ML20002D403
| ML20002D403 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crane  |
| Issue date: | 12/31/1980 |
| From: | Bores R, Gotchy R NRC Office of Inspection & Enforcement (IE Region I) |
| To: | |
| References | |
| NUREG-0636, NUREG-636, NUDOCS 8101200545 | |
| Download: ML20002D403 (61) | |
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NUREG-0636 The Public Whole Body Counting Program Following the Three Mile Island Accident Manusciipt Completed: December 1980 Date Published: December 1980 R. L. Gotchy, Headquarters R. J. Bores, Region 1 Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation Office of Inspection and Enforcement, Region i U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Weshington, D.C. 20555 p *s s.....'
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ABSTRACT In early April, 1979 the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory instituted a program to determine whether any radioactivity released as a result of the March 28, 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island Unit-2 was accumulating in members of the general public living near Unit-2.
The program used a device called a whole body counter which has the capabi' y of measuring very small quantities of radioactivity in people.
There wr.re 753 men, women and children successfully counted; nine of these people were counted a second time, leading to a total of 762 whole body counts.
There was no radioactivity identified in any member of the public which could have originated from the radioactive materials released following the accident.
Several people with higher than average levels of naturally occurring radioactivity were identified.
The counting systems used are briefly described.
Technical problems encountered, results and conclusions are discussed.
iii l
l
CONTENTS Page iii ABSTRACT 1X ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 1
1.
INTRODUCTION 1.1 Brief History of Decisions Leading to the Whole 1
Body Counting Program
- 1. 2 Criteria for Selecting Candidates for Whole i
Body Counting 2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE HELGE50N WHOLE BODY COUNTING SYSTEM AND HOW IT WORKS 3
2.1 The Basic Physics 3
2.2 The Helgeson Whole Body Counter 4
- 2. 3 Quality Assurance 5
2.3.1 Checks for Electronic Gain and Linearity 5
2.3.2 Use of the NRC Region II Inter-Comparison Phantom 6
2.4 Technical Problems Encountered 6
3.
RESULTS 7
3.1 Potassium-40 (K-40) 8 3.2 Radium-8,C (Ra-B,C) 9 3.3 Radium-226 (Ra-226) 9 3.4 Cesium-137 (Cs-137) 11 4.
CONCLUSIONS 11 5.
FIGURES and TABLES 12 APPENDIX - DETAILS OF THE RESULTS 50 A.1 Quality Assurance 50 A.2 Sample of the Data on File for Each Participant 50 l
V
1 i
j LIST OF FIGURES Page j
i FIGURE 1.
Principal Gamma Rays from Short-Lived Radon-222 Progeny 12 i
FIGURE 2.
Helgeson Unit-4 on Location in Middletown, Pennsylvania 13 FIGURE 3.
Interior of Helgeson Unit-4 Whole Body Counting System 14 FIGURE 4.
Example of Gamma Spectrum and Results 15 FIGURE 5.
Example of Individual Data and Radioactivity Profile 16 FIGURE 6.
Residual Count Data Expressed in Counts per Minute 17 FIGURE 7.
Residual Count Data Expressed in Statistical Standard I
Deviations 18 I
U I
i vii a
= _. _.. - _ _ _.
i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors wish to acknowledge the assistance of the many individuals who helped establish and complete the whole body counting program for the general public following the Three Mile Island accident of March 28, 1979. We particularly would like to thank Middletown Mayor Reid and his staff tor i
helping to set up the Helgeson Unit in Middletown.
The following people, many j
of whom worked long and tedious hours associated with the program also deserve i
special recognition:
i l
1.
American Red Cross:
Ernestine Snyder and Muriel De Minno f
2.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania:
i Department of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Radiation Protection:
a.
Jane Fisher, Ray Urciuolo, James Kopenhaver, and Margaret Reilly i
b.
Department of Health:
Jane Bratz, Mary Ann McCarthy, Joanne Walton, Carol Ko11 arc, and Sheila Keegan i
3.
Helgeson Nuclear Services: Wilburn Gibson, Robert Lansing, Jeffrey Guehring, David Pollard and Frank Eagan 1
4.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission a.
Region I:
Robert McClintock and Nemen Terc l
b.
Nuclear Reactor Regulation:
Charles Willis Finally, we wish to express our appreciation for the patience and tolerance of l
the people who participated in the program. Many endured long waits late into the night or early in the morning with very few complaints.
i i
i ix t
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2 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Brief History of Decisions leading to the Whole Body Counting Program During the week of April 1, 1979, following the accident at Three Mile t
Island - Unit 2, information concerning the releases of radioactive materials and radiation from the TMI site was being issued.
The NRC staff discussed p
actions which could be taken to ensure that measurements and calculations l
being used to estimate public exposure to radioactive materials were correct.
It was hoped these actions would also alleviate some of the fears of nearby residents concerning exposure to radioactive materials. Whole body counting, a process using a device (whole body counter) which can measure very small amounts of radioactivity inside people, was determined to be one positive measure that could reassure residents that any internal exposures resulting from the TMI accident were minimal or nonexistent.
On Friday afternoon, April 6, 1979, an NRC representative contacted the Helgeson Nuclear Services Company of Pleasanton, California, and arranged for whole body counting services to be provided.
The Helgeson Co. provided two mobil whole body counting systems (Units 3 and 4) at the site within one day.
On Apt.1 9, it was decided that Unit 3 would be used primarily for counting occupationally exposed workers at the site, while Unit 4 would b, dedicated exclusively to the public whole L3dy counting program.
Middletown was the nearest population center (about three miles from the plant).
Two members of the NRC staff and a Helgeson Co. representative met with Mayor Reid of Middletown on Monday afternoon, April 9, 1979, to determine the best location for the whole body counting system.
It was decided that the Middletown Borrough Hall would provide the best access to the public, the press, security, electric power, and telephone service.
With the help of tre Mayor's staff, the local news media, the local Red Cross office, and the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,* the NRC staff and the Helgeson Co. had Unit 4 set up and counting local residents by 11:35 a.m., April 10, 1979.
- 1. 2 Criteria for Selecting Candidates for Whole Body Counting Since the major TMI-2 releases had occurred 7 to 10 days earlier, it was believed necessary to establish the program as rapidly as possible.** The only radioisotope detected in biological samples as a result of the accident was iodine-131 (I-131).
I-131 has a 7.5 day effective half-life in man (i.e.,
i the radioactivity declines by one-half every 7.5 days af ter initial uptake into a human body.)
In addition, measured levels of radioactivity in air, cow and goat milk, and vegetation indicated uptake by humans from inhalation and
^USNRC Region I Office, King of Prussia, PA.
i
- Months after the program had been completed, it was f_ound that the iodine releases did not correlate closely with the noble gas reicases.
- Thus, although the noble gas releases occurred primarily during the first few days, iodine releases continued for weeL3.
About 60% of the iodine had been released before the whole body program began, and nearly all of the balance occurred during the program.
As a result, the program had a better chance to determine the radiciodine then originally believed.
ingestion (food) would be extremely small (even for people living near the plant boundary and who drank milk from their own dairy animals), making l
detection in people even more difficult.
l Given the fact that only one whole body counting system was readily available for use in counting local residents, it was necessary to determine how large a population could reasonably be counted within a short time (e.g., within another half-life of I-131).
In order to assure detectability of a signifi-cant amount of radioactivity (discussed in Section 2.2), it was decided that the minimum acceptable scanning time was on the order of 10 minutes.
This l
also allowed time for instruction, prope placement of each person within the whole body counter, and transfer of data via telephone to the Helgeson central computer.
Thus, 6 persons per hour could reasonably have been counted.
Allowing four hours per day for maintenance, rest, background counts, and quality assurance checks, about 120 persons per day could have been counted.
Therefore, at best (assuming no major Equipment breakdown) on the order of 900 persons could conceivably have be o counted within an 8-day pariod.
As a starting point, it was considered desirable to scan as many of the people living within the 5 mile evacuation zone
- as possible.
However, there were about 28,000 persons living within that zone at the time of the accident.
Even if only 10% of that population converged on downtown Middletown, it would have created severe logistical problems (parking, etc.), and the time and equipment constraint made that an unacceptable option.
Recognizing that potential radiation exposures were likely to be highest for those persons living nearest TMI-2, it was decided that a three mile radius should provide an adequate sample of the highest exposed population.
- Further, only about 10,000 persons (i.e., about 3,000 families) lived within a 3-mile radius, and about 10% could reasonably be expected to be counted within a 7 or 8-day period of time.
In order to provide the maximum service to the public, it was decided that as a screening procedure, only one member of a family (selected by the family) would be counted initially; if any radioactivity was detected in any family member, then that entire family would be counted.** It was also decided that if measurable amounts of radioactivity associated with the accident were detected within the three mile radius, then the radius could be extended to 5 miles, and the duration of the counting program extended.
A few exceptions were made in cases where people exhibited signs of severe emotional stress, and in one case where the pilot of a helicopter that hovered over TMI-2 for air sampling and radiation measurements was counted.
" Governor's advisory zone for preschool chiloren and pregnant women.
- Unfortunately, in reviewing the data there were several cases found where whole families were counted.
It is believed the numerous public health nurses doing the registrations were not always aware of the selection criteria.
Furthermore, some members of the same families were counted at disparate times, so that the nurses could not readily determine whether other family members had already been counted.
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2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE HELGESON WHOLE BODY COUNTING SYSTEM AND HOW IT WORKS 2.1 The Basic Physics The types of radiations emitted most commonly as the result of the radioactive decay of the nucleus of an atom are cal?ed gamma, beta, and alpha rays.
Gamma rays are nonparticulate electromagnetic vaves (photons) similar to ordinary light rays, but of much higher energy.
le is the high enery electromagnetic wave characteristic of gamma rays which permits their detec jon by whole body counters.
Both alpha and beta rays are charged particles which are not directly detectable by whole body counting since all such emissions released within the human body are totally absorbed there.
However, the emission of alpha or beta particles is generally followed by emission of X-rays or gamma rays which can be detected escaping from internal sites within the human body.
Some important exceptions to the generalization are pure beta emitting radionuclides such as tritium and carbon-14.
References 1-3 listed below provide detailed descriptions of the physical r"incipals involved in the interaction of gamma radiation with matter which permit whole body counting by the method employed at Middletown, Pa. (gamma ray scintillation spectrometry).
References 4 and 5 provide detailed informa-tion about the type of counter used in the program.
These details will not be provided here since many of the readers will either not be interested in the technical details or will already be familiar with the physics and systems involved.
In simple terms, gamma rays originating from radioactivity within the human body can escape absorption within the body.
Such gamma rays have energies that are characteristic of a specific radionuclides much as a fingerprint is characteristic of a specific individual.
When these characteristic gamma rays are totally absorbed by a special crystal which scintillates (emits light),
the amount of light emitted is directly proportionO to the energy of the gamma ray.
Using a suitable electronics, the light flashes are converted to proportional electronic pulses which are sorted according to the size of the pulse (pulse height) and stored in a minicomputer (memory).
The result is a spectrum containing photopeaks characteristic of the gamma rays detected, which can then be compared with reference spectra of known gamma emitting 1.
Heath, R. L. Scintillation Spectrometry; Gamma-Ray Spectrum Catalogue, 2nd Ed., Vols. 1 & 2, I00-16880, 1964.
2.
Price, W. J. Nuclear Radiation Detection, 2nd Ed. McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
1964.
3.
Gibbs, W. D. and C. C. Lushbaugh, "Whole-Body Counter Systems," in Handbook of Radioactive Nuclides, Ed. by Y. Wang, the Chem. Rubber Co.,
- p. 134 (1969).
4.
Palmer, H. E. and Roesch, W. C.
"A shadow-shield whole-body counter,"
Health Physics 1, p. 1213, (1965).
5.
Brady, J. N. and Swanberg, F.
"The Hanford mobile whole-body counter,"
Health Physics 11, p. 1221, (1965).
3
radionuclides and then identified.
(See, for example, Figure 1, a spectrum of naturally occuring uranium from Reference 1, p. 7.)
This general method is called ganna ray <pectrometry and has been widely used the world over for more than 25 years.
2.2 The Helgeson Co. Whole Body Counter The mobile Helgeson whole body counting system utilizes the shadow shield concept which permits quite sensitive measurements of internally deposited radio-activity.
The shadow shield, made up of 2 inches of lead around the person being counted and 4 inches of lead around the detector, effectively prevents most gamma rays from sources outside the counter from reaching the scintillation detector.
It is important to note that the whole body counter does not emit radiation (like an X-ray machine) while scanning; it merely collects data on radioactivity originating from the person being counted.
The Helgeson detector is a 20 cm. diameter by 10 cm. thick sodium iodide crystal (thallium activated) which is housed in a large box-like structure which passes over the body of the person being counted (i.e., it scans the person).
Figures 2 and 3 illustrate the typical configuration of the trans-portation system and the whole body counter employed at TMI.
Light pulses from the large crystal are detected by a 13 cm. diameter photomultiplier tube optically coupled to the crystal.
Once the gamma spectrum has been collected by the minicomputer, the stored data is transmi ted by telephone to a central computer located at the Helgeson t
home office in California.
Once stored in the central computer, a number of sophisticated spectrum analyses are carried out along with quality assurance (QA) checks on the raw data.
Such "QA" checks are necessary to provide assurance that the electronic components were working properly during each whole body count.
These and other quality assurance tests will be discussed in more detail in Section 2.3.
Typical minimum detectable activities (MDA) of various radionuclides for the Helgeson system and elements are shown in Table 1.
The minimum detectable activities are somewhat variable for different body dimensions (reflecting age and sex), counting times (the values shown are for time on the order of 6 to 8 minutes), and background radiation levels.
Of all the nuclides listed, only iodine-131 (I-131) and iodine-133 (I-133) were detected in the atmospheric releases from the plant, and only I-131 was detected in food pathways * (cow and goat milk collected near the plant).
As shown in Table 1, the MDA for I-131 is about 2 nanocuries (nCi).**
Two nano-curies in an adult thyroid would result in a lifetime dose of about 12 millirem.
That is numerically equal to about 12% of the annual dose to each organ within the body from external natural radiation in Pennsylvania.
However, from a risk equivalence standpoint, a 12 millirem dose to the thyroid alone is approximately equivalent to a total body dose of about one millirem or less.
- See NUREG-0558, " Population Dose and Health Impact of the Accident at the Three Mile Island Nuclear Station," P. 74, (May, 1979.)
- A nanocurie (nCi) is one-billionth of a curie (the basic unit of measurement for radioactivity). One nCi represents that amount of radioactive material which decays at a rate of 37 nuclear disintegrations per second.
4
(Human studies to date indicate I-131 produces considerabl fewer cancers perunitofGosethanexternalradiationsuchasX-rays.8'y)
The system employed by Radiation Management Corporation at the site is very sim-ilar to the Helgeson counter, with similar electronics and sensitivity.
Since only cae member of the public was counted on it, it will not be discussed further.
2.3 Quality Assurance Quality assurance (QA) checks are necessary to ensure that the detection system was working properly during each whole body count.
In addition to ve-ifying the proper operation of the electronic components, a special device referred to as a
" phantom" supplied by NRC and containing three (3) very low level radioactive sources was counted by the Helgeson whole body counting system used in Middletown.
The phantom provided a method of determining whether the Helgeson system was capa-ble of identifying specific radionuclides as well as correctly quantifying the amount of each one.
The QA methods employed at Middletown are described in the following sections.
2.3.1 Checks for Proper Electronic Gain and Linearity of Energy Response Whole body counting is a special application of pulse height analysis.
Since pulse height is proportional to the energy of each gamma ray detected, any elec-tronic factors which could cause a variation in pulse height or in the counting of such pulses for a specific gamma ray energy must be carefully controlled.
The method csed by Helgeson Nuclear Services is that of R. Heath (ID0-16880).*
It is both simple and reliable, and is based on the assumption that if the system response for photons of known specific energies at the high energy and low energy ends of the spectrum are correct, the system responses for inter-mediate energies will also be correct.
To make such a check for the low energy end of the spectrum, a small americium-241 (Am-241) check source is attached to the detector.
As a result, every count made (including background counts) provides a record of the system response to the 0.060 MeV X-rays coming from the Am-241 source.** These counts fall in the very low energy end of gamma spectra and thus do not interfere with detection of the typically higher energy gamma rays of interest (e.g., see Figure 1).
The gain and linearity check for the high energy end of the gamma spectrum is done by evaluating the photopeak for naturally occuring potassium-40 (1.46 MeV) which is present in everyone regardless of where they live or what they do.
Continuity of detector resolution is assured by checking the resolution *** for each count.
A significant loss in resolution could indicate a serious system 8 Maxon, H. R. et al.,." Ionizing Irradiation and the Induction of Clinically Significant DTsease in the Human Thyroid Gland." Amer. J. Med. 6_3, p. 967 (1977).
7The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation, Nat'l Acad. of Sciences, Nat'l Research Council, Wash, DC, p. 353 (1980).
- Ref. 1, p. 7.
- MeV = million electron-volts; it is a measure of the energy of the radiation.
Similary kev = thousand-electron-volts.
- Resolution here is defined as the (spread in energy across the photopeak at half the maximum height of the photopeak, divided by the gamma energy j
of the peak, expressed in percent).
5
~
~
l failure (e.g., cracked crystal, fluctuating detector voltage, etc.) and could result in an underestimate of internally deposited radioactivity.
Figure 4 shows the results of an actual whole body count compared with reference spectra for potassium-40 (K-40) and radium-226, and the system background.
Note the excellent fit between the reference spectra and the whole body count data.
An additional check on long-term stability (and reproducibility) comes by comparing the K-40 results for ' ine individuals who were counted twice as a n
result of higher levels than expected of naturally occurring radon-222 daughters in their initial whole body scans (see section 3.3 and Table 3, files 109 and 746, 150 and 727, 383 and 720, 429 and 725, 533 and 724, 534 and 742, 535 and 739, 625 and 740, and 736 and 744).
Although body potassium levels may vary from time to time, the K-40 levels should remain fairly constant over time l
intervals of a few weeks.
The recount data confirmed that the K-40 levels were statistically the same for both whole body scans.
Therefore, it can be concluded that the long-term stability of the Helgeson Co. system was very good.
2.3.2 Use of the NRC Region II Inter-Comparison Phantom The NRC phantom (a rough model of the human trunk) which is made up of several sheets of heavy plywood bolted together and containing specific quantities of certain radionuclides (cesium-134,137 and cobalt-57,60) was counted by each whole body counter utilized at Three Mile Island.
Neither the radionuclides nor their quantities were known by the whole body counter operators.
Two whole body counters were operated by Helgeson Nuclear Services (Units 3 and 4), and one by Radiation Management Corporation (RMC).
In every case, Helgeson Unit 4 (the system employed in Middletown) and Unit 3 (employed at the TMI site) overesti-mated the actual radioactivity present.
None of the units was able to detect the Cs-134 since it was about one-fourth of the MDA for the systems employed at TMI.
Table 2 shows the results of comparisons between the Helgeson and RMC units with other whole body counters around the United States.
2.4 Technical Problems Encountered After the whole body counting program had been completed, a few problems were observed in the evaluations carried out at the Helgeson Nuclear Services Co.
home office in Pleasanton, CA.
Preliminary results failed to identify any naturally occurring potassium-40 (K-40) in several individuals.
Since everyone contains K-40, the raw data for each per-son was carefully reevaluated at the request of the NRC.
As a result, enough K-40 was found to quantify the stable potassium level for each person counted except for one small child whose K-40 burden was below the minimum level of detection.
Of the 769 whole body counts made, seven sets of transmitted data were lost.
These persons were notified by letter of the loss of data
- However, determine "In the event a participant did not receive either a certificate of participation or a letter explaining what happened to their data, it is possible that their certificate is among many still being held in Harrisburg after being returned by the Postal Service.
Further information can be requested from the office of Ms. Margaret Reilly, Bureau of Radiation Protection, Dept. of Environmental Resources, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Harrisburg, PA 17120.
6
that it was possible to based on the gross I-131 count data recorded at the counting facility, no I-131 or Ra-B,C of any consequence was present in their bodies at the time of the count.
Of the seven losses, four appear due to operator error.
In those cases, it appears the operators failed to realize that the data transmission to Pleasanton had not been successful before start-ing the next count.
The remaining three sets of data were lost due to computer errors.
In two of those cases, it appears the minicompuS.c had restarted the counting program (and erased the preceding data set) oefore it completed the " automatic" telephone transmission to Pleasanton, CA.
'ne third set of data was lost by the receiving computer in California which failed to store the data.
Another source of concern was whether or not the radium-226 and radon daughters (Ra-8,C) detected were always inside the person being counted as opposed to
[
being in the air surrounding the person being counted.
This problem occurs particularly under conditions of low barometric pressure and stable meteorology It was not possible to resolve that question completely.
More discussion on this problem follows.
3.
RESULTS No radioactivity was detected in any member of the public which could have originated from the releases following the Three Mile Island (TMI) accident on March 28, 1979.
That is not to say that people did not receive any radiation exposure as a result of the accident.
Almost all of the radioactivity releasec from the accident was in the form of noble gases, principally isotopes of xenon and krypton.
These elements are not taken up by living things in signifi-cant amounts and, therefore, are not measurable by whole body counting methods even if the counting had been completed within a few hours after exposure.
As a result, no noble gases were detected in members of the public a week after the major releases had occurred.
It is particularly important to note that no radioactive iodine-131 (I-131) was detected in any of the participants counted.
I-131 was the only radio-isotope released during the accident which was detected in food pathways to man (specifically in cows' and goats' milk collected near TMI).
The sensitivity of the whole body counters used was such that if I-131 had been present (concen-trated primarily in the thyroid gland) at just below the minimum detectable level, people could have received a radiation dose to the thyroid of about 12 millirem.* Estimates of maximum thyroid doses based on measurements of environmental concentrations indicate a realistic value of less than 5 millirem.
The subject is discussed in more detail in NUREG-0558, " Population Dose and Health Impact of the Accident at tha Three Mile Island Nuclear Station" (May 1979).
- Natural background radiation doses result from cosmic rays (about 42 mrem /yr) and terrestrial radiation (about 46 mrem /yr) from external radiation and about 20 mrem /yr from internally deposited naturally occurring radioisotopes.
These radiation doses have nothing to do with nuclear power plants, weapons testing, or medical and dental x-rays.
7
The results reported by the operator of the whole body countir.;, mits are reported in Table 3.
Listed are the file number, weight, sex, ar,e, radio-activity, and the local wind speed and Pasquill atmospheric stability categories during the period of each whole body count.
A detailed discussion of the results follows.
3.1 Potassium-40 (K-40) l Every living creature contains the element potassium.
There are about 100 to 150 grams of stable potassium in adults depending on age, sex, and body weight.
In general, potassium levels per unit body weight are lower in women, and decline with increasing age in both sexes. Of this total, about 0.012% is radioactive potassium-40 (1.3 billion year half-life).
This amount of K-40 is equivalent to about 100 nanocuries* per person and accounts for an annual radiation dose to L.ch person's entire body of about 20 millirem, or approximately 1,/ A millirems during a lifetime of 70 to 75 years.
Evaluation of the K-40 data collected in Middletown shows good agreement with previous studies (see, for example, " Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radia-tion," United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, 1977 Report to the General Assembly, pp. 56-57).
The 371 males counted ranged in age from 1.5 years to 8) years (mean = 29.8 21.2 years), while the 381 fe-males counted ranged in age from 4 years to 76 years (mean = 31.4 19.8 years).
The average K-40 concentrations were 1.44 nCi/kg for males ( 0.404 nCi/kg) and 1.18 nCi/kg for females ( 0.410 nCi/kg).
Linear regression analyses of
- K-40 concentration vs age showed the following relationships:
Males:
K-40 (nCi/kg) =
1.67 - 0.00778x(Age)
Females:
K-40 (nCi/kg) =
1.49 - 0.00977x(Age)
Both Sexes (combined):
K-40 (nCi/kg) = 1.5 - 0.00895x(Age)
It would appear males generally begin life with somewhat higher K-40 concentrations than females, and lose K-40 slower with advan;ing age than females.
Potassium is necessary for life (e.g., in heart muscle rhythm, nerve transmission, and maintaining electrolytc and water balance in living cells).** The nanocuries of K-40 shown in Tabic '., may be converted to total grams of potassium by multiplying by 1.2.
Typical levels should range from about 0.4 gram to 1.3 grams per pound of body weight (0.9 to 2.9 grams per kilogram).
" Natural background radiation doses result from cosmic rays (about 42 mrem /yr) and terrestrial radiation (about 46 mrem /yr) from external radiation and about 20 mrem /yr from internally deposited naturally occurring radioisotopes.
These radiation doses have nothing to do with nuclear power plants, weapons testing, or medical and dental x-rays.
- Physicians are interested in the total body potassium level as an indicator of potential health problems.
Potassium deficiency often results in muscular weakness, impaired breathing, and intestinal problems.
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3.2 Radium - B,C (Ra-8,C)
Radium-B,C exists naturally and is not associated with Me accident at TMI.*
About 60% of the whole body counts showed detectable leveu of radium-B (lead-214) and radium-C (bismuth-214).
The average amount of these nuc M des detected in this group was about 4 nanocuries plus or minus about 2 nanocuries (two standard deviations).
The minimum level of detection for Ra-8,C in the whole body counter used in Middletown was about 2 nanocuries, depending somewhat on body size and length of the counting time, assuming the Ra-B,C was actually in the j
j body of the person being counted.
Since Ra-B,C are radioactise decay products of radon-222 (Rn-222), which is also naturally occurring and varies widely i
with both time and location, it is possible that the Ra-B,C measured during the whole body counting may have actually been in the air around the person being counted rather than in their body.
There was no way to make that determination without further expensive and arduous tests.
In any case, since everyone is exposed to naturally occurring radion-222 and its radioactive products to verying degrees, and the exposures are not associated with the accident, no further effort was deemed necessary.
3.3 Radium-226 (Ra-226)
Every person has some naturally occurring radium-226 deposited within their 2
body; however, it is very difficult to detect with conventional whole body counting techniques.
Therefore, the amounts of Ra-226 estimated in partici-pants were calculated rather than measured, and are more uncertain than the Ra-B,C levels actually detected.
The calculated Ra-226 levels are based on the assumption that the detected Ra-8,C came from the decay of naturally occurring Ra-226 deposited in the bodies of each participant.
As already mentioned, it is possible tEit the Ra-B,C levels in some of the participants may actually have been outside their bodies in the air around them during the period of their whole body counts.
It is also possible that the Ra-B,C detected was actually in the gastrointestinal tract in water ingested from local wells, or in the lungs as a result of inhaling these naturally occurring radon progeny from air containing higher than average levels of Rn-222 immediately before the whole body count.
An indication that not all of the calculated amount of Ra-226 was internally deposited came from recounts of nine participants initially showing higher than average levels of Ra-B,C.
If the Ra-8,C detected were coming from the radioactive decay of internally deposited Ra-226, the amounts of Ra-B,C would not have changed significantly in the time between counts since the long-lived Ra-226 (1,600 years) is eliminated very slowly from the body once incorporated.
However, in eight of the nine recounts, the recounts were much lower than the initial counts.
It is unlikely this was due to electronic or analytical errors since, as "Although Ra-226 and Ra-B,C ultimately come from the decay of uranium-238 (U-238), Ra-B,C detected in members of the public could not have come from the damaged fuel in TMI Unit 2.
That is because (a) the Ra-226 and other progeny of U-238 (e.g., thorium-230) are separated from uranium when the ore is processed at a uranium mill (most mills are in the western U.S.) and (b) it takes many thousands of years before the predecessors of Ra-B,C would reappear in reactor fuel as a result of the normal radioactive decay of U-238 in the fuel, assuming the chemical composition of the fuel was not perturbed (for example, by chemical reprocessing).
j 9
mentioned in Section 3.3.1, the K-40 results were statistically consistent between the counts and recounts.
Had the K-40 results (taken from the same gamma spectra as the Ra-B,C) been statistically different, the observed differences in Ra-B,C (and therefore Ra-226) could have been due to systematic or analytical errors.
An evaluation of the meteorological data in Table 3 for participants reporting more than a few nanocuries of Ra-B,C was carried out to determine if there was any correlation between reported Ra-B,C and weather conditions.
For those participants reporting more than 3 nanoceries,19 were counted during very unstable atmospheric conditions, 66 duriat + utrd conditions, and 90 during stable conditions.
This trend indicates that perhaps most of the results for Ra-B,C that were statistically significant occurred during periods when meteorological conditions (e.g., temperatm e inversions) could have resulted in higher than normal radon concentrations near the ground surface.
Higher concentrations would generally result in temporarily higher than normal levels of radon progeny (Ra-B,C) being deposited in the lungs of people just prior to and while being counted.
In addition, variations in such concentrations would also cause small variations in the background of the whole body counter, and in the gross gamma spectra of the persons being counted.
However, for the 17 participants who had 10 or more nanocuries of Ra-B,C reported, 6 were counted during unstable atmospheric conditions, 4 during neutral conditions and 7 during stable conditions.
This would indicate that for those few people who had much higher levels of Ra-B,C tho weather may not have been a significant factor.
This leaves open the possibility that the Ra-B,C came from their homes, water supplies, or places of work (or wherever they had been prior to being counted).
The Department of Environmental Resources, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, checked the homes of some of the participants showing the highest levels of Ra-B,C and found each home was built of brick, stone, cinderblock or some combination of the three.
Since such building materials result % higher than normal exposures to Rn-222 and progeny, it is possible that cou d also have contributed to the highest levels that were detected.
In addition, each of those homes had their own well, and water samples showed detectable levals of Ra-B,C in each well.
Thus, for these few participants, it is possible that much of the detected Ra-B,C could have come from their own homes and well water.
As a result, it is probable that most of the Ra-226 data reported does not represent internally deposited activity.
For perspective, typical concentrations of Ra-226 in adult humans are on the order of 0.008 nanocurie per kilogram in bone, and about 0.00013 nanocurie per kilogram in soft tissue.
The average content in adult males is about 0.15 nanocurie.
This would produce an amount of Ra-B,C that would be about one-twentieth the level that could have been detected by the whole body count-inq system employed in Middletown.
Radiation doses for these typical levels would be about 0.3 millirem per year in soft tissues (e.g., lung and gonads) and 0.9 millirem per year to the red bone marrow.
These are small fractions of the total body dose from K-40 (about 20 millirem per year) or total natural background radiation in the U.S. (about 100 to 200 millirem per year).
Because of these small potential doses and the probable overestimates of the Ra-226, the indicated presence of these naturally occurring nuclides in the body should not be of any concern to the program participants.
)
10
_ =
3.4 Cesium-137 (Cs-137):
Cesium-137 is present in all human beings as a result.of world-wide fallout from nuclear weapons testing.
About 30% of the participants in the whole body counting program had detectable amounts.
The minimum level of detection for the counting system used at Middletown was about 2 nanocuries.
The average amount detected in the 30% of participants was also about 2 nanocuries.
The Cs-137 originated as fallout from atmospheric nuclear weapons tests most of which were conducted before the Three Mile Island nuclear power plants were built.
In general, since the number of atmospheric tests have declined in recent years, the Cs-137 levels detected are much lower now than before the TMI units began operation.
It is possible that some of the very low levels of Cs-137 reported may be statistically zero because the statistical uncertainty does not exclude that possibility. Also, because of the problems encountered with variations in ambient levels of Rn-222 and progeny, it is probable that some of the Cs-137 reported was actually from the short-lived radon progeny.
Note that in Figure 1, one of the principal gamma ray photopeaks (at 0.61 MeV) would overlap the 0.66 MeV Cs-137 photopeak.
Small electronic gain shifts during the scan, for example, could have resulted in false measurements of Cs-137 in some cases.
In any case, the small amounts of Cs-137 reported should not be of any concern to participants in the whole body counting program conducted at Middletown since the radiation doses are much less than 1 millirem per year (i.e., less than 1% of the natural background radiation doses).
4.
CONCLUSIONS Seven-hundred and sixty-two whole body counts were completed after the Three Mile Island Unit-2 accident of March 28, 1979.
No radioactivity was detected which could have originated from Unit-2 releases.
Based on the minimum detectable activity for I-131, the maximum (undetectable) dose to a typical thyroid could have been about 12 millirem.
That dose would represent about a 12% increase over the natural background radiation dose received during 1979 by residents in that area of Pennsylvania.
i Higher than normal levels of radium-B,C (short-lived daughters of naturally occuring radon-222) were found in several participants in the program. Most of the observed Ra-B,C activity did not appear to come from internally deposited I
Barely detectable levels of cesium-137 from long-term stratospheric fallout (weapons tests) were detected in a small fraction of the total population.
The observed levels are comparable to levels elsewhere in the eastern U.S.
i 11
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TABLE 1 TYPICAL MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITIES RA0IONUCLIDE (Mixed Fission, Activation and Corrosion Products)
MINIMUM DETECTABLE ACTIVITY * (nCi unless otherwise noted)
Sb-124 2.0 Sb-125 6.0 Ba La-140 2.0 Ce-141 18.0 Cs-134 2.0 CS-137 2.0 Cr-51 23.0 Co-58 2.0 Co-60 2.0 Au-198 2.0 I-131 2.0 I-133 3.0 Ir-192 2.0 Mn-54 2.0 Hg-203 4.0 Ru-106 10.0 Se-75 4.0 Ag-100m 2.0 Sr-85 2.0 Ta-182 2.0 Tc-99m 1.0 Sn-113 2.0 4
Zn-65 4.0 Zr Nb-95 2.0 OTHER RADIONUCLIDES U (Natural & Depleted) 10 mg U-235 50 mg Ra-226 10 Th (Natural) 6 mg K
22 g (19 nCi of K-40)
- The " Minimum Detectable Activity" is defined as three times the standard deviation of the background divided by the calibration factor.
og = milligram or one-thousandth of a gram (g) og = microgram or one-millionth of a gram 19
l l
TABLE 2 RESULTS OF COUNTING THE NRC REGION II INTERCOMPARISON PHANTOM
- Counting Ratio of the Reported Radioactivity to Actual Activity Unit Co-57 Co-60 Cs-134 Cs-137 Helgeson #3 2.31 1.64 2.27 Helgeson #4 2.26 1.57 2.18 RMC 1.27 1.48 A**
0.07 1.29 1.62 i
B 1.22 1.08 1.92 C
0.66 1.42 1.31 0
1.46 0.85 E
2.04 2.77 F
1.22 1.25 0.85 G
1.33 1.42 1.62 H
0.63 0.88 43 1.62 I
0.23 1.63 2.38 J
2.42 2.62 AA 2.97 1.36 1.38 BB 0.67 0.78 0.92 CC 1.00 1.13 1.38 Nominal Activity at Time of Count
~ 300nCi
~200nci
~0.5nci
~100nci Double letters are Department of Energy units, single letters are units used at power reactors (primarily in the S.E.).
Facility A reported Cr-51 (100 nCi) present although it was not present in the phantom.
Not detected or reported.
20
TABLE 3 RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAPD ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category
- Comments 4/10/79
_001 198 M
40 140120 112 416 312 1135 18.0 A
002 132 F
62 47118 1200 003 185 M
38 110121 212 617 212 1214 13.6 A
004 165 F
38 67114 lil 1224 005 150 M
41 100115 312 1015 lil 1238 006 162 F
42 69120 312 1117 1250 007 160 F
75 50115 312 916 1300 14.0 A
008 46 M
5 44112 lil 315 211 1315 009 155 F
23 84114 311 1115 lil 1327 D!
010 143 F
27 32117 212 818 1340 011 40 F
6 37113 112 415 1355 012 180 M
58 80120 512 1617 1409 16.2 C
013 210 M
63 110117 412 1316 211 1426 014 179 F
71 49114 212 616 lil 1439 015 190 F
56 78116 212 616 1457 016 180 M
27 110121 212 716 212 1510 14.8 0
017 150 M
23 120124 1524 018 128 F
20 73119 312 1117 1534 019 123 F
37 55115 lil 1549 020 190 F
64 54114 111 1601 15.6 D
021 63 F
5 49114 312 1115 lil 1613 022 175 F
31 66118 112 517 212 1624 023 150 F
56 49114 112 315 I636 024 176 M
69 76120 212 1648 025 158 F
56 49114 lil 1700 13.5 E
026 85 M
9 49114 412 1216 1715 13.5 E
027 65 F
7 32115 1728
- Pasquill Stability Categories based on NRC Regulatory Guide 1.23 and Metropolitan Edison meteorological data A= Extremely Unstable B= Moderately Unstable C=Slightly Unstable D= Neutral E=Slightly Stable F= Moderately Stable G= Extremely Stable
-Indicates background count was taken between two whole body counts.
i
TABLE 3 (Continued)
Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/10/79 Cont'd 028 165 F
53 67117 212 516 1739 029 80 F
12 50114 1751 E
030 130 F
14 46214 412 1216 lil 1821 11.3 031 35 M
5 18117 1845 1
032 99 F
10 33114 212 816 1852 033 165 F
19 78120 212 6t7 1903 8.8 E
034 175 M
53 121115 211 715 221 1915 i
035 134 M
68 65115 lil 1929 l
036 105 F
12 82117 212 7i6 lil 1946 037 70 F
8 34111 1955 038 36 F
3 NR**
112 516 2008 4.9 G
039 120 F
32 78115 112 315 lil 2020 no 040 132 F
29 74116 312 1216 lil 2036 041 34 M
6 27113 2049 042 105 F
12 53113 211 715 2102 2.3 G
043 130 F
30 81119 212 716 2113 044 25 F
3 33112 212 615 lil 2125 045 47 F
5 30112 312 915 2137 046 20 M
2 22111 512 1515 2148 047 135 M
27 3n0119 412 1316 lil 2200 1.9 G
048 70 M
8 43114 312 1016 2213 049 151 F
43 65115 312 1016 2224 050 130 F
12 62114 312 915 2238 051 70 M
10 54i14 312 915 lil 2250 1.9 G
052 52 F
7 38112 lil 2302
- 1. 5 G
053 130 M
13 63117 412 1517 2317 054 150 F
39 73i18 512 1627 2329 055 230 F
45 77116 112 415 2351
- NR = Not reported; subsequent analysis indicated 13112 nCf, but it was very uncertain since that is below the minimum detectable level for Helgeson Unit-4.
- Meteorological conditions (e.g., temperature inversion) which typically lead to higher than normal levels of An-222 and its short-lived progeny (Ra-B,C) at ground level.
TABLE 3 (Continued)
Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File Ne Wt. (lbs) Sex Ag e K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/11/79 056 122 F
35 55113 211 615 0002 057 190 M
21 130125 312 918 112 0013 1.2 G
058 165 M
21 100117 112 515 0030 059 158 F
57 53114 0041 060 135 M
34 89i18 212 716 412 0053 061 168 F
52 72114 212 615 lil 0105 1.3 G
062 138 F
49 54114 412 1216 lil 0116 063 102 M
13 72114 411 1215 0126 064 120 F
71 52116 0137 065 165 M
38 100i20 312 0148 066
.172 M
68 83118 312 916 0202 2.1 G
067 415 M
29 110120 312 1116 212 0213 E$ 068 460 M
29 110120 412 1216 212 0225 069 170 F
51 63116 312 1116 lil 0240 070 217 M
52 90114 312 1115 lil 0251 071 49c M
23 89122 412 14t8 0316 2.4 G
072 189 M
25 87118 912 916 212 0328 073 123 7
22 120121
<.2 617 112 0635 0.8 G
074 201 M
46 130121 512 918 212 0649
~
075 56 F
11 55116 0703 1.7 F
'076 80 F
9 54124 112 0716 1.7 F
077 130 M
40 110120 612 2118 312 0729 078 225 M
54 110119 212 517 212 0741 079 155 M
29 130125 0759 080 165 M
28 140125 312 1118 212 0812 0.9 A
081 85 M
10 59117 0823 082 160 M
65 91*21 112 1013 083 137 F
59 59117 1024 084 175 M
57 100i24 0835 085 155 F
55 69119 712 2218 0904 3.0 C
3
3 TABLE 3 (Continued)
Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (Ibs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Categotv___ Comments 4/11/79 Cont'd 086 168 M
55 77120 0915 087 200 F
69 72120 213 718 0847 088 160 F
49 97120 112 0928 089 172 M
42 120122 512 1818 0939 090 252 M
47 180128 212 0951 091 32 M
3 34115 212 617 212 1222 3.4 A
092 110 F
22 83117 1002 4.0 A
093 143 F
56 72122 213 819 1036 094 155 M
23 160122 112 1049 095 200 M
70 89119 212 1059 096 175 M
52 140125 1110 2.8 A
097 150 F
59 82122 213 719 1120 n,
- 098 136 F
55 73120 212 1129 099 24 M
2 33i14 1139 100 149 F
29 78118 412 1517 1150 101 142 F
44 58120 1201 3.4 A
102 197 M
65 130i23 112 1213 103 285 F
58 67125 1234 104 140 F
28 100123 112 1246 105 195 F
63 92117 212 717 211 1256 106 200 M
58 130120 312 1305 4.6 A
107 135 F
33 62119 1314 108 30 F
2 17114 1322 109" 196 M
81 89120 1013 3219 1331 110 155 F
62 83122 413 1519 1340 111 110 F
57 56120 1349 112 170 M
31 91121 313 1118 112 1400 3.7 A
113 155 M
24 110125 313 1019 312 1409 114 103 F
40 80121 1423
- Recounted on 4/21/79 - File #746
TABLE 3 (Continued)
Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/11/79 Cont'd 115 195 M
70 95123 212 1433 116 160 M
35 140124 1441 117 200 F
49 81122 913 29110 312 1450 118 50 F
6 50116 1459 119 200 F
47 100120 212 617 1500 4.4 A
120 185 M
27 160122 112 1517 121 73 F
11 25118 112 1526 122 50 M
7 49117 1536 123 171 M
23 130122 1556 124 115 M
14 73119 1547 125 135 F
36 66121 313 1019 1609 5.0 D
ui 125 134 F
15 90118 412 1217 1619 5.0 D
127 185 M
41 97116 712 2316 1731 4.5 0
_128 138 M
15 140124 512 1717 112 1740 129 95 F
11 62116 412 1217 1749 130 195 M
49 99117 412 1316 lil 1759 131 75 M
6 53117 212 717 1811 3.1 E
132 85 M
10 72119 312 1117 1820 133 200 F
36 75120 712 2218 212 1830 134 60 F
7 44114 312 916 1843 135 140 F
53 82121 812 2518 1852 136 162 F
22 64120 813 2819 1907 4.6 F
137 185 M
25 170130 613 1819 212 1646 5.'D D
138 145 F
12 120120 712 2217 1655 139 111 F
19 64120 412 1318 1704 4.5 D
140 125 F
10 63116 612 1917 1713 141 202 M
46 130119 512 1716 lil 1722 142 80 F
9 59118 1942 4.6 F
143 196 M
59 93116 211 1952 144 190 M
31 140121 112 2001 2.3 G
TABLE 3 (Coitinued)
Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex Ae K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 2
4/11/79 Cont'd 145 225 M
31 170122 212 716 312 2017 146 130 M
29 130120 712 2217 112 2026 147 36 M
4 24114 412 13t7 2035 148 100 F
13 72116 312 1116 2044 149 150 F
49 75123 2053 b
150 190 M
42 140122 1913 6219 22 2101 4.2 G
^**
151 75 F
9 66116 512 1616 2111 4.2 G
152 200 M
63 130120 512 1316 212 2120 153 135 F
22 91120 412 1317 212 2136 154 128 F
21 82121 612 1918 2145 155 181 F
31 75i19 312 1117 2157 Et 156 117 F
20 85121 412 1518 2217 2.7 G
157 120 F
20 65116 512 1717 2230 158 170 M
45 110123 512 1718 2242 159 112 F
27 75i16 312 916 lil 2250 160 165 M
36 130119 1012 3217 212 2320 2.9 G
4/12/79 161 160 M
28 74i19 212 517 212 0024 2.1 G
162 50 M
7 49114 312 1116 0037
_163 150 M
17 110119 211 0046 164 165 M
21 95120 0056 165 215 M
20 100121 112 Si7 0107 2.3 G
166 177 M
21 100119 412 1416 0116 167 170 F
52 60114 212 Sf6 0126 168 170 F
34 42113 712 2316 0138 169
FILE NOT USED----------------------
170 170 F
49 120*25 613 2119 0700 2.1 F
171 60 F
5 51116 312 1117 0710 172 215 M
33 95i22 312 1017 0633 3.6 G
Trace of rain ***
bRecounted on 4/26/79 - File #727
TABLE 3 (Continued)
Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stabili ty File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex Ae K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 2
4/12/79 Cont'd 173 125 M
17 89120 412 1216 0646 174 142 F
60 110i20 1213 4119 412 0722 2.1 F
175 195 M
28 180231 913 31210 0734 176 162 M
53 140123 312 1117 0745 2.1 F
177 154 F
64 72120 212 517 0755 178 135 F
29 46113 712 2315 0810 3.9 D
179 125 F
19 110120 612 1917 0830 180 75 M
8 78118 312 1117 0840 181 160 F
58 85121 612 2218 0850 182 165 M
22 170126 612 2118 0900 2.3 F
Light ns 183 178 M
32 200128 512 1718 0912 rain ***
184 120 F
55 91119 512 1617 112 0925 185 230 M
19 100125 412 1518 112 0935 186 220 M
38 97122 412 1417 112 0947 187 210 M
21 200132 1113 35110 212 1012 3.2 E
188 234 M
22 150122 722 2217 1022 189 180 M
22 120123 312 917 1129 6.4 F
190 157 M
21 72118 1000 3.2 E
Trace 191 160 M
57 62118 222 1141 6.4 F
of 192 150 F
35 61123 1149 rain ***
~
193 132 F
21 61114 312 915 1158 194 152 F
53 57119 212 1206 3.0 E
Light 195 70 M
10 57120 212 818 1215 Rain 196 103 F
29 49117 112 1224 197 205 M
50 83121 913 3019 212 1235 198 115 M
10 53215 1243 199 178 M
67 89117 212 1257 200 145 F
56 55119 813 2619 212 1315 3.8 E
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex & K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/12/79 201 135 F
67 45+17 2+2 1334 3.8 E
Light rain 202 180 M
31 94T20 4+2 12+7 1406 6.4 E
Light rain
~203 132 M
14 100T21 272 777 1417 6.4 E
Light rain l
204 170 M
67 74 18 1428 6.4 E
Light rain 205 65 M
10 43T15 2+2 8+6 1441 6.4 E
Light rain 206 185 M
54 67T18 2T2 577 1455 6.4 E
Light rain 207 65 F
8 26T15 272 6T7 1521 1.6 E
Light rain 1
208 125 F
75 40T19 3T2 10T8 1536 1.6 E
Light rain 209 35 F
4 16T15 372 977 1547 1.6 E
Light rain N
210 150 M
37 89T20 2T2 877 1603 3.4 E
Light rain 211 234 M
46 100722 372 977 1615 3.4 E
Light rain 212 91 M
9 43T14 172 376 1627 3.4 E
Light rain 213 180 F
24 35T18 2T2 677 1639 3.4 E
Light rain 214 80 F
8 33T14 "T2 16T7 1655 3.4 E
Light rain 215 150 M
64 79T19 lb 476 1708
'4. 5 F *** Trace of rain 216 90 M
13 26T15 372 9T7 1720 4.5 F *** Trace of rain 217 194 M
53 82119 1732 4.5 F *** Trace of rain 218 140 F
33 66114 3+2 9+5 1744 4.5 F *** Trace of rain 219 85 M
12 85119 1T2 4T6 1756 4.5 F *** Trace of rain 220 130 F
29 100121 3T2 1277 1808 3.2 E
221 75 F
10 38115 372 976 1818 3.2 E
222 145 M
19 92120 372 8T7 1830 3.2 E
223 115 F
27 59117 2T2 8T6 1840 3.2 E
224 48 F
7 28116 772 2278 1853 3.2 E
225 45 M
5 29114 5T2 1676 1905 2.5 E
226 180 F
24 73120 372 977 1920 2.5 E
227 135 F
45 46119 272 877 1933 2.5 E
228 225 M
23 88122 673 21T8 1946 2.5 E
230 165 M
20 130127 11T8 2008 4.2 F
229 60 M
8 35i19 3T2 2021 4.2 F
231 180 M
21 120123 3+2 11+7 2033 4.2 F
232 142 M
25 72121 212 5}7 2042 2.3 F
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability Ae K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments File No. Wt. (1bs) Sex 2
4/12/79 (Cont'd) 233 140 F
27 49120 312 918 2055 4.2 F
234 45 M
6 14114 212 817 2104 2.3 F
235 84 F
11 60120 3+2 10+7 2116 2.3 F
236 148 M
19 110t24 2125 2.3 F
237 170 M
45 120i20 6+2 20+7 2135 2.3 F
238 117 F
16 62118 2T2 7T7 2151
- 2. 3 F
239 142 F
62 60118 3T2 10T7 2200 0.6 F
240 120 F
21 50115 IT2 4T6 2209 0.6 F
241
FILE N6T USED---
O! 242 170 M
15 120123 3+2 11+7 2235 0.6 F
243 110 F
57 39119 2247 0.6 F
244 108 F
57 34118 3+2 10+8 2256 0.6 F
245 110 F
31 47115 IT2 676 2309 1.8 G
2329 1.8 G
246 137 F
54 44116 247 210 M
46 130125 3+2 11+8 2+2 2338 1.8 G
248 150 M
19 90125 4T3 1278 2349 1.8 G
4/13/79 249 135 F
26 68+20 3+2 10+7 0001 4.3 G
0009 4.3 G
250 42 F
8 20115 251 120 F
29 69119 3+2 9+7 0018 4.3 G
252 170 F
47 55118 4T2 1377 0026 4.3 G
253 185 M
37 97123 IT2 4T8 2+2 254 163 M
68 64121 6T3 21T8 0035 4.3 G
255 160 M
33 120125 0046 4.3 G
0054 4.3 G
256 136 M
17 78120 0107 1.6 F
257 82 F
10 37116 2+2 7+7 0118 1.6 F
258 135 F
29 62118 2T2 876 0127 1.6 F
259 225 M
32 130127 4T2 1578 0136
- 1. 6 F
260 150 F
52 51118 272 817 014G 1.6 F
261 200 M
49 130126 f12 518 0155 1.6 F
262 208 M
32 99127 0631 16.3 E
263 120 F
11 78119 1+2 0643 16.3 E
i i
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex Ae K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 2
4/13/79(Cont'd) 264 122 F
67 55117 0654 16.3 E
265 165 M
50 80117 1+2 4+6 0704 14.8 E
266 157 M
73 90126 2+2 0713 14.8 E
267 210 M
41 87120 52 0734 14.8 E
268 127 F
48 93122 2+2 7+8 1T2 0746 14.8 E
269 100 F
10 45117 172 270 180 M
26 140127 0754 14.8 E
0804 12.0 0
271 145 F
20 95i20 0813 12.0 D
272 225 M
38 110122 2+2 8+8 1+2 us 273 70 M
10 56118 272 677 0822 12.0 D
0841 12.0 D
274 160 F
21 64t20 372 978 275 76 M
9 58118 0850 12.0 D
0722 14.8 E
276 160 M
59 96i24 8+3 25+9 0859 13.6 D
277 78 F
12 79120 412 1477 0907 13.6 D
278 160 M
33 76122 3+3 878 1+2 0917 13.6 0
279 130 F
13 69120 472 1378 0926 13.6 D
280 150 F
13 110123 4T2 14T8 2+2 0935 13.6 0
281 180 M
35 110122 672 20T8 0946 13.6 0
282 123 F
56 66118 272 777 2+2 0956 13.6 0
283 53 F
6 26115 172 477 1007 15.1 0
284 65 M
9 48119 272 778 1019 15.1 D
285 120 F
32 86121 2T2 677 1028 15.1 0
286 45 F
5 32113 1037 15.1 D
287 34 F
4 30117 1048 15.1 D
288 106 F
60 79120 5+2 18+8 1057 15.1 0
289 135 M
69 89118 572 1677 1+1 1110 12.1 D
290 62 F
11 50117 4T2 14T7 1123 12.1 D
291 105 F
23 77121 4T2 13T8 1133 12.1 0
292 56 M
9 56118 272 677 1143 12.1 D
293 65 F
8 54118 172 577 1152 12.1 D
294 157 M
57 110+24 295 130 M
37 70720 3+2 9+8 1201 16.4 D
1+2 1211 16.4 0
296 134 F
64 60120 4}2 14}8 2+2 1222 16.4 0
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No. Wt. (1bs) Sex A_ge K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/13/79(Cont'd) 297 130 M
13 100+21 2+2 8+7 1232 16.4 0
298 210 M
28 120T21 272 7T7 2+2 1241 16.4 D
299 130 F
31 89T20 572 16T7 1250 16.4 D
300 110 F
23 54T17 1+2 1258 16.4 D
301 178 M
73 76722 5+3 17+9 1307 13.5 D
302 87 M
12 59723 1336 13.5 0
_303 100 F
12 44T19 1345 13.5 D
304 75 M
9 52T19 1354 14.5 0
305 131 F
71 51721 1403 14.5 D
306 65 M
7 42124 1416 14.5 D
307 100 F
13 43+22 1430 14.5 D
308 45 M
6 21T15 1439 14.5 D
309 175 M
52 71725 1449 14.5 0
310 165 M
44 120T29 3+3 9+9 1500 13.2 0
311 130 F
16 40720 7T3 24710 1+2 1509 13.2 0
312 85 F
10 49T24 1518 13.2 D
313 115 F
25 52T21 1527 13.2 0
314 138
'F 35 49724 1539 13.2 D
315 62 M
7 52721 1554 13.2 D
316 112 F
30 73721 1603 11.4 D
Trace of rain 317 60 M
6 42716 1+2 5+7 1612 11.4 D
Trace of rain 318 195 F
40 60T22 373 10T9 1624 11.4 0
Trace of rain 319 185 M
63 76722 1634 11.4 D
Trace of rain 320 66 M
8 38T17 1643 11.4 D
Trace of rain 321 102 F
30 50718 1652 11.4 D
Trace of rain 322 120 F
27 76T21 2+2 5+8 1700 11.9 D
Trace of rain 323 122 F
51 51T16 572 16T7 1706?
11.9 D
Trace of rain 324 70 F
8 39T14 172 4T6 1717 11.9 0
Trace of rain 325 160 M
23 95T24 1726 11.9 D
Trace of rain 326 240 F
56 61T21 1744 11.9 D
Trace of rain 327 131
.F 25 46]l7 1754 11.9 D
Trace of rain
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/13/79(Cont'd) 328 135 F
35 68+20 1803 15.4 D
Trace of rain 329 120 M
65 63T20 1+2 1828 15.4 0
Trace of rain 330 60 F
8 20T20 5+8 1813 15.4 D
Trace of rain 331 139 F
35 75T23 3+3 10+9 1838 15.4 D
Trace of rain 332 115 F
28 62T22 1847 15.4 D
Trace of rain 333 100 F
16 71726 2+3 1906 13.8 D
334 56 F
7 32T16 8+10 1857 15.4 D
Trace of rain 335 175 M
54 80720 2+2 1916 13.8 D
336 30 F
6 11T14 1925 13.8 D
w 337 45 M
8 42T14 1934 13.8 D
338 158 F
54 63T18 2+2 6+7 1955 13.8 D
339 149 M
59 83T20 472 15T8 2004 16.2 0
340 120 F
26 50721 373 9T9 2013 26.2 D
341 48 M
5 32T17 2034 16.2 D
342 160 M
25 100T23 2044 16.2 D
343 55 M
7 32T18 2+2 6+8 2114 10.7 D
344 135 F
17 66T18 2123 10.7 D
345 60 M
10 49T15 2214
- 7. 7 D
346 110 F
38 38T16 2223
- 7. 7 D
347 242 M
43 140T23 2231 7.7 D
348 247 M
47 110724 2+2 349 155 M
40 78T23 2244?
- 7. 7 0
2252 7.7 0
~350 84 M
10 53718 4+2 12+8 2301 7.7 0
351 152 M
27 140724 7T2 22T8 2310 7.7 0
352 152 M
63 81719 272 677 2319 7.7 0
353 52 M
10 24I18 1943 13.8 D
354 170 F
39 51720 2022 16.2 D
355 128 F
25 62T27 2+3 8+11 2053 16.2 D
356 150 F
21 72T23 2104 10.7 D
357 130 F
41 47118 2354
- 7. 2 0
Trace of rain
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability Ae K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex 2
4/14/79 358 172 M
74 86+19 1+2 3+7 0006 7.2 0
Trace of rain 4/13/79 359 190 F
33 83+22 2+2 6+8 2342 7.7 D
Trace of rain 360 155 F
54 29 15 472 1478 2+2 2204 7.7 D
Trace of rain 4/14/79
~362 95 M
9 33T15 9+6 0750 5.7 D
361 140 M
24 89+20 3+2 0759 5.7 D
363 210 M
65 110719 2+2 8+6 0808 6.6 0
364 140 F
51 78T16 372 10T6 1+1 0817 6.6 0
365 170 M
66 83T21 0827 6.6 D
us 366 67 M
10 52T15 4+2 13+6 14 1 0836 6.6 0
367 138 F
59 37T20 272 878 0845 6.6 0
368 127 F
38 58T16 ST2 16T6 0853 6.6 D
369 70 M
10 71720 272 877 0902 6.5 A
370 160 M
16 130T27 3T2 1078 0911 6.5 A
371 136 F
47 62T26 0919 6.5 A
372 165 M
65 94T21 0930 6.5 A
373 120 F
28 43717 3+2 9+7 0939 6.5 A
374 134 F
14 83722 272 778 0947 6.5 A
375 145 F
45 82T19 272 7T6 2+2 0956 6.5 A
376 185 F
41 81722 472 1378 1005 5.6 A
377 160 M
78 95T20 4T2 1377 1+2 1013 5.6 A
378 148 M
49 81T21 1022 5.6 A
379 80 M
10 59T19 1031 5.6 A
380 175 M
42 110T23 2+2 7+7 1040 5.6 A
381 51 M
8 52T16 2T2 7T6 1048 5.6 A
382 65 M
8 55T16 3T2 1176 1+2 1057 5.6 A
c 383 74 M
8 40T16 1473 47T8 2T2 1105 5.9 A
384 120 M
13 89T19 1114 5.9 A
385 175 M
15 89}18 3+2 10+6 1122 5.9 A
cRecounted on 4/26/79 - File #720
TABLE 3 (Continued) l RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM l
FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT i
l Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex Ae K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments J
4/14/79(Cont'd) 386 185 F
36 99+15 7+2 24+6 1131 5.9 A
387 109 F
10 66T16 472 1276 1+1 1139 5.9 A
338 160 M
66 85T24 1148 5.9 A
389 90 M
9 55T15 1+1 1156 5.9 A
390 150 F
38 75T16 1205 4.0 A
391 160 M
65 85723 3+2 9+8 1214 4.0 A
392 175 F
51 74T18 272 776 1222 4.0 A
393 175 M
45 110721 972 3078 2+2 1232 4.0 A
394 165 M
37 120T23 372 1177 1241 4.0 A
395 155 M
12 110T21 372 977 1255 4.0 A
w 396 60 F
10 30TV 272 57 1315 7.2 A
397 95 F
13 51'+15 272 1+2 1333 7.2 A
~398 137 F
57 46T19 o+6 1324
- 7. 2 A
399 37 F
4 23T14 171 1349 7.2 A
400 52 F
10 32T14 1+2 4+6 lil 1358 7.2 A
401 174 M
34 38728 1409 16.9 D
402
T--FILE NOT USED-------------------------
403 90 F
9 70+16 4+2 12+6 1510 17.5 0
~404 128 F
47 56T14 2T2 5T5 1+1 1519 17.5 D
405 150 M
15 120T19 lil 1528 17.5 0
406 160 F
62 50717 4+2 12+7 1537 17.5 D
407 200 F
49 100T16 272 STS 2+1 1432 16.9 D
408 140 F
73 63T14 372 1075 271 1441 16.9 D
409 150 F
76 55T17 2T2 777 1450 16.9 D
410 70 M
6 60T13 2+1 1459 16.9 0
411 69 M
8 58T14 lil 1550 17.5 D
412 160 M
15 150724 3+2 967 1602 14.7 E
413 125 F
16 67T20 1+2 1654 14.7 E
~414 120 F
14 51714 2+2 6+6 lil 1703
- 7. 6 E
415 157 F
58 53T17 373 10T9 2T2 1712 7.6 E
416 139 F
60 66}13 111 1738
- 7. 6 E
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/13/79(Cont'd)
_417 175 M
16 130+22 1749 7.6 E
418 70 M
10 38T14 2+2 5+6 1802 2.1 E
419 90 M
12 87T19 1810 2.1 E
420 37 M
5 21T13 1824 2.1 E
421 167 M
23 120T20 1839 2.1 E
422 47 F
7 4bT14 4+2 12+6
'l+2 1957 2.1 E
423 95 F
49 51714 1909 4.8 G
424 140 M
53 110T30 1918 4.8 G
425 125 F
53 67T14 2+2 7+6 1+1 tN 427 40 F
5 51T16 376 1932 4.8 G
426 160 M
11 76T16 172 1940 4.8 G
1950 4.8 G
428 170 M
23 84720 2000 4.6 G
d 429 140 F
56 60715 24+3 78+9 2+2 2113 4.6 F
430 176 M
67 110T22 272 5T8 172 2010 4.6 G
431 155 F
56 53T18 2024 4.6 G
432 106 F
13 61720 2037 4.6 G
433 84 F
11 55T16 3+2 11+7 2052 4.6 G
434 145 F
52 55T14 272 776 2+2 2101 4.6 F
435 190 M
57 110T23 2133 4.6 F
436 178 M
60 110T19 2142 4.6 F
437 110 M
11 78720 2152 4.6 F
438 144 F
53 66T16 1+2 2205 4.1 G
439 130 F
55 34T14 2+2 8+7 2216 4.1 G
440 117 F
'31 44T14 2246 4.1 G
441 50 F
9 39T13 2256 4.1 G
4/15/79 442 172 F-32 53+15 0624 3.3 F *** Trace of rain 443 110 F
24 72T17 0635 3.3 F *** Trace of rain 444 185 M
53 97}20 3+2 9+7 2+2 0649 3.3 F *** Trace of rain dRecounted on 4/26/79 - File #725
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/15/79(Cont'd) 445 160 F
60 49+15 0702 1.8 F *** Trace of rain 446 160 F
33 45T18 0715 1.8 F *** Trace of rain 447 150 F
34 89720 0724
- 1. 8 F *** Trace of rain 4/14/79 448 101 F
16 52+15 2230 4.1 G *** Trace of rain 4/15/79 449 200 M
62 82+22 0749 1.8 F *** Trace of rain 450 143 F
38 71723 0759 1.8 F *** Trace of rain 451 140 M
76 45716 7+2 0937 8.2 D
452 120 F
16 61721 22+7 0823 5.3 E
453 140 F
32 74T20 095c 8.2 D
os 454 52 F
6 20T13 1001 12.0 0
455 176 M
38 120T25 2+2 6+8 1017 12.0 D
456 70 F
6 26T16 1032 12.0 0
457 85 M
11 60T17 3+2 1110 10.6 D
458 50 M
7 36T15 10+7 1058 12.0 0
459 69 F
11 26T14 1119 10.6 D
460 172 M
61 82721 1+2 1128 10.6 D
461 50 M
7 36T18 2+2 6+8 1145 10.6 D
462 150 F
58 67T21 1158 10.6 D
463 155 M
18 142T22 2+2 8+7 1211 16.6 D
464 95 M
11 95T21 1220 16.6 D
465 50 M
8 57T17 1229 16 5 D
T 49 15 2+2 5+6 1248 16.6 D
466 105 F
23 467 170 M
57 110725 3T3 1178 1257 15.6 0
_469 120 M
14 100T20 877 1325 15 5 0
468 128 F
23 64T18 272 2+2 1352 15.3 0
470 185 M
29 110722 2+2 6+7 1421 20.7 0
~
471 70 M
10 60T15 1446 20.7 0
~
472 130 F
17 97T21 1455 20.7 D
473 211 F
57 100320 2+2 5+7 1507 19.3 D
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasouill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex Am K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/15/79(Cont'd) 474 32 F
5 17+11 1431 20.7 D
475 150 M
69 74720 1516 19.7 0
476 152 F
76 57T17 2+2 8+7 1524 19.3 D
477 115 M
17 100T22 1533 19.3 D
478 220 M
27 130722 1543 19.3 0
479 132 F
55 86T19 1552 19.3 D
480 50 F
7 55T14 4+2 13+6 1601 16.1 A
481 145 M
24 130726 1610 16.1 A
482 120 F
56 83T23 1619 16.1 A
w 484 132 F
24 85T18 8+8 1628 16.1 A
483 128 F
33 55719 2+2 1637 16.1 A
485 127 M
13 93720 5+2 17+8 1646 16.1 A
486 152 F
54 91720 1655 16.1 A
487 105 F
31 54T15 1704 16.7 D
488 6E M
8 37T16 1713 16.7 0
489 75 F
9 50717 1721 16.7 D
490 175 F
45 61T16 1731 16.7 D
491 60 M
6 27716 1741 16.7 D
492 81 F
8 69T20 1750 16.7 D
494 210 F
67 48T17 12+7 1758 16.7 D
493 76 F
6 43T16 4+2 1810 13.5 E
495 112 F
53 76T17 1+1 1903 14.1 E
~496 135 M
57 95T17 3+2 11+6 lil 1912 14.1 E
497 205 M
47 120T20 272 ST6 1921 14.1 E
499 135 F
41 53717 1930 14.1 E
498 60 M
7 39T14 1+1 1939 14.1 E
500 65 M
7 51T14 1947 14.1 E
501 68 M
8 37713 4+2 13+6 1+1 1956 14.1 E
502 190 M
26 130T20 272 2005 14.6 E
503 100 M
11 57T15 2017 14.6 E
504 50 M
6 39114 2028 14.6 E
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex Ag K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/15/79(Cont'd) 505 160 M
23 99+20 3+2 9+7 2037 14.6 E
506 160 F
27 80T17 972 2977 1+2 507 153 M
11 72T17 4T2 1377 2045 14.6 E
2053 14.6 E
508 95 F
12 62713 1+1 2102 12.5 E
509 160 M
20 140720 3+2 9+6 2128 12.5 E
510 175 M
21 140720 2+2
~511 78 F
10 60716 4+2 14+6 2138 12.5 E
2146 12.5 E
512 185 M
38 130720 572 2207 11.5 E
513 38 F
5 20T12 1877 1+2 2157 12.5 E
w 514 38 M
6 25713 1+1 2215 11.5 E
515 155 F
32 73T16 2+2 7+6 2224 11.5 E
516 210 M
23 130721 372 2304 9.0 E
~517 175 M
22 140722 1077 1+2 2255 11.5 E
518 120 F
29 83720 4+2 13+7 2356 9.0 E
4/16/79 519 128 F
22 100+19 1+2 4+6 0009 9.0 E
'520 170 M
20 130725 272 7T7 1+2 0022 9.0 E
521 64 F
9 55T15 4T2 15T6 lil 522 105 M
10 60716 372 1076 0031 9.0 E
0041 9.0 E
523 150 M
62 110T26 773 2279 0054 9.0 E
524 175 M
38 78722 2T2 0641 9.1 E
Trace of rain 525 105 F
16 43T18 877 0632 9.1 E
Trace of rain 526 150 F
51 73T16 4+2 12+6 0650 9.1 E
Trace of rain 527 75 F
11 76T20 0659 9.1 E
Trace of rain
'528 183 F
63 47T16 9+2 30+7 0708 6.9 E
Trace of rain 529 247 M
62 95T21 672 20T8 2+2 0717 6.9 E
530 160 M
23 130720 472 12T6 0106 10.0 E
531 155 M
19 130723 4T2 12T7 0116 10.0 E
532 70 M
7 48114 212 616 1+1 0927 6.7 D
Trace of rain l
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No. Wt. (1bs) Sex ge K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/15/79 533'I 145 M
61 90+16 21+2 71+8 2+2 0936 6.7 D
Trace of rain 534 134 F
11 74T17 1472 48T8 272 0945 6.7 D
Trace of rain 5359 185 M
41 77T22 17T3 56T11 1021 8.2 D
Trace of rain
~536 155 M
35 75T19 ST2 1877 0725 6.9 E
Trace of rain 537 98 M
10 73i20 272 7T7 0734 6.9 E
Trace of rain 538 125 F
31 49T19 372 10T7 0744 6.9 E
Trace of rain 539 149 M
53 72I19 0808 7.3 D
Trace of rain 540 106 F
24 93T18 2+2 6+6 0818
- 7. 3 D
Trace of rain 541 160 M
25 100T19 272 876 0826 7.3 D
Trace of rain 8 543 150 M
75 99T19 2+2 7+6 0835 7.3 D
Trace of rain 542 40 F
4 29I12 1+1 0849 7.3 D
Trace of rain 544 206 F
50 94T18 2+2 0859 7.3 D
Trac
- of rain 545 65 M
9 63T16 4+2 12+6 0908 6.7 D
Trace. of rain 546 198 F
54 75T14 4I2 14T6 0917 6.7 D
Trace of rain
~547 140 M
16 53T15 272 ST6 1101 9.7 D
Trace of rain
~549 145 21 100T23 12T6 1112 9.7 D
Trace of rain 548 126 F
21 60716 4T2 1121 9.7 D
Trace of rain 550 156 M
M 110T20 2+2 7+6 2+2 1130 9.7 D
Trace of rain 4/16/79 551 48 F
7 54+15 1+2 4+6 1139 9.7 D
Trace of rain 552 100 M
14 57T20 3T2 1078 1147 9.7 D
Trace of rain 553 114 F
31 64T15 4T2 15T6 1156 9.7 D
Trace of rain 554 60 F
7 36T14 2T2 776 1210 9.1 D
Trace of rain 556 120 F
24 72T18 776 1221 9.1 0
Trace of rain 555 93 M
15 88T18 272 1230 9.1 D
Trace of rain 557 135 F
65 55T20 8+3 26+9
~1238 9.1 D
Trace of rain 558 85 F
58 72}20 312 917 2+2 1250 9.1 D
Trace of rain
' Recounted on 4/26/79 - File #724 IRecounted on 4/26/79 - File #742 9 Recounted on 4/26/73 - File #739
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/16/79 559 150 M
49 98+19 1+2 1304 10.2 E
Trace of. rain 560 90 F
11 49T20 3+3 10+9 1313 10.2 E
561 55 M
7 42T14 172 46 1323 10.2 E
r 562 127 F
33 91720 172 477 1332 10.2 E
563 105 F
24 67720 1343 10.2 E
564 55 M
9 43T14 1352 10.2 E
565 49 F
7 46T15 1401 11.5 D
566 116 F
27 66T17 2+2 6+7 1+2 1412 11.5 D
Trace of rain 567 215 F
20 73T21 1421 11.5 D
Trace of rain 568 198 M
62 120T24 1+2 5+8 1430 11.5 D
Trace of rain is 569 170 F
20 100T17 372 1176 2+1 1511 12.3 D
Trace of rain
_570 148 F
24 100T19 3I2 leT6 1519 12.3 D
Trace of rain 571 95 F
20 43714 2+2 1529 12.3 D
Trace of rain 572 225 F
20 68I14 171 1538 12.3 D
Trace of rain 573 155 F
62 78T17 4+2 14+7 172 1546 12.3 D
Trace of rain 574 119 M
8 39713 1555 12.3 D
Trace of rain 575 105 F
29 78T17 2+2 1610 11.9 D
Trace of rain 576 140 F
25 74718 1618 11.9 D
Trace of rain 577 140 F
31 5D714 1+2 4+5 1628 11.9 D
Trace of rain 578 130 M
20 110T18 472 1576 2+2 1636 11.9 D
Trace of rain 579 195 M
33 14eT20 372 1DT6 1649 11.9 D
Trace of rain 580 174 F
43 51T18 2T2 877 1727 11.8 0
~581 135 F
34 68716 172 576 1+1 1737 11.8 D
582 155 M
26 95T26 1747 11.8 D
583 150 F
66 34718 1758 11.8 D
584 11')
F 18 86T20 3+2 11+7 1817 15.5 E
585
".40 M
58 100T23 672 1978 1825 15.5 E
586 42 F
6 20T14 1807 15.5 E
587 90 M
10 58720 2+2 8+8 1834 15.5 E
588 115 F
32 70720 272 67 1916 9.9 E
589 156 M
32 82120 1843 15.5 E
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAL ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex A_ge K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/16/79(Cont'd) 590 120 F
29 60+18 342 9+7 1851 15.5 E
591 120 M
25 110T17 1901 9.9 E
592 102 F
11 33713 2+2 7+6 1928 9.9 E
593 17G M
29 110T20 272 6T7 1939 9.9 E
594 125 F
12 67T19 472 1277 1947 9.9 E
595 175 M
23 100T22 272 6T7 2017 11.7 E
~596 210 M
19 160723 272 7T7 1+2 2031 11.7 E
597 175 M
59 132723 2049 11.7 E
598 140 F
22 49T17 2101 17.3 E
Trace of rain 599 130 F
23 60714 4+2 12+6 2110 17.3 E
Trace of rain 600 165 M
26 84T18 2+2 21.'9 17.3 E
Trace of rain 601 114 F
15 75T19 213.
17.3 E
Trace of rain 602 229 M
21 88T23 2140 17.3 E
Trace of rain 603 133 F
22 77719 2153 17.3 E
Trace of rain 604 90 M
11 71716 2205 14.3 E
Trace of rain 605 150 F
18 88718 2119 14.?
E Trace of rain 606 130 F
22 91719 3+2 9+6 2237 14._
E Trace of rain 607 140 F
22 88T18 4T2 1276 2250 14.3 E
Trace of rain
~ 08 66 M
8 58T16 472 13T7 2300 13.5 E
6 609 129 F
37 84T19 3T2 977 2309 13.5 E
610 270 M
28 120T23 572 1879 2319 13.5 E
611 170 M
38 95T21 372 977 2328 13.5 E
612 125 F
22 73T16 372 1076 2338 13.5 E
613 100 F
32 76723 473 1579 2347 13.5 E
4/17/79 614 40 F
7 28+10 1+1 0819 10.5 D
615 140 M
42 100T17 0834 10.5 D
~616 185 M
30 '130722 2+2 7+7 2+2 0844 10.5 0
617 185 M
21 120T21 272 0853 10.5 0
618 160 F
45 64T17 0906 10.6 A
619 103 F
34 62}14 1+1 0917 10.6 A
TASti 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex Ay K-40 Ra-8,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Coments 4/17/79(Cont'd) 620 125 F
74 67+15 1+2 0938 10.6 A
621 165 F
64 52T16 4+6 2+2 0929 10.6 A
622 101 F
74 577 4 1+1 0948 10.6 A
1 623 145 F
52 52T18 3+2 10+8 172 624 45 M
5 54T17 372 977
~
1000 15.6 A
h 1306 14.6 E
625 115 F
26 85T19 25T3 84T 0 2+2 1316 14.6 E
1
~626 121 F
68 53719 472 1345 14.6 E
627 180 F
60 35T 7 1278 II2 1336 14.6 E
1 628 110 F
30 40T21 1356 14.6 E
629 130 F
29 57716 1+2 4+6 1410 13.4 0
iO 630 185 M
47 140728 673 13+9 1420 13.4 D
631 60 M
9 66T18 672 20T7 1+2 1438 13.4 D
632 156 M
65 80T 1 572 1678 272 1448 13.4 D
2 633 48 F
7 20T16 1522 16.0 0
634 42 M
5 32}14 2+2 6+6 1548 16.0 D
635 240 M
29 130+28 1621 16.9 E
636 145 F
60 76T19 4+2 15+7 1633 16.9 E
637 170 M
48 99720 3T2 1177 1+2 1642 16.9 E
638 50 M
7 37T 5
~-
1651 16.9 E
1 639 50 M
3 17716 1659 16.9 E
640 50 M
8 26T15 1708 13.6 E
641 156 M
43 677 7 2+2 6+6 1716 13.6 E
1 642 58 F
7 34713 1729 13.6 E
643 40 F
6 20T12 2+2 1816 14.3 E
644 135 F
28 45T17 1+2 1827 14.3 E
645 110 F
27 66T16 4+2 12+6 2+1 1837 14.3 E
646 185 F
43 85T17 lil 1853 14.3 E
4/18/79 647 205 M
39 130+26 4+3 1218 2+2 0624 7.3 E
hRecounted on 4/26/79 - File #740.
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt.'(lbs) Sex Age K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/18/79(Cont'd)
~648 170 F
42 100+20 7+2 23+7 2+2 0633 7.3 E
649 40 M
5 32715 0641 7.3 E
650 130 F
29 81722 9+3 31+9 0650 7.3 E
651 145 F
24 83716 372 1076 0659 7.3 E
652 160 F-23 81717 772 2277 0708 12.0 0
653 128 F
46 74722 6T3 1879 0717 12.0 0
654 165 M
31 95T20 0725 12.0 D
655 55 F
8 44T 5 3+2 10+7 0736 12.0 D
1 656 144 M
70 110T22 472 1377 1+2 0745 12.0 D
657 70 M
6 61T17 172
- = 658 45 F
5 49T12 2+1 6+5 0753 12.0 D
0802 13.8 D
659 130 F
57 60T16 4T2 1476 0810 13.8 D
660 92 F
11 60720
$T3 1678 0818 13.8 0
661 190 M
55 85723 172 578 0836 13.8 D
~662 160 F
32 65T21 573 1779 0847 13.8 0
663 160 M
65 62T19 272 777 1001 16.6 D
665 80 M
8 31T15 576 1019 16.6 D
664 35 M
4 16T14 272 1027 16.6 D
666 69 F
7 32T16 1036 16.6 0
~667 225 M
45 95T26 4+3 12+9 0900 15.9 D
668 190 M
33 120T20 372 977 0910 15.9 D
669 47 M
6 35T14 572 1576 0910 15.9 0
670 132 F
29 81I19 2T2 6T6 0919 15.9 D
671 120 F
56 36T19 2T2 8T8 0943 15.9 0
672 104 F
34 75T 9 3T2 977 0952 16.6 0
1
~673 99 F
31 45T16 272 ST7 1054 14.1 A
7 674 175 M
26 170T29 ST2 16 8 2+2 1104 14.1 A
675 150 M
31 140721 4T2 12T6 172 1113 14.1 A
676 48 F
7 46T16 1131 14.1 A
677 172 F
55 63124 1146 14.1 A
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex ge K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/18/79(Cont'd) 678 120 F
31 72+19 1156 14.1 A
679 60 M
5 39T15 4+2 14+6 1205 11.8 D
680 35 M
5 26T14 4T2 1276 1218 11.8 D
681 212 M
66 100T22 4T2 1477 1234 11.8 D
682 90 M
9 53I22 1243 11.8 D
683 115 F
15 49T16 1252 11.8 D
684 198 M
62 110T26 4+2 12+8 1301 16.5 D
685 185 F
33 73T20 7T3 2579 1317 16.5 0
~686 91 F
72 44T19 372 1278 1327 16.5 D
687 245 F
(Count not completed at request of participant) 1337 16.5 D
A 688 95 F
21 46+18 2+2 7+8 1343 16.5 D
689 104 F
30 71718 1352 16.5 D
690 225 M
28 160727 1402 17.6 E
691 145 M
17 100T22 1440 17.6 E
692 40 F
4 13T14 1459 17.6 E
693 70 M
10 47T17 3+2 9+6 1507 20.7 E
~694 59 M
6
~3716 2T2 7T7 1518 20.7 E
695 150 M
17 1:0726 372 1178 1527 20.7 E
696 64 M
7 26719 3536 20.7 E
697 137 F
64 53714 4+2 13+7 1+2 698 6f F
8 39T17 372 1077 1545 20.7 E
1554 20.7 E
699 217 M
32 140T23 2T2 7T6 2+2 1602 18.5 F
700 200 M
32 99T20 672 1877 272 1614 18.5 F
701 163 F
18 49118 172 3T5 1624 18.5 F
702 130 M
79 52+16 4T2 1376 1635 18.5 F
703 34 F
4 25T15 1+2 1657 18.5 F
704 170 M
42 110T20 3+2 11+6 2T2 1707 15.9 F
105 43 F
4 33714 172 STS 1716 15.9 F
707 160 M
24 100T20 272 7T6 1724 15.9 F
706 155 M
21 120T22 572 IST7 1+2 1740 15.9 F
708 200 M
61 130526 3+2 1751 15.9 F
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex A_ge K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/18/79(Cont'd) 709 95 M
8 57+17 2+2 1800 16.1 E
710 165 M
49 99T23 4+2 13+8 2T2 1809 16.1 E
711 158 M
21 120T23 172 1819 16.1 E
712 140 M
18 100T25 2+2 8+7 1828 16.1 E
713 150 M
48 81720 372 877 1+2 1837 16.1 E
714 166 M
52 96720 5T2 1676 1846 16.1 E
715 200 M
25 110721 472 15T7 1854 16.1 E
716 55 M
7 23712 272 675 1+1 1902 10.8 E
717 198 M
64 93T21 472 14T7 172 1917 10.8 E
4/14/79 vi 718 175 M
14 100+18 2124 4.6 E
4/26/79 719 155 M
15 150+19 2+2 7+6 1+1 0902 16.5 0
Trace of rain j
720 75 M
8 64T12 572 1675 0919 16.5 0
Trace of rain
~721 135 F
32 93T19 472 1577 0934 16.5 D
Trace of rain
~722 205 M
36 130T22 272 777 0953 1L.5 D
Trace of rain 135 F
58 53T16 24T3 8179 1011 14.9 A
Trace of rain
_7232
_724 145 M
61 88T17 1272 4178 2+2 1027 14.9 A
Trace of rain 3
725 140 F
56 64T20 4T2 1378 1042 14.9 A
Trace of rain 726 93 F
13 44T13 ST2 1776 1+1 1521 8.7 E
Trace of rain 4
727 186 M
42 120T19 172 576 171 1545 8.7 E
Trace of rain 728 156 M
57 110T18 572 1876 372 1613 9.5 D
Trace of rain 729 105 F
17 83I14 372 975 2
1632 9.5 D
Trace of rain 730 168 M
.15 110T20 1649 9.5 D
Trace of rain 731 135 F
39 79+15 11+2 3617 2+2 1704 9.5 D
I ecount of File #383 ecount of File #533 ecount of File #429 Recount of File #150 i
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (lbs) Sex & K-40 Ra-B,C Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 4/26/79(cont'd) 732 155 M
53 120+18 3+2 9+6 1724 9.5 0
733 160 M
59 97718 272 776 1742 9.5 D
734 125 F
29 66T20 1758 9.5 D
735'.
197 F
45 62T13 2+2 8+5 1140 5.2 E
Trace of rain 736 155 F
69 55T23 58T5 192T17 7+4
_737 32 M
3 11710 272 675 1157 5.2 E
Trace of rain 1256 7.1 F
Trace of rain 7385 26 M
- 1. 5 18T12 172 376 1319 8.4 C
Trace of rain 7396 180 M
41 100T19 172 577 2+2 740 115 F
26 74T18 572 1677 1212 7.1 F
Trace of rain 1233 7.1 F
Trace of rain
- j; 7417 175 M
28 88T20 172 477 1245 7.1 F
Trace of rain t
742 134 F
11 64T14 272 575 1111 5.2 E
Trace of rain l
743 68 M
9 47714 1123 5.2 E
Trace of rain 5/17/79 8
744 150 F
69 70+17 7+2 24+7 0948 11.3 A
745 171 M
74 82T17 572 16T7 1+1 0950 11.3 A
4/21/79 9
746 196 M
81 98+20 16+3 53+9 1134 4.0 A
4/20/79 748 200 F
49 89T19 13+7 2+2 1405 5.4 A
747 238 M
52 120+19 4+2 1440 5.4 A
Light rain l
4/9/79 749 190 M
57 78+18 2+2 7+5 1258 4.6 D
Light rain W
5 ecounted on File #744 R
l Recount of File #535 E
[
ecount of File #625 ecount of File #534 ecount of File #736 ecount of File #109 l
TABLE 3 (Continued)
RESULTS OF THE PUBLIC WHOLE BODY COUNTING PROGRAM FOLLOWING THE THREE MILE ISLAND ACCIDENT Pasquill Atm.
Nanocuries Wind Speed Stability File No.
Wt. (1bs) Sex & K-40 Ra-8,C
,Ra-226 Cs-137 Time of Count (mph)
Category Comments 6/20/79
_750 54 M
7 33+16 2+2 6+7 1015 2.5 F
751 37 M
S 42714 1020 2.5 F
752 62 F
9 29T14 1020 2.5 F
_753 54 F
7 41716 1032 2.5 F
754 40 M
5 37714 2+2 8+6 1404 2.5 F
6/22/79 755 45 M
4 31+14 1113 2.5 F
_756 34 M
3 37T14 1138 3.3 F
757 79 M-8 76717 3+2 10+7 1602 5.8 E
a 758 155 F
30 110T21 4T2 1278 1549 6.4 E
6/26/79 759 185 M
34 130+25 1+2 760 28 M
3 35I14 1250 7.1 F
1313 8.4 C
761 82 M
9 79T15 1326 8.4 C
762 70 F
7 69714 1+2 5+5 1+1 1338 8.4 C
763 220 F
35 40720 1350 8.4 C
~
~
6/22/79 764 122 F
27 83+17 1+1 1117 3.3 F
765 50 F
7 17716 1122 3.3 F
4/15/79 RMC-1 140 F
50 8719.5 2240
TABLE 4. RAW COUNT DATA AND SYSTEM BACKGROUND DATA (PERSON'S NAME HERE) (SOCIAL SECURITY NO.)O'4/18/79 AT 0650
( 6.32 MIN. COUNT) 3 MILE ISL (JOB TITLE)
SEX =F HT=5 4 AGE =29 WT=130 ANALYST =JG FILE = TMO650 ON JIM-B 379.56118.
O.
- 96. 5653. 2304. 5005.18782. 9569. 1066.
573.
514.
428.
355.
334.
385.
310.
304.
293.
279.
276.
236.
222.
224.
213.
209.
221.
197.
192.
182.
177.
183.
189.
182.
135.
142.
154.
138.
127.
102.
87.
103.
119.
93.
79.
iii.
99.
88.
83.
94.
86.
90.
76.
79.
85.
79.
74.
65.
80.
97.
92.
96.
81.
77.
77.
56.
60, 63.
51.
46.
54.
42.
43.
46.
43.
50.
41.
51.
46.
40.
39.
44.
42.
38.
46.
38.
33.
35.
34.
42.
33.
28.
36.
34.
44.
36.
34.
25.
28.
37.
25.
21.
31.
32.
29.
28.
32.
28.
29.
30.
32.
34.
33.
36.
40.
23.
30.
27.
34.
22.
33.
33.
22.
19.
27.
31.
32.
32.
26.
32.
28, 21.
21.
32.
34.
33.
39.
36.
51.
61.
53.
54.
47.
51.
38.
36.
35.
38.
32.
21.
23.
15.
9.
22.
15.
12.
I 21.
18.
15.
16.
27.
15.
4 17.
13.
10, 14.
15.
17.
10.
11.
7.
12.
19.
9.
14.
12.
13.
12.
10.
6.
9.
5.
8.
3.
6.
8.
10.
4.
8.
3.
9.
9.
8.
i t.
3.
10.
5.
9.
6.
5.
6.
8.
7.
7.
1.
8.
4, 7.
11.
7.
3.
11.
6.
4.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
3.
10.
5.
5.
4.
5.
9.
4.
6.
4.
2.
5.
1.
5.
2.
8.
4.
10.
9.
9.
5.
4.
3.
7.
5.
1.
5.
8.
4.
5.
4.
7.
3.
1.
7.
1.
101.
132.
117.
127.
104.
132.
121.
125.
129.
123.
140.
122.
157.
159.
123.
139.
137.
153.
140.
138.
135.
137.
161.
145.
183.
- 142, 161.
182.
151.
170.
179.
149.
168.
170.
168.
151.
157.
139.
175.
187.
170.
169.
145.
133.
148.
154.
159.
155.
139.
150.
158.
158.
167.
159.
155.
141.
164.
186.
152.
146.
159.
149.
136.
147.
156.
112.
145.
133.
111.
131.
132.
139.
114.
122.
123.
108.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
NUMBER OF COUNTS =
489. SUBJECT INTEGRAL =
56118. BKG INTEGRAL =
86301.
659.86301.
O.
128. 9442. 3953. 7782.31428.16922. 1493.
507.
393.
326.
310.
294.
283.
289.
271.
247.
251.
284 292.
284.
249.
246.
251.
214.
223.
246.
210.
196.
182.
165.
166.
162.
467.
169.
134.
156.
125.
143.
125.
128.
121.
115.
118.
126.
116.
114.
125.
120.
151.
127.
135.
116.
92.
86.
99.
75.
90.
103.
73.
90.
75.
83.
79.
80.
76.
60.
64.
58.
65.
54.
59.
56.
62.
73.
55.
59.
66.
53.
69.
57.
45.
62.
52.
64.
43.
33.
51.
52.
l 48.
52.
42.
45.
51.
37.
47.
37.
36.
43.
46.
41.
53.
33.
30.
30.
41.
47.
43.
44.
36, 42, 41.
37.
40.
44.
34.
33.
42.
37.
44.
39.
39.
35.
22.
29.
26.
46.
31.
44.
39.
40.
43.
34.
35.
40.
46.
33.
58.
27.
51.
44.
35.
37.
45.
41.
30.
32.
38, 25.
23.
31.
22.
25.
25.
24.
13.
15.
24.
20.
10.
15.
19.
23.
9.
14.
23.
20.
22.
10.
23.
12.
18.
17.
14.
16.
7.
12.
9.
B.
10.
7.
22.
6.
18.
18.
10.
9.
9.
11.
12.
13.
9.
11.
13.
7.
10.
17.
14.
9.
13.
14.
15.
12.
13.
12.
8.
9.
8.
9.
6.
i t.
4.
9.
4.
4.
15.
12.
7.
10.
9.
6.
9.
6.
8.
10.
5.
5.
8.
10.
12.
9.
14.
l 6.
9.
4.
8.
5.
5.
5.
13.
10.
8.
9.
4.
4.
l 12.
9.
11.
13.
9.
3.
5.
6.
6.
204.
180.
20,.
223.
i 193.
198.
195.
195.
199.
203.
199.
193.
187.
189.
169.
202.
181.
l 198.
164.
197.
180.
192.
227.
213.
179.
182.
187.
205.
168.
199.
191.
216.
213.
208.
211.
192.
182.
186.
204.
196.
175.
- 229, 193.
l 197.
178.
213.
191.
199.
218.
206.
194.
202.
216.
190.
200.
202.
I 209.
227.
205.
219.
179.
205.
209.
205.
174.
201.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
O.
j O.
)
TABLE 5. RESIDUAL COUNT DATA (PERSON'S NAME HERE) (SOCIAL SECURITY NO.) 04/18/79 AT 0650
( 6.32 MIN. COUNT) i 3 MILE ISL (JOB TITLE)
SEX =F HT=5 4 ACE =29 WT=130 ANALYST =JG I
6.98 140.30 10.50 1.31 7.15 142.26 34.46 7.72 10.36 1.40 6208.42 10.98 80.75 66.85 56.73 113.68 169.67 109.40 130.65 93.11 112.83 83.32 -1000.00 -1000.00 CHISGR O.66 DOSE COMMITMENT, MREM ANSWER 2-SICMA % MPDB 50 YEAR 1 YEAR 13 WEEK
%ICRPIL 1 RA-BC 9.
3.
X 3.33 =
1 RA-226 31.
9.
30.91 313760.
9007.
2259.
29.5 2 POTASS 95.
26.
1.61 0.
O.
O.
- 0. 0 4 BACKOR 107.
6.
107.40 0.
O.
O.
- 0. 0 TOTALS 0.09 313760.
9007.
2259.
29.5 XYZ123 FILE =TMR650 ON JIM-B 6.317 8884.114 793.422 13.637 792.812 433.393 731.263 2632.623 1762.294 415.129 106.041 83.332 70.796 58.934 53.707 58.824 55.002 49.618 46.702 45.212 43.249 39.446 36.464 35.214 34.140 0.135 2.464 2.289
-0.127
-1.546
-0.798 1.945
- 5. 248 5.247 0.936
-2.930
-2.450
-0.092 0.812
-0.029
-1.365
-0.776 1.602 1.595 0.147 0.827 1.726 0.917 0.131
-0.008
-0.142
-1.392
-2.611
-2.871
-1.841 0.181 0.950
-0.623
-1.411
-0.063
-0.346 0.004 0.837 0.611 1.612 1.256 0.046 0.301 0.885 0.377 0.432 0.397
-0.438
-0.212
-0.252
-0.024
-0.747
-1.037 0.187
-0.210
-0.784
-0.751
-0.746
-0.120 0.320
-0.059
-0.592
-0.748
-0.025 0.364 0.056
-0.572
-0.970
-0.553 0.017
- 0. 588 0.410
-0.049
-0.303
-0.014 0.018
-0.564
-1.077
-1.019
-0.797
-0.309 0.129
-0.031
-0.648
-1.308
-1.412
-1.094
-0.664
-0.104 0.416 0.481
-0.023
-0.400
-0.120
-0.106
-0.102
-0.159
-0.101
-0.776
-1.033
-0.461 0.700 1.587 1.356 1.030 0.427 0.184
-0.808
-1.171
-0.990
-0.430
-0.100
-0.638
-0.833
-0.433 0.920 1.187 0.562 0.076 0.138
-0.134
-0.333 0.202 0.557 0.884 0.770 0.130 0.101
-0.197
-0.453
-0.197
-0.236 0.117 0.431 0.626 0.883 0.907 1.007 0.563 0.026
-0.009
-0.184
-0.111
-0.191
-0.314
-0.493
-0.823
-0.762
-0.714
-0.419
-0.158
-0.106
- 0. 138 0.392 0.546 0.570 0.511 0.367 0.163
-0.059
-0.405
-0.558
-0.521
-0.412
-0.148
-0.087
-0.112
-0.099
-0.032 0.170 0.151 0.223 0.169 0.077 0.065
-0.177
-0.257
-0.283
-0.291
-0.268
-0.386
-0.477
-0.546
-0.590
-0.238
-0.048 0.099 0.200 0.170 0.161 0.201 0.149 0.013 0.104 0.007
-0.032 0.119 0.176 0.083 0.172 0.096 0.043 0.125 0.224 0.238 0.167 0.051
-0.206
-0.446
-0.521
-0.571
-0.467
-C.231 0.097 0.405 0.626 1.223 1.111 0.996 0.878 0.756 0.744 0.709 0.433 0.743 0.823 1.108 0.475 0.158 1.108 0.158 49
APPENDIX - DETAILS OF RESULTS A.1 Quality Assurance Referring to Figure 4, note the quality assurance data printed out in the third and fourth lines of the printed data.
The first number, 6.98, repre-sents the americium-241 (Am-241) photopeak before any computer adjustment of the system electronic gain.
The second, 140.30, represents the potassium-40 (K-40) photopeak before computer adjustment.
The third, 10.50, represents the system gain (in kev per channel) during the actual whole body count.
The fourth, 1.31, is the channel location of 0.0 kev for the energy spectrum.
The fifth, 7.15, represents the midpoint of Am-241 photopeak after the adjustment of the zero and electronic gain.
The sixth number, 142.26, represents the adjusted midpoint of the photopeak for K-40.
The seventh and eighth values, 34.46 and 7.72, represent the system resolutions for Am-241 and K-40 (expressed in percent), respectively.
The first figure in the fourth line, 10.36, is the energy gain (kev p.c channel) after the gain and zero shift adjustments.
The next value, 1.40, is the channel of 0.0 kev after the gain and zero shift adjustments.
The third value in the second line, 6208.42, represents the net counts per minute (i.e., after subtraction of the system background count rate) under the Am-241 photopeak.
This value also serves as a QA check since the Am-241 (458 year half-life) count-rate should remain constant over the useful life-time of the counting system.
The remaining figures represent background count time (10.98 minutes) and count rates at various energies in the background spectrum.
They are in order:
cobalt-60 (1.17 MeV), cesium-134 (0.800 MeV); cesium-134 (1.60 MeV); cobalt-58 (0.800 MeV); cesium-137 (0.667 MeV); zinc-65 (1.12 MeV); zirconium-niobium-95 (0.72-0.77 MeV); and manganese-54 (0.835 MeV).
None of these nuclides were detected among the public, but are occasionally observed among workers at nuclear facilities.
A.2 Sample of the Data on File for Each Participant The data on each individual participant on file at NRC are available to each individual upon request, but to no one else without that person's written permission (requirement of the Privacy Act of 1974, Public Law 93-589).
l The first sample data sheet, at the top of Figure 4, represents a summary of I
the results of the analysis of the raw data collected during the actual whole l
body count.
Name, social security number, date and time of count and length l
of time this person was counted (minutes) are listed on the first line.
The l
second line is the work classification, and the "CHISQR" value in the third line is a measure of the statistical fit of the count data with standard gamma l
spectra of the radioisotopes identified in the scan.
In general, a value of 2 or less indicates a good fit.
Beginning wit" 'he fifth line, the first column lists the radionuclides or element (in the
.: of stable potassium) found during the whole body count.
The second co amn contains the estimated radio-activity in nanocuries, or in the case of stable potassium, in grams.
The third column represents the 95 percentile uncertainty estimate in the value astimated in column 2 (i.e., two standard deviations).
The fourth and last columns represent fractions of maximum limits for radiation workers and are not applicable to the general public.
As mentioned previously, the doses shown in the columns under " Dose Commitment" probably overestimate the actual situation for Ra-B,C since any dose to an individual would be very small 50 i
unless supported by Ra-226 in the body or continued exposure to high levels of Ra-B,C in air or water.
The dose commitments listed for varying periods in columns 5 - 7 assume that the Ra-B,C detected came from internally deposited Ra-226, and they include the doses from radon-222 and all its short-lived daughters (including Ra-B,C).
The last column (%ICRPIL) is the percentage of the investigation level recocended by the International Committee on Radiological Protection (ICRP) fo cccupational workers, and has no relevance for members of the general public.
In this particular case, the individual was not recounted, but based on those who were, it is probable that the Ra-226 levels are overestimated.
Table 4 represents two sets of data.
The data at the top are the raw count data on the same person shown in Figure 4.
The data at the bottom are the system background count data used for this analysis.
The data are presented in total counts in each channel of the multichannel pulse height analyzer used to collect and store each pulse from the detector system.
In this particular system, a system gain of about 10 kev / channel over 256 channels permitted collection of gamma ray data up to about 2.5 MeV.
The first data in both sets of count data (i.e., 379 in the gross counts and 659 in the background) arc the total seconds for each count.
The data in the second channels (i.e., 56 118 and 86 301) represent the total number of counts in the entire spectra for gross and background counts respectively.
The large number of counts in channel 7 represents the Am-241 source (see quality assurance section for details).
The first 19 rows of data in each data set include the first 247 channels, and the first nine sets of data in the 20th row accounts for a total of 256 channels of data.
The data which follow channel 256 in the top data set represent a series of total counts over five second time intervals during the time the detector moved over person's body (the background scan data shown are for ten second intervals).
These data are the source of the scan profile discussed below in reference to Figure 5.
Such data permits a quick inspection to determine if there was any highly localized source of radioactivity on the person being counted (e.g., a radium dial wristwatch that had not been removed).
Table 5 is the net count rate (counts per minute) after the system background count rate was subtracted and after the spectrum stripping of identified radionuclides was completed.
These are called the residual count-rate and provide assurance to the analyst that no gamma emitting nuclides remain unidentified.
If one had been missed, there would be large deviations from sero between channels 30 through 256.*
Figure 4 (discussed earlier with regard to quality assurance) is a display of the person's count rate data (the top spectra), the system background count-rate (immediately below the top spectra), and reference spectra of the nuclides detected in the person's count (in this case, potassium-40 and radium-8,C) near the bottom of the figure.
"The first 30 channels do not yield useful-spectral data since secondary cosmic rays undergoing compton scatter in the person being counted are counted primarily in the lower energy region.
These added background counts are not present when the system backgrounds are taken.
therefore, no meaningful background correction is possible.
51
Figure 5 contains two sets of data.
The larger figure shows a plot of the gross count rate versus channel number for the person who was counted (upper spectrum) and the system background (lower spectrum).
The small figure shows the variation in count-rate over the length of the person versus system background count-rate over the same distance.
The remaining figures (6 and 7) are graphical expressions of Table 6 (in terms of counts per minute and standard deviations for each channel beyond channel 30).
l l
eUA Govtphuf MT PRINTING 0FFICE:1981 341 792/638 13 52
Ru 335 f,8f,r U.S. NUCLE AR REGULATOHY eoMMIS$10N NUREG-0636 BIBLIOGfiAPHIC DATA SHEET
- 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE (Add Volume No.,ilapperprostei
- 2. (Leave blank)
The Public Whole Body Counting Program Following the
- 3. RECIPIEN T3 accession NO.
Three Mile Island Accident
- 7. AUTHOH(S)
- s. DATE REPORT COMPLE TED lve4R R. L. Gotchy and R. J. Bores uour" December 1980
- 9. PERFOHMING ORGANIZATION N AME AND M AILING ADDRESS //nelude Zip Code /
DATE nEPOHT isSUEO l YEAR MONTH Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, and December 1980 Office of Inspection and Enforcement, Region I
- s. (t,-e 6/,n As U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555
- s. Ite=e u=*J
- 12. SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND MAILING ADOHESS //nclude Zen Codel
- 11. CONTRACT NO.
Same as 9, above.
- 13. TYPE OF REPORT PE RIOD COVE MED (/nclusive date,)
Technical April thru September 1979
- 15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
- 14. (Leave Netk/
- 16. ABSTR ACT (200 woMs or less)
In early April, 1979 the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory instituted a program to determine whether any radioactivity released as a result of the March 28, 1979 accident at the Three Mile Island Unit-2 was accumulating in members of the general public living near Unit-2.
The program used a device called a whole body counter which h is the cepability of measuring o i) mall quantities of radioactivity in people.
There were 753 men, women.ind children successfully counted; nine of these people were counted a second time, leading to a total of 762 whole body counts.
There was no radioactivity identified in any niember of the public which could have originated from the radioactive materials released following the accident.
Seteral people with higher tFin average levels of naturally occurring radioactivity were identified.
The counting systems used are briefly described.
Technical problems encountered, results and conclusions are discussed.
- 17. KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT AN ALYSIS 17a. DEsCniPTORS TMI-2 Accident, Public Health Off-Site Doses from TMI-2 Accident 17. BOENTIFIE HS/OPEN-EN DE D TE'RMS
- 18. AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
- 19. SECURITY CLASS (T/ris reportl 21.NO. OF PAGES Unclassified
- 20. g g Y f M Fdr,,/,,,
- 22. enicE Unlimited s
NrCFORM 335 (7 77)
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