ML19274E476
| ML19274E476 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Prairie Island  |
| Issue date: | 03/06/1979 |
| From: | Wadley G HAZLETON LABORATORIES AMERICA, INC. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19274E477 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7903260238 | |
| Download: ML19274E476 (51) | |
Text
a e
A ^ %
"f, l lM
)* f je
't,
,~
p r
c'
~
- a-t **
s g *v c' l.
, s.
we:
~,
~-
. 7-4 in, v',,..,
- 11, ~.
,v.
E." -
.'. 4 I _j, t -
b
)
L e.. '.t
,4 g-
+
g.
" c,,
, op-4;;-
1
. e
,,.g.,.,..,
[
~
c N
s
- f 63? g;)ggggggpygg
=
a)b,
[
- D,7 NggG T5
.W
- r
~
s 1
' w. ~
5
-gg N.
a
~
q -,
o 1
~
p
.y '
p ~
r 4
u
}
m
+
m4~
a
-4 5~
9
, amuse $$us
.paeg e
..i.
t 4
amoe mae 4
2 4
- ;p,{
---A..
[
x 3,.*
~
~
~; w
+ -
.n
,/
~
y("
M b
1
.t.
s gr 3-n
%,j.'
to tJae ~ 4
- f. _
4 Y.,
' t.
_ b. 85835$ 500EEAR aggNA20 tty COIDESSION b
- g. n.
~
r 2
$ f(, [' I A 'l
,-[, _,'4 s N kWressastetel Monitoring Prograsa
~.d;Nf.' wp,,, (ausery1, 89)$'to December 31', 1973
^
d e
v,..,, m '(n, ; -
3 g(
),, -. -
+
E
[
,a*
l N
r n
4 g
^
s' 5 ' 'r
%, tg ?'
=
s uL
'% _ lt ]
'?
l
~-
4 4.*
- l l
t
,p,
,s
- $g
^#,
, J -yh$# ' 'M 40
" s d
'd,,...
.c,
,w 9.. ;;, -
- n.,, - e. r*
s 2
./(
w
.4,+>
v-l fi,
" ' w (fA,A.
- P$'E tweeAPRit.WWE803
- va s
>}. ra-, :,..
-r
-
- W....p
~.
fg, +. <
s, s'
y 5
'l i
i p
Y,]
~
dk J ah ' an..m 1,..........._/.
w,
/
'$HAZLEIQT M ENVIACNMENTAL SCIENCES CC APCAATICN iSCC A ACNT AGE AC AO NC ATHB ACCK ILLiNCIS GCC62 u s t.
NORTHERN STATES POWER COMPANY MINN EAPOLIS, MINN ESOTA PRAIRIE ISLAND NUCLEAR GDIERATING PLANT DOCKET NO. 50-282 LICHISE NO. DPR-42 50-306 DPR-60 ANNUAL REPORT to the UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION Radiation Environmental Monitoring Program January 1, 1978 to December 31, 1978 Prepared Under Contract by HAZLETON ENVIRGIMENTAL SCIENCES CORPORATIG4 Project No. 5501-08902 Approved by: b.h.h A
G.
W.
Wadley, Ph.D.
]
Scientific Director 6 March 1979 DHCNE (392) 5 64-C 700 o TELE X 29-9483 (H AZES NBAK)
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES PREFACE The report was prepared by R.
E.
Wild, Group Leader, and L.
G.
Huebner, Director, Nuclear Sciences Section.
The staff members of the Nuclear Sciences Section of Hazleton Environmental Sciences were responsible for the acquisition of the data presented in this report.
The staff includes S.
J.
- Bartman, C.
A.
- Johnson, C.
Marucut, and L. Nicia.
Samples were collected by personnel of Northern States Power Company.
Distribution of this report is made by Northern States Power Company.
e ii
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Preface ii List of Tables iv I.
Introduction 1
II.
Summary.
2 III.
Program.
3 A.
Program Design and Data Interpretation.
3 B.
Program Description 5
C.
Laboratory Procedures 7
D.
Program Modifications 8
E.
Census of Milch Animals 9
IV.
Results and Discussion 10 A.
Atmospheric Nuclear Detonations 10 B.
Program Findings 12 V.
Tables 21 VI.
References Cited 32 Appendix A.
Crosscheck Program Results A-1 B.
Statistical Notations B-1 C.
Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radioactivity in Air and Water C-1 iii
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES LIST OF TABLES No.
Title Page 1
Sample collection and analysis program, 1978 22 2
Sampling locations 24 3
Missed collections and analyses, 1978 25 4
Environmental radiological monitoring program 26 summary.
In addition, the following tables are in the Appendix:
Appendix A A-1 Crosscheck program results, milk and water samples, 1975-8 A-3 A-2 Crosscheck program results, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's)
A-8 Appendix C C-1 Maximum permissible concentrations of radioactivity in air and water C-2 W
iv
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES I.
Introduction This report summarizes and interprets results of the operation-al radiation environmental monitoring program conducted by Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation at the Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Red Wing, Minnesota, during the period January -
December, 1978.
This program monitors the levels of radioactivity in the air, terrestrial, and aquatic environments in order to ase -ss the impact of the plant on its surroundings.
Tabulation of the individual analyses made during the year are not included in this report.
These data are included in a reference document (Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation, 1978) avail-able at Northern States Power Company, Nuclear Support Services Department.
Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant is located on the Mississippi River in Goodhue County, Minnesota, and operated by Northern States Power Company.
The plant has two 550 MWe pressurized water reactors.
Unit 1 achieved initial criticallity on 1 December 1973.
Commercial operation at full power began on 16 December 1973.
Unit 2 achieved initial criticality on 17 December 1974.
Commercial operation at full power began on 21 December 1974.
1
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES II.
Summary The Radiation Environmental Monitoring Program required by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Technical Specifications for the Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant is described.
Results for 1978 are summarized and discussed.
Results obtained for airborne particulates and to a lesser degree for milk show effects of fallout from atmospheric nuclear detonations of a 20 kiloton device on 17 September 1977 and of a less than 20 kiloton device on 14 March 1978.
No effect on the environment due to the operation o f the Prairie Island Plant is indicated except for anomalous tritium results detected in Plant Well #2.
The source or sources of the tritium is being investigated.
2
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES III.
Program A.
Program Design and Data Interpretation The purpose of the radiation environmental monitoring program at the Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant is to assess the impact of the plant on its environment.
For this purpose samples are collected from the air, terrestrial, and aquatic en-vironment and analyzed for radioactive content.
In addition, ambient gamma radiation levels are monitored by thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's).
Sources of environmental radiation include the following:
(1) natural background radiation arising from cosmic rays and primordial radionuclides; (2) fallout from atmospheric nuclear detonations; (3) releases from nuclear power plants.
In interpreting the data, effects due to the power plant must be distinguished from those due to other sources.
A major interpretive aid is that the monitoring program at Prairie Island is designed on the indicator-control concept.
Most types of samples are collected both at indicator locations (nearby, downwind, or downstream) and at control locations (distant, upwind, or upstream).
A plant effect would be indicated if the radiation level at an indicator location was larger than that at the control location by a significant amount.
The difference would have to be greater than could be accounted for by typical fluctua-tions in radiation levels arising from other sources.
An additional interpretive technique involves analyses for 3
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES specific radionuclides present in the samples.
The plant's monitor-ing program includes analyses for tritium, strontium-89, strontium-90, and iodine-131.
Most samples are also analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes with results for the following quantified:
zirconium-95, cesium-137, cerium-144, and potassium-40.
The first three isotopes were selected because of the different characteristic proportions in which they appear in the fission product mix produced by a reactor and in the mix produced by a nuclear detonation.
Each of the three isotopes is produced in roughly equivalent amounts by a reactor:
each constitutes about 10% of the total activity of fission products 10 days after reactor shutdown.
On the other hand, 10 days after a thermonuclear explosion, the contributions of zirconium-95, cerium-144, and cesium-137 to the activity of the resulting debris are in the approximate ratio 4:1:0.03 (Eisenbud, 1963).
Potassium-40 is a naturally-occurring isotope.
It was chosen as a calibration monitor and should not be considered a radiological impact indicator.
Other means of distinguishing sources of environmental radiation can be employed in interpreting the data.
Current radia-tion levels can be compared with previous levels, including those measured before the plant became operational.
Results of the plant's monitoring program can be related to those obtained in other parts of the world.
Finally, results can be related to events known to cause elevated levels of radiation in the environment, e.g.,
atmos-pheric nuclear detonations.
4
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES B.
Program Description The sampling and analysis schedule is summarized in Table 1 and briefly reviewed below.
Table 2 defines the sampling location codes used in Table 1 and specifies for each location its type (in-dicator or control) and its distance, direction, and sector relative to the reactor site.
To assure that sampling is carried out in a reproducible manner, detailed sampling procedures have been pre-scribed (Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation, 1978c).
To monitor the air environment, airborne particulates are collected on membrane filters by continuous pumping at four locations.
Also, airborne iodine is collected by continuous pumping through charcoal filters at three of the locations.
Filters are changed and counted weekly.
Particulate filters are analyzed for gross beta activity and charcoal filters for iodine-131.
A monthly com-posite of all particulate filters is gamma-scanned on a Ge(Li) detector.
Two of the four locations are indicators, and two are controls (P-1 and P-2).
One of the indicators (P-3) is located near the residence expected to be most susceptible to any atmospheric emissions from the plant (highest X /Q residence).
Ambient gamma radiation is monitored at the same four locations using CaF2:Mn thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's).
The sensors are placed in pairs at each location and are collected and measured quarterly.
Milk samples are collected monthly from five farms (four indicator and one control).
All samples are analyzed for iodine-131.
In addition, samples from the control location (P-25, Kinneman) and 5
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES the highest x/Q location (P-14, Gustafson) are analyzed for strontium-89, and -90 and for gamma-emitting isotopes.
For additional monitoring of the terrestrial environment, natural vegetation (such as grass) is collected semi-annually from three locations (including the highest X/Q milk location P-14 and the milk control location P-25).
Samples are analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes including iodine-131.
Cabbage is collected annually from the nearest garden and a control location (P-25) and analyzed for iodine-131.
Corn is collected annually from the high-est X/Q farm (P-14) and a control location (P-25) and analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes.
Also, well water is collected quarterly and analyzed for tritium and gamma-emitting isotopes.
- Finally, topsoil is collected every three years and analyzed for strontium-90 and gamma-emitting isotopes.
Drinking water is collected weekly from the City of Red Wing well.
Monthly composites are analyzed for gross beta activity and gamma-emitting isotopes.
Quarterly composites are analyzed for tritium.
River water is collected weekly at two locations, one upstream of the plant (P-5) and one downstream (P-6, Lock and Dam
- 3).
Monthly composites are analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes.
Quarterly composites are analyzed for tritium, strontium 89, and strontium-90.
The aquatic environment is also monitored by semi-annual upstream and downstream collections of fish, periphyton or macro-invertebrates, aquatic vegetation, and bottom sediments.
Shoreline 6
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES sediment is also collected semi-annually.
C.
Laboratory Procedures All strontium-89 and -90 analyses and iodine-131 analyses in milk were made by a sensitive radiochemical procedure involving separation of the element of interest by use of an ion-exchange resin and subsequent beta counting.
Gamma-spectroscopic analyses of milk and water were made with a NaI detector.
All other gamma-spectroscopic analyses were made with a Ge (Li) detector.
Levels of iodine-131 in cabbage and natural vegetation were determined by Ge (Li) spectrometry.
Levels of airborne iodine-131 in charcoal samples were measured by Ge (Li) spectrometry.
Tritium levels were determined by liquid scintillation counting.
Analytical procedures used by the Nuclear Sciences Section of Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation are specified in detail elsewhere (N ALCO Environmental Sciences, 1977a).
Procedures are based on those prescribed by the National Center for Radiological Health of the U.
S. Public Health Service (U.
S.
Public Health Service, 1968) and by the Health and Safety Laboratory of the U.
S.
Atomic Energy Commission (U.
S.
Atomic Energy Commission, 1972).
Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation has a com-prehensive quality control / quality assurance program designed to assure the reliability of data obtained.
Details are presented elsewhere (NALCO Environmental Sciences, 1971a, 1971b, 1977d).
The program includes participation in laboratory intercomparison 7
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES (crosscheck) programs.
Results obtained in crosscheck programs are presented in Appendix A.
D.
Program Modifications No modifications of the program involving changes in the Technical Specifications were made during 1978.
Several changes not involving the Technical Specifications were made.
Locations P-13 (Most Farm, 11.4 miles 0 320* NW) was replaced by location P-25 (F.inneman Farm, 11.1 miles @ 3 31
- NNW) effective on 18 April 1978.
The change was necessitated by the fact that all farming and dairy activities had ceased at location P-13.
Sample types affected are milk, well water, edible cultivated crops, and natural vegetation.
No sample collections were missed as a result of the change in location.
A minor change in TLD placement at locations P-1 (C) and P-2 (C) was made on 3 October 1978.
Control TLD's had been placed inside power substation areas where slightly higher than expected gamma levels were encountered.
A study by Northern States Power identified crushed rock used to pave the area as the likely source of elevated background gamma activity.
Accordingly, the TLD's were moved 300 feet beyond the boundaries of each substation.
8
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES E.
Census of Milch Animals During 1978 several surveys of milch animals were con-ducted in the area of the plant.
On 26 June 1978 an extensive survey was conducted within a one mile radius of the plant (or 15 mrem / year distance).
Most cattle observed were used for beef rather than milk production.
No new milk producing herds were found.
On 3 July 1978 a survey for milk cows within a five mile radius was completed.
With the assistance of the Agricultural Agents of G odhue and Pierce Counties, it was determined that one milk herd had changed ownership.
Current raw milk samplina locations were not affected by the sale.
No new herds were identified.
On 3 July 1978 a survey of goat herds within a 15 mile radius of the plant was completed.
After visits with three county agricultural agents, a county 4-H Agent, and several members of the Wisconsin Dairy Goat Association, it was determined there were no reliable suppliers of goat milk in the area.
Mos?. herds in the area are kept as hobbies or as part of youth education programs con-ducted by 4-H organizations.
On 5 September 1978 the mid-season census of milch pro-ducing animals was completed.
No new herds were identified.
None of the surveys resulted in changes of milk sampling locations.
9
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES IV.
Results and Discussion All of the scheduled collections and analyses were made except those listed in Table 3.
All results are summarized in Table 4 in a format recommended by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission in Regulatory Guide 4.8.
For each type of analysis of each sampled medium, this table lists the mean and range for all indicator locations and for all control locations.
The location with the highest mean and range are also shown.
A.
Effects of Chinese Atmospheric Nuclear Detonation Two atmospheric nuclear detonations by the People's Republic of China had considerable impact on program results in 1978.
The first of the detonations occurred on 17 September 1977 and had some residual effect on the results obtained in 1978.
The second detonation conducted on 14 March 1978 had a more pronounced effect on the results, especially on air particulates data.
A third detonation conducted by China on 14 December 1978 resulted in a very slight increase in gross beta activity in air particulates collected during the last week of December 1978.
This section briefly reviews information about the tests and the environmental effects as reported by the EPA (U.
S.
Environ-mental Protection Agency, 1978).
The 17 September 1977 test had an estimated yield of 20 kilotons and injected radioactive debris into the upper troposphere (30,000 to 40,000 feet).
The leading edge of the contaminated air mass passed over the western edge of the continental United States 10
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES on 21 September 1977 and probably reached Minnesota one day later.
It caused elevated gross beta activities in air particulates and elevated levels of iodine-131 in milk in nearly all parts of the United States.
The 14 March 1978 test had an estimated yield of less than 20 kilotons.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-tion predicted that the fallout cloud would reach the United States on March 18.
EPA gross beta results for air particulates indicated th at the main body of the cloud had reached the central United States by 23 March 1978.
Elevate d levels of iodine-131 in milk were also detected throughout the United States.
The 14 December 1978 test had an estimated yield of less than 20 kilotons.
Results of measurements made by the EPA in response to this test are not yet available.
Data collected by Hazleton at seven sites in the north central United States has not shown any significantly elevated activities in 1978 attributable to fallout from this test.
Activity due to fallout prevented observation of the usual spring peak, a phenomenon that is observed worldwide almost annually (Wilson et. al., 1969).
These spring peaks have been attributed to fallout of nuclides from the stratosphere (Gold et al.,
1964).
11
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES B.
Program Findings A number of program findings reflect ef fects of the Chinese nuclear tests.
The chief environmental indicators of test ef fects were airborne particulates.
1.
Ambient Radiation (TLD's)
Indicator TLD's averaged 12.1 mrem /91 days and control TLD/s averaged 15.1 mrem /91 days.
The doses measured by control TLD's were about 30 % higher than indicator TLD 's.
The control TLD's at locations P-1 and P-2 had been placed inside power station's enclosures above the gravel covered ground.
It has been suspected that the gravel was the source of the elevated activity.
To resolve this problem, special TLD's, P-lA and P-2A, were placed approximately 300 feet beyond the boundaries of each substation at the beginning of 1978 and were exchanged quarterly.
They averaged 12.4 mrem /91 days and were in very good agreement with the indicators.
In addition, a study by Northern States Power using PIC confirmed the suspicion that the gravel was the likely source of the elevated activity.
Based on the results obtained the regular TLD's at locations P-1 and P-2 were moved 300 feet beyond the boundaries of each substation on 3 October 1978.
The average dose dropped from 16.0 mrem /91 year for the first three quarters to 12.3 mrem /91 days for the last quarter and was in very good agreement with the indicator and special locations.
No plant effect on ambient gamma radiation was indicated.
2.
Air Particulates The average annual gross beta activity in airborne 12
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 3
particulates was 0.093 pCi/m and 50 % lower than in 1977 (0.183 3
pCi/m ).
In the first quarter of 1978 weekly gross beta activities 3
3 were in the range 0.1 to 0.9 pCi/m and averaged 0.172 pCi/m,
Air particulates collected on 3-28-78, fourteen days after the Chinese nuclear test, were the highest for any week recorded and were by about a factor of 5 higher than the average for the remaining eleven weeks of the first quarter.
Activities remained elevated throughout the second quarter and then dropped to below pre-March nuclear test levels.
The March peak in gross beta activity was due to fallout from the 14 March 1978 weapons test.
Two pieces of evidence indicate conclusively that the peak observed is not attributable to the plant.
In the first place, increases of similar size occurred simultaneously at both the indicator and control locations.
Secondly, both rises were observed nationwide at air sampling stations operated by the EPA (U.
S.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1978).
The gamma scan results are consistent with the aoove interpretations.
In comparison with the January and February levels the activity of cerium-144 rose in March by a factor of two and remained at that level through June 1978.
The activity then 3
gradually decreased to less than 0.001 pCi/m by December 1978.
Zirconium-95 was detected only in an April composite sample (0.006 pCi/m ).
Cesium-137 activity remained relatively constant throughout August 1978 and then fell below detection limit.
The 13
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES mean annual activities for cerium-144 and cesium-137 were similar to those in 1977, but zirconium-95 activity was only about one-tenth that in 1977.
The distorted ratios of these isotopes are due to very low level and residual ef fect from the previous tests conducted in 1977.
None of the activities detected were attributable to the plant operation.
3.
Airborne Iodine Airborne iodine-131 results were below the detection limit of 0.02 pCi/m in all but three samples.
The slightly elevated activity was detected in samples collected 28 March 1978.
Gross beta activity was highest during the same collection period.
The activities detected were similar at indicator and control locations and are attributable to the Chinese nuclear test.
Th us, there was no indication of a plant ef fect.
4.
Milk All results for iodine-131 were below the LLD of 0.25 pCi/1, except in two samples.
The levels detected were barely above the LLD, and were 0.30 pCi/l and 0.32 pCi/1.
The activity detected in one sample (0.32 pCi/l) collected in mid-January near Prairie Island Nuclear Plant was nearly identical to the level (0.28 pCi/1) detected in a sample collected approximately at the 14
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES same time near Monticello Nuclear Plant, indicating that it Jas residual activity from the nuclear test conducted in the fall of 1977.
Activity in the sample (0.30 pCi/1) collected 16 May 1978 was probably attributable to the March 14 nuclear test.
No iodine-131 was detected in six goat's milk samples.
Zirconium-95 and cerium-144 were not detected.
Strontium-90 results averaged higher at the control location P-13 (Most Farm), and all detectable results were in the range 2.8 - 7.1 pCi/1, a range consistent with 1976 and 1977 observations at Prairie Island.
Strontium-90 levels in this range are attribu-table to worldwide fallout from previous atmospheric nuclear tests and reflect the long half-life (28.6 y) of this isotope.
All of the cesium-137 results were within the 1976 and 1977 ranges of <2.5 to 11 pCi/l and 2.0 to 8.5 pCi/1, respectively, and were in general higher at the control location.
Cesium-137 is also a long-lived component (with a half-life of 30.2 y) of world-wide fallout.
Finally, all, except two, strontium-89 results in 1978 were <2.6 pCi/1, in agreement with 1976 and 1977 measurements.
Two of the strontium-89 results were above the LLD.
Both were detected in samples collected 21 February 1978 and were nearly identical for indicator and control locations, 4.8 and 5.0 pCi/1, respectively.
Cesium-137 levels in the same milk samples were also slightly higher indicating fallout origin of these isotopes.
Because the half-life of strontium-89 is 51 days, the September 1977 atmospheric test is a probable source for its presence in these samples.
A sizeable increase in strontium-89 levels unaccompanied by any significant increase in strontium-90 15
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES levels is understandable on the basis of yield curves for nuclear weapons.
Ten days aftar explosion of a nuclear weapons strontium-89 activity exceeds strontium-90 activity by a factor of more than 100.
Strontium-89 activity continues to exceed strontium-90 activity until nearly a year has passed (Eisenbud, 1963).
No significant changes were seen in cesium-137, except for slight increase in February milk, and in strontium-90.
This absense of an effect is consistent with the low initial pro-duction of these isotopes in nuclear explosions (Eisenbud, 1963).
Also, no cerium-144 was detected in post-test milk samples despite its presence in some of the vegetation samples.
This is consistent with the finding of the National Center of Radiological Health that most radiocontaminants in feed do not find their way into milk due to the selective metabolism of the cow.
The common ex-ceptions are radioisotopes of potassium, cesium, strontium, barium, and iodine (National Center for Radiological Health 1968).
In summary, the milk data for 1978 show no effects of the plant, but do exhibit very slight increases in iodine-131 and strontium-89 levels attributable to fallout from recent atmospheric nuclear tests.
5.
Natural Vegetation Natural vegetation was collected on 23 May and 1 August 1978.
No iodine-131 or zirconium-95 were observed in either collection.
In the summer collection cerium-144 was detected in two samples and averaged 0.41 pCi/g wet weight.
Cesium-137 was 16
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES detected in two spring collections and one summer collection and averaged 0.04 pCi/g wet weight, or a factor of ten lower than the cerium-144 level.
Although the control location results were either below the LLD or lower than the indicator results, other evidence indicates that these activities are almost certainly due to fallout and not the plant.
These factors include the high ratio of cerium-144 to cesium-137 concentrations and the worldwide presence of these isotopes in fallout from nuclear tests (U.
S. Department of Energy, 1979).
6.
Crops Cabbage samples were collected on 21 and 22 August and analyzed for iodine-131.
Corn samples were collected on 17 October and analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes.
All results except for potassium-40 were below detection limits.
There was no indication of a plant effect.
7.
Well Water At the control well ( P-7, Most Farm, and P-25, Kinneman Farm, which replaced Most Farm on 9 May 1978) tritium levels averaged 220 pCi/1.
For two of the indicator wells (P-8, Kinney Store, and P-10, Lock and Dam #3) no tritium was detected in any of the analyses.
At the remaining indicator well (P-9, Plant Well #2), tritium was detected in all quarterly samples and ranged from 340 to 920 pCi/1, averaging 660 pCi/1.
It is about 440 pCi/l above the control level of 220 pCi/1.
The difference between the plant well and the 17
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES control well was statistically significant; however, the highest tritium concentration in the plant well supply was more than twenty times lower than the annual average concentration allowed by the EPA National Interim Primary DrinkiOg Water Regulation (40 CFR 141) and was less than 0.015 % of maximum permissible concen-tration for tritium in unrestricted areas (3,000,000 pCi/l).
Gamma-emitting isotopes were in all cases belcw detection limits.
An investigation was begun in May 1978 to determine ground water flow patterns in the affected area.
This investigation showed a general slope from the Mississippi River to the Vermillion River past the immediate area of Plant Well #2.
This would indicate that surface water recharge from the Mississippi River may be intercepted by well #2.
Several plant water system sampling loca-tions have been established in order to monitor possible migration of activity to well #2.
This investigative effort will continue in 1979.
Tritium is released by the plant to the river; how-ever, tritium is also produced by nuclear weapon tests and by cosmic radiation and brought to the ground by precipitation.
At this point in time, it is not at all evident which source or sources may be contributing to the elevated tritium levels in well #2.
18
HAZLETON ENVIAONMENTAL SCIENCES 8.
Drinking Water In drinking water from the City of Red Wing well, no tritium was detected.
As with the other well water samples, all analyses for gamma-emitting isotopes yielded results belcw detection limits.
Gross beta averaged 12.1 pCi/l and was almost identical to the average of 12.2 pCi/l level in 1977.
9.
River Water At the upstream collection site, quarterly composite tritium levels ranged from 210 to 300 pCi/l and averaged 260 pCi/1, as compared to the 1977 average of 190 pCi/1.
Since the upstream location is a control location and is beyond any influence of the plant, the slightly higher average for 1978 is attributable to the influx of newly produced tritium by nuclear detonations in 1977.
At the downstream site (Lock and Dam # 3), quarterly composite tritium levels ranged from 170 to 220 pCi/1.
The differ-in levels between upstream and downstream were not significant.
ences Analyses of river water were also made for gamma-emitting isotopes, strontium-89, and strontium-90.
All gamma-emitting isotopes and strontium-89 were below detection limits.
Strontium-90 levels were slightly lower at the indicator location (Lock and Dam #3).
There was no indication of a plant effect.
19
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES 10.
Fish Fish samples were collected in May, June, September, and October.
There was no significant difference between upstream and downstream results.
There was no indication of a plant effect.
11.
Aquatic Insects and Periphyton Aquatic insects (macroinvertebrates) and periphyton were collected on 5 June and 9 October 1978.
The samples were analyzed for strontium-89, strontium-90 and gamma-emitting isotopes.
There were no significant differences between upstream and down-stream data.
No plant ef fect was indicated.
12.
Aquatic Vegetation Aquatic vegetation was collected on 5 June and 28 August and analyzed for gamma-emitting isotopes.
All results except for potassium-40 were below detection limits.
No plant ef fect was indicated.
13.
Bottom and Shoreline Sediments Sediment collections were made on 22 May, 28 August, and 5 September 1978.
The samples were analyzed for strontium-90 and gamma-emitting isotopes.
The e were no significant differences between control and indicator samples.
No plant effect was indicated.
20
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES V.
Tables e
21
Table 1.
Sample collection and analysis program, 1978.
Collection Analysis Locations Type and Type (and Medium No.
Codes (and Type)"
Frequency Frequency b
c Ambient radiation 4
P-1(C),
P-2 (C)
C/Q Ambient gamma (TLD's)
P-3, P-4 Airborne particulates 4
P-1 (C ), P-2 (C)
C/W GB, GS (MC of y
P-3, P-4 all locations)
N Airborne iodine 3
P-1 (C),
P-3, C/W I-131 m
Z Milk 3
P-16 to P-18 G/M I-131 m2 2
P-13(C) or P-25 (C),d G/M I-131, Sr-89, 5
P-14, P-26e, P-270 Sr-90, GS E
O Z
River Water 2
P-5 (C), P-6 G/W GS(MC), H-3(QC) g Sr-89(OC),
m Sr-90 (QC) 2 Drinking Water 1
P-ll G/W GB, GS (MC),
P-7(C) or P-25 (C)d G/Q H-3, GS 7
P-8 to P-10 om Edible cultivated 2
P-25(C), P-24 G/A I-131 crops - leafy green vegetables Edible cultivated 2
P-25(C), P-14 G/A GS crops - corn Natural vegetation 3
P-25(C), P-14, P-15 G/SA I-131, GS
Table 1.
(continued)
Collection Analysis Locations Type and Type (and D
Medium No.
Codes (and Type)a Frequency Frequencyc Fish (Two species, 2
P-5(C), P-6 G/SA GS Flesh and Bones)
Periphyton or 2
P-5 (C), P-6 G/SA Sr-89, Sr-90, GS j
macroinvertebrates Nr Aquatic vegetation 2
P-5(C), P-6 G/SA GS hO Bottom sediment 2
P-5(C), P-6 G/SA GS, Sr-90 2
mf Shoreline sediment 1
P-12 G/SA GS, Sr-90 5
Topsoil 9
P-1(C), P-2 (C),
G/ETY GS, Sr-90 0
N P-3, P-4, P-19 2
5 to P-23 m
Z Location codes are defined in Table 2.
Control stations are indicated by (C).
F All other stations are indicators.
M D
Collection type is coded as follows: C/ = continuous, G/ = grab.
Collection frequency is coded as follows:
W = weekly, M = monthly, 0 = quarterly, SA = semi-g annually, A = annually, ETY = every three years.
n c
Analysis type is coded as follows:
GB = gross beta, GS = gamma spectroscopy, 11-3 = tritium, Sr-89 = strontium-89, Sr-90 = strontium-90, I-131 = iodine-131.
Analysis frequency is coded as follows:
MC = monthly composite, QC = quarterly composite.
d P-25 replaced P-13 effective April 1978 and replaced P-7 effective May 1978.
Added in July 1978 (goat's milk).
HAZLETON ENVI AONMENTAL SCIENCES Table 2.
Sampling locations.
Code Type" Name Location P-1 C
Station P-1 16.5 mi E 348 /NNW P-2 C
Station P-2 10.9 mi @ 47 AJ E P-3 Station P-3 0.8 mi @ 313*A9W P-4 Station P-4 1.6 mi @ 129*/SE P-5 C
Upstream of Plant 0.6 mi 9 60 */EN E (1,000ft.)
P-6 Lock & Dam #3 1.6 mi E 129 /SE P-7 C
Most Farm Well 11.4 mi E 320 /NW P-8 Kinney Store 2.0 mi E 280 /W P-9 Plant Well #2 0.3 mi E 306 A9W (on-site)
P-10 Lock & Dam #3 Well 1.6 mi 0 129 /SE P-ll City of Red Wing 7.1 mi E 135 /SE P-12 Recreational Area 3.4 mi E 116 /ESE P-13b C
Most Farm (Prescott) 11.4 mi E 320 /NW P-14 Gustafson Farm 2.2 mi 6168 /SSE P-15 Downwind Field 0.6 mi E 162 /SSE P-16 A.
Dosdahl Farm 2.5 mi 0 39 ARE P-17 Place Farm 3.5 mi @ 25 /NNE P-18 Birk Farm 3.5 mi E 181*/S P-19 Commissary Point Park 1.0 mi E 156 /SSE P-20 Meteorology Station 0.4 mi E 296 /WNW P-21 Sturgeon Lake Access 0.4 mi E 344 /NNW P-22 Former TLD #14 Location 0.5 mi E 230 /SW P-23 Former TLD #15 Location 0.5 mi E 184*/S P-24 H.
Larson Residence 1.6 mi E 287 /WNW P-25c c
Kinneman Farm 11.1 mi E 331 /NNW d
P-26 Augustine Farm 5.7 mi f 24 /NNE d
P-27 Murphy Farm 2.8 mi E 42* AVE "C" denotes control location.
All other locations are indicators.
b Discontinued after March 1978.
c Added in April 1978.
d Added in July 1978 (goats milk).
24
Table 3.
Missed collections and analyses, 1978.
Prairie Island Coll. Date Sample Analysis Location or Period Comment Fish Gamma P-5, P-6 1st & 2nd Due to laboratory error, scan half year flesh and bones were analyzed together rather than as separate flesh and y
bone samples.
p h
TLD Ambient P-2 2nd Sample lost due to apparent m
Gamma quarter vandalism.
y Z
Aquatic Gamma P-5 2nd half Thorough search revealed Vegetation scan m
year sampling area to be Z
totally devoid of aquatic vegetation.
E O
ow Z
bm W
9m ZnmW
Tabla 4.
Environnental Hadiological Monitoring Program Suna ry.
Name of facility Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant Docket No.
50-282, 50-306 tocation of facility Goodbue, Minnosnta Reporting period January - December 1978 (county. state)
Edica to r Location with Htghes t Control Sample Type and locations Annual Mean locatione Number of Type N unbe r o f Mean(F)C Mean(F)
Maan (F) non-routine b
d (Units Analysesa Lto pangec tocation Range sange Results*
I TLD -quarterly Ganna 16 3.0 12.1 (8/8)
P-2 Station 16.0 (4/4) 15.1 (8/8) 0 D
(arem/91 (10.1-13.1) 10.9 mi ( 47' NE (12.9-18.0)
(11.6-18.0)
N days)
F*
Q Ai r GB 208 0.002 0.105 (104/104)
P-4 Station 0.114 (52/52) 0.100 (104/104) 0
-(
Particylates (0.018-0.927) 1.6 mi 0 129* SE (0.020-0.927)
(0.019-0.730) 0 (pCi/m3) g Airborne I-131 156 0.02 0.04 (2/104)
P-4 Station 0.05 (1/52) 0.03 (1/52) 0 Q
Iodine (0.03-0.05) 1.6 mi 9 129' SE 2
(pC1/m3)
(
E Air y scan 12 Particulates O
to Monthly com-K-40 0.02 (LLD None 0
2 A
gosite of g
all locations Er-95 0.004 0.006 (1/12)
None 0
N (pC1/m3)
Z Cs-137 0.002 0.005 (7/12)
None 0
(0.003-0.007)
(~
Ce-144 0.004 0.033 (9/12)
None 0
g (0.012-0.050) g Milk I-131 60 0.25 0.32 (1/48)
P-14 Gustafson 0.32 (1/12) 0.30 (1/12) 0 G
(pci/1) 2.2 mi e 168* SSE 2
O Sr-89 24 2.6 4.8 (1/12)
P-13 Most Fara 5.0 (1/12) 5.0 (1/12)
O m
11.4 mi 9 320' NW
[3 Sr-90 24 1.6 3.9 (11/12)
P-13 Most Fara 5.3 (12/12) 5.3 (12/12) 0
( 3. 2 -4. 7) 11.4 mi 9 320' NW (2.8-7.1)
(2.8-7.1)
I
Table 4.
(continued)
Namo of faollity Frairie Island Nuclear Generatince Plant Indicator Loca t ion w A th !!!ghes t Control Sample Type and locations Annual Mean Locations Wua.ber of Type Number of Me an ( f)
Hean(f)
Mean(f) non-routine b
(Units)
Analyses
- LLD Range Tocation Range Range Results I
Milk y scan 24 g
(pC1/1)
N (cor t. )
K-40 60 1370 (12/12)
P-13 Most Farm 1380 (12/12) 1380 (12/12)
O p
(1290-1500) 11.4 mi 0 320' NW (1210-1450)
(1210-1450) m
0 Cs-137 1.0 5.2 (12/12)
P-13 Most Farm 6.3 (12/12) 6.3 (12/12) 0 (1.9-7.9) 11.4 mi e 320' NH (3.7-10.2)
(3.7-10.2) m Z
g U
O Z
M 7
.a River Water 13 - 3 8
190 220 (3/4)
P-5 Upstream 1000' 200 (4/4) 260 (4/4)
O h
(pci/1)
(170-280) 0.6 mi e 60 ' UN E (210-300)
(210-300)
R1 Z
St-89 0.9
<LLD (LLD 0
Sr-90 0.6 0.86 (4/4)
P-5 Upstream 1007 0.97 (4/4) 0.97 (4/4) 0 I"
(0.64-1.04) 0.6 mi e (0* UNE (0.82-1.13)
(0.82-1.13) g y scan 24 0m K-40 60 (LLD (LLD 0
Ce-144 30
< LID (LLD 0
1
Table 4.
(cont inued)
Name of facility Prairie Island Nuclear Generatina Plant Indicator Location with HigTaest Control Sample Type and Incationg Annual Maan Locations Number of Type hu:nber of Mean (P)
Hean(F)
Mean(F) non-routine b
0 d
(unttu)
Analides" LLD Ra nge Incation Range Range Results*
Drinking Water CB 12 0.5 12.1 (12/12)
P-11 Red Wing 12.1 (12/12)
None 0
(E41/13 (9 3-17.3) 7.1 mi f 135* SE (9. 3-17. 3)
N h
H-3 190 (LID None 0
m Er-95 10 (LLD None 0
2<
D Ce-144 30 (LLD None 0
0 2
y Well Water H-3 16 170 505 (6/12)
P-9 Plant Hell 42 660 (4/4) 220 (3/4) 0 y
og (pC1/1)
(130-920) 0.3 mi e 306* NW (340-920)
(200-260)
Am y scan 16 2
K-40 60 70 (1/12)
P-10 lock & Dars 83 70 (1/4)
(LLD 0
- 1. 6 mi e 129 ' S E I
m Crops - cabbage I-131 2
(pC1/g wet)
Table 4.
(continued)
Hame of facility Prairie Island Nuclear Generatinq Plant Indicator Location with !!! ghost Control Sampic Type and Locationg Annual Maan Locations Number of Type Number of Me an (P)
Haan(F)
Maan(F) non-routine D
o d
(Units)
Analyses" LLD Range Location Range Range Rasults*
I Crops - corn y scan 2
N (pC1/g wet)
N K-40 0.1 1.8 (1/1)
P-25 Kinneman Farm 1.94 (1/1) 1.94 (1/1) 0 11.1 al # 331' NNW Zr-95 0.007 (LLD
( LT.D 0
Natural I-131 6
0.03 (LLD
<LLD 0
3 Ve ge ta tion O
(pci/9 wet) y scan 6
7 K-40 0.2 6.2 (4/4)
P-14 Gus ta fson Farr 6.7 (2/2) 6.2 (2/2) 0 g
e (5.7-7.1) 2.2 mi 9 168* SSE (6.2-7.1)
( 6.1-6. 3 )
("l Z
Zr-95 0.03
< LLD
<LLD 0
Cs-137 0.03 0.045 (3/4)
P-14 Guatafson Farr 0.05 (2/2)
<LLD 0
f (0.037-0.06) 2.2 mi 9 16R' SSE (0.039-0.06)
Ce-144 0.1 0.41 (2/4)
P-15 Downwind Fieli 0.6 (1/2)
<LLD 0
O (0.21-0.6) 0.6 mi 0 162* SSE g
Fish - whole y' scan 8
(flesh and O
bones)
K-40 0.1 3.5 (4/4) 3.5 (4/4) 0 (PCi/g wet)
(1.9-7.1)
( 3. 2-3. 8 )
O Zr-95 0.08 (LLD g
\\
Table 4.
(cont inucJ i H.une of facility Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant li31ca tor locadon with liighest Control Sample Type and Loc.ationg Annual Mean locations Number of Tyge Number of Mean(r)
Mean(t)
Mean (F) non-routine (Units)
Analyses" LLY Range Iocation Range Range Results*
C d
I Fish - whole Cs-137 0.02 0.04 (3/4)
P-6 Iock & Dam $3 0.04 (3/4) 0.031 (1/4) 0
)
(cont.)
(0.021-0.07) 1.6 mi 0 129' SE (0.021-0.07)
N T*
Ce-144 0.12 (LLD (LID 0
m
-4 Periphyton Sr-89 4
0.5
<LLD (LLD 0
0 (pCi/g wet)
Sr 90 4
0.3 (LLD
<LLD 0
m y sesn 4
2 b
LJ o
Ce-144 1.9 (LLD
<llD 0
m 2
-4>
t-til
.n.
m2om (J)
Tabla 4.
(con ti nue.1)
Nas.a of facility Prairie Isl and Nucicar cene ratinct Pla9t Indicator Locat.lon with liighest Control Sample Type and Locationg Annual Mean Locations Number of Type Hus.bor of Mean(F)
Hemn(r)
Mean(F) non-rou-ine LIM Range Location Range Rant;o Pesultse 0
d a
(Units)
Analysem I
Aq ua tic y scan 3
Vegetation p
N (pCi/g wet)
K-40 0.7 2.9 (2/2)
P-6 lock & Dam 43 2.9 (2/2) 2.6 (1/1) 0
[-
(2. 7-3. 0 )
1.6 al # 129* SE (2.7-3.0)
Q
-4 Zr-95 0.03
<LLD (LLD 0
0 Cs-137 0.02
<LLD (LLD 0
2<
Bottom and Sr-90 6
Shoreline D
Sediseuts y scan 6
0 K-40 0.5 12.0 (4/4)
P-5 Upstream 1000' 12.3 (2/2) 12.3 (2/2) 0 (10.5-14.0) 0.6 mi 9 60* D4E (11.7-12.9)
(11.7 12.9)
2 Cs-137 0.02 0.037 (2/4)
P-5 Upstream 1000' O.043 (1/2) 0.043 (1/2) 0 (0.033-0.041) 0.6 ml 9 60* D4E l~
g
~
m ca = gross beta.
m = n minal I wer limit f detection u sed on 3 sigma error for background sample.
Z c
Mean and range based upon detectable measurements only. Fraction of detectable measurements et specified locations is g
inidicated in parentheses (F).
g d
Locations are specified (1) by name and code (Table 2) and (2) distance, direction, and sector rnlative to reactor site.
g Nonroutine results are those which exceed ten times the control station value.
If no control station value is available, the result is considered ponroutine if it exceeds ten times the preoperatienal value for the location.
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES VI.
References Cited
- Eisenbud, M,
1963.
Environmental Radioactivity, McGraw-Hill, New York, New York, pp. 213, 275, and 276.
Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation, 1978.
Sampling Procedures, Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Revisica 9, 20 October 1978.
1979a.
Radiation Environmental Monitoring for Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Complete Analysis Data Tables, January - December 1978.
1979b.
Radiation Environmental Monitoring for Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant, Complete Analysis Data Tables, January - December 1978.
NALCO Environmental Sciences, 1971a.
Quality Control Program, Nuclear Sciences Section, Revision 3, 15 May 1978.
1971b.
Quality Control Procedures Manual, Nuclear Sciences Section, Revision 3, 15 May 1978.
1975.
Quality Assurance Manual, Revision 6, 18 April 1978.
1977.
Analytical Procedures Manual, Nuclear Sciences Section, Revision 1, 23 May 19 78.
National Center for Radiological Health,1968.
Radiological Health and Data Reports, Vol. 9, Number 12, 730-746.
Northern States Power Company, 1977.
Prairie Island Nuclear Gen-erating Plant, Annual Radiation Environmental Monitoring Report to the U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 1, 1976 through December 31, 1976 (prepared by NALCO Environmental Sciences).
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
1978.
Prairie Island Nuclear Generating Plant, Annual Radiation Environmental Monitoring Report to the U.
S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 1, 1977 through December 31, 1977 (prepared by NALCO Environmental Sciences) Minneapolis, Minnesota.
U.
S. Atomic Energy Ccemission,1972.
HASL Procedures Manual, Health and Safety Laboratory, New York, N.
Y.,
10014.
U. S.
Department of Energy, 1978.
Environmental Quarterly, January 1, 1979.
Environmental Measurements Laboratory, New Yo rk, N.
Y.
- 10014, 32
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES U.
S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1978.
Environmental Radiation Data, Report 12 (April 1978) and Report 14 (October 1978).
Eastern Environmental Radiation Facility, Montgomery, Alabama.
U.
S.
Public Health Service, 1976.
Radioassay Procedures for Environmental Samples,' National Center for Radiological Health, Rockville, Maryland (Public Health Service Publication No. 999-RH-27).
- Wilson, D. W.,
G. M. Ward, and J.
E. Johnson, 1969.
In Environ-mental Contamination by Radioactive Materials, International Atomic Energy Agency, p. 125.
33
HAZLETON ENVI ADNMENTAL SCIENCES Appendix A Crosscheck Program Results A-1
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Appendix A Crosscheck Program Results The Nuclear Sciences Section of Hazleton Environmental Sciences Corporation has participated in interlaboratory comparison (cross-check) programs since the formulation of its quality control program in December 1971.
These programs are operated by agencies which supply environmental-type samples (e.g., milk or water) containing concentrations of radionuclides known to the issuing agency but not to participant laboratories.
Participant laboratories measure the concentrations of specified radionuclides and report them to the issuing agency.
Several months later, the agency reports the known values to the participant laboratories and specifies control limits.
The purpose of participation in the program is to provide an in-dependent check on the laboratory's analytical procedures and to alert it to any possible problems.
Results consistently higher or lower than the known values or outside the control limits indicate a need to check the instruments or procedures used.
The results in Table A-1 were obtained for milk and water samples during the period 1975-8 through participation in the environmental sample crosscheck program conducted by the U.
S.
Environmental Protection Agency as specified in Footnote a, The results in Table A-2 were obtained for thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's) during the period 1976-7 through participation in programs under the sponsorships listed in Footnotes b and c.
A-2
Table A-1.
Crosscheck program results, milk and water samples, 1975-8."
pCi/l or mg/lO Lab EPA EPA Lab Sample Date Result Known Control Code Type Coll.
Analysis 120c Value Limits (30,n=1 STM-40 Milk Jan.
Sr-89
<2 0
15 1975 Sr-90 73i2.5 75 ill.4 I-131 9914.2 101 115.3 f
Cs-137 76i0.0 75 115 Ba-140
< 3. 7 0
15.0 p
K(mg/l) 147015.6 1510 1228 m4 STW-45 Water April Cr-51
<14 0
l 1975 Co-60 421i6 425 163.9 Zn-65 487 6 497 74.7 Ru-106 505116 497 174.7 Cs-134 38513 400 160.0 3
Cs-137 468 3 450 167.5 0
1 z
h STW-47 Water April H-3 14591144 1499 1002 1975 g
STW-48 Water Jnne 11 - 3 2404 34 2204 1044 4
1975 h
STW-49 Water June Cr-51
<l4 0
m 1975 Co-60 344il 350 153 9
Zn-65 330i5 327 49 m
h Ru-106 31517 325 49 Cs-134 29111 304 146 m
Cs-137 387i2 378 157 W
STW-53 Water Aug.
II-3 3117164 3200 11083 1975 STW-54 Water Aug.
Cr-51 233 11 255 38 1975 Co-60 305il 307 146 Zn-65 28913 281 142 Ru-106 34615 379 iS7 Cs-134 238il 256 38 Cs-137 292 2 307 46
Table A-l.
(continued) pCi/l or mg/lD Lab EPA EPA Lab Sample Date Result Known Control Code Type Coll.
Analysis i2a c Value Limits (30,n=1)
STW-58 Water Oct.
H-3 1283180 1203 1988 1975 STM-61 Milk Nov.
Sr-90 68.912.1 74.6 ill.2 1975 I-131 64.613.8 75 il5 I
Cs-137 75.6120 75 115 k
Ba-140
<3.7 0
r K-(mg/l) 1435i57 1549 233
$0 STW-63 Water Dec.
H-3 1034139 1002 1972 Z
1975 m
STW-64 Water Dec.
Cr-51
<14 0
f 1975 Co-60 211il 203 130.5 g
Zn-65 21516 201 130.2 0
1 Ru-106 17119 181 127.2 Z
Cs-134 198 2 202 130.3 5
Cs-137 152i4 151 i22.7 j
Feb.
STW-68 Water H-3 ll24i31 1080 978 1976 F
STW-78 Water June H-3 2500144 2502 il056 ta 1976 0
STW-84 Water Aug.
H-3 3097121 3100 11080 5
1976 z
STM-86 Milk Sept.
Sr-89 2912.0 45 115 0
1976 Sr-90 3011.0 30 14.5 mW I-131 100i8.6 120 il8 Ba-140 50110.1 85 115 Cs-137 1711.5 20 115 K(mg/1) 1540 1231 STM-91 Milk Nov.
I-131 8310.6 85 il5 1976 Ba-140
<4 0
Cs-137 1211.7 11 115 K(mg/1) 1443131 1510 1228
Table A-1.
(continued) pC1/1 or mg/lD Lab EPA EPA Liu Sample Date Result Known Control Code Type Coll.
Analysis 12ac Value Limits (30,n=1)
STW-93 Water Dec.
Cr-51 105115 104 115 1976 Co-60
<4 0
Zn-65 97i4 102 115 Ru-106 8713 99 il5 I
Cs-134 85i4 93 115 Cs-]37 10314 101 115 h
5 STW-94 Water Dec.
11 - 3 2537 15 2300 11049 o
1976 Z
STM-97 Milk March I-131 55 2.5 51 115 m
1977 Ba-140
<6 0
Z Cs-137 34 1 29 il5 5
K(mg/1) 1520135 1550 1233 STW-101 Water April 11 - 3 1690162 1760 i1023 1977 m
STM-103 Milk May Sr-89 38 2.6 44 115 2
1977 Sr-90 1212.1 10 4.5 N
I-131 5912.1 50 115 r
Ba-140 53 4.4 72 il5 Cs-137 1411.2 10 15 jij K(mg/1) 1533i21 1560 i234 2o STW-105 Water June Cr-51
<14 0
1977 Co-60 29i2 29 115 Zn-65 74 7 74 115 Ru-106 6418 62 115 Cs-134 4111 44 115 Cs-137 3513 33 115 STW-107 Water June Ra-226 4.710.3 5.1 12.4 1977
/
Table A-1.
(continued) pCi/l or mg/lD Lab EPA EPA Lab Sample Date Result Known Control Code Type Coll.
Analysis 120 c Value Limits (30,n=1) d STW-ll3 Water Aug.
S r -- 8 9 1310 14 115 d
1977 Sr-90 10 2 10 14.5 I
STW-ll6 Water Sept.
Gross a 1216 10 115 p
1977 Gross P 32i6 30 il5
%m STW-ll8 Water Oct.
11 - 3 1475 29 1650 1017 j
1977 g
STW-119 Water Oct.
Cr-51 132114 153 124 m
1977 Co-60 39 2 38 15 Z-Zn-65 51 5 53 15 5
Ru-106 6316 74 115 3
Y Cs-134 3013 30 115 m
Cs-137 26il 25 15 g
m STW-136 Water Feb.
11 - 3 1690 270 1680 i1020 2
1978 STW-150 Water April 11 - 3 2150 220 2220 1047 r
1978 01 STW-151 Water April Gross a 2011 20 115 0
1978 Gross P 56i4 59 il5 Sr-89 1912 21 15 n
Sr-90 811 10 i4.5 m
Ra-226 N Ae E
Ra-228 nae 11 - 3 112112 0
Co-60 1913 20 15 Cs-134 1611 15 115 Cs-137
<2 0
Table A-1.
(continued)
-~
pCi/l or mg/lb Lab EPA EPA Lab Sample Date Result Known Centrol Code Type Coll.
Analysis 120c Value Limits (30,n=1)
Stm-152 Milk April Sr-89 85i4 101 15 1978 Sr-90 81 9
i4.5 I-131 7811 82 115 y
Cs-137 2913 23 il5 Ba-140
<11 0
f K
1503i90 1500 225 m
-1 h
f STW-154 Water May Gross u 12il 13 il5 1978 Gross p 21 4 18 115 m
Z a
D Results obtained by the Nuclear Sciences Section of Ilazleton Environmental Sciences O
b Corporation as a participant in the environmental sample crosscheck program operated 2
by the Intercomparison and Calibration Section, Quality Assurance Branch, Environmental 5
Monitoring and Support Laboratory, U.
S.
Environmental Protection Agency, (EPA),
Las Vegas, Nevada, g
b All results are in pCi/l except for elemental potassium (K) data which are in mg/1.
p c
Unless otherwise indicated, Lab result given is mean i 2 standard deviations for m
three determinations.
n d
Mean i 2 standard deviations of two determinations.
iii e
NA.
Not analyzed.
2 Analyzed but not reported to EPA.
mm
Table A-2.
Crosscheck program results, thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLD's).
mR Lab Average Lab TLD Result Known (all Code Type Measurement i20a Value participants) b c
d 115-2 CaF Gamma-Field 17.011.9 17.l 16.4i7.7 Bulb:Mn c
d Gamme-Lab 20.8i4.1 21.3 18.8i7.6 I>
e f
d f
ll5-3 CaF Gamma-Field 30.7i3.2 34.914.8 31.513.0 Bulb:Mn f
d Gamma-Lab 89.6i6.4 91.7il4.6 86.2 24.0 0
Z m
Z L b r sult given is the mean 2 standard deviations of three determinations.
5 b
Second International Intercomparison of Environmental Dosimeters conducted in Df y
April of 1976 by the Health and Safety Laboratory (HASL), New York, New York, and the School of Public Health of the University of Texas, Houston, Texas.
m g
c Valu determined by sponsor of the intercomparison.
d m
Mean 2 standard deviations of results obtained by all laboratories participating Z
in Program.
e Third International Intercomparison of Environmental Dosimeters conducted in summer r
of 1977 by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and the School of Public Health of the m
University of Texas, Houston, Texas.
9 Value 1 2 standard deviations as determined by sponsor of the intercomparison.
j Omm
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Appendix B Statistical Notations B-1
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Statistical Notations 1.
Single Measurement Each single measurement is reported as x e
where x = value of the measurement s=20 counting uncertainty (correspondino to the 95% confidence level).
In cases where the activity is found to be below the lower limit of detection it is reported as
<L where L = lower limit of detection based on a 20 counting uncertainty for a background sample.
2.
Computation of Means and Standard Deviations A.
The mean, x, and standard deviation, s, of a set of n
- numbers, x,
x,
...x are defined as follows:
1 n
x= hex l
o s -Y ZI*~*I n-1 B.
Monthly and quarterly means are calculated using all detectable results.
C.
Annual means and standard deviations are calculated using only those resulus which are above the highest lower limit of detec-tion (LLD).
D.
If all but one of the values are less than the hiahest LLD, the single value,
x, and the associated two sigma error are reported.
E.
If the standard deviation is zero, the mean value,
x, and the largest two sigma error are reported.
B-2
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES F.
If all values are less than the highest LLD, no value is reported.
G.
All numbers are rounded upwards if the last digit is five or greater.
e Q
B-3
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Appendix C Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radioactivity in Air and Water O
C-1
HAZLETON ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Table C-1.
Maximum permissible concentrations of radioactivity in air and water above natural background in unrestricted areas.a Air Water 3
Gross alpha 3
pCi/m Strontium-89 3,000 pCi/l 3
Gross beta 100 pCi/m Strontium-90 300 pCi/1 3
Iodine-131 0.14 pCi/m Cesium-137 20,000 pCi/l Barium-140 20,000 pCi/l Iodine-131 300 pCi/l c
Potassium-40 3,000 pCi/l Gross alpha 30 pCi/l Gross beta 100 pCi/l Tritium 3x10 pCi/l Taken from Code of Federal Regulations Title 10, Part 20, Table II and appropriate footnotes.
Concentrations may be averag d v r a peri d not greater than one year.
b From 10 CFR 20 but adjusted by a factor of 700 to reduce the dose resulting from the air-grass-cow-milk-child pathway.
c A natural radionuclide.
O C-2