Text

Submit Semiannual Environmental Report No. 5, January 1, 1975 Through June 30, 1975
	ML18227A959
Person / Time
Site:	Turkey Point
Issue date:	09/02/1975
From:	; Florida Power & Light Co
To:	; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
References
	Download: ML18227A959 (199)
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i 3CKKTKD

. SNRC llaw nV p~ '75 S E Pg-1975~

U.S. NUCLKAR RKGULATORY COMM IS S IQH 1

Moll Soot ion I

TURKEY POlNT UNITS 3

4 Semiannual Environmental Report. No.

5.J January 1,

1975 through June 30, 1975

Table of Contents Page I.

Introduction Records of Monitoring Requirement Surveys and Samples III. Analysis of Environmental Data A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

Chemical Thermal Fish Benthic Physical and Nutrient Data Plankton Grasses and Macrophyton Recovery of Discharge Area 2

8 15 35 72 99 134 138 IV.

Records of Changes in Survey Procedures 146 V.

List of any Special Environmental Studies Related to the Licensed Facilities not required by the Environmental Technical Specifications 146 VI.

Records of any violations of the Environmental 146 Technical Specifications VII.

Records of any Unusual Events, Changes to the 147

Plant, Changes to the Environmental Technical Specifications, and Changes to Permits or Certificates VIII.

Studies required by-the Environmental Technical Specifications not included in this report

0

Z.

ENTRODUCTXON This report is submitted in accordance with Turkey Point Plant Environmental Technical Specifi-

cations, Appendix 3, Section 5-4-a.

This report covers the period from July 1, 1974 through December

t II.

RECORDS OF MONITORING REQUIREMENT SURVEYS AND SAMPLES The results of the chemical analysis conducted at the outlet of Lake Warren are shown on pages 3,

4 and 5 of this report.

Page 6 contains. the amounts of chemicals added from Units 3 and 4 to the closed circulating water system.

Results of the various biolo'gical programs are given in sections III-C through III.H.

III.

ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA A.

Chemical Analysis of pH results shows what is expected< i.e., hardlv any variation because of the highly buffered nature of sea water.

pH ranged from a low of 7.70 to a high of 8.04.

Dis-solved oxygen also behaved as expected.

Highest values were observed during the winter and lowest values during the summer.

Dissolved oxygen is inversely proportional to the tempera-ture of the water, assuming salinity remains fairly constant.

Values of dissolved

oxygen, compared to previous years of closed cycle operation, remain the same.

Salinity, as expected, reached a maximum of 42.0 parts per thousand at.the peak of the dry season (late April and early May).

As the rainy season

started, salinity in tne cooling canal system started its downward trend.

Monitoring of heavy metals shows no trends in any way.

Concentrations are not increasing or decreasing, and have re-mained this way for the last two years.

Chromium and lead

4

TURKEY POXNT PLANT UNITS 3

4 pH, DISSOLVED OXYGEN AND SALXNXTY LAKE WARREN DISCHARGE O. Results in PPM MO ~

DAY H

D.O.

1 8.0 4.5 Sa

33. 9 O.O.

a 8.0

.70 36.1 H

7. 95 4.9 36.3 8.1

.0.

37. 5 4.20 Gal 41.5

7. ~ 95 4...50 L

39.(

2 8 '

4 '

3

.95 4;8

34. 0

34. 2 8.0

.80 36.2 8.0

.60 36.0 8.0 8.01 4 '

36.5 5.0 36.0 7 ~ 9 8.0 4.9 40.0 7.90

.0 39.0 7.98

4. 60 4.50 42.0

7. 90 42.0

7. 90

4. 50 38.

4. 60 38.

7.95 5.1 34 ~ 0 8.0

.80 36.5 7.98 6.1 35.5 8.0

'0" 39.0

/.92 4.6 42.0

7. 90 4. 40 38.

5 7;90 4.6 7

.98 4.7 8

8.0 5.0 9

8.0 4

~ 9 8.0 4 ~ 8 28049 3

8.0 4.8

34. 5 34.9 34.4

35. 1 35.0

35. 0

34. 80 34

~ 5 8.0

~ 80 36.5 8.0

.70 36.7 8.0

.80 36.5 8.0

-80 36.7 8.0

~ 0 36.5 8.0

.40 37.0 8.0 5.p 34.5 8.p 5.p 36.0 7 ~ 95 5.0 36.0 7.99 7.96

7. 94 7.95 7.96 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.1 5 '

36.0 5.5 35.9 5.1 35.5'.1 36.0 5

2 35.5 5 '

36.0 4.9 36.0 5.0 36.5 5.0 36.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8 '

.95 8 ~ 0

.95

.0, 4.5 40.0 7.95 4.9. 39.5 7.90

.95 38.5 7.9

.95 38.5 7.9 5.0-39.0 8.0

.0 39 0 8 '

4.9 40.0 8.0 4.9 39.5 8.05

.0 40.0 8.00 4.6 4.3 4.3 4.5 5.0 4.3 4.55 4.5 42.p

7. 90 4. 2 41 5

.85 3.9 4p.p

7. 90 3. 9 41.5 7 ~ 90 3.9 41.0 7

~ 90 4.0 4l.p 7.90 3.9 42.p 7.95 4.1 42.0 7.85 4. 5 4p.p

7. 75 4

~ 0 36.

37..

38.

38

'8.

40.

4 8

0 4 ~ 8 34. 1

0

4. 8536.0 8.0

. 4.9 36.0 8.0 4.8

~ 40.0 7.85 4.5 41.p 7.85 3.8 40.

5 790 5 ~ 0 8.0 7

8.0 8

8.0 6.0 9

8.0 5 '

34 ~ 5 37.0 36.30 34 '

34 ~ 5

.0

.0 5.9

.9

.2 5.5.

~ 0 4

9 36 1

~ 0

4. 9 36]

-03

.0 5.9

.95

.0

.95 4.8 36.0 4.8 36-0, 4.8 36.0 4.6. 36.5 4.9 36.5

~ 9

.9 8.0 8.0 5.1 40.0 5.6 40.5 7.8 5.5 4.95 40.0 7.8 40.5 7,95

.4 40.0 7,8 4.4 4.5 4.5 4.60 4.60 4l.p 7.80 3.6 40.5 7.80 4.0 40.5 7.82 4 ~ 0 39.0 7.80 4 ~ 2 40.0 7

~ 8 4-5 38.

38.

39.

p 8.p 5e2 35. 0

~05950

.98 4.9 36'5. 8.0 5.0

. 40.5 7.95 4.8 37.0

7. 85 4.6 40.

8.p 5.2 2

8 0

5 '

7.98

4. 8

35. 1 34.9

35. 0

~ 0 5 ~ 3 5

0

~ 0 4.95 5.5

~ 0

.90 5.3

.94

.95

.98 4.9 4.6 4.9

36. 5 38.0 37.0 7.9 7.9 7.96 5.0 4.6 4.6 40.5 7.90 41.0 7.90 41.0 7.90 4'. 75 4.50 4.60 38.0

7. 78 4. 7 38.0

7. 75 4. 8 38.0

7. 85 4. 8 40,'9.

37.

8.0 4

9

.p 4.8 35.0

35. 2

.04

.83 4.5

~ 015.70 4 ~ 5

.90

.95 4.9 4.8

36. 5

36. 5 7.9 7.91 5. 15 41.5 7.95

.2 42.0 7,92 4.50 4.6 38.0 7.85 4.7 38.0

7. 7

4. 4 38.

37.

~ 0 5.0 8.0 4.9 8

8.0 4.8 9

8.0 5.0 35.20 5.0

5. 10 5.5

.92 5.2 5.0

~ 0

.9 5.0

.'02 4. 95 5. 5

.05

.95

.01

.90 4

9 4.9 4.9 4.9

36. 0 37 '

36. 5

36. 5 7.95 7.90 7.90 7.95 4.95

4. 40 4.50 4.45 40.5 7.95 41.0 7.90 41.0 7.9 41.5 7.95 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7

38. 1

38. 0 38.0 38.5 7.75 5.1 7.85 4.9 7.8 4.5 7.8 4.2 37.

37.

38.

37.

30 8.0 6.0 4.9 3

~ 94 5-0 40. 0 7.90 4.45 41.5 7.95 4.65 39.0 7.8 4.1 36.

31 8.0 4.9 35'0

.0 4.9 38. 0 7.95 4.45 39.0

FLQ.:.Di. 1'ONER 6

LX~~H ~

CO~!PiNY

U>K"Y PO":"'6T PL%i!T JMITS 3

6' LAKH WARiiBN DISCHARGE POTE:

All Results in rag/L YEAR nAmE 1/'/75 1/ 4/75 1/10/75 RES.

CHLOH.

<0. 01

<0.01 ANNONXA 0.6 0.4 B. O. D.

C. O. D.

455 470 Zn Co As Hg.

0.0003

< 0. 0002 OXL

~

C9 Pb 1/16/76~<0. 01 1/17/75 0.8 290 j

0.0004 1/23/75 1/24/75

<0. 01 0.5 440 0.09 0.05

0. 28

< 0. 005

< 0. 0002 0.04 0.4 1/27/75 1/31/75 2/ 7/75 2/14/75

~215 75

<0. 01

<0. Ol

<0.2

<0.01 0.6 280 320 385 0.0004 0.0008

<0.0002 2/21/75 2/28/75

~3/ 7/75 3/10/75 3/14/75 3/21/75 3/28/75 4/ 4/75 4

775 4/11/75 4/14/75 4/18/75 4/21/75

<0.01

<0. Ol

<0. 01

<Q. 01

<0.01

<0. 01

<0.01

<0.2

<O.2.

~

<0.2

<0. 2

<0 ~ 2

<0. 2

<0.2 220 370 455 355 340 370 320 350

- 420 0.08

0. 06 0.04 0.07 0 On 0.38

< 0.001

<0.0002 0.0010 0.0005 0.0002 0.25

~ <0.001

<0.0002'

<0.0002

<0.01 ov 0.3 0.

4 2575 4/28/75 5/ 2/75

<0. Ol

<O. 2

<0. 2 350 310 0.06 0.05 0.25

<0.001

<0. 0002

<0.0002 0.08 0.20

FLORIDA PONER 6 LIGHT COMPANY TURKEY POINT PLANTS UNITS 3 6

4 LAKE MARREN DISCHARGE NOTE:

All Results in mg/L YEAR 1975 DATE T.

RES.

CHLOR, AMMONIA B.O.D.

C,O,D..

. Cu

Zn Co As..

Hg

. OIL Cr Pb 5/ 5/75 5/ 9/75 5/12/75 5/16/7 5/23/7 5/30/7 6/ 6/7

<0. 01

<0.01

<0.2

<0.2 0.2.

0.2 0.2 290 340 360 350 296 0.08 0.05

0. 23

<0 001

<0.0002

<1 6/13/7 6/20/7 6/27/7

<0. 2

'<0. 2

<0.2 390

'10 350

<0;02 .04 '.17

'0.0002

<1

<0 0002

<1

<O.bOI

<0.0002

<1

0. 10 0.18

CHLORINATION HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED

0

~ \\

~ ~

~

I

~ ~

~

~ ~

~

~ ~

~ I I '

~ ~

~ I

~

I; I '

I

~ '

I

'I ~

~ ~

~

~ I

are also being analyzed for, although it is not required by Technical Specifications.

One important change in the cooling canal system has been the steady, but definite increase in the chemical oxygen demand.

This increase is not attributable to the operation of the plant, but rather to the closing of the circulating water system.

When the circulating water system was con-verted to the close

mode, COD ranged from a low of 10 mg/1 to approximately 75 mg/1.

Since then, COD has steadily in-creased to itspresent level of about 400 mg/1.

This condition is being studied further because it is having an adverse im-pact on the operation of the plant.

Fouling of condenser tubes is occurring with much more frequency, and it, is im-pairing seriously the plant's operation.

,Several options are being studied at the present time.

When a solution is found, this will be transmitted to the NRC for consideration.

Chlorination of condenser tubing and piping was dis-continued in February of 1975 because no algae growth was occurring,,and therefore, a biocide was no longer needed.

We continued analyzing the water at the outlet of Lake Warren for residual chlorine until May, when we stopped, as allowed by Technical Specifications.

When, and if, chlorination is restarted,

~ residual chlorine analysis willbe continued.

IIX.B Thermal Thermal data collected have been summarized in tempera-ture time duration curves by month, for both the inlet and outlet temperatures.

These are shown on Tables III.B-1 through III.B-6.

No major differences were observed between this six-month period and the same six-month period last year..

Due to a relatively mild winter, inlet temperatures this year were slightly higher than last year.

However, maximum outlet temp-eratures are almost the same.

Maximum Inlet Tem Maximum Gut'.1'et. Tem 1974 1975 1974 1'975 January February March April May June 81 81 86 90 91 86 89 92 90 96 94 97 101 101 105 108 99 101

'02 10 X.-

105 110

TABLE III.B-1 TURKEY POINT PLANT TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE UNITS 3

6 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER HOURS 3

7 8

39 78 101 168 80 68 28 32 27 25 15 6

1 9

6 14 5

9 8

7 TEMPERATURE 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 64 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.4 1.3 2.4 7.7 18.1 31.7

.54. 3 65.1 74.2 78.0 82.3 85.9 89.2 91.3

92. 1

92. 2

93. 4

94. 2 96.1

96. 8

98. 0 99.1 100.0 NUMBER HOURS

.20 16 53 88 148 47 78 16 38 25 69 23 31 6

25 10 19 15.3 6

4 TEMPERATURE 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.5 3.2 5.4

.12. 5 24.3 44.2 50.5 61.0 63.2 68.3 71.6 80.9 84.0 88.2 89.0 92.3 93.7 96.2 98.3

98. 7 99.5 100.0

O I4 1

TABLE III.B-2 TURKEY POINT PLANT TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE Februar 1975 UNITS 3

4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER HOURS 2

5 7

20 31 63 80 113 133 99 27 26ll 16 12 3

TEMPERATURE 89

.-88

~

87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 ACCUMULATED TIME 0..3 1.1 2.2 5.2 10.0 19.8 32.=1 49.5 70.1 85.3 89.5 93.5 95.2 97.7 99.5 100.0 NUMBER HOURS 7

12 14 37 59 96 132 61 48 52 44 51 10 22 2

0-0 0

0 0

0 1

TEMPERATURE 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 ACCUMULATED TIME 1.1 2.9 5.1 10.8 19.9 34.7 55.1 64.5 71.9 79.9 86.7

'94. 6

96. 1 99.5 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 100.0

I, 0

TIME TABLE III.B-3 TURKEY POINT PLANT DURATION, CURVES TEMPERATURE

March, 1975 UNITS 3 '6 4 INTAKE LAKE NARREN OUTLET NUMBER HOURS 2

3 15

'8 18 23 38 48 I

61 74 46 68 46 42 26 18ll 30 30 19 14 15 9

5 4

TEMPERATURE 92 91 90 89, 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80

.79 78 77 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.3 0.7 2.7 3.8 6.2 9.3 14.4 20.8 30.4 38.6 48.5 54.7 63.8 70.0 75.7 79.2 81.6 83.1 87.1 91.1 93.7 95.6 97.6 98.8 99.5 100.0 NUMBER HOURS 10 21 31 60 44 46 61 65 54 69 24 32 32 25 32 27 31 29 18 12 12 3

6 TEMPERATURE 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 4

88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 ACCUMULATED TIME 1.3 4.2 8.3 16.4 22.3 28.5 36.7 45.4 52.7 62.0 65.2 69.5

73. 8 77.2 81.5 85.1 89.2 93.1 95.6 97.2 98.8 99.2 100.0

TABLE III.B-4 TURI<EY POINT PLANT TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE UNITS 3

4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER HOURS 6

8 21 27 52 49 76 55 90 82 70 52 48 20 30 20 10 3

TEMPERATURE 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76 75 74 73 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.8 1.9 4.9 8.6 15.9 22.7 33.2 40.9 53.4 64.8 74.5 81.8 88.5 91.2 95.4 98.2 99.'6 100.0 NUMBER HOURS 3

35 67 52 75 74 65 86 54 62 36 37 30

19 7

.2 3

3 5

4 TEMPERATURE 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.4 5.3

14. 6

21. 8 32.3 42.6 51.6 63.6 71.1 79..7

84. 7 89.8 94.0 96.7 97.6 97.9 98.3 98.7 99.4 100.0

TABLE III..B-5 TURKEY POINT PLANT TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURES UNITS 3

6 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER HOURS I

2 20 45 65 90 96 121'10 114 46 24 8

2 TEMPERATURE 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 83 82 81 80 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.3 3.0 9.0 17.8 29.9 42.8 59.1 73.9 89.2 95.4 98.7 99.7 100.0 NUMBER HOURS 2

18 49 88 141 143 96 81 50 37 16 14 5

2 TEMPERATURE 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 95 94 93 92 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.3 2.7 9.3

21. 2 40.2 59.4 72.4 83.3 90.0

.95.0 97.2 99.1 99.7 100.0

0 4'

TABLE III.B-6 TURKEY POINT PLANT TIME DURATION CURVES TEMPERATURE

June, 1975 UNITS 3

6 4 INTAKE LAKE WARREN OUTLET NUMBER HOURS I

3 13 35 31 67 71 109 112 96 67 55 32 29 TEMPERATURE 96 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86 85 84 ACCUMULATED TIME 0.4 2.2 7.1 11.4 20.7 30.6 45.7 61.2 74.6

83. 9

91. 5 96.0 100.0 NUMBER HOURS 14 33 56 46 83 74 81 53 71 60 48 53 25 17 6

TEMPERATURE 110 109 108 107 106 105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96 ACCUMULATED TIME 1.9 6.5

14. 3 20.7 32.2 42,5 53.7-61.1 71.0 79.3 86.0

93. 3 96.8 99.2 100.0

III.C FISH INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to sample the fish populations currently present in the Turkey Point cooling canals to determine which species are present, their relative abundance and size.

Ad-ditional observations on life history stages present can indicate

'which of these species are likely to be reproducing populations H

with potential long range residence in the canals; Species which do not demonstrate a variety of life stages in the canals over several years collection will probably be lost to the ecosystem as natural attrition takes place.

.METHODS Fishes were collected on a once per month schedule for the period covered by this report (January 1,

1975 - June 30, 1975).

Sampling was done't all eight stations (Figure

1) which were surveyed and reported in 1974.

Collections were made by gill net, seine and minnow trap (Table

1) with the sampling method at each station (Table

2) being determined by the configuration and characteristics of the canal at the sampling site.

Sample site RC-0 is an extremely deep and

wide canal at the intake screen area.

The depth precludes seining and fish trapping.

Only gill'et samples were taken with the gill net located in a side pocket of the canal. Station RF-3 serves as a comparison for RC-0 and is similar in canal configuration.

The gill net is set across a 3-5 foot deep branch off a deeper return canal.

The remaining sixk stations are in relatively shallow (less than one meter) locations distributed in the canal system where thermal differences are evident.

Samples at these stations were taken by, 100 foot seine hauls using a 20 foot, one-fourth inch nylon minnow seine.

Two one-fourth inch minnow traps baited with soy cake were set at each station for 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months ,

~

.Previous studies by Applied Biology personnel had indicated that these methods were the most practical and successful techniques for sampling the fish in the canals.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIOt!

During this sampling period, 23 species of fish and three species of shellfish (Table

3) were collected at the eight stations in the canal systems (Tables 4 through 9}.

This compares to 16 species in the.last half of 1974.

The increase in. the number of species does not reflect major changes in the fish community because the relative abundance of the collected species was similar and the species list was enlarged by the collection of single specimens k

of several new species.

0

The only fish species collected in large enough numbers for meaningful comparison was the goldspotted killifish.

During the six months sampling period, temperatures ranged from a 1'ow of 24.0 C

at. Station f3-2 in March to a high of 39.0 C at Station F-1 in June.

Dur ing this period, the number of goldspotted killifish collected was consistently high at Station W18-2 and moderately high at Stations F-l,.

WF-2 and f3-2 (Table'. 10).

Stations RC-2 and 'H6-2 had generally low populations.

These populations demonstrated that the distribution of goldspotted killifish in the can'al:system is not directly related to the thermal regime.

The total of 405 goldspotted killifish was lower. than the 883 reported for comparable collections in the last six months of 1974.

Since the fish captured were both juveniles and adults, there is a good reproduction occurring at all stations and the lower collections are probably not meaningful.

Since the seasonal aspects of the two collecting periods are different, the higher collections may reflect the yearly population recruitment due to reproduction.

Further collections will be examined to see if a trend develops.

The sheepshead minnow was a co+yon species collected in the inner canals with a total of 109 specimens taken during this six month collecting period.

Thi's is lower than the 253 reported for comparable collections in the last six months of 1974.

Population recruitment from reproduction may alter the collection size in the latter half of 1975.

The gill net collections at Station RC-0 had a greater diversity with 13 species collected compared to 8 species collected at Station RF-3.

The differences between the two collections was primarily based on single occurrences of several species (Table ll).

The most abundant

species, the yellowfin mojarra, was more regularly collected at Station RF-3 but the total taken was comparable to Station RC-0.

The grunts (bluestriped grunt and sailors choice) were more abundant at Station RC-0 where 14 were collected compared I

to five at. Station RF-3.

Considering the collections, from the last six month period of

1974, and the first'ix months. of 1975, the collections have 14 species at Station RC-0 and ll species at Station RF-3.

The only clear trend is for a consistent occurrence of yellowfin mojarras at Station RF-3.in every monthly collection (Table 4-9).

I'oth stations 'have similar thermal regimes and appear to have similae fish populations and diversity.

Additional studies should provide information on the maintainance of these populations.

SUtNARY The Turkey Point cooling canals are a closed system containing a fairly diverse assemblage of marine and estuarine species of fish.

The potential for outside recruitment of marine species is extremely low with only extreme spring tides and hurricane associated floods potentially able to bring water into the canals.

The fishes present must reproduce in the canal system in order to maintain their popu-1 ations o ver a

1 ong peri od of time.

'TUAKKY PT.

I

/

we a

I r P W,F.2 I

v,fg heal

)P fj LITTLE RIYER R C P

\\

r

(

E3 2 RC ~ 2 MANGROVE PT, 42'll PIPELINE lANK FARM C

A r

~ ~j S

0 ~N r'

gC+

FLORIDA POWER 8

LIGHT CO/'APANY SAMPLING LOCATIONS FOR FISHES AND MACROINVERTEBRATES APPI.IEO OIOI.OOYy INC.

AUGUST IO75 PIOuIIC B-,l

Table 1

Equipment specifications for Fish Survey Methods, Turkey Point, 1974.

E ui ment Number

's'e'd'Sour'ce Gill Net 2

6xl00'ylon, with 2,3, and 4

inch streak panels end-to-end.

Memphis Net 6

Twine Company Seine 4x20'"woven nylon.

Memphis Net 6 Twine Company Fish Trap 18x 9" >"galvanized Gem Products, Tnc.,

~ steel minnow trap.

California Table 2

Methods and Locations of Fish'urveys.

Station Numb'er RC-0

'o'll'ec'tion'etho'd

'ill Net Monthly Sample Duration in Hours 24 RC-2 E3-2 RF-3 Seine Fish Trap Seine

'ishTrap Gill Net As needed 24 As needed 24

. 24:

K'-2 818-2 W6-2 F-1 Seine Fish Trap Seine Fish Trap Seine Fish Trap Seine Fish Trap As needed 24 As needed 24 As needed 24 As needed 24 e

TABI E 3

FISH AND SHELLFISH COLLECTED WITHIN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEM S ecies Common Name-Jul. -Dec.

Jan. -Jun.

Jul. -Dec.

1974 1975 1975 Family Cyprinodontidae, the killifishes C

i d

t

~F1 id'ucania ~arva

~Fundu us ~randis Jordanella floridae Ad>usa xenica sheepshead minnow goldspotted killifish rainwater killifish Gulf killifish-flagfish diamond ki1 1 ifish 259

, 883 10 CN*

CN CN 109 405 8

OB*

OB Family Poec ilidae, the livebearers Poecilia lati irma t Belonesox~he

>agnus sailfin molly mosquitofish pike livebearer CN CN.

CN 3

OB OB Family Sphyraenidae, the barracudas

~Sh raena barracuda great barracuda Family Carangi,dae, the jacks Caranx

~hi os Caranx

~cr sos

~Se ene Vomer crevalle jack blue runner lookdown OB OB 1

1 Family Gobiidae, the gobies L

h bi ~lid i

Gobione lus sp.

,~ebi crested goby unidentified goby banner goby CN 2

TABLE 3

FISH AND SHELLFISH COLLECTED WITHIN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEM S ecies Jul,-Dec.

Jan.-Jun.

Jul.-Dec Comnon Name

" '974 1975'975 Family Gerridae, the mojarras Gerres cinereus

.5~ca ter~~uuss~um>eri t

Eucinostomus ar<renteus yel 1 owfin mojarra striped mojarra spotfin mojarra 26 OB CN 22

.OB 1

Family Lutjanidae, the snappers Lutaanus ~riseus Lutaanus

~andes gray snapper schoolmaster

.10 5

5 3

t Family Ephippidae, the spadefishes

~Otdit fb Atlantic spadefish Family Synodonti dae, the lizardfishes

~Snodus foetens inshore lizardfish'P Family Pomadasyidae, the grunts Haemulon parrai

~Haemu on sciurus sailors choice bluestriped grunt 3

5 8ll

~

t Family Be 1 oni dae, the needlefishes

~St 1

tt redfin needlefish OB OB 4

TABLE FISH AND SHELLFISH COLLECTED WITHIN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEM S ecies Family Atherinidae, the si1 versides Common Name Jul.-Dec.

Jan.-Jun.

Jul.-Dec.

'1974 1975 1975 Atherinomorus ~sti es t

t)enidia beryl 1 ina hardhead silverside tidewater silverside 23 OB 2

Family Scaridae, the parrotfishes Scarus Suacamai rainbow parrotfish OB 08 Family Centropomi dae, the snooks

~ddt d

snook I

Family Ariidae, the sea catfishes Arius te1is sea catfish Family Tetraodontidae, the puffers

~dt td t t dt checkered puffer Family Nugilidae, the mullets d

~ltu il curem'a

~Mu il ~ce halus white mullet striped mullet OB 2

t Family Albulidae, the bonefishes Albula ~vui es bonefish 0

TABLE FISH AND SHELLFISH COLLECTED WITHIN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEM S ecies Family Syngnathidae, the seahorses and pipefishes Co+non Name Jul.-Dec.

Jan.-Jun.

Jul.-Dec.

1974 1975 1975

~SLh p.

pipefish Family Elopidae, the tarpons and ladyfish

~Elo s saurus 1adyfish Family Scieni dae, the drums Menticirrhus littoralis Gulf kingfish SHELLFISH:

Panulirus

~ar us Men~

e mercenaria t

t:1

~t Palaemonetes sp.

spiny lobster stone'rab blue crab grass shrimp 13 49 53 9

9 40 27.

CN - cast net

OB - observed Table Results of Turkey Point cooling canal fish survey, 23-24 January 1975.

Station S ecies Number of Individuals Total Hei ht m

Range of Standard Len ths mm Daily Temperature oC RC-0

.RC-2 E3-2

-WF-2 W18-2 W6-2 F-1 blue crab spiny lobster bluestriped grunt striped mullet Gulf kingfish goldspotted killifish sheepshead minnow goldspotted killifish sailors choice striped mullet yellowfin mojarra gray snapper stone crab blue crab goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish sheepshead minnow goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish 1

1 2

1 1

9 1

13 1

1 1

1 5

15 6

460 810 730 (fragment)

(fragment}

4.50 0.50 9.50 565 483 496

.(fragment) 225 1,103 12.50 1.50 0.50 1.50 3

192 331 229-253 18-31 31 21-41 261 300 105-214 83 85-164 14-40 14-31 19 15-28 16-28 27.5, 26.0 26.0$

27.0 25.5, 25.0 26.5, 27.0 29.0, 29.0 30.0, 29.5 30.5, 30.0 30.5, 35.0

Table 5.

Station S ecies I

Results of Turkey Point coo3.kg canal fish survey, 20-21 February 1975.

Number of Total Range of Standard Individuals Wei ht m

Len hs mm Daily Temperature oC I

CO I

RC-0 RC-2 E3-2 WF-2 N18-2 W6-2 F-1 gray snapper bluestriped, grunt stone crab crested goby goldspotted killifish banner goby spotfin mojarra tidewater silversides bonefish yellowfin moj arra bluestriped grunt blue crab sheepshead minnow goldspotted killifish nothing

'oldspotted killifish sheepshead minnow blue crab 2

1 1

2 1

3 5

1 0

55 18 502 1,024 968 2

1.50 1

3.50

. 1 701{.

574 198 692 1

10.'-

29.50 7

13 206-229

'a'.212 68-108 61 28-29 40 55 30-31 368 193-206 186 90-161 22 28-22-31 18-27 g7 28.5, 29.0 28.5, 30.0 29.0, 29.5 28.0, 29.5 32%5 7 33 %5 32.0, 34.0 32.5, 34.0 37.0, 38.5

0 0

0

Table 6

Results of Turkey Point cooling 'canal fish survey, 20-21 March 197'5.

Station S ecies Number of Individuals Total Wei ht

~ m Range of Standard Len ths mm

. Daily Temperature oC RC-0 RC-2 E3-2 RF-3 WF-2 W18-2 W6-2 F-1 great barracuda bluestriped grunt sailors choice stone crab blue crab nothing goldspotted killifish ladyfish bluestriped grunt yellowfin moj arra blue crab pipefish, unidenti.fied goldspotted killifish sheepshead minnow goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish sheepshead minnow 1

2 2

1 0

13 1

1 2

18 1

23 5

. 27 5

8 1

1, 195 672 2,109 280 69 0

6 957 262 534 1,218 0.50 15 3

20.50 2.50 4.50 0.50 557 224-230 ca.263 69-75 95 23-31 482 217 200-220 83-95 73 21-31 20-30 23-36 22-26 22-30 25 27.0, 27.0.

27.0, 25.0 24.0, 24.5 25.0, 26.5 29.0, 27.0 29.0028.0 28.0, 27.5 35.0, 34.0

Table Results of Turkey Point cooling canal fish survey, 14-15 April 1975.

Station S ecies Number of Individuals Total.

Wei ht Range of Standard Len ths mm Daily Temperature oC RC-0 RC-2 E3-2 RF-3 WF. -2 W18-2 W6-2 F-1 stone crab blue crab sea catfish yellowfin moj arra ladyfish spiny lobster crested goby goldspotted killifish sailors choice schoolmaster yellowfin moj arra blue crab goldspotted killifish rainwater killifish sheepshead minnow goldspotted killifish tidewater silverside goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish 10 8

3 1

1 1

1 3

22'-

2 3

13 1

1 35 2

3 2

3,106 435 2,100 167 292 2

3'84 7/0 710 242 13.50 0.50 1

28 1.50 2

2.50 73-100 74-105 cd 331 (fragment)

(fragment) 211.

31 22-32 260-271 215-236 208-259 90-103 14-35 22 27 23-40 23-24 18-24 15-28 2705 p 27 ~ 5 27.0, 27.0 26.0, 27.0 26.0, 27.0 29.0, 29.0 30.0, 29.5 28.5, 28.5 33.5, 33.0

Results of Turkey Point cooling canal fish survey, 22-23 May 1975.

Station S ecies Number of Individuals Total Wei ht m

Range of St'andard Len ths mm Ihily Temperature oC RC-0 RC-2 E3-2 RF-3 WF-2 Wls-2 W6-2 F-1 stone crab blue crab spiny lobster Atlantic spadefish yellowfin moj arra schoolmaster sea catfish lookdown gray snapper blue runner nothing pipefish, unidentified yellowfin moj axra blue crab goldspotted killifish sailfin molly..

rainwater killifish goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish sheepshead minnow 14 1

1 1

1 2

1 0

1 1

2.

21 1

1 31 3

10 2,911 83 2, 200 1,000 222 (fragment) 800

-(fragment)

(fragments) 1,500 0

0.50 (fragment)

. -20 1

1 27 3

9 79-98 99 220-230 296 210 355 380

51 86-101 17-36 21 16 23-46 21-29 15-3W 23-31 30.5, 30,0 31.0, 29.0 30.5, 28.0 30.5, 29.0 32.0, 30.0 31.5, 31.0 30;5, 30.0 38.0, 36.5

Table Results of Turkey Point cooling canal fish survey, 19-20 Joe 1975.

Station S ecies Number of Tndividuals Total Wei ht m

Range of Standard Len ths mm Daily Temperature oC RC-0 RC-2 E3 2

RF-3 WF-2 W18-2 W6-2 F-1 Atlantic spadefish sailors choice blues triped grunt gray snapper yellowfin mojarra stone crab spiny lobster blue crab goXdspotted killifish crested goby goldspotted killifish nothing goldspotted killifish rainwater killifish sheepshead minnow sailfin molly goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish goldspotted killifish rainwater killifish sheepshead minnow 1

1 1

2 8

7 3

1 1

1 11 0

25 8

2 6ll 2

69 298 347 140 197 1,503 2 223 1,416 1,324 75

'.50 10 0

20 2

5 2

W2 6

12 g5 (fragment) 309-336 171-192 26-88 228-250 90 23 3g 23-38 l7-38 19-22 19-25 19-36

, 23-36 22-34 23-35 22 35 17-35 31.0, 32.0 31.0$ 31,0 31.0, 31.0 30.0, 31;0 32.0, 32.5 32.0, 33.0 32.0, 33.0 39.0$ 38.0

~

TABLE 10 NUMBER OF GOLDSPOTTED KILLIFISH COLLECTED AT SIX STATIONS IN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL SYSTEMS STATEO'<:

Jan.

23-24 Daily Temperature Number'Collected Feb.

20-21 Daily Temperature umber Col lected Mar. 20-21 Daily Temperature

, Number Collected E3-2 RC-2 HF-2 H18-2

>l6-2 F-1 29.0, 29.5 28.5, 30.0 32.5, 33.5 32.0, 34.0 32.5, 34.0 37.0,38.5 0

2 0

1 0

55 24.0, 24.5 27.0, 25.0 29.0, 27.0 29.0, 20.0 28.0, 27.5 35.0,34.0 13 0

23 '7 5

8 25.5, 25.0 26.0, 27.0 29.0, 29;0 30.0, 29.5 30.5, 30:0 '34'.5,35.0 13 9

15 4.-

4 6

Apr; 14-15 Daily Temperature Number Collected 26.0, 27.0 27.0, 27.0 29.0, 29.0 30.0, 29.5 3 '3 13

~

35 28.5, 28.5 33.5, 33.0 3

2 May 22-23 Daily Temperature Number Collected un.

19-20 Daily Temperature 30.5, 28.0 31.0, 29.0 0

0 32.0, 30.0 31.5, 31.0 21 31 30.5, 30.0 38.0, 36.5 3

10 31.0, 31.0 31.0, 31.0 32.0, 32.5 32.0, 33.0 32.0, 33.0 39.0,38.0 11 1

25 45 6

ll TOTALS

'I 40 12 97 143 21 92

TABLE 11 TOTAL NUMBER OF FISHES CAUGHT IN GI LL NET COLLECTION JULY 1 974 JUNE 1 975 Station RC-0 Station RF-3 yellowfin mojarra bluestriped grunt

. sailor's choice gray snapper schoolmaster great barracuda sea catfish ladyfish Atlantic spadefish striped mullet white mullet bonefish Gulf kingfish blue runner lookdown snook July-Dec.

1974 3

0 Jan.-June 1975 10

~

1 July-Dec..

1974 22 10 0..

0 0

Jan.-June 1975 12 TOTAL 12'3 NUMBER OF SPECIES 13 TOTAL SPECIES 16 III.D BENTHOS t

t D

1 MACROINVERTEBRATES INTRODUCTION This study was undertaken to provide a qualitative analysis of the density and species of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Turkey Point cooling canal system.

Benthic macroinvertebrates are animals living on or in the substratum of aquatic systems.

Their variety of,feeding types and habitat preferences, coupled wi ih their limited mobility, make them valuable indicator, species whose presence is directly dependent on environmental conditions.

fOTERIALS AND METHODS Samples of the benthic fauna were taken at seven stations (see Figure C,l) in February and May, 1975.

Samples were not taken at Station RC-0 as the substratum was too hard and rocky to permit effective sampling.

An Ekman dredge was the instrument chosen for sampling.

This'grab is a 6" x 6" metal box with spring-loaded jaws which close upon contact with the sub-stratum.

Samples were raised to the surface and washed through a

,30 mesh sieve (0.595 mm openings).

All retained material was preserved in a 1:1 mixture of Eosin B and Biebrich Scarlet stains in a 1:1000 concentration of 55 formalin (Williams, 1974).

These stains color animal tissue red and enable faster, more accurate sorting of benthic samples.

Three'replicate grabs were made at each station.

After sorting arid identification, whole samples were dried at 105 C

for four hours, then weighed on a Nettler H32 analytical balance for biomass determination (EPA, 1973).

Depsity and biomass data were then calculated and reported on a square meter basis.

The Shannon-Weaver Index of Diversity and the equitability component were also applied to the data.*

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The benthic macroinvertebrates at Turkey Point were of four main groups:

polychaete marine worms, molluscs (snails and bivalves), crusta-

ceans, and a miscellaneous group of animals present irregularly and in small numbers that represented several phyla (Tables D,l.l through 0.1.7).

~

The polychaetes were the most abundant

group, Additional invertebrates were collected during fish surveys (see Section C).

These included three species of commerically important decapods;

namely, stone crabs, blue

crabs, and lobsters.

Density of individuals was dependent on the sample site and ranged from five to 1741 organisms per square meter.

In general, Station F-l, located adjacent to the plant discharge, had the lowest average density (203.5/m

) while Stations RF-3 and WF-2 had the highest density (1176.5/m and 1363.5/m2, respectively).

Only one station (W6-2) exhibited a signifi-cant decrease in density oveq the February to May time period.

The remaining stations showed increases or insignificant decreases in density, See. "A Note on Diversity and Equitability" Biomass at each station also increased with time.

Because of the small size of most of the collected animals, biomass was relatively low and exceeded one gram per square meter only when heavy-bodied molluscan species were present.

Biomass of molluscs is determined exclusive of the animal's shell.

The index of diversity (see Note on Diversity and Equitability) in-creased at all but one station and at a much faster rate than previously anticipated.

While low diversity is expected in ecosystems that are relatively new and unestablished, as is the Turkey Point cooling canal

system, increasing animal diversity is broadly indicative of ecosystem stabilization and maturation (Odum, 1971).

A steady increase in animal diversity at all stations has been noted over the June, 1974 to tiay, 1975 time,'period (Figure D.l.l).

Occasional decreases in diversity were prob-ably the result of seasonal influences.

The percentage composition of the major groups of macroinvertebrates at each station was noted to change slightly between the two 1975 samplings (Table 0.1.8).

In May, most stations were dominated by polychaete worms

.but to a lesser extent than in February.

This trend toward a more equal distribution of a>ajor groups is also indicative of ecosystem stabilization.

CONCLUSIONS The general trend of the benthic macroinvertebrate community is toward increased

density, biomass and divers.ity.-....,In. most cases, the begin-ning of stabilization of the density is indicated.

This tren'd will be confirmed by further sampling.

TABLE D.l,l DENSITY'ND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINYERTEBRATES AT STATION RC 2, TURKEY POINT POWER PLANT, 1975 SPECIES

'ebruar Ma

'ean No. Grab No./m hlean No./Grab No./m Phylum Nematoda nematode worms

1. 33 19 1.67 24 hylum Echiurida

~

echiurid worms Class Polychaeta (worms)

Family Cirratulidae Maldanidae Nereidae Ophel ii dae Phyl 1 odoci dae Spionidae Syllidae Te rebel 1 i dae lass Gastropoda (snails)

~Cre idula maculosa

~ti t

. Haminoea

~ele ans Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Brachidontes exustus Chione cance11ata

~0i i t i if Gouldia cerina

~Lens i a flo~iflana Modulus carchedonius

~ft ti it ass Crustacea

~

stracods of i ttii tti Sarsie1la zostericola amphipods

~Elasmo us levis rt qysids g~sis mixta shrimp Al heus heterochaelis Pa aemonetes

~upgo 2.67 10.67

40. 67

l. 33

l. 33 6.67

. -2.67

1. 33

5. 33 r

38 153 584 19-96 38

.19

l. 33 1.00 2.67

10. 67

0. 33

0. 33 5.33 22.00 3.67 1.00 0.67 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.67

l. 33 1.67 0.67

.1.00

0. 33

0. 33 0.67 4.33 19 14 38 153 5

5 77 316 53 14 10 5

10 10 10 19 24 10 14 5

10 62

TABLE D.l.l (con't.)

DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINYERTEBRATES AT STATION RO 2, TURKEY POINT POWER PLANT, 1975 Februar Mean No.

Grab No./m Mean No./Grab No./m Class Ascidiacea (sea squirts)

'~H1 tt i ~if 6.67.

96 OTAL DENSITY 74.00 1062 70.00 1008

- TOTAL BIOMASS (grams dry weight) 0.104

1. 493 0.145 2.078 DIVERSITY (8)

EQUITABILITY (e) 223.

0.63 3.50 0.65 TABLE D.1.2 DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES

.,AT.STATION.E3.2 TURKEY POINT POWER PLANT 1975'PECIES

" Februar Ma Mean No./Grab No./m2 Mean No. Grab'o./mG Phylum Nematoda nematode worms Phylum Echiurida

~

echiurid worms hylum Priapulida priapulid worms

~Prig ulus caudatus Class Polychaeta (worms)

Family Maldanidae Nereidae Opheliidae Sabellidae Spionidae Syllidae Terebe 1 1 idae

~

lass Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Gouldia cerina

~Lonsia floridana Class Crustacea ostracods

~Cli 1

I b

copepods~Bti p.

amphi pods Elasmo us levis Eri c thonius brasiliensis

~

a@sidst~sis mixta shrimp Palaemonetes puqio

l. 33

. 0.67

l. 33

~

0.67

,, 2.00

30. 67

7. 33 2.00 11.33 6.00

l. 33 4.00 19 10 19 10 29 440 105 29 163 86 19 57 5.33 0.67 0.67 4.67 0.67 13.33 12.67 a

9. 33 0.67 24.00 0.67 0.67

l. 33

,77 10 10 67 10 191 182 134 10 10 19 19 TOTAL DENSITY TOTAL BIOMASS (grams, dry weight)

DIYERSITY (a)

UITABILITY(e) 68.'67 0.056 2.60 986 0.803 74.00 0.052 1074 0.750 2.73 TABLE D.1.3 DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AT STATION RF 3, TURKEY POINT POMER PLANT, 1975 SPECIES Phylum Echiurida echiurid worms Februar

'Mean No./Grab No./m2 Mean No./Grab No./m2

'3.00 29 lass Polychaeta (worms)

~

Family Cirratulidae Nereidae Sabell idae

~

Serpulidae Spionidae Syllidae Terebellidae Class Gastropoda (snails)

Bulla occidentalis Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

~Ill 1

d 1'tf Gouldia cerina

~L ansi a i'loridana Class Crustacea ostracods C lindroleberis mariae Sarsie la zostericola

~ copepods~ddt H.

amphipods

~Coro hium acherusicum Elasmopus levis shrimpt

'Al heus heterochaelis

1. 33 4.00

13. 33 2.67

14. 67 1.33'.

33

13. 33 19 57 191 38 210 19 191 2.67

l. 33 22.00 9.33 18.00 2.67

l. 33

10. 67 5.33 0.67

29. 33 4.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 38 19 316 134 258 38 153 77 10 421 67 10 10 10 TOTAI DENSITY TOTAL BIOMASS (grams,dry weight).'..".

DIVERSITY (B)

EQUITABILITY (e)

.52.00 0.111 2.43 0.92 744 1.600 111.33 0'171" 3.06 0.74 1609 2.460 0

TABLE 0.1.4 DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AT'STATION MF 2; TURKEY POINT PO'HER PLANT, 1975 SPECIES Februar

~lM 2.

2 2

~N.

2 Ma

~lM 2

2

~l.

2 Phylum Nematoda nematode worms Phylum Echiurida echiurid worms Class Polychaeta (worms}

~ Family Nereidae

'. Ophe 1 iidae Serpulidae Spionidae Syllidae Terebe 1lidae Class Gastropoda (snails}

Bul 1 a occidental is t

Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Astarte nana

~Di ladon nucleifprmis Gouldia cerina Class Crustacea amphipods Cor hium acherusicum

~2

45. 33

2. 67 10.00

l. 33

0. 67 2.67 6.00 651 38 144 19

'10'8 86

15. 33

3. 33

l. 33 8.00 7.33 59.33

l. 33 10.67

l. 33 9.33 4.00 220 19 115 105 852

.19 153 19 134 57 TOTAL DENSITY TOTAL BIOMASS (grams dry.weight)

68. 67 0.011 986

0. 158 121. 33 0.168 1741 2.405 DIVERSITY, (1)

E(UITABILITY (e) 2 1.65

0. 57 2.50

0. 71

~

TABLE DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AT STATIONS H18-2, TURKEY POINT POWER PLANT, 1975 SPECIES Febr uar May...

ttean No./Grab No./m2'ean No./Grab No./m2 Phylum Echiur ida echiurid worms Class Polychaeta (worms)

~

Fami ly Nephthyi dae

'Nereidae Sabellidae Serpulidae Spionidae Sylli.dae Class Gastropoda (snails)

Bulla occidentalis Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Astarte nana

~Gou dia cenna L onsia floridana Pstar

a. EYYa Class Crustacea ostracods

~Cli d

isopods Cilicaea caudata amphipods

~Elasmo us levis

'richthonius brasilensis

~H~Li 'b 36.67 2.00

? ~ 33

0. 67

1. 33

3. 33 5.33 526 29 105 10 19 48 77,

l. 33

1. 33

7. 33

0. 67

7. 33

7. 33 14.00 0.67 2.00

3. 33 2.00 1,33 0.67

0. 67

0. 67 19 19 105 10 105 105 201'0 29, 48 29 19 10 10

'0 TOTAL DENSITY TOTAL BIOMASS (grams dry.weight)...

DIVERSITY (3}

56.67 0.019 814

'0. 278

l. 72 50.67 0.109 3.18 729

1. 560 EQUITABILITY (e) 0.61

. 0.86 TABLE D.1.6 DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AT STATION M6 2, TURKEY POINT POWER PLANT, 1975 Feb ruar

'Ma SPECIES Phylum Nematoda nematode worms Mean No./Grab No./m2 Mean No./Grab..No./m2

,6. 67 Class Polychaeta (worms)

~

Family Nereidae Sabel 1 idae Serpulidae Spionidae Syl 1 i dae Terebellidae Cl ass Gas tropoda (snai 1 s)

Bulla occidentalis II Class Pelecypoda (bivalves)

Astar te nana Gouldia carina

~Lan si a fMorÃcCana Class Crustacea ostracods

~Ci i d

amphi pods Elasmo us levist

9. 33 9.33

8. 00

.2.67 4.00

2. 67

5. 33 1.33 134 134 115 38 57 38 38 77 19 2.33

'2.67 17.33 19.33

2. 67 0.67 0.67

4. 67 4.00 2.67 19 38 19 277 38 10 j0 67 57 38

~-

TOTAL DENSITY 52.00 746 56.00 573 TOTAL BIOMASS (grams.dry.weight)

DIVERSITY (3)

EQUITABILITY (e) 0;024 0.339 3.02 1.18 0.026 2.53 0.80 0.377 TABLE D.1.7.

DENSITY AND BIOMASS OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES AT.STATION F 1, TURKEY POINT POl(ER PLANT, 1975 SPECIES'

'ebruar Ma

'ean No.

Grab No./m2 Mean No./Grab No./m2 Class Polychaeta (worms )

'amily Nereidae Class Gastropoda (snails) t Batillaria minima

~~d Class Crustacea crabs Pinnixfa ~sa'ana amphipods Hemiaegina minuta 0,33 9.67 16.67

1. 00

, 0.67 139 239 14 10 TOTAL DENSITY

0. 33

28. 00 402 TOTAL BIOMASS (grams dry weight) 0.0002 0.003

0. 170

2. 435

~

DIYERSlTY (d}

E(UITABILITY(e) 0.00 0.00

l. 28 0.74

TABLE 0.1.8

.BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATE COMMUNITY STRUCTURE AT BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING STATIONS, TURKEY POINT POMER PLANT

1975

,Station Number

'Peicenta e of Total

~P'ttt 11 1

Others RC 2 M~

E3 2 Feb.

May Feb.

May 74.8

65. 6

64. 4 42.8 1.8 11.1

16. 6 13.4

21. 6 9.5 16.0

35. 7 1.8 13.8 3.0 8.1 RF 3 Feb.

May

68. 2 49.9 2.6 16.1

28. 2

'2.2 1.8 MF 2 Feb.

May

86. 4

63. 7 1.0 17,6

'12.6 3.3

15. 4 M

M18 2 Feb.

~May 81,1

74. 8 1.2

18. 5

17. 7 4.1 2.6

.M6 2 feb.

May 56.4

61. 6

12. 7

21. 8 18.0

16. 6 12.9 F1 Feb.

May

34. 6 W 0 62.9 100 2.5

Jun

'?4 4

Oec Feb

'?5 May I

~

R C-2 0

4 2

1 O

0 Q

4 C

3 O

2 C

c 1

E 3-2 3

0 Jun

'74 Dec Feb

'75 May

~

FLORIDA POWER 8

LIGHT COMPANY COMPARISON OF SHANNON-WEAVER DIVERSITY INDICES AT EACH SAMPLING STATION, TURKEY POINT POWER PLANT, 1975. APPLIED 8IOLOGY, INC.

Dll PIGUIIK

~

0 0

1 JuII

'74 Dec Feb l75 May 2

W18-2 0

40 Ol 0

V0 3

Cl0 C

W6-2' 0'

0~

C0 Cc F-1 0

Jun

'74 Dec Feb

'75 May FLQR1DA POVfER 8

LlGHT COMPANY COMPARISON OF SHANNON-WEAVER DIVERSITY INDICES AT EACH SAMPLING STATION, TURKEY POINT POWER PLANT, 1975 APPI.IEO BIOI.OOYi INC.

D 11 F IOVRK

~

A NOTE ON DIVERSITY AND E UITABILITY'PA,1973 Diversity indices are an additional tool for measuring the quality of the environment and the effect of induced stress on the I'tructure of a community. of macroinvertebrates Their use is based on the generally observed, phenomenon that undisturbed environments support communities having large numbers of species present in overwhelming t

abundance.

If the species in such a community are ranked on the basis of their numerical abundance, there will be relatively few species*with large numbers of individuals and large numbers of species represented by only a few individuals.

Many forms of stress tend to reduce diversity by making the environment unsuitable for some species or by giving other species a competitive advantage.

/

There are two components of species diversity:

the number of species (species richness) and the distribution of individuals among the species (species eveqness).

The inclusion of this latter component renders the diversity index independent of sample size.

The Shannon-Meaver index of diversity (d) (Lloyd, Zar, and Karr, 1968) calculates mean diversity and is recommended by the EPA:

N

'(

gl0 N

. ni og10 ni C

where:

C

=

3.321928,(converts base 10 log to base 2)

N

=

total number of individuals n

=

total number of individuals of the i 'pecies.

~

Mean diversity as calculated above is affected both by species richness and evenness and may range from 0 to 3.321928 log N.

To evaluate the component of diversity due to the distribution of. individuals among the species, compare the calculated d with a hypothetical maximum d based on an arbitrarily selected distribution.

This hypothetical maximum would occur when all species are equally abundant.

Since this phenomenon is quite unl.ikely. in nature, Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964) proposed the term "equitability" and compared d with a maximum based on the distribution obtained from MacArthur's (1957) "broken-stick" model.

The MacArthut model results in a dis-tribution quite frequently observed in nature one with a few abundant species and increasing numbers of species represented by only a few individual's.

Sample data are not expected to conform to the MacArthur model, since it is only being used as a yardstick against which the distribution of abundances is compared.

Equitability values may range from zero to one except in rare cases when distri-bution in the sample is more equitable than the distribution resulting from the MacArthur model..

LITERATURE CITED Environmental Protection Agency. 1973.'iological Field and Laboratory Methods for Measuring the guality of Sur'face Waters and Effluents (EPA 670/4-73-001).

C.I. Webber (ed.),

National Environmental Research

Center, Cincinnati.

4 Lloyd, M., and R.J. Ghelardi.

1964.

A table for calculating the "equitability" component of species diversity. J.

Anim. Ecol.

33:217-225.

Lloyd, M., J.H. Zar, and J.R. Karr. 1968.

On the calculation of information - theoretical measures of diversity. Aver. Mid. Natur.

79(2):257-272.

MacArthur, R.H. 1957; On the relative abundance of bird species.

Proc.

Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington, D.C. 43:293-295.

Odum, E.P.

1971.

Fundamentals of Ecology.

W;B. Saunders.

Philadelphia.

574 p.

.Williams, G, E, III. 1974.

New technic to facilitate hand-picking

. macrobenthos.

Trans, Amer, Micros. Soc., 93(2): 220-226.

D. 2 MICROBIOLOGY INTRODUCTION

. An investigation of the bacterial flora in the Turkey Point cooling canal has continued.

The study is directed at determining not only total bacterial counts but also'specific biochemical activities of re-presentative bacterial isolates taken from the canal.

These isolates are characterized according to their ability to utilize various substrates (carbohydrates, lipids, chitin, protein, and cellulose) as well as in-organic molecules (nitrate, nitrite, sulfate, sulfite, and ammonia).

Utilization of these substrates as an energy or food source is necessary for good cyclic nutrient turnover.

This turnover is essential for the continued growth of a diversity of living organisms in the canal environ-ment.

As promised in earlier conversations with NRC staff members, the results of laboratory tests on sediment samples collected and stored while microbiologist was not available have been included in this six month report.

A full and complete report plus an interpretation of the meaning of all test results will also be presented in the annual report of December 31, 1975.

METHODS AND MATERIALS As a part of the study, physical data that'ncluded salinity and con-ductivity measurements were taken at the same sites (Figure 0.2.1) as the sediment samples.

Sediment samples were taken'with a gravity type core sampler (Hildco Supply Company) at eight stations within the Turkey Point canal system 4

-'52-

0

and three in Biscayne Bay (Figure D.2.1).

Dilutions were made from these samples for total bacterial counts by most probable number (MPN).

Inocula taken from the same samples were used for obtaining representative bac-terial isolates.

The methods used for obtaining isolated pure cultures ii d

iidi ~%bi i i i'll ii i

di d-ii fbi ii i Taxonomic identification of the bacterial isolates was based on mor-phology, staining reactions, and biochemical capabilities as outlined in t

Table 0.2.1.

Classification of some of the bacteria was according to the identification scheme developed by J.

M. Shewan which identifies the

'acteria to genus (Table 0.2.2).

Gram-positive rods and cocci.are not included in Shewan's analysis.

In some cases, the identification of these bacteria is to the family instead of genus level.

The Gram-positive rods were identified according to the scheme presented in Table D.2.3.

The potential application of ATP analysis to sediments to develop a

chemical profiling technique is being experimentally investigated.

A.

CARBOHYDRATES A major polysaccharide found in the marine environment is chitin.

Chitin comprises the structural unit in the exoskeleton of crustaceans and insects.

The major contributors to the pool of this"polysaccharide are arthropods; in particular, the subclass of the planktonic crustacea,

~Co e oda.

Several million tons of chitin are estimated to be produced each year from this subclass.

Chitin is a carbohydrate composed of re-peating units of N-acetyl-glucosamine.

Chemically, this consists of the 4

W elements carbon, nitrogen,

hydrogen, and oxygen.

Accumulation of chitin without sufficient degradation would result in significant depletion of these elements from the carbon and nitrogen cycles.

Another polysaccharide found in the estuarine environment is cellu-lose; the most abundant cell wall polysaccharide of plants.

It is be-lieved to make up more than 505 of the total organic carbon in the biosphere.

Structurally, it is very similar to chitin, being composed of repeating units of glucose molecules.

Chemically, it is different from chitin in that nitrogen is not a part of the cellulose molecule.

Because of the abundance of cellulose, a significant drain of carbon from the carbon pool would result without sufficient bacterial degradation to make it available in more usable form to other organisms.

Each of these polysaccharides was tested as a substrate for degrada-tion by the bacterial isolates.

The results were recorded as percentage of isolates hydrolyzing the substrate (Table 0.2.4).

Metabolism of smaller carbohydrates was also included in the charac-terization of the isolates.

Lactose, glucose,

mannitol, and saccharose were used as the test sugars.

Lactose and saccharose are disaccharides.

Lactose is composed of galactose and glucose, while saccharose is composed II of fructose and glucose.

Glucose and mannitol are monosaccharides.'e-sults were recorded as percentage of isolates metabolizing the sugars.

B.

PROTEINS Proteins occurring free in the marine environment are due to death of plant and animal 1'ife, Metabolism of these proteins feeds the carbon,

nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

The test protein chosen for this investiga-tion was, casein.

The source, of casein was non;fat dry milk.

Sizemore and Stevenson (1970) reported that casein hydrolysis by marine bacteria shows good correlation with hydrolysis of a naturally occurring marine 0

0

protein, fish-juice.

Because of the accessibility of casein, and the simplicity of the procedure, the casein hydrolysis method used by Sizemore and Stevenson was adopted.

. C. LIPIDS Lipid hydrolysis was assayed as the percentage of bacterial isolates hydrolyzing olive oil on spirit blue agar (Difco).

Since lipids may contain carbon, nitrogen,

hydrogen, and oxygen, their breakdown is also an important component of effective nutrient exchange.

D.

NITROGEN AND SULFUR The role of the bacterial isolates in specific steps of the nitrogen and sulfur cycles was investigated.

Nitrogen exists in the environment in several forms, including: mole-cular nitrogen, amines (proteins), nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia.

The bacterial isolates were found to be capable of oxidizing and reducing the intermediates of the nitrogen cycle.

The production of ammonia.from pro-teins (ammonification),

ammonia oxidation to nitrite and then nitrate, and the reduction of nitrates were used as indicators of cyclization of the nitrogen compounds by the bacterial isolates.

Sulfate and sulfite reduction to sulfide was also investigated.

It is planned to add additional tests to the investigation that will give a more quantitative analysis for sulfate and sulfite reduction.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Analysis of bacterial counts of sediment samples from eight stations in the Turkey Point Canal and three in Biscayne Bay indicated a general

increase in the population density from January through June, 1975 (Table, D.2.5).

Peak bacterial counts in the canal were attained in May with an average of 255.6 x 10 bacteria/gm of sediment.

Highest counts attained 4

in the bay were in April, 1975 with an average of 109 x 10 bacteria/gm of sediment for the three c'ontrol stations sampled.

Continued monthly analyses will establish whether or not this is a yearly peaking phenomenon.

Both salinity and conductivity measurements were highest in February (Tables 0.2.6 and D.2.7).

Subsequent measurements were significantly lower.

There was,

however, no correlation between these phenomena and the bac-terial population as evidenced by the fact that the highest bacterial count in the canals occurred in May, 1975.

This coincided with an increase in conductivity from 16,500 pmhos/cm in April to 37,310 pmhos/cm in May.

The fact that the salinity measurements for the same. months did not show any significant change may be due to ions other than sodium chloride.

Increased salinity has not been shown to be detrimental to the over-all numbers of a bacterial population.

On the contrary, Morita, et al.,

have shown that increased salinity actually increases the maximum growth I

temperature of certain marine bacteria.

This can be interpreted as mean-ing that if the increase in salinity occurs simultaneously with an in-crease in temperature, certain halophilic bacteria may increase in numbers.

Furthermore, the same study showed that other ions may increase the maximum growth temperature for certain bacteria.

Our study would seem to corroborate these findings.

The increase in conductance, which is a

measure of all ions, from April to May, is not accompanied by an increase in salinity; however, the number of bacteria increased significantly (Table D.Z. 5).

In comparison, a high conductance measurement for February was not accompanied by a high bacterial count.

The reason for this may be that during. the cooler month of February, even with the'high conduc-tivity, the bacteria were unable to reach their maximum growth potential.

This may be seen by observing bacterial counts obtained at Stations F-1 and RF-3 (Figure D.2.1).

Station F-1 is near the warmer water of the plant discharge canal.

The conductivity and salinity of the two s~ations for the month of February were similar (Tables D.2a6 and D.2.7).

However, the number of bacteria found at Station F-1 was 2.39 times greater than at Station RF-3.

A change in the percentage composition of types of bacteria occurred between January and June, 1975 (Table 0.2.8).

This may be due to the warmer temperatures during the latter months selecting for those bacteria most capable of growth at higher temperatures.

There was an actual dis-appearance of. Bacillacea in April, May, and June accompanied by an increase fth Ah b

.~A1 1i 9

p dth Vibrio group.

This change in the kinds of bacteria from January through June was not evident in the biochemical profile of the bacterial isolates (Table D.2.4).

The biochemical data clearly indicate the presence of bacteria in the Turkey Point cooling canal system capable of metabolizing proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids.

Cellulose metabolism was investigated but by the method employed, no cellulose degradation was demonstrate'd.

It is possible that the method of analysis is inadequate.

Further work on this problem is being performed.

The majority of the chitinoclasts isolated from the canal system were among the genera Achromobacter, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium and Hicro-coccus (Table D.2.9).

This is consistent with results obtained by Campbell and Williams (1951).

l

The ability of the bacterial isolates to cycle nitrogenous compounds t

is clearly demonstrated in the results for ammonification, oxidation of ammonia to nitrite, and reduction of nitrate (Table D.2.4).

The method used for measuring nitrite oxidation gave higher results than expected.

It is felt that this is an experimental error due to the residual nitrite f

remaining in the culture tube after the'ncubation period.

Nitrite gives a false-positive test for nitrate.

Therefore, all available nitrite must be oxidized before measuring for nitrate.

This test would be quantitative only after a complete oxidation of nitrite had occurred.

In the future, less nitrite will be added to the reaction medium in an effort to refine this test.

Sulfate reduction varied from 33K of the isolates in February and April to 5X in June (Table D.2.4).

The method. used for measuring sulfate reduc-tion yields results which serve as a good comparison between stations or between months.

CONCLUSIONS Total bacterial counts of sediment samples taken from the Turkey Point cooling canal indicated a general increase from lowest levels in cooler months to higher levels in warmer weather.

This suggests-the presence of a bacterial microflora that grows best during warmer months.

Whether this increase in numbers is due to'temperature, a change in the kinds of nutri-ents being delivered to the system, or an increase in dead plants and animals in the canals is not known at this time.

Bacterial metabolism was studied by using intermediates of the carbon,

nitrogen, and sulfur cycles.

- The bacterial isolates demonstrated a vari-able biochemical profile and were active on carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and the intermediates of the carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen cycles.

This is consistent with the kinds of bacteria found in the canal system.

Pseudomonas sp.,

Aeromonas sp.,

and Vibrio sp.

are typically active bio-chemically Given circumstances which would not be suppressive to 5,7.

their metabolic activities, they should continue to contribute to a good nutrient exchange.

Un'inhibited growth of the kinds of bacteria we have v

demonstrated will mean that these biological cycles will remain active.

Sulfur-reducing bacteria were found in the canal system.

However, a chemical analysis for the ratio of sulfates to other sulfur compounds does not indicate good metabolic activity by this particular group of bacteria.

Further analyses will be performed to determine whether or not sulfates are being reduced at a pace in keeping with their formation.

In

addition, a more extensive analysis of the kinds of sulfate reducing bac-teria present will be done.

guantitatiye determinations of sulfate reduc-ers will be attempted.

Cellulose digesters were not found in the canal with the techniques used in this laboratory.

This is thought to be due to difficulties en-countered in preparing the complex medium.

Continued work on the techni-que and the types of media used will give more conclusive evidence of the presence or absence of cellulose digesters.

The evidence gathered to date cannot be used to draw definite con-clusions until the seasonal variations are known.

Additional data will

'e collected, statistical analyses of the data performed, and more definitive statements made at that time.

REFERENCES 9,

II. 9.

1973 I: ~19'l I

I I ~AI I tl Publ.

Wm.

C. Brown, Company - Dubuque, Iowa.

2. Campbell, L. L., Jr.

and 0.

B. Williams 1951 A study of chitin decomposing microorganisms of marine origin.

J.

Gen. Microbiol. 5: 894-905.

3.

F bib,tl.

1979 I:

F I I

F7~Ii bl pp. 1-629.

Publ.

W. B. Sanders Company, Philadelphia, Penn'a.

4. Morita, R. Y., L. P. Jones, R.

P. Griffiths, and T.

E. Staley 1973 Salinity and temperature interactions and their rela-tionship to the microbiology of the estuarine environment.

In: Estuarine Microbial ~Ecole

, pp.

221-232.

Univ. of S.

C.

Press, Columbia, S.

C. - L. H. Stevenson and R.

R. Colwell (ed.)

5.

Shewan, J.

M.

1963 The differentiation of certain genera of Gram-negative bacteria frequently encountered in marine environments.

In:

SVVm osium on Marine Microbioio~, pp. 449-521.

C.. D. Thomas, Springfield, Ill. - C.

H. Oppenheimer (ed.)

6. Sizemore, R.

K. and L. H. Stevenson 1970 Method for'he isolation of proteolytic marine bacteria.

~A

1. Microbiol. 20; 991-992.

7. Spencer, R.

1955 The taxonomy of certain luminous'acteria.

J.

Gen. Microbiol. 13:

111-118..

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TABLE D.2.1.

DETFRMINATIVE TESTS USED FOR THE IDENTIFICATIOiN OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES TEST

SUMMARY

OF METHODOLOGY Gram Stain Spore Stai.n R

Catalase Test Oxygen Dependency Oxidase Test

~

1) Air dry smear, heat fix

2) Crystal violet stain, rinse with H 0 (3) Apply mordant (iodine), rinse with H 0

~

II7

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~ ~v I

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~

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R 2

di Decolorize with Gram's alcohol, rinse with H>0 5

Safranin stain, rinse with H20.

(1) Air dry smear, heat fix (2) Apply 1Ã methylene blue stain, rinse with H20.

(1) Apply a drop of:3X H 02 to an isolated colony.

(1) An agar-shake is made in a culture tube with each isolate to be tested.

(1) A drop of oxidase reagent (1/ tetramethyl-p-phenylene-diamine dihydrochloride) is applied to each isolated colony to be tested.

Penicillin Sensitivity

'(1)

A Difco penicillin disk (5'units) is applied to each plate streaked with bacteria.

Methyl-Red/Voges-Proskauer Test Indole Citrate Utilization

~R.R 1

R d

1 (1) Add methyl red solution to a 24-48 hour culture of the bacteria to be tested.

~Y-P

'1 (1) Add 18 drops of Barritt's solution A to one ml of a 24-48 hour culture (2) Add 18 drops of Barritt's solution B to the above and shake.

(1) Grow each bacterial isolate in l~ tryptone broth (Difco) for 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months (2) After 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months add 10-12 drops of Kovac's reagent.

(1) Streak each isolate on a slant of Simmon's Citrate Agar and incubate for 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months .

TABLE D.2.1 (continued)

TEST

SUMMARY

OF METHODOLOGY Urea Hydrolysis Motility Ammonification of Chi tin Ammonification of Peptone Metabolism of Carbohydrates (1)

(2)

(3)

(1)

(2)

(1)

.2)

I Inoculate each isolate into 15 Difco urea broth containing phenol red indicator.

Inoculate Dif'co motility medium with each isolate.

Add a drop of a 4, 7, 10, 14, or 21 day culture grown in selective medium to a spot plate well Test for production of ammonia from chitin with Nessler's reagent Confirm by observing culture for an additional 1-2 weeks for visual evidence of chitin degrada-tion in the tube.

Inoculate peptone broth with each isolate to be tested Test for presence of ammonia after 4, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days with Nessler's reagent.

Culture isolated bacteria in specific sugar broths Observe for change in color of phenol red indica-tor from red to yellow as evidence of sugar metabolism.

Nitrate Reduction (1)

(2)

(3)

Inoculate isolate to be tested. into BBL trypticase nitrate broth After incubation, test for production of nitrite by adding a drop of the culture to a spot well con-taining 3 drops of Trommsdorf's reagent and one drop of dilute (1 part aci.d:

3 parts distilled H20) sul furic acid Observe for development of an intense blue-black color.

Sulfate Reduction Sulfite Reduction Bacterial isolates grown on triple sugar iron agar and sulfate reducer API agar.

Bacterial isolates grown on BBL sulfite agar for 48 hours5.555556e-4 days 0.0133 hours 7.936508e-5 weeks 1.8264e-5 months and examined for appearance of blackened

. areas, indicating formation of sulfide.

e 0'

TABLE D.2.2 DETERMINATIVE IDENTIFICATION SCHEME FOR GRAM NEGATIVE, ASPOROGENOUS RODS MOTILE NON-MOTILE Xovac's oxidase Positive Kovac's oxidase Ne ative "Paracolons 1)

Usually achro-matic 1)

Bright yellow pigmentation 1)

No pigmentation 1)

No pi gmentation 1)

Pigmentation-yellow, yellow-orange; orange 2)

Di.ffusabl e pigment I

3)

Biochemically inactive on sugars 4)

Penicillin insensitive 2)

No diffusable pigment 3)

.Biochemically active on sugars 2)

No diffusable pigment 3)

,Glucose fermente 2)

Sensitive to penicillin 3)

Short, stout rods no flexing motility flexing motility Pseudomonas sp.

Xanthomonas sp.

Aeromonas,sp.

Vi.brio sp.

Achromobacter sp.

P.

Flavobacteriom sp.

Cyyto ba a sp.

TABLE D.2.3 DETERMINATIVE IDENTIFICATION SCHEME FOR GRAt1 POSITIVE RODS GRN STAIN POSITIVE RODS I"

I Non-motile rods, no endospores 1

Motile rods, I

(most) with endospores Propionic acid fermented Weakly fermentative Anaerobic sporeformers Aerobic sporeformers Pro ionibacteriaceae Cor nebacteriaceae Clostridium sp.

Bacillus sp.

0

TA E D.2.4.

BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF BACTERIAL ISOLATES FROM THE TURKEY POINT CANAL SYSTEM X HYDROLYZING X METABOLIZING AMMONIFYING X OXIDIZING

'X REDUCING Month PROTEI LIPID CHITIN GLUCOSE LACTOSE SACCHAROSE MANNITO PEPTONE A.NH3 to N02 NO to NO B.N02 to N03 A. S04 to S

B.

S03 to S

September, 1974 October November December I

January, 1975 89 34 77'9 61 41 48 62 82 20 79 60 12 54 48 65 65 0-61 40

'26 18 42 33 18 19 34 36 80 86 A.

B.

I I

A.

B.

10 14 February March April May June 69 88 36

. 57..

33 90

16. 7 90 40 64 33 68 80 77 33 67 65 40 77 0

23 56 65 40 69 39 67 18 40 44 36 77 80 27 I100*

I 10

< 100*

I 26 13 70.6 I

33 I

23 I

12 26 33'3 l

I 5

I 4

A positive reaction to residual. nitrite resulted in "false-positives" for the test for nitrate.

The actual percentage of isolates is less than indicated.

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TABLE D.2.6 SALINITY IN PPT (0/OG)

AT EIGHT STATIONS IN THE TURKEY POINT CANAL AND THREE STATIONS IN BISCAYNE BAY Month of Analysis S(0/00)

AT THE STATIONS IN THE BAY llonthly Average S(0/00)in the ba WF-2 W18-2 RF-3 RC "2 E3-2 RC-0 S(0/00)

AT THE STATIONS IN THE CANAL (FIGURE 1)

F-1 month y Aver age S(0/00)in W6-2 th. canal January*

February 33 33 33 33 25 28 34 33 36 36 36 38

33. 3 Narch 15.5 15

. 15.2

..22

~ 22 22 17 20

.18

14. 5

-18 19.2 April 20 20 20 20 21 20 21 21 20 21 30 23 22.1 tray 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 26 21.6 June

12. 5 12.5 12.

12. 5 8.5 6

10 10.5 8.8

Salinity readings were not taken during the month of January,

TABLE D.2.7 CONDUCTIYITY IN yMHOS/CM X10 AT EIGHT STATIONS IN THE TURKEY POINT CANAL AND THREE STATIONS IN BISCAYNE BAY Month of Analysis January CONDUCTIYITY AT 3 STATIONS IN THE BAY Readings in the ba H18 2 RF 3 RC 2 E3 2 RC 0 Average

ND CTIVITY READINGS AT EIGHT STATIONS Conductivity LOCATED IN THE TURKEY POINT CANAL FIGURE 1

F 1

M62 Average Conductivi Readings c

Sins.

Can<<

February 500 500 500 500 400 460 490 495 495 500 500 465.0 March 250 245 245 246.7 300 320 300 260 300 280.

270 300 291.3 April 230 230 230 230 165 110-200 195 185 180 210 165.0 May 380 380 380 380 370 375 365 380 360 375

.380 380 373.1 June 340 340 340 340 320 350 340 350 340 350 330 380 345.0

Conductivity readings were not taken during the month of January.

TABLE D.2.8 TYPES OF BACTERI'A ISOLATED FROM THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL'XPRESSED AS'PERCENT'OF'THE TOTAL ISOLATES FOR EACH MONTH TYPE OF ORGANISM 'JAN; FEB.

MAR.

APR.

MAY JUNE t

Pseudomonas, Xanthomonas group

.... 42.3.

6.1 12.5 40 31.8 20

. Aeromonas, Vibrio group

., 15.4 33.3 3.1 20 40.9 20 Achromobacter,

~A1 1i 9

P 0

15.2'7.5 13

22. 7 30 Flavobacterium 1 l. 5 9.1

15.6 27 4.5 20

~

Ctohaa 0

0 3.1 0

0 0

Bacillaceae Micrococcaceae 26.9

22. 3 28.1 3,9 6,1, 0

0 0

0 0'

10 Col iforms 0

0 0

TABLE 0.2.9 PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF CHITINOCLASTS AMONG THE GENERA GENERA PERCENTAGE Pseudomonas 18.4 Aeromonas, Vibrio group 26.5 Achromobacter 22.4 Flavobacterium 14.3 Bacillus 12.3 Micrococcus 6.1 ZZI.E PHYSICAL AND NUTRIENT DATA PHYSICAL DATA

~Pur use The purpose of this report is to provide basic physical data to help in the interpretation of reports which follow. (Section IIIeF and IZI.G)

WATER SAMPLING, PHYSICAL DATA Methods and Procedures Temperature was measured using a Y.S.I. Thermistemp Tele-thermometer (a thermistor probe).

Accuracies were -0.5 C.

Salinities were determined by an American Optical refractometer.

Accuracies were

+- 0.5 ppt.

The dissolved oxygen levels were determined with 'a Y.S.Z. oxygen meter using a membrane electrode.

The accuracy was Oe4 ppm.

All measurements were made in the top meter of water.

All instruments were calibrated before each sampling date.

TEMPERATURES

'WITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTEH AT ALL SAHPLltIG POltlTS CN,AI.L SAHPLIHG DATES GATE 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/Of/75 I

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50-2/05/75 3/07/75 4/0 I/75 5/00/75 6/05/75 I

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TE'MPE'RATURCS IN 0ISCAYNC GAY ANO CARO SOUND AT ALL SAMPLING POINTS ON AI.L SAHPLING OATHS OATK 1/08'/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 II/04/75 5/08/75 6/0j/75 I

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SAt.lNITY NITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTKH AT ALI SANPt.!NG POIIITS ON ALL SANPLING OATHS OATK 1/08/75 I

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SAI.INITY AT THE THREE CCtlTROL STAT1CtlS ltl 0(SCAYNB OAY CN ALI SAHPLltlG OATCS OAT8 1/08/75 2/05/?5 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

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I I

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I I

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i/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 II/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 OATE DISSOLVED OXYGEN WITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTEM AT ALL SAHPLING POINTS OH ALL SAHPI.ING DATES DATE 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/0)/75 I

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PHYSICAL DATA DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS This section deals with data collected on a monthly basis during plankton sampling.

Daily temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen readings along with the time/duration data on a continuous basis is available in other sections of this volume.

Tem erature The maximum temperature measured was 39 C in the cooling canal 0

but only 30.5 C in the Bay.

Despite the cooling canals being 0

warmer, the average difference between Biscayne Bay and the cooling canal system during this period was only 1.9 C.

During the month 0

of April the average temperature in Biscayne Bay was 0.6 C above 0

the canal system.

The plot of temperatures in the canal system shows the plant discharge consistently higher than elsewhere in the canals.

It is interesting to note that two thirds of the temperature drop around the system appears to happen within the first third of the cooling canal system.

Since the cooling process is, in part, a

function of temperature differences between air and water and since this difference is at a maximum in 'the discharge

area, cooling "would be expected to be more rapid here.

Average temperature differences between the cooling canal system intake and Biscayne Bay were 1.6 C.

This is consistent with observations in previous years.

The temperature difference between the Bay and canals was greater in winter than in summer.

The cooling canal system and the Bay are subject to similar environmental conditions with the exception of the heat load added by the power plant.

The point has been raised that, the dark bottom of the cooling canals is likely to increase the water temperature more than a light bottom.

This seems reasonable.

However, 'the Bay has a lighter bottom than the canal system and it gains more heat in the summertime, on an average, than the canals do.

Evidently, the circulation of the water in the canals may be a more significant factor than the shallow-ness or substrate color in the cooling process.

~Salinit The salinity in the cooling canal system remains 1 to 2 parts per thousand (ppt) below Biscayne Bay.

The interceptor ditch pumping P

for salt water intrusion control may be the reason for the lower salinity at the sample point in the westernmost canal.

When these pumps were shut off, indicating that there was a seaward gradient from the levee 31 canal eastward, the salinity should have risen if the pumps were the only mechanism for these lower salinities.

However, it appears that the seaward gradient is a possible mechanism for the continued lower salinity in the westernmost canal.

The average range of salinity in the cooling canal system was 4.0 ppt in the canals and 2.8 ppt in the Bay.

The increased range in the cooling canals in primarily due to the low salinity at the sample point on the western side of the canals.

With maximum salinities of 42 in the canals and 42.5 in the Bay, and minimums of 32 and 33 ppt in the canals and Bay respectively, the total range of salinities in both systems is approximately equal.

All of these salinities are well within the tolerance range of marine organisms.

There is no evidence whatsoever to indicate a salinity buildup in the Turkey Point cooling canal system.

0

Dissolved Ox en The dissolved oxygen levels in the canal system are typically 1 to 2 parts per million (ppm) lower than in the Bay.

This is due, in part, to the elevated temperatures in the canal system.,

The minimum value of 4.2 ppm in the canals still provides a

sufficient oxygen supply for the animals found therein.

NUTRIENT DATA

~Pur ose A more complete picture system along with early the canals is served by water column.

It is to of the ecosystem in the cooling canal detection of eutrophic tendencies in information on nutrient levels in the this end that this prog'ram is instituted.

Methods and Procedures Samples are collected concurrently with the physical data, phyto-plankton and zooplankton surveys.

Samples are collected in acid washed containers with ground glass stoppers.

They are stored in the dark while in the field.

Mercuric chloride is used as a

,preservative in all but the ammonia samples where phenol alcohol is used.

If analysis is delayed beyond 24 hours2.777778e-4 days 0.00667 hours 3.968254e-5 weeks 9.132e-6 months , samoles are frozen until analysis is to be run.

All analyses are performed on a Technicon CSM6 Autoanalyzer.

Results are reported in ppm.

There are 12 sample points within the canal system and three control sample points in Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.

Precision is determined by the comparison of results from four, replicates taken at one sampling point during each sampling date.

3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 8/05/75 I

I I

I RNHONLA HlTHlN THE COOLlNG CANAL SYSTEN AT ALL SAHPLIHG POltlTSi ON ALL SAHPLltlG OATKS OATK 1/08/75 2/ K>/75 I

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.0.2000-. -.

0+ 1500-0,1000

+

0.0500-

. +*

~

4 0 F 0000 I

I I

1/08/75 2/ 05/75 3/0?/75 OATK I

4/04/75 I-5/08/75 G/05/75 AMMONIA AT TMB THREE CQNTRQI. STAT IQNS IN BISC*YNE BAY ANO CARD SQVNO DATE 1/08/75 2/05/75 I

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4/04/75 i 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

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0 ~ 4500-0'000 0'500

~'

~ 3000-Oo2500-,.

~ =

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THXS XS A BLANK PAGE NITRITES IIITHIN THK COOLING CANAL SYSTEM AT ALL SAMPLING POINTS'N ALL SAMPLING GATES OATK 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

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6/05/75 NITRATES IIITHIN THE CCOLING CANAL SYSTEM AT ALL SAMPI.ING POINTS CN ALL SAMPLING GATES O*TE 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/Of/75 I

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tllTRATES AT THE THRff CCttTROL STATICCIS IN 8ISCAYtlf OAY Vl ALL SAMPLIttG OATES OATE 1/08/75 I

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I 5/08/75 6/05/75 INORGANIC PHOSPHATES AT THE THREE CCtlTROL STATIONS IN OISCAYNE GAY QI ALL SAMPLING OATES DATE 1/08/75 2/ 05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

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I' 5/08/75 6/05/75 TOTAL PHOSPHATES MITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTEH AT AI.L SAHPLING POINTS ON ALL SAHPLING DATES DATE 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/Oj/75 I

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TOTAL PIIOSPIIATES AT TIIE TIIREE CONTROI. STATlCtlS ltl 8ISCAYIIE OAY LYI ALL SAMPLING DATES DATE 1/08/75 I

Oo1000-2/05/75 I

. 3/07/75 I

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'TOTAL PIIOS I

gPPM) 1/08/75 2/05/75 DATE I

3/07/75 I

I I

...4/04/75 5/OP f",;"- -.

6/05/75 NUTRIENT DATA DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Ammonia In 1974, the average ammonia levels were around 0.35 ppm.

This year to date, the maximum value has been less than 0.3 ppm, with an average of between 0.05 and 0.10 ppm.

The increase in cooling canal ammonia levels in April, May and June of last year was only slightly evident this year.

It is interesting to note that the ammonia levels which were markedly different from the system average this year occurred in the same months and at the same points as the lowest salinity levels.

As discussed in the section on physical data, the low salinity levels may be. attributed to pumping of the interceptor ditch. It appears reasonable to attribute the elevated ammonia levels to the same source; The ammonia levels at the control stations in the Bay and Sound were consistently lower than in the system.

The levels at all sampling points remain well below any level that could be considered eutrophic.

Nitrites This year is the second complete year of nutrient sampling.

The pattern in the canals of an increase in nitrite levels in December and January with a decrease to a consistently lower le'vel through-out the rest of the year has been duplicated for the second year.

'V The nitrite levels at the control stations have continued to main-tain stable levels varying from 1/10 to 1/4 the levels within the canal system.

The nitrite levels have continued at approximately the same non-eutrophic concentrations as in the first six months of 1974.

Nitrates Nitrate levels in the canals increased approximately 0.15 ppm over 1974 levels through April.

During May they returned to the 1974 levels.

The sudden increase in June is as yet unex-plained.

When test results from July are available, the continuity of the increase can be determined.

With the exception of this year's June measurements, the nitrates have followed last year's pattern of a winter increase and summer decrease.

Phos hates As a generalization, the inorganic phosphate levels continue to correlate with the total phosphate levels.

The total phosphate levels are approximately 0.03 ppm higher than the inorganic phosphate levels.

The levels of phosphates remain well below 0.1 ppm.

This is probably due to the formation and subsequent precipitation of tricalcium phosphate.

This would effectively remove the phosphate from the water column.

REPORT ON THE GENERA AND SPECIES OF. ALGAE, PROTOZOA AND CERTAIN OTHER MICROORGANISMS IN THE PLANKTON OF THE TURKEY POINT COOL1NG WATER CANALS AND ADJACENT BISCAYNE BAY WATERS This report is an analysis of samples taken in January through

June, and preserved with either formalin or a modified Lugols solution.

The samples were taken at the same stations as in the previous report.

Distribution for each month is shown in Table 1.

The population had dropped from previous

numbers, and numbers

.counted are shown in Table 1 as total populations for most species in 12.5 mls. of raw water.

In most cases color had bleached out, and there was of course no movement.

Since there was a consider-able amount of debris, it was not possible to obtain any accurate counts for small zooflagellates such as Monas and pennate diatoms 10 microns or less in length.

Coccochloris and minute Chlorella cells could not be'ertainly identified, hence are not included in Table 1.

Detonula was probably frequently missed also.

In a few cases an organism could not be identified, either from available literature or possibly because not yet described and classified.

If it recurred, or if it was present in some numbers in a single sample, it was given a name so it could be further taken into account if expedient.

Such organisms are starred in Tables 2 to 5.

Table 1 certainly indicates a considerable diminution in the plankton content of the waters

sampled, compared to previous studies.

It was stated previously that an organism must occur at least once per ml, or 1000 per liter, of raw water to be termed important.

Some algal cells readily reach 50,000 per ml, and we have used 500 per ml as constituting a bloom.

In February Chlorella was abundant in the canals, and a careful count, was made at Station W6-2.

This gave about 1500 per ml. It appears that both Chlorella and Coccochloris were present at times in bloom numbers but because of their very small size, their biomass was hardly adequate to influence the biochemistry of the water at the sampling stations.

The next highest count was 993 at Station RC-0 in the canal system in February.

This amounted to 7,900,000 per liter and was again due to a minute form, Coccochloris.

These are the two highest counts for the entire six months, for individual species.

Table 1 represents more than 140 species.

The number of species for an individual sample might be quite low, for example, ll at Station 19 in February.

This limited number of species usually means a low population; 14 per 12.5 ml exclusive of minute cells containing chlorophyll and minute colorless cells.

These last two were not counted, although certainly present.

Actually 68 of the Bay samples had less than 100 organisms (exclusive of the two groups not counted) per volume of 12.5 ml and the canals had 26 containing less than 100. It was also noted that the canal samples had more minute chlorophyll containing cells, and small colorless cells than the Bay samples.

The Bay has a

slightly more varied species list than the canals, but not conspicuously so. It may be said that both areas are low in species and in population figures per water unit.

Reasons for this are speculative.

Figures on orthophosphate were not available.

It may be assumed that in the Bay, the large crop of macroscopic algae is highly competitive for nutrients.

Since there is no such crop in the canals, a higher level might be expected there, partly because leaching from the excavations plus a small inflow and rain water.

But this canal water is continuously pumped round and round and should be gradually depleted.

So, nutrients may be in short supply, and one limiting

-100-

factor.

Temperatures were generally high.

ln the canals they ranged from 29. 7 C to 31. 7 with Station F-1 showing 29. 02 C during May.

No plankton sample was available, but in June this Station was also highest, 37.1 while others in the canals varied from 30.1 C to 36.S C.

The June plankton count at 0

0 F-1 was 34, mostly dinoflagellates, and the low for the month.

These temperatures for the entire period vary about two degrees between the Bay and the canals, except for F-1.

These are high temperatures, but bearable, on the basis of previous obser-vations around Turkey Point.

Seasonal fluctuation is largely ruled out for the canals, and this may be a factor for low counts.

Some account should be taken of possible predation.

I have not I

seen Dekle's population counts for the small predators, princi-pally copepods, but they could be significant.

At any rate, on the basis of population densities, there would seem to be no damage to the canal population, by the recircu-lation of the canal water.

Both this and the Bay water have small populations, whose limited number for the species noted can hardly be accounted for.

Numbers per liter are not sufficient to impart color or turbidity to the water column, unless at depths greater than one or two meters.

The question is whether they are sufficiently abundant to successfully serve as food for juvenile fish, crabs, etc.

A second question is whether there are significant differences between Bay and canal micro-biotas.

Qualitative Com arison of Biotas Sulfur'acteria The only identified sulfur bacteria here are species-of--

WE.

-101-

face, and at one time or another-all species listed in=Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology have been recorded from Turkey Point waters, principally Grand Canal.

In this report MB

~Sec ice Beggiatoa alba, Beggiatoa arachnoidea Beggiatoa alba Beggiatoa arachnoidea Area Bay Bay Canal T1HlB March May March Occurrences Canal Jan.

Feb.

10 Apr. May It is assumed that these organisms are without any special significance here.

The commonest green alga in all samples is Chlorella.

Probably m

somewhat larger form, possibly Pleurococcus, was noted, and it is possible that Chlam domonas (Volvocida) not showing flagella may have occurred also.

There were about four types of definitely green cells whose identification was uncertain.

One difficulty a"

varies so much.

Volvocida One of the commonest minute green cells in estuarine situations, such as Escamhia Bay is P tamidomonas Stossi.

Its shape and four flagella are quite recognizable.

Duniella saline is another.

Both were expected

here, but neither occurred

commonly, and very few of the many species Butcher (An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of British Coastal Haters.

Part 1:

Introduction and Chlorophyceae) has described, were found.

Three species were noted:

~Secies'arteria sp.

Platymonas sp.

Pyramidomonas grossi Area Time Occurrences Canals June 1

Canals June 1

Bay Jan.

Feb.

9 Mar.. June

-102-

Q i

Since none of these three occurred in quantity, it seems they must be termed adventitious.

Yet they must have persisted in the areas in which they were found, and if conditions became favorable, might have attained bloom proportions.

There could well have been more, if living cells had been examined.

All three are planktonic.

Eu lenida The only planktonic euglenid, and the only green one found, has but all of them were interface (benthic) forms and none occurred blooms in salt or estuarine waters which received treated, or otherwise organically contaminated water, but no source of such contamination existed here.

The same statement can be made for marine species recorded from various authorities, the following list is regarded as small:

~Secies Anisonema ovale Entosiphon sulcatus Eutreptiella hirudoidea Petalomonas sp.

Unid. colorless sp.

Area Bay Canals Bay Canals Bay Bay Occurrences 2

Since these must be regarded as incidental, and since they are scattered in time and location, it seems probable that neither the Bay or the canals are a suitable habitat for euglenids, unless in the sediment water interface.

Most of the colorless forms are saprozoic

anyhow, and the low organic content of the area waters may be a limiting factor.

All of the above five species are partial to contained soluble organic content.

-103-

0

Cr tomonodida Cryptomonads have a limited number of marine genera, and the only ones which I have observed as frequent and in large numbers seen very extensive blooms of Hemiselmis anomala in Escambia

Bay, Guanabara Bay (Brazil) and Great South Bay. It preserves poorly (as-do many cryptomonads) and is recorded primarily from living material.

The following genera and species were found in the Turkey Point samples:

~Sec ies Chilomonas marina Chroomonas (baltica? )

Cryptomonas sp.

Rhodomonas (Plagioselmis sp. )

Area Bay Bay Canals Bay Bay Canals Occurrences 14 3

1 1

11 3

Chilomonas is primarily an off shore organism and is easily recognized after preservation.

But the remaining genera and species are probably a small fraction of those actually occurring, judging from occurrences in living samples.

If a conclusion must be drawn from the occurrence and:numbers of those recorded, it is that neither Bay nor canals offer a satisfactory milieu for this group.

Other Minor Grou s

There were virtually no other records of algae.

Chr sochromulina occurred in a single sample in May but otherwise the Chryso-physida were lacking.

Coccolithophorida were likewise not found, the single exception being Syracosphaera.

Ebridiens were repre-and May.

The protozoa were limited except for Ciliata to two unidentified shelled rhizopods and no zooflagellates were recorded.

The. absence of such typical inshore organisms as these

groups, plus the Chloromonadida, is certainly evidence of some stres in:

-104-

the environment.

There is nothing to connect it with operation of the nuclear plant, other than the continuous relatively high temperatures in the canals.

There are four other groups of organisms which seem to fare well under existing conditions.

These are blue green algae, diatoms, dinoflagellates and ciliates.

M xo h ceae:

Blue Green Al ae Movement in blue green algae is limited, although hydrostatic adjustment in the 'water column is common.

Consequently, they frequently become carpets on a given physical substrate.

Patches of such carpets.

are frequent in the area, but not to such an extent as to be a nuisance.

No blooms in the water column have been noted thus far, and the most common is Coccochloris, not counted in these

analyses, for reasons given above.

Table 2 shows the number of planktonic blue green, the numbers of occurrences and the months in which they were found.

Nine-teen species are listed, and in the 126 samples only 116 occur-rences were noted.

I would term blue greens common, yet the most frequently seen species was the very small alga given an arbitrary name of ~Lnc~ba aestuarii; in 24 analyses, Coccochloris provided the only probable blooms.

Certainly there was no indication of the algal soups frequently seen in fresh water.

The canals contained a few more kinds, more frequently than the Bay.

But aside from being probably the third most successful group in the area they seem to be without special significance, probably because of low population density.

All of these are plankton forms.

Inshore dinoflagellates are generally rather small species.

h considerable

size, but the most common are small species of

-105-

Table 3 gives species, number of occurrences by month and comparison of those in the canals with those in the Bay.

About half as many species were listed about half as many times in the canals as in the Bay.

The Bay contained 17 species not

'seen in the canals, but only 3 canal species were not found in the Bay.

Two of these three are reported as benthic.

Evidently, the canals are not as suitable a habitat as the Bay.

About 25-28 of the 33 species listed are photosynthetic, and it would seem that more mineral components would be leached from the recently dug canal banks and berms, i.e.,

a better supply of inorganic nutrients than in the Bay.

The argument against this is that constant recirculation depletes the amount available.

Six of the species listed herein are not given in Wood, E. J.

Ferguson, "Dinoflagellates of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Areas," four being small gymnodinia.

Determination of these small species is tricky, often they vary almost imperceptably this category.

How far it is advisable to go in systematics of these dinoflagellates is moot for an ecologic study such as this.

Four of the species found here are listed as bloom formers by Steidinge and Williams, "Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises.

Dinoflagellates."

Presence of small numbers of bloom producing organisms is important in that they are "seeding" organisms.

If they bloom, why? If they do not, what is the reason?

It is not easy to determine the cause of blooms.

years and despite extensive study, it, is still not known why.

Dinoflagellates are important for kinds and numbers here, but their significance is still a question.

Bacillario h ceae:

Diatoms Members of this group are shown in Table 4 to be most numerous in species and in occurrence, of all microorganisms in the area.

C

-106-

Actually a number of starred

species, those termed "Unidentified" at the bottom of Table 4, various pennate forms such as Navicula occurring species, would greatly lengthen Table 4.

Most of Table 4 species are quite small and only about.six are colonial or filamentous.

Either missing or few in number are Asterionella, Skeletonema and Rhizosolenia, while Chaetoceras was noted only 5 times.

In l26 samples this is rare.

Many of the diatoms in

~

Table 4 are planktonic, but there are also many benthic species.

For the diatoms, just as in the dinoflagellates, the thin popu-II lation from January through June indicates some stress.

Since there were no recorded blooms and since the species list is extensive, I infer that nutrients are low, or that temperatures tend to be above the optimum for those listed.

There is no proof of this however.

It is difficult to understand why so many of those listed by'upp, "Marine Plankton Diatoms of the Coast of North America" or

Hendey, "An Introductory Account of the Smaller Algae of British Coastal Waters.

Part V. Bacillariophyceae (Diatoms)" or various other workers concerned with diatoms, have not been found in these plankton samples, or why so few of the species described by these and other authors, have not been found here.

As with other groups, the diatoms leave us with more questions than answers.

One important missing group of diatoms consists of epiphytic forms.

Bloom proportions of these have been seen on'glass slides hung in Grand Canal before these cooling canal studies were initiated, and many species have been listed also by University of Miami workers.

Apparently they are swept into suspension with difficulty, hence have not shown up in this study. 'lso, the canals lack grasses and macroscopic algae for epiphytic forms.

-107-

Cilio horea:

Ciliates Planktonic marine ciliates rarely form blooms.

Several years ago I was apprised of one such bloom, Mesodinium rubrum, in the harbor of Wellington, New Zealand, but have lost the record.

Usually the plankton species are loricate forms, with the lorica being diagnostic.

Table 5 shows. those noted bilidium, Strombidium and Didinium are the commonest aloricate species and only Didinium was not recorded, although Monodinium, close to Didinium, occurred four times.

Only about half as many ciliates were found in the canals as in the Bay.

Bacteria are their prime food and it has been specu-lated that the canals are highest in bacteria, because of breaking down of organic debris.

This debris has been largely mangrove fragments, and as it is cellulosic, may have nourished a restricted flora, i.e.,

one not necessarily proper ciliate food.

At any

rate, 12 species of ciliates found in Bay samples were lacking in canal samples indicating some restrictive factor for the canals.

The ciliates in both Bay and canals hardly attained sufficiently dense populations to be used as indicator organisms.

The species recorded here are mostly common" inshore types, but some of them have been hitherto recorded.

Conclusion

~ There is a continuing decrease in both population density and in species in the first half of 1975 as compared to the last half of 1974 and earlier analyses.

There have been many changes in the physical environment during the last few years so it is reason-able to expect biotic changes.

Some of these changes may repre-sent adaptation to an environment which is now about stable but different in temperature, turbidity, seasonal behaviors

-108-

and perhaps chemical makeup.

It will always be possible to find some differences in biotic makeup every time the area is

sampled, because the waters around Turkey Point are Caribbean

waters, and Ferguson-Wood, in the reference given above, found several hundred species of dinoflagellates, and while many of these are pelagic, any one of them might easily be swept into vast importance in Gulf waters has been virtually lacking in East Coast waters until this year when it occurred in sufficient density to cause some kill around Port Everglades.

While population densities have dropped in the Turkey Point

area, there is probably enough plankton in both Bay and canals to sustain the predator population, and they in turn the fingerling fishes, until the topmost level is reached.

It may be a small population, but fish are present in the canals, and in some eastern canals there is enough grass to support a size-able epiphytic biota.

Conditions are good enough to support a balanced population.

Lacking data on kind and size nothing further can be said.

-109-

Table 1.

Number of coll or colonies of a3;Gae, protozoa and 7 micro-scopic i~';etazoa in 12.5 mls of raw water from e"ch of 13 Biscayne Bay and 12 cooling canal Staticns near the Turkey Point Plant, January - June, 1975

'tation 3

5 12 19 23 24.

25 26 28 29 R-3 X-3 Y-3 Jan.

33 13" 10 33 27 37 38 Qi7 55 264 112 132 58 Number Feb.

38 66 15 46 74, 235 76 218 110 165 98 72 organisms Bay Narch 86 97 49 37 68 61 90 51 75 53 100 53 28 Acri1 97 82 3Q 90 108 126 38 110 122 180 220 67 130 187 gi, 186 June 262 102 78 101 67 252 105 90 130 121 08 F-1 NP-2 RP-3 RC-0 RC-1 RC -2 RC.-3 E3 YI6-2 N12-2

%18-2

'>124-2 Total Stations 25 No. Stations Analyzed 51 112 87 29 6o 131 170 50 188 203 228 25 223 372 993

'93 321 2o8 19,460 81 126 377 22 Canals 87 122 76 98'3 129 87 39 92 aa5 54 33~.

38 66 07 83 172 086 276 85 128 159 3Q 117 ilk 80 56 8o 63 176 96 104 65 131 25

-110-

Table 2.

Blue green algae, Species

found, number of occurrences, and months in ~vhich they appeared in the Turkey Point area.

CANALS BAY Ja Fe Year Ap gaia Jun Total 2

2 1

1 2

2 1

6 1

19 1

3 3

6 2

5 6

8 1

1 2

2 6

1 2

3 1

1 1

1 2

2 2

2 5

Blue-green Algae Anabaena microscopica

+

minor

+

sp>>

Chroococcu..

planktonica turgidus Coccochlori.

sp.

+

Coc'losphaerium nagelianum Gompho..phaeria aponina nagelianum Johannesbaptisia pellucida 1

2 Zyrpbya aestuarii

+

2 Kerismopedia glauca punctata Nodularia spumigena v. minor Cscillatnria minor

+

sp>>

Schiz.othrix calcicola 19 Spirulina minor Number species~

number occurrences 1

1 1

2 1

4 1

6 2

9 1

2 1

1 2

4.

2 3

2 8

1 1

4 16 1

2 1

3 10 1

2 1

1 1

1 2

1 3

2 8

l, 13

'71 Ja Fe Var Ap l~'.a Jun Total

Table 3.

Dinoflagellida.

Species

found, number of occurrences, and month. in which they appeared in the Turkey Point area.

BAY CANAIS Ja Fe Mar Ap I'~a Jun Total Ja Fe bar Ap f4.

Jun Total I

IM I

33 DinoFlagellida Amphidinium herdmanni klebsii longa sp.

(latum)

CeraCium furca' usus Diplop ali lenticula Exuviaella apora marina Gymnodinium albulum incerta minor

+

oculatum splendens Unid.

Gonyaulax di~itale Gyrodinium lachryma sp.

(pingue) bassartea glandula Peridinium divergens globulus Crochoideum Cuba quadridens sp, Prorocentrum gracile micans triangulatum Protoceratium reticulatum Pyrodinium bahamiense Pyrophacus horologicum Torodinium robustum 5

1 2

1 3

8 2

13 8

4 10 8

3 2

5 3

2 6

8 6

7 9

3 1

6 1

3 6

9 ll 2

6 6

9 1

1 5

1 1

2 2

5 10 2

8 7

3 1

1 3

3 ll 1

2 1

1 1

2 1

7 1'

26 3

9 5

20 43 19 30 3

21 29 1

1 5

4 1

1 2

5 35 3

19 1

7ll 1

1 28 312 8

4 3

3 3

5 6 ll 3

6 5

8 9

1 1

8 2

9 2

2 1

9 27 8

39 3

30:

6 7

1 8

2 18

'2 9

25 3

15 270

Table 4.

Hac illariophy d iatoms.

Species

found, number of occurrences and months in which they appeared in the turkey Point area.

L BAY GAI'IAl.S Ja Fe 0!ar Ap bIa June Total Ja Fe 1~br Ap Na Jun Total Bac illar iophyceae Diatoms Amphipora sp.

Amrhora alata ovalis Biddulphia spp.

(aurita)

Catv,,-y3osir.

cymbelliformis Ch~e toceras sp.

Cocconoi....p

~

Coscinocira sp.

Co. c inod i. cus sp.

Cyclntella spp.

Cymbella sp, Detonula sp.

Diploneis minor +

sp, Gomphonema curvaceum

+

~I spa Gyrosigma an~usta

+

sp, Isthmia nervosa Licmophora remulus leI tocylindrus danicus 1

1 1

8 3

6 3

5 1

4 1

1 1

3 1

1 3

6 5

1 7

5 2

2 1

2 2

1 6

-3 3

4 2

4 3

4 l.

1 1

14 1

1 5

27 2

7 5

17 13 3

9 6

2 1

17 1

9 1

22 9

6 3

5 6

1 1

3 3

5 6

3 10 5

3 1

.1 2

1 1

2 1

1 2

2 1

1 3

32 5

9 36 8

20 1

1 6

6 4,

4 4

3 2

1 3

3 3

5 2

6

Table 4 (Cont'd. )

Bac illariophy diatoms.

BAr Ja Fe her Ap bm June Total Ja CANALS Fe I'waar Ap Va Jun Total P~cilloriophyceae

- Diatoms iasto$ 101a sp.

Vavicula ostrea II spp

~

Iiitrschia acicularis clos terium 1 on E~is" imus Pleurosigma formosa nicobarium Rhabdonema adriaticum Striatella unipunctata Sur irella, sp..

Synedra ion"'a grande undulatus Ulna Tabellaria sp.:

Tha3~ssio. ira sp.

Thais.".siothrix frauenfeldi Tropidoneis lepidoptera Unih.

42 1

1 1

10 12 1

6 5

3 1

1 2

1 6

.1 1

1 1

9 7

5 6

9 9

2 3

5 1

2 1

3 6

1 1

6 6

2 1

1 1

1 2

3 6

'1 2

47 7

22 1

1 4,

15 2

22 3

2 2

3 32 34 303 8

10 10 6 ll 1

8 7

5 1

1 2

2 2

45 3

2 1

1 1

3 3

2 8

9 2

2 1

1 4

4 3 3>>'8 1

6 8

10 35 1

1 9

9 2..

3 8

3 4

2 35 30- 333

Table 5.

Ciliophorea Species or genera

found, number they were found in BAY Ja Pe bhr Ap Vla ciliate Protozoa of occurrences and months in which the Turkey Point area.

CAHALS Jun Total Ja Fe bIar Ap I~ia Jun Total Cilior.horea ciliates Codonelia cratera Codonellopsis parva

'yclidgum spp.

Favella panamensis Vesodinium acarus pusillus rubrum I';etacylis anculata jorle r.si mereschkowski Konodinium balbiani Strobilidium spp.

Strombidium conicum strobilius Hppo Tintinnopsis b6roidea c'oronata minutus platensis Spa Tintinnus aperta turgescens spa Unid.

24 1

2 1

1 1

5 2

1 2

1 1

8 7

13 4

1 2

2 1

4 6

3 2

7 3

2 1

3 2

2 3

3 1

1 6

6 5

9 10 20 1

1 4

3 ll 4

4 3

2 36 6

50 17 5

3 2

1 5

15 174 8

6

=:3 1

2 2

2 1

1 2

22 3

.3

~

4 12.

2 1

10 12 64-

ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLING Methods and Procedures A standard 5" Clarke-Bumpus sampler with a 510 mesh net and bucket was used.

The top meter of water was sampled.

Sampling speed was 1 to 3 mph.

In the cooling canal system tows were five minutes long.

In the Bay tows were two to three minutes long.

s After sampling was completed, the net was dipped in the water twice and held vertically to rinse organisms clinging to the net into the bucket.

The bucket was removed from the cod end.

Contents were poured into the sample jar containing 5 ml. of formaldehyde.

The bucket was repeatedly rinsed with seawater and the rinse poured into the sample jar to insure that all organisms were put into the sample jar.

In the laboratory the plankton were allowed to settle to the bottom of the sample jar.

Water was siphoned out of the sample jar until approximately 15 ml. remained.

The plankton were transferred to another bottle, stained with iodine and diluted to 36.5 ml.

Four replicate samples were transferred from the sample bottle to slides using a calibrated medicine-dropper type pipette (15.8 drops/

ml.

1 drop).

Each of these slides was examined under an American Optical stereoscope at 40X.

The counts were divided into the following six categories:

l.

~Co e ods Includes cyclopoid, harpacticoid and monstrilloid copepods.

All gastropod veligers 3.

Bivalve larvae All bivalve veligers All crustacean nauplii similar in appearance to copepod nauplii (with the exception of cirripeds).

-116-

ZOOPLANKTON SAMPLING (Cont'd) 5.

Cirri ed nau lii As distinguished from other nauplii by their anterio-lateral projections.

6.

Other or anisms All other zooplankters which include such diverse groups as tunicate larvae, chaetogaths, fish eggs, fish larvae, nematodes, amphipods, polychaet larvae, zoea larvae, cladocerans, ostracods, medusae and shrimp postlarva, all of which seldom comprise more than 10% of the total number of zooplankters present.

7.

Total zoo lankton Combination of the first six categories.

The results from the four counts were combined and treated as the sample result.

The data is given as number per liter for each of the groups of zooplankton.

This was calculated from the volume sampled as deter-mined by the Clarke-Bumpus plankton sampler and the percentage of the total volume of the tow which was counted.

-117-

COPfPOOS PKR LITKR WITHIN THf'OOLING CANAL SYSTKM AT ALL SAHPI.ING POINTS, CN ALL'SANPLING OATKS OATK

~

1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/Oj/75 I

I I

1 ~ 000-Oo900-Oo800---

0'00 1

~

'r Oo600-

- 0'00 0 ~ 400-r 0'00 Oo200--

~

+

~ r

- ~ +--

~

0 F 100-T

+

,.+

Oo000-COPKPOOS/L I

1/08/75 OATh T

+

T

+

.t

- ~--

~

+.

I 4/04/75 T

I I

2/05/75 -

3/07/75" r

-+

+

~ i

~--

~ - ~--+ ~

T I

I 5/08/75-=-

6/05/75

COPEPOOS PER LITER IN 0 ISCAYNE BAY AND CARO SOUND AT ALL SAHPLING POINTS~

CN ALL SAHPLING DATES DATE 1/08/75 I

10-2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/0//75 I

I I

I

+

~

3-

+

~

c t+

t

~

+

T

+

COPEPODS/I 1/08/75 DATE I

I

=. 2/0 5/75

~

3/07/75 4/04/75-I 6/05/75

-119-

GASTROPOOS PER LITER WITHIN TIIE COOL.ING CANAL SYSTEH AT ALL SAHPLING POINTS CII ALL SAHPLlNG OATES OATE l/08/75

'/05/75 3/07/75 II/OR/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

I.

leooo-Oo900-Oo800-0 ~ 700-

'O.6OO-Oo500-O.ROO-0 ~ 300-0 ~ 200-Ooloo-

+

Oooo~

+

GASTROPOOS/L I

I I

I l/08/75" "

2/05/75' 3/07/?5

~/04/75 5/OIL/75 OATE

+

T I

6/05/75

-120-

GASTROPOOS PSR L!TKR IN 8ISCAYNK 8AT ANO CARO SQVNO AT ALL SA!DIPLO G POll TS CN ALL SANPLING OATHS OATK 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 0/04/75 5/08/75 6/O'I/75 I

I I

1+000

+

0 ~ 900

" 0 ~ 800-

"'"'o700-Oo 600-

+

Oo 500-

+

Oe ll00-T Oo 300-Oo200-Oo 100~

~ 4 0 ~ 000-GASTROPOOS/L I

1108/75 OATK T

I 2/05/75 T

+

T

+

T 3/07/75 T

+

T

- ~-~-

I ll/Oil/75,

+

T

+

T

~

+

~

I 5/OlI/75 "

6/05/75'

'121-

BIVALVES PER LlTER WtTHttt THE COOLlNG CANAL STSTEti AT ALL SAHPI.ING POftiTSp QN ALL SAHPLlNG GATES DATE 1/08/75 I

1 F 000<<

2/05/75 3/07/75 tt/Ott/75 5/08/75 6/Of/75 I

I I

I Oo900-

0. 800-,

Oo 700-0 ~ 600-Oo500 0 ~ tt00-0 ~ 300-

.0 ~ 200.

0+ 100 0 000~

+

SIVALVES/L I

I t

I I

I 1/08/75 8/0 5/75 3/07/75 tt/Ott/75

.5/08/75...,. 6/05/75 DATE

-122-

0 0

BIVALVES PER LITER IN BISCAYNE OAY ANO CARO SOUND AT ALL SAMPLINO POINTSp GW AI.L SAHPLING DATES DATE 1/08/75 I

1r 000~

~ r 0 ~ 900-0 ~ 800-r Or700-Or 600-

0. 400-Oe300 0 ~ ZOO-"

Oo100-

+

Oo000~

+

BIVALVES/L t

I 1/08/?5 "

Z/05/75

~

1 DATE I

3/07/75

+

I I

I 4/04/75

-'/08/75

" 6/05/75

~ 4

-123-

COPKPOD NAVPLII PKR LITKR WITHltt I'HK COOLtt 0 CAtlAL SYSTKH AT ALL SAMPLING POINTS ON ALL SAMPLING DATKS DATK 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

I 0>> 05000-,

0>> 04500-0>>04000-0 ~ 03500-0>>03000-0>>02500-0>> 02000-...

0>> 01500-

~

0>>01000-0>>00500 0 ~00000~

COPKI OD N/L I

1/08/75 DATK

+

I, I

I I

I 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75

-124-

CQPEPOD NAVPLII PER LITER IN BISCAYNE OAY AND CARO SOUND AT ALL SANPLII 0 POINTS CN ALL SJNPLING DATES DATE 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/Of/75 I

I Or 500~

0 ~ 4500-Or 4000 Or 3500 0 ~ 3000-Or2500-Or 2000-Or 1500-0 ~ 1000-

+

Or 0500-

+

,+

+

Or 0000~

+

I+

COPEPOO N/I.

I I

I 1/08/75 2/ 05/?5 3/07/75 DATE

+

I 4/04/75 5/08/75 I

6/05/75

-125-

e

CIRRIPFO NAVPLII PER LITER MITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTEN AT ALL SAMPLING POINTS~

CN ALI. SANPLING OATES OATE 1/08/75 I

Oo 05000-2/0 5/75 I

3/Ot/?5 4/04/75

- 5/08/?5 6/05/75 I

I I

Oo 04500-0'4000 0/03500

~

0 ~03000-0/02500-OI02000 Oo 01500-0 ~01000-0/00500-0/00000~

CIRRIPEO N/L' 1/08/75 DATE

+

I

'0 5/75

+

I "

- 'I 3/07/75 4/04/75

+

~ 'I I

5/OII/75 6/05/75

-126-

CIRRIPEO HAUPLII PER LETER IN GISCAYNE GAY ANO CARO SOUND AT ALL SANPLINC POINTS Ol ALI. SAHPLINC GATES GATE 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/?5 II/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

I Oo 5000-Oo 4500 "Oo 4000w...- - -.

Oo3500-0 3000-0 2500-Oo2000-Osl500-

~ + t-

~.

Oo1000

+

-- ~

+

Oo 0500

+

~ +

+

Oo 0000~

+

CIRRIPEO N/

I I

1/08/75 2/05/75 GATE r

+

I 3/07/75 4/0~/75

~

+

I 6/05/75

-127-

OTHER 2COPLANKTCN PER LITLR HITHIN THS COOLING CANAL SYSTEH AT ALL SAHPLING POINTS'N ALL SAHPLING OATHS OATS 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/?5 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

I Oe2000 Ot1800 Ot1600-Ot1400 Ot1200-0 ~ 1000-0 ~ 0800-

~

4 Oo 0600 Oo0400-Ot 0200~

+

0 F 0000~

OTHER ZCO/L I

1/08/75 OAT8 I

I-

~

I 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 I

5/08/75 6/05/75

-128-

~

OTHER ZCOPLANKTCN PER LITER IN 0ISCAYNE GAT AMO CARD SOVNO AT ALL SAHPLING POINTS CN ALI. SAMPL!NG DATES DATE 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

I 5o 000 4 ~ 500-

"0 4 ~ 000-3 ~ 500-F 000 2 ~ 500-2o000-1 ~ 500-le 000-

+

~

0+50~

J+

0+000-OTHER ZOO/L I

1/08/75 DATE I

2/05/75 I

3/07/75 '

4/04/75

+

t 4

+

5/0)/75 T

I 6/05/75

-129-

TOTAI. ZOOPLANKTON WITHIN THE COOLING CANAL SYSTEM AT Al.l. SAMPLING POINTS CN ALL SAHPLItlG OATES OATE 1/08/75 2/ 05/75 3/07/75

'/04/75 5/08/75 6/05/75 I

I I

I lo000 0+900 Oo 800-"'

~ 700-Oo 600

+

Oo 500 0 ~ 400-0'00 Oo 200

'T

+

0 ~ 100M

+

0 ~ 000 TOTAL ZOO/L I

1/08/75 OATE T

+

T I

2/05/75 T

T T

+

T

+

I I

3/07/75 4/04/75

+

T T

I 5/08/75

+

~ T

+

I 6/05/75

-130-

TOTAL ZOOPLANKTON PeR LITeR IN 0tSCAYNe GAY ANO CARO SOUND AT ALL SAHPLING POINTS CN ALL SAt)PLYING OATeS OATe 1/08/75 2/05/75 3/07/75 4/04/75 5/08/75 6/Oj/75 I

I I

50 40-35-.

30 25 20-15-T 10-

\\

T 0

TOTAL ZOO/L I

1/08/75 oATe 2/05/75 I

3/07/75

+

4/0~/75 5/OII/75 E.

I 6/05/75

-131-

ZOOPLANKTON DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS

~Co e ods Approximately 80% of the copepods in the cooling canals are harpacticoid.

The low levels in December of last year have continued through the first half of 1975.

In general the number of copepods have decreased in the canals.

In the Bay, levels have decreased'rom an average copepod concen-tration of six per liter in 1974 to appioximately half that level in the first half of 1975.

The highest concentration of copepods continued.to be found in south Card Sound.

Gastro od larvae Gastropod larvae continue to be essentially nonexistent within the canal system although a number of adult species can be found in the system.

It may be possible that they complete their larval cycle prior to hatching from the egg.

The gastropod larvae levels in the Bay and Sound are only slightly lower than last year.

Bivalve larvae Bivalve larvae are at low levels within the Bay and cooling canal system.

The only excepti'on was in Nay when there was a relatively large increase.

It may be that most bivalve larvae forms are so small that they are not caught by the plankton net.

Co e od nau lii The copepod nauplii are so small that the vast majority are known to pass through a 810 mesh net.

The nauplii that are retained are caught due to fouling of the net and the subsequent decrease in the effective filtering mesh size.

-132-

Co e od nau lii cont'd The reason more nauplii are caught in the Bay than in the canals may be attributed to either a different net clogging mechanism in the canals than in the Bay or due to a consistent percentage being caught in both systems'irri ed nau lii The cirriped population in the canals is essentially zero.

Personal observations have shown fewer than 100 barnacles any place in the system.

The barnacles ar'e apparently unable to find sufficient food in the canal system.

This is supported by phyto-plankton and small zooplankton data.

Other zoo lankton or anisms Although some fish larvae are found in the system, there are obviously, from the graph," very few.

The organism found in the highest numbers is tunicate larvae.

These larvae are filter feeders as are the bivalves and cirripeds.

Their apparent success in the canal system may well be due to their feeding on planktonic species not caught by the $ 10 net.

In Biscayne Bay levels have been significantly lower than last year.

Relatively high concentrations in January and March are due to tunicate and ophiuroids respectively.

The Bay experienced a higher than normal number of sea urchins this year (Bach, personal communication).

Total lanktonic or anisms Plankton levels were basically the same as last year.

The canal system continues at a plankton concentration approximately 10%

of the concentration found in the Bay.

The general decrease in plankton forms from January through June is typical of these two ecosystems.

4

-133-

III.G GRASSES AND MACROPHYTON I'r/ITHIN THE TURKEY POINT COOLING CANAL

~Pur ose In order to define plant growth, an integral part of a shallow marine ecosystem, the grasses and macrophyton are being reported.

Methods and Procedures In order to define the growth, it is necessary to make obser-vations on the kinds and abundance of marine plants.

Observations throughout the canal system along with detailed identifications and quantifications of the various kinds of algae have been made.

-l34-.

GRASSES 6 i~CROPHYTON Within the past six months there has been significant growth of Ruppia mazitima in the southwestern corner of the cooling canal system.

It has been found in canals 24 through '32 in the southern mile of the system.

The Ruppia is growing in circular patches from one to five meters in diameter.

The growth extends from the bottom to the surface.

Although Ruppia is considered a brackish water species, its growth in the system has been vigorous.

In the eastern canals 3 and 4 at their intersection with Grand

Canal, Diplantheza has completely covered several acres of the bottom.

The growth appears healthy and is apparently continuing to spread.

In the same area as the Diplanthez a growth there is one patch of Thalassia approximately 1

mm in diameter.

There is also a small patch of Springodium in the area.

Along the edge of the canal and on the outer edge of the Diplanthera growth a significant popu-lation of macroalgae is establishing itself in areas where there had previously been no macroalgae.

The algae include Caulepa paspaloides, C. cupvessoides, C. mexicana, Anadyomene stellata, Sargassum

species, Batophobia oezstedi, and Penicillus capitus.

There is some animal growth here including two species of sponges, three tunicates, and one anemone and the coelenterate Cassiopeia.

This area resembles the western shore line of Biscayne Bay in growth and sessile species.

In the rest of the cooling system in general, brown algae is grow-ing on the rocky substrates at the edge of the 20'eep canals.

Typically, these are areas with velocites above 0.75 feet per second.

-135-

GRASSES 6

MACROPHYTON (Cont'd)

In the western canals the green macroalgae Batophora is common on any solid substrate such as old limbs and sticks from the mangroves removed during construction.

With the exception of the two areas already discussed, plant growth in the canals is minimal.

The revegetation off Grand Canal has proceeded from no growth to benthic macrophyton then Diplanthera has grown into the macroalgae areas.

This has been followed by the establishment of 2'haEa8sia and 'Spzingodium dominated area.

The revegetation of the canal bottoms is likely to proceed in a similar manner.

The sexual. stages of the macrophyton should allow it to be distributed throughout the entire canal system.

Therefore, its distribution is expected first.

This observer has seen neither flowers, fruits, nor seeds of Dip2antheza or Syzingodium in the canal system or in the Bay.

It's expected that distribution in the canals will be vegetative from existing growth or redistri-bution through the growth of broken rhizomes which could be carried by the currents.

ThaEassia seeds have been observed in the Bay.

They have not been observed on the few Thalassia plants in the cooling canal system.

If seeds are produced they should float for several days.

Moved by the currents in the canals their redistribution should also be possible.

Few Thalassia plants in the canals will. obviously produce few seeds..

This should make its distribution by n'atural seeding a decades long process.

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0

GRASSES 6

MACROPHYTON (Cont'd)

The primary Thalaseia growth observed off Grand Canal has been in areas where Diplantheza has reached a density of several hundred fasicles per square meter.

The only other new ThaEassia plants seen were in the bottom of the mouth of Grand Canal.

This is an area where a seed would not likely be disturbed by current or wave action.

It has been hypothesized in previous reports that Diplantheva holds the germinating ThaEa88ia seeds in place long enough for them to root.

Within the canal system substantial Thalassia growth is expected to appear first in either established Diplanbhera growth or in areas where disturbance is minimal, such as in the cross canals on the west side of the system.

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III.H Assessment of Recover in the Turke Point Coolin Canal t

Dischar e Areas PURPOSE OP THIS REPORT This report is to assess revegetation of grasses

'and benthic macrophyton in areas affected by the Turkey Point Power Plant discharge.

Effects and recovery prior to January 1975 are given in previous Semiannual Environmental Monitoring Reports.

GRAND CANAL REVEGETATION METHODOLOGY Three methods were used to assess the area.

Method 1

To measure the overall revegetation quantitatively, aerial photo-graphs were taken from 2,000 feet.

Using reference points in the photographs to determine the scale of the photograph, sizes of unrecovered areas were measured using a planimeter on a tracing of the original photograph.

The tracings are included in this paper.

Method 2

Qualitative and quantitative measurements of the algae were made by counting and identifying the vegetation in one-square meter areas staked out on the bottom.'ethod 3

To identify and quantify the less abundant species not represented in the square meter areas, a survey was made by transects across the affected area.

Species identifications and estimations of of quantities present were made.

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METHOD 1:

AERIAL SURVEY The tracing of the aerial photograph shows three different areas.

The small spherical areas are Sy2 ~ngodium.

The Syzingodium occupies just over 10% of the area outside the DipEanther a dominated areas.

The two larger areas marked as DipEanbheza/macroalgae dominated were separated due to color differences in the photograph.

Visual inspection showed no significant difference between the two areas.

The color variation has been attributed to differ-ences in the epiphytic growth.

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0 0

Grand Canal Discharge Area

Zune, 1975

'Affected Area:

Revegetated Diplanthera/Thalassia Dominated (undarkened areas)

(5. 1 acres)

P u~

g, ~@8 8~

4 45 Is y

Cl 9 0 '

PP@

w CP Oyy EF 0

e P

e 8

CP tl

'@~em ~@

e

~Chs '0 p

I 8'y

@NO'%y ~

4P yringodium Dominated (darkened areas)

(0.7 acres)

Dip E an0hera/macroalgae dominated (2.8 acres)

Dip lant hera/macroalgae dominated (1.8 acres)

Canal Drop Off Grand Canal Figure 1

-140-Scale:

1" = 130'

The following table zs data from square meter areas staked out on the bottom.

The counts and identifications were made in situ.

The sample points X-l, X-2, X-3 and X-4 are located approximately

100, 200, 400 and 600 feet east of the mouth of the canal respectively; ll Station X-2N is approximately 200 feet NNE of X-2.

X-2S is approxi-mately 200 feet SSE of X-2.

Data reported as less than

(<) or greater than *(>) is based on extrapolation of counts of plants in 1/16 of a square meter.

The counts of Caulerpa.have been reported based on per cent coverage of an area.

The counts on the grasses are counts of the fasicles (sheaths of leaves).

The counts on the brown and red algae are of the number of distinct but unattached clumps of the algae.

These numbers are not volumetrically quanti-tative since the size of one clump of the algae is different from the size of another clump of algae.

t Present Common TABLE I Sampling Date:

June 1975 GRAND CANAL DISCHARGE REVEGETATION X-1 X-2 X-3 X-4 X-2N X-2S GRASSES:

Diplantheza uzightii Tha las si a tes tudinum 42 13

>1100

>450 12

>1900

>1400 12

>300 10 CHLOROPHYTA:

PHAEOPHYTA:

Thalassia seeds Acetabulaz ia cr enulata Av2 ainvi llea ni z'icans Caulez pa vevticillata Ha7imeda s

Penicil lus s

Acantho hola s ecif'ez'a Dictyota s

25%

0 0

4 22 0

0 4

10 24 0

0 0

40'0

-141-

METHOD 3:

TRANSECTS Observations made from a boat. while making transects across the affected areas showed DipEantheva growth throughout the entire area.

The Thalassia within the Diplantheza areas is developing and increasing its rhizome systems.

This is based on the observations of ThaEassia fasicles growing up from the rhizomes in relatively straight lines up to one meter long.

In the area between sample points X-3 and X-4 ThaEassia growth was 1

5 per square meter.

II Within the Syzingodium patches the Diplantheza continued to'be less abundant than in adjacent areas where there is no Syringod~um.

Northwest of X-3 the Thalassia growth in isolated areas, 0.5 to 1

meter in diameter, comprises 50% of the total growth.

In the area of sample point X-2N DipEantheza growth becomes patchy occupying approximately 40% to 70% of the bottom 'area.

Inshore of X-2S the water has been too murky to permit good obser-vations.

East of X-2S the area is dominated by Diplantheza and ThaLassia growth from 5 to 25 per square meter and in some areas up to approximately 500 per square meter.

East of sample points X-2N and X-2S but approximately 100 feet north and south of a line connecting sample points X-1 and X-3, the Syringodium grass comprises 11.7%

(0.7 acres) of the 5.8 acre area shown in the tracing of..the aerial, photograph.

The blades are longer than those of the other. species and are relatively free of epiphytes.

I

-142-

TABLE II ORGANISMS REPORTED IN THE GRAND CANAL AFFECTED AREA

~ ORGANISM BEFORE CLOSING AFTER CLOSING 1973 1974 1975 Diplanthera urightii Halophila sp.

Syr in@odium sp.

2'ha lass ia te s tudinum Acetabular'ia cr enulata Anadyomene sp.

Avrainvillea sp.

Batophora oer stedi Cau lepa sp.

C'. mexicana C'.

ser tular ioides C',

ver ticillata CZadophoropis sp.

Dictyospher ia sp.

Halimeda. sp.

PeniciZZus sp, RhipocephaZus sp.

Udotea sp.

Acanthophor'a specifera Dictyota sp.

Laur encia poitei Digenia simplex Sider astr ea sp.

Ophiur oids AZpheus sp.

C'allinectes sapidus

'Menippe mercenaria X

X X

X

-143-

Recover in the Grand Canal Dischar e Area DISCUSSION 6 CONCLUSIONS Diplanthera has been the pioneering species of grass and although it appeared that Thalassia was the next species in the succession, it has now become quite clear that Syringodium is finding the previously affected discharge area a signifi-cantly more suitable growth area than adjacent areas.

The Syringodium, which appears to retard or inhibit Diplanthe2a

growth, now covers 11.7% of the area shown in the tracing from the aerial photogrpah.

(See Figure

1).

Observations made from a helicopter show the Syzingodium growth to be significant only in the previously affected discharge area.

It is anticipated that the Syringodium growth will increase.

Relative to Diplanbheza and Thalassia, Syzingodium is uncommon in most areas of the Bay.

Why it is so successful in this particular area is unclear.

It evidently is not a part of the natural succession since in areas where Diplanthe2 a is the dominant growth,'here is little or no Syzingodium.

The con-centration of growth in this one area may be due to some sedi-ment characteristic.

That characteristic could be particle size, nutrient level, an abundance of a trace element such as copper or nickel, the concentration of which is known to be high in the sediments of the discharge

area, or a combination of these and other factors.

Thalassia growth has increased throughout the entire area.

During field work in late June, over 2,000 Thalassia seeds with two short blades were counted floating in the area.

It is reasonable to project that some of these seeds will settle and root in the area.

Therefore, along with rhizome growth of existing plants, new plants should grow, in. the area, and. further...,

increase the abundance of Thalassia.

-144-

LITERATURE'ITED 1.

Federal Water Pollution Control Administration 1970 Report on thermal pollution of intrastate waters of Biscayne Bay, Florida.

Southeast Water Laboratory, Technical Services

Program, Fort Lauderdale, Florida.

2.

Tabb, D. C.

and M. A. Roessler, 1970.

An ecological study of South Biscayne Bay in the vicinity of Turkey Point.

University of Miami, Florida 33149.

3.

Thorhaug, A.,

R. Stems and S. Pepper, 1972.

In an ecological study of South Biscayne Bay and Card Sound.

University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33194.

4.

Dekle, K. C.,

1973.

An assessment of the recovery in the Turkey Point cooling canal discharge areas.

In:

Semiannual Environmental Monitoring Report No. 1.

Florida Power

& Light Company, P.

O. Box 013100, Miami, Florida 33101.

5.

Dekle, K. C.,

1974.

The assessment of recovery in the Turkey Point cooling canal discharge areas.

In:

Semiannual Environmental Monitoring Report No. 2.

Florida Power

& Light Company, P.

O.

Box 013100,

Miami, Florida 33101.

6.

Dekle, K. C.,

1974.

The assessment of recovery in the Turkey Point cooling canal discharge areas.

In:

Semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Report No. 3.

Florida Power

& Light Company.

P. 0.

Box 013100, Miami, Florida 33101.

7.

Dekle, K.'C., 1975.

The assessment of recovery in the Turkey Point cooling canal discharge areas.

In:

Semi-annual Environmental Monitoring Report No. 4.

Florida Power

& Light Company, P.

O.

Box 013100, Miami, Florida 33101.

-145-

IV.

RECORDS OF CHANGES IN SURVEY PROCEDURES None P

V.

SPECIAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES AT TURKEY POINT NOT REQUIRED BY THE ETS Section III.E of this report analyzes data collected which were not required by the Environmental Technical Specifica-tions.

Vi.

VIOLATIONS OF THE ENVIRONbKNTAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS IE: II:

AKH inspection Report No. 50-250/75-9 and 50-251/

75-9 identified one infraction and one deficiency.

l.

Infraction Contrary to ETS 5.3.a, the procedure prescribed for condenser cleanliness was not followed.

This situation is being conducted by revising the procedure.

This revised procedure will be imple-mented in October, 1975 to prevent this from reoccurring.

Contrary to ETS 4.B.3, quarterly soil erosion tests and temperature monitoring of cooling canal banks was not performed.

3.

The spoil bank temperature surveillance has been now implemented and data are available for the current quarter.

In addition, a program has been developed to determine erosion rates.

I

-146-

e VII.

UNUSUAL EVENTS, CHANGES 0 THE PLANT, CHANGES TO THE EN-VIRONMENTAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS, AND CHANGES OR ADDITIONS TO PEBNITS OR CERTIFICATES None

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0

ML18227A959

Text

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

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