ML19210C437
| ML19210C437 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 11/08/1979 |
| From: | Roe L TOLEDO EDISON CO. |
| To: | Turner A OHIO, STATE OF |
| References | |
| RTR-NUREG-1437 AR, TAC-11339, TAC-11601, NUDOCS 7911140263 | |
| Download: ML19210C437 (92) | |
Text
'
TOLEDO
%s EDISON LOWELL E. AOC v,e n uam e.c.oi... c.
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"'S' :5 8 53" November 8, 1979 Mr. Andrew Turner Division of Industrial Wastewater Ohio Environmental Protection Agency P.O. Box 1049 361 E. Broad Street Columbus, Ohio 43216
Subject:
316 (b) Demonstration Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station
Dear Mr. Turner:
The Toledo Edison Company hereby submits six (6) copies of a report entitled " Impingement and Entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Unit 1, 316(b) Demonstration," dated September 1979.
This report was prepared by the Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research (" CLEAR") to comply with the requirements of Part III, Item 1 of OEPA Permit No. B 211 *AD for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, operated by Tne Toledo Edison Company and owned jointly by The Toledo Edison Company and The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company.
As the attached report details, CLEAR collected impingement samples between the 1st of January and the 31st of December, 1978 and took entrainment samples during the period of larval occurrence in Lake Erie during 1978. Based on this study of fish impingement and entrain-ment at Davis-Besse, the company clearly demonstrates that no adverse environmental impacts have occurred as a result of operation or the cooling water intake system and that the location, design, construc-tion and capability of the system " reflect the best techrogy available for minimizing adverse eneironmental impact" as requiret y Section 316(b) of the Clean Water Act, Pub. L. No.95-217. In further support of thic conclusion, the authors of the study have concluded on page 3 that, based on the report findings:
"* *
- entrainment and impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 were well within acceptable limits and that the intake
'6l structure is minimizing adverse environ-mental impact."
l 1323 253 THE TCLE00 EDISON COMPANY EDISON PLAZA 300 MADISON AVENUE TOLEDO. CHIO 43652
'O 7911140
Mr. Andrew Turner November 8, 1979 page two We will appreciate your forwarding a copy of this material to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V, at your earliest convenience. We also look forward to your prompt revicw and appraisal of the CLEAR Report and, in furtherance of that goal, we are willing to meet with you at your request to discuss this submittal.
Very truly yours, Q
Lowell E. Roe Vice President Facilities Development JSW:eml a ttachment 1323 254
CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.130 IMPINGEMENT AND ENTRAINMENT
~
AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION UNIT 1 316(b) DEMONSTRATION Prepared by Jeffrey M. Reutter and Charles E. Herdendorf Submitted to Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Chlo THE CHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, CHIO September 1979 1323 255
TABLE OF CONTENTS page LIST OF TABLES...........................
iii LIST OF FIGURES y
SUMMARY
AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1
INTRODUCTION.......................
4 Impingement...........
4 Entrainment...........
5 STATION DESCRIPTION 5
Station Location 5
General Station Descri ption..................
6 Cooling Water Intake Design..................
6 Intake Crib 6
Intake Canal.......................
7 Intake Structure.....................
7 Water Use...........................
7 Discharge System 8
Chemi cal Di scha rge....................
8 Thermal Discharge 9
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING ENTRAINMENT AND IMPINGEMENT 9
Swimming Speeds........................
9 Fecundity...........................
10 Economic and Trophic Impcrtance................
11 Hyd r o l o gy...........................
12 Circulation Patterns...................
12 Li ttcral Dri f t......................
12 The rmal Condi ti ons....................
13 Water Quality 13 Habitat Description and Preference 13 Locust Point and Western Lake Erie............
14 Intake Canal.......................
16 Habitat Preference in Western Lake Erie 16 Rare and Endangered Species..................
18 ME TH O D S...............................
18 Impingement..........................
18 Entrainment..........................
19 i
T323 256
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Pace IMPINGEMENT.............................
20 Results 20 Discussion............................
21 ENTRAINMENT.............................
22 Results 22 Discussion...........................
22 25 LITERATURE CITED 30 TABLES FIGURES............................
60 APPENDIX A 74 1323 257 11
LIST OF TABLES Pace Table 1.
Calculated Intake Crib Velocities for Unit 1 for Various Pumping Rates 31 Table 2.
Monthly Pumping Rates and Calculated Velocities at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station Water Intake Crib for 1978 32 Table 3.
Swimming Speeds of Fish Found in Lake Erie 33 Table 4.
Reproductive and Habitat Characteristics of Common Lake Eri e Fi s h..................
35 Table 5 Fish Fecundity and Habitat Literature..........
37 Table 6 Estimated 1978 Sport and Commercial Fish Harvest from the Ohio Waters of Lake Erie......... 41 Table 7.
Economic and Trophic Importance of Common.
Fish in Western Lake Erie................
42 Table 8.
Spawning and Nursery Habitat Preference of Common Lake Erie Fish Species..............
44 Table 9.
Species Found in the Locust Point Area 1963-1978 46 Table 10. itonthly Catch in Numbers of Individuals of Fish Species at Locust Point in 1978, Using Equal Effort with Each Type of Gear (Gill Nets, Shore Seines, Trawls)..................
48 Table 11. Traveling Screen Operation at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from 1 January to 31 December 1978 49 Table 12. Ichthyoplankton Densities in the Vicinity of the Intake of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station-1978...
54 Table 13. Ichthyoplankton Entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station-1978 55 Table 14. Fish Species Impinged at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station: 1 January through 31 December 1978.....................
56 iii j323 25B
LIST OF TABLES Paae Table 15. A Sunmary of Monthly Fish Impingement a+ the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Stations: 1 aenuary through 31 December 1978................
57 Table 16. Commercial Fish Landings from the Ohic Water of Lake Erie: 1974-1978 58 Table 17. Commercial Fish Landings from Lake Erie:
1975-1978 59 1323 259-iv
LIST OF FIGURES Pace Figure 1.
- cati on Location Map.................
61 Figure 2.
Water Intake and Discharge Structures..'......
62 Figure 3.
Details of Water Intake Crib.............
63 Fi gure 4 Water Intake Pumps and Screens Arrangement..
64 Figure 5.
Water Use Plan....................
65 Figure 6.
Cu, rent Maps of the Loco-t Point Area of hastern Lake Erie 66 Figure 7.
Trends in Mean Monthly Temperature, Dissolved Oxygen, and Hydrogen Ion Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1978..
70 Fi gure 8.
Trends in Mean Monthly Conductivity, Alkalinity and Turbidity Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1978 70 Figure 9.
Trends in Mean Monthly Transparency and Phosphorus Measurements for Lake Erie at Locust Point for the Period 1972-1978...................
71 Figure lu. Bathymetric Map of Ws: tern Lake Erie in the Vicinity of Locust Point...............
72 Figure 11. Sediment Distribution Map of Western Lake Erie-in the Vicinity of Locust Point 73 j n3 7-@
SUMMARY
AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is located on the southwest shore of Lake Erie at Locust Point and is co-owned by the Toledo Edison Company and the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company and operated by the Toledo Edison Company.
Unit 1 is capable of generating 906 MWe and has a closed condenser cooling system.
Make-up water for cooling purposes is drawn from Lake Erie from a submerged intake crib 3000 feet offshore through a buried eight-foot diameter conduit to a closed, but uncovered, intake canal.
The canal is approximately 2950 feet long and terminates at the trash racks of the intake structure. Water is drawn through the intake crib snc conduit by gravity. Design capacity for Unit 1 is 42,000 gpm with a resultant approach velocity through the crib ports of 0.25 f t/sec.
Cooling tower blowdown is discharged at a point approximately 1200 feet offshore through a six-foot diameter buried condui: which terminates in a high velgcity nozzle to promote rapid mixing.
The maximum allowable AT is 20 F.
The scope of work performed for the following 316(b) demonstration was in direct compliance with a study plan agreed upon by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission and the Toledo Edison Company (Environmental Technical Specifications, Appendix B to Facility Operating License Nc. NPF-3).
Studies of fish impinged on the traveling screens of the power station were conducted during the period 1 January through 31 December 1978. During this period the date, time, and duration of operation of the plant's traveling screens was recorded. Fish were collected during 144 of the 221 screen operations by placing a wire barrier with the same mesh as the traveling screens (k inch) in the sluiceway through which all back-washed material must pass. When the screens were turned off, the fish in front of this barrier were removed by hand.
All impinged fish were identified and enumerated, a total weight was determined for each species, and all or at least 50 fish of each species were weighed and measured individually.
Since the time and duration of every screen operation was known, it was possible to duermine the number of hours represented by each collection. From this and the number of fish impinged during that period, a concentration, fish impinged / hour, was developed. The average of these concentrations was used to estimate impingement during hours when screen-washed fish were not collected.
Entrainment estimates were computed by multiplying ichthyoplankton concentrations as observed in the lake at the intake crib by the volume of water pumped through the plant.
Ichthyoplankton concentrations were determined at approximately ten-day intervals during the period of larval occurrence in 1978 (April through August) from four three-minute oblique tows (bottom to rnface) with a 0.75 m diameter heavy-duty oceanographic plankton net at night.
It is estimated thr.c a total of 6,607 fish representing 20 species was impinged on the traveling screens at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978. No species listed as rare and endangered by the Ohio 1323 261
Department of Natural Resources, or appearing on the " Federal Register of Endangered Species" were impinged or entrained during 1978.
Non-sport fish made up spproximately 75 percent of the total number impinged and no smallmouth bass, walleye, or white bass were impinged.
It is estimated that approximately 6,311,000 larvae and 44,000 eggs were entrained during 1978. Again, non-sport species represented over 75 percent of this total with gizzard shad leading the way at 69 percent.
Ohio EPA's Division of Industrial Wastewater in their report "Section 316 Guidelines" (30 September 1978) states, "The general overall goal of any 316(b) demonstration should be to: 1) establish reliable loss projections of all life history stages of representative aquatic species; and 2) evaluate the significance of the projected losses (magnitude of adverse impact) to the impacted species populations and communities."
This 316(b) demonstration has met these two goals.
Impingement and entrainment losses have been presented with confidence limits, and we have determined that three of the six dominant sport and commercial species, smallmouth bass, walleye, and white bass, were not impinged at Davis-Besse during 1978.
Furthermore, two of these species, smallmouth bass and white bass, were not entrained, either.
Those fish which were impinged amounted to 0.04 percent by number and less than 0.001 percent by weight of the sport fishing harvest from only the Ohio waters of Lake Erie.
Seventy-six percent of the entrainment losses were gizzard shad, an underutilized species, the population of which is currently on the increase.
Entrainment losses were also evaluated based upon the number of adults required to lay a number of eggs equal to the entrainment losses.
It was estimated that 16 female gizzard shcd and three female walleye could have produced the required number of eggs.
Ohio EPA's "Section 316 Guidelines" go on to say, "The acceptability of this damage [entrainment and impingement] is dependent upon the following:
- 1) the number of organisms entrained and impinged; 2) the percentage of each representative species population lost due to entrainment and impingement damage (when applicable to certain high risk intakes); 3) magnitude of damage to endangered species; 4) magnitude of damage to comercial and sport species; 5) magnitude of damage to ecologically valuable species; and 6) whether the observed entrainment and impingement damage contributes to comunity unbalance."
Based upon these criteria, entrainment and impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station must be considered acceptable, for 1) the number entrained and impinged was relatively small; 2) no endangered species were harmed; 3) damage to comercial, sport, and " ecologically significant" species was insignificant, relative to comercial and sport harvests; and
- 4) there were no indications that entrainment and impingement losses were contributing to comunity unbalance.
It should be noted here that Ohio EPA has designated " facilities, located on Lake Erie, with submerged offshore intakes" as " intermediate risk" rather than "high risk".
Ohio EPA goes on to say that intakes of this type will generally be considered low risk, "but distance offshore, depth, and the interrelated factor of biological richness will influence risk assessment." It is tne opinion of 623 262
the authors that the design and the distance offshore would place the Davis-Besse intake in the low risk category, but that the biological ri'.raiess of the Western Basin of Lake Erie causes any intake in this area T.c.nove into the intermediate risk group where it will receive careful urutiny.
It is apparent that Davis-Besse has passed this scrutiny.
The "Section 316 Guidelines", having previously described the goals of a
316(b) demonstration, describe the objective of 316(b) demonstrations as follows:
"The primary objective of any 316(b) eval-uation should be to determine if an~ existing or proposed cooling water intake structure minimizes adverse environmental impact."
From the above discussicns and the subst :ntiative findings presented within the body of this report, it is apparent that entrainment and impingement losses at the Davis Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 were well within acceptable limits and that the intake structure is minimizing adverse e'vironmental impact.
132S 263
INTRODUCTION Section 316(b) of Public Law 92-500 (Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972) requires the location, design construction and capacity of cooling water intake structures reflect the best technology r 'ilable for minimizing adverse environmental impact. If it can be demonst. 4ted that a power generating facility, with its present cooling system design, is not having an adverse effect on the environment, the requirements of the above law have been met. The purpose of this report is to define and evaluate fish impingement and entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1.
Ti is station is presently beir.3 operated by the Toledo Edison Company and is co-owned by the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company; both companies are members of the Central Area Power Coordination Group (CAPCO), a group of four electric utilities in Ohio and Pennsylvania that pool their generating and transmission capabilities for mutual benefit. The scope of work, as described in this report, was performed in direct compliance with a study plan agreed upon by the U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission and Toledo Edison Company (Environmental Technical Specifications, Appendix B to Facility Operating License No. NPF-3).
Imoingement Impingement is the noun form of the verb impinge, arising from the Latin verb "impingere" meaning "to fasten". In the terminology of 316(b) discussions, impingement refers to fish which are impinged on the traveling screens at the cooling water intakes of power plants. The U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (Edsall and Yocom, 1972) has concluded that the constant pressure exerted on the impinged organisms by the cooling water flow can prevent their escape from the intake screens and, as a result, may cause them to perish by suffocation.
The number of fish impinged depends on both physical and biological f actors.
Some physical factors that may contribute to impingement include:
(1) intake structure design and location, (2) the volume of water withdrawn, (3) the velocity of water approaching and flowing through the intake screens, (4) time of day, (5) meteorological conditions, (6) ice control procedures, (7) water levels and currents, and (8) water temperature and other water quality characteristics. Some biological factors affecting impingement include:
(1) the species in question and their population densities, (2) their seasonal abundance, (3) size, (4) swimming ability (speed and endurance),
(5) distribution in the water
- column, (6) diel
- activity, and (7) physiological condition of the organisms (presence or absence of stress, coefficient of condition, etc.).
Quantitative predictions of fish impingement and correlations of impingement with individual biological or physical parameters are extremely difficult due to the complexity of the interactions between the physical and biological factors.
Recently, King et al. (1977) and Tatham et al. (1977) have shown that assuming 100 percent mortality of impinged fish is probably too 1323 264
high as actual mortality ranges from 10-93 percent depending on the species, season, and made of traveling screen operation.
Entrainment Entrainment is the noun form of the verb entrain, meaning "to draw along with" and oiiginates from the Middle French verb "entrainer,"
meaning "to drag". In the terminology of 316(b) discussions, entrainment refers to aquatic organisms, smaller than the mesh of the intake screens, which are " entrained" with the cooling water flow and drawn through the plant.
The most-frequently entrained organisms are:
(1) microscopic algal cells (phytoplankton), microcrustaceans, protozoans and ratifers (zooplankton),
and (3) planktonic eggs and larvae of fish (ichthyoplankton). Only the ichthyoplankton segment is addressed in this report.
Nature has countered the extreme'y high natural mortality rates these early live stages suffer with high fecundities.
Many species lay over 500,000 eggs yearly. However, entrainment of these early life stages still warrants scrutiny ;*~-a 6ture age classes must arise from this group.
Quantifying entrainment requires frequent monitoring due to the high variability in the densities of fish eggs and larvae.
However, these forms are present for only a few months each year, and entrainment losses for any planktonic species can.be estimated simply by multiplying densities observed in front of the intake screens by the flow through the plant. It should be noted that this technique yields the number which are entrained but does not address entrainment mortality.
Recently, Cannon et a_1. (1977) found that mortality of entrained fish larvae generally ranges from 0-30 percent when the maximum tempgrature experienced by the larvae during condenser passage is less than 30 C.
However, since Davis-Besse has a closed condenser cooling system,100 percent mortality of entrained organisms has been assumed.
STATION DESCRIP' ION Station Location The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1 is located in Ottawa County, Ohio, on the southwest shore of Lake Erie, about 21 miles east of The 954-acre site is located in Carro}35'57" N and 83 05'28" W).lTownshipadja Toledo.
mouth of the Toussaint River (coordinates: 41 The site has 7,250 feet of Lake Erie frontage (Figure 1). This section of shoreline is flat and marshy with maximum elevation only a few feet above the lake level (U.S. Atomic Energy Comission,1973).
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General Station Description Unit 1 is a nuclear-powered electric generating facility with a net electrical capacity of 906 MWe. The facility utilizes a pressurized water reactor (PWR) manuf actured by Babcock and Wilcox Company.
Most of the heat from the turbine steam c:ndenser is dissipated to the atmosphere by means of natural-draft coc.ing tower, 493 feet high and 415 feet in diameter at its base.
Coolina Water Intake Design The cooling water intake shown in Figure 2 is made up of three principle elements; the intake crib and conduit, intake canal, and intake structure. The Unit obtains its cooling water from Lake Erie through the intake crib. Water entering the intake crib flows by gravity through the eight-foot diameter intake conduit buried beneath the lake bottom to the intake canal. The water then flows through the intake canal to the intake structure located at the west end of the intake canal forebay. From the intake structure cooling water will be pumped to the various systems within h e unit. These three principle components are described in detail in the following sections.
Intake Crib.
The intake crib for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is located in the Western Basin of Lake Erie approximately 3000 feet offshore from the land area comonly known as Locust Point in approx-imately 11 feet of water at low water datum (568.6 ft. I.G.L.D.).
The lake area off of Locust Point has been identified as an area of constant sand movement. The intake crib is a wooden cross shaped structure rising 3'-10" above the lake bottom with intake screens (ports) located in the ends of each of the four arms so that water enters the crib downward through the ports. At the design maximum flow of 42,000 gpm, the intake velocity has been calculated at 0.25 ft/sec (U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Comission,1975). Table 1 shows calculated intake velocities for various pumping rates. At the 42,000 gpm design flow ra,te, the velocity through the eight-foot diameter conduit would be approximately 1.8 ft/sec. This design is similar to the one used at the Oregon, Ohio, and Port Clinton, Ohio, municipal water intakes.
Figure 3 compares the similarities of these intakes.
Normal practice in intake design has been to locate intake cribs in 20 to 50 feet of water to avoid ice formation and the possibility of blockage from ice jams. Inlet ports should be located four to eight feet off the bottom to minimize the uptake of sand, silt, and other sediment.
However, adherance to these practices has not always been possible in the Western Basin of Lake Erie because of its shallowness. This is the case with the design chosen for the D. is-Besse intake crib. The Davis-Besse intake crib is located in relatively shallow water,11 feet t,elow low water datum, and five feet below the lowest water level experienced at the site, 562.9 IGLD computed from the Toledo gauging statiin records corrected to the site. Therefore, the intake design must be su h that the crib will not be exposed by low water and the intake parts have to be high enough off the bottom trat sand and sediment are not drawn into the crib.
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Locating the crib in dtaper water was investigated but found not to be a viable alternative.
Water depths of 20 feet are not reached in the vicinity of the site until approximately four to five miles from shore.
The design finally chosen utilized a downward flow of water into the crib so that the intake ports could be located as far off the lake bottom as possible and still be under water during low lake level conditions.
During the design of the intake crib, consideration was given to using velocity caps to change the direction of the intake flow from vertical to horizontal.
However, this did not turn out to be feasible, since under low lake level conditions the upper portion of the velocity caps would have been above water.
Also, since the velocity caps would protrude above the top of the intake crib, they would be subjected to winter ice conditions. These ice conditions, floating ice, and wind blown ice masses, would most likely damage the velocity caps annually and in doing so could cause structural damage to the intake crib itself.
Intake Canal.
The intake canal is an open channel with earthen embankments to convey water from the intake conduit (bringing water from the intake crib) to the intake structure located irmiediately east of Unit No. 1.
The intake canal is approximately 2950 feet long including the forebay and is separated from the lake by a sand beach and beachfront dike constructed of large limestone rip-rap. The canal is approximately 40 tra 45 feet wide at the bottom, with 3:1 side slopes and a water depth of 13 to 14 feet at normal lake levels except in the vicinity of the intake structure where it widens to form the forebay. At a ficw rate of 42,000 gpm, the calculated velocity in the intake canal is approximately 0.11 ft/sec. The intake canal forebay is approximtely 800 feet long, 200 feet wide, at the bottom, with 3:1 sids slopes and a water depth of 16 to 17 feet at normal lake levels.
Intake Structure. The intake structure is shown in Figure 4 and is located at the western end of the intake canal forebay. All of the water which is used by the unit is pumped via the pumps located in the intake structure. The following pumps are located in the intake structure.
Service Water Pumps - 2 operating, 1 standby Cooling Tower Makeup Pump - 2 used as required Dilution Pump - 1 used as required Water Treatment Feedpumps - 1 operating,1 standby Screen Backwash Pumps - 2 used as required These pumps are preceded by the trash racks and traveling screens.
The trash racks are fixed screens, have four
- h by twenty-six inch openings, and will be manually cleaned. The c; al ea screens have one-quarter inch square openings and will be autoratically cleaned either on a pre-set time interval or differential pressure across the screens.
Water Use The quantity of water used for cooling at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Pouer Station, Unit No.1, has been minimized by using a closed condenser 1323 267
a.
cooling water system and a natural draft cooling tower. Tha unit's water usage has further been reduced by recycling the heated discharge from the service water system and using it as makeup to the closed condenser cooling water system.
This exceeds the requirement of 40 CFR 423.13,
" Effluent limitation guidelines representing the degree of effluent reduction attainable by the application of the best available technology economically achievable" as well as 40 CFR 423.15, "New Source Performance Standards" which would permit the heated discharge from the service water system to be discharged, provided it meets chlorine limi-tations. The unit's water use scheme is shown in Figure 5.
Table 2 shows the unit's maximum, minimum, and average water usage for each month at the intake crib.
Discharce System All station effluents (except storm water drainage and certain building drains which go to the Toussaint River) are mixed in the col-lection box prior to discharge into Lake Erie.
Most of this mixture is cooling tower blowdown water and its associated dilution water.
The collection box has a small volume compared with the flow rates into it, and, therefore, the box merely serves to mix the various effluents.
From the collection box, the station discharge flows through a six-foot diameter buried pipe to the slot-type jet discharge structure (4.5 feet wide x 1.5 feet high) 1200 feet offshore in Lake Erie (Figure 2).
The elevation of the collection box provides the necessary head for discharge through the pipe to the lake under all predicted water level conditions. The slot-type discharge has an exit water velocity of about 6.5 ft/sec at the design maximum discharge flow of 20,000 gptt.
The nominal calculated water velocity of 3.5 ft/sec, at the typical discharge rate of 11,000 gpm, promotes rapid entrainment and mixing with lake water.
The lake bottom has been rip-rapped with rock for about 200 feet in front of the slot discharge to minimize scouring of the lake bottom and associated turbidity.
Chemical Discharae.
All of the makeup water to the recirculating system (cooling tower) is partially neutralized with sulfuric acid, releasing carbon dioxide, and thereby reducing the amount of scale formed in the condenser.
The only other chemical added to the circuits is elemental chlorine for defauling.
The recirculating cooling water blowdown contains the major faction of all chemicals discharged to Lake Erie.
Due to the evaporation of water in the cooling tower, the concentration of dissolved so lis in the recirculating water is approximately double that in the lake.
Because of the addition of sulfuric acid and the loss of carbon dioxide, the sulfate ratio is slightly higher and the carbonate ratio is slightly lower in discharge water while ratios Nr various othat chemicals are the same as in lake water.
1323 26%
a -
Thermal Discharge.
The discharge of cooling tower blowdown from the station's submerged discharge structure generates a
thermal plume in Lake Erie. The plume'is calculated to have a maximum surface area of 0.7 acres (U.S. Atomic Energy Comission, 1073).
The temperature difference between cgoling tower blowdown water and antient lake water ranges as high as 30 F.
Lake water is used to dilute the blowdown so 0
that the effluent to the lake never exceeds 20 F above anbient lake water temperature.
ANALYSIS OF FACTORS AFFECTING ENTRAINMENT AND IMPINGEMENT A literature review of western Lake Erie hydrology and the biology and economic importance of fish species resident along the south shore of western Lake Erie was conducted in an attempt to determine the reasons for the incidence of entrainment and impingement of those fish species and size classes collected, ard to determine the significance of these losses to man.
Factors included in this analysis were:
(1) swiming speeds, (2) fecundity, (3) economic and trophic importance, (4) hydrology, (5) habitat and habitat ;. reference, and (6) rare and endangered species status. The following sections discuss these factors and relate them to the impingement /entrainment potential for important species.
These findings are later related to the results of the monitoring program to place fish impingement and entrainment at the power station in per-spective with fish population dynamics in the Western Basin of Lake Erie.
Swiming Soeeds Ichthyoplankton, consisting of fish eggs and larvae, is the portion of the fish population which is susceptible to entrainment at the power station.
Being planktonic, fish in these life stages are incapable of sustained swiming and, therefore, have virtually zero swiming speeds.
Until the post-larval stages, these individuals are largely passive floaters and their primary mobility is due to water currents.
Adult swiming speeds are generally related to body form (morphology) and length. Burst speeds of 10 body lengths (BL) per second and cruising speeds of 3 BL/sec are generally accepted for fish (Bainbridge, 1958; Blaxter, 1969). Cruising speeds can be sustained for up to several hours (Bainbridge,1960). Fry and Hart (1948) observed that swiming ability decreases rapidly when the temperature is extremely low or high.
Much work has been done over the past 80 years on fish swiming speeds. Comparison between investigators is difficult, however, because the differences in apparatus and in definition of various swiming responses.
Apparatus has varied from a rotating are.tular chamber to photography 'of a fishes progress against a measured background.
Therefore, various types of swiming speeds were mentred. Burst speed is a quick, unsustainable response of only a few seconds.
It is usually utilized to escape danger.
Cruising (sustained) speed is used more in migratory studies when speeds are maintained over a long period of time.
1323 269
Regnard (1893) concluded that the maximum burst s' peed of fishes was 10 BL/sec.
Bainbridge (1958), who later measured speed in relation to amplitude and size of tail beat arrived at the same conclusion. Blaxter (1969) concluded that the only fishes capable of burst speeds of 10 BL/sec were Salmonids (trout, lake whitefish, and cisco), Scombriods (pelagic
- ishes of tropical, sub-tropical, and temperate open oceans), and some freshwater and a few marine species. He further states that the cruising speed for most fishes is between 2 and 3 BL/sec.
Most of the work dealing with swimming speeds of fishes was performed with marine or western North American species. There are, however, some measurements of swimming speeds for fish species found in Lake Erie.
Measurements for 19 of these species are given in Table 3.
Intake velocities were calculated at the intake crjb for January to December 1978. Maximum, minimum, and mean velocities frem each month are listed in Table 2.
Under average conditions (3.3 cm/sec), fish greater than 1.1 cm in length, and under maximum velocity conditions (8.6 cm/sec),
fish greater than 2.9 cm in length, should easily escape impingement.
This assumption is based on a sustained swimming speed of 3 BL/sec.
However, fish smaller than these size ranges are often planktonic and have not yet attained the capability of positive swimming.
Fecundity Fecundity is the general term used to describe the number of eggs produced by fish (Lagler, TemaTe, varies according to a great many dif-et al.
1962).
The number of eggs that are produced by an individual ferent factors including age, size, environmental conditions, and species. Scme eggs are buoyant (pelagic) and have specific gravity about the same as fresh water, e.g., freshwater drum. Most stream and nearshore lake fi>h, on the contrary, have eggs that are heavier than fresh water, causing them to sink (demersal) and have an adhesive coating which keeps them from being swept away by currents.
The reproductive characteristics of 33 comon Lake Erie species are listed in Table 4.
This list was derived from a large number of sources; figuring most prominently were i.he following: Trautman (1957), Carlander (1953), and unpublished observations of fishery biologists with the Ohio Division of Wildlife and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
The first column gives sexual maturity, listed either as age class, length, or weight at which maturity is normally reached.
The second column is spawning temperature.
The third and fourth columns are fecundity.
Egg production is listed as eggs per female of a specific age, weight, or length. In some cases, more than one figure is given to indicate changes in reproductive capacity with age. Spawning season is column five. The season listed is for Lake Erie; however, if data were not available spacifically for Lake Erie, data from a comparable latitude were used.
This is also true for spawning temperature. Longevity is the findl column in the reproductive partion of the table.
Fish species are listed in phylogenic order, with scientific and comon names in accord with those recommended by the American Fisheries Society in its Special Publication 1328 270
No. 6, A List of Comon and Scientific Names of Fishes From the United States and Canada, 1970.
The information given under fecundity charac-teristics for each of the species has been obtained from one or more of the 50 numbered references (indicated in parenthesis following the data) which are listed in Table 5 The reported fucundity of the most ccmonly entrained species ranged from a few thousand to nearly a million eggs per female.
With the exception of yellow perch (44,000) and emerald shiners (500-1,500), all of the comon species (gizzard shad, white bass, freshwater drum, cod walleye) have a mean egg production between 300,000-600,000 per female.
Therefore, because of similar fecundities, entrainment of a particular species appears to be related more to the number of gravid females in the area than to the relative egg production between species.
Economic and Trophic Imoortance Commercial fishing has been an important industry for people living around w'itern Lake Erie for over 100 years. Annual Lake Erie production (comercial catch) has varied between 15,000 to 35,000 tons (average 25,000 tons) which accounts for approximately 50 percent of the total annual production of the Great Lakes (Hartman,1973).
Presently yellow perch and white bass are the most important comercial species (Table 6).
The walleye fishery, which has been closed to ccmercial fishermen in Ohio and Michigan for the past five years, has recovered significantly, but it will remain closed for comercial fishing at least through 1980.
Sport fishing in the Ohio waters of Lake Erie is a popular sport; nearly 300,000 Ohio licensed anglers fish in Lake Erie. In 1978, approx-imately 15.6 million fish (3,437 metric tons) were harvested by sportsmen in these waters (Table 6). Yellow perch, walleye, white bass, freshwater drum, and channel catfish, respectively, were the most comon species taken. They accounted for over 97 percent of the total catch.
The economic and tropic importance of 15 of the most comon species of fish found in western Lake Erie is given in Table 7.
Figures through December 1978 indicate a comercial fish harvest of 9.3 million pSJnds which is 9 percent greater than the 8.5 million pounds landed in 1977 and 20 percent over the 7.8 million pounds harvested in 1976 (Ohio Division of Wildlife, 1979). The landed or dock value of the comercial harvest increased 8 percent in 1978 to nearly $2,600,000.
A major portion of this increase was due to increased landings of white bass with an estimated dock value of $800,000.
License and royalty fees paid by the comercial fisheries for the privilege to harvest fish from Ohio waters of Lake Erie were $73,600.
Sport anglers on the Ohio waters of Lake Erie annually expend an estimated $60,000,000 in pursuit of their sport.
In 1978, they caught nearly 15.6 million fish for an average cost of $3.85 per fish landed.
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Hydroloay Circulation Patterns.
Western Lake Erie is dominated by the large inflow of the Detroit River with mean flow of approximately 210,000 cfs.
The midchannel flow of this river p~1etrates deep into the Western Basin, at times reaching the vicinity of Locust Point. The Maumee River, with an average flow of 4,700 cfs, is the second largest stream flowing into the lake and carries 37 percent of the sediment loading to the lake, but accounts for less than three percent of the total water drainage to Lake Erie.
Maumee River water enters the lake through Maumee Bay where it divides into a northern flow along the Michigan shore and a southern eastern flow along the Ohio shore toward Locust Point. The Toussaint River, with an average flow of only 76 cfs, is a minor contributor to circulation patterns in the vicinity of Locust Point.
East of the dominating effect of the Detroit River, the prevailing southwest winds produce a clockwise surface flow around the Bass Islands to the northeast of Locust Point.
However, this surface flow is often
~
altered by changes in the direction, intensity and duration of the wind.
Strong winds from any direction can drive the surface currents over most of the basin toward the windward shore (Herdendorf,1975). Current maps of western Lake Erie in the vicinity of Locust Point for various wind conditions are presented in Figure 6.
Bottom currents have essentially the same pattern as surface flow in that part of the basin influenced by the Detroit River. However, in other parts of the basin bottom currents are comonly the reverse of and compensate for strong, wind-driven, surface currents (Herdendorf, 1970). -
Herdendorf and Braidech (1972) measured currents at 68 stations in the vicinity of Locust Point and the offshore reefs during a three-year study. The average recorded velocity for surface currents was 0.28 knots (0.48 ft/sec) and 0.15 knot (0.26 ft/sec) for bottom currents.
These velocities are not capable of eroding bottom material, but are able to transport fine sand, silt, clay, and fish eggs or larvae once they have been placed in suspension.
Velocities in excess of 0.5 knots (0.84 f t/sec) were recorded on the reefs but not in the nearshore zone of Locust Point. The mean intake velocity for the station is approximately half of the average bottom current velocity measured by Herdendorf and Braidech (1972).
Littoral Drift. Locust Point is at a position of diverging littoral (alongshore) drif ts of sand which ordinarily would result in the beach being starved of sand because of movement east and west away from the headlands which form the point.
However, the shore is apparently main-tained at near equalibrium by replenishment from an extensive sand and gravel deposit which lies north of a narrow strip of compact glacio-lacustrine clay that fronts the point beyond the sandy nearshore zone.
Transportation of this material from offshore to the beach can be accom-plished by at least three forces: 1) currents induced by wind action or Detroit River flow, 2) wave action, and 3) ice shove.
Most of the sand probably migrates shoreward by wave action and currents generated by northeast and northwest storms.
Evidence for the shareward movement of 1323 272
sand can be found in the position of bars before and after major storms.
For example, fathometer profiles of the lake bottom at Locust Point before (13 June 1972) and after (28 June 1972) tropical storm Agnes revealed that two offshore bars migrated 20 to 25 feet shoreward as a result of wave attack from the northwest storm (Herdendorf and Hair,1972).
Thermal Conditions.
Water temgeratures in western Lake Erie range from 32"F in the winter to about 75 F in late sumner. The Western Basin frequently freezes from shore to shore in January and the ice cover breaks up in March and April.
A shallow epilimnion develops early during the spring, but because the basin is so shallow, wind action causes efficient vertical mixing and by June the water becomes vertically isothermal.
Diurnal microthermoclines are common in the sumer, but prolonged periods of hot, calm weather can cause temporary thermal stratification, due to the heating of the surface water without the benefit of mixing.
In 1953, such a situation resulted in severe oxygen depletion in the bottom water (Britt,1955).
Water Quality.
Nutrient overenrichment is the most significant water quality problem in western Lake Erie.
Locust Point, being within the nearshore zone, is also characterized by low transparency, a high concentration of dissolved solids, and warmer water temperature when compared with offshore areas. The Ohio State University, Center for Lake
~
Erie Area Research initiated water quality studies at Locust Point in July 1972.
Over the past seven years most parameters have shown typical seasonal trends with only small variations from year to year. Trends for eight water quality parameters from July 1972 through November 1978 are shown on Figures 7, 8, and 9.
Temperature and dissolved oxygen (00) show normal seasonal trends for each year with only minor variations from one year to the next or over the entire period. D0 appears to have undergone more depletion in 1976 and 1977 than in previous years or in 1978.
Hydrogen-ion concentration (pH) and alkalinity remained fairly stable over the period.
Transparency, turbidity, phosphorus, and conductivity have shown some radical variations which are probably due to storms and dredging activities that have disturbed the bottom sediments. Phosphorus levels were low in 1977 and 1978, compared to earlier years.
In general however, no significant deviations from the normal quality of the water in this part of western Lake Erie have been observed during the past seven years.
Habitat Description and Preference The Western Basin of Lake Erie has long been considered important in the reproduction of many fish species, due to its shallow nature and many reefs and shoals (Hartman,1970). Trautman (1957) and Scott and Crossman (1973) provide life history information on Lake Erie fish species and indicate that many lake-dwelling populations are migratory, utilizing tributary waters, such as the lower Maumee River and Maumee Bay, as spawning and nursery areas.
This attraction of spawners to tributary waters results in the concentration of spawning activity and consequently fish eggs and larvae in relatively small areas.
f323 273
e Tables 7 and 8 contain sumaries of the habitat preferences of comon fish species in Lake Erie.
The habitat requirements of the 55 species listed on Table 8 were derived from Trautman (1957), Scott and Crossman (1973), and direct observations by the authors.
The first two columns indicate the preferred habitat for spawning.
For the purpose of this table, tributaries are defined as the portions of Lake Erie tributaries that are above the estuarine or " lake effected" lower reaches of these streams. Nearshore includes the shallows (less than ten meters) near the shore, offshore reefs and shoals, and estuarine lower courses of the tributaries. The remainder of the characteristics refer to the preferred habitats for mature individuals during non-spawning seasons. The demar-cation of shallow and deep water has been taken at a depth of approxi-mately ten meters.
Water clarity refers to the amount of suspended particulate material (largely inorganic) in the wate.. Turbid water can roughly be defined u that having a Secchi disk transparency of less than one meter.
Bottom types have been sub-divided primarily on the size of the sediment particles forming the bottom. Mud is defined as semi-fluid silt-and-clay-sized particles (less than 62 microns).
Sand includes sand-and gravel-sized particles which include pebbles and cobbles (62 microns to 256 m).
Rocky Pottoms include boulders (256 m to 4096 m) and larger slabs of exposed bedrock. Organic bottoms are generally fine-grained in nature but contain high percentages of partially decomposed plant and animal parts.
Rooted acuatic olants (macrophytes) are cate-gorized on density of growth rather than type. Table 8 contains a similar listing for both spawning and nursery habitat preferences.
Locust Point and Western Lake Erie. Locust Point is a gently curving headland on the south share of western Lake Erie, approximately ten miles west of Port Clinton, Ohio (Figure 10).
The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station is located on a 954-acre tract of land on this point. The terrain of the point is relatively flat and contains about 600 acres of marshland.
The station has a 7500-foot frontage on Lake Erie along the point. The point has a relatively stable barrier beach which separates Navarre Marsh from the lake. The shore is not tending to straighten itself or advance over the wetland which is usual for barrier beaches with such a config-uration. This may be in part due to the extensive rip-rap dike placed on the berm of the beach during the record-high water levels of 1972 and 1973.
This dike has been of benefit to the wetlands by preventing lake encroachment in addition to serving its primary purpose of protection of the station site.
Hydrographic surveys show a very gentle slope of the lake bottom from the shore out for a distance of at least 4000 feet (Figure 10). Two sand bars typically lie in the nearshore zone, one at 120 feet offshore and the other at 280 feet from the beach. The deeper area between the beach and the first sand bar has a thin bottom layer of fluffy silt and shell fragments over the sand. The inshore slope of the first bar contains an abundant population of naiad clams. 'The sand bottom, generally medium-to fine-grained, extends to 800 feet offshore (5.0 feet water depth, IGLD, 1955).
At this point the bottom deepens by 0.5 feet and is composed of hard, glaciolacustrine clay which forms a 500-700-foot wide strip around the point. Lakeward the bottom again becomes sandy and the sand increases in thickness in a lakeward direction.
The lake reaches a depth of ten 1323 274
feet at a distance of 2200 feet offshore and 12 feet at 4000 feet offshore.
The sand and gravel bottom, underlain by hard clay persists lakeward to the rocky reefs about three miles offshore (Figure 11).
The offshore reefs consist of bedrock and associated rock rubble and gravel.
The topography of the reef tops ranges from rugged surfaces caused by bedrock pinnacles and large angular boulders, to smooth slabs of horizontally bedded rock.
In places the exposed bedro x nas tnc appearance of low stairs with. steps dipping slightly to the ear.t from the crest to the fringe of the submerged "eef. All of the bedrock formations that form the reefs and shoals are carbonate rocks which contail abundant solution cavities, in many cases up to one or two cm in diameter.
The bedrock itself is comonly masked by rubble composed of both autoch-thonous and glacial origin and ranging from small pebbles to boulders up to five feet in diameter.
On the reefs, isolated patches of sand and gravel fill vertical joint cracks and small depressions in the bedrock; at the fringes of the reefs, sand and gravel beds, or glacial till lap over the rock.
During quiet periods the rocks are often covered by a thin layer of fluff, organic-rich silt, which can be several millimeters thick (Herdendorf,1970).
Lakeward of the reefs the depths increase rapidly to 24 feet. Here the bottom is composed of mud (semi-fluid silt and clay sized particles and less than ten percent sand (Figure 11).
The lack of permanent siltation on the bedrock and gravel reefs make them the only suitable sites for " clean water" benthic organisms such as certain mayflies, caddisflies, isopods, and amphipods.
These organisms are irportant in the food web of many of the comercial and game fish spef.es of western Lake Erie. The absence of these animals on or in the adjacent mud bottoms limits the feeding to the reefs and inshore areas.
The reefs project above the bottom and they are generally areas of higher energy due to the force of waves and currents. These factors allow simulation of the environment found in the riffles of streams. Several species of fish, particularly walleye and white bass, appear to have enjoyed success in Lake Erie because of the availability of this type of habitat.
Because of the lack of snelter in the nearshore zone of Locust Point, except the intake and discharge structures, the area does not appear to support a large resident fish population.
Monthly fish collections in this area (gill net, shore seine, and trawl) show great variability in species composition and relative abundance which strongly suggest a transient fish population.
Results from 15 years of sampling at Locust Point indicate that approximately 50 different species of fish have been captured (Table 9) but only ten species are of any real numerical or comercial significance.
Alewife, carp, gizzard shad, white bass, emerald shiner, spottail shiner, yellow perch, channel catfish, fresh-water drum and walleye constitute over 97 percent of the total number of fish that were captured in the area (Reutter and Herdendorf, 1976).
1323 275
The general flat or gently sloping lake bottom in the nearshore zone (within one mile of the shore) of Locust Point is broken only by the intake and discharge structures and the clay fill along the route of the buried pipelines which will soon be unnoticeable due to the eroding effects of waves and ice.
An ice barrier of rip-rap rock has been constructed on the lake side of the intake crib and a scour prevention apron of similar material has been placed on the bottom lakeward of the discharge nozzle. In 1976, ichthyoplankton sampling stations were estab-lished in the vicinity of the water intake / discharge structures as well as control stations at similar distances offshore in an attempt to determine if these structures were inducing higher than normal spawn rates for their position offshore.
The populations at these structures were within the normal range observed at the control stations, indicating that the popu-lations at the intake and discharge were not unusual for that position in the nearshore zone (Reutter and Herdendorf, 1976).
Intake Canal.
In September 1974, the intake canal was poisoned to eliminate resident fish prior to the operation of the station.
During
~
periods of 1972 and 1973 the intake canal was open to Lake Erie and fish were free to enter the canal through an opening at the beachfront.
In 1974 the canal was closed off at the beach and the only water communi-cation with the lake was via the 3000-foot-long, buried, intake conduit.
Imediately prior to the poisoning, 22 - trawls yielded 411 fish of 18 species.
Trawls taken in the canal in Octcoer 1974, one month after poisoning yield only one fish, an adult carp, indicating that the kill was essentially complete.
The benthic population was also destroyed in the process (Reutter and Herdendorf, 1975).
Later trawls, in 1975, yielded 420 individur i of 13 species indicating some fish were entering the crib and travelir., via the pipeline to the intake canal.
The most corm:on spe'-ies found in the canal were white crappie, bullheads, black crappie, carp, yellow perch, and sunfish.
Trawls in the intake canal were not continued after 1975. However, there is evidence that white crappie, goldfish, and other species have developed resident populations in the intake canal and these populations represent a sizeable percentage of the fish impinged on the traveling screens.
The relative species composition of several < f the species impinged at the station was markedly different than that observed in the open lake near the intake using gill nets, shore seines, and trawls.
Goldfish was the most notable example as it was the most abundant species impinged yet, during 1978 it constituted only 0.07 percent of the open lake catch (Table 10).
The intake canal is constructed of earthen walls and has a mud bottom over hard clay.
The step-sided walls of the canal preclude the devel-opment of extensive aquatic vegetation. The entire surface of the canal is unshaded. Velocities in the canal during 1978, are calculated to have had a maximum, minimum, and mean velocity of 0.16, 0.02, and 0.06 feet /sec, respectively.
Habitat Preference in Western Lake Erie.
In conjunction with USEPA investigations of larval fish populations in western Lake Erie and the potential impact of power plants on these populations, the Center for Lake 1323 276
. ~
Erie Area Research (Heniken,1977) conducted surveys designed to quantify fish larvae densities throughout the Western Basin during the spring spawning seasons of 1975-1977.
The following discussion of habitat preferences for the major species in the Western Basin is derived from the results of these surveys.
Gizzard shad concentrations in western Lake Erie appear to be centered mainly jn Maumee and Sandusky Bays; concentrations of larvae exceed 1000/100m.
These bays have the poorest water quality in the basin--Secchi disc readings seldom exceed 0.3 m and specific conductance is approximately twice that of the open lake.
To a lesser extent, the Ohio shoreline, which is influenced by plumes of turbid water from the Maumee River, is also a spawning area. Gizzard shad generally appear to utilize turbid water areas for lake spawning and nursery grounds.
Within the Western Basin, white bass larvae are also found exclu-sively in the bay areas. However, because of the large numbers of larvae found in the tributary rivers, the primary spawning grounds may not be the bays. The larvae found in the bays may originate in the rivers and flow downstream to the bays with river currents. The bays however, do serve as important nursery grounds.
Freshwater drum is another species found almost exclusively in the highly turbid areas. Drum eggs and pro-larvae conta n a large oil globule i
which causes them to float near the surf ace.
Eggs are of ten seen and collected on the surf ace. This characteristic permits them to survive in areas where oxygen tensions are low in the bottom water and also places the drum larvae in the surface waters where plankton is concentrated. The increase in drum populations in Lake Erie may be in part due to this characteristic.
Yellow perch larvae are found mostly in the nearstore areas and appear to be concentrated near the bottom. The tendency for perch to be near the bottom may be a reaction to light levels because in the more turbid areas of the lake stratification was not as obvious "erch prefer to spawn in sandy areas with vegetation (Scott and Crossman, 1973). The inshore areas where the larvae were found are sandy to gravelly with Cladophora being the main vegetation.
Walleye larvae were not collected in large enough numbers in the lake to characterize their spawning areas; however, the walleye larvae were found in areas similarly to those preferred by the yellow perch. Walleye larvae were found inshore in sandy to rocky substrates. The presence of larvae inshore tatween Locust and Catawba Points could be a result of the southerly flow of the Detroit River across the reefs depositing larvae in this area (Figure 6). The fact that a large numbe. of larvae were found 3
on Niagara Reef (68/100 m ) indicates that the reefs are probably being utilized for spawning.
Emerald shiner larvae were found in highest numbers in the. least-turbid and open water portions of the basin, especially in the deeper water adjacent to rocky reefs.
Larvae were generally captured in the 1323 27'
~
larger size ranges (late post-larvae to juvenile stages).
These larvae either do not sense the collection net or are unable to avoid the net. If the latter situation is the case, then emerald shiner larvae are probably incapable of moving off the reefs under their own locomotion, but are swept off the reef by the same strong currents which are responsible for sweeping the reefs clean of sediments (Herdendorf, 1970).
The other alternative situation is that this species does spawn in deeper waters.
Neither spottail shiners nor carp larvae were ever collected in large numbers.
Both species appeared centered in the Bass and Kelleys Islands areas. ~hese species apparently favor the rocky areas around the islands. At times, Cladochora was scraped loose during bottom tows over the reefs and carp egcs were of ten found in this green, filamentous algae.
Rainbow smelt f avor gravelly areas for spawning (Scott and Crossman, 1973).
Distribu'. ion patterns for larvae in the Western Basin indicate that spawning p'obably takes place on the clean gravel bottoms in Canadian waters and that the larvae are carried southward by Detroit River flow.
Smelt larvae are seldom collected nearshore or in bays where turbidity is high.
Rare and Endancered Saecies No fish species listed as endangered on the " Federal Register of Endangered Species" were collected during this study. The Ohio Division of Wildlife issued, effective 1 May 1976, a revised list of 40 endangered fish species in Ohio.
These species are listed in " Endangered Wild Animals in Ohio, " publication 316(R576) of the ODW.
Of the F, species listed, non were taken in impingement samples at the Davis-Besse NLclear Power Station. However, it should be noted that the silver chub (Hyboosis storeriana) and the Great Lakes muskellunge (Esox m. masouinonay) have been collected in gill nets set in the vicinity of the plant intake and discharge during the preoperational monitoring program.
No endangered species were taken in the entrainment samples.
Herdendorf and Cooper (1975) reported mooneye larvae in samples collected in May 1975 on a submerged sand bar at the entrance to Maumee Bay.
No other endangered species have been reported from ichthyoplankton studies of western Lake Erie within the past three years.
METHODS Impingement For the purpose of this 316(b) demonstration, impingement at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station will be estimated from samples col-lected between 1 January and 31 December 1978. During the abve mentioned 12-month interval the traveling screens at the Davis-Besse Wuclear Power Station were operated 221 times.
The date, time, and duration of each screen operation were recorded and keypunched, even when the impinged fish were not collected (Table 11).
Collections of impinged fish were 1323 278
made by Toledo Edison personnel during 144 of the 221 screen operations by placing a screen having the same mesh size as the traveling screens ( -
inch bar mesh) in the sluiceway through which the backwashed material passed.
Fish collected in this manner were placed in plastic bags, labeled with the date ana time of screen operation, and frozen.
The samples were picked up by personnel of The Ohio State University's Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR) weekly and carried to the laboratory where all specimens were identified (Trautman,1957) and enumerated. The total number and the total weight of each species impinged was recorded.
All specimens, or a representative number thereof, were also weighed and measured individually.
The representative number sellected was 50 individuals as this would assure an estimated sttqdard deviation of the length and weight to within 20 percent of the true standard deviations (Feder et al., 1976). Further accuracy in the estimation of mean weights was deeliiMTJnnecessary as the total number of each species impinged had been determined by actual counts. Greater accuracy h the estimation of mean weight is sometimes warranted if the total weight of an impinged species is to be divided by the mean weight per fish to estimate the number of fish in the sample.
All cf the above mentioned data were keypunched and stored on magnetic tape at The Ohio State University for use with the Statistical Analysis System: SAS (Barr et al., 1976) on an
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AMDAHL 470 computer.
Since the time and duration of every screen operation was known, it was possible to determine the number of hours represented by each col-lection, e.g. if the screen had been in operation at noon on 20 January, the collection made at noon on 22 January would represent all the fish which had been impinged during the 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br /> between the two screen operations.
From this, a concentration, fish impinged / hour, was developed.
The average of these concentrations was used to estimate impingement during hours when screen-washed fish were not collected.
Entrainment For the purpose of this 316(h) demonstration at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, entrainment was monitored during the period of larvae occurrence in Lake Erie during 1978.
Fish egg and larvae (ichthyoplankton) entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station was computed by multiplying the ichthyoplankton concentration observed at the intake by the intake volume.
ThiI method assumes that all ichthyoplankters observed at the intake are entrained.
Ichthyoplankton densities were determined at approximately 10-day intervals from four 3-minute, oblique (bottom to surface) tows at 3-4 knots made at n'.ght on each date (Table 12) with a 0.75-meter diameter heavy-duty oceanographic plankton net (No. 00, 0.75 m mesh) equipped with a calibrated General Oceanics flowneter. Oblique tows were selected as this is the technique required at intakes on Lake Erie by U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency and U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service.
Night sampling is also required by these agencies to minimize net avoidance by larvae and to more accurately assess populations of species 023 279
which may cling to the bottom during daylight. Samples were preserved in five percent formalin and returned to the laboratory for sorting and analysis.
All specimens were classified as to larval stage, identified, and enumerated using the works of Fish (1932), Norden (1961a and b), and Nelson per100m{1975).
and Cole Densities were presented as number of ichthyoplankters of water.
From ' he above estimates it was possible to determine an approximate t
period of occurrence for each species and a mean density during that period. For example, walleye were not found on 30 April or on 7 June or later (Table 12). They were present in samples from 11 May and 21 May.
Therefore, the period of occurrence was estimated to have been from 6 May (the midpoint between 30 April and 11 May) to 30 May (the midpoint betw an 21 May and 7 June) (Table 13).
Themeandegsityofwalleyeduringthis period was estimated tg have been 41.6/100 m, computed from the concen-tration of 79.2/100 m observed on 11 May and the concentration gf 4.0/100 m observed on 21 May.
It was this concentration, 41.6/100 m,
which was multiplied by the volume of water drawn through the plant from 6 May to 30 May.
The daily intake volume was computed by multiplying the daily discharge volume by 1.3.
The daily intake volumes were then added for all days w! thin the period of occurrence of the species in question to determine the total intake volume during the period. All specimens were vouchered and all data were keypunched and stored at The Ohio State University's Center for Lake Erie Area Research, Columbus, Ohio.
IMPINGEMENT Results A total of 6,607 fish representing 20 species was impinged on the traveling screens at the: Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from 1 January through 31 December 1970 (Table 14).
No species designated as rare or er. dangered on the federal or state lists were observed in impingement 2amples.
Goldfish was the dominant species impinged representing 49.9 percent of the total.
Only 6 other species represented mye than 1 percent of the total: yellow perch, 23.9 percent; emerald shiner,15.0 percent; gizzard shad, 5.9 percent; black crappie,1.2 percent; fresh-water drum,1.2 percent; and rainbow smelt,1.0 percent.
No smallmouth bass, wa'lleye, or white bass were impinged.
Impingement was also computed on a monthly basis (Table 15). Most of Me impingement occurred ducing April (43.5 percent) and December (35.3 percent). Of the 2,875 fish estimated to have been impinged during April, 834 (29.0 percent) were emerald shiners, 799 (27.8 percent) were goldfish, and 1,098 (38.2 percent) were yellow perch. Of the 2,330 fish estimated to have been impinged during December, 1,870 (80.3 percent) were goldfish and 360 (15.5 percent) were gizzard shad.
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Although the station did not reach 75 percent of its capacity for power production until December 1977, and although it is not discussed within this report, it should be noted the impingement monitoring started at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station on 17 August 1977. Based on the results of 45 collections, Reutter (1978a) estimated that impirgement from 17 August to 31 December 1977 was 1,936 fish of 15 species.
Discussion With the exception of the blackside darter and the bluntnase minnow, all species impinged at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station have been captured within the past ten years at Locust Point (See Table 9).
However, both the blackside darter and bluntnose minnow have been reported from the island area of Lake Erie and most of the tributaries, including the Toussaint River and Turtle Creek near Locust Point (Trautmm,1957).
With the exception of goldfish and black and white crappies the impinged fish occurred in relative numbers which were not unusual for populations in Lake Erie at Locust Point.
These three species occurred in relative proportions well above that of the open lake. This indicates probable use of the intake canal as a permanent residence for tnese species.
Furthermore, due to the small sizes of these fish (they were young-of-the-year) and results from previous trawling efforts (Reutter and Herdendorf,1975), it appears that these species a e also spawning within the intake canal and, consequently, these losses should not be considered as a negative impact on the lake populations of these species.
Impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 were extremely low when compared to other power plants (Reutter et al.,
1978). Tables 6,16, and 17 present sport and comercial fish landings Irom the Ohio waters of Lake Erie and comercial landings from all of Lake Erie. Although the fish impinged at Davis-Besse were primarily young-of-the-year (mean length, 74 m) and, consequently, much more abundant than the adults taken by comercial and sport fishermen, the total number impinged (including gizzard shad which are not taken by sport fishermen) was only 0.04 percent of the number harvested by Ohio sport fishermen. This figure becomes even less significant when one realizes that the Ohio sport catch was only 83.4 percent of the Ohio 1978 comercial catch and only 15.9 percent of the 1978 comercial catch from all of Lake Erie.
The above comparisons make it obvious that impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station have an insignificant effect on Lake Erie fish stocks. Furthermore, it should be noted that although by number impingement losses were 0.04 percent of the Ohio sport fishing harvest, by weight impingement was less than 0.001 percent of the Ohio sport harvest. Furthermore, based on the estimates of Patterson (1976) (See Page
- 23) the impingement of 1,582 young-of-the-year yellow perch, a species which is very imbrtant to sport and comercial fishermen, will result in the loss of only 28-75 adults which is from 0.0002 to 0.0007 percent of the number captured by Ohio sport fishermen in 1978.
1328 281
ENTRAINMENT Results Ichthyoplankton densities observed at the intake during 1978 indicated that ichthyoplankters were 2ntrained at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from 6 May to 17 August (Table 13). May 6 was selected as the first day since it is midway between 30 April (the first sampling date and a date when no larvae were collected) and 11 May (the first collection date on which larvae,were observed within the samples).
August 17 was selected as the last day because larvae were present in night samples on 11 August (Table 12) but were absent from day samples on 23 August and later (Reutter, 1979).
The mgan larvae density from all night samples at Station 8 (47.5/100 m ) was 49 percent greater than the mean density observed by Reutter (1979) from all day samples collected at the intake 4
(31.9/100 m ),
Gizzard shad constituted 69 percent of the night ichthyoplankton population followed by walleye at 22 percent and emerald shiners at 5 percent (Table 12).
Based on the above results, it is estimated that 6,311,371 larvae and 44,278 eggs were entrained at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 (Table 13).
Of this total, gizzard shad constituted 76 percent, walleye 15 percent, and emerald shiners 5 percent.
No species listed as rare or endangered on the federal or state lists were observed during this study.
A furtner breakdown of entrainment results is contained in Appendix A.
Discussion Ichthyoplankton entrainment at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 was typical for an intake on the south shore of the Western Basin of Lake Erie--it was strongly dominated by gizzard shad.
Gizzard shad populations are on the increase and, consequently, it would not be surprising if they represented even a greater portion of the entrainment next year. Walleye is another species which is increasing greatly in the Western Basin.
This species constituted 0.02 percent of the 1976 population,11 percent of the 1977 population and, now, 22 percent in 1978 (Reutter and Herdendorf,1977; Reutter,1978b). The brood stock of walleye in the Western Basin is still increasing so ichthyoplankton densities next year may be even greater. Perch entrainment was very low in 1978 as would be expected since this population is currently declining (Ohio Division of Wildlife, 1979).
One way to put entrainment losses into perspective is to look at fecundity.
Based on an average of 300,000 eggs / female gizzard shad (Hartley and Herdendorf, 1977), the estimated 4,796,964 entrained larvae could have been produced by 16 females; based on an average of 331,000 eggs / female walleye (Hartley and Herdendorf,1977), the 916,738 entrained larvae could have been produced by three females; and based on 44,000 eggs / female yellcw perch (Hartley and Herdendorf, 1977) the 35,259 1328 282
entrained larvae could have been produced by one female.
In actuality, the above estimates of tha number of females required to produce the entrained larvae are quite low since they do not take mortality from eggs to larvae into account.
If we assume 99 percent mortality from eggs to larvae to be safe (90 percent is probably more reasonable) then the entrained larvae could have been produced by 1,600 gizzard shad, 300 walleyes, and 100 perch.
Dese values are less than 0.1 percent of the number of perch and walleye captured by Ohic sport fishermen in 1978 (Ohio Division of Wildlife,1979). Furthermore, if one looks at the worst case, the value for the upper 95 pe cent confidence limit and assumes 99 percent mortality from eggs to larvae, the losses of perch and walleye larvae are still represented the spawn of less than 0.25 percent of the number harvested by Ohio sport fishermen.
Another way to determine the impact of entrainment losses is to estimate the number of adults the entrained larvae would have prodor.ed had they lived.
This technique requires some knowledge of the mortality between larval stages and between year classes.
Patterson (197o) has developed such estimates for yellow perch, and, since it is in the same family, the estimates will also be used here for walleye.
Several assumptions are involved.
I.
All entrained larvae are killed.
II. All larvae lost by entrair. ment are in their late larval stage.
This provices a conservative or high estimate because it does not account for early larval mortality which may range from 83-96 percent (Patter:on, 1976).
III. Yellow perch become vulnerable to comercial capture, and reach sexual maturity at age class III.
IV. A one percent survival rate from late larvae to age III adults is assumed.
Again, this is conservative since survival rates from:
late larvae to young-of-the-year = 4 to 17 percent; young-of-the-year to age class I = 12 to 33 percent; dge Class I to age Class II = 38 percent; age class II to age class III = 38 percent (Patterson, 1976, and Brazo, et a_1., (1975).
This trend translates to a survivorship ranging from 0.1 percent to one percent over the period from the late larval stage to age class III.
Based on the above assumptions, the 916,738 entrained walleye larvae could have produced 917 to 9,167 age class III adults and the 35,259 entrained yellow perch larvae could have produced 35 to 353 age class III adults. It should be noted, that this projected loss of age class III walleyes was between 0.055 and 0.55 percent of the Ohio sport harvest in 1978 and, therefore, insignificant by comparison.
U28 283
The authors feel the above impact assessments should be viewed with caution since they are based on the number of entrained larvae which can vary greatly from year to year depending on the success of the hatch.
Furthermore, the success of the hatch is dependent upon the size of the brood stock and weather conditions during spawning.ind incubation.
- However, in the case of Davis-Beste, the off-shore intake where larvae densities are lower and the low volume intake (1978 mean = 21,389 gpm) due to the cooling tower and closed cooling system necessitate a very low-level impact on Western Basin fish popeiations. This will be true no matter how large or small ichthyoplankton populations become.
O23 284
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1970. Study of the swiming speed of some anadromous fishes found below Conowingo Dam, Susquehanna River, MD.
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66 pp.
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1961a. A key to larval fishes from Lake Erie. University of Southwestern Louisiana, Laf ayette. Mimeo. Rept. 4 pp.
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1961b.
The identification of larval perch, Perca flavescens, and walleye, Stizostedian v. vitraum.
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1976. Analysis of losses in standing crop and fishery
~
yields of yellow perch in the western basin of Lake Erie due to entrainment and impingement mortality at the Detroit Edison Monroe Power Plant, large Lakes Research Station.
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Environmental Protection Agency, Grosse Ile, Mich.
Regnard, M.P.
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1323 287
0 -
TA8Lg3 1323 290'-
TABLE 1 CALCULATED INTAKE CRIB VELOCITIES FOR UNIT 1 FOR VARIOUS PUMPING RATES Pumping Rate Intake Velocity (ft/sec)
(gpm)
(mgd) 0 0
0.00 5,000 7.2 0.03 10,000 14.4 0.06
!5,000 21.6 0.09 20,000 28.8 0.12 25,000 36.0 0.15 30,000 43.2 0.18
, 35,000 50.4 0.21 40,000 57.6 0.24 45,000 64.8 0.27 50,000 72.0 0.30 55,000 79.2 0.33 60,000 86.4 0.36 65,000 93.6 0.39 70,000 100.8 0.42 75,000 108.0 0.45 80,000 115.2 0.48 85,000 122.4 0.51 90,000 129.6 0.54 95,000 136.8 0.57 100,000 144.0 0.60 1323 291
TABLE 2 MONTilLY PUMPING RATES AND CALCULATED VELOCITIES AT Tile DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION WATER INTAKE CRIB FOR 1978 Maximum Minimum Mcan Total Pumpfeg Velocity Pumping Velocity Pumpirg Velocity Millions Month Rate Rate Rate of (mgd)
(ft/sec)
(mgd)
(ft/sec)
(mgd)
(ft/sec) gallons January 34.6 0.14 23.4 0.10 29.6 0.12 918.8 February 40.0 0.17 21.5 0.09 32.0 0.13 895.4 March 52.4 0.22 22.1 0.09 34.2 0.14 1059.9 April 56.2 0.23 23.0 0.10 38.1 0.16 1142.7 May 44.3 0.18 21.5 0.09 25.4 0.11 785.9 y
June 23.0 0.1J 14.7 0.06 21.3 0.09 639.6 July 43.2 0.18 21.5 0.09 33.4 0.14 1035.7 August 53.8 0.22 10.4 0.05 38.9 0.16 1205.0 September 107.5 0.45 49.8 0.21 73.5 0.31 2203.5 October 64.6 0.27 36.1 0.15 55.6 0.23 1724.8 November 69.3 0.29 41.7 0.17 55.3 0.23 1657.5 December 83.5 0.35 25.7 0.11 43.3 0.18 1341.6 Annual 107.5 0.45 10.4 0.05 40.0 0.17 13268.8 l
N CD N
4 N
TABLE 3 SWIMMING SPEEDS OF FISH FOUND IN LAKE ERIE SWIMMING SPEED SIZE Sustained Speed Burst Soeed SPECIES (cm) cm/sec BL/sec cm/sec BL/sec DATA SOURCE Kothas (1970)
Alewi fe 7.1 18.6 2.6 Kothas (1970)
Al ewi fe 7.9 56.1 7.1 13.8 Bell (1973)
Al ewi fe King (1969)
Bluegill 3.5 15.7 4.0 King (1969)
Bluegill 4.5 14.3 3.2 12.6 Bainbridge (1958)
Carp 36.6 Kreitmann (1933)
Carp 4.2 Hocutt (1973)
Channel catfish King ((1969' Channel catfish 3.0 27.5 9.2 King 1969)
Channel catfish 10.0 38.3 3.8 Brett et. al.
Coho salmon fry 30.0 (1958)
Coho salmon 36.0 21 6.0 6.0 W' aver (1963)
Coho salmon 61.0 549.0 9.0 Weaver (1963)
Fry and Hart Goldfish 6.4 (1948) 200 9.4 Bainbridge (1958)
Goldfish 21.3 10.0 Blaxter and Goldfish 3f ckson (1959) 189.0 Sakowicz and Lamprey Zarnecki (1954) 8.1 Hocutt (1973)
Largemouth bass Morgan and Largemouth bass 27.0 65 2.4 Moore (1972)
Sakowicz and 42.7 Northern pike Zarnecki (1954) 10.0 Gray (1953)
Northern pike King (1969)
Quillback 2.4 21.7 9.0 King (1969)
Pumpkinseed 7.5 17.0 2.3 1323 2?3
TABLE 3 CON'T.
SWIMMING SPEEDS OF FISH FOUND IN LAKE ERIE SWIMMING SPEED SIZE Sustained Speed Burst Saeed SPECIES (cm) cm/sec BL/sec cm/sec BL/sec DATA SOURCE Larimore and 6.8 Smallmouth bass fry Cuever (1968) 8.6 Hocutt (1973)
Spotfin shiner Schuler (1968)
Spottail shiner 5.4 10.7 2.0 9.8 Wales (1950)
Sucker Houde (1969)
Walleye 1.5 4.7 3.1 King (1969)
White crappie 6.0 11.7 2.0 King (1969)
White crappie 8.1 21.7 2.7 White suck'er 8.0 Bell (1973)
Houde (1969)
Yellow perch 1.3 4.2 3.2 l
1323 294
+
=
we
=
TABLE 4 REPRODUCTIVE AtlD llADITAT CilARACTERISTICS OF COMM0ft LAKE ERIE FISil Taxos nuncurvivt canais e nasirar cmascrrassiscs (.7,43)
I a.iwily 8,
ing a
- aalt, 5,..ates L.agevity
..at. t
.ti..
uter o. th v.ter ca.rit sette. ty,.
e t.d a ti. Ea.ai.
m t any.ad s, s a,. can.
T,.retwe (*c),
. as..c sin
- , n.d ta-vT.=1.
s.n=
v.w.
7;I LLTr.
ujv. IET19T, cgor.349. asp =a.y =s. a. at n.4*.i. a d i act,tmusinas a.i,
, t.in u()s) as.13*c(22) 13,6ca.t y,40, non,72o.isa,e> 150) n.p.A,a.(45) oo,()s) d a
a a s a
Ld..tse 48,535-52,64is 632,9nJe2,Lo(50) atstioat as.,. 46
.ac.
At sa*cis))
37s no, cats,moin)
.A.a A.1,(45) 3.(n) x x
x a a a a x a
a t..t r.
- r. sita6) aw.
..,.48 II(14)
),)*c(6) asa.23;
),405 96,56o(24)
,A,a.as,(6) 3,(24) a a
a a a a a a a a
37,31L 5o,ana(24) eauwa n.4 434.43:
3 saamossoas c.c.
we.dtt is.ts:(84) 1.5-5.e'stn) 36,o00.4r,500 (241 m o.(16) 3)(24) a a
a a
a a
ca III 14,on)s,6aot:4) si..si
-, a ains.avut:4) 6, coo t:43 s.,tA (it) 4 ( 4) m a
a a a
a a
t.6. tr t i
ma,o.a o
r...wd.
. sail:4) te*c(t))
241 Sr sto(jj) s.a n
1a3 333 23,toa (p) my (s))
74) a n
u a a
a a
tsocicas s
t in mir. ::
e*ctil 43i,.4ao
,000(43) 7 6 mr.h(43) 24(24) x x
x x x x x x
a meth.c.,in.
F.t:(ta) 597.=
48,150 (1:1 E.
,,ta.aw AIII 4.5.to*c(45)
P.117o
- ,osht&4,1:s t:51 a,,1:(45)
Jo(a4) x a
m x x a
a a
m.It a,.
F.III.sv(84) cmintoat c.c.nia.w i 300.te3 (32) 14colzs) 4(24) a Ji a
n x x x a
s s.nari.h
,I cy,es=.
,s.
man IV es.'c(40).
1225 8305e 72,000 347,c00(44) a,ria.A.a.(24) s'(24) 6 a
a a
a a a a a a
a c-,
- r. :1 v(5) l*
m.t s pem..ry t l.II(g)
M.p.a.p.ttl4) a(i p 3 x a N I 8 14.. enime, 36 27,C(8) g n ir.,s..th-ta.id.e mis-III 33 c(41)
- h.a a.c.tf24) 5(dal r
a a a a a a a I c.id.kl e F.III.IV(44) III.Iv(48) 3001,$o0(..t.) n.ir i.hos.us= s it.it.mi e 59.s4 (se) so*ct33) er.nl 176upotee) .n 03) 598) x x
- x. x x
-x m.tr ..,1.,i.r s.II(43) 6i sa 316.3.15)(4:1 .k.a I.t.a p t $(43) x x a m a s,. irs..ns, (43) ri es(no) 33.6*ctio) h" es ,6.t= pr tu n.a w.t(no)
- (10) x a
n a u .a r r.tm..a.ima.. soo,1,00000) ..,m.t.. t.t. ciuo) >n*c(to) ansoo (to) a,rs t.s.,i,(no) 3(no) x x x x x x x x y es ian..iaa CO l catastoitoas c-pi.a...yecta= lessico (42) 4,000-13,000145) Aprit a y(45) )(at) x a x a a a a s N o.iain..m w c.i..e at mass.wastar) to*cter) 4cL3to 56,o 5 :39,0o0(43) me.h.a rs:( 4) (se) a m a a a a a a a a a a e m wha t...,
- i. :.ts F
TABLE 4 (Con't.) REPRODUCTIVE AND llABITAT CllARACTERISTICS OF COMMON LAKE ERIE FISil uxon aunetcuve cmanennisucs unut aimacmunes (4r,45) n.wn, s,.=t. .. wu, w.-6 t ..u, s,.-i., t. u v.i-o.,tn v.i u.,u, u1 iw .u. ri i. w s. 4 a. m a. ca... t ,,.t,.(*c) r.i. a..., u.. e., ww.,.u g.i. s.. v.-. 1,u i.rs.. m..r.s-. u. map;n ci., wwe , or. i..-t u.,.i. a a u, e, l r Icf4L121oal
- .t.ta. atu 311(3) 15.L*3.S*c(43) tapart Me.6,e2o(n) m.*(43)
$(35) x x x x x x. ei.a 6 uk=4
- .i.i r..t.is.
ILus(42) 33,Lr).fc(45) aloAos 3,63 2.4,66o(46) u.y A (43) 5(4 ) x x, x x x x x ,a
- v. :
tih=4 3.t.i n.. = nut. F.III(42) 13.L 3 3*c(43) so).jp 3,40s.13,eco(ie,34,.y;
- m. + (45) 6(3;)
x x s x x x x a er h ith 4 s.t.i n,. p t.t iv.v1(as) afc(41) 4cL3ce 4,aouod. coo (34) agen a p.t(43) a(34 x x x x x x a ch. ..t f l.h rinciomertoat e6.r .*ryar. 331 0 ') 13*c(47) 242.o0 1 733,00o(42) Aerit-n. (45) y(%) x x x x x wha, eu. cwaamcminat L.p
- i. sib 6..a II(r))
te.at*c(s) 61 33 6aa.r.92)(46) A,rabay(45) 8-to(42) x x x x x ng e ,ais.. t se a-mair= ts.13 (p) skrfclet_ r,3 a.47,4ao(s) m.,.A .t(4) s.to(42) x x x x x x a 6 es gin P e.. as!.,s. 36:! (r!) is*c(47) 3,000.p,00o(45) n.p (43) e(ti) x, .x 3 ga x x x x w.u. w.,,s. e...ir
- .t.
- . : (r;)
34.ne* cts) n coues.cootel m.,.h m.,(a) s.to(42) x, x x x x a si.4 u.,,i. ma n i-.. d.i.. t in.v(p) ).ne* cts) r, coa.no, coo (a)_ m.y.A.1:(42) 15(42) 3 x x. I a s si tnnu. e, col 2}, coo (to) m.y.A.ly(4) 15(42) x 'n x x x x x. x W.r.,i-.. al ie II(4) IL22*C(4) L.eg thb... M31clong 'P-..fi...u AII 16*c(4o) 34. 44 coo (se) m:4.A rit.msy(43) s(4e) x x x x .x g a p v.ii ,.m r.in( el
- sus..t..
..aw m 23.7
- a. *s(43) 305 311 43 coa.4e,3co(3) '
s,,it.m.,(45) natsi x x x x x. x a s s-r.8.2 it) su...i.4 ...n, m.n in 4.5.n.t*c(43) 4e,odia.ow(4e) n.,.wi.y(45) 33(33) x x x x x x. a
- v. u.,.
F.
- s. v(4el sclaiolcat s,i.4i t.. er
- m. :.ws:
- .e*ct4y) too.cxia.$oo. coo (45) e,,s s(45) 3(y) x x
x x x e,..n t., ar. r.v.i stri um' Data Source: tiartley and lierdendorf (1977) ca. Ni d Ov
. TABLE 5 FISH FECUNDITY AND HABITAT LITERATijRE Rhm No. in Table 5 ~1) Adams,' C.C. and T. L. Hankinson. 1928. The ecology and economics of Oneida Lake fish. Roosevelt Wild. Ann. 1(3-:-4.):241-358.
- 2) Allison, D. and J. ' Gallant.
1971. Spawning characteristics of certain game and panfishes in Ohio. OCNR, Div. of Wildlife, Fish Mgnt. Sec. 7 p.
- 3) Barnickol, P.G. and W.C. Starrett.
1951. Ccmmercial and sport fishery of the Mississippi River between Carutherville, Missourt, and Dubuque, Iowa. Sull. Ill. Nat. Hist. Surv. 25(5):267-350 4) Bennett, G.W. 1971. Management of lakes and ponds. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., Cincinnati, Chio. 375 p.
- 5) Black, V. S.
1951. Osmotic regulations in teleost fishes. Pub. Cnt. Fish Res. Lab. 71:53-89. 6) Soc la, A. 1964 Life histery of the Gtz ard shad, Occosema cepedianum (Le Seur) in western Lake Erie. Fisheries Bull. 65(2):391-425. 7) Butler, R. L. and L. L. Smith, Jr. 1949. The age and rate of growth of the sheephead, Aplodinotus grunniens Rafinesque in the Upper Mississippi Rivu. nagivation pools. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 79:43-54 ~
- 8) Calhcun, A.
1966. Inland fisheries management. California Cept. of Fish and Game. 546 p.
- 9) Carlander, K.D.
1949. Growth rate studies of saugers, Stc s sMdion canadense canadense (Smith) and yellow perch, Perca E <escens (Mitchell) from Lake of the Woods, Minn. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 79:30-42
- 10) Cartander, K.D.
1953. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology with the first supplement. VWn. C. Brown Co., Dubuque, Iowa. 429 p.
- 11) Carlander, K.D. and G. Sprugel.
1950. Project 42. Bullhead manage-mont Quart. Rept. ' Iowa Coop. 'wildt. Fish. Res. Units 15(4):44-45.
- 12) Clark, C.F.
1958 Northern pike, Exos luscius Linnaeus. Data for Handbook of Biological Data. 10 p. g 023 297 w..
TABLE 5 CONT'D. 13) Commercial Fisheries Review 1961. Lake Erie fish population survey for 1961 season. Commer. Fish. Rev. 23(6):23-24 14) Cooper, G. P. 1936. Age and growth of the golden shiner (Notemigonus chrysoleucas auratus) and its suitability for propagation. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts and Let. 21:587-597. 15) Doble, J.R., O. L. Meehean, S.F. Snieszko and G.N. Washburn, 1956. Raising bait fish. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Service, Cire. 35. 113 p. 16) Cryer, W.R. and J. Bell. 1964 Life history of lake. herring in Lake Superior. Fish. Bull. U. S. 63(3):493-530, 17) Eddy, S. and K.D. Carlander. 1940. Tne effect of environmental factors upon the growth rates of Minnesota fishes. Proc. Minn. Acad. Sci. 8:14-19. 18) Eddy, S. and T. Surber. 1947 Northern Fishes; Ref. Ed., Univ. Minn. Press. 276 p. 19) Eschmeyer, P.H. 1957. Life history and ecology of the l ake trout. of the Great Lakes. Cata for Handbook of Biol'ogical Cata. 20) Fraser, J.M. 1955., The smallmouth bass fishery of South Bay, Lake Huron. J. Fish. Res. : Od. Can. 12(1):147-177.
- 21) Hansen, O.F.
1951. Biology of the white crapple in Illinols. Gull. 111. Nat. Hist. Surv. Vol. 25, Art. 4:211-265.
- 22) Harkness, W.J.K.
1958. Lake sturgeon, Acipenser fulvescens Rafinesque. Data for Handbook of Biological Data. 4 p. 23) Harlan, J.R. and E. 8. Speakcr. 1956. Iowa fish and fishing; 3rd ed. Iowa St. Cons. Comm. 377 p.
- 24) Hartman, W. L.
1973. Effects of exploitation, environmental changes, and new species on the fish habitats and resources of Lake Erie. Great Lakes Fish. Comm. Tech. Rept. No. 22. 43 p.
- 25) Hasler, A. D., R.K. Meyer and H.M.
Field. 1940. The use of hormones for the conservation of the Muskellunge, Esox mascuin-ongy immaculatus Girard. Cope ta 1940(1): 43-46. 1323 298 em weeae
TABLE 5 CONT'D.
- 26) Hildebrand, S.F.
1963. Family Clupeldae. Pages 257-454 in Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Mem. Sears Found. Ma7. Res. 1(3h 630 p. ~
- 27) Huish, M.T.
1954 Life history of the black crappie of Lake George, Florida. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 83:176-194. 28) Indian Council of Agricultural Research. 1951. Madras rural pisci-cultural scheme. Progress Rept. Govt. Press, Madras. 75 p. 29) Katz, M. 1954 Reproduction of fish. Data for Handbeck of Biological Data. 22 p. 30) Lagler, K.F. 1935. Notes on the spawning habits of the Atlantic smelt. Copeia 1953(3):141-142, 31) Lagler, K.F. 1939. Chio fish management progress report. Chio Conserv. Sull. 3(1):16-19. 32) Lagler, K.F. 1956. Freshwater fishery biology. Wm. C. Brown Co., Dtbuque, Iowa. 421 p. 33)
- Langlois, T.H.
1945. Chio's fish pr ogram. Chio Olv. Conserv., Dept. Nat. Res. 40 p.
- 34) Menzel, R.W.
1945. The catfish fishery of Virginia. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 73:364-372.
- 35) Moen, T.E.
1959. Notes on the growth of bullheads. Ind. State Conserv. Comm. Quart. Biol. Rept. 11(3):29-31.
- 36) Chio Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Wildlife.
Personal Communication-Carl Baker.
- 37) Cregon State Game Comm.
1952. Annual Report, Fishery Olvision 1951. 283 p. 38) Probst, R. T, and E. L. Cooper. 1954 Age, growth and production of the lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) in the Lake Winnebago Region Wisconsin. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 84:207-227.
- 39) Rawson, D.S.
1956. The life history and ecology of the yellow ' walleye Stizostedian vitreum in Lac La Ronge, Saskatchewan. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 86:15-37, 1323 299 8 ..--o,--
TABLE 5 CONT'O.
- 40) R eutte r, J. M. and C. E. Herdendorf.
1974 Laboratory predictions of direct effects of the thermal discharge frcm the Cavis-8 esse nuclear power station en the Lake Erie fisheries resource. The Chlo State University, CLEAR Tech. Rept. No. 15. 26 p. 41) Schoffman, R.J. 1955. Age and rate of growth of the - yellow bullhead in Reelfoot Lake, Tenn. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 3O(1):4-7.
- 42) Scott, W. S. and E. J. Crossman.
1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. 43) Stone, U.S. 1940. Studies on the biology of the satinfin minnows, Notrools analostanus and Notecpis spilepterus. Thesis Cornell University 98 p.
- 44) Swee,
U. S. and H.R. McCrimm ion. 1966. Reproductive biology of the carp, Cyprinus carpio L., in Lake St. Lawrence, Cntario. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 95(4):372-380.
- 45) Trautman, ' M. S.
1957. The Fishes of Chlo. The Chio State Univer-sity Press, Columbus. 683 p. 46)
- Utrey, L.,
C. Risk, and W. Scott. 1938. The number of eggs pro-duced by some of our common fre'shwater fishes. Invest. Ind. Lakes Streams 1(6):73-78.
- 47) United States Environmental Protection Agency.
1973. Proposed criteria for water quality. U.S. EPA, Washington, D. C. Vol.
- 1. 425 p.
48) U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Sandusky, Ohio. Personal Communication.
- 49) Vessest, M.F. and S. Eddy.
1941. A preliminary study of the egg production of certain M!nnesota fishes. Minn. Bur. Fish. Res. Invest. Rep. 26, 26 p.
- 50) Wallurg, C. H.
1957. Observations en the food and growth of juvenile American shad, Alosa sapidissima. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 86:302-306. 1323 300
TABLE 6 a ESTIMATED 1978 SPORT AND C0ftllERCIAL FISil lfARVEST FROM Tile 01110 llATERS OF LAKE ERIE SPORT llARVEST C0 tit 1ERCI AL llARVEST TOTAL llARVEST No. of Weight No. of Weight No. of Weight Individuals (Kilograms) Individuals (Kilograms) Individuals (Kilograms) b Yellow Perch 11,483,000 1,116,386 9,178,000 890,294 20,661,000 2,006,680 Walleye 1,652,000 1,515,906 0 0 1,652,000 1,515,906 h White Bass 1,533,000 334,825 3,380,000 736,842 4,913,000 1,071,667 b Freshwater Drum 668,000 363,200 981,000 533,904 1,649,000 897,104 g h Channel Catfish 218,000 86,033 235,000 92,843 453,000 178,876 f Smallmouth Bass 32,000 20,203 O 0 32,000 20,203 c c d Others 1,867,983 1,867,983e TOTAL 15,586,000e 3,436,553e 4,121,866 7,648,419 [ Ohio Division of Wildlife (1979). a b N Estimated based on mean weight of sport fish. O c Data not available, d Thirty-eight percent carp.
- Excludes weight of "Others" caught by sport fishermen.
~ I Closed to commercial fishing.
TABLE 7 ECONOMIC AND TROPilIC IMPORTANCE OF COMMON FISil IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE Spawning AM Fish Feed!nD Impof tance to Man Habitat Time Niche Walleye rocky ahoals in Spring ~(6,11C) fleh predator parhaps the most leportant Stiroatedion vitroom lakes and rivera ' pre-spawn migration commercial and sport fleh (Mitchill) 1.1 C in Lake Erie. White base rooky shoele in Spriny(i2,20C) fleh predator important commarofal and Morone chevsops lakes and rivera sport-floh I 1Rafinesque) Yellow ' perch woody shallows or Spring (N13C) _ fish and b'ottom important commercial fleh Perca flavescena sand and gravel and a food floh for Valleye L (Mitchill) y freshwater drue over aud or sand Summen)(W) bottom and some commercial flah and a food Aplodinotu'n grunniene bottom in shallow fleh floh for Walleys Re finesque water Carp weedy or greasy esp /irig'(i,26*C) benthio omnivore environmentally a destructive
- f Cyprinua corolo shallowe poet species but also a Linnaeus commercial fish Goldfish 8e warm, weedy shallowa Late Spring benthio omnivore little to no value Carnesius auratus (Linnaeus) s
~ Channel catflah in dark nee'te in holes, .' Summer (24230C) bottom commerotal fleh lotalucun punctatus log jame in shallow (f(afinesque) area of turbid malers o White sucker quiet, gravel shallows. Spring ~(10C) benthio omnivore minor commerotalg floh when Catostomoo commersonij if lakes and rivers g (Laoepede) abundant a major food itee for predatory fleh Quillback shallow quiet, mud or
- Late }p/ing benthio canivore of little value either directly g'
Carploden oyprir*s,. aand areas of lakes to man or in the food chain to (Lesueur) and rivere japortant species O
TABLE 7 -continued ECONOMIC AND TROPilIC IMPORTANCE OF COMM0fl FISH IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE SpawninD Adult Fish Odn9 Importanco to Man Habitat Time Niche Gizzard shed probably over send Late spring phytoplankton Small gizzard shad are an l Dorosoma cepedianum or gravel bottom to summer feedere important forage fleh for game (Leeueur) and commercial opeoies. l Alewife shallow beaches, Spring zooplankton Generally considered a nuisance Alosa pseudoharangua ponde and quiet feeders due to annual dio-offs but con 1 (Wilson) rivers be en laportant forage fish for y game and consorotal species. Northern pike in weedy flood plains Early Spring fish Predator important but rare commercial Esom lualue of rivers and in and sport fiel) Linnaeus marshee,and weedy bays , Emerald shiner midwater Late spring to plankton major food item for several sport Notropia atherinoides summer Rafinesque flah; used as bait sinnom by man Spot (all shinor over sandy'ohoele Spring arid early omnivore m tropte luidsonius en important forage fish; used summer (Clinton) as bait minnow by man' d ' '"'; 1 t a oso,od.e. >"a 6 "ud - > ~- +-wn ime-t-as f-age nah w (nan,es,ue3 for ga.e and -.coisi species x cD Data Sourcos Fralel0h, et al. (1976); Scott and Crossman (1973). j 6
s TABLE 8 SPAWNING AND NURSERY HABITAT PREFERENCE OF COMMON LAKE ERIE FISH SPECIES d' SPAWNING AREAS - FIAGITAT TYPE NURSERY AREAS - HAGITAT WPE r,. i c<.v.1 o, i s ii .r. u u..... 9 u..,r.i i.d u u ..r 4 wai w 3 wa.,.u nou.. ma,.i. s a.,-.ai.u w wu. uu. I W4 Lisoul (c.v.I blaele alLh M14. Without fesv.1 Abble bd .ith Mide fbd Gr.v.1 Common and Scientific Name , trig,tarv vm.t.i t e vmt.t t on A t te. no t teg b rent v it e, ret tut arv ve ne t.i t ea vnd.i t aa h11am notra hLlas braat kalac A'ia-mu-Silver tam 5cey (Ichthyomyzon untcuspis) X X Sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus) X X Lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescons) X X X Spotted gar (Lepisosteus oculatus) X X Longnose gar (Lepisosteus osseus) X X Bowfin (Amla calva) X X X Alewife (Alosa pseudoharennus) X X Gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepeatanum) X X X X-X Coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) X X l Lake whitefish (Corc0 onus clupeatbemis) X X X X i Ratntow smelt (Osmerus mordax) X X X X ( Moonayo (Hlodon torgtsus) X X 4 Central mudminnow (umbra limi) X X Gross pickerel (Esox americanus vermiculatus) X X Northern pike (Esox luclus) X X Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) X X Carp (Cyrinus carpio) X X X X X Goldfinn (Carassius auratus) X X X X X Silver chub (Hybopsis storcelana) X X Golden shiner (Notemigonus crysoleucas) X X Emerald shiner (Notropts atherano! des) X X Spottall shiner (Notrople hudsonius)~ X X Spotfin shiner (Notropas spitopterus) X X. X X X X Bluntoose minnow (Pimephates _notatus) X X X X Fathood minnow (Pimephales promelas) X X X X 'Quillback (Carplodos cyprinus) X X %hlto sucker (Catostnmus commersoni) X X Bigmouth buffalo (Ictiobus cypcInollus) X X Silver redhorse (Moxostoma antsurtsn) .X X g Golden redhorse (Moxostoma crythrurum) X X g Black hulthead (!ctaturus metas) X X X X gy Yellow cullhead ( ctaturus natalls) X X X X Drown bullhead (Ictalurus nebulosus) X X X X , Channot catfish (Ictaturus punctatus)
- X X
X X X X g Stonecat (Noturus flavus) X X X Tadpole madtom (Noturus cyeinus) X X
TAB LE 8 - CON'T. ^ SPAWNING AND NURSERY HABITAT PREFERENCE OF COMMON LAKE ERIE FISH SPECIES SPAWNING AREAS - HABITA1 7YPE NURSERY AREAS - HABITAT TYPE i cr... cc. t u i sn.ii ,r.i ta un. .a m in.. pr.i..i.4 wii. =4s sa s.a., u.a si s.a.,
- m.., S,u.i.
s a., w wt.. s.a. %- %tm a.ai. i Common and Scientific Namo diumi cr.ni ma.i.i. .ith mia. si% cc...i n,u,i. u . tin $ 4. w cr.oi Tra ws.,y v.,.t.t i yy.t.i t. %tto. M i o. curr.nt v.ter reput.ev v.get.i t e n v...t.t i.a Mt oot te. o.t t a.rr au.t.e %t a.it Banded l<llttftsh (Eundulus_ dienhanus) X Durbot (Lolg g X Troutperch (Percoasts. omiscomavcusi X X X X White bass (Morone chrvsons) X X X X X X X X X Roci< bass (Ambloolltes runestrie) X X Pumpkinseed (Lecomls albbosus) X X X X Bluegill (Lepomia macrochirus) X X X X Smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomleul) X X Largernouth bass (Mteropterus salmoldes) X X X X %htte crapple (Pomoxle _ annularis) X X X X Blacl< crappio (Pomoxts nigromaculatus) X g X Yellow perch (Perca flavescens) e X X X Sauger (Stizostedion canadense) X X e X X X Walleye (Stlzostedlon v vltreum) X X Johnny darter (Etheostoma nigrum) X X Logperch (P_cecina caprodes) X X X X Freshwater
- h (Aplodinotus grunniens)
X X X X X X X X Mottled sculpin (Cottus batedt) X Brook silverside (Labidesthes sicculus) X X X X X Data Sources: llartley and VanVooren (1977) lierdendorf, et al. (1977a and b). V N 03 CD TABLE 9 2 SPECIES FOUND IN THE LOCUST POINT AREA 1963 - 1978 ~ m e e e ~ c Q Q R R S E g Scientific Name1 r mmon Name a Amfidae Amia, c_alva bowfin Atherinidae Labidesthes sicculus brook silversides Catostomidae Carpiodes cyprinus quillback Catastomus commersoni white sucker Minytrema melancos spotted sucker Moxostoma erythrurum golden redhorse Moxostoma macrolepidotum shorthead redhorse Ictiobus cyprinellus bigmouth buffalo fish Hyoentelium nigricans northern hogsucker Centrarchidae Ambloplites ruoestris rock bass Lecomis cyanellus green sunfish L. gibbosus pumpkinseed sunfish C humilis orangespotted sunfish C macrochirus bluegill C microlochus redear sunfish fiicropterus dolomieui smallmouth bass M. salmoides largemouth bass Pomoxis annularis white crappie P_._nigromacul atus black crappie Clupeidao Alosa pseudoharenous alewife Dorosoma ces.edianum gizzard shad Cyprinidae Carassius auratus goldfish h auratus x Cyorinus carpio carp x goldfish hybrid Cyprinus carpio carp Hybopsis stnreriana silver chub Notemigonus crysoleucas golden shiner Notropis atherinoides emerald shiner N. hudsonius spottail shiner E spilopterus spotfin shiner E volucellus mimic shiner Pimephales promelas fathead minnow Esocidae Esox lucius northern pike 1323 306
TABLE 9 (CON'T) 2 SPECIES FOUND IN THE LOCUST POINT AREA 1963 - 1978 h( h $k ${ h! hk hk Scientific Namel Common Name -4 Ictaluridae Ictalurus melas black bullhead I. natalis yellow bullhead TT nebulosus brown bullhead TT punctatus channel catfish Noturus flavus stonecat Lepisosteidae Lepisosteus osseus longnose gar Osmeridae ~ Osmerus mordax rainbow smelt Percidae Etheostoma nigrum Johnny u_rter Perca flavescens yellow perch Percina caprodes logperch Stizostedion canadense saager _S_. v. vitreum walleye Percichthyidae Morone chrysoos white bass Percopsidae Percopsis omiscomaycus trout-perch Petromyzantidae Petromyzan marinus sea lamprey Salmonidae Oncorhynchus kisutch coho salmon Sciaenidae Aolodinotus grunniens freshwater drum E E E R E EI E I Bailey et al. (1970) 2 Barnes and Reutter (19791 1323 307
. TABLE 10 MONTHLY CATCH IN NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS OF FISH SPECIES AT LOCUST POINT IN 1978, 1 USING EQUAL EFFORT WITH EACH TYPE OF 3 EAR (GILL NETS, SHORE SEINES, TRAWLS) MONTH May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. TOTAL SPECIES Alewife 2 201 599 150 165 1117 Black Bullhead 17 4 1 1 23 Brook Silverside 5 5 Brown Bullhead 1 2 2 5 Carp 3 19 16 22 7 1 68 Channel Catfish 3 48 14 5~ 2 72 Emerald Shiner 11 102 1 406 191 22 540 1273 Freshwater Drum 24 287 91 10 16 4 432 Gizzard Shad 4 5664 4457 1092 1178 165 180 12,740 Goldenshiner 14 14 Goldfish 7 10 1 1 19 Logperch 3 1 1 5 Quillback 14 1 1 16 Rainbow Smelt 2 1 3 59 4 2 71 Sauger 2 3 1 6 Silver Chub 1 1 Smallmouth Bass 1 1 Spottail Shiner 556 35 54 49 276 234 111 1315 Trout-Perch 5 1 6 Walleye 12 19 9 15 6 1 62 White Bass 9 273 196 163 87 10 4 742 White Crappie 1 1 1 3 White Sucker 3 1 1 5 Yellow Bullhead 1 1 2 Yellow Perch 131 65 140 246 285 70 81 1018 Number of Species 15 14 15 15 16 14 14 25 TOTAL 767 6534 5008 2286 2674 662 1090 19,021 l Four units effort / month (gill net), three units effort / month (share seine), two units effort / month (trawl). 2 Barnes and Reutter (1979}.
TABLE 11 TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION A' THE DAVIS-8 ESSE NUCLEAP, POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATICN 2 January 1978 22.09 22.41 Y 46.41 21.30 22.00 Y 47.59 4 5 16.15 17.05 N 19.05 6 16.39 17.17 Y 24.12 8 16.01 16.37 Y 47.20 12 16.45 17.15 N 96.73 14 17.50 18.30 N 49.15 20 20.15 20.45 Y 146.15 22 17.30 18.00 Y 45.55 24 17.00 18.24 Y 48.24 28 18.00 19.:0 Y 97.06 30 20.30 21.00 Y 49.70 1 February 1978 20.45 21.15 N 48.15 3 20.55 21.25 Y 48.10 5 16.45 17.16 Y 43.91 7 17.30 18.00 Y 48.84 9 21.00 21.30 Y 51.30 11 17.40 18.15 Y 44.85 13 20.00 20.40 Y 50.25 17 17.00 17.30 Y 92.90 19 17.12 17.45 Y 40.15 21 20.30 21.20 N 51.75 22 18.40 17.20 N 20.00 23 19.55 20.50 N 27.30 25 20.57 21.40 N 48.90 27 18.10 19.40 Y 46.00 1 March 1978 23.00 23.40 N 52.C0 2 16.30 17.10 N 17.70 3 18.00 18.35 Y 25.25 5 20.30 21.00 Y 50.65 6 21.30 22.00 N 25.00 r 7 20.15 20.50 Y 22.50 10 19.40 20.10 Y 71.60 11 19.10 19.45 Y 23.35 12 17.20 17.50 N 22.05 13 17.30 18.00 N 24.50 15 17.50 18.22 Y 48.22 17 18.50 19.20 Y 48.98 19 20.40 21.12 Y 49.92 21 19.58 20.28 N A7.16 23 20.50 21.26 Y 48.98 25 22.40 23.10 Y 49.84 26 18.00 18.30 N 19.20 27 20.00 21.05 N 26.75 29 21.19 21.56 Y 48.51 1323 309
TABLE 11 (Con't.) TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE C0! LECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF yEb/NO OPERATION 2 April 1978 19.06 19.40 y 93.84 3 20.15 20.50 N 25.10 4. 20.00 20.30 N 23.80 7 19.40 20.40 N 72.10 8 20.30 21.00 y 24.60 9 20.10 20.40 N 23.49 10 21.00 22.00 y 25.60 12 20.50 21.20 y 47.20 13 20.30 21.00 N 23.30 14 20.30 21.00 y 24.00 15 17.00 17.45 N 20.45 16 16.58 17.36 y 23.91 17 16.30 17.45 N 24.09 18 17.25 17.55 y 24.10 19 16.20 17.00 N 23.45 20 16.37 17.13 y 24.13 22 18.00 18.35 y 49.22 24 17.32 18.05 y 47.70 26 17.15 17.45 T 47.40 28 18.00 18.30 y 48.85 30 23.20 23.50 y 53.20 1 May 1978 18.30 19.00 N 19.50 2 13.45 19.15 y 24.15 5 10.30 11.00 N 63.85 6 21.15 21.45 y 3!.45 8 20.25 20.55 y 47.10 10 16.55 17.25 y 44.70 12 22.00 22.30 y 53.05 14 16.30 17.00 y 42.70 16 16.35 17.05 y 48.05 18 16.10 16.40 y 47.35 20 17.00 17.30 N 48.90 22 19.00 20.30 y 51.00 24 16.32 17.04 y 44.74 26 14.40 15.10 y 46.06 28 18.03 18.33 y 51.23 30 15.45 16.15 y 45.82 1 June 1978 16.25 17.00 y 48.85 3 14.50 15.20 y 46.20 5 18.55 19.35 y 52.15 6 18.30 19.15 N 23.80 7 21.05 21.35 y 26.20 9 21.36 22.06 y 48.71 10 16.15 16.36' N 18.30 11 17.55 18.30 y 25.94 1323 310
TABLE 11(Con't.) TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS sit!CE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 12 June 1978 17.00 17.30 N 23.00 13 16.35 17.05 Y 23.75 15 12.52 13.24 Y 44.19 16 18.40 19.10 N 29.86 17 13.39 14.10 Y 19.00 19 18.45 19.25 N 53.15 20 16.25 16.55 N 21.30 21 16.07 16.37 Y 23.82 23 14.25 14.55 Y 46.18 25 16.10 16.E0 Y 49.95 27 20.30 21.15 N 52.65 28 17.25 17.50 N 20.35 29 15.50 16.20 Y 22.70 30 16.00 16.30 N 24.10 2 July 1978 18.00 18.30 Y 50.00 4 17.15 17.45 Y 47.15 6 16.20 16.55 Y 47.10 8 14.20 14.50 Y 45.95 9 18.20 18.50 N 28.00 10 18.40 19.20 Y 24.70 11 20.45 21.16 Y 25.96 13 21.15 21.45 N 48.29 14 18.45 19.15 Y 21.70 15 16.25 16.55 N 21.40 16 16.30 17.00 Y 24.45 17 19.20 19.50 Y 26.50 20 20.15 20.50 Y 73.00 22 19.25 19.55 Y 47.05 24 17.00 17.30 Y 45.75 25 20.45 21.20 Y 27.90 26 20.15 20.45 Y 23.25 27 16.55 17.25 N 20.80 28 18.25 19.00 Y 25.75 30 17.16 17.46 Y 46.46 1 August 1978 17.00 17.30 Y 47.84 2 16.20 16.50 N 23.20 3 16.35 17.05 Y 24.55 19.00 19.30 N 26.25 4 5 19.02 19.37 Y 24.07 7 16.45 17.15 Y 45.78 9 19.30 20.00 Y 50.85 11 16.20 16.50 Y 44.50 13 16.43 17.18 N 48.68 14 22.00 22.30 N 29.12 17 20.20 21.30 N 71.00 1323 31 F TABLE 11 (Con ' t.) TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 UECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN 0?ERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST' SCREEN ON OFF YES/N0 OPERATION 19 Augt:st 1978 18.55 19.29 Y A5.99 21 19.20 20.15 Y 48.86 23 20.15 20.45 Y 48.30 25 18.35 19.10 Y 46.65 26 18.05 18.50 N 23.40 27 17.37 18.14 Y 23.64 29 16.45 17.15 Y 47.01 31 17.30 18.00 Y 48,85 1 September 1978 16.38 17.08 N 23.08 3 16.13 16.43 Y 47.35 4 16.35 17.?5 Y 24.82 6 16.52 17.23 Y 47.98 8 18.07 18.37 Y 49.14 10 17.20 18.00 Y 47.63 12 20.13 20.45 Y 50.45 14 19.15 19.50 Y 47.05 16 17.30 18.20 N 46.70 18 21.30 22.05 Y 51.85 19 22.15 22.50 N 24.45 20 20.00 20.30 Y 21.30 22 23.00 23.30 Y 51.00 24 17.20 18.05 N 42.75 25 20.35 21.05 N 27.00 28 19.00 19.35 Y 70.30 30 16.55 17.25 Y 45.90 2 October 1978 19.25 19.55 Y 50.30 3 18.20 18.40 N 22.85 4 17.45 18.15 Y 23.75 5 16.30 17.01 N 22.86 6 20.25 21.00 N 27.99 9 16.25 16.55 N 67.55 10 17.05 17.36 Y 24.81 11 15.05 15.35 N 21.99 12 18.43 19.17 Y 27.82 13 16.40 17.10 N 21.93 14 21.34 22.04 Y 28.94 16 17.00 17.30 Y 43.26 20 17.20 17.50 Y 96,20 22 21.45 22.20 Y 52.70 25 18.20 18.50 N 68.30 26 16.30 17.00 Y 22.50 28 20.05 20.40 Y 51.40 30 21.10 21.45 Y 49.05 ~572>
TABLE 11 (Con't.) TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECE:2.BER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 1 November 1978 18.45 19.17 Y 45.72 3 20.45 21.18 Y 50.01 5 20.08 20.40 Y 47.22 6 16.25 16.55 N 20.15 7 16.48 17.12 Y 24.57 8 16.40 17.10 N 23.98 9 16.50 17.20 Y 24.10 11 18.25 18.55 Y 49.35 12 17.05 17.35 N 22.80 13 18.15 18.35 Y 25.00 14 16.26 17.00 N 22.65 15 18.30 19.00 Y 26.00 17 20.05 20.57 N 49.57 20 19.45 20.30 N 71.73 21 20.50 21.20 N 24.90 23 16.15 16.45 Y 43.25 24 19.00 20.08 N 27.63 25 20.00-20.30 Y 24.22 27 20.30 21.00 Y 48.70 29 20.15 20.45 Y 47.45 1 December 1978 19.15 19.45 Y 47.00 3 15.28 17.08 Y 45.63 5 16.00 17.34 4 48.26 6 17.55 18.25 Y 24.91 9 17.55 18.25 N 72.00 10 19.46 20.23 N 25.98 11 16.30 17.00 N 20.77 12 17.45 18.15 N 25.15 13 18.04 18.34 Y 24.19 15 17.20 17.50 Y 47.16 17 18.45 19.15 Y 49.65 18 17.34 18.10 N 22.95 19 22.20 22.50 Y 28.40 20 18.20 18.50 N 20.00 21 16.25 16.59 Y 22.09 19.45 20.15 Y 51.56 23 24 19.35 20.05 N 23.90 25 21.50 22.20 Y 26.15 27 17.30 18.00 N 43.80 28 19.37 20.07 N 26.07 29. 20.20 20.50 Y 24.43 30 17.30 19.30 N 22.80 31 18.35 19.08 Y 23.78 a 1 1328 333
~ TABLE 12 ICHTHY 0 PLANKTON DENSITIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE INTAKE OF THE DAVIS - BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION - 1978* DATE April May May June July July Aug. Aug. MEAN SPECIES STAGE 30 11 21 7 4 19 1 11 Carp Pro-larvae 0.3 0.04 Post-larvae Subtotal 0.3 0.04 Emerald Shiner Pro-larvae 14.7 1.84 Post-larvae 1.6 1.6 0.8 0.50 Subtotal 16.3 1.6 0.8 2.34 Freshwater Drum Pro-larvae 0.7 4.9 0.70 Post-larvae 0,4 0.05 Sub-total 0.7 5.3 0.75 Gizzard Shad Pro-larvae 16.4 0.4 2.10 Post-larvae 5.2 181.9 30.0 3.6 24.3 30.63 Subtotal 21.6 181.9 30.0 3.6 24.7 32.73 Rainbow Smelt Pro-larvae 0.7 0.09 Post-larvae 4.2 0.6 0.60 Subtotal 0.7 4.2 0.6 0.69 Spottail Shiner Pro-larvae 0.3 0.04 Post-larvae 0.4 0.2 0.08 Subtotal 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.11 Walleye Pro-la vae 79.2 4.0 10.40 Post-larvae Subtotal 79.2 4.0 10.40 Yellow Perch Pro-larvae 1.4 1.8 0.40 Post-larvae Subtotal 1.4 1.8 0.40 TOTAL LARVAE Pro-larvae 80.6 7.2 16.7 19.9 0.4 15.60 Post larvae 5.2 183.9 34.6 5.2 25.9 31.85 Subtotal 80.6 7.2 21.9 203.8 34.6 5.2 26.3 47.45 EGGS 2.4 , 0.30 1 3 Data presented as number of individuals per 100m and computed from 4 oblique tows (bottom to surface) collected at night. 1323 M 4
TABLE 13 ICitTHY0 PLANKTON FilTRAINMENT AT Tile DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION - 1978 3c Period During Volume of Larvae /100m flumber of Larvae Entrained 3 d 95 Confidence Interval 95% Confidence Interval Species c re withdrav.n du ing b Mean Lower Limit Upper Limit Mean Lower Limit Upper Limit period Carp 21 June - 12 July 20,443 0.32 -0.69 1.32 6,542 0 26,985 Emerald Shiner 21 June - 17 August 73,704 4.68 -7.70 17.05 344,935 0 1,256,653 Freshwater Drum 16 May - 12 July 49,951 2.00 -5.15 9.15 99,902 0 457,052 Gizzard Shad 30 May - 17 August 91,598 52.36 -38.38 143.00 4,796,071 0 13,098,514, Rainbow Smelt 16 May - 17 August 103,211 0.92 -0.80 2.64 94,954 0 272,477y Spottail Shiner 30 May - 17 August 91,598 0.18 -0.04 0.40 16,488 0 36,639 Walleye 6 May - 30 May 22,037 41.60 -436.15 519.35 916,739 0 11,444,915 Yellow Perch 6 May - 30 May 22,037 1.60 -0.94 4.14 35,259 0 91,233 TOTAL LARVAE 6,310,890 EGGS 30 May - 21 June 18,449 2.40 -5.24 10.04 44,278 0 185,228 a Estimated from Table 1. See discussion on page 1. b Estimated by multiplying daily discharge rate uy 1.3 and adding all daily estimates for the specified period. c f.verage concentration during their period of occurrence. d Values which would have been less than zero were rounded back to zero. N CD w T
TABLE 14 FISil SPECIES IMPIflGED AT Tile DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATI0ft: 1 January through 31 December 1978 NUMBER IMPINGED WEIGitT (grams) LENGTil(mm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 95% Confidence SPECIES Interval Interval Interval I Es tima te Hean Lower lipper Mean Lower Upper B d B d Bound Bound Bound Bound Alewi fe 4 1 9 4 0 8 75 39 110 Black Crappie 82 53 128 17 16 17 117 116 119 Blackside Darter 1 0.5 4 1 27 Bluegill Sunfish 5 3 9 70 9 10 68 67 68 Bluntnose Minnow 1 1 3 1 25 a Carp 6 3 15 2 1 3 56 51 60 y' Channel Catfish 3 1 7 0.4 59 Emerald Shiner 991 636 1,545 1 1 1 60 60 61 Freshwater Drum 80 55 114 4 3 4 81 78 83 Gizzard Shad 391 201 758 7 6 8 88 87 90 Goldfish 3,299 2,435 4,468 5 5 6 72 71 73 Green Sunfish C 3 11 12 9 16 58 48 68 Logperch Darter 12 8 21 2 1 2 63 60 67 Pumpkinseed Sunfish 9 3 24 11 9 13 82 77 87 Rainbow Smelt 69 45 107 1 1 1 60 59 61 Spottail Shiner 15 9 25 2 2 2 65 63 66 Stonecat Madtom 1 1 3 1 30 Trout-perch 29 20 41 4 4 5 80 77 82 White Crappie 22 15 31 P. 8 8 88 85 91 Yellow Perch 1,582 1,082 2,312 5 5 5 83 83 84 h TOTAL 6,607 5,447 8,015 5 5 5 74 74 75 r0 CO
- Confidence intervals could not be computed when no more than one representative of a given species occurred.
Os
TABLE 15 A SullHARY OF N0!!TilLY FISil IltPINGEftENT AT Tile DAVIS-PF.SSE fluCLEAR P0llER STATIONS: 1 January through 31 December 1978 NUMBER IMPINGEI) llEIGilT (grams) LENGTil(mm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 95% Confidence MONTilS In terval Interval Interval PPe" flean Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Estimate d Bo nd Bound Bound Bound Bound January 45 31 66 13 12 14 104 102 106 February 17 9 31 5 5 6 76 72 79 !! arch 13 7 25 4 4 4 72 70 73 April 2,875 2,157 3,833 5 5 6 19 78 79 4 May 648 479 874 5 4 5 79 78 79 Y June 45 29 69 12 7 17 92 86 98 July 7 5 11 9 9 9 79 77 81 August 4 2 8 12 9 14 100 90 110 September 19 12 32 11 9 12 83 80 87 October 28 18 43 10 9 11 59 55 64 November 576 314 1,058 3 3 3 62 61 63 December 2,330 1,55' 3,406 3 3 3 68 67 69 TOTAL 6,607 5,447 8,015 5 5 5 74 74 75 N CO u
TABLE 16 C0t'EERCIAL FISH LAf;DIi1GS FROM THE OHIO llATEP, OF LAKE ERIE: 1974-1978* l SPECIES 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Buffalo 14,528 14,982 13,620 15,890 16,344 Bullhead 12,258 14,074 19,522 29,056 32,688 Carp 1,284,366 1,265,298 1,196,290 1,249,'408 701,430 Channel Catfish 136,200 117,586 101,242 115,316 92,843 Freshwater Drum 307,812 340,500 432,208 361,838 533,904 Goldfish 29,513 23,608 60,836 250,154 343,678 Quillback/ Shad ** 28,148 60,382 331,874 274,670 752,732 ,hainbow Smelt 2,270 4,086 15,890 454 4,994 pucker 39,952 24,515 28,602 14,982 14,982 White Bass 1,314,330 760,450 680,546 501,216 736,842 Yellow Perch 797,678 675,552 652,852 1,051,918 890,294 TOTAL 3,962,512 3,301,488 3,533,482 3,864,902 4,121,866 Ohio Division of Wildli'e (197}l. Data presented in kilograms. This is primarily the quillback carpsucker (Carpiodes cyprinus), but occasionally some fishermen include gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum). 1323 318 e
- ~ TABLE 17 COMMERCIA.L FISH LANDIflGS FROM LAKE ERIE: 1975 - 1978a WEIGHT (Kilograms) SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 MEAN c c Bowfin 15,000 12,000 13,500 Buffalo 30,000 43,000 34,000 25,000 33,000 Bullhead 69,000 64,000 77,000 54,000 66,000 Carp 1,491,000 1,444,000 1,439,000 871,000 1,311,250 Channel Catfish 197,000 155,000 160,000 148,000 165,000 Freshwater Drum 538,000 619,000 538,0C3 692,000 596,750 Gizzard Shad 1,000 301,000 229,000 707,000 309,500 Goldfish 26,000 61,000 250,000 344,000 170,250 c c Lake Whitefish 3,000 2,000 2,500 Quillback 60,000 58,000 47,000 47,000 53,000 Rainbow Smelt 7,688,000 7,845,000 9,700,000 11,002,000 9,058,750 c c Rock Bass 19,000 10,000 14,500 Sucker 52,000 48,000 31,000 33,000 41,000 c c Sunfish 33,000 23,000 28,000 b Walleye 114,000 138,000 261,000 295,000 202,000 White Bass 1,932,000 1,162,000 948,000 1,590,000 l',408,000 Yellow Perch 4.597,000 2,903,000 4,801,000 4,918,000 4,304,750 Others 927,00 833,000 928,000 796,000 871,000 TOTAL 17,722,000 15,674,000 19,513,000 21,569,000 18,649,000 8 Personal communication, L.. David Wolfert, USFWS, Sandusky, Ohio, b Not taken commercially in Ohio and !!ichigan waters. c Included with "Others" during this year. 1323 319
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t WTAKE n DISCHARGE FROM ( / TO LAME NEUTRALIZED DEMINER ALIZ ER REGENEHANT WASTES II SETTLit4G l BASIN l r INTAKE ( ) c SEWAGE STRUCTURE q, j TREATMENT ~ COLLECTION BOX DILUTION WATER J6 JL g , WATER TREATMENT s s s FILTEH 8 s "m potAgtg o " PL ANT FEED / / / CL ARI FIE R AND l' S ANITA RY a x o o N 4 5 % a: TilHBINE bldg. 78 I 2 0 2 W --> COOLING WATER ~~> d E ~ 00MI g 8 HE AT EXCHAtJGEHS W [ a ti W 5 e, m 3 M COMPOrtENT y e JL m u p EVAPORATIVE o w e 5; - - - > COOLING WATER 4 3 d a LOSSES iE 9 g HEAT EXCHANGEHS 2 g d N Ii M AK E - UP 2 m u b j COtJTAINMENT W DEMINERALIZER o w u M AIR 8ACKWASH MAKE UP COOLERS JL DEMINERALIZER O JL COOLING 1r SERvtCE WATER OtSCHARGE / 1 m l F COOLitJG TOWER MAKEUP go,gg g g O O E a 3 MAkE (IP 8 LOSSES 1P m COOLING TOWER FIGURE 5; WATER USE PLAN N-OJ u N U'1
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CljRRENT MAPS OF Tile LOCUST POINT AREA 0F WESTERN LAKE ERIE (Cont..) <A N CO
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FIGURE 7. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY TEMPERATURE, O!SSOLVED OXYGEN, AND HYDR 0 GEN ION MEASUREf1ENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1978. No Measurements Available 30 - 25 - Temperature .a. l 15 - cine ved om en (ph) k %( 10 5G>
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s \\,# ,Nr.m. -. v, (PH3 / fl' ....i., .....i.,.................... J A 5 0 N 0'J F M A M J J A 5 0 N 0'J F M A M J J A 5 0 M o'J F M A M J J A S O N 0'J F M A M J J A S O N D*J F M A M J J A 5 0 M o'J F M 4 wJ J 4 5 0 't ? 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1**! FIGURE 8. TRENDS IN MEAN MONTHLY CONDUCTIVITY, ALXALINITY AND TURBIDITY !!EASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR THE PERIOD 1972-1978. No Measurements Available M' k 400- \\, \\ t!vity (umnos/cm) ~~~ / 300-N b kattntty (mg/1) 100-n,.pcw r, b N, M/ O J A 5 0 N 0u F M A N J J A 5 0 M 0Q / M A M J J A 3 0 N 0'J F M A M J J A 5 0 N 0u F M A M J J A 5 0 M ou f M A M J J A 5 G N G'J F " An J J A 5 010 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1975 023 MO
FIGURE 9. TRENDS IN MEAN M0flTilLY 1RAtlSPARENCY AND Pil0SPil0RUS MEASUREMENTS FOR LAKE ERIE AT LOCUST POINT FOR Tile PERIOD 1972-1978. h 1.50< \\ ..... -. ~.,,.... i.ts I .n.p.r.ncy (en) Tr I.00-0.75- / N 0.sa _ / s o / \\ ( i s / l \\ \\ / } '( \\y \\/ 0.zi. I 4 %.g.a cmon) / ..-r.i ~~,......,....... h Ei r. h.-n-l... mp1A i 4.- x. JA50NUJfMAMJJA50NDIJfMAMJJA50N0VfMAMJJA50N0bfMAMJJA50NDJFMANJJA50N#JFMAMJJ45P10 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 8977 1973 N CO 4
.esvm,e.is;,42 \\ p>t &aEST $1178. EE, O -N+ LAKE ERIE N 2....u.(
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APPENDIX A DAI!.Y ICHTHY 0 PLANKTON ENTRAINMEllT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION DURING 1978 LEGEND YEAR = 1978 DAY = Julian date,1= January 1; 365= December 31 GD = Discharge volume in millions of gallons / day MGD = Intake volume in gallons / day (discharge vclume X 1.3) MCPDAY = Intake volume in cubic meters / day WCCf C = Intake volume in 100's of cubic meters / day SPECIES = 4 or 5 letter computer abbreviation: CARP = carp, ESHIN= emerald shiner, DRUM = freshwater drum, GSHAD= gizzard shad, SMELT = rain- ~ bow smelt, SPOT = spottail shiner, WALLI= walleye, PERCH = yellow perch, and EGGS = eggs SSTA = Mgan concentration of pro-larvae of the designated species per 100 m of water over the period of entrainment for that species SSTB = Mgan concentration of post-larvae of the designated species per 100 m of water over the period of entrainment for that species SY = Mean concentration of all lagvae (pro-larvae plus post-larvae) of the designated species per 100 m over the period of entrainment for that species E?iTA = Estimated number of pro-larvae of the designated species entrained on the designated day (WCCNC multiplied by SSTA) ENTB = Estimated number of post-larvae of the designated specie, entrained on the designated day (WCONC multiplied by SSTB) ENTY = Estimated number of larvae (pro and post-larvae) of the designated species entrained on the designated day (WC0t!C multiplied by SY) ) b.0
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