ST AGE 3 0.00 0.55 0.00 0.18 0.00 0.43 5.16 12.54 3.28 7.15 7.66 >
' TOTAL 1 4.89 4.42 6.16 # 0.00 1.80 18.44 6.81 11.15 12.84 9.90 11.30 TOTAL II 3.11 12.40 5.99 11.85 8.06 8.53 9.48 AVERAGE TOTAL 2.44 4.89 6.22 24.81 11.97 23.69 16.12 17.05 18.95 ' TOTAL !Rosar. Numerals Desisnate Replicate Tows at a Statiori _ _ _ _ . . _ _. _ _ _ . _ e _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _
TIME CODE 4 26 APRIL 1982 Densities in Numbers of Plankton per 100 Cubic Heters Localitw PLYMOUTH HARBOR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBOR Set I II III MEAN I II III MEAN Larvae-*-Species P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 1 1.40 0.67 2.87 1.65 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 0.70 0.34 1.44 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 2 1 15.45 8.07 1.91 8.48 13.68 30.36 11.86 18.63 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 2 II 9.52 20.00 16.26 15.26 12.62 22.83 20.60 18.68
~~AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 12.49 14.03 9.09 11.87 13.15 26.59 16.23 18.66 -~~
P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 1 0.00 0.67 0.00 0.22 4.10 0.00 0.00 1.37 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 II 1.36 0.00 0.00 0.45 0.00 0.00 3.75 1.25 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 0.68 0.34 0.00 0.34 2.05 0.00 1.87 1.31 . , TOTAL I 16.85 9.41 4.78 10.35 17.78 30.36 11.8L 20.00 10TAL 11 10.88 20.00 16.06 15.71 12.62 22.83 24.34 19.93 AVERAGE TGTAL 13.87 14.71 10.52 13.03 15.20 26.59 18.10 19497 TOTAL 27.74 29.41 21.04 26.07 30.40 53.19 36.20 39.93 Rosan Huserals Desisnate Replicate Tows at a Station
TIME CODE 5 3 MAY 1982 Densities in Humbers of Plankton Per 100 Cubic Meters Localits PLYMOUTH HARBOR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBOR Set I II III MEAN 'I II III HEAH , Larvae-s-Seectes 4 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0 00 0.38 0.13 P. AnERICAN'US STAGE.1 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 1 II 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 jo.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.06 AVERAGE P. AMERICAHUS STAGE 1 17.30 36.95 22.64 25.63 14.29 15.02 6.41 11.91 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 1 21.40 19.75 15.30 10.30 15.12 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 II 18.86 34.98 10.38 18.08 35.97 16.51 23.52 17.02 15.16 8.32 13.51 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 ~ 17.99 21.87 13.27 17.71 3.43 9.32 10.18 7.65 - P.'AnERICANUS STAGE 3 I 21.99 18.62 4.78 4.41 9.27 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 II 13.20 12.56 40.21 8.46 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 15.60 17.21 26.74 19.85 11.03 7.05 7.30 g 35.29 58.82 35.91 43.34 17.71 24.34 16.97 19.68 TOTAL I 38.37 20.09 14.71~ 24.39 TOTAL 11 32.06 47.53 50.58 43.39 33.47 53.18 43.25 43.37 28.04 22.21 15.84 22.03 AVERAGE TOTAL 67.35 106.36 86.49 86.73 56.09 - 44.43 31.49 44.07 TOTAL Rosar. Nuserals Desisnate Replicate Tows at a Station I l
TIME CODE 6 10 MAY 1982 Densities in Numbers of Plankton per 100 Cubic Meters Localats PLYMOUTH HARBOR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBOR Set ! II III MEAN I II III HEAN Larvae-8-Species P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 I 0.00 1.10 4.02 1.71 0.32 0.39 0.00 0.24 P. AhERICANUS STAGE 1 II 0.59 0.00 4.41 1.66 0.43 0.00 0.00 0.14 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 0.29 0.55 4.21 1.69 0.38 0.19 0.00 0.19 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 2 I 6.33 9.32 9.19 8.28 0.64 0.00 0.29 0.31 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 2 II 8.83 15.12 7.71 10.55 0.43 0.35 0.31 0.37 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 7.58 12.22 8.45 9.42 0.54 0.17 0.30 0.34 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 1 33.97 38.36 105.69 59.34 4.81 11.66 41.29 19.25 P. AhERICANUS STAGE 3 II 55.33 34.71 85.90 58.65 12.17 4.16 39.99 18.77 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 44.65 36.54 95.79 58.99 8.49 7.91 40.64 19.01 TOTAL I 40.30 48.77 118.90 69.32 5.77 12.04 41.58 19.80 > 10TAL II 64.74 49.83 98.02 70.86 13.04 4.50 40.30 19.23 " AVERAGE TOTAL 52.52 49.30 108.46 70.09 9.40 8.27 40.94 19.54 TOTAL 105.04 98.60 216.91 140.19 18.81 16.54 81.88 39.08 Rocar Numerals Designate Replicate Tous at a Statiori j
TIME CODE 7 18 HAY 1982 Densities in Humbers of Plankton Per 100 Cubic Meters PLYHOUTH HARBDR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBOR Localitw Set I II III MEAN I II III MEAN 0.00 0.57 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 1 0.00 1.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 II 0.00 4.44 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.51 0.00 0.34 0.00 , AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 17.08 12.22 12.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AnERICAHUS STAGE 2 I 6.71 7.47 3.04 16.97 37.33 15. f,8 23.39 1.28 0.38 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 11 27.21 14.05 17.70 0.64 0.19 3.73 1.52 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 11.84 j 22.28 54.78 14.24 10.48 26.50 13.97 44.68 8.20 ' P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 I 24.89 8.98 23.31 14.70 17.82 0.93 11.15 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 II 36.06 14.33 31.25 4.57 16.72 45.42 19.56 9.73 24.90 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 0.00 0.58 0.19 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 4 I 0.00 0.00 0.38 0.00 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 4 II 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.10 0.00 0.19 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 4 g 23.28 38.89 13.97 44.68 8.20 22.28 TOTAL I 61.49 31.89 18.57 8.40 14.32 53.02 66.67 24.86 48.18 15.97 101AL II 24.07 43.54 14.97 31.63 8.30 18.30 AVENAGE T0iAL 57.25 49.28 48.14 87.07 29.95 63.26 16.60 36.60 TOTAL 114.51 98.56 kosan Hunerals Desisnate Replicate Tous at a Station e _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . __._ __-____.-___-_e_ _ _ _ _
TIME CODE 8 25 MAY 1982 Densities in Numbers of Plankton Per 100 Cubic Neters Localits PLYMOUTH HARBOR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBOR Set I II III MEAN I II III MEAN P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.73 0.83 0.00 0.52 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.36 0.41 0.00 0.26 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 I 3.43 6.62 0.56 3.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 11 15.30 6.77 7.27 9.81 0.82 0.41 2.94 1.39 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 9.41 6.70 3.91 6.67 0.41 0.20 1.47 0.69 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 I 37.14 68.98 36.35 47.49 2.18 6.20 1.99 3.46 P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 11 59.26 53.05 61.39 57.90 4.09 6.95 0.42 3.82 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 48.20 41.02 48.07 52.70 3.14 6.58 1.20 3.64 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 4 I 0.00 0.00 1.68 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. t.nERICANUS STAGE 4 II 0.00 1.13 2.42 1.18 0.00 0.82 0.00 0.27 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 4 0.00 0.56 2.05 0.87 0.00 0.41 0.00 0.14 TOTAL 1 40.57 75.61 38.59 51.59 2.91 7.03 1.99 3.98 > 8.18 3.36 5.48
TOTAL 11 74.64 60.95 71.08 68.89 4.91 AVERAGE TOTAL 57.61 68.28 54.84 40.24 3.91 7.60 2.67 4.73 115.22 136.56 109.67 120.48 7.82 15.20 5.34 9.46 TOTAL Roaan Numerals Desisnate Replicate TOWS at a Station e
TIME CODE 9 1 JUNE 1992 Densities in Numbers of Plankton Per 100 Cubic Heters PLYHOUTH HARBOR - DUXBURY BAY GREEN HARBDR Localitw Set I II III MEAN I II III MEAN 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ' P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 I 0.00 0.77 0.00 0.26 0.00 0.58 0.00 0.19 0.00 J P. AMERICANUS STAGE 2 II 0.29 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.13 0.00 {AVERAGEP.AMERICANUSSTAGE2 1.85 1.58 3.43 5.80 0.00 3.08 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 3 1 1.10 1.79 4.02 2.26 4.03 9.05 5.11 2.22 6.17 3.66 P. AnLKICANUS STAGE 3 II 2.91 5.45 3.35 2.83 5.98 1.83 3.55 AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 3 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.13 P. AnEkICANUS STAGE 4 I 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 P. AnERICANUS STAGE 4 II 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 0.06 , AVERAGE P. AMERICANUS STAGE 4 0.00 l 1.79 1.85 1.58 3.43 6.18 0.00 3.21 TOTAL i 1.10 2.22 6.94 3.66 4.27 2.26 4.60 9.05 5.30 1.83 3.74 10lAL 11 1.68 3.20 5.45 3.44 2.83 6.56 AVERAGE TOTAL
~~> i 3.36 6.39 10.90 6.88 5.65 13.12 3.66 7.48 g 10TAL Ronan Hunerals Desisnate Reelicate Tous at a Station~~
_ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -__ ________m u_ _ - -
NUC6-N1 IMPINGEMENT OF ORGANISMS AT PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION (January - December 1982) l i .i Prepared by: _ m f[/fA A Robert D. Anderson Senior Marine Fisheries Biologist i i f 1 t Nuclear Operations Support Department ! Boston Edison Company l d { April 1983
6 , _ _ m . v s -- - - - - - ~ ~ Herring unuuuuy , Alewife g I LX E 117 Smelt \ l Canner Most commonly y sidersise impinged species P
NUC6-N2 TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page 1
~~SUMMARY~~
1 2 INTRODUCTION 2 3 METHODS AND MATERIALS 5 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 7 4.1 Fishes 7 4.2 Invertebrates 18 5 CONCLUSIONS 21 6 LITERATURE CITED 23 ? ii l l t
NUC6-N3 i LIST OF FIGURES Figure Pg I Location of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station 3 i ) 2 Intake Structure of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station 4 3 Trends of Intake Water Temperature, and Number 14 of Fish Captured by Month from Pilgrim Station Intake Screens for the Five Most Abundant Species Collected, January-December 1982 i i i l l l R I 4 l 1 iii l
_ = _ _ _ _ _ . - - = - - . - - NUC6-N4 i LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1 Monthly Impingement for All Fishes Collected From 8 Pilgrim Station Intake Screens, January-December 1982 2 Species, Number, Total Length (mm), Weight (gms) and 9 Percentage for All Fishes Collected From Pilgrim Station Impingement Sampling, January-December 1982 3 Annual Impingement Collections (1973-1982) for the 10 10 Most Abundant Fishes From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens During January-December 1982 4 Approximate Number and Cause for Most Notable Fish 12 Mortalities at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, 1973-1982 5 Impingement Rates per Hour, Day and Year for All 15 Fishes Collected From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens During January-December 1982, Assuming 100% Operation of Pilgrim Unit 1 4 6 Monthly Means of Intake Temperatures ( F) Recorded 17 During Impingement Collections at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, 1976-1982 7 Monthly Impingement for All Invertebrates Collected 19 9 From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens, January-December 1982 l iv
hTC6-N5 SECTION 1 i
~~SUMMARY~~
Fish impingement averaged 0.93 fish / hour during the period January-December 1982. Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) accounted for 20.7% of the fishes collected. Bay Anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) accounted for 11.5, 9.8, 9.4 and 6.7%, respectively, of the fishes impinged. Peak impingement months were September and December when the bay anchovy / cunner and Atlantic silverside/ rainbow smelt, respec-tively, were most represented. At full-load yearly (January-December) operation of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Sta-tion (PNPS) the estimated maximum impingement was 8,173 fishes (536 lbs.). The PNPS capacity factor was 56.0% f rom January-December 1982. The collection rate (no./hr.) for all invertebrates captured from January-December 1982 was 1.33. The long-finned squid (Loligo pealei), and horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus), accounted for 40.8 and 33.6%, respectively, of the invertebrates impinged. Mixed species of algae collected on intake screens amounted to 3,606.3 pounds. _1_
NUC6-N6 1 SECTION 2 , 1 INTRODUCTION l l Pilgrim ' Nucle 2r Power Station (lat. 41 56' N, long. 70 34' W) is located on l the northwestern shore of Cape Cod Bay (Figure 1) with a licensed capacity of 655 MWe. The unit has two circulating water pumps with a capacity of approx-imately 345 cfs each and five service water pumps with a combined capacity of 23 cfs. Water is drawn under a skimmer wall, through vertical bar-racks spaced approximately 3 inches on center, and finally through vertical travel-ling water screens of 3/8 inch wire mesh (Figure 2). There are two travelling water screens for each circulating water pump. l 1 This document is a report pursuant to operational environmental monitoring and ' reporting requirements of NPDES Permit No. 0003557 (EPA) for Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, Unit I. The report describes impingement of organisms carried i onto the vertical travelling water screens at Unit I. It presents analysis of the relationships between impingement, environmental factors, and plant oper-ational variables. The report is based on data collected from screen wash samples from January-} December 1982. 1
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NUC6-N7 ' 1 SECTION 3 1 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS Three screen washings each week were performed from January-December 1982 to l provide data for evaluating the magnitude of marine biota impingement. The total weekly collection time was 24 hours (three separate 8-hour periods: morning, afternoon and night). Two collections represented dark period scmpling and one represented light period sampling. At the beginning of each collection period, all four travelling screens were washed. Eight hours later, the screens were again washed (minimum of 30 minutes each) and all organisms collected. When screens were being washed continuously, one hour collections were made at the end of the regular sampling periods, and they represented two light periods and one dark period on a weekly basis. A Sta-tion refueling outage from January - March 1982 curtailed impingement sampling when circulating water pumps were not operational. Water nozzles directed at the screens washed impinged organisms and debris into a sluiceway that flowed into a trap. The original trap used was made of galvanized screen (3/8-inch mesh) attached to a removable steel frame. A new y trap was designed and used for sampling, in conjunction with new sluiceway survival studies, consisting of a section of half 18" corrugated metal pipe [ with fine mesh plankton netting attached.
NUC6-N8 Variables recorded for organisms were total numbers, and individual lengths (mm) and weight (gms) for up to 20 specimens of each species. A random sample of 20 fish or invertabrates was taken whenever the total number for a species exceeded 20; if the total collection for a species was less than 20, all were measured and weighed. Intake seawater temperature, power level output, tidal stage, number of circu-1 l lating water pumps in operation, time of day and date were recorded at time of' collections. The collection rate (#/ hour) was calculated as number of organ-isms impinged per collecting period divided by the total number of hours in that collecting period. All common and scientific names in this report follow the American Fisheries Society (1980) and Smith (1964). i S 1
NUC6-N9 SECTION 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Fishes In 687 collection hours, 641 fishes of thirty-eight species (Table 1) were collected from Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station intake screens from January-December 1982. The collection rate was 0.93 fish / hour. Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) was the most abundent species accounting for 20.7% of all fishes collected (Table 2). Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) and threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) accounted for 11.5, 9.8, 9.4 and 6.7% of the total number of fishes collected and identified to lowest taxon. Atlantic silversides occurred predominantly in monthly samples in March, April end December, with the largest number (49) captured in March. Hourly collec- ! tion rates for Atlantic silversides ranged from 0 to 0.92. Silversides im-pinged in March, April and December accounted for 89.5% of all this species captured in impingement collections from January-December 1982. Atlantic silversides averaged 105 mm total length and 6 grams in weight. Silverside f impingement indicated no relationship to tidal stage or diel factors. It is not unusual for silversides to dominate the impingement catch in March and I April as happened in 1982, but a review of historical data shows it to be unprecedented for them to dominate in December. They are generally one of the major impinged species collected annually (Table 3). l
(NUC6-C9) Table 1. Monthly Impingem.nt For All Fishes Collected From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens, January - December 1982 Sp cies Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept.,Oct. Nov. Dec. Tota Atlantic silverside 1 49 35 3 1 3 6 35 1: bay anchovy 24 7 1 25 10 7 cunner 1 12 11 12 1 25 1 ( rainbow smelt 3 2 3 1 5 22 24 e threespine stickleback 37 5 1 - pollock 1 1 2 10 1 3 4 10 5 winter flounder 1 2 9 5 10 alewife 2 2 8 2 3 1 4 3 blueback herring 10 1 8 5 northern puffer 1 19 Atlantic menhaden 4 6 2 3 Atlantic tomcod 1 1 2 2 3 5 grubby 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 1 1 lumpfish 1 2 3 6 white hake 3 5 2 Atlantic herring 1 2 6 windowpane 1 1 1 1 5 scup 7 1 northern pipefish 1 1 1 4 northern searobin 4 1 1 1 pearlside 7 sand lance sp. 1 1 1 bluefish 2 ; mummichog 2 I radiated shanny 1 1 summer flounder 1 1 tautog 1 1 American eel 1 American sand lance 1 Atlantic cod 1 l fourspot flounder 1 l hogchoker 1 I little skate 1 longhorn sculpin 1 red hake 1 shorthorn sculpin 1 silver-rag I winter skate 1 TOTALS 4 2 53 48 83 67 39 9 104 40 79 113 4 Collection Time (hrs.) 16 8 22 65 72 58 101 71 83 33 89 69 4 Collection Rate (#/hr.) 0.25 0.25 2.41 0.74 1.15 1.16 0.39 0.13 1.25 1.21 0.89 1.64 0 (NUC6-C10) tble 2. Species, Number, Total Length (mm), Weight (gms) and Percentage For All Fishes Collected From Pilgrim Station Impingement Sampling, January - December 1982 Length Mean Weight Mean Percent of Species Number Range Length Range Weight Total Fish ,tlantic silverside 133 70-140 105 2-12 6 20.7 ey enchovy 74 36-98 73 0.4-6 3 11.5 unn:r 63 7-195 99 4-190 26 9.8 einbow smelt 60 64-215 109 2-54 8 9.4 1r:cspine stickleback 43 50-69 58 1-3 3 6.7 ellock 37 58-350 150 4-318 56 5.8 %ntar flounder 27 50-355 178 1-589 136 4.2 Ac.wif 25 8-290 147 5-250 45 3.9 lu back herring 24 80-203 153 4-54 27 3.7 srth:rn puffer 20 42-119 64 1-41 9 3.1' 31 antic menhaden 15 55-245 113 2-157 37 2.3 alcatic tomcod 14 98-260 137 7-125 28 2.2 Tubby 13 54-135 93 3-40 16 2.0 umpfish 12 27-55 40 1-7 2 1.9 hite hake 10 58-192 121 2-39 19 1.6 11 antic herring 9 60-240 145 3-76 24 1.4 indowpane 9 35-310 118 1-383 65 1.4 cup 8 43-70 52 1-5 2 1.2 ortharn pipefish 7 140-194 163 1-8 2 1.1 orthern searobin 7 58-315 240 4-377 173 1.1 'arlside e 7 46-56 50 2-3 3 1.1 bad lance sp. 3 85-210 130 3-27 12 0.5 lurfish 2 90-115 102 6-11 9 0.3 ummichog 2 80-95 88 12 12 0.3 H.diated shanny 2 115-120 118 15-17 16 0.3 umm;r flounder 2 320-365 342 339-630 484 0.3 butog 2 130-320 225 39-610 324 0.3 berican ee'. 1 320 320 - - 0.2 perican sand lance 1 175 175 18 18 0.2 Slantic cod 1 215 215 99 99 0.2 surspot flounder 1 382 382 515 515 0.2 Egchoker 1 114 114 36 36 0.2 4ttle skate 1 450 450 700 700 0.2 Rnghorn sculpin 1 280 280 289 289 0.2 3d hake 1 90 90 4 4 0.2 horthornsculpin 1 290 290 350 350 0.2 11ver-rag 1 135 135 34 34 0.2 inter skate 1 490 490 770 770 0.2 NUC6-Il8 Table 3. Annual Impingement Collections (1973-1982) For the 10 Most Abundant Fishes From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens During January - December 1982 Number of Impinged Fishes Collected From January - December I 2 Species 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Totals Atlantic silverside 515 4 107 114 473 722 1,173 14 5,466 133 8,721 bay anchovy 3 9 12 1 74 99 cunner 99 10 28 285 154 61 22 116 55 63 893 rainbow smelt 291 34 6 103 273 3,019 87 95 13 60 3,981 threespine stickleback 9+ 1 4 9 26 4 7 43 103 pollock 12 3 42 23 39 3 37 159 winter flounder 16** 1 4 29 64 34 34 15 15 27 239 i alewife 596* 253* 28* 2,061 15 131 28 8 11 25 3,156
~~- blueback herring 596* 253* 28* 23 19 64 20 5 15 24 1,047~~
20 northern puffer 1 3 48 3 2 15 79 171 i Totals 2,135 558 204 2,709 1,034 4,055 1,431 276 5,661 506 18,569 Collection Time (hrs) 2,096.0 1,464.0 1,336.0 2,022.0 1,515.0 1,442.0 494.25 603.75 574.5 687.0 12,234.5 Collection Rate (#/hr) 1.02 0.38 0.15 1.34 0.68 2.81 2.90 0.46 9.85 0.74 1.52
*llerrings (clupeids) identified as a general category in 1973 - 1975 were split among alewife, bluehack herring and Atlantic menhaden. ** Flounders identified as a general category in 1973 were split among windowpane, winter flounder and fourspot flounder. +Sticklebacks identified as a general category in 1973 were split among threespine stickleback and fourspine stickleback.
~~1 No collections were made from March - July 1974. 2 No collections were made in September 1977.~~
~~-- . _ - _ -. ~_ .-.~~
6 NUC6-N10 There were no large impingement mortalities (1000+ specimens) at Pilgrim Station in 1982 (Table 4). Of the ten documented fish incidents since oper-ation commenced, most (6) have involved impingement as the causative agent. However, at least in two of these the possibility of pathological influence has been implicated as indirectly contributing to the mortalities. They were , the Atlantic herring (tubular necrosis) and rainbow smelt (piscine erythrocytic necrosis) impingement incidents in 1976 and 1978, respectively. l i Bay anchovy occurred predominantly in June and September with the largest annual number (74) captured, by far, since Pilgrim operation (Table 3). Hourly collection rates for bay anchovy ranged from 0 to 0.41 specimens. It i is unusual for this species to be a dominant in the impingement catch on an annual basis, but a review of the data shows they generally are impinged most during the warmer months. Canner dominated the impingement catch in September (25 specimens) when the highest collection rate was 0.30 fisb/ hour. Historically cunner impingement at Pilgrim Station has been greatest during summer months (June-August). This species annually is one of the dominants (Table 3), ranking approximately
~~fifth over the last 10 years.~~
f Rainbow smelt were impinged most in November and December. They are charac- [ teristically impinged in greatest numbers during the Winter period and rank 1 l . approximately second in numbers collected at Pilgrim Station. i
NUC6-H3 Table 4. Approximate Number and Cause for Most Notable Fish Mortalities at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, 1973-1982 Date Species Number Cause April 9-19, 1973 Atlantic Menhaden 43,000 Gas Bubble Disease August / September, 1973 Clupeids 1,600 Impingement April 2-15, 1975 Atlantic Menhaden 5,000 Gas Bubble Disease ) August 2, 1975 Atlantic Menhaden 3,000 Thermal Stress August 5, 1976 Alewife 1,900 Impingement November 23-28, 1976 Atlantic Herring 10,200 Impingement August 21-25, 1978 Clupeids 2,300 Thermal Stress December 11-29, 1978 Rainbow Smelt 6,200 Impingement March / April, 1979 Atlantic Silverside 1,100 Impingement September 23-24, 1981 Atlantic Silverside 6,048 Impingement 1 l l I NUC6-N11 Threespine stickleback dominated May impingement collections. This species is generally not impinged in large numbers being characteristically an estuarine inhabitant. Pollock (Pollachius virens) were more prevalent in July and November sampling. They are historically not impinged in large numbers either. Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) domi-nated the Clupeid impingement catch in 1982. This is generally typical based on past impingement records when blueback herring, and particularly alewife have been abundant in impingement samples. Winter flounder (Pseudopleuro-nectes americanus) maintained its position as one of the more abundant species impinged over the years. Northern puffer (Sphoeroides maculatus) was the tenth most abundant species impinged in 1982, but it was second in 1981. In the years 1976 and 1980-1982, when respectable numbers of northern puffer were collected (Table 3) the month of greatest occurrence was always September. Monthly impingement rates for the five dominant species are illustrated in Figure 3. Projected fish impingement rates were calculated assuming 100% operation of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station during the period January-December 1982. Table 5 presents hourly, daily and yearly impingement rates for each species cap-l tured (rates are rounded to significant figures). For all fishes combined the ! respective rates are 0.93, 22.39 and 8,173. The yearly rate of 8,173 fishes s impinged is 32% of the 10 year (1973-1982) mean annual projection of 25,214 l 1982 JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOSER NOVEMBER DECEMSER WATER TE' M PERATURE
~ - So g C l s _ _
50 - y 40 5 40 : STATION OUTAGE) 30 l: so THREESPINE STICKLE 8ACK % h 30 - N-43 30 5 $ g 20 - 20 g ,
,b to - io o o I
~~E RAIN 80W SMELT 20~~
$ 20 - N - 60 ! io - io !e e
~~a o o e CUNNER 20 - N =63 20~~
~~E E _ _ _ _~~
~~to g~~
~~, z to -~~
E ---- o o E 8AY ANCHOVY - - - %
~~$ 20 - N =74 -~~
20 $ ! 1 E z to - Io r J 0 o I
ATLANTIC h I b 40 - SILVERSIDE 40 2
{ y N -133 20 j 20 - g o
~-
a - o I JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEM8ER 1982
, Figure 3. Trends of Intake Water Temperature, and Number of Fish Captured by Month from Pilgrim ' me bra hfwfba- Terem fore _ meJhe mst_% men % $@ecies_ Col _lectedo January _ _ Decemb_er _1982. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
fNUC6-H7 , Table 5. Impingement Rates Per Hour, Day and Year For All Fishes Collected From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens During January - December 1982, Assuming 100% Operation of Pilgrim Unit 1 Dominant
; Rate / January- Season Species Of Occurrence Rate /Hr. Rate / Day December 1981 Atlantic silverside 0.19 4.65 1,696 March - April bay anchovy 0.12 2.59 944 June & September cuaner 0.09 2.20 803 September rainbow smelt 0.09 2.10 765 November - December
! thresspine stickleback 0.06 1.50 548 May i pollock 0.05 1.29 472 July & November winter flounder 0.04 0.94 344 May & December alewife 0.04 0.87 319 June I blurback herring 0.03 0.84 306 June northern puffer 0.03 0.70 255 September . Atlantic menhaden 0.02 0.52 191 September Atlantic tomcod 0.02 0.49 179 December grubby 0.02 0.45 166 May lumpfish 0.02 0.42 153 December white hake 0.01 0.35 128 September Atlantic herring 0.01 0.31 115 December i windowpane 0.01 0.31 115 December scup 0.01 0.28 102 September northern pipefish 0.01 0.24 89 October northern searobin 0.01 0.24 89 May pearlside 0.01 0.24 89 December sand lance sp. 0.004 0.10 38 -- bluefish 0.003 0.07 26 November
; mummichog 0.003 0.07 26 May l radiated shanny 0.003 0.07 26 March & December summer flounder 0.003 0.07 26 June - July tautog 0.003 0.07 26 May & November American eel 0.001 0.03 13 June Am2rican sand lance 0.001 0.03 13 June Atlantic cod 0.001 0.03 13 April j fourspot-flounder 0.001 0.03 13 May hogchoker 0.001 0.03 13 July little skate 0.001 0.03 13 June l longhorn sculpin 0.001 0.03 13 November
i. red hake 0.001 0.03 13 March shorthorn sculpin 0.001 0.03 13 April silver-rag 0.001 0.03 13 November fwinterskate 0.001 0.03 13 May
! Totals 0.93 22.39 8,173 L !*Rateshavebeenroundedtosignificantfigures. i
NUC6-N12 fishes. This is one of the lowest yearly fish impingement rates during the operating life of Pilgrim Station. It is attributed partially to the Station outage from January - March when sampling was limited, and possibly population variances of the dominant species. Comparison with fish impingement rates at other power plants in the northeast United States shows Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station to be relatively low in this area of impact over the 10-year period (1973-1982) it has been operating. ' Anderson et al. (1975) documented higher annual impingements at seven other northeast power plants in the early 1970's. Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company (1978) Nuclear Generating Station had a mear. impingement rate of approximately 58 fishes /hr. from late 1972 - late 1977, while over the same period of time Pilgrim Station's rate was slightly greater than 2 fishes /hr. In a survey of estuarine and coastal power plants in the United States, Stupka and Sharma (1977) showed annual impingement rates at numerous locations for dominant I species, and compared to these even expanded rates at . Pilgrim Station (assum-ing 100% annual operation) are lower than at most other sites. Monthly intake water temperatures recorded during impingement collections at Pilgrim Station were generally higher from April-December (except July) 1982 than the comparable mean monthly temperatures for the interval 1976-1982 ! 1 (Table 6). Therefore, overall 1982 was characterized by warm water temper-i atures.
NUC6-H2 Table 6. Monthly Means of Intake Temperature (*F) Recorded During Impingement Collections at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, 1976-1982 Month Year (5) 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 1976-1982 January
31.95

36.75 34.47 31.85

33.75 February

32.68

30.36 32.88 30.86

31.69 March

39.04

35.51 34.98 36.36 42.59 37.70 April 43.60 37.60 41.77 39.92 40.67 42.88 49.02 42.21 May 49.73 45.99 48.18 49.56 47.22 50.75 52.58 49.14 June 55.10 52.74 49.49 54.39 50.04 54.21 52.13 52.59 July 55.98 61.01 52.78 55.56 56.03 56.98 58.51 56.69 August 60.23 63.68 58.02 56.73 60.48

61.62 60.13 September 59.04 63.70 55.89 53.75 58.59

58.94 58.32 October 55.60

54.64 51.94 52.80

54.21 53.84 November 50.36

46.33 48.75 49.22 47.33 45.38 47.89 December 44.55

39.34 40.86 40.41 39.78 38.18 40.52

Temperatures were incompletely recorded during PNPS outages in
< these months. I i
NUC6-N13 I In general, 1976 displayed relatively warm water temperatures, 1977/1978/1981 were average years, and 1979/1980 were cold water years. Pilgrim Station intake temperatures approximate ambient water temperature. Despite the rela-tively warm water temperatures in 1982, a fairly even distribution of both cold water species (e.g., rainbow smelt, pollock and winter flounder) and warm water species (e.g., bay anchovy, cunner and threespine stickleback) were impinged. The most apparent effect of the warmer ther, average water temper-atures appeared to be the largest numbers of bay anchovy and threespine stickleback collected since Pilgrim operation. 4.2 Invertebrates In 687 collection hours, 914+ invertebrates of sixteen species (Table 7) were collected from Pilgrim Station intake screens from January-December 1982. Jellyfish were collected in large undertermined numbers from August-November. The collection rate was 1.33 invertebrates / hour. Two species, the long-finned squid (Loligo pealei) and horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) accounted for 40.8 and 33.6%, respectively, of the total number of invertebrates collected. An unusual occurrence was the collection of no blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) which have dominated past impingement samples. The greatest collections of long-finned squid were in September. Squid have been mostly impinged during the summer months since 1976. Horseshoe crabs appeared typically in greatest numbers from May-July which is their spawning season. Thirty-two specimens of the commercially important American lobster (Homarus americanus) were captured in the period May-September. The lobsters
Table 7. Monthly Impingement For All Invertebrates Collected From Pilgrim Station Intake Screens, January - December 1982 Species Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. _ Oct. Nov. Dec. Totals jellyfish long-finned squid 2 7 25 22 315 2 373 l horseshoc crab 110 120 62 10 5 1 308 4 5 6 16 7 61 rock crab 1 10 11 1 sand shrimp 2 2 47 6 57 green crah 10 2 6 1 1 2 5 4 1 1 33 American lobster 12 4- 3 12 1 32 common starfish 5 1 8 1 2 2 3 2 24 1 1 6 4 1 13 lady crah mantis shrimp 5 5 3 i green sea urchin 2 1 1 1 l purple sea urchin 1 l 3 ribbon worm 1 1 1 l *~ short-finned squid 1 unidentified crab 1 '
' 1 unidentified worm i TOTAL.S 5 2 62 10 149 149 97 50 339 19 26 9 914 58 101 71 83 33 89 69 687 Collection Time (hrs.) 16 8 22 65 72 Collection Rate (#/hr.) 0.31 0.25 2.82 0.15 2.07 2.52 0.96 0.70 4.08 0.58 0.29 0.13 1.33 A I.arge undetermined numbers 4
h
NUC6-N16 ranged in size from 34-90 mm carapace length and 25-220 gas. This equals 408 lobsters impinged on an annual basis at 100% operation of Pilgrim Station. It is the highest annual rate of lobster impingement since Pilgrim Station operation. I Approximately 3,606.3 pounds of mixed algae species were collected during im- ' l pingement sampling for a rate of 5.25 pounds /hr. l l l [ i l 20 -
NUC6-N15 SECTION 5 CONCLUSIONS
1. The average Pilgrim I collection rate for the period January-December 1982 was 0.93 fish / hour. Low impingement rate may have been affected, in part, by a Station outage from January-March 1982 when variable circu-lating water pump operation was in effect.

2. At full-load (conservative assumption) yearly operation the estimated maximum January-December 1982 impingement rate was 8,173 fishes (536 e
~~lbs.). This projected annual fish impingement rate is one of the lowest in the 10 year operating history of Pilgrim Station.~~
~~3. Thirty-eight species of fish were recorded in .687 impingement collection hours.~~
l 4. The major species collected and their relative percentages of the total l collections were Atlantic silverside, 20.7%; bay anchovy,11.5%; cunner, 9.8%; rainbow smelt, 9.4%; and threespine stickleback 6.7%.
~~5. Peaks in impingement collections occurred in March, April and December~~
! for Atlantic silverside. Atlantic silverside hourly impingement rate varied from 0 to 0.92. l I
NUC6-N16
6. Atlantic silverside indicated no relationship to tidal stage or diurnal periodicity.

7. Intake water temperatures, which reflect ambient water temperatures, were relatively high from April-December 1982, compared to the seven year 1 monthly averages for 1976-1982.

8. The hourly collection rate for invertebrates was 1.33 with long-finned squid representing, 40.8%; horseshoe crab, 33.6% of the catch. No blue mussels were collected.

9. Thirty-two American lobsters were collected during impingement sampling which equates to 408 lobsters / year impinged. This is the highest im-pingement rate for lobsters since Pilgrim Station operation.
l l l l
NUC6-N17 i SECTION 6 LITERATURE CITED Americal Fisheries Society. 1980. A list of Common and Scientific Names of Fishes From the United States and Canada. Spec. Pub. No. 12: 174 pp. Anderson, C.O., Jr., D. J. Brown, B. A. Ketschke, E. M. Elliott and P. L. Rule. 1975. The Effects of the Addition of a Fourth Generating Unit at the Salem Harbor Electric Generating Station on the Marine Ecosystem of Salem Harbor. Mass. Div. Mar. Fish., Boston 47 pp. Maine Yankee Atomic Power Company. 1978. Impingement Studies. In Final Report, Environmental Surveillance and Studies at the Maine Yankee Nuclear Generating Station (1969-1977). Section 3: 40 pp. Marshall, B. L. 1978. Impingement of Organisms at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station: A Multi-Year Study (January 1973-December 1977). In Marine Ecology Studies Related to Operation at Pilgrim Station, Final Report, Section-IV: 72 pp. Smith, R. I. (Ed.). 1964. Keyes to Marine Invertebrates of the Woods Hole Region. Marine Biological Laboratory. Woods Hole, Massachusetts. Stupka, R. C. and R. K. Sharma. 1977. Survey of Fish Impingement at Power Plants in the United States Vol. III. Estuaries and Coastal Waters. Argonne National Lab. 310 pp. i
l Assessment of Finfish Survival at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station 1982 4 Submitted to i Boston Edison Company Boston, Massachusetts by Marine Research, Inc. Falmouth, Massachusetts March 3,1983 l revised April 11, 1983
~~-_ ... ..__ - _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ J~~
Table of Contents M I. Introduction 1 II. Methods A. General 1 B. Sluiceway Introduction Studies 1980, 1981 3 C. Screen Introduction Studies 1982 4 D. Controls 4 III. Results A. Routine Screenwash Survival 5 B. Sluiceway Introduction Studies 1980, 1981 8 C. Controls 9 D. Screen Introduction Studies 1981 10 E. One-hour Mortality 13 IV. Discussion 14 e V. Summary 17 VI. Literature cited 20 G l l I
Figures No. g 1 The PNPS sluiceway designed to return impinged fish to ambient temperature water in Cape Cod Bay. The sampling area of the sluiceway ranged between mean low water (KUJ) and mean high water (Mm4) depending on the tide. 21 2 Diagram of the PNPS seawater intake system (illus-tration provided by Boston Edison Company). 22 3 Percent survival for the six most abundant species of finfish plus all other fish combined collected on the PNPS traveling screens 1980-1982. Solid bars represent 8-hour wash cycles; striped bars, continuous wash cycles. Numbers above each bar represent the sample size. 23 i l l
Tables No. Page 1 Total-length mean and range (mm), total number of fish collected, number and percentage alive, and number and percentage surviving a 56-hour holding period by species in the PNPS sluiceway assessment program, 1982. 24 2 Total number of fish collected, number and percentage alive, and number and percentage surviving a 56-hour holding period by species in the PNPS sluiceway under static (8-hour) and continuous wash cycles, 1980-1982. 26 3 Comparison of impinged finfish survival rates at PNPS before (1980-81) and af ter (1982) installation of low-pressure spray wash nozzles. 29 l 4 Sample size, percent survival and total length data (mm) for fish introduced at the head of the PNPS sluiceway, collected at the downstream end, and held for 50 to 90 hours, 1980 and 1981. 30 5 Results of sluiceway introduction trials conducted in 1981 in which fish were collected in relatively low and high velocity areas of the sluiceway and held for approximately 56 hours (see text for clarification). 31 6 Number, percent survival after 55 to 100-hour holding periods, and total length data (mm) for control fish used in survival studies at the PNPS sluiceway,1980-1981. 32 8 Numbers of winter flounder and cunner released in front of the PHPS traveling screens, number recovered, and survival rates, by date 1982. 35 9 Numbers of Atlantic silversides released in front of l the PNPS traveling screens, number recovered, and survival rates, by date 1982. 36 10 Mean elapsed time between release of fish and first appearance at the end of the sluiceway and last release and last appearance at the end of the sluiceway, 1982 (see text for details). 37 11 Survival summary for the six numerically dominant species obtained during the PNPS sluiceway survival studies,1980-1982. Initial and latent percent survival is shown for sluiceway introductions , screen introductions, and those naturally impinged on the screens. 38 1
1 I. Introduction This report describes the results of studies conducted at the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station to assess survival of finfish impinged on the plant's rcvolving intake screens. These 1982 investigations, completed under Boston Edison Company Purchase Order No. 69684, represent a continuation of work brgun in 1980 following construction of a concrete sluiceway designed to return fish surviving impingement to Cape Cod Bay waters. Studies were de-signed to examine mortality induced by the screenwash system and by the cluiceway itself. Data obtained in 1980 and 1981 are su=marized in this raport along with the 1982 data. II. Mathod s A. General To determine impingement survival rates during routine plant operations fish washed off the traveling screens were sampled at the end of the sluiceway (Figure 1) . Special nets were constructed of 3/16-inch (4.8 mm) " delta" mesh ce that all water passing down the sluiceway was filtered. Net-induced injury v2a minimized by using two nets interchanged frequently so that fish were* con-fined to the net for only short periods before being transferred to pails containing ambient seawater. Upon collection initial mortality was determined by immediately transfer-ring fish to 8-liter pails containing ambient seawater. Dead fish (condition categories are defined below) were removed and set aside f or identification and length-weight measurements. Live fish, whether healthy or injured, were transferred quickly to five-foot (1.5 m) diameter, circular holding pools located about 20 feet (6.1 m) from the end of the sluiceway and supplied with continuous running ambient seawater. The pools were fitted with screen and wire mesh covers to prevent fish from jumping out and to eliminate predation by shore birds and racoons.
2 Fish were observed in the holding pools for one hour following intro-duction, and any dead fish were removed following that time. All surviving fish were held in the pools until the next scheduled screenwash sampling period approximately 55 to 56 hours later. At the end of each holding period all fish were weighed (10.1 gm) and measured (1 1 mm) by condition category - alive, dead, or injured. Fish were not fed during the holding period. The survival study was combined with the finfish impingement monitoring program so that sampling was conducted three times per week (Monday 0830, Wednesday 1630, and Saturday 0030) . Studies were scheduled to be conducted f during the months of March, April, August, September, November, and December 1982, as in 1980 and 1981; these months were selected because historically they have represented periods of greatest impingement. In 1982 we extended survival studies to the end of May due to sampling limitations in March associated with a plant outage. Data were collected under both static and continuous wash cycles and therefore represented fish which might have spent up to eight hours on the screens' (screens are routinely washed every eight hours), or only a brief time period. If the screens were static at the start of a sampling period, fish collected during the first ten minutes (the approximate time necessary for one revolution of the screens) were held in a separate pool and observed independently from any fish collected af ter the ten-minute period. Sampling was conducted for 0.5 hour if the screens were static prior to collection or one hour if the screens were in the continuous wash mode. In 1982 when the service water system was chlorinated continuously at PNPS, sodium thiosulf ate was used to neutralize any residual chlorine in the screenwash water. Any time the screens were operated during fish survival studies in 1982, MRI personnel insured that the sodium thiosulfate delivery
3 pumps were operating and the system was routinely checked by titration to insure that no detectable chlorine was present in the sluiceway. Condition categories during all phases of the study were defined as follows: alive - fish swimming and behaving in an apparently normal manner; drad - no body movement, no opercular movement, no response to gentle prod-ding; injured - tissue damage visible, fish swimming erratically, loss of equilibrium. B. Sluiceway Introduction Studies 1980, 1981 To assess mortality induced by the sluiceway itself samples of fish were introduced to the sluiceway in the screenhouse jupt downstream of the screens while the wash system was in operation. Fish were obtained from local waters by beach seine, otter trawl, or baited lif t net (cunner, Tautogolabrus adapersus, and pollock, Pollachius virens) and transferred to PNPS in 32-50 gal (121-189 1) plastic, aerated containers. Introduced fish were then col-lected at the end of the sluiceway by a second person in a manner identical to that used for fish washed off the screens. They were transferred immedi-ately to a separate holding pool and otherwise treated as described above for naturally impinged fish. However, due to variability in collection times, introduced fish were held from 47 to 70 hours. They were not fed during the study. Sluiceway introduction studies were conducted during September, November, and December 1980 and April, May, June, August, September, and November 1981. The beach seine, used to obtain many of the introduced fish, measured 100 by 6 feet (30.5 x 1.8 m) and was made of k-inch (6.4 mm) " delta" mesh. It was used at several locationo along the Plymouth Harbor side of Plymouth Beach, along the town beach in Plymouth center, and along the north side of the PNPS intake. Other fish such as winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) and sculpin (Myoxocephalus spp.) were obtained with a small otter trawl in
4 Plymouth Htrbor-Kingston, Duxbury Bay or larger gear operated by the Massa-chusetts Division of Marine Fisheries off PNPS. Cunner and pollock were obtained in Sandwich, Massachusetts, along the southeast side of the Cape Cod Canal using a baited 28-inch (0.71 m), 3/16-inch (4.8 mm) mesh lif t net. C. Screen Introduction Studies 1982 To obtain information on sources of impingement mortality, studies were conducted in 1982 which involved the release of live fish in front of the PNPS intake screens while in continuous wash mode. Fish were introduced through 1 I an access opening located just upstream of the traveling screens (Figure 2) in a specially designed container with a hinged lid so that it could be lowered below the inner skimmer wall before the fish were released. In all cases the screens and wash pumps were operating during the release period and for a min-bmsn of one hour following the release period. Throughout these wash cycles sampling was conducted near the end of the sluiceway by a second person as described above. All fish collected this way were handled in a manner iden-tical to that used with the naturally impinged and sluiceway-introduced fish. As in the latter case, holding periods varied from 44 to 70 hours due to variations in collection time. These introduction studies were conducted in April-June and August-November 1982. Fish were obtained and transferred as described under the sluiceway introductions. l D. Controls in early 1980 when the survival program first began, fish were collected by beach seine, otter trawl, and lif t net as described above and transferred I to the holding pools to confirm that those fccilities did not represent a source of mortality, in late 1980, 1981, and 1982 when sluiceway and screen introduction studies were conducted, subsamples of those fish were held as
5 controls whenever possible. In the case of uncommon species no controls were h: eld since we chose to obtain treatment data in those instances. In 1982 the p;rcentage recovered among fish released in front of the screens was expected to be relatively low since we anticipated that healthy fish would avoid the 0.5 to 1.0 f t/sec (0.15 to 0.3 m/sec) current velocity at the screens and escape upstream. Because of this every ef fort was made to obtain large samples for th2 introduction studies. When collections were considered to be marginal in size, no controls were held if previous control data for that particular cpscies indicated little or no mortality among controls.
~~31. Razults~~
/
A. Routine Screenwash Survival Sluiceway collections, made during the routine screenwash program estab-lighed at PNPS which contributed to the survival assessment program in 1982, cra summarized in Table 1. A total of 450 fish were obtained, 259 under static or 8-hour cycles and 191 under continuous wash cycles. Represented among these were 34 species. The six most common were Atlantic silversides (Minidia menidia), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), threespine sticklebacks (Gmaterosteus aculeatus), cunner, bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), and winter fleunder. These species represented 18.7, 12.0, 9.6, 8.7, 7.6, and 4.9% of the total catch, respectively, for a combined total of 61.5%. Silversides wara most common in March and December; smelt were most common in November and December; threespine sticklebacks in May; cunner and anchovy in September; and flounder in May, November, and December. Three years of impingement survival data, 1980-1982, are combined and cummarized in Table 2 and Figure 3. Among the 1058 fish taken representing 43 species, six species accounted for 65.r. of the total collected. Cunner rapresented 16.87., Atlantic silversides 15.27., rainbow smelt 14.4%, northern
6 puffer (Sphotroides maculatus) 10.97., threespine stickleback 4.8%, and winter flounder 3.67.. These data exclude a relatively large impingement period for Atlantic silversides (n = 4825, Table 2) which occurred on September 23, 24, 1981, because that single 'ncident represented an unusual monospecific occur-rence which exceeded the three-year total of all other samples by a f actor of four. Combining all 43 species over three years (but again excluding the high silverside mortality in September 1981), initial finfish survival at Pilgrim Station was 8.27. under 8-hour wash cycles and 30.07. under continuous wash 1 cycles (Table 2). Among the six dominant species (Figure 3) initial survival under 8-hour cycles ranged from 1.87. among smelt (n = 112) to 13.67. among puf f er (n = 105) . Under continuous wash cycles survival for the dominant species ranged from 0% among threespine sticklebacks (n = 3) to 70.07. among cunner (n = 20) . It is quite cicar that initial survival rates were higher under continuous wash operation than under the 8-hour static wash cycles; this was true even for species with relatively small sample sizes. Using Z tests f or the dif f erence between proportions (Zar 1974) among the six dominant species, significant differences between initial 8-hour cycle and initial continuous wash cycle survival were detected among cunner (p
~~0.001, Z = 7.953) and silversides (p <0.001, Z = 4. 501) . Among rainbow smelt survival was about equal in both l~~
l categories (1.8 and 2.57., respectively). Among puffer, sticklebacks, and l winter flounder, statistically significant dif ferences were not detected, prob-ably due to the small sample sizes under continuous wash operation (Table 2). Significant differences were also apparent for all other species besides the j dominant ones (p <0.001, Z = 3.308) and for all species combined (p-0.001, 2 = 8.703).
7 Survival rates declinad following the 56-hour holding periods. Pooling all fish, survival was 4.0% under 8-hour cycles, 11.97. under continuous wash cycles (Table 2). Among the six dominant species, survival ranged from 07. (silversides, n = 116; smelt, n = 112) to 9.17. (winter flounder, n = 16) under 8-hour cycles and 0% (silversides, n = 45; smelt, n = 40; threespine stickleback, n = 3) to 25.0% (flounder, n = 16) under continuous wash cycles. As noted above under initial survival results, higher latent survival rates were generally noted under continuous wash cycles. These differences were statistically significant among cunner (p < 0.01, Z = 2.696), all fish combined (p4 0.001, Z = 4.43 7) , and all species excluding the six dominants (p4 0.01, Z = 2.880) based on the test for differences between proportions. Silversides and smelt displayed 1007. mortality in both categories. No difference could be detected among puffer, sticklebacks, or winter flounder, again probably due to the small sample sizes under continuous wash operation (Table 2). Data collected in 1982 were compared with combined data for 1980 and 1981 to cee if any increase in survival occurred in 1982 as a result of the low-pressure,screenwash nozzles installed early in that year. Survival rates before (1980 and 1981) and af ter (1982) installation of the low-pressure nozzles are shown in Table 3 for all categories where sample sizes were relatively large. Cunner and northern puffer showed greater survival rates in 1982 than in 1980-1981 in both initial and delayed categories under static wash cycles; data were insufficient to compare results for these species under continuous wash cycles. Under the static wash cycles survival in 1982 was significantly higher among l cunner (initial = p < 0.05, 2 = 2.501; delayed = p <0.05, Z = 2.368). Results were not significantly different among puffer (initial = p >0.05, Z = 1.940; delayed = p > 0.05, Z = 0.96 7) . In all remaining categories survival was gen-erally greater in 1980-81 and in f act was significantly greater in four cases (8-hour cycles, initial survival - all others, p <0.01, Z = 3.068; continuous
8 wtah cyclse, initial survival - all others, p4 0.05, Z = 2.820; delayed sur-vival - all others, p4 0.05, Z = 2.568; all fish, p4 0.05, Z = 2.554). Based on these results it is difficult to reach any firm conclusions without addi-tional data although the cunner and puffer results suggest that some species-specific improvement in survival may have occurred. No explanation is apparent in those cases where survival was greater in 1980-1981. B. Sluiceway Introduction Studies 1980, 1981 The numbers of fish introduced to the sluiceway in 1980 and 1981, col-lected at the downstream end and held for 50-90 hours, are summarized by species in Table 4. Survival in these studies was generally quite high (86-100%), indicating that little mortality occurred as a result of passage down the sluiceway. Exceptions occurred among rainbow smelt and Atlantic silver-sides which showed survival rates of 0 and 50%, respectively. The smelt results were based on very few fish (n = 12) while the silverside data were based on five samples introduced on five dates (one in 1980, four in 1981). The range in survival over the five dates was large: 10% (April 23, 1981; n-66)Uto 91.2% (June 10,1981; n = 91). Survival among control fish was 100% on both these dates so the fish were apparently in good condition, and mean lengths were similar: 95.6 mm on April 23, 90.3 mm on June 10. In May 1981 the program was modified slightly to determine if possible why silverside mortality was relatively high during some trials. In spite of efforts to minimize sluiceway, net-induced mortality (see Methods), water velocity at the end of the sluiceway was suf ficiently high that net injury 3 could have been significant. Flow rate measured at the downstream end of the sluiceway with a General Oceanics 2030 flowmeter (June 10, 1981) was found to be 455 cm/sec (15 f t/sec). Fish were therefore subjected to a great deal of pressure and presumably stress while in the sampling net for even a short period. Fish may also have been injured by hitting the sidewall of the
9 sluierway while traversing the sharp bend just above the downstream end (Figure 1). Just before the final sharp bend where the slope is low, water velocity was recorded at 204 cm/sec (7 f t/sec). Therefore to examine for mortality induced by the bend or the sampling gear, beginning in late May 1981 collections were made at both locations whenever sufficient numbers of fish were available. Results of these trials are shown in Table 5. These data indicate that, with the exception of cunner which showed 1007. survival at both sampling locations, survival was higher at the upstream, low velocity point. Improvement in survival was 277. for the mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) and averaged about 87. for silversides. (Additional mummichogs were collected for a second trial with that species on September 1,1981, but the sluiceway was found to be inoperable on that date.) If the sampling gear was the primary cource of injury, these data suggest that for some species survival rates were comewhat underestimated for collections made at the downstream end of the sluice-way. Based on these results, all collections in 1982 were made in the 7 f t/sec area. C. Cont'rols Table 6 smanarizes the control data obtained in 1980 and 1981 to test the effectiveness of the holding pools and the field collection and trans-portation methods. With the e:cception of the clupeids, survival among the centrol fish was generally high, ranging from 95% among Atlantic silversides to 1007. among many other species. These data indicated that our methods introduced little or no additional mortality in the studies. Survival among clupcids ranged from 52% among menhaden (Brevoortin tyrannus) to 797, among alewives (Alosa pseudohnrennus) . Since small clupeids are well known for being sensitive to handling stress, the relatively high mortality among these fish was not unexpected.
10 No adjustments were made te the 1980 and 1981 data as a result of the generally high survival rate among control fish. Adjustment among clupcids would have been warranted but only six were collected alive during the two years of study, and none of them survived the holding periods. D. Screen Introduction Studies 1982 Table 7 swumarizes the numbers of fish by species released in front of the screens on 12 dates during the 1982 studies. An additional 1500 fish were collected on five dates as part of the introduction studies but either could not be released due to problems at the plant or were released but were lost along uith the holding pools during two severe storms. Following release and subsequent impingement, Atlantic silversides, cunner, and winter flounder provided the greatest data base. Pooled over all dates, these species showed survival rates of 19.9,100, and 99.5%, respec-tively, following one-hour holding periods. After 44 to 70-hour holding periods survival dropped to 68.7". among flounder and 4.37. among silversides. Survival among cunner remained at 1007.. No adjustment for survival among controls was necessary for winter flounder or cunner since both showed latent survival rates of 1007.. However, since Atlantic silversides showed a pooled j control survival rate of 88.5% following 44 to 70-hour holding periods (Table l 7), the method of Tattersfield and Horris (1923) and King et al. (1977) was l l used to adjust the latent survival rate for that species to 4.97. (i.e., i l adjusted survival = treatment survival / control survival). Results for winter flounder, cunner, and silversides are shown in more detail in Tables 8 and 9 where data are presented by replicate. The 317 winter flounder introduced in front of the screens were c.ollected and released on f cight sampling dates. Over those eight dates latent survival ranged from 2.2 to 1007.. Relative to the other dates where survival was fairly consistent, ranging from 72.2 to 1007., the value of 2.27. obtained on September 24 was
11 unusually low; control survival on that date was 100%. On September 24 we .
)
experienced a two-hour delay at the screenhouse due to chlorination operations. During the delay the fish were aerated continuously and water was exchanged p:riodically with fresh ambient seawater. Control fish were subsampled at the end of the day from those transported into the plant so they were actually held in the barrels for an additional 0.5 hour. Nevertheless the exceptionally low survival rate among introduced fish on that date suggests that the long holding period followed by impingement and screenwash exceeded the tolerance of those fish. Cunner were introduced on three dates (Table 8). Survival was 1007. in all cases including controls. Silverside latent survival rates observed on seven dates were relatively low ranging from 0 to 34.87. (Table 9). Although silversices were subjected to the same problem on September 24 described above for winter flounder, 100% mortality was also realized on two additional dates. This species generally appears to be sensitive to impingement. In some of the introduced samples a portion of the fish (e.g., 21.2%, October 27) were, dead when collected at the end of the sluiceway which rarely occurred among other species. Tissue damage was also frequently noticed on these fish. For example, on September 24, 67.3% of the fish showed hematomas around the brain and eyes; this type of injury may occur among other species as well but be particularly noticeable on silver-cides because their dorsal tissue is relatively clear. Also because of their generally small size and attenuated shape, silversides are susceptible to i ptnetration of the 3/8-inch screen mesh which may explain the more severe i injuries. The recovery rate data presented in Tables 7-9 were interesting because they indicated that apparently healthy fish could avoid impingement even when released immediately in front of the screens. Recovery rates among species
12 with sample sizes of at least 25 ranged from 07. for pollock (n = 25) to 627. among winter flounder (n = 317). Based on the replicates for flounder, cunner, and silversides (Tables 8, 9) recovery rates were also variable within species, ranging from 55.1 to 82.1 for flounder (excluding August 18 when n = 1) , 4.9 to 21.27. among cunner, and 2.8 to 75.67 among silversides. Table 10 summarizes some observations which were made regarding elapsed time between the release of samples of fish and their appearance at the end of the sluiceway and also the time between the last release and the last col-lection at the end of the sluiceway. For example, if on day X the first sub-sample of 20 silversides was released in front of the PNPS screens at 1200 and the first silverside appeared in the sluiceway collections at 1208, eight minutes elapsed before that fish was impinged, washed from the screens, and traveled down the sluiceway. If on day X the last subsample of 20 silversides was released at 1300 and the last silverside appeared in the collections at 1405, 65 minutes elapsed during which time that fish must have avoided impinge-ment for most of that period; if that fish had been introduce in an earlier subsample, considerably more time than 65 minutes would have elapsed. These data indicate that a minimum of about six minutes elapses before an impinged fish is returned to Cape Cod Bay. The shortest observed time was three minutes presumably because those particular fish were impinged immedi-ately after release and were probably near the surface where screen travel time is shortest. The longer time interval between last release and last collection indicates that fish avoid impingement for periods of one hour or more presumably by swimming in front of the screens. For example, on September 17 most of the silversides recovered at the end of the sluiceway were collected one hour af ter the last subsample was introduced. These fish were in poor condition and died in less than one hour. l>resumably they swam in front of the screens until exhausted and then became impinged.
~~m. ._ _ __ _- _. , .~~
13 Additional observations were made which suggested that fish which were not recovered within appr'oximately an hour of release, escaped from the intake structure entirely. Six of the sampling dates (April, August, September) were scheduled on Fridays so that a screenwash collection would cgain be made during l the regularly scheduled 0030 wash period. On two of the six dates the screens wtre inoperative during the scheduled 0030 wash. In no instance during the remaining four dates were fish introduced Friday af ternoon (approximately 8 hours prior to the 0030 wash) found in the subsequent 0030 wash collection. E. One-Ilour Mortality Mortality was determined one hour after collection in addition to the initial and 56-hour points as mentioned under Methods. Throughout the routine screenwash phase of the survival study, mortality occurring at one hour amounted to 17.17. of the 140 fish collected alive or 30.87. of all live fish dying during the holding periods from 1980-1982. Among the control and sluiceway-introduced fish, most of the observed one-hour mortality occurred among the clupeids. Among alewives and menhaden 87.5 and 1007.$, respectively, of the fish which did not survive either the control or introduction studies died during the first hour of the holding period. One-hour mortality was also relatively high among rainbow smelt; 337. of those which died during the experiments did so in the first hour. Among the fish introduced directly in front of the screens in 1982, one-hour mortality was relatively high among Atlantic silversides (see Table 9); of 540 fish that died following introduction, 452 (83.77) did so during the first hour. Threespine sticklebacks and bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) also showed high one-hour mortality although sample sizes were small in both cases. Among sticklebacks 67.57. (n = 11) of those dying following release and impinge-ment did so during the first hour, and among bluefish 1007. (n = 2) did so.
14 IV. Diecussion Comparisons of screenwash survival rates between the Pilgrim Station and other power plants is complicated by the fact that there are probably as many l diff erent intake velocities and screenwash systems as there are power plants. l Nevertheless, to the extent that data are available, general comparisons with other plants are useful in assessing data obtained at PNPS. For example, at the Manchester Street Station in Providence, Rhode Island, survival studies were conducted under continuous, 2, 4, 8, and 12 to 18 hour wash cycles (MRI 1980). A total of 26 species were taken but collections were dominated by mummichogs, striped killifish (Fundulus majalis), winter flounder, and windowpane (Scophthalmus souosus). Over all species of fish (sample sizes for individual species were low), survival following a 24-hour holding period ranged from 55.77. under continuous wash to 31.37. under 8-hour cycles; these two cycles being most comparable to the PHPS schedule. Under 2, 4, and 12 to 18-hour wash cycles, survival was 37.0, 46.9, and 26.57., respectively, f ollow-ing 24-hour holding periods. Not included with these data were the alewife, blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis), and bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), which did not survive impingement under any circumstances. The same sampling regime was utilized at Brayton Point Station in Somerset, 1 Massachusetts (MRI 1982). Winter flounder and Atlantic silversides contributed most to the Brayton Point data base. Among flounder, survival following 24-hour holding periods ranged from 90.2 to 94.4% under continuous, 2, 4, and 8- ! hour wash cycles; a decline to 83.07. occurred under 12-hour cyc15 . Latent survival among Atlantic silversides was low at 2, 4, 8, and 12-hour cycles (9.5-1.3%), but increased to 47.37. under continuous wash cycles. Other species taken during the Brayton studies which were also taken at PHPS included alewives, blueback herring, Atlantic menhaden, Atlantic herring (Clupea hareneus harennus)-- all grouped as clupeids because of small sample sizes, silver hake (Merluccius
15 bilinearis), Atlantic tomcod (Microcadus tomcod), and windowpane. Survival among these taxa under continuous and 8-hour cycles, those most comparable to PNPS,, was 11.1 (n = 9) and 07. (n = 18), respectively, for tomcod, 83.3 (n = 18) and 65.57. (n = 87), respectively, for windowpane. Clupeids showed 07. survival under both wash cycles with sample sizes of only n = 5 and n = 18, respectively. A survival rate of 12.5% was recorded under 4-hour wash cycles (n = 8). Silver hake did not survive under any wash cycles where data were available (contin-uous, n = 12; 4-hour, n = 5; 12= hour, n = 43). Continuous wash studies at several screen rotation periods conducted at Mystic Station in Boston, Massachusetts, provided ccmparative survival data with 96-hour holding periods for rainbow smelt, alewife-blueback herring, and winter flounder (Stone and Webster 1981). Among small smelt (probably age II) survival ranged from 22.5% at low screen speeds to 66.7% at high screen speeds. Survival was lower among larger smelt (probably age III); 11.0% at low speed, 40.07. at high speed. Alewives were also taken in two size classes; survival among young-of-the-year fish ranged from 6.7% at low speed to 48.1% at high sp:ed, while among larger fish it ranged from 0.87. at low speed to 0.57. at high spred. Winter flounder survival was high among all sizes, ranging from 96.8% at low screen speed to 98.6% at high screen speed. King et al. (1977) summarized fish survival studies at three Hudson River power plants under continuous, 2, and 4-hour wash cycles. For juvenile white psrch (Morone americana) at the Bowline Point Plant, latent survival (96-hour) j was 567. in a continuous wash mode and 19% in a 4-hour wash mode. These data I vsre not adjusted for control survival which, based on the limited data l presented, appeared to be relatively low. At the Roseton Plant latent (84-hour) white perch survival in a continuous wash mode was 29 and 60% in two separate studies compared with 23 and 36% for 4-hour wash modes. These data were adjusted for control survival and were collected with a wash water
16 pressure of 50 psi. Data were collected on the Atlantic tomcod at the Roseton Plant; however, screen wash pressure data were unavailable. Survival under a continuous wash mode was 81% compared with 72% under a 2-hour wash mode af ter adjustment for controls. Similar data were collected at the Danskamer Point Plant for juvenile white perch and toccod. Adjusted survival (84-hour Intent) for white perch in two studies was 40 and 617. under continuous wash and, based on one study (April-May), 97. under a 4-hour wash cycle. Adjusted survival among tomcod was 83*' under continuous wash and 877. under a 2-hour cycle. Survival studies at the Oyster Creek Station in tiew Jersey were sumarized by Tatham et al. (1977). Long-term survival (48-hour) with 2-hour wash cycles ranged from 57. for Atlantic menhaden to 987. for striped searobin (Prionotus evolans). Other values included 797. for northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus), 677. for winter flounder, 357. for Atlantic silversides, and 97. for bay anchovy. Initial survival improved under continuous wash cycles (no delayed mortality data were presented). For example, initial survival among menhaden increased from 97. with intermittent screen rotation to 257. under continuous rotation. Species-specific comparisons between PtIPS results and the work reviewed above are limited because either species were not comparable or PriPS sampic sizes were insufficient. Ccxnparisons can be made for winter flounder between i PtIPS, !!anchester Street, and Brayton Point Stations, keeping in mind that few fish were taken at P!!PS. For this species latent percent survival was lowest at PliPS under both continuous and 8-hour wash cycles: l Pr!PS Manchester St. Drayton Point Wash Cycle Initial Latent Latent Latent ! Continuous 43.8 25.0 (n=16) 48.4 (n=31) 90.2 (n=123) 8-hour 13.6 9.1 (n=22) 39.5 (n=38) 94.4 (n=447) i Since latent survival was determined following 56 hour at PiiPS versus 24 hours at the other tuo stations, bot'. initial and latent values are shown for P iPS.
17 As indicated, even initial values at PNPS were lower than latent values at either Manchester Street or Brayton Point. Survival data snong Atlantic silversides are comparable for FNPS and Brayton Point although, as mentioned above, holding periods were longer at PNPS. For this species survival rates (7.) compare as follows: PNPS Brayton Point Wash Cycle Initial Latent Latent Continuous 33.3 0 (n=45) 47.3 (n=203) 8-hour 5.2 0 (n=116) 2.3 (n=262) Some comparison can be made among rainbow smelt impinged at PNPS and Mystic Station. Latent survival under r.ontinuous wash modes was higher at Mystic Station (48.3% at 96 hours among small smelt, n = 60, intermediate screen speed) than at PNPS (0% at 56 hours, n = 40) for similar size fish and similar screen speeds. The higher survival at Mystic Station may be attributable to modifications to the fish and debris trays and troughs which helped protect fish during the wash regime. , V. Summary Initial finfish impingement survival determined at the end of the PNPS sluiceway during routine plant operations using continuous and 8-hour wash cycles was 13.27. (n = 1058) during studies conducted from 1980-1982. Con-1 l sidered separately initial survival was 8.2*/. (n = 815) under C-hour wash cycles and 30.07. (n = 243) under continuous wash cycles. Following 56-hour holding periods overa.1 survival declined to 5.97. or 4.0% under 8-hour cycles, l 11.97. under continuous wash cycles. Among cunner (n = 158), Atlantic silver-oldes (n = 116), rainbow smelt (n = 112), northern puffer (n = 22), threespine sticklebacks (n = 48), and winter flounder (n = 22), the six most abundant epecies, latent servival amounted to 5.1, 5.2, 1. 8, 6. 7, 4.2, and 13.67. respectively under G-hour wash cycles. Under continuous wash cycles latent i 1 l l
18 - survivel was 3.27. among cunner, 07. among silversides and smelt, 5.W. among puff er, 2.17. among sticklebacks, and 9.17. among flounder. These values do not include 4825 Atlantic silversides lost to impingement during a single 27-hour period in September 1981. In many cases where sample sizes were sufficiently large, survival was found to be significantly higher under continuous wash cycles when compared with 8-hour wash cycles. Sampics of fish collected near PNPS by beach seine and otter trawl in 1930 and 1981 were introduced to the sluiceway and collected at the downstream i end to assess mortality induced by passage down the system. Survival based on these studies was 1007. in many cases. Exceptions occurred among rainbow smelt (07., n = 12), Atlantic silversides (507., n = 282), and mummichogs (86*/., n = 49). Based on paired samples survival Lmproved by 4 to 277. when silver-sides and mummichogs were collected further up the sluiceway where the flow rate was about half that at the downstream end. In 1982 samples of fish were collected as in 1980-1981, released in front of the screens while the wash system was in operation, and collected at the downstream end of the sluiceway following impingement. Latent survival among Atlantic silversides, cunner, and winter flounder in those experiments was 4.9,100, and 68.77., respectively; the silverside data were adjusted for control survival which was 88.57.. Recovery rates among fish introduced ahead of the screens ranged from 07. among pollock (n = 25) to 627. among winter flounder (n = 317) and was found to be quite variable between samples of the same species. These data indicate that apparently healthy fish could avoid impingement even when released just ahead of the screens with no acclimation period. j Table 11 summarizes results obtained during these survival studies for the six numerically dominant species as determined during the routine impingement
19 phase of the studies, cunner, Atlantic silversides, rainbow smelt, northern puffer, threespine stickleback, and winter flounder. Most noticeable perhaps among these data is the fact that latent, natural continuous-wash survival was lower than latent survival among fish introduced under a continuous-wash regime. This suggests that fish which are naturally impinged during routine plant cpurations may be in poor physiological condition prior to impingement.
20 = VI. Literature Citcd King, L.F. , J.B. Hutchinson, Jr. , and T.G. Huggins. 1977. Impingement survival studies on white perch, striped bass, and Atlantic tomcod at three Hudson River power plants. p217-233. In L.D. Jensen, Ed. Fourth National Workshop on Entrainment and Impingement, E. A. Communications, Melville, N.Y. MRI (Marine Research, Inc.). 1980. Manchester Street Station revolving screen survival study, March-June 1980. Submitted to New England Power Co. , August 4, 1980. 37p.
~~. 1982. Brayton Point Station Impingement Survival Study 1981, 1982. Submitted to New England Power Co. July 29, 1982. 15p + appendix.~~
Stone and Webster Engineering Corp. 1981. Final report - biological evalu-ation of a modified traveling screen, Mystic Station - Unit No. 7. 15p. Tatham, T.R. , D.L. Thomas , and G.J. Miller. 1977. Survival of fishes and macroinvertebrates impinged at Oyster Creek Generating Station. p235-243. In L.D. Jensen Ed. Fourth National Workshop on Entrainment and Impinge-ment. E. A. Communications, Melville, N.Y. Tattersfiuld, F. and H.M. Morris. 1923. An apparatus for testing the toxic values of contact insecticides under controlled conditions. Bull. Entom. Research 14:223-233. Zar, J.H. 1974. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 620p.
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Table 1 Total length maan ar.d range (m), total numbsr of fich collectad, numbar and parcentage alive, and numbar and percentage surviving a 56-hour holding period by species in the PNPS eluiceway assessment program, 1982. Number (7.) Number (7.) , Number Collected Collected Alive Surviving 56 hours i Total length (m) Shour Contin. 8-hour Contin. 8-hour Contin. Species Hean Range cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles } Winter skate (Raja ocellata) 490 - 1 0 0 0 - - l American eel (Anguilla rostrata) 101 - 0 1 0 1(100) - 0
~~Blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) 135 80 - 180 6 7 1 0 0 -~~
Alewife (A. pseudoharengus) 140 64 - 290 9 5 0 1(20) - 0 l i llenhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) 72 56 - 91 9 0 0 0 - - Atlantic herring (Clupea harennus 1.) 1 144 125 - 167 2 5 0 0 - - Day anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) 61 36 - 90 19 15 0 1 - 0
; Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) 105 64 - 215 27 27 0 0 - - ; Pearlside (!!aurolicus muelleri) 50 46 - 56 0 7 0 0 - -
y j Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) 215 - 0 1 0 0 - - Atlantic tomcod (Microgadus tomcod) 137 98 - 260 4 9 0 4(44) - 4(44) Pollock (Pollachius virens) 183 102 - 350 14 12 0 2(17) - 0 Red hake (Urophycis chuss) 90 - 0 1 0 0 - - White hake (U_. tenuis) 128 58 - 192 9 0 0 0 - - ) Murmiichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) 88 80 - 95 2 0 1(50) 0 0 - J Atlantic silverside (llenidia menidia) 103 70 - 140 48 36 1(2) 12(33) 0 0
~~! Threespine stickleback (Casterosteus 58 50 - 69 41 2 1(2) 0 0 -~~
aculcatus) Northern pipefish (Syngnathus fuscus) 155 140 - 170 1 1 0 1(100) - 1(100) Bluefish (Pomatcous saltatrix) 90 - 1 0 0 0 - - i Scup (S tenotomus chrysops) 52 43 - 70 4 4 1(25) 1(25) 0 0
Table 1 (continu d). Number (%) thunbtr (1.) Number Collected Collected Aliva Surviving 56 hours Total length (un) 8-hour Contin. B-hour Contin. 8-hour Contin. Species Mean Range cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles Tautog (Tautoga onitis) 225 130 - 320 2 0 0 0 - - Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) 102 50 - 195 22 17 4(18) 12(71) 3(14) 2(12) Radiated shanny (Ulvaria subbifurcata)
~
118 115 - 120 1 1 0 0 - - Sand lance (Amodytes sp.) 153 95 - 210 2 0 1(50) 0 1(50) - Silver-rag ( Aricana bondi) 135 - 1 0 0 0 - - Northern scarobin (Prionotus carolinus) 235 58 - 315 5 0 0 0 - - Grubby (Myoxocephalus aenaeus) 104 66 - 135 3 4 2(67) 2( 50) 2(67) 1(25) Longhorn sculpin (H. octodecemspinosus) 280 - 1 0 0 0 - - Shorthorn sculpin (M. scorpius) 290 - 0 1 0 0 - - Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) 34 27 - 50 2 5 0 3(60) - 0 Fourspot flounder (Paralichthys 382 - 1 0 0 0 - - oblongus) Windohane (Scophthalmus aquosus) 105 35 - 310 1 7 0 5(71) - 5(71) Uinter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes 186 50 - 355 8 14 1(13) 6(43) 1(13) 3(21) americanus) Puffer (Sphoeroides maculatus) 61 42 - 96 13 9 3(23) 1(11) 2(15) 1(11) Total 259 191 16(6) 52(27) 9(3) 17(9)
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l rat,le 2. Total number of floh collected, numlier and percentage alive, and number and percentage surviving a 56-hour liolding period by species in the illPS elutceway under static (8-hour) and continuous wash cycles, 1980-1982. Number (1) Number (*4) Humber Collected CollecteJ Alive surviving % hr e. B-hour Continuove 8-liou r Continuoue 8-hour Continuous Total Length (non) Spectee cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles Hean Itange _ s' u.u .e t (lautomolabrue .deper.ue) 158 20 8(5) 14(70) 5(3) 4(20) 106 47 - 209 Atlant ic ellverelJe (Mentdia menidia) 116 45 6(5) 15(33) 0 0 98 50 - 140 4825 0 0 - - - 89 75 - 136 mainbow enelt (o merus mord .) 112 40 2(2) 1(3) 0 0 99 64 - 220 e.or t hern puf f er (Sphoeroide o siaculatue) 105 10 7( 7) 2(20) 6(6) 1(10) 77 37 - 115 TI.n eespine stickleback (Casterosteus 48 3 2(4) 0 1(2) - 59 50 - 73 culcatus) g m Wint er f lounder (Pseudopleuronectes 22 16 3(14) 7(44) 2(9) 4(25) 194 50 - 384 mericanus) Day anchovy ( Anchos altchtlis) 20 15 0 1( 7) - 0 62 36 - 90 bluecack herrina (Alcoa aestivalle) 24 7 2(8) 0 0 - 123 66 - 180 A1.wif e ( Alosa pseudoharenaus) 25 6 2(8) 1(17) 0 0 137 64 - 306 rollock trollachius virene) 17 12 0 2(17) - 0 187 102 - 350 Atlantic menhaden (Brewoortia tyrannue) 28 0 1(4) - 0 - 94 47 - 131 Crubby (flyozocephalue menaeus) 15 9 7(47) 7( 78) 7(47) 6(67) 91 55 - 155 At las.t ic tie. cod (Hierogadue tomcod) 9 12 2(22) 6(50) 2(22) 6( 50) 148 98 - 260 ] white hae (urolihycle tenut e) 15 1 0 1(100) - 0 132 58 - 229 3 ulndoupane ( scopht halun . aquosus) $ 11 2(40) 5(45) 2(40) 5(45) 108 35 - 310 scup ( st enot<=ue chr y. ope) 11 4 1(9) 1(25) 0 0 62 43 118 AtlantlC herring (Clupea herengus h.) 9 5 2(22) 0 0 - 170 55 - 284 130s t he r n wearobin (Prionotus carolinus) 13 1 2(15) 0 1(8) - 234 58 - 315 taos thcan pipellah (Synanathus fuscus) 7 4 0 3(75) - 2( 50) 163 58 - 245 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - .- .~ -____ _
Table 2 (continued). I Number (%) tiumher (7.) Number Collected Collected Alive Surviving 56 hre. 8-hour Continuoue 8-hour Continuove 8-hour Continuovo Total Length (m) Species cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles fican Range Lumpt t eh (Cyclopterue lianpus) 4 6 1(25) 4(67) 0 0 35 27 - 50 Fourerot flounder (ratalichthys oblonr,ue) 10 0 5( 50) - 3(30) - 294 190 - 382 Sand lance ( Amodytes op.) 8 1 7(88) 1(100) 1(13) 0 147 95 - 210 Silver hake (tierlucctue bilinear t e) 7 1 0 0 - - 210 81 - 326 Tentleide (tlaurolteue mueller t) 0 7 - 0 - - 50 46 - 56 Amer ican eel (Anguille rostrata) 2 2 0 2(100) - 1( 50) 365 101 - 510 Itadiated shanny (Ulvar ta oubbt f urcata) 3 1 2(67) 0 1(33) - 120 115 - 125 Spiny dogfish (Squalue acanthtae) 2 0 0 - - - 587 234 - 940 l Winter skate (Raja ocellata) 2 0 1( 50) - 1(50) - 293 95 - 490 Atlantle cod (Cedue eerhua) 1 1 0 0 - - 148 80 - 215 [ Red hake (Urophycle chuse) 1 1 0 0 - - 243 90 - 395 llak e (Urophycto sp.) 2 0 0 - - - 96 - Humichog (Fundulus beterocittus) 2 0 1(50) - 0 - R8 80 - 95 Northern kingfleh (tienttettrhus 156 - 182 2 0 0 - - - 169 saxatitis) Tautog (Tautoge onttis) 2 0 0 - - - 225 130 - 320 Fouropine ettekleback (Apeltes quadracus) 0 1 - 0 - - 59 - Bluet t eh (P<wnatomus saltatr ix) 1 0 0 - - - 90 - Rock gunnel (Tholte gunnellus) 1 0 1(100) - 1(100) - 190 - Atlantic mackerel (Scewnber ecombrue) 1 0 0 - - - 82 - Silver-rng ( Ar toma bondt) 1 0 0 - - - 135 - Butterf teh (repritus trincanthus) 1 0 0 - - - 76 - , i
Table 2 (continued). Number (7.) laumber (1) flumber Collected Collected Allve Survivina 56 hre. 8-hour Continuous 8-hour Continuous Total I.enr,th (pen) B-hour Continuoue cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles cycles lle an k a nt,e Species Longhorn eculpin (Hyosocephalue - - - 280 - octod ec esspinosus) Shorthorn sculpin (Hyonocephalue 0 1 - 0 - - 290 - storplue) Sirener flounder (Paralichthys dentatus) 1 0 0 - - - 295 - 0 191 - t' range filefish ( Aluterus schoepf t) 1 0 - - - Totel 815 243 67(8) 73(30) 13(4) 29()2) l Total does not include the ellverside data f reue the high mortality period of September 23, 24, 1981. N 0) 4 I _ .__ m_ - _ _ _ _ -
29 Table 3. Comparison of. impinged finfish survival rates at PNPS before (1980-81) and af ter (1982) installation of low-pressure spray wash nozzles. Initial Survival Delayed Survival Species 1982 1980-81 1982 1980-81 8-hour Static Cycles 18.2 2.9 13.6 1.5
1. adspersu n = 22 n = 136 n = 22 n = 136 mordax 0 2.4 0 0 O_. n = 27 n = 85 n = 27 n = 85 2.1 7.4 0 0 M. menidia n = 48 n = 68 n = 48 n = 68 23.1 4.3 15.4 4.3 S. maculatus n = 13 n = 92 n = 92 n = 13 aculeatus 2.4 14.3 0 14.3 G_. n = 41 n=7 n = 41 n=7 6.5 20.8 3.7 10.1 All Others n = 108 n = 168 n = 108 n = 168 All Fish 6.2 9.2 3.5 4.3 n = 259 n = 556 n = 259 n = 556 Continuous Cycles mordax 0 7.7 0 0 O_. n = 27' n = 13 n = 27 n = 13 33.3 33.3 0 0 M. menidia n = 36 n=9 n = 36 n=9 All Others 25.2 55.6 13.5 37.0 n = 111 n = 27 n = 111 n = 27 27.2 40.4 8.9 23.1 All Fish n = 191 n = 52 n = 191 n = 52 h
I.
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Table 4. Sample size, percent survival, and total length data (mm) for fish introduced at the head of the PflPS sluiceway, collected at the downstream end, and held for 50 to 90 hours,1980 and 1981. Ilumber !! umber (%) Total Length (mm) 11 umber of Species Introduced Surviving flean Range Trials Little skate (Raja crinacea) 1 1(100) 230 - 1 Atlantic menhaden (Drevoortia tyrannus) 1 0 55 - 1 1ainbou socit (Osmerus mordax) 12 0 99 86 - 116 2 1.ummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) 49 42(86) 86 52 - 131 2 Atlantic silverside (!!cnidia menidia) 282 141(50) 99 50 - 139 5 Threespine sticklebach (Gasterosteus aculeatus) 4 3(75) 59 56 - 73 1
;:hite perch (Ilorone americana) 5 5(100) 226 126 - 302 1 Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) 74 73 (99) 142 76 - 206 2 Sea raven (llemitripterus americanus) 2 2(100) 300 266 - 303 1 L nahorn sculpin Olyoxocephalus 19 19(100) 297 260 - 326 2 octodecenspinosus) l ~.!indoupane (Scophthalmus aquosus) 6 6(100) 242 189 - 270 1 Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) 25 25(100) 255 190 - 340 2 i inter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) 70 70(100) 104 64 - 396 4 1
l l
Tabic 5. Results of sluiceway introduction trials conducttd in 1981 in which fish were collected in relatively low and high velocity areas of the cluiceway and held for apprcximately 56 hours (see text for clarification). o Short Sluice Lonn Sluico 11 umber (7.) llean !1 umber (7.) llean Date Species n Surviving TL n Surviving TL (1981) Alewife (.'.losa pseudobarennus) 20 0 57 - - - August 14 !!ummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) 24 24(100) 70 11 8( 73) 70 June 10 Atlantic silverside (!!cnidia menidia) 33 33(100) 98 20 17(85) 101 11ay 22 31 30(97) 93 91 83(91) 90 June 10 37 13(35) 110 48 15(31) 107 August 14 Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) 37 37(100) 152 32 32(100) 153 September 16 N
, a Tabin 6 ;; unbar, percent curvival af ter 55 to 100-hour holding periods, and total length data (m) for control fish used in survival studies at the Pt1PS sluiceway, 1980-1981, flumber 13 umber (7.) Total Length (mm) !! umber of Species lleld Surviving llean Range Trials t.ittle skate (Raja crinacea) 8 8(100) 283 230 - 329 1 1:1ueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) 4 3(75) 83 56 - 145 2 Alewife (A. pseudoharengus) 19 15(79) 58 49 - 71 2 Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus) 23 12(52) 65 46 - 71 3 itainbou suelt (Osmerus mordax) 1 1(100) 158 - 1 Pollock (Pollachius virens) 10 10(100) 43 38 - 47 2
une.ichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) 313 312(99) 82 46 - 132 7 Striped killifish (F. majalis) 9 9(100) 76 70 - 94 2 Atlantic silverside (!!cnidia menidia) 684 650(95) 96 56 - 150 11 Threespine stickleback (Casterosteus aculeatus) 2 1(50) 57 53 - 60 2 M
;1hite perch (ttorone americana) 1 0(0) 67 - 1 Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) 2 2(100) 93 86 - 99 1 Cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) 125 125(100) 131 91 - 171 3 Longhorn sculpin (!!yoxocephalus 23 23(100) 300 272 - 330 3 octodecenspinosus)
Uindoupane (Scophthalmus aquosus) 9 9(100) 275 240 - 301 2 Yellowtail flounder (Limanda ferruginea) 25 24(96) 280 154 - 349 3 Uinter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) 118 117(99) 189 36 - 435 6 a-_. 1_. -
Table 7. Spectee of fleh released in f ront of the FNPS traveling screene, number recovered, survival rates, including control esmples, and total tenath date, 1982.
~~Total Lengthe (aun)~~
Number Number (%) Number (1) Number (1) 7. Control Recovered Spectee controle Introduced Recovered Altve I hr Alive 44+ hre Survival (n) Hean Range Heen Range 0"g\* g* ,[ ,", , 1360 564(41) 112(20) 24(4) 88 (n-408) 103 68 - 133 96 70 - 142 automolatrue adsperous) W WW $M WM m (n-14 123 71 - 157 126 IM - 155 317 195(62) 194(99) 134(69) 100 (n-60) 52 - 356 e c u mec t ee americanus) 121 110 54 - 360 F iJu us heterocittus) 118 2(2) 2(100) 2(100) 100 (n-73) *
~~97 83 - 107~~
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100 (n=35) 106 - 110 100 - 123 Pollwk (Pollachtue wirene) 25 0 - - - - - - - L^* L** W indwpane ! (Scophthalmus aquosum) 17 12(71) 12(100) 10(83) - 137 82 - 285 - - i Little skate (Raje erinaces) 14 10( 71) 10(100) ** - *, e. , , Threespine stickleback (Casterosteue aculestus) 11 11(100) 4(36) 3(27) - 54 40 - 61 - -
~~" fs'y ,hf, ,,,) 8 3(38) 3(100) 3(100) - 160 155 - 165 - -~~
nocephatue menaeus) 8 6(75) 6(100) 4(67) 100 (n-1) 102 63 - 130 128 - blueiteh ( P a.a t < =na s saltetrix) 6 2(33) 0 - - 69 62 - 76 - - l l
Table 7 (continueJ). Total Lengthe (ess) ~
~~% Control Recovered '.,ont r ol e Number (1) Number (%) Number (1)~~
Recovered Allve 44+ hre Survival (n) Heen Renae Mean Renae 4 species Introduced Altve I hr Atlantic tosecud 5 3(60) 3(100) 1(33) . 172 . . . (Htcronadue te.ncod) Red tieke 3 2(67) 2(100) 2(100) - 81 71 90 . . (urophycts chuse) Itainbow ement 2 0 . . . . . (o merue m eden) See raven * * (llemitr ipterus enericanus) .i Longhorn eculpin 1 0 * * * (Myomocephalue octodecemepinosus) La V e F ish decosnposed due to Insuf f!ctent f ormalin. ee .i All skates were atesing, apparently removed by someone etnce screen covers were In place. _ . _ _ __W_ _- _ - . _ _
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numb 2r recovsrsd, and curvival ratso, by d::ta 1982 Date Numbar Numbtr (7.) Numbar (7.) Numbsr (7.) Control Survival (1982) Introduced Recovered Alive 1 hr Alive 44+ hre 44+ hrs Winter flounder - April 16 28 23 (82.1) 23 (100) 23 (100) - April 30 67 38 (56.7) 38 (100) 32 (84.2) - Ilay 14 69 38 (55.1) 36 (94.7) 31 (81.6) 1007. (n = 21) Aug 13 25 18 (72.0) 18 (100) 13 (72.2) - Aug 18 1 1 (100) 1 (100) 1 (100) - Sept 24 68 45 (66.2) 45 (100) 1 (2.2) 1007. (n = 20) Oct 27 2 0 - - - riov 8 57 33 (57.9) 33 (100) 33 (100) 1007. (n = 19) U Cunner June 21 236 50 (21.2) 50 (100) 50 (100) 1007. (n = 14) Sept 10 82 4 (4.9) 4 (100) 4 (100) - Oct 27 69 5 (7.2) 5 (100) 5 (100) -
, 3 I Table 9 Numbers of Atlantic silversides released in front of the PNPS traveling screens, number recovered, j and survival rates, by date 1982.
Date Number Number (7.) Nurnber (7.) Number (7.) Control Survival Adjusted % (1982) Introduced Recovered Alive 1.hr Alive 44+ hrs 44+ hrs Latent Survival April 30 67 18 (26.9) 10 (55.6) 2 (11.1) 1007. (n = 30) 11.1
Itay 5 264 203 (76.9) 12 (5.9) 0 95.1 (n = 41) 0 23 (62.2) 14 (60.9) 8 (34.8) 34.8 Hay 14 37 -
June 2 * - - - 99.3 (n = 149) - Aug 18 71 2 (2.8) 0 0 76.0 (n = 25) O Sept 17 287 217 (75.6) 42 ( 19.4) 14 (6.5) 80.0 (n = 30) 8.1 Sept 24 463 49 (10.6) 2 (4.1) 0 65.6 (n = 93) 0 a j Oct 27 171 52 (30.4) 32 (61.5) 0 100 (n = 40) 0 i , Screens inoperative, therefore all fish held as controls. i 1 1 f L_ . _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ - . _ _ _ - . - _ . - - - _ .- _
37 Table 10. Mean elapsed time between release of fish and first appearance at the end of the sluiceway and last release and last appearance at the end of the sluiceway,1982 (see text for details). Mean Elapsed Time (min) First Release Last Release 4 Species to Collection to collection Winter skate 8* 41* Atlantic silverside 6 66 Bluefish 25* - Cunner 10 10 Windowpane 29 11 Winter flounder 6 46 One observation only. 4 l l 1 i b
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Table 11. Survival summary for the six numerically dominant species obtained during the PHPS sluiceway survival studies, 1980-1982. Initial and latent percent survival is shown for sluiceway introductions , screen introductions, and those naturally impinged on the screens. Sluiceway Screen Introduction Introduction g g gpg g 3 g 1 Survival Survival Initial Latent Initial Latent Initici Latent Initial Latent Species Continuous washes 8-hour washes Continuous washes Cunner 100 99 100 100 5 3 70 20 Atlantic silverside 96 50 20 5* 5 0 33 0 Rainbow smelt 67 0 - - 2 0 3 0 Northern puffer - - - - 7 6 20 10 Threespine stickleback 75 75 36 27 4 0 2 0 Winter flounder 100 100 99 69 14 9 44 25 5 Adjustment made for control survival. n
1 i l. 1 I
~~SUMMARY~~
REPORT: FISH SPOTTING OVERFLIGHTS l IN WESTERN CAPE C0D BAY l IN 1982 i l 4 1 a 4 k l Prepared by: 't % Robert D. Anderson Senior Marine Fisheries i Biologist i i i I j Nuclear Operations Support Department ( Boston Edison Company I [ April 1983 l l l l r l 1 L..--,.-.-.--_.----_----... . . . , . - . - - . - - . . - -
(NUC6-B)
~~SUMMARY~~
REPORT: FISH SPOTTING OVERFLIGHTS IN WESTERN CAPE C0D BAY IN 1982 Fish spotting overflights were made north, south and in the vicinity of Pil-grim Nuclear Power Station (PNPS) during 1982. Five main groupings of fish ware noted by the overflight pilot who was trained to spot fish for commer-ciel fishing operations. The five groupings are herring, consisting primarily of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus), alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) end/or blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis); Atlantic menhaden (Brevoortia tyrannus); pollock (Pollachius virens); Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus); and baitfish, consisting primarily of any species too small to identify but cost likely being composed of Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia), rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), sacd lance (Ammodytes spp.) or the juveniles of other sp2cies. Figure I shows the general area covered by the PNPS fish overflight program, , although reports of fish concentrations are received from further north, or south also. This summary report is meant for general information purposes only, as it is not possible to quantify with reasonable accuracy the data from this qualitative a program. Nevertheless, this program is very valuable and useful in being responsive to NPDES Permit requirements, documenting barrier nzt effectiveness by confirming large quantities of fishes in the Pilgrim area, and alerting BECo. personnel of the potential for a discharge-related fish mortality. Table 1 summarizes location, approximate poundage and seasonal information for the five groupings of fishes defined above. Below are some interpretive I l Figure 1. FISH SURVEILLANCE OVERFLIGHTS i (Critical Areal 1 i j _ _ _ _ N
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~~1. Herring - This is a mixed species category but probably consists 1~~
mostly of Atlantic herring. These fish were in the Cape Cod Bay area primarily from Fall through early-Spring, most frequently north of PNPS. The alewife and blueback herring are more prevalent in the ' spring and summer and the large numbers of herring observed on 14 l April and 19/27 May north of Pilgrim most probably represented these 1 species. The majority of pounds of herring observed by fish over-flights represents Atlantic herring to a major extent as borne out by commercial catch statistics. On 4 February 1982, 37,000 pounds of Atlantic herring were spotted inside the PNPS intake breakwaters but no fish mortality occurred. In November 1976 over 10,000 Atlantic herring were killed by impingement on PNPS traveling screens.
2. Atlantic Menhaden - This species is of concern at Pilgrim because of 2 past gas bubble disease mortalities in the discharge canal and thermal plume. As can be seen from Table 1, menhaden occur over the l
entire Cape Cod Bay region in the millions of pounds from Spring through Fall. Overflight pilots are particularly adept at identi-fying this species as commercial ventures depend heavily on accurate l observations for success. The first commercial catch of menhaden north of Cape Cod in 1982 was made on 27 May and by mid-June many had moved north to Maine where most of the commercial fishing became concentrated throughout the Summer. On 15 August, 50,000 pounds of (NUC6-B) menhaden were spotted one mile east of the PNPS discharge vicinity but this occurrence proved to be uneventful. On 1 November the last menhaden observed in 19.82 were 200,000 pounds in Plymouth Bay and 300,000 pounds around Wellfleet , evidently undertaking their Fall southern migration.
3. Pollock - These fish were identified in greatest numbers during November and December in Plymouth Bay. They were not as prolific as the herring and Atlantic menhaden, and no serious incidents have occurred involving them at PNPS although they have been seen within the intake embayment. In April, May and July 1982 and during pre-vious years, ' this species showed an affinity for schooling in the intake area. However, they have never been impinged on the PNPS intake screens in proportion to their abundance when schooling.

4. Atlantic Mackerel - These fish support a valuable commercial fishery and were reported in one sighting (50,000 pounds) 2-3 miles south of PNPS. They occur in relatively large numbers usually during the Summer months, and no notable incidants involving them hde occurred at Pilgrim Station. They are an off-shore species for the most part but have been observed schooling in the PNPS intake embayment, and on 16 July 1981 several Atlantic mackerel were killed in front of i
~~l l the intake structure as a result of bluefish predation. i i i~~
5. Baitfish - This category is a catchall and may include large numbers of small unidentified fish. One sighting (50,000 pounds) was made on 15 August inside Plymouth Harbor - Duxbury Bay. These baitfish could have represented the offspring of fishes in the above catego-ries as well as Atlantic silversides, rainbow smelt and sand lance.
~~i NUC6m 1 2 l l~~
~~SUMMARY~~
REPORT: 1 1982 INSPECTIONS OF PILGRIM DISCHARGE CANAL AND FISH BARRIER NET l l 1 Prepared by: . _ e dugg Robert D. Anderson Senior Marine Fisheries Biologist 1 \ i i ( Nuclear Operations Support Department Boston Edison Company ? April 1983 i i i a i 1
NUC6m
~~SUMMARY~~
REPORT: 1982 INSPECTIONS OF PILGRIM DISCHARGE CANAL AND FISH BARRIER NET Pilgrim Station discharge canal dive surveys were initiated in 1976 to de-scribe and document the effectiveness of a barrier net in excluding fishes and any behavioral or physical observations of marine biota inhabiting the canal waters. Twelve biweekly dive inspections of the Pilgrim discharge canal and barrier net were performed from May-October 1982 in partial fulfillment of the Boston Edison Company's Marine Ecology NPDES (EPA) Permit Program. The dives were cede around the time of high tide to take advantage of low current velocities ( 2 fps) in the discharge canal and the time when fishes would be most likely to inhabit it. Marine life upstream and downstream of the barrier nat and functioning of the net were observed. Live marine biota in the dis-charge canal included the following:
1. Rockweed (Laminaria sp.)

2. Green algae (Enteromorpha sp.)
i
3. Sea lettuce (Ulva lactuca)

4. Sea anemone (Metridium sp.)

5. Common starfish (Asterias forbesi) l 6. Blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)

7. Green crab (Carcinus maenus)

8. Rock crabs (Cancer spp.)

9. Acorn barnacle (Balanus balanoides)

10. Horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus) i l
1
i NUC6m
11. Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia)

12. Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus)

13. Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Observations made of the above species revealed no signs of stress or gas bub-ble disease upon close inspection. No individuals of these species observed upstream of the barrier were likely to have entered the canal due to failure of the net. They were either small enough to get through the 2" mesh of the j net, were introduced to the canal artificially (i.e. , fishermen, screenwash sluiceway), or entered when the cod end of the net was left open occasionally to allow passage of heavy debris loads. Species taken most by sport fishermen off the ends of the discharge breakwaters included:
1. Striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

2. Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)
Some of these fish were closely examined onshore and showe/ no signs of gas bubble disease. Large schools of bluefish and other species were apparent in the near-field thermal plume, as evidenced by catches and diving sea gulls. This indicated, and close observation of the barrier net confirmed, that the net was operating successfully when properly deployed. Each inspection covered six major regions of the canal around the barrier net (Figure 1). To put major observations made during 1982 in perspective, the following qualitative monthly breakdown is presented.
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NUC6m Msy The bottom half of the discharge canal sides had a sparse growth of green algae. Juvenile acorn barnacles covered rock surfaces half way up the canal sides. The bottom of the canal was 50-70% covered with 2" mats of blue aussels ranging from 1/8" - in length. Large strands of sea lettuce were spread between the seed mussel mats. Small common starfish and rock crabs were feeding on mussel clumps. Only scattered numbers of sea anemones and rock crabs were noted. All invertebrates observed were viable and healthy. The mussel mat persisted on the canal bottom up to the barrier net wings and chain line. A dead Atlantic herring was found wedged between the right net wing and side sill, headed upstream. Evidently this fish tried to get up-stream of the barrier net and failed. A small school of Atlantic silversides wzs observed on the left side of the barrier net. An apparently healthy Coho solmon was observed just below the cod end of the net. No mussels were ob-served under the barrier net, although downstream of it were seed mussel clumps. The net was maintained in good condition but sportfishing activity was slow, being limited to bottom fishing in the intake area. June Tubular green algae covered the lower sides of the discharge canal followed by sttached red algae on the bottom. The thick 2-4" mat of \" blue mussels noted .early in May, that covered 80% of the canal bottom, had released and l l
NUC6m left the canal by late June. The scarcity of mussels in the canal late in the month accounted for reduced numbers of their predators (common starfish, rock crabs and green crabs) observed. Only a few acorn barnacles were seen and a light growth of sea anemones had begun. This succession of biota is typical when the discharge temperature reaches 85 + F. No live fishes were noted in the canal the entire month. A couple of live horseshoe crabs were removed from between the net wing and side sill. One dead striped bass (20" long) was noted upstream of the barrier net but may have washed into the canal from the screenwash sluiceway. The canal bottom was clean beneath the barrier net which was riding in the current well off the bottom. A moderate growth of algae began appearing on the bar-rier net stimulated by the warmer discharge temperatures but the net remained in good repair. Sportfishing was fairly good with bluefish and striped bass being caught. The Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF) posted the area with signs stating that it was illegal to keep striped bass less than 24 inches long. July A moderate growth of green and red algae persisted on the discharge canal sides and bottom, respectively. Occasional green and rock crabs were seen, but all blue mussels and starfish had left the canal. Sea anemones were beginning to cover rock surfaces but not in the extreme densities noted during past summers.
NUC6m The barrier net was in good condition, having been maintained efficiently. Careful inspections showed no fishes present in the canal as high discharge temperatures ( ~ 95 F) this time of year effectively exclude many species. No mussels were evident downstream of and under the barrier net and the canal bottom was denuded of algae. Sportfishing on the canal groins slowed down in July with only an occasional bluefish or striped bass being caught. August The canal sides and bottom had a lush growth of green and red algae, respec-tively. Most of the month a minimal growth of sea anemones covered rock sur-faces in the discharge canal. No blue mussels, common starfish or green crabs were seen, but numerous rock crabs were noted feeding on dead Atlantic silver-sides possibly from the screenwash sluiceway. Again, no live fishes were observed the length of the discharge canal. Sea anemones were prevalent on rock surfaces to the sides of the barrier net but little attached algae was seen. The barrier net was in relatively good condition and the bottom under it was clean. Sportfishermen were taking occasional bluefish. Inspection of sportfishermen's catches revealed no overt symptoms of gas bubble disease or other maladies on fishes. September The canal sides and bottom had a dense growth of tubular green and attached red algae, respectively. Rock surfaces were moderately coated with sea o anemones leaving a scum-like mat. Occasional rock crabs were seen. No signs
NUC6'm of blue mussels were obvious. Fragments of long-finned ' squid from the screen-wash sluiceway were noted on the canal bottom. The Station was operating at reduced power during this month. Less algal growth and similar sea anemone density to upstream of the barrier net was noted downstream of it. The net performed well although the bottom of it became overburdened with dense algal growth and cleanings were increased to twice/ week. Normally a net replacement would take place in September, but the maintenance divers did such a good job that net life may be extended from l 6 months to 1 year. Reports were received of increased bluefish catches by sportfishermen from the ends of the discharge canal, which historically l happens in the Fall at Pilgrim Station. October Observations in the discharge canal were limited this month by turbid condi-tions caused by dredging of the intake embayment. However, some inspection was possible. A moderate growth of red algae persisted on t.ne canal bottom with minimal green algae present on the sides. No invertebrates or fishes were seen in l the entire canal because of high turbidity. The west side of the discharge { canal revealed a heavy settlement of silt from the dredging and this may have caused mobile marine life to evacuate. The Station operated at a very low power level during most of this month. NUC6:n i The bottom sill had heavy silting around it. The maintenance divers removed rocks under the barrier net which were chaffing and creating holes in it. Sportfishing activity was slow, possibly due to the high turbidity although the LMF caught several small striped bass in their discharge gill net.
(NUC123-EI) A COMPARISON OF POWER PLANT IMPINGEMENT WITH OTHER TYPES OF SAMPLING GEAR TO SURVEY FINFISH OFF PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION By Robert P. Lawton, Phillips Brady, Christine Sheehan, Mando Borgatti and Vincent Malkoski April, 1983 Massachusetts Department of Fisheries, Wildlife and Recreational Vehicles Division of Marine Fisheries 5
(NUC123-E2) A COMPARISON OF POWER PIANT IMPINGEMENT WITH OTHER TYPES OF SAMPLING GEAR TO SURVEY FINFISH OFF PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION To facilitate the description of fish occurrence, distribution, and abun-dance in the vicinity of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station, an array of collecting g2ar has been used over the years to sample a cross-section of species present in the area's diverse habitats. Studies have included an inventory of taxa and determinations of seasonal distribution and estimates of fish abundance. It is unlikely that a particular type of sampling apparatus alone will capture all fish species or all sizes of a species with equal probability. There have bzen concerted efforts to develop sampling strategies which insure that abun-drnce estimates are well characterized relative to the populations present in the study area. In 1982, systematic collections were made employing standardized pro-ccdures. Physiography of the area strongly influenced the choice of gear and where used. ' A haul seine was employed in shallow eulittoral areas along the shoreline and bottom trawls (of two different sizes) in aceper waters out to about 12 m (MLW) . An anchored gill net, a stationary gear, was fished from surface to bottom (MLW) at sites north and south of the thermal discharge. SCUBA diving operations rendered direct count estimates of finfish in the im-mediate area of the thermal effluent. Routine intake screen wash collections at Pilgrim Station provide data on the seasonal occurrence of numerically dominant taxa. The following presentation is a comparison of data obtained from impingement collections at Pilgrim Station with that from the aforemen-tioned sampling apparatus. l
(NUC123-E3) As to number of species recorded by all means in 1982, impingement and gill net collections led the way with 38 and 37 species, respectively. With both bottom trawls, 26 species were taken, while the seine netted 22 different fishes. SCUBA divers, who are limited by visibility, sampling time, and be-haviorial responses of fish to their presence, observed only eight taxa in and tangential to the path of Pilgrim Station's thermal effluent. It is interest-ing to note that Turner and Johnson (1973) using an array of collecting gear ; in Newport River, North Carolina captured the greatest variety of fish species by gill net. Long-term data records at Pilgrim Station provide additional insight, revealing that the total number of species impinged on the plant's intake screens from 1973-1980 equals the number collected in surrounding waters by trawl, gill net, and seine combined from 1970-1981. Impingement collections in 1982 reflected the seasonality of finfish distribution revealed through 13 years of trawl and gill net sampling. Winter (January-March) is the season when fewest species and loyst numbers of fin-fish occur in the study area. The number of species trawled, gill netted, and 1 impinged was lowest in winter (February), when cold temperatures become a ! limiting factor. There were more species represented in fall (November) trawl and impingement collections than at any other time; for in autumn, seasonal migrants intermingle with resident benthic fauna. Howe and Germano (1982) conducted a seasonal bottom trawl survey of fisheries resources in Cape Cod Bay and likewise captured more species in autumn. Spring is also a time of high diversity as reflected in impingement and gill net catches. Over the years, the numbers and species of fish caught by
~~- J . . _ _ . _ . _ - - . _ . _ - . -_ . . _ .~~
(NUC123-E4) gill net have peaked in the vernal season. The structure of Pilgrim's de-mersal fish community, as described by the use of three species diversity indices: species richness (Margalef 1958), Shannon-Weaver (Shannon and Weaver 1963), and Simpson's neeasure (Simpson 1949), was most diverse in spring and fall as water temperatures steadily increase to a late summer maximum and de-cline to a winter nadir, respectively (Lawton et al. 1978). At Shoreham, Nsw York on Long Island Sound, GE0 MET Technologies, Inc. (1981) found highest diversity in the groundfish community during spring and fall. Of the dominant demersal fish trawled in the vicinity of Pilgrim -Station in 1982, only winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) was impinged in any number. From 1973-1981, offshore trawl catches have had little abundance correlation with impingement collections (Anderson, unpublished data). In 1982, cunner (Tautogolabrus adspersus) and pollock (Pollachius virens) were among the top three species both gill netted and observed by SCUBA divers, while ranking third and sixth, respectively, in impingement totals. As to species composition and abundance, haul seine catches agreed most with im-pingement records. Six of the 10 numerically dominant finfish both seined and impinged were identical, with Atlantic silverside (Menidia menidia) and bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) ranking one and two, respectively. Pilgrim Sta-tion's intake is a shoreline structure, and like unto haul seining, is most i apt to sample shore fishes inhabiting the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones. These include primarily the juveniles of larger species and both juveniles and adults of smaller forage fish. While examining seasonality in occurrence and relative abundance of fin-
\
fish in western (Cape Cod Bay as revealed through various sampling regimes, t
(NUC123-E5) some interesting findings surfaced. The Atlantic silverside ranked first in overall numerical importance, with highest catches obtained via seining and impingement. A greater size range was seined (18-162 mm TL) than was impinged (70-140 mm TL). An abundance of juveniles (some just exceeding the post-larval size of 12-15 mm) seined in August at Gray's Beach in nearby Plymouth, Kingston, Duxbury Bay (PKDB) s,uggests that spawning occurs in this estuary. Conover and Ross (1982) reported silverside spawning to be linked to inter-tidal vegetation within salt marches. Thus, the closest spawning grounds to Pilgrim Station is PKDB, which is most likely the source of local recruitment to the Rocky Point area. lapingement of silversides at the power plant was highest during March-April and December and lowest from mid-spring through summer, which includes the silverside spawning season. According to Bigelow and Schroeder (1953), there is a protracted spawning period extending from May-July in the Guli of Maine. The density of silversides was far greater in the marsh region of PKDB than in the bay region around the power plant throughout the summer and most of the fall. Declining seine catches in late autumn (December) paralleled dropping water temperatures and heralded an offshore movement of Menidia. There is conclusive evidence that northern populations undergo an offshore winter migration (Conover and Murawski 1982; Howe and Germano 1982). Pilgrim data indicate that silversides were rare or absent from the shore zone in mid-winter. Bay anchovy ranked second in seine and impingement totals, with the size range of catches being similar. Anchovies were impinged each month from June through November but surprisingly were not seined in the intake embayment.
(NUC123-E6) This schooling species is a summer straggler to the Gulf of Maine from the south (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). Therefore, it is not surprising that the number seined and impinged peaked in summer when temperatures ranged from 13-22 C. It is evident that cunner is a dominant member of the finfish community in the immediate vicinity of Pilgrim Station. In 1982, this species ranked first in diver observations, second in gill net totals at one of the two loca-tions sampled, and third in impingement numbers. Few cunner were seined, however, and these were small individuals (20-24 mm TL) . More small fish (presumably younger) were impinged (7-195 mm TL) than were observed by divers (30-250 mm TL) or gill netted (72-330 mm TL) indicating the intake embayment was a refuge for younger individuals. Cunner were present in the study area during portions of all four seasons with highest abundance occurring in late spring and summer according to all sampling ' methodologies. Low catches in colder months are evidently tempera-ture-related. Olla et al. (1975) observed in late fall, when water tempera-tures declined to 5-6 C, cunner had moved out of the shallows and became in-active, remaining torpid throughout winter until spring's warming of the water. t Rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax) was fourth in impingement collections, with the majority entrapped at Pilgrim Station in November and December. Small numbers were trawled and gilled in late fall /early winter, and even smaller
(NUC123-E7) numbers were seined during warmer months. Present in seine and impingement collections were young-of-the-year smelt. A relatively large impinge:nent mortality exceeding 6,000 smelt occurred at Pilgrim Station in December, 1978 (Lawton et al. 1979). Systematic collections from 1973-1982 reveal that smelt was one of the three dominant species impinged, with numbers being highest during colder months (Anderson, unpublished data). Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) reported that sea-run smelt stocks do not stray far from their natal spawning grounds. In a one year survey of PKDB, Iwanowicz et al. (1974) captured the largest numbers of smelt in summer while bottom trawling in the deeper channels of the estuary. Smelt concentrate in the fall in harbors and bays where they are harvested by recreational fisher-men until early winter; such a fishery occurs in Plymouth Harbor. The spring spawning run into the Jones River, a tributary to PKDB, begins in March and has extended through April (Brady and Lawton 1982). Through the years of plant operation, relatively few smelt have been impinged from February on through the summer months. j Pollock ranked first in gill net catches, second in diver observations, and sixth in fish impinged in 1982. Low numbers were impinged each month from April-December, with slightly more fish collected in autumn. Over the years, ' pollock gill-net catches have been bimodal, peaking in spring and with a lesser mode in the fall. In conclusion, it is evident that impingement of fishes on the intake , water screens, like fish sampling gear, is a qualitative spatial sampler of (
(NUC123-E8) fish species, albeit in a passive mode, and provides data on occurrence'and distribution of dominant ichthyofauna. Impingement catch statistics also af-ford quantitative temporal information on some fish stocks, in that there appears to be a relation between the seasonal abundance of a fish population and the number of fish impinged. a 1
s(NUC123-E9) r LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. A. 1983. (unpublished). Fish impingement at Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. Boston Edison Company. I Bigelow, H. B., and W. C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Gulf of Maine. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service Fishery Bulletin 53(74). j Brady, P., and R. Lawton. 1982. Final report on reproduction, structure, and 1 I size of the spawning population of anadromous rainbow smelt in the Jones j River. In: Marine Ecology Studies Related to Operation of Pilgrim Sta-tion. Semi-Annual Report No. 19. Boston Edison Company. l i Conover, D. O. , and S. A. Murawski. 1982. Offshore winter migration of the i Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia. Fishery Bulletin 8(1):145-150.
~~Conover, D. O., and M. R. Ross 1982. Patterns in seasonal abundance, growth, 1~~
and biomass of the Atlantic silverside. GE0 MET Technologies, Inc. 1981. Preoperational aquatic study, Shoreham P er 1 Station, Unit 1. Melville, N.Y. 49 p. 4 } Howe, A. B., and F. J. Germano, Jr. 1982. Fisheries and environmental base-i lines relative to dredge spoil disposal, Cape Cod Bay, 1981. Massachu-setts Division of Marine Fisheries. 19 p. 1 Iwanowicz, H. R., R. D. Anderson, and B. A. Ketschke. 1974. A study of the marine resources in Plymouth, Kingston, and Duxbury Bay. Mono. Ser. No. 17. Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. 37 p. 1 Lawton, R. P. , W. ' T. Sides, E. A. Kouloheras, R. B, Fairbanks , M. Borgatti, 1 and W. S. Collings. 1978. Final report on the assessment of possible effects of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station on the marine environment.
Proj ect Report No. 24 (1970-1977). Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries. In

Marine Ecology Studies Related to Operation of Pilgrim
l (NUC123-E10) LITERATURE CITED (Continued) Station. Final Report, July 1969 - December, 1977. Volume 1 of 3. Nuclear Engineering Department, Boston Edison Company, 800 Boylston Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02199. Lawton, R. P. , E. Kouloheras, J. Wennemer, and M. Borgatti. 1979. Progress report on studies to evaluate possible effects of the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station on the marine environment, July-December 1978. In: Marine Ecology Studies Related to Operation of Pilgrim Station. Semi-Annual Report No. 13. Boston Edison Company, Boston, Massachusetts. Margalef, D. R. 1958. Information theory in ecology. Yearbook of the Society for General Systems Research 3:36-71. Olla, B. L. , A. J. Bejda, and A. Dc Martin. 1975. Activity, movements, and feeding behavior of the cunner, Tautogolabrus adspersus, and comparison of food habits with young tautog, Tautog onitis, off Lo~n g Island, New York, Fishery Bulletin 73(4);895-898. Shannon, C. E., and W. Weaver. 1963. The mathematical theory of communica-tion. University of Illinois Press, Urbana. 117 p. Simpson, E. H. 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163:688. Turner, W. R. , and G. N. Johnson. 1973. Distribution and relative abundance of fishes in Newport River, North Carolina. NOAA Technical Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, SSRF-66. J
(NUC123-F1) OBSERVATIONS ON THE MYTILUS EDULIS COMMUNITY AT THE PILGRIM NUCLEAR POWER STATION By James A. Blake April, 1983 Battelle New England Marine Research Laboratory
(NUC123-F2) Observations on the Mytilus edulis Community The settlement and growth of Mytilus edulis at the three stations is an example of both spatial and temporal distribution. In our latest sampling period (September, 1982), Manomet Point had the densest populations (24,991/ 2 m ). Effluent and Rocky Point populations were approximately one-half the drasity of Manomet Point (13,113/m at Effluent; 12,690/m2 at Rocky Point). Over time, Manomet Point has also had higher mussel densities since sampling at that station was resumed in August, 1981. Mussel densities at Effluent and Rocky Point have generally been similar to one another except that Rocky Point his been steadily decreasing in mussel density since August, 1981 (See Fig. 6, Battelle's Benthic Report). Part of the spatial variation may be related to patterns of gregarious larval settlement. For example, during our December 1, 1982 diving survey vary dense mussel populations were observed on the north side of the Effluent discharge. These populations were not observed in September and did not ap-paar to be widespread over the greater area of the Effluent Station. Without a more regular sampling of the mussel beds it is difficult to draw many conclusions fron. our twice a year quantitative samples. Further i information could be generated if size frequency data were developed from the archived samples. Then these data could be compared with both numbers of I sattling larvae collected throughout the spawning season, as well as with growth rate and numbers of juveniles found in the side-stream mussell moni-tors.
MEMORANDUM TO: Members of the Administrative-Technical Committee, Pilgrim Power Plant Investigations TROM: Phillips Brady, Recording Secretary, Marine Fisheries Biologist, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries
~~SUBJECT:~~
Minutes of the 55th meeting of the Pilgrim Administrative-Technical Committee DATE: November 15, 1982 The 55th Administrative-Technical Committee meeting was called to order on 30 September, 1982 at 10:25 A.M. at the Pilgrim Nuclear Station, Information Building, in Plynouth, Massachusetts by Chairman Lager. Nine agenda items wtre addressed. I. Minutes of the 54th meeting. Corrections to the 54th Committee minutes were tendered and are attached as a separate addendum to these minutes. II. 1982 DMT studies progress report. Bob Lawto7, Phil Brady and Chris Sheehan discussed the 1982 DMT Project Rtport No. 33, Summary Report No. 14. Committee members were referred to the January-June report for study specifics or more indepth information. III. 1983 DMT Studies Subcommittee Report. Jack Finn, chairman of the Marine Fisheries Subcommitteg presented nine subco=mittee recommendations for the 1983 r,tudies program.
1. Irish moss harvest study be discontinued.

2. The otter trawl finfish study be discontinued.

3. The lobster pot catch study be continued at the present effort level.
4 The nearshore or (shrimp trawl) study continue. One new sampling station at Plymouth-Duxbury-Kingston Bay will be added. A biweekly sampling schedule will be attempted for sites T1, T3, and T5 with Stations T-2 ard T-4 sampled monthly.
~~5. The shore haul seine study continue with a shift of one sampling station (B-4) from White Horse Beach to the month of Plymouth s~~
~~Harbor, sampling to be conducted from April through September.~~
6. The gill net study continue with sampling to return to the previous set location and maintain the present level of effort.

7. The underwater finfish dive study be continued at the present effort level.

8. A new project, mapping of the saturated gas plume in the discharge area was outlined. The objective of this program would be to delineate the area of potential gas bubble disease impact by out-lining gas saturation levels of 115% or greater. Sampling will be conducted in the spring and fall, during periods of off-shore winds. Attempts will be made to bracket slack tide periods.

9. Undertake a shorefront creel census.
Items 1-8 were considered ccnjointly by the full committee. George Kelley recommended the approval of items 1-8 as presented by the ficheries subcommittee. Jack Finn second. Motion passed unanimously. Item 9 the creel survey was considered separately. Following lengthy discussion, Jack Finn moved the creel survey be conducted. George Kelley second. Motion passed unanimously. The committee also ranked the projects to be undertaken as follows: Project Ranking Plume dive 1 Lobster study 2 Shrimp trawl 3 Haul seine 4 Gill net 5 Gas plume mapping 6 Creel survey 7 George Kelley moved that the ranking be accepted as outlined by the full committee. Jack Finn second. Motion passed unanimously. Don Eiller compli-mented the fisheries subcommittee on conducting a meaningful and lucid presentation of the fisheries studies for 1983. IV. Monograph status. Monograph subcommittee is pursuing two avenues for publication, the American Fisheries Society, and the National Marine Fisheries Service, Special Scientific Report. Tom Horst, of Stone and Webster, is working on an eco- , system synthesis approach to fulfill a requirement of the American Fisheries Society editor. The monograph subcommittee is also following inquiries to NMTS and Carl Synderman, editor of the SSRF documents. It is hoped that the sWbcommittee will have conclusive results by mid-October and that the manuscript will be submitted to one or the other organizations by the end of December.
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V. 1982-1983 Benthic contract. Lew Scotton reviewed progress on the benthic studies. Prospective con-tractors have been contacted, and following proposal review by the benthic subcommittee, a contract was awarded to Battelle New England Marine Research Laboratory. Subsequent to committee discussion it was advised that the benthic contractors be invited to attend the next PATC meeting. Don Miller recommended that each contractor make a short presentation of their study areas. Don also commented positively on the way the benthic work will be conducted and how well, he believes,the new contractors will be able to carry on existing studies. VI. Mussel control studies. Lew Scotton reviewed the current status of the mussel control program. The saltwater service system appears free of mussel fouling. Utilization of heat treated backwashes within the circulating water system also appears to be vary effective in controlling this prob 1cm. Work is continuing on the identi-fication of peak mussel spawning periods and larvae attachment. Efforts also
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continue to most efficier.tly measure and monitor chlorine levels within the saltwater service system. VII. Salmon hatchery update. Bob Anderson informed P.A.T.C. members that the proposed salmon hatchery project had been cancelled via internal actions of the Boston Edison Company. VIII. 1983 PNPS monitcring studies.
~~1. Entrainment Lew Scotton outlined the 1983 entrainment program conducted by MRI, and recommended its continuation.~~
~~George Kelley, moved the entrainment study be continued in 1983. Bob Lawton second. Motion passed unanimously.~~
~~2. Impingement The 1983 impingement study proposal was presented by Bob Anderson.~~
~~Bob recommended the study be continued at the present level. Following discussion Bob Lawton move the 1983 impingement program be continued. George Kelley second. Motion passed unanimously.~~
~~3. Fish overflight surveillance.~~
This program initiated by BECo in 1976, is an effort to monitor the times when large concentrations of fish might be expected in the vicinity of Pilgrim I plant. The possibility of utilizing a photographic program in conjunction with the overflights was also discussed. Jack Finn moved that the fish overflights program be continued in 1983. George Kelley second. Motion passed unanimously.
IX. Other business. The barrier net maintenance program, and fish survival study which com-menced in March were briefly discussed. Further information on the survival studies should be available at the next PATC meeting. X. Adjournment. Meeting adjourned at 3:00 P.M. d _u_
MEMORANDUM TO: Members of the Administrative-Technical Committee, Pilgrim Power Plant Investigations FROM: Phillips Brady, Recording Secretary, Marine Fisheries Biologist, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries
~~SUBJECT:~~
Addendum to the 54th meeting minutes of the Administrative-Technical Committee DATE: September 30, 1982 The minutes of the 54th A-T Committee Meeting are corrected as follows: Page 3, Section VII shall read: Section VI. Pcge 3, Section VI, the last sentence, the word eigh-hour shall read eight hour. Page 4, Section IX shall read: Section XIII. .Page 4, Section X shall read: Section IX.
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Administrative-Technical Committee Meeting i Seltember 30, 1982 Bob Leger, Chairman U.S.E.P.A. (non-voting advisory memb4 Phillips Brady, Recording Secretary Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries Bob Lawton Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries I I L Bob Anderson BECo George Kelley NMFS - Woods Mole Christine Sheehan Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries Don Miller EPA, Narragansett (advisory member) Michael Bilger U.S.E.P.A., Lexington Lew Scotton BECo John Finn U. Mass. Gerald M. Szal Mass. DWPC/DEQE e
MEMORANDUM TO: Members of the Administrative-Technical Ccemittee, Pilgrim Pcwer Plant Investigations TROM: Phillips Brady, Recording Secretary, Marine Fisheries Biologist, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries SU5 JECT: Minutes of the 56th neeting of the Pilgri: A'.ministrative-Technical Committee DATE: December 16, 1982 The 56th Administrative-Technical Committee meeting was called to order on Ic Lecember, 1982 at 10:10 A.M. at the Pilgrim Nuclear Station, Information Building, in Plymouth, Massachusetts by Chairman Leger. Following introductions, eight agenda items were addressed. I. Minutes of the 55th meeting. Correction to the 55th Committee minutes were tendered and are attached as a separate addendum to these minutes. II. Benthic study update. Jim Blake of Battelle, presented the work begun this September, on the benthic community analysis and transect survey studies. A written technical report entitled: "Special Transect Survey of Effluent Canal and Surrounding Areas at Pilgrim Station, Following Cessation of Dredging Operations in the Intake Canal" was distributed to committee members. Work commenced on the 25th of September; processing of community samples is continuing. Community analysis will commence sometime in January, following completion of flora and fauna sort-ing and identification. To date, a number of new faunal species have been ident-ified. No major differences in algal biomass are evident. The transect survey confirmed DMF diver reports, as to dredge spoil silt deposition in the vicinity of the discharge. No unusual accumulation of sedi-ments was observed within the observational study area. The discharge stunted growth cone was reported widely flarec to the north, at the 40-50 m transect mark. Lew Scotton asked that Battelle contact TAXON to accuire and maintain the benthic sample archive collections obtained at Pilgrim Station in previous years. Don Miller encouraged Battelle to bring out in their semi-annual and annual report discussions, the differences found from previous years' work.
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1 Jim Blake requested a determination by the full committee of when the J next transect survey should bc -onducted. Routine sampling requires a December survey. Jim questioned if the information gathered so closely follcwing the special survey would produce greater insight in the area. He asked if the scheduled December transect dive should be deferred until a later period. Don Miller felt the effort for the survey could best be utiliced by channeling it into indepth analysis of current data. George Kelley moved that the PATC accept alterations of the Battelle contract, considering the December 1 survey as fulfillment of December sampling. No further transects need be conducted until March, and increased effort will be placed in retrospective data analysis and turbidity factor investigations as out-lined by the benthic subcommittee. Gerald Szal second. Motion passed unanimously. George Kelley welcomed the Battelle benthic group and voiced committee anticipation of a productive relationship. III. Winter flounder larvae /intergration proposal for 1983. Lew Scotton passed out copies of MRI's 1982 "Tinal Report on Larval Winter Flounder Studies in Plymouth Harbor, Kingston, Duxbury Bay and Green Harbor, River Estuaries - 1982". Collected values suggest that PHKDE may be censidered the sole source of larval flounder entrained at PNPS. MRI maintained a conser-vative approach to power plant impact assessment, by attributing all larval flounder impact to PHKDB. The supplementary winter flounder egg study results indicated 40.9% of the live eggs collected at PNPS were younger than seven days, 36.4% were, in fact, less than three days old, and 15.9% were about one day old, strongly suggesting that some flounder spawning occurs nearer PNPS than inside PHKDE. Eggs collected from PNPS intake and discharge waters produce viable larvae. IV. Eiofouling studies - MRI. Derek McLenald presented MRI's report on studies to control biofouling within the plant intake structure via five different ccating materials. There appears to be a differential level of fouling in relation to depth on all coating types. Efforts to control mussel sets have shown heat treatment backwashing at temperatures of 105CT for thirty minutes to be very successful. Marginal heat treatments appear effective, and a seven day lag time for mussel death has been noted. Continuous chlorination of the saltwater service system also appears very effective in controlling fouling within the heat exchangers. Cyclic application of chlorine may be possible in the future. l
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V. Monograph update. Bob Anderson critiqued the latest monograph editorial subcommittee meeting. Werk is progressing on the ecolo5i cal synthesis pager. The graphics drafting contract has been awarded; work on diagrams and figures will ccamence. Public-cation through the American Fisheries Society continues to be pursed with a submission goal of February 1, 1983. Other possible publishing avenues will continue to be considered. A working meeting of the authors and editors is scheduled for December 21, to finalize all papers and the synthesis section. Ecb Leger suggested that the full A-T Committee meet with the monograph subcommittee in January to present and discuss the monograph document before submission to ATS in February. VI. Update on dredging. Bob Anderson and Lew Scotton cutlined the intake dredging work conducted during October and November of this year, at Pilgrim Station. Work concluded en the 24th of November. DMT and Battelle divers have reported no heavy siltation buildup throughout the discharge canal or the plume study areas. VII. Contractor study integration. Lew Scotton presented the general concept for enhancement of inter-contractor communications. Efforts will be made in the future for all contractors involved at Pilgrim to exchange as much information as possible and attempt to maximize the biological information from the work. In this effort, contractors were encouraged to communicate with each other on study related observations or problems. Future PATC meetings.will be held where invited contractors can present their current fincings and evaluatiens. DECO representatives also hoped that Pilgrim contractors could schedule, throughout the study year, meetings among themselves.
~~Tentative dates suggested for contracter meetings were February first and August first, approximately three months before the semi-annual reports are issued.~~
Bob Lawton moved that the intergrative approach cf Pilgrim studies be pursued. George Kelley second. Motion passed unanimously. VIII. Other business. Bob Anderson discussed the sluiceway survival study for 1983. Following extended discussion concerning species type, sample cine, and introduction procedures, George Kelley moved that the A-T Ccemittee approve continuation of the
l l sluiceway study, utilining fish species for which mere data ray be needed. Bob Lawton second. , 'i-Gerald Snal proposed an amendment to the motion. "That an informational sheet on the study:be prepared by M?! anc sent to committee members for censider-ation". Action on the study was tablec until the next PATO teeting. Ecb lawien
~~; second. Motion passed Unanimously.~~
Dick Toner of MRI presented an interrelationship proposal to investigate the fluctuation ~ 1n abundance of fish eggs and larvae entrained at Pilgric Station, correlating them with the nutrient -input within the area. Following extensive discussion it was determined that a written critique, which A-T cembers could review, would best serve the project. Further discussion was tabled until the next ecmcittee meeting when the proposal will be reconsidered. IX. Adjournment. l Meeting adjourned at 3:45 P.M. A 4 5
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l i l Administrative-Technical Committee Meeting December 16, 1982 Bob Leger, Chairman U.S.E.P.A. (non-voting advisory rether) Phillips Brady, Recording Secretary Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries Bob Lawton Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries l Bob Anderson 3ECo George Kelley NMTS - Woods Hole l Christine Sheehan Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries Den Miller EPA,ilarragansett (advisory mecher) Michael Bilger U.S.E.P.A., Lexington i I ~ Lew Scotton BECo Vin Malkoski Mass. Division of Marine Fisheries 1 Mass. DWPC/DEQE l Gerald M. Szal t Richard Toner Marine Research Inc. Michael Scherer MRI Jim Blake Battelle Judy Scanlon, Battelle r R.A. McGrath Battelle Derek Mcdonald MRI w-. 4
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MEMORANDUM TO: Members of the Administrative-Technical Committee, Pilgrim Power Plant Investigations TROM: Phillips Brady, Recording Secretary, Marine Fisheries Biologist, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries SU3 JECT: Addendum to the 55th meeting minutes of the Administrative-Technical Committee DATE: December 16, 1982 The minutes of the 55th Committee Meeting are corrected as follows: Page 1, Section III, article 5, shall reed: 5. The shcre haul seine study continue with a shift of one sampling station (B-4) from White Horse Beach to the mouth of Plymouth Harbor, sampling to be conducted weekly from April through September. Page 2 Section III, article 6, shall read: 6. The gill net study continue with sampling to return to the previous set location and maintain a biweekly level of effort. Page 2, Section III, article 8, the third sentence shall read: Sampling will be conducted in the spring and fall, during periods of off-shore winds, while the plant is operating at or near 100 percent capacity. Page 2, Section III, following the motion of Ite= 9, the sentence shall read: The committee also ranked the projects to be undertaken as follows: (by priority) Page 2, Section IV, the name of Carl Synderman is corrected to Carl Sindermann. Page 3, Section V, the second sentence shall read: Prospective contractors were contacted, and following proposal review by the benthic subcommittee, a contract was awarded to Battelle New England Marine Research Laboratory. Page 3, Section VIII, article 1, the sentence shall read: Lew Scotton outlined the 1982 entrainment program conducted by MRI, and recommended its continuation. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _}}

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