ML20059C811
| ML20059C811 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | 05000356, University of Illinois |
| Issue date: | 10/13/1993 |
| From: | Aiken M, Holm R, Bradley Jones, Schowalter W ILLINOIS, UNIV. OF, URBANA, IL |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY (SECY) |
| References | |
| FRN-58FR50859, RULE-PR-171 58FR50859-00023, 58FR50859-23, NUDOCS 9311020023 | |
| Download: ML20059C811 (44) | |
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i University Of Illinois Department of College of Engineering _
Nuclear Engineering at Urbana-Champaign j
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October 13,1993 Docket Nos. 50-151/50-356 Secretary U.S.. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555 ATTN: Docketing and Sersice Branch Sgtdec_1: Restoration of the Generic Exemption From Annual Fees for Nonprofh Educational Institutions; 58 FR 50859, RIN 3150-AE83
Dear Sir:
It is our belief that the generic exemption from annual fees for nonprofit educational institutions should be restored to 10 CFR 171. University research reactorn provide many externalized benefits to society as well as a valuable research tool for the university enviromnent. ' The fee exemption should be restored for the following reasons:
- 1. The Atomic Energy Act of 1954 declares in Section 3 that it is a purpose of this act.to i
provide for "a program of conducting, assisting, andfostering research and dewtopment in order to encourage matimum sciennfic and industrialprogress. " The Nuclear Regulatory Commission would carry out the purpose of this section of the Act by restoring the exemption -
and therefore allowing resources to be dedicated toward scientific and educational development rather tha toward payment of fees.
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- 2. University research reactors serve as focal points for nuclear engineering undergraduate and graduate education.1 heir importance to teaching as well as research was recognized in a major study by the National Academy of Sciences (University Research Reactors in the United States -
Their Role and Value). This study identified the value of these facilities to a wide range of multidisciplinary areas. At the University ofIllinois the Nuclear Engineeting Department utilizes the reactor and/or radioactive material for the following classes:
Introduction to Radiation Protection - An introductory course in the elements of radiation protection and health physics emphasizing practical applications. (15-30 students per semester) i Nuclear Encineerine Laboratory - Radiation detection and insttumentation; radiation dosimetry and shielding: basic measurements in nuclear engineering; engineeting applicatiotts; and microcomputer data acquisition and experimental control. (15-30 students per semesterl i
Advanced Nuclear Enrineerine Laboratory - A variety of reactor experiments on an operating reactor and on sub critical assemblies. (15-30 students per semester)
Nuclear Reactor Ooerations Laboratory -(new course under revised undergraduate curriculum) This course allows a student to go through the training and operations necessary for licensing as a reactor operator.
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In addition to the Nuclear Engineering courses described above that focus on the reactor, several other classes outside the Nuclear Engineering Depanment utilize the reactor for tours and general nuclear energy information forums. The local community college utilizes the reactor for a ponion of its chemistry and environmental biology courses (approximately 200 students per semester).
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Four (4) faculty and founeen (14) graduate students utilize the reactor on a frequent basis for research in neutron activation analysis, material damage studies, nuclear pumped laser research.
and high Tc superconductors. An additional ten (10) faculty and f;fteen (15) graduate students j
use the reactor on a more limited basis.
- 3. The nuclear utilities, federal agencies (including the NRC) and the nuclear industry as a whole have recognized university reactor facilities as vahtable tools in preparing well-trained i
nuclear engineers, radiological engineers, health physicists, radiochemists and others.' This educational suppon expands beyond nuclear education to a variety of academic areas from anthropology to zoology. At the University of Illinois there are approximately 400 laboratories v
that utilize radioactive material. The wide variety of academic disciplines involved can be easily.
seen in the UlUC Radioisotope delivery summary (see attachment).
- 4. Significant and unique contributions have been made to basic research using university reactors in a broad range of disciplines. Archeology, archeometry, material sciences and medicine, to name a few, have benefited. The 1992 Report of Activities for the University of Illinois Neutron Activation Analysis Facility (see attachment) describes the research being performed and exemplifies the broad spectrum reached using this analytical method. Neutron Activation Analysis, more than many other forms of research perfonned on a reactor, reaches far outside the realm of nuclear engineering as an analytical tool. Of panicular imerest in the i
Repon of Activities is that the majority of the research being conducted is related to enviromnental monitoring or remediation. This is clearly an externalized benefit to society.
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- 5. University reactors play a critical role in developing an educated public in the realm of i
nuclear energy and processes. The University ofIllinois research reactor condu.ts tours for several thousand visitors per year ranging from high school students to senior citizens. Civic -
groups, primary and secondary teachers, and others in a public role are sought out to introduce them to the uses of nuclear energy from the production of electricity to isotope production to neutron activation analysis for environmental monitoring.
On June 30,1992 University ofIllinois President Stanley O. Ikenberry wrote a letter to Governor Jim Edgar regarding a series of anicles in the Chicaco Tribune on higher education.
The following is an excerpt from that letter concerning the tie between research and education:
'Ihr series quotes Page Smith's view thcn research is ' essentially unnhless. " Ewryone i know
~ business leaders, economists, agriculturalists, those concerned uith problerta of health and k
education, those concerned about the environment and the preserwtion ofour cities - all i
believe that innstment in research is crucial to thefuture of our society. Ilow else nill the.
American economy regain economic competitiwness? Ilow ehe uill theproblemsfaced by the society be sched? Over half of all the basic research in the United States is conducted on the Urbana-Champaign campus and on comparable university campt ses across the country. Not all nations organize the conduct of research as does the United States. Some assign to gowrnment the primary responsibilitv: in other countries the responsibilityfor the conduct of research is carried primarily by industry. In the United States, government, industry and universities share the responsibility. As a result, knowledgefrom basic research at universities is retained in the public domain; itprofoundiv enriches the teaching of our students, both undergraduate and graduate; and it is a system mstly superior to one in which gowmment or industry acts alone
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Morton W. Weir, Chancellor of the University of Illinois, also responded to the series of.
articles in the Chicaco Tribune in a letter that was published under " Voice of the People" (see attachment).
- 6. The levy of the annual fee will severely impact the university research teactor community.
With the dwindling number of DOE facilities for nuclear research this will have an inunediate and devastating effect on the nation's capacity to perform nuclear research.
The University of Illinois is currently in the process of evaluating and acquiring a higher weight percent fuel in order to allow the facility to operate at full power for extended periods in order to better meet the needs of its current and future users. This expansion in the operating hours of the facility is designed to increase the utilization of the facility for both research and for teaching. Some of the areas of societal benefit that are being explored are:
+ Neutron Capture Therapy - The treatment of tumors of the central nervous system and certain melanomas utilizing a drug containing a neutron absorbing material followed by low energy neutron irradiation is a potential use of the facility.
+ Material Damace Studies - Accelerated aging of reactor pressure vessel steels requires high fluence levels achieved by higher power levels or longer run times. A facility t(. control the temperature of the samples while they are being irradiated is currently being designed.
Irradiation of low temperature superconducting materials is also expected to benefit from this facility.
+ Short-Lived Isotooe Production - The prmiuction of short lived isotopes (on the order of days) is expected to grow with the ability to operate longer and achieve the necessary fluence for isotopes of use.
+ Neutron Scatterinn - Recent developments in the instrumentation design for neutron spectrometers will allow for this type of research to be carried out on a reactor of our power level. These developments and our future ability to run for extended periods expands our horizon into neutron scattraing research. This research is diverse, ranging over condensed matter physics, chemistry, biology, polymer science, materials science, and neutron physics.
Neutron scattering is unique in its capabilities and complementary to x-ray and electron scattering.
The U.S. Court of Appeals has agreed that there is an adequate basis for the exemption in that
' educational research provides an important benefit to the nuclear industry and the public at large and should not be discouraged" The following attachments are included for the commission's review:
'lllinois fulfills both its missions". Voice of the People, Chicaco Tribune, July 23,1992, Morton W. Weir, Chancellor of the University ofIllinois.
Neutron Activation Analysis Facility, Deparunent of Nuclear Engineering, University of Illinois, Report of Activities,1992.'
- A Brief Sununary of Radioisotope and Radiation Uses - What They Are and What Their Status is in the United States" by Robin P.Gardnt;r, Professor of Nuclear and Chemical Engineering, North Carolina State University.
Isotope Production at the Ads anced TRIGA Nuclear Reacmr, FY92.
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UlUC Radioisotope Deliveries from Outside Sources, July 1,1991 through June 30,1992.
Radioisotopes Delivered to Users at UlUC (FY 1950 through FY 1991)
The impact of the fees on the University ofIllinois would mean the immediate shutdown of the LOPRA reactor, a reactor whose utilization is purely educational. The fees would also place the UlUC TRIGA reactor in serious jeopardy for continued operation.
Based on the above information, we strongly recommend that the generic exemption from annual fees for nonprofit educational institutions be restored.
,/ ll ifichard L. Holm Reactor Supervisor
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'Barclay G. Jones
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Head, Department df Nuclear Engineering I
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Dean, College of Engineering
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i Michael Aiken Chancellor cc wlo attachments:
Cbester Gardner, Vice Chancellor for Research Craig S. Bazzani, Vice President for Business and Finance Richard M. Schoell, Director of Federal Relations Stanley O. Ikenberry, President Don Henss, Legal Counsel Attachments 1
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1 Attachments j
from the University of Illinois j
in support of the.
Restoration of Generic Exemption for Nonprofit Educational Institutions 58 FR 50859, RIN 3150-AE83 4
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_ (ChTeag~o~ Tribune 7/23/92]
Voice of the' People-T...m01S :R:LS 30M 13S m1SS10nS-URBANA-The Tribune's recent series
Degrees of neglect" raised important questions Tnbune series suggests. About three-quarters of about undergraduate education at the state's our graduates carn a degree in four years or less.-
Some classes are very large. But just 4 percent -
flagship umversity, but the picture it painted was of introductory classes have 100 or more students.
unrepresentative and far from complete.
How hard is it to schedule classes? Most Illinc,is is a creat university. From the begmrung, students rtceive the schedule they request, despite.
some 125 years ago,its rmssion has included not state budget cuts that resulted in fewer course and only tmdergraduate teaching, but also research.
section otterings. In Fall 1991,81 percent of new.
Dcies this researth mission have a negative freshmen rectind the exact schedule 2ey impact on undergraduate education? It need not, requested. Only 11 new freshmen tru'ssed out on and often it enriches it. Thousands of our more than two of the courses they asked for.
undergraduates engage in carating and discovering Has the pendulum swung too far away from right alongside graduate students and faculty.
teaching and toward research? Yesiwt think it.
He Tnbune series pointed to Paul Lauterbur, has, and we're doing something about iL We hast the inventor of nuclear magnetic resonance imaging as an example of a faculty superstar who revised promotion and tenure guidelines to place more emphasis on teaching; we have put into has no c,ontact with undergraduates; Well,it is place a new set of general education requirements true that Paul Lautettur doesn't teach regular miended to assure that our graduates are able to undergraduate courses. His appointment is in our organize their thoughts, thmk logically and write Co!!ege of Medicine which doesn't have any undergraduates. But each year a dozen and speak coherently and persuasistly.
undergraduates work in Prof.1.auterbur's lab. He We believe in accountability. That's one reason we survey our seniors just before paduation, and meets with them regularly; he requires monthly.
progress reports from them, and some of them.
ask them to rate their total expenence on this have even been co-authors of papets with him.
campus. last year's graduates gave us 4.1 on a 5.0 nat's the kind of experience that undergraduates scale-not a perfect A average, but not had.
can only achieve at msutuuons like ours.
When we survey our graduates five,10 and 15 Part!> because of our research mission and our ycars later, more than 90 percent say that if they it to do over
. ', the size, the resources of the campus are outstanding.
ucation.y would come back to -
t academic Urbana for their Employers seek our The libraor has the third gbe collecuon in the nation-d only Harvard and graduates and tell us that ut have prepared them iale. Every day about 6,000 students use the well for the work place. law schools, medical facilities of the undergraduate library.
schools and graduate schools welcome them. We i
Illinois has more than 150 fields of stud m. 10 must be doing something right.
undergraduate divisions, and the quality o the Ris campus isn't for es body but it is a faculty is extremely high, ne course catalog lists wonderful place for those th the' talent,initimive more than 4,000 undergraduate courses.
and intelligence to take advantage ofit.
Does the size make hfe more difficult for g "'" g, 6 %.
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undergraduates? Yes, but not as difficult as the ur*na ===
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NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS FACILITY DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR ENGINEERING UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS REPORT OF ACTIVITIES 1992 1
Sheldon Landsberger, Associate Professor
( Affiliate, Institute For Environmental Studies) i l
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
............1 Introduction...
Facilities and Equipment-
..................3 Emironmental: Airborne Particulate Matter and Solid Waste....
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= 10 Archacometry ;
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Geochemistry.....
1 Instrumentation Methods and Data Collection..
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.12 Radioactive Waste Management _
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Education..
....13 Service---
- =..... 17 Publications, Conference Proceedings, Abstracts and Reports--
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INTRODUCTION -
l This document is the third formal report on activities during 1992 for the Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Facility at the University of Illinois.- During the past year the facility has continued to expand in new directions reflecting the very broad and interdisciplinary array of projects using the methods and techniques in neutron activation analysis. The on-campus users have included faculty members, students and researchers from the Departments of Nuclear Engineering. Civil Engineering. Health and Safety Studies, Computer Science and Art History, Program on Ancient Technology and Archaeological Materials, Illinois State Water Survey, Illinois Geological Survey and Institute for Emironmental Studies. The off-campus users have also included the Department of Environmental Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health at the University of Illinois at Chicago, the Department of Geology at Wheaton College, the Department of Chemistry at Clarkson University, the Department Chemical and Biochemical
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Engineering at Rutgers University, the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School at the New Jersey University of Medicine and Dentisitry, the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of New Hampshire, the Department of Geology at Western Illinois University, the Departments of Biological Sciences and Classics at the State University of New York at Buffalo, and the Department of Geology at the University of Western Ontario. We have also made our facilities available for instructional and laboratory use for the Departments of Nuclear Engineering, Civil Engineering and Veterinary Medicine. This past year we have received various research grants, contracts and sub-contracts from the National Science Foundation, Illinois Office of Solid Waste Research, US Environmental Protection Agency, Argonne National Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory, New Jersey Environmental Protection Department, Illinois Institute of Technology, International Atomic Energy Agency, United States Army Corps of Engineers Construction Engineering Laboratory (CERL), Bioenvironmental Research Laboratory (BERL-University of Illinois), Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute, Illinois Hazardous Waste and Research Information Center and the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service.
One new initiative emphasized this year has been the explcitation of equipment both in i
the NAA facility and the Nuclear Engineering instrumentation laboratory, for low-level emironmental gamma-ray counting and radon measurements. These experiments have been 2
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conducted by visiting scientists, undergraduate students in health physics teaching laboratories and graduate students pursuing special research topics. Recently, Larry Bucher has joined the group as an academic professional. His duties will include to be in charge of all the day-to-day operations, training of all the students, scheduling the available reactor times as well as development of nuclear methods and computer hardware and software. The support of the complete reactor staff under the supervision of Rich Holm and the campus health physicists is i
greatly appreciated. We are also thankful to the Department of Nuclear Engineering and the College of Engineering for its continual support. In particular, we are indebted to Dr. B. G.
Jones (Head. Department of Nuclear Engineering) for his confidence in and strong backing of the facility.
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FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT For short-lived neutron activation analysis both thermal (1.2 x 10" n cm'2 see at 1.5 MW) d and epithermal cadmium lined (1.0 x 10" n cm sec' at 1.5 MW) frradiation facilities with 2
appropriate " rabbit" carriers are available. To account for proper irradiation times an electronic timer with measurements to one-tenth of a second is in place. For long term irradiations a " lazy-susan" facility with a thermal Dux of 3.3 x 10" n cm sec at 1.5 MW, is capable of irradiating 2
4 upwards to eighty samples simultaneously. For higher neutron Duxes an in core facility for thermal (8 x 10': n cm' sec at 1.5 MW) and epithermal (1.0 x 10" n cm'2 sec at 1.5 MW) 4 4
irradiations is also available.
The neutron activation facility is located in the Materials Research Laboratory where the
" rabbit" terminal and counting equipment are available. Three distinct set-ups are present. These include a 197c efficient germanium detector in conjunction with a Compton Suppression system, a 13% Oamma-X detector capable of detecting both x-and gamma-rays and a 24% efficient germanium detector in conjunction with a sample changer. A 15% efficient germanium detector is also available for additional emergency use. In the facility all data collection and analysis routines incorporate ORTEC hardware and software with three personal computers. The facility also has designated a fumchood for radioactive waste management. Experiments performed include non-radioactive solvent extraction procedures and vapor-liquid investigations for radioactive waste systems. An automated titrator and a dedicated computer is part of the system.
Four additional computers and a laser printer are also available in the students' offices and computer room. In the coming year an upgrade to 486 personal computers will be made. Other software packages available include LOTUS, WORD PERFECT, MICROSOFT WORD, STATGRAPHICS, GRAPHER and NADA cur own in house developed neutron activation analysis program. Due to much needed laboratory space a small storage room in the Nuclear Radiation Laboratory has been refurbished to be exclusively used for non-radioactive wet chemistry experiments.
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ENVIRONMENTAL: AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER AND SOLID WASTE Multielemental Composition of the Arctic Aerosol S. Landsberger, W. D. Cizek*, R. H. Campbell *, P.K. Hopke" and L A. Barrie"*
i (In conjunction with the ' Department of Computer Science, "Clarkson University (Department of Chemistry) and "* Canadian Atmospheric Emironment Service Funded by the National Science Foundation (Division of Polar Programs)
We are continuing our analysis of air samples collected at three sites in the Canadian Arctic. Our data set spans twelve years. The results of the analysis of the this data indicates both the types of sources contributing to the Arctic air mass and the probable locations of these sources. It appears that windblown crustal dust, sea salt, nonferrous metal smelters, and photochemical conversion of SO: to partially acidic particulate SO/ are the major contributors to the observed Arctic particulate mass. One of our objectives we are currently addressing is developing methods of visualizing the data on PC computers.
Correlation Studies of lucreased IIalogens in the Arctic Aerosol with Ozone Destruction S. Landsberger, De Wu, L Bucher and L A. Barrie*
(In conjunction with the
- Canadian Atmospheric En ironment Service)
Funded by the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service through the Canadian Department of Supply and Services It has been speculated that atmospheric bromine and chlorine are possible causes for ozone destruction in the Arctic through photochemical reactions. As a part of an international program to the further investigate this phenomenon some 1300 air filter samples were collected during in the polar sunrise period of January 1992 using various filter media and activated charcoal. The methods of NAA have been successfully used to non-destructively determine bromine, chlorine and iodine, as well as other trace elements, in the samples. Presently we are evaluating the data.
5 Identification of Potential Metal Air Toxics the Department of Defense (DOD)
S. Landsberger, S. Larson*, De Wu (In conjunction with the
- Department of Civil Engineering)
Funded by U.S. Army Construction Engineering Research Lab t
In 1990 the U.S federal government passed the Clean Air Acts Amendments which promises to be one of the most significant pieces of legislation ever enacted. To date, there has been no overall global inventory of which potentia!!y toxic elements may become airborne as a result of industrial DOD activities. The objective of this research is to identify potential metal air' toxic emissions resulting from Department of Defense facilities which may targeted for air sampling and air quality characterization. The inorganic constituents include arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead. manganese, mercury, nickel and selenium.
Investigation of Atmospheric Ileavy Metal Deposition into the Great Lakes S. Landsberger, K. Brice* and R. Hoff*
(In conjunction with the
- Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service)
Funded by the Canadian Atmospheric Environment Service through the Canadian Department of Supply and Services As part of the bilateral agreement between the United States and Canada, we have continued collaborating in the investigation of the impact of atmospheric heavy metal deposition into Lake Ontario. Through the use of a low pressure cascade impactor and neutron activation l
analysis, we have measured a series of heavy meta!s including regional source signatures (arsenic, i
antimony, manganese and vanadium). We are presently evaluating the data set including back trajectories of air masses. The project has been extended to sample air particulate matter 1
through the next several seasons.
Modeling Near Field Mobility of Soil Resuspension Using Tracer-Seeding and Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Techniques S. Landsberger, D. G. Cacuci, V. Anghel and J. D. Waldman*
(In conjunction with the ' University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey)
Funded New Jersev Department of Environmental Protection The fate of soilborne toxins undergoing resuspension is an important issue in determining human exposure. Mathematical and experimental models have to be developed to deal with the i
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particulate redistribution. Using a program to model the redistribution of contaminated particulates a nodal method replaced the finite-difference method previously used to model horizontal particulate flow. The novel experimental technique of simulating pollutants by seeding soil with gold as a tracer was assessed. Gold was determined both in soil samples and t
resuspended airborne particulate using NAA. These results will eventually allow a better evaluation of human risk associated with contaminated soil particulate inhalation.
Analysis of Rare-Earth Labeled Soil for the Evaluation of the Potential Resuspension of of Plutonium in Environmental Restoration G. J. Newton' and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with the ' Inhalation Toxicology Research Institute)
Funded by the inhalation Toxicology Research Institute Between 1952 and 1970 large amounts of liquid and solid waste contaminated with
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transuranic radionuclides were stored at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory in shallow land-filled pits. By 1987 organic solvents containing trace amounts of plutonium were discovered in an aquifer. Demonstration plans for retriesal of the waste will include the addition of uo..-
radioactive lanthanides surrogates of plutonium to the soil followed by resuspensior. m:
material to determine particle size distributions and concentrations of the various lanthanides.
This procedure will help in establishing a risk assessment during clean up operations.
Development of a Two-Phase Model for Toxic Air Pollutants P. A. Scheff and R. A. Wadden (Department of Environmental Occupational Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago)
Funded by the US Environmental Protection Agency This study involves the evaluation of samples of ambient air pollution in Chicago and the detailed chemical evaluation of volatile organic compounds, metals, acid gases and acid particulate matter. Some eighty air samples have been collected for a full chemical characterization to be used in the development of a two-phase model. This work includes using mass balances both for the gaseous and particulate phase. Potentially toxic metals have been determined using both neutron activation analysis and proton-induced x-ray emission.
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7 Air Pollution Sourte Apportionment in lindapest, Ilungary and Chernivsti, Ukraine P. A. Scheff and R. A. Wadden (Department of Environmental Occupational Health Sciences i
University of Illinois at Chicago)
Funded by the SOROS Foundation of Hungary, Campus Research Board University ofIllinois at Chicago and Biomedical Research Support Grant (NationalInstitute of Health)
With growing concerns of tax environmental air toxic regulations in the former USSR and Eastern block countries two cities have been chosen for elemental evaluation of total suspended particulate matter. Airborne particulate filter samples have been taken and analyzed using neutron activation analysis and proton-induced x-ray emission. Based on known air toxic emissions in the cities, source-receptor modeling is presently being evaluated with the goal of arriving at some source apportionment of the metals in the atmosphere.
Preparation of a Standard Reference Material for Airborne Particulate Matter S. Landsberger and S. J. Vermette*
(In conjunction with the 'lllinois State Water Survey)
Funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency Ouality assurance and quality control in the evaluation of trace elements in airborne particulate matter still remains a hard goal to achieve especially for these types of environmental specimens which often have very small sample masses. As part of an international effort we are preparing one hundred air filters resuspended with a known standard reference material to be sent to various governmental and university laboratories for an intercomparison test. The results of this unique study should help individual laboratories ascertain their own analytical accuracy and precision.
Envimamental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) in Public Places: Passive Smoker Exposure to Airborne Cadmium S. Larson*,9. Landsberger and De Wu (In conjunction with the ' Department of Civil Engineering)
Funded by University ofIllinois Bioenvironmental Research Laboratory Concentrations of cadmium, were measured in several indoor places where ETS smoke was present. Particulate phase cadmium was determined by analyzing air filter samples using
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8 epithermal NAA in conjunction with a Compton suppression gamma-ray detection system. A cascade impactor and a personal filter sampler were used to collect the indoor suspended particulate matter for size fractions as well as total mass, respectively. Results show that where environmental tobacco smoke is present, cadmium concentrations are significantly higher than background, and that about 80% of the cadmium found in indoor airborne particulate matter is in particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 1.8 pm.
Occupational Exposure to IIcavy Metals in Malaysia R. W. Armstrong*, M. Rood" and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with the Departments of
- Health and Safety Studies and " Civil Engineering)
Funded by the National Cancer Institute and the University ofIllinois Research Board Exposure to chronic elevated heavy metals in the industrial workplace has been associated with various nasal and lung cancers, pulmonary disorders and kidney diseases. As part of an on-going research program to study the effects on workers of formaldehyde in aerosols, airbome particulate matter have been sampled to ascertain the concentrations of heavy metals. Samples have been collected in various industrial workplaces in Malaysia and will be analyzed using neutron activation analysis.
Trace Element Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Incinerator Ash and Its Leachates S. Landsberger, B. A. Buchholz and M. Plewa*
(In conjunction with the
- Institute for Environmental Studies)
Funded by the Illinois Office of Solid IVaste Management and University ofIllinois Research Board The potential toxicity and mutagenicity of municipal solid waste incinerator ash and its leachates are being ascertained through the study of metal solubility and leaching dynamics. Size-fractionated ash was characterized using neutron activation analysis and x-ray fluorescence.
Particle morphology and surface area were examined by scanning electron microscopy and BET measurements. Sequential extractions attacking various chemical forms (readily exchanged, carbonate bound, oxide bound, sulfate bound and residual) characterize the relative solubilities of metals in the ash. Leachates are analyzed using NAA and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.
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Trace Element Analysis of Coal incinerator Ash and Its Leachutes S. Landsberger and B. A. Buchholz Funded by the U.S. Army Constmction Engineering Research Lab Investigations of coal power plant incinerator ash are being performed to determine the potential toxicity of ash leachate. Neutron activation analysis and x-ray fluorescence were used to determine the elemental concentrations of the ash. The surface area of the ash particles available for leaching is determined through BET measurements. The relative solubilities of the metals in the ash are determined utilizing sequential extractions which attack different chemical forms:
readily exchanged. carbonate bound, oxide bound, sulfate bound and residual. Leachates are j
analyzed using NAA and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy.
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'i Environmental Impact of Coni Utilization and Waste Disposal in Developing Countries M. P. Powell*, S. Landsberger and L. Bucher (In conjunction with *Geocon and the ' University of Western Ontario)
Funded by Geocon 1
In the past year neutron activation analysis has been an important method for analyzing j
coal, fly ash, sewage sludge, soils and plant ash. These data are being collected as part of an on.
going study into the environmental impact of coal utilization and waste disposal in developmg countries. The main emphasis of the work is centered in India Thailand and recently the Ukraine.
Multielemental Analysis of Iluffalo River Sediments j
S. Stewart *, S. Landsberger and L Bucher (In conjunction with the
- Department of Biological Science of State University of New ' York at Buffalo) j Funded by the State University of New York at Buffalo The Buffalo River has long been known to be polluted as result from various industrial activities releasing organic and inorganic wastes. As part of a U.S Army Corps of Engineers j
funded research program, the Department of Biological Sciences has begun to collect various sediment samples to identify and quantify various heavy metals of potential toxicity. The methods of NAA will be employed in this study. It is envisaged that some one hundred samples will be analyzed resulting in a good data base for further intensive investigations.
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10 ARCHAEOMETRY Compositional Analysis of Roman Pottery from Pt.latine 11111 S. Wisseman'. E. Hostetter", S. Landsberger, E. Desena" and T. Pena *"
(In conjunction with the
- Program on Ancient Technologies and Ancient Materials and
" Departments of Classics and *" Art History and *" Department of Classics at the State University of New York at Buffalo)
Funded by University ofIllinois Research Board The goal of this project is the chemical characterization of Roman fineware pottery from archaeological excavations on the site of the imperial palaces, the NE slope of the Palatine Hillin downtown Rome. The aim is to identify distinct compositional groups of pottery and determine their points of origin through compositional matching with clay specimens from other sources in west central Italy. Some classes of pottery require chemical characterization to separate apparently similar clays. The methods of NAA has been identified as the technique most appropriate for these fine-textured wares.
GEOCHEMISTRY Rare-Earth Analysis of Precambrian Archean-Age Metabsites D. F. Hess* and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with the
- Western Illinois University, Department of Geology)
Funded by the Department of Energy Reactor Sharing Program Six samples of Precambrian Archean-age metabasites from the Tobacco Root Mountains in Montana have been analyzed by neutron activation analysis. The rare-earth analysis will augment magma fractionation studies based on major, minor and other trace element studies by other methods. Comparison with mantle and chondrite meteorite rate-earth element abundances should yield data suggesting whether a mantle or crustal contamination origin is likely for the original melts. Possible insight into tectonic model alternatives for the region during late Archean f
time is anticipated.
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.i An Investigation into the Development of Caves Using Geochemical Tracers Along Paleo-
.]
Ground Water Flow Paths
-i S. O. Moshier*, S. Panno and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with the ' Department of Geology, Wheaton College and " Illinois State -
Geological Survey)
Funded by the Depanment of Energy Reactor Sharing Program Excavation of a tunnel through the Cumberland Mountain (Kentucky-Tennessee border) -
1 revealed a system of fracture-controlled caverns. Halos of chalky texture were found to be the result of the formation of microporosity within the limestone adjacent to the fractures. It is possible that the ground water was responsible for the development of the caves was a mixture of saline and fresh water. The chemical signature of the saline ground water should still be within -
an adjacent to the " halo zone". With neutron activation analysis an investigation into the Br/Cl, K/Cl and Sr/Cl ratios of the bulk rock and leachates should be indicators of the nature of the.
cave-forming ground waters.
I i;
INSTRUMENTATION METHODS AND DATA COLLECTION Improvements in Automated Data Collection and Analysis -
i S. Landsberger, W. Cizek* and R. H. Campbell *
.l (In conjunction with the
- Department of Computer Science).
Our neutron activation data analysis (NADA) program has been completely. overhauled.'
Its newest feature is a batch processing mode which allows the storage of all of the data for a set -
)
of samples. This greatly reduces the amount of time spent in the actual analysis and produces an electronic copy of the data for archival purposes. The electronic copy can be used to re-run the.
analysis without re-entering the data. This batch operation has proven to be very useful because of its choices of input and ottput data with different ways of correcting for deadtime.
12 Anti Compton Spectrometer in Neutron Activation Analysis S. Landsberger and S. Peshev Funded by U.S. Department of Energy, Brookhaven National Laboratory The goal of this project is improvement of neutron activation analysis with a Compton suppression in order to the lower detection levels for certain trace elements not routinely done.
An investigation is also being made on the gamma-ray peaks from natural occurring nuclides and the usefulness of such a system in natural radioactivity measurements. Further research will be made on possible improvement of detection limits by using the gamma-gamma coincidence mode of the system.
RADIOACTIVE WASTE MANAGEMENT Determination of the Stability Constants of Zirconium S. Howard, S. Landsberger L Nunez* and G. Vandegrift*
(In conjunction with *Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Chemical Technology Funded by the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management and Argonne National Laboratory In this in research, TRUEX-process distribution ratios and aqueous-phase stability constants for zirconium fluoride will be determined using neutron activation analysis. A focus on Zr speciation in complex aqueous solutions will determine solution equilibrium that will aid in modeling chemical behavior and the design of the TRUEX solvent extraction process Following batch extraction tests, zirconium concentrations will be measured for the aqueous and organic phases using NAA. The ratio of the organic to aqueous concentrations is the distribution ratio.
Changes in distribution ratios versus aqueous complex concentrations will be used to calculate thermodynamic models.
I-
l-13 i
Determination of Vapor Liquid Equilibrium Concentration of Nitric Acid in Nitric Acid Water-Nitrate Salt Systems as Applied to Radioactive Waste Systems S. Betts, S. Landsberger, D. Chamberlain
- and G. Vandegrift*
(In conjunction with *Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Chemical Technology)
Fimded by the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management and Argonne National Laboratory Evaporator technology is being developed for concentrating radioactive waste streams.
Research at the University of Illinois will focus on two aspects of this project. First, the decontamination factor for the evaporator will be determined by neutron activation analysis.
Second. parameters needed for the evaporator design will be evaluated. One important parameter is the concentration of nitric acid and water in both the liquid and vapor phases as a function of temperature, pressure, and composition of the aqueous solution. To date initial experiments have been successful in reproducing literature data for the binary HNOrH O system.
2 Solubility and Speciation of Plutonium and Neptunium in Aqueous Phosphate Solution H. Weger. D. Reed
- and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with
- Argonne National Laboratory, Division of Chemical Technology)
Funded by the Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management and Argonne National Laboratory The inclusion of " actinide getters" in a high-level radioactive waste repository would reduce actinide solubility if groundwater infiltrates by formation of insoluble phases. Phosphate is considered an excellent candidate for an " actinide getter" but little research has been performed in this area. The solubility and speciation of plutonium and neptunium will be investigated in aqueous phosphate solutions using solubility, absorption and potentiometer experiments. Due to the application to radioactive waste management, temperatures up to ninety degrees centigrade and competition of phosphate with carbonate for actinide complexation will also be investigated.
EDUCATION As in the past, the support for undergraduate teaching has been through special projects
]
and contractual work. In 1992 there was one undergraduate student working primarily on trace geochemistry of coal and coal fly ash, one on the spectral intererence of uranium 1
I 14 fission in the determination of holmium, and one other on a literature survey of nuclear methods in coal / fly ash analysis. The facility was also made available to five Nuclear Engineering S
undergraduate students needing specialized equipment in three health physics laboratory experiments (NE 243), to thirty Nuclear Engineering students enrolled in the Department's instrumentation course (NE 351) for two experiments and for a demonstration laboratory in neutron activation analysis for the Departments of Civil Engineering and Veterinary Medicine.
Although not directly related to the NAA facility two graduate students from the Department of Civil Engineering undertook special topics in radon detection with equipment housed in the Nuclear Engineering's instrumentation laboratory. Five graduate students have been supported in thesis related topics while an additional three still hold their Department of Energy Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Management (OCWRM) fellowships. Two of these graduate students have spent the summer semester at Argonne National Laboratory in preparation of utilizing the NAA facility for in radioactive waste management. One other undergraduate student from the group also had the opportunity of working in the Chemical Technology Division at Argonne National Laboratory during the summer of 1992 in radioactive waste related research.
A close interaction with Dr. David Miller from Illinois Power Clinton Nuclear Power Plant has resulted in the co-advising of two extramural graduate students. The research conducted will be primarily in health physics at the power plant but also may result in a more detailed radiation monitoring of the NAA facility.
We have successfully completed sponsoring two International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) fellows from Thailand and Argentina who have conducted research in low-level weeting and neutron activation analysis of mineral deposits and airborne particulate matter. A new IAEA fellow from Nigeria has accepted a position in our department and will begin to conduct NAA experiments in the spring of next year. As well,in 1993 the Nuclear Engineering Department will once again be hosting some fifteen to twenty students through and IAEA/Argonne National Lab / University of Illinois sponsored training activity on the use of nuclear methods in air pollution i
studies.
. i
(
4 1
v
~
~
t 15 Methods of 1Anv Level Counting and Neutron Activation Analysis and Geochemical Explomtion P. Chokesuwattanankula* and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with the
- Department of Physics, Khon Kaen University, Thailand).
Funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency This year we completed a training program in low-level counting and NAA methods for geochemical exploration. Environmental gamma-ray emitting isotopes were identified using a s conventional germanium counter with and without shielding and Compton suppression. Several mineral samples from Thailand were also analyzed for silver, gold, zinc and other metals using NAA. The purpose of this study was to introduce these techniques to a physics faculty member from Khon Kaen University for his use in upgrading a university instrumentation course and the potential use of the nuclear reactor in Bangkok for geochemical exploration.-
f.
Field Sampling, Neutrun Activation Analysis and Source Receptor Modeling of Airborne Particulate Matter t
R. Pla*, S. Landsberger, S. Larson" and P.K. Hopke*"
(In conjunction with the
- Argentinean Comision Nacional de Energia Atomica. " Department of Civil Engineering and "* Department of Chemistry, Clarkson University) -
Funded by the Intemational Atomic Energy Agency 1
ne purpose of this work was the training of a visiting scientist from Argentina in the techniques of field sampling, neutron activation analysis and source-receptor modeling of airborne particulate matter. An intense study of these methods was done in three different laboratories at the University of Illinois and Clarkson University with the ultimate goal of incorporating these.-
methods in a government sponsored emironmental program in Argentina.
Calibration of a Radon Monitoring System (Civil Engineering Graduate Student Project)
M. Cal *, S. Larson* and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with the ' Department of Civil Engineering)
His independent project was undertaken by a graduate student to calibrate the newly acquired Air Guard Radon monitoring system from EG&G for the Department of Nuclear j
Engineering. An initial calibration of the instrument using charcoal canisters revealed gross errors attributed to the unexplained radon release as a result of faulty manufacturing. However,-
as w
w ws' W
w wew-m-r se we w'e' s=
v Y
w
16 preliminary results revealed that the system itself was potentially useful for undergraduate laboratory experiments.
Further Calibration of a Radon Monitoring System (Civil Engineering Graduate Student Project)
M. Lordgooei*, S. Larson* and S. Landsberger (In conjunction with the
- Department of Civil Engineering)
Calibration of the radon monitoring system is presently being undertaken using passive filters instead of charcoal canisters. Such filters are much less influenced humidity changes which is of major concern in the Mid-West. These filters have been sent to DOE radon laboratories for l
calibration with known exposures and humidities.
l Characterization of the Cooking Aemsol (Civil Engineering Graduate Student Pmject) l De Wu and S. Larson*
(In conjunction with the
- Department of Civil Engineering) f 1
As part of a continuing indoor air quality study, neutron activation analysis was performed on air filters collected during different open top cooking with and without ventilation. It was shown that there the dominant concentrations came from airborne sodium and chlorine. These values dccreasea significantly when ventilation w as applied. Further studies are planned in the future to investigate if any particular heavy metals can be determined above normal indoor concentrations when cooking is not done.
Spectral Interferences of Uranium Fission in the Determination of Iloimium (Nuclear Engineering Undegraduate Project)
G. Cerefice and S. Landsberger Holimum is a rarc-earth which is not often determined in NAA due to its very low abundance in geological materials and low-energy 80 kev gamma-ray. We have identified spectral interfences arising from "'Xe and "I, common fission products, which have nearly identical photon energies to that of "'Ho. Due to the different half-lives of the isotopes the interference factor increases with time. It was also shown that epithermal NAA reduces the interference.
A
17 SERVICE We continue to offer senices for elemental analysis for on and off-campus users including students, faculty, academic professionals, state agencies, government laboratories and private corporations. This year we have offered senices in the following areas and projects.
llealth Physics Our germanium counters are made available to the nuclear reactor staff for any measurements which are needed to uphold health physics practices or isotope identification. The facility is also used for undergraduate experiments in the health physics laboratory course (NE 243) and instrumentation course (NE 351).
Abundance of Chlorine and Sodium in lilinois Coal K.11ackley and C.-L Chou, Illinois State Geological Surrey Determination of Gold in Superconducting Material G. Whelp, Argonne National Laboratory Determination of Ileavy Metals in Soil Samples P. Gintautus, Illinois Hazardous Waste and Information Center Determination of Trace Metals in Municipal Solid Waste Incinerated Ash T. Eighmy, Department of Civil Engineering, University of New Ilampshire
[
t'
18 PUBLICATIONS IN 1992 i
Buchholz, B. A. and S. Landsberger, " Trace Metal Analysis of Size-Fractionated Municipal Solid Waste incinerator Fly Ash and its Leachates," in press J. Emiron. Sci. and Health (in press 1993).
Davies, T. D., M. Tranter, T. D. Jickells, P. W. Abrahams, S. Landsberger, K. Jarvis and C. E.
Pierce, *lleavily-Contaminated Snowfalls in the Remote Scottish Highlands: A Consequence of Regional Scale Mixing and Transport," Atmos. Emiron.,26A,95-112 (1992).
Jickells, T. D., T. D. Davies. M. Tranter, S. Landsberger, K. Jarvis and P. Abrahams, " Trace Elements in Snow Samples from the Scottish Highlands: Sources and Dissolved / Particulate Distributions." Atmos. Emiron.,26A,393-401 (1992).
Landsberger, S., V. G. Vermette, D. Stuenkel, P. K. Hopke, M. D. Cheng and L. A. Barrie.
" Elemental Source Signatures of Aerosols from the Canadian High Arctic," Emiron. Pollut.,75, 181-187 (1992).
Landsberger, S., P. K. Hopke, and M. D. Cheng, "Nanogram Determination of Indium Using Epithermal Neutrons and its Application in Potential Source Contribution Function of Airborne Particulate Matter in the Arctic Aerosol" Nucl. Sci. and Eng., 110, 79-83 (1992).
Landsberger S., W. D. Cizek and P. Domagala, "NADA: A Versatile PC Based Program for Neutron Activation Analysis," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 160, 227-287 (1992).
Landsberger, S., "The Non-Destructive Determination of Cadmium in Biological Samples at Nanogram Levels with the Aid of a Compton Suppression System," J. Radicanal. Nucl. Chem.,
161, 5-10 (1992).
Landsberger. S., " Analytical Methodologies for Instrumental Neutron Activation / nalysis of Airborne Particulate Matter " J. Trace and Microprobe Techniques 10,1-43 (1992).
Landsberger, S. and De Wu," Improvement of Analytical Sensitivities for the Determination of Antimony, Arsenic, Cadmium, Indium Iodine, Molybdenum, Silicon and Uranium in Airborne Particulate Matter by Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., (in press 1993).
Landsberger, S. " Delayed Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis", in Chemical Analysis by Nuclear Methods, ed. Z. B. Alfassi. John Wiley and Sons (in press 1993).
Landsberger, S., B. A. Buchholz, M. D. Kaminski and M. Plewa, ' Trace Elements in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration" J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., (in press 1993).
Landsberger, S., Cizek. W. D., and R. H. Campbell, " Interactive and Automated Neutron Activation Data Analysis (NADA) Program", J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press 1993).
19 Landsberger, S.," Neutron Activation Analysis and Nuclear Analytical Chemistry at the University of Illinois," J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., (in press 1993).
Landsberger, S.," Compton Suppression Neutron Activation Analysis in Emrironmental Studies",
J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., (in press 1993).
Landsberger, S. and B. A. Buchholz. " Nuclear Techniques and the Disposal of Non-Radioactive Solid Wastes", International Atomic Energy Agency Bulletin (in press 1993).
Lee, H-S., R. A. Wadden and P. A. Scheff, " Measurement and Evaluation of Acid Air Pollutants in Chicago Using an Annular Denuder, Atmos. Emiron. (in press 1993).
Sturges, W. T., R. C. Schnell, S. Landsberger and J. M. Harris, " Chemical and Meteorological Influences on Surface Ozone Depletion at Barrow, Alaska During Spring 1989," Atmos. Environ.,
(in press 1993).
S. Wisseman, " Materials Analysis of Byzantine Pottery", in Ceramic Art from Byzantine Serres, ed.
D. Papanikola-Bakirtzis, E. D. Maguire and H. Maguire, University of Illinois Press, pp 66-71, 1992.
Wu, D. and S. Landsberger, " Comparison of NAA Methods to Determine Medium-Lived Radionuclides in NIST Standard Soil Reference Materials", J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. (in press 1993).
PUBLICATIONS SUBMITTED Cheng, M. D., P. K. Hopke, A. Rippe. L A. Barrie, M. Olson and S. Landsberger, " Qualitative Determination of Source Regions of Long-Range Transported Aerosol Using Data Collected at Canadian High Arctic," submitted to Emiron. Sci. and Technol., (1992).
Landsberger, S., S. Larson, and De Wu, " Determination of Airborne Cadmium in Emironmental Tobacco Smoke by Instrumental Neutron Activation Analysis with a Compton Suppression System", submitted to Analytical Chemistry, (1992).
Sweet, C. W., S. J. Vermette, and S. Landsberger, " Sources of Toxic Trace Elements in Urban Air in Illinois," submitted to Atmos. Emiron., (1992).
20 CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS, ABSTRACTS AND REPORTS Chamberlain D. B., S. E. Betts, J. C. Hutter, D. A. Johnson, M. D. Kaminski, S. Landsberger, R.
A. Leonard, L Nunez, D. G. Wygmans and G. F. Vandegrift, " Advanced Evaporator Technology Progress Report, Argonne National Laboratory, Chemical Technology Division (1992).
Graf-Teterycz, J., P. A. Scheff, R. A. Wadden, J. Lin, K. Keehan, N. Khalili, P. Chang and T.
Holsen, " Development of a Chemical Mass Balance Receptor Model for PMw and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds", Paper 92-104 02,85th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, June (1992).
Fyfe. W. S., M. A. Powell and B. R. Hart, " Energy Global Crisis", IGC Special Symposium B-3 on Energy and Mineral Resources in the 21st Century (1992).
Javor, M., P. A. Scheff, R. A. Wadden, C. B. Keil and B. Keleman, " Air Pollution Source Apportionment in Budapest" Paper 92-164.04,85th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, June (1992).
Keil, C. B. and P. A. Scheff, "Two-Phase Receptor Modeling in Chicago",85th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association. Kansas City, June (1992' Kemp, K., Heydorn, K. and S. Landsberger, " Analysis of Arctic Aerotols in the SAGA Project by Means of PIXE and NAA, Intern. Symposium on Applications of Isotopes and Radiation in Conservation of the Emironment," Karlsruhe, Germany March 9-13. (1992).
Landsberger, S. and S. Vermette, " Development of a Particulate Filter Reference Material and its Use in an International Interlaboratory Evaluation Using Nuclear Methods: NAA, PIXE and XRF" 203rd American Chemical Society Meeting, Division of Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 32, 605-603, April 5-10 (1992).
Landsberger, S., P. K. Hopke, M. D. Cheng and L A. Barrie, " Manganese to Vanadium Ratios of the Canadian Arctic Aerosol Over a Fiver Year Period," Eleventh Annual Meeting of the American Association of Aerosol Research, San Francisco, CA October 12-16 (1992).
Landsberger. S., S. Larson and D. Wu, " Determination of Airborne Cadmium on Environmental Tobacco Smoke Using Compton Suppression NAA," Trans. ANS.,65,176-179 (1992).
Landsberger, S. and D. Wu, " Techniques on Epithermal Neutron Activation Analysis and Compton Suppression on the Study of Airborne Particulate Matter," Thirteenth U.S. Triga Users Conference, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY May 18-20,(1992).
Landsberger, S. " State of the Art Applications of Nuclear Analytical Methods in Airborne Particulate Matter," 3rd International Conference on Nuclear and Radiochemistry, Vienna, September 7-11 (1992).
i
21 Landsberger, S. and P. K. Hopke, "Recent Advances and Future Developments in the Application of Nuclear Analytical Methods to Air Pollution Studies," Procedding of the Intern. Symp on Applications of Isotopes and Radiation in Conservation of the Environment, Karlsruhe, Germany, March 9-13 (1992), IAEA-SM-325/105 pp 435-458.
Larson, S., S. Landsberger and D. Wu, " Measurement of Airborne Cadmium Concentrations in Indoor Environment," Eleventh Annual Meeting of the American Association of Aerosol Research, San Francisco, CA October 12-16 (1992).
Powell, M. A, B. R. Hart, W. S. Fyfe, K. C. Sahu and S. Tripathy, Final Report (2 Volumes)
" Environmental Impact of Coal Utilization in India", Submitted to IDRC, Ottawa, Canada, (1992).
Powell, M. A, B. R. Hart, W. S. Fyfe, S. Tripathy, K. C. Sahu and K. Tazaki," Characterization of Coal and Coal Combustion Waste from Power Generation in India",23rd Annual Meeting of the Fine Particle Society, Las Vegas, June (1992).
Scheff P.A., R. A. Wadden, D. R. Hryhorczuk, and N. G. Prodanchook, " Evaluation of Toxic Air Pollutants in Chernivtsi, Ukranaian SSR", Paper IU-15.10,9th Annual World Clean Air Congress, Montreal, Canada, September (1992).
Scheff. P. A., R. A. Wadden, K. Levenberg, D. R. Hryhorczuk and N. G. Prodanchook,
" Evaluation of Toxic Air Pollutants in Chernivsti, Ukraine", Paper 92-164.02,85th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, June (1992).
Vermette, S. J. and S. Landsberger, "The Chicago PM-10 Study," Air and Waste Management /U.S. EPA International Specialty Conference on PM-10 Standards and Nontraditional Particulate Source Controls, Phoenix /Scottsdale, AZ January 12-15 (1992).
Vermette, S. J., S. Landsberger, A. L Williams, and V. G. Vermette, " Development of a Particulate Standard and its Use in an IAEA Interlaboratory Evaluation", Report on the Third Research Coordination Meeting, Vienna Austria, September 10-13,1991, IAEA NAHRES-9 (1992).
Wadden, R. A., P. A. Scheff, J. Lin, H. Lee, C. Keil, J. Graf-Tetercyz, D. Kenski, J..Y. Jing and M. Javor, " Evaluation of Two-Phase Air Pollution Data for Receptor Modeling", Paper 92-104.05, 85th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, Kansas City, June (1992).
i
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13:57 U9195155115 NCSU NUCLEAR ENG ~.UILC NiC. ENG.
16002 Y
A BRIEF
SUMMARY
OF RADIOISOTOPE AND RADIATION USES -
WHAT THEY ARE AND WHAT THEIR STATUS IS IN THE UNITED STATES by Robin P. Gardner Professor of Nuclear and Chemical Engineering and Director of the Center for Engineering Applications of Radioisotopes at North Carolina State University and Chairman of the Isotopes and Radiation Division of the American Nuclear Society P.O. Box 7909, Department of Nuclear Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh, NC 27695-7909 First a little background on radioisotope and radiation applications is given - then their status in the United States versus the World is discussed.
Radioisotope and radiation applications can be broadly divided intoihose involving measurement applications and those involving the effects of radi.
ation.
Measurement applications include the use of radioisotope tracers, the use of radiation gauges and analyzers, radiation radiography (commonly called X-ray techniques), and tomographic (example is the CAT scanner) techniques. Useful radiation effects are those that can be used to kill can-cer cells, sterilize medicalinstruments, prolong the shelf life of food, initiate chemicalreactions of various kinds, or just serve as remote heat (and power) sources.
In the area of measurement applications radioisotope tracers are used for a variety of applicaticus including measuring the flow rate of blood or large rivers, the measurement of unknown volumes like blood in the human body or storage volumes in large industrial processes, and to study circulation pat-terns of blood or the oceans. Radiation gauges and analyzers are used to 1
.J 13:57
'C9195155115 NCSU NUCLEAR ENG ++. UlUC NUC. ENG.
.16003 measure thickness and density and make elemental analyses. Techniques are available to measure lead in human bone in vivo, to detect explosives in suit cases,'or to determine the amount of sulfur in coal. Tomographic devices are used to look at the inside of the brain or to examine flaws in airplane puts.
In the area of the effects of radiation we are all aware of the use of ra-diation for cancer therapy - advances are still being made in this technique that make it more specific and less harmful.
Recently food preservation has become more important. Sterilization techniques have been used in the medicalindustry for along time and NASA has used radioisotopes as remote power sources in satellites and long-range rocket trips for quite some time.
The medical profession has taken over as the leader in radioisotope and radiation applications - at least in the United States. Perhaps this is true because there are so many excellent applications in this field. Or perhaps it is at least partly because the doctor-patient relationship allows one to accept the perceived dangers of radioactivity in thelight of their advantages. Many diagnostic tracer tests are routinely used with the short-lived radioisotopes produced in local research reactors. The CAT scanning devices have become a necessary part of diagno:is in many areas. Combined tracer and CAT scan-ning applications are becoming more and more important. Cancer therapy with X-and gamma radiation are still the accepted method for many types of cancer. Research on using boron labeled chemicals that are concentrated in certain cancers allow the use oflow doses of high energy neutrons to make cancer therapy more specific and less generally harmful. Much research is being done in the whole biological area with tritium and carbon-14 radioiso-topes as tracers.
Unfortunately, though small pockets of radioisotope and radiation exist in U.S. industry, the full benefits of these techniques (in the author's opinion) are not being realized. While the nuclear gauging industry for measuring the thickness of paper and other sheet products like aluminum and measur-ing densities of cigarettes and other products is a large industry, other areas such as radioisotope tracing are being almost entirely abandoned. In a re-cent conference that we sponsored on Industrial Radiation and Radioisotope Measurement Applications (held in Raleigh in September 1992), not a sin-2
J 13:58 09195155115 NCSU NUCLEAR ENG -en U1UC NUC. ENG.
18004_
4 gle paper was presented by U.S. authors on radioisotope tracer applications-while ten or more were presented by foreign authors. It is the author's opin-ion that the primary reas >n for this is the amount of red tape and all around inconvenience that is now associated with the use of short-lived radioactive tracers in the United States.
Probably the leading industry in terms of radiation and radioisotope ap-plications in the United States is the Oilindustry. 'A large suite of nuclear devices are routinely used for oil prospecting and radioisotope tracers are still used there for determining the movement of oilin reservoirs adjacent to wells. The other successful areas of application are not tied to specif:c industries. Radiation analyzers are being used to measure the sulfur and ash content of coal on conveyor belts, the amount of aggregate and cement in concrrte, and to detect explosives in suitcases at airports. Radiography has been used for some time to look at welding defects and casting defects in steel used in the construction of ships, bridges, and large buildings. Tomography is an emerging technology that is being used for flaw examination in critical airplane parts,in the production of steel, and many other areas.
The future is bright for the use of radiation and radioisotope techniques in the United States. It would be even brighter if the red tape and public fear were reduced.
i k
Refs Lrdt.tes I
3 1
.I 1
ISOTOPE PRODUCTION ATTHE ADVANCED TRIGA NUCLEAR REACTOR (IN MILLICURIES)
FY'92 JULY 1,1991 - JUNE 30,1992 OVERALL PRODUCTION ISOTOPE ACTIVITY (mCl)
- OF SAMPLES Na-24 5900.3 4
K-42 4.7 6
Ho-166 112.5 16 NEUTRON ACTIVATION PRODUCTS N/A 3254 TOTALS 6017.5*
3280
- DOES NOT REFLECT ISOTOPE ACTIVITIES PRODUCED FOR ACTIVATION ANALYSIS.
PRODUCTION BY FACILITY USER GEOLOGY Na-24 0.3 1
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS K-42 4.7 6
GAMMIE NUCLEAR Na-24 5900.0 3
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF ROCKS, COALS, AND STANDARDS 440 WALTER C. MCCRONE ASSOCIATES,INC. ~
157' NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS NUCLEAR ENGINEERING RELATED RESEARCH NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF SOLIDS, LIOUIDS, FILTERS, FLUX FOILS, AND STANDARDS 2311 REACTOR SHARING RESEARCH PROGRAM NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF SOLIDS, LIOUlDS, FILTERS, FLUX FOfLS AND STANDARDS 346 C
UIUC RADIOISOTOPE DELIVERIES FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES
{ JULY 1,1991 TIIROUGII JUNE 30,1992}
IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES PERCENT Am-241 0.11 2
0 C-14 61.7488 101 4
CA-45 7.0 6
0 CE-141 4.0 2
0 C0-57 40.007 2
0 l
CO-60 0.035 2
0 CR-51 97.0 23 1.
CS-137 0.03 1
0 FE-55 1.0 1
0 i
GA-72 0.0065 1
0 i
H-3 714.708 169 6
'l I-125 696.7216 373 13 J
1-131 72.5 12 0
M0-99 48650.0 50 2
i N-22 2.0 1
0 NI-63 73.0 4
0 l
P-32 1414.394 1553 55 l
P-33 0.5 1
0 P0-210 25.001 4
0 RA-226 0.02 1
0 RN-106 2.0 2
0 l
S-35 729.5 487 17 SC-46 4.683 2
0 SE-75 1.0 1
0 SN-113 4.0 2
0 SR-85 4.0 2
0 U-236 0.003 1
0 52605 MILLICURIES IN 2808 DELIVERIES 1
L_____.._.___
n
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES NI-63 8.000 1
AGRONOMY (5% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 113.212 MILLICURIES IN 128 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.762 9
CA-45 2.0 2
P-32 106.45 110 S-35 4.0 7
ANIMAL SCIENCE (11% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 266.8876 MILLICURIES IN 300 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITIES DELIVERIES C-14 9.261 11 CR-51 6.0 3
CS-137 0.03 1
H-3 48.83 23 1-125 8.4136 31 P-32 146.853 196 S-35 47.5 35 BIOCHEMISTRY (12% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 684.148 MILLICURIES IN 323 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 1.299 13 CA-45 1.0 1
CR-51 45.0 9
H3 269.5 34 I-125 35.308 7
P-32 261.191 195 S-35 70.75 64 I
i
- i i
DAIRY SCIENCES 5.0018 MILLICURIES IN 2 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES l
C-14 0.0018 1
j H-3 5.000 l'
i ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES i
H-3 5.0000 1
^
ECOLOGY, ETHOLOGY AND EVOLUTION ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P-32 1.0 4
t' P
ENTOMOLOGY 106.23 MILLICURIES IN 27 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES H-3 94.13 6
I-125' O.1 1
~
P-32 2.75 10 S-35 9.25 10
{
FOODS AND NUTRITION (2% OF ALL CAMPUS' DELIVERIES) 223.7523 MILLICURIES IN 66 DELIVERIES i
ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.75 2
H-3 95.0 5
I-125 27.2523 48 P-32 100.75 11 l
-w A
4 L
DIVISION OF BIOPHYSICS 0.75 MILLICURIES IN 2 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P-32 0.5 1
S-35 0.25 1
CIVIL ENGINEERING ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 3.5 7
CELL AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY (8% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVEP,IES) 182.9125 MILLICURIES IN 231 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.056 3
H-3 16.015 7
I-125 61.0915 20 P-32 51.0 156 S-35 54.75 45 i
CHEMISTRY (1% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 1 120.2 MILLICURIES IN 27 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 1.2 3
H-3 27.5 4
1-125 65.0 9
P-32 5.0 1
1 S-35 21.5 10 COLLEGE OF MEDICINE (1% 0F ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES)
IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P-32 15.5 28
l 1
FORESTRY 5.0 MILLICURIES IN 20 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P-32 4.25 17 S-35 0.7500 3
FOOD SCIErlCES (1% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 42.809 MILLICURIES IN 40 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 1.29 8
CA-45 3.0 2-H-3 31.763 19 I-125 5.006 4
P-32 1.5 6
S-35 0.25 1
l GE0 LOGY 0.0140 MILLICURIES IN 2 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C0-57 0.0070 1
CO-60 0.0070 1
HORTICULTURE ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.61 4
INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (1% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES)
S.25 MILLICURIES IN 15 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P-32 3.75 11 P-33 0.5 1
S-35 1.0 3
ILLINDIS STATE GE0 LOGICAL SURVEY 60.101 MILLICURIES IN 4 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.1 1
NI-63 60.0 2
P0-210 0.001 1
ILLINOIS STATE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 10.0 MILLICURIES IN 10 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P-32 4.0 4
S-35 6.0 6
ILLIN0IS STATE WATER SURVEY ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.55 4
MICROBIOLOGY (13% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 492.002 MILLICURIES IN 359 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 6.652 16 H-3 59.8 14 I-125 1.0 1
P-32 220.3 199 S-35 203.25 128 SE-75 1.0 1
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES SC-46 0.683 2
i i
MCKINLEY HEALTH CENTER (4% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES)
ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES I-125 5.956 117 i
i NUCLEAR ENGINEERING 0.1545 MILLICURIES IN 4 DELIVERIES t
i IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES AM-241 0.1 1
C0-60 0.028 1
GA-72 0.0065 1
RA-226 0.02 1
1 PHYSICAL EDUCATION ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES I-125 200.0 1
2 PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P0-210 25.000 3
PHYSICS i
43.0103 MILLICURIES IN 6 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES AM-241 0.01.
1 CO-57 40.0000 1
FE-55 1.0 1
RU-106 2.0 2
U-236 0.003 1
i 9
i
PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOPHYSICS (10% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES)
-368.79 MILLICURIES IN 292 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.46 7
H-3 17.6 20 1-125 17.98 28 P-32 254.0 219 S-35 78.75 18 PLANT BIOLOGY (7% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 163.3 MILLICURIES IN 187 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.25 1
CA-45 1.0 1
H-3 0.8 4
NA-22 2.0 1
P-32 36.75 128 S-35 122.5 52 PLANT PATHOLOGY (1% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 20.75 MILLICURIES IN 42 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES P-32 8.0 14 S-35 12.75 28 PSYCHOLOGY 6.0 MILLICURIES IN 8 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES H-3 0.25 1
P-32 2.5 3
S-35 3.25 4
TEXTILES AND AFPAREL IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES-NI-63 5.0000 1
i i
h VETERINARY BIOSCIENCES (7% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 48869.2427 MILLICURIES IN 190 DELIVERIES ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.65 4
CE-141 4.0 2
CR-51 20.0 4
H-3 8.12 11 1-125 93.5227 74 I-131 72.5 12 i
MD-99 48650.0 50 P-32 8.25 27 SC-46 4.0 2
SN-113 4.0 2
SR-85 4.0 2
VETERINARY CLINICAL MEDICINE ISOTOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES H-3 0.07 2
VETERINARY PATHOLOGY (4% OF ALL CAMPUS DELIVERIES) 327.666 MILLICURIES IN 116 DELIVERIES IS0 TOPE QUANTITY DELIVERIES C-14 0.101 3
CR-51 26.0 7
H-3 19.315 10 1-125 115.0 12 P-32 129.0 57 S-35 38.25 27 t
0
UIUC RADIGISOTOPE DELIVERIES FROM OUTSIDE SOURCES (JUIA,1,1991 TilROUGII JUNE 30,1992}
P-32 MtCf otiology
,fs**
ees
'3 %
orntas m
Agf onorny/ Pant Biot Mckerwey Hea'th Cmr u
13 %
41 4
a y
. x;n--
Cen/Gtr uct e.o;ogy
,a 8%
Q ) 7d I
f, Ciocn/ Chem st r y 5-J5 " q%b; '
'95 T-125 12 1 Physiotormeror,r,oic a
x yet MOCitCirwl AnW.gl SC590ces t
18 %
tyg 71 %
N-J Radioisotope Type By Department or Schcot P-32 oracas 36%
2'%
h-m Cr-S t Coseos et vomeo FOOO3 f flutrituan iW-25 pp "
p et
't j
5-J5 e ;
L t-
,l'
- j., --
9 '$k l:,jf ?' j Y ""' 'f;'*'Y*'CC-s.;25 04ccrernecynmisn y Q4 ~
u.cro, con g,ungy pos m
77 1 By Radioisotope Amounts (milliCurie)
DepartmentalRadioisciope Use (milliCurie) w-
~ ~ - - - - - -
" - " ~
m
=
Radioisotopes Delivered i
To Users At UIUC (FY 1950 through FY 1991)
}
3000 2500 2000 l
1500 i
1000
~
t
- (jAJ
~ '
l E -- O;! E r.
L:
500 J.j,.. p ;. ; ' F W. m u AbusiiMl O
50 St 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 6162 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 7172 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 8182 83 84 8 5 86 87 88 89 90 91 Year M Num ber of Deliveries w
+
.v m
-a
.