Text

Official Exhibit - NYS00131G-00-BD01 -NUREG-1437, Generic Environmental Impact Statement for License Renewal of Nuclear Plants: Main Report, Vol 2, C-72 - C-220 (May 1996) (GEIS)
	ML12334A635
Person / Time
Site:	Indian Point
Issue date:	12/14/2011
From:	; State of NY
To:	; Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel
	SECY RAS
References
	RAS 21541, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01 NUREG-1437, V2
	Download: ML12334A635 (148)
	v • d • e

United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission Official Hearing Exhibit NYS00131G Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc.

In the Matter of: Submitted: December 14, 2011 (Indian Point Nuclear Generating Units 2 and 3) u....~p..p. REG(J~)- ASLBP #: 07-858-03-LR-BD01

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Docket #: 05000247 l 05000286

~ 0 Exhibit #: NYS00131G-00-BD01 Identified: 10/15/2012

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Admitted: 10/15/2012 Withdrawn:

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C "I would have to say it has had a positive social services, public safety, tourism, and effect on the tourism draw." The director of recreation.

recreation in Grover City stated that PG&E is very supportive of recreational groups. A water supply shortage has plagued all of Arroyo Grande has a standard of southern California in the recent past. In approximately 1.6 ha (4 acres) per 1000 San Luis Obispo County sufficient residents and would like to keep that processing capacity exists, but severely standard even if continued growth occurs. limited water availability has resulted in water-use restrictions and has contributed to C.43.4.2 Predicted Impacts of License the enactment of growth control measures.

Renewal The water supply shortage began after the construction and early operations phase of Based on the estimated 2273 direct workers Diablo Canyon; therefore, the effect of a required during peak refurbishment, the staff plant-related increase in population is estimates that 864 direct workers and 68 unknown. An increase in water demand indirect workers will migrate with their resulting from an additional 3600 persons families to San Luis Obispo County might, however, result in moderate impacts (Section C.4.3.1.2). The number of children to public water availability. Absent this water accompanying these workers is estimated supply shortage, only small impacts to public using the California average family size utilities will result.

(3.32) and assuming that all families include two adults. Children are expected to be Based on past operations information, evenly distributed in age from d to 18 impacts of license renewal term operations years. Assuming 72.2 percent of these to most public services are likely to be small.

children are school age (5 to 18 years), there The projected operations-related population will be an average of 0.95 school-age increase is small (200 persons) and will children per in-migrating family, or a total of result in extremely small increase in demand 885 new students in San Luis Obispo for public services. The public water supply, County. This represents a 0.1 percent however, may be moderately affected during increase above the projected number of refueling activities in the license renewal school-age children in San Luis Obispo term if the water supply shortage continues.

County in 2015 (assuming the 1990 age distribution of the population). This slight C.43.5 OtI-Site Land Use increase will result in only small impacts to education. This section describes the off-site land-use impacts of the construction, operation, and During the construction phase, license renewal of the Diablo Canyon improvements were made to several roads Nuclear Generating Station. The discussion leading to the plant. An additional increase of impacts is primarily concerned with land of 2273 direct workers and 3631 new use in the immediate vicinity of the plant, residents during refurbishment should have a but impacts for the remainder of San Luis small impact on traffic flow on a road system Obispo County are described where currently accommodating over 200,000 appropriate. Land-use impacts are examined residents. Likewise, refurbishment-related for two time periods. First, Section C.4.3.5.1 population increases should have little or no identifies the land-use impacts of Diablo impact on other public services, such as Canyon's construction and operation. Next, NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-72 OAGI0001365_00889

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Section C.4.3.5.2 projects the land-use The construction and operation of Diablo impacts of Diablo Canyon's refurbishment Canyon have not had significant impacts on period based on the impacts that occurred land use in the plant's immediate vicinity.

during the plant's construction. Also, Diablo Canyon was constructed on part of a Section C.4.3.5.2 projects the land-use 28oo-ha (7000-acre) private ranch in a very impacts of the plant's license renewal term remote, rugged section of San Luis Obispo based on the impacts that have occurred County. This meant that there were very few during operations. Information sources for existing land uses to impact in the immediate this report include the Final Environmental vicinity and that the area was relatively free Statement Related to the Nuclear Generating from heavy development pressures because Station Diablo Canyon, Units 1 and 2 (AEC of a lack of roads and utilities. The area Dockets 50-275 and 50-323); Socioeconomic surrounding the plant is still very rural and Impacts of Nuclear Generating Stations: undeveloped, and primary land uses are still Diablo Canyon Case Study (NUREG/ agriculture and livestock grazing. Local CR-2749, vol. 5); and interviews with key sources indicated that it was not Diablo information sources in San Luis Obispo Canyon's presence but the remoteness and County. Section C.4.1.5 describes the inaccessibility of the area that had restricted methods used to assess and project land-use further development (NUREG/CR*2749, impacts for all case study plants. vol. 5, pp. 181-182).

C.43.5.1 Impacts from Plant Construction In developed areas near Diablo Canyon, and Operation such as the communities of Avila Beach and Pismo Beach, the plant's land-use impacts Diablo Canyon was constructed on a 3oo*ha also have been minimal. Since the early (750-acre) site on the California coast. In 1980s, both Avila Beach and Pismo Beach 1968, when plant construction began, the have grown as resort areas with relatively area in the immediate vicinity of the site was expensive housing, condominium, and very remote and almost wholly undeveloped. hotel/motel development brought about by The nearest development was in Avila the region's expanding tourist industry. San Beach, a small residential area about 11 km Luis Bay Estates, a 480-ha (12oo*acre)

(7 miles) southwest of the plant. The complex located in Avila Beach about 10 km property upon which the plant was built had (6 miles) from Diablo Canyon, represents previously been part of the Marre Ranch, part of this growth. When completed, San and the land had been idle or used for cattle Luis Bay Estates will include a hotel and grazing for several years. Close to the ocean, cottages with 225 rooms, about 800 homes, the site's terrain was made up of very rugged and a golf course. Another residential shoreline areas with steep, rocky slopes development, comprising about 1000 ha unsuitable for development. The property (2500 acres), 100 homes, and a golf course, had been rezoned to commercial and is being planned for the Pecho Ranch recreational use in 1962, but there was no property adjoining San Luis Bay Estates.

residential, industrial, commercial, or Some of the homes in the new Pecha Ranch recreational land use on the site when complex will be within 6.5 km (4 miles) of excavation began (ABC Dockets 50-275 and Diablo Canyon, the closest residential 50-323). development to the plant thus far. Sources indicated that the plant's presence had neither encouraged nor impeded residential C-73 NUREG.1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00890

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C or commercial development of this type. In !griculture and livestock grazing being the general, Diablo Canyon's overall land-use primary uses. Because of its remoteness and impacts have been neutral in both Avila lack of public services, the area is expected Beach and Pismo Beach. to remain undeveloped indefinitely.

Despite some negative housing impacts from Although San Luis Obispo County might worker in-migration during the plant's experience some housing shortages during construction (peak construction-related the refurbishment period, large-scale growth constituted about 2.6 percent of the residential development is not anticipated as county's population), Diablo Canyon has had a result of Diablo Canyon's license renewal.

relatively minor effects on land use in San Refurbishment-related population growth is Luis Obispo County as a whole. One reason projected to be approximately 0.8 percent of for this is Diablo Canyon's extremely remote the county's projected 2024 population. The location. Also, sources felt that the county's population growth projected to result from residential, commercial, and industrial Diablo Canyon's license renewal term is development patterns were much more even smaller, less than 0.1 percent of the susceptible to influences other than Diablo county's projected 2024 population. Because Canyon's presence. Some of the more increases this small are not likely to create a important determinants of the county's significant housing demand, the plant's land-use and development patterns were said impact on residential development in San to include the presence of the University of Luis Obispo County is expected to remain California at San Luis Obispo and the need neutral or be minimal. Future residential, to provide student housing; the beauty of commercial, and industrial development the area's beaches coupled with growth in patterns will be increasingly influenced by the regional tourist industry; the limited some of the factors that help dictate the availability of developable land, particularly county's land-use patterns now. The most in urban areas; the local implementation of important factors are likely to be the slow-growth policies; the limited availability availability of developable land, the of an adequate water supply; and enforcement of slow- or no-growth policies, development pressures resulting from the the availability of an adequate water supply, in-migration of residents from Los Angeles and the continued in-migration of residents and San Francisco. In general, both the from Los Angeles and San Francisco.

direct and indirect land-use impacts of Tourism- and resort-related residential and Diablo Canyon's construction and operation commercial development is expected to have been neutral for the county as a whole. continue in Avila Beach and Pismo Beach, with neither positive nor negative impacts C.43.52 Predicted Impacts of License from Diablo Canyon. Overall, Diablo Renewal Canyon's direct and indirect land-use impacts are expected to be small, as has The direct and indirect land-use impacts of been the case during construction and Diablo Canyon's refurbishment and license operation.

renewal term are expected 1to be small for the area in the plant's immediate vicinity and for San Luis Obispo County as a whole.

Land use in the immediate vicinity of the plant is expected to remain unchanged, with NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-74 OAGI0001365_00891

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS C.43.6 Economic Structure employment effects of refurbishment at Diablo Canyon. Table C.43 shows the total C.43.6.1 Impacts from Plant Construction direct and indirect plant-related employment and Operation of San Luis Obispo County residents. The methodology used to determine the The construction and operation of Diablo employment impacts is developed in the Canyon have resulted in noticeable and Mountain West Research, Inc., study for insignificant economic impacts, respectively. Diablo Canyon (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 5).

Table C.42 gives the estimated employment It is projected that Diablo Canyon would and expenditure effects of the Diablo emplpy 1932 county residents as Canyon plant for residents of San Lujs refurbishment workers in 2023 Obispo County. The employment is the sum (Section C.4.3.1.2). In addition, indirect of direct basic, indirect basic, other basic, employment that would result from and nonbasic employment as described by purchases of goods and services during Mountain West Research, Inc., in refurbishment is projected to create 1310 Socioeconomic Impacts of Nuclear jobs for San Luis Obispo County residents.

Generating Stations: Diablo Canyon Case The total direct and indirect employment Study (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 5). affecting San Luis Obispo County during the peak refurbishment year is therefore Overall, peak construction period projected to be 3242. This employment is employment in 1975 represented 6.5 percent projected to represent 1.85 percent of total of San Luis Obispo County's total employment in San Luis Obispo County in employment, indicating a noticeable impact. 2023, resulting in small impacts.

Operating term employment in 1990 is approximately 1300 workers, of whom 1160 Relatively few new plant-related jobs would are residents of San Luis Obispo County. be created at Diablo Canyon during the Total Diablo Canyon-related direct and license renewal term. Nearly all plant-related indirect employment in 1990 is estimated to employment (and associated impacts) be 1909, or 1.8 percent of the county's total expected during that time period would employment. This represents an insignificant represent a continuation of employment impact. (and impacts) from past operations.

Table C.44 shows the impact of the C.43.6.2 Predicted Impacts of License increased labor requirements at Diablo Renewal Canyon after 2023.

The impacts of refurbishment and license The license renewal term work force for renewal are expected to be similar to the Diablo Canyon would require an estimated type of impacts experienced during initial 120 additional employees (Section C.4.3.1.2).

construction and operatio~. Employment Of these additional workers, 107 are generated by the Diablo Canyon plant after projected to be San Luis Obispo County license renewal would, for the most part, residents. An estimated 77 indirect jobs represent a continuation of the levels would also be created by the license renewal generated before refurbishment. term, and 69 of the jobs are expected to be Tilled by San Luis Obispo County residents.

The work force scenario detailed in With the continued effects of the plant's Section C.3.1 was used to estimate the current employment and the additional C-75 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00892

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C employment to be created, total direct and Although this erosion problem appears to be indirect license renewal term employment is unrelated to actual construction of the projected to represent 1.2 percent of San power plant, restricted access because of Luis Obispo County's employment in 2023. plant security has prevented other parties The employment figure represents a small from responding to this problem. Conversely, impact. one source said that the fact that the site and its surroundings are owned by the C.43.7 Historic and Aesthetic Resources licensee has protected the area and its historic and aesthetic resources from This section describes the impacts that the development more effectively than if the site construction and operation of the Diablo had been under the ownership of private Canyon Nuclear Generating Station Units 1 parties.

and 2 have had on historic and aesthetic resources and projects the expected impacts Aesthetically, the construction and operation of the plant's refurbishment and of the plant have had an insignificant impact post-relicensing operations. Information on the surroundings. This is not because of sources include the Final Environmental the physical design of the plant [it is not a Statement Related to the Nuclear Generating low-profile facility: the containment Station Diablo Canyon Units 1 and 2 (ABC structures are 46 m (150 ft) in diameter and Dockets 50-275 and 50-323) and interviews 60 m (200 ft) tall, and the turbine building is with key informants in San Luis Obispo 43 m (140 ft) tall and 230 m (750 ft) long]

County and elsewhere in California. but because of its remote location within an extensive private ranch. The only visual C.43.7.1 Impacts from Plant Construction access to the plant for the public is from the and Operation Pacific Ocean. The plant cannot be seen even from the private access road until The plant's construction and operation have within 1.2 km (0.75 mile) because of the affected no sites on the National Register of rocky terrain. Along the 19 km (12 miles) of Historic Places. During the preconstruction privately held coastline adjacent to the phase, archaeologists hired to survey the site Diablo Canyon site, there is no beach use, found several prehistoric campsites along swimming, fishing, or beachcombing because Diablo Creek, one dating back 9300 years of the rocky cliffs and poor accessibility.

(the San Luis Obispo 2 site). This was Hiking, camping, picnicking, and artistic considered an important finding, establishing pursuits could be enjoyed on the bluffs a new chronology for this area of Central above the plant if there were any public California. Portions of this; site have been access (AEC Dockets 50-275 and 50-323).

preserved, but construction of the plant and Erosional scars from the 2400-ha (6000-acre) access road did destroy other sites. The transmission line right-of-way and its service continued operation of the plant has roads are a source of adverse aesthetic resulted in damage to one of the sites. An impacts (AEC Dockets 50-275 and 50-323).

evaporation pond sprang a leak and water ran through a site, causing some erosional C.4.3.7.2 Projected Impacts of License damage. Another continuing impact on Renewal prehistoric resources related to the plant is the continuing loss of land through The impacts of the Diablo Canyon plant's sloughing off of a bluff near the plant. refurbishment and post-relicensing operation NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-76 OAGI0001365_00893

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS on historic and aesthetic resources in San Section C.4.1 describes the methodology Luis Obispo County and on the immediate used to project population growth for all Pacific Coast environs would likely be less plants. Data used to prepare this section pronounced than those that have occurred were obtained from the Final Environmental during construction and operation of the Statements Related to the Operation of facility. As in the past, the power plant, Indian Point Nuclear Generating Plant, Units which is highly visible only from the Pacific 2 and 3 (ABC Dockets 50-247 and 50-286);

Ocean, would likely have only small Environmental Assessment for Proposed Rule aesthetic impacts. If the private land on Nuclear Plant License Renewal holdings that surround the site were to be (NUREG-1398); SEA refurbishment work developed, there could be extensive public force estimates (Appendix B; SEA 1994);

visual access to the site, raising the potential population projections by the New York for an adverse impact. Such an impact could Department of Commerce (Division of be reflected in property values not reaching Economic Research and Statistics) their full potential. (Krausharr 1990); the Consolidated Edison Company (ConEd) of New York; and the A respondent cautioned that if additional New York Power Authority.

construction or road maintenance were to occur with refurbishment, there could be The discussion of population growth is impacts to the area's prehistoric and historic organized into two time periods.

resources. However, evaluation of potential Section C.4.4.1.1 identifies the popUlation impacts to historic resources must occur growth that Dutchess and Westchester through consultation with the SHPO as counties have experienced as a result of the mandated by the National Historic construction and operation of Indian Point Preservation Act (NHPA) of 1966. Units 2 and 3 from 1965 to 1990.

Section C.4.4.1.2 projects the popUlation C.4.4 Indian Point growth that is expected to result from Indian Point's refurbishment period and license The impact area-those places in which the renewal term operations beginning in 2013 most pronounced socioeconomic impacts (Unit 2) based on the growth associated with might result from refurbishment-for Indian the plant's initial construction. Also, Point consists of West~hester and Dutchess Section C.4.4.1.2 projects the population counties. The assessment 9f land use and growth expec,ted to result from Indian public services involves only Westchester Point's license renewal term based on the County. The selection of this area is based growth associated with operations in the on worker residence patterns, employment, past.

expenditures, and tax payments. Figure C.I0 depicts the impact area, and Figure C.ll C.4.4.1.1 Growth Resulting from Plant shows the region in which it is located. Construction and Operation C.4.4.1 Population Because Indian Point was not included in the NUREG/CR-2749 study, estimates of This section discusses the local population worker in-migration are based on the growth associated with the construction, construction experience at other nuclear operation, and license renewal of the Indian plants in comparable locales, especially Point Nuclear Generating Plant. Oconee and Three Mile Island. Indian C-77 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00894

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C ORNl DWG 90'-1*'4836 Ulster County I

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o 5 kilometers Figure C.lO Socioeconomic impact area associated with Indian Point refurbishment:

Westchester and Dutchess counties.

NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-78 OAGI0001365_00895

APPENDIXC SOCIOECONOMICS ORNl*DWG ilCM-14835

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Point's construction resulted in very small indirect jobs, an estimated 31 additional population increases in Dutchess and workers and their families (a total of 78 Westchester counties (Table C.45). During persons) moved into each study area county the peak construction period at Unit 2, (Tables C.46 and C.47).

there were approximately 1200 construction workers on-site (ABC Docket 50-247, In all, approximately 390 new residents

p. IV-4). Assuming the same size work force moved into Dutchess County and 309 people for Unit 3, as many as 2400 workers were migrated into Westchester County as a result on-site while both units were under of Indian Point's peak construction period.

construction during the early 1970s. B~sed These residents made up about 0.2 percent on construction experience at other nuclear of Dutchess County's 1972 population of plants with similar locales-i.e., areas with 226,673 and about 0.03 percent of relatively low population density compared Westchester County's 1972 population of to larger urban areas located within a short 888,691.

commuting distance-it is estimated that approximately 17.3 percent (415 persons) of Operations at Indian Point have resulted in the peak construction period work force less population growth than did the plant's lived in Dutchess County and 12.7 percent construction. In 1990, 1335 permanent plant (305) lived in Westchester County staff were on-site at Indian Point (additional (Tables C.46 and C.47). This distribution contract workers have been on-site during reflects current work forc~ distribution at outages, but ~hey are not included in this Indian Point (ConEd 1990; PASNY 1990). number because their presence at the plant An estimated 30 percent of the construction was temporary). Of the permanent work work force lived in the study area. It is force, 37.8 percent (505) resided in Dutchess estimated that 35 percent of the County and 27.8 percent (371) resided in construction workers residing in Dutchess or Westchester County (ConEd 1990; PASNY Westchester counties (252 persons) were 1990). Based on the residential settlement workers who migrated to the study area for pattern of workers at nuclear plants in jobs at the plant (Tables C.46 and C.47). comparable locales and on construction Based on the pattern of construction experience at Indian Point, it is estimated workers' in-migration at other nuclear that 30 percent (263) of the workers residing projects, it is estimated that 51 percent of in Dutchess and Westchester counties in the in-migrants (129 workers) were 1990 were persons who migrated to the accompanied by their families and that their study area to work at the plant (Tables C.48 average household size was 3.25 persons. and C.49). Also following the pattern set by Together, this represents a total in-migration personnel in-migrating to work at other of 312 residents for Dutchess County and nuclear plants, it is estimated that 66 percent 231 new residents for Westchester County. (174) of the in-migrants were accompanied Based on construction in-migration and the by their families. Assuming the 1990 New ratio of non plant jobs created during peak York average family size of 3.22 persons, construction periods at nuclear plants in this represented a total in-migration of 374 comparable locales, it is estimated that new residents for Dutchess County and 275 Indian Point's peak construction period new residents for Westchester County created an additional 1560 jobs in service (Tables C.48 and C.49). Based on work industries supported by the spending of force in-migration and the ratio of plant to construction workers. As a result of these nonplant jobs created at other nuclear plants NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-80 OAGI0001365_00897

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS during operating periods, it is estimated that Assuming the refurbishment schedule as Indian Point's 1990 operations created an described in Section C.3.1, the peak additional 868 indirect jobs in service refurbishment year for Indian Point Unit 2 is industries supported by the spending of expected to be 2012, and the peak plant workers. A$ a result of these indirect refurbishment year for Indian Point Unit 3 is jobs, an estimated 17 additional workers and expected to be 2015. For each unit, the their families (a total of 41 persons) moved on-site refurbishment work force would be into each study area county (Tables C.4B about the same size, and the work force and C.49). would be on-site for approximately the same period of time (refer to Section C4.1.2 for In all, approximately 415 new residents other work force assumptions). However, moved into Dutchess County, and 316 because of uncertainties concerning the persons into Westchester County, as a result length of the outage and the size of the of Indian Point's 1990 operations. These work force required to complete the new residents made up about 0.16 percent refurbishment of a given unit, this section of Dutchess County's 1990 population of examines a bounding case work force 259,462 and about 0.04 percent of scenario as described in Section C3.1.

Westchester County's 1990 population of 874,866. Given the work force scenario detailed in Section C.3.1, it is estimated that 2273 C.4.4.12 Predicted Growth Resulting from workers would be on-site to complete License Renewal refurbishment of Indian Point Unit 2 in 2012 and Unit 3 in 2015 (SEA 1994). Further As discussed in Section C.3.1, Indian Point's assuming that the residential distribution of license renewal would require the refurbishment workers would be similar to completion of a number of refurbishment that estimated for the 1972 construction tasks for Units 2 and 3. Many of the work force, it is estimated that refurbishment tasks are expected to be approximately 30 percent (543) would reside completed during scheduled refueling in either Dutchess County or Westchester outages at each unit during the 10 years that County. Based on the residential distribution precede the expiration of the initial of Indian Point plant staff, it is estimated operating license. However, the final that 17.3 percent (393) would reside in refurbishment work is expected to be Dutchess County and that 12.7 percent (289) completed during one large refurbishment of the total work force would reside in outage scheduled for each unit in the year Westchester County (Tables C50 and C.51).

before the unit's initial operating license For Indian Point, estimates of refurbishment expires. Because the final refurbishment worker in-migration are based on outage would involve more workers on-site construction experience at nuclear plants over a longer period of time than any of the located in areas with similar characteristics preceding refueling outages, it represents to the region in which Indian Point is the peak refurbishment period. For other located. It is estimated that 35 percent (239) assumptions concerning the refurbishment of the refurbishment workers living in either work force, refer to Sections C.3.1 and Dutchess County or Westchester County C.4. 1. 1.2. would be workers who migrate into the area for jobs at Indian Point. Based on the pattern of construction workers' in-migration C-B1 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00898

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C at other nuclear projects, 51 percent of the current workers', approximately 37.8 percent in-migrants (122) would be accompanied by (45) would reside in Dutchess County, and families. Using the New York average family 27.8 percent (33) would reside in size of 3.22 persons, total refurbishment Westchester County (ConEd 1990; PASNY worker in-migration would be expected to 1990). Based on operating experience at result in 293 new residents for Dutchess nuclear plants in comparable locales and on County and 216 new residents for construction experience at Indian Point, it is Westchester County. Based on construction estimated that 30 percent (23) of the plant in-migration and the ratio of nonplant jobs staff who would reside in Dutchess County created during peak construction periods at or Westchester County would be persons nuclear plants in comparable locales, 'it is who migrated to the area to work at Indian estimated that Indian Point's refurbishment Point (Tables C.S2 and C.S3). Also following would create an additional 1477 indirect jobs the pattern set by personnel in-migrating to in service industries supported by the work at other nuclear plants, 66 percent of spending of refurbishment :workers. As a the in-migrants (16) would be accompanied result of these indirect jobs, an estimated 59 by their famifies. Using the New York additional workers and their families (a total average family size of 3.22 people, total of 148 persons) would be projected to move in-migration would be expected to result in into the study area. Of these additional 33 new residents for Dutchess County and in-migrants, 74 would move into each study 26 new residents for Westchester County.

area county (Tables C.SO and C.Sl). In all, Based on work force in-migration and the approximately 367 new residents would be ratio of non plant jobs created at other expected to move into Dutchess County and nuclear plants during operating periods, it is 290 new residents into Westchester County, estimated that Indian Point's license renewal as a result of Indian Point's refurbishment. term would create an additional 78 indirect That would represent 0.1 percent of jobs in service industries supported by the Dutchess County's projected population of spending of plant workers. As a result of 310,809 in 2013 and less than 0.1 percent of these indirect jobs, an estimated two Westchester County's projected population additional workers (six persons including of 846,861 in 2013. families) would be projected to move into each study area county (Tables C.S2 and Once plant refurbishment is completed for C.S3). In all, approximately 39 new residents Indian Point Units 2 and 3, the work force would be expected to move into Dutchess would consist mostly of permanent plant County and 32 new residents into staff. Additional refurbishment/refueling Westchester County, as a result of Indian workers would be temporarily on-site Point's license renewal term. That would approximately every 2 years; however, they represent less than 0.1 percent of Dutchess would not be permanent, on-site plant staff, County's projected population and less than and many of them are expected to commute 0.1 percent of Westchester County's from outside the study area. It is expected projected population in 2013.

that a maximum of 60 additional permanent workers per unit would be required during C.4.4.2 Housing the license renewal term, adding 120 workers to Indian Point's existing work The following sections (1) examine the force. Assuming that the new workers' housing impacts that occurred in residential distribution would be the same as Westchester and Dutchess counties during NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-82 OAGI0001365_00899

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS construction and operation of Indian Point 44 to Westchester. Thus, the total and (2) predict housing impacts that would project-related housing demand was for 194 result from refurbishment activities and units in Dutchess County and 143 units in continued operation during the license Westchester. Project demand accounted for renewal term. Possible impacts to housing only 0.28 percent of the year-round housing include changes in the number of housing units in Dutchess County and 0.04 percent uriits, particularly the rate of growth of the of the year-round units in Westchester.

housing stock; changes in occupancy rates; changes in the characteristics of the housing Westchester County in 1970 had over 3000 stock; and changes in rental rates and vacant rental units and 812 units for sale property values. (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1972).

Project-related demand would occupy only a Section CA.1.2 includes a complete fraction of the vacant units. Similarly, 1400 discussion of the methodology and vacant rental units and 517 units were for assumptions used to predict housing impacts. sale in Dutchess County. Because project-related demand made up only a C.4.4.21 Impacts from Plant Construction minuscule portion of the housing markets of and Operation both Dutchess and Westchester counties, no discernable change in the housing market or The following discussion begins by describing in housing values occurred.

project-related housing demand in Westchester and Dutchess counties and Most local planners and realtors believe that compares it to the 1970 housing market. the operation of the Indian Point plants has Impacts from the operation of Indian Point not inhibited residential growth in on local housing are then described. Because neighboring communities of Buchanan, Indian Point was not included in the Peekskill, and Verplank, and the town of NUREG/CR-2749 study, estimates of worker Cortlandt. Rather, the low property taxes in-migration are based on the construction and good school district have served to experience at other nuclear plants in encourage residential development and comparable locales (Section CA.4.1). facilitate the quick sale of existing housing.

Local residents express no reluctance about Peak construction work force of 2400 living near the plants, although occasionally occurred in the early 1970s when both Units an outside buyer is deterred from the area 2 and 3 were under construction. Because because of the plants. However, there are such a ,large labor pool existed within always other buyers for the property, so the reasonable commuting time in the local area housing market has not slowed. Conversely, and in New York City, very little one realtor maintains that more in-migration occurred. Only 252 project development in communities neighboring workers moved to Westchester and Dutchess Indian Point would have occurred had it not counties combined to work at the site. In been for Indian Point.

Dutchess County, in-migrating workers required 134 housing units, and those who Local realtors agree that housing values in moved to Westchester County required 99 communities neighboring the plant have not housing units. Indirect jobs created by the been deflated because of the presence of spending of proj~ct workers brought in Indian Point. Homes in the immediate area another 60 workers to Dutchess County and are moderately priced and are currently C-83 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00900

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C selling very fast on the market. available housing in the study area during Developments within 3 km (2 miles) of the refurbishment activities.

plant include homes in the $400,000 to

$600,000 range. Representatives of the According to the estimate of the number of Westchester County Office of Community workers required for plant refurbishment Development believe otherwise, however, and based on plant construction experience, and indicated that the presence of the plant 138 workers of the total work force of 2273 had perpetuated the image of these are expected to migrate to Dutchess County communities being low to middle class. and 101 workers are expected to migrate to Westchester County for refurbishment jobs.

In summary, it appears that neither Of these in-migrants, 51 percent are construction nor operation of the Indian expected to be accompanied by families.

Point plants has considerably affected Some doubling-up is expected to occur housing in the communities neighboring the among the unaccompanied workers, so that plants or in the whole of Westchester and each unaccompanied mover would require Dutchess counties. 0.85 housing unit. This results in a refurbishment-related housing demand in the C.4.4.22 Predicted Impacts of license peak year of refurbishment of 128 housing Renewal units in Dutchess County and 94 units in Westchester County. Also, in-migrants filling Project-related population increase and the indirect jobs created by the spending of commensurate housing demand would be the project workers would require 30 units in cause of new housing impacts during each study area county, bringing the total refurbishment activities. A summary of project-related housing demand to 158 and recent and anticipated growth in housing is 124 units in Dutchess County and provided. This is followed by predictions of Westchester County, respectively.

possible impacts during refurbishment and the license renewal term. Refurbishment-related housing demand is less than the original construction-related Housing in Westchester County expanded housing demand of 194 and 143 units in between 1980 and 1990 by 6.3 percent (U.S. Dutchess and Westchester counties. The Burea4 of the Census 1990). If expansion number of housing units will have increased continliIes at this rate, there would be about by about 85 percent in Dutchess County and 419,500 housing units in 2012, the peak year 44 percent in Westchester County between of refurbishment at Indian Point Unit 2. peak construction and refurbishment Historical growth trends in Dutchess County periods. Refurbishment-related housing suggest that by 2012 there could be about demand would account for 0.1 percent and 126,500 housing units (U.S. Bureau of the 0.02 percent of the projected number of Census 1988, 1990). The projected housing units in 2012 in Dutchess and populations of Westchester and Dutchess Westchester counties, respectively. Housing counties in 2012 are 846,861 and 310,809, demand during refurbishment would be tiny respectively, and will require approximately relative to the existing housing market and is 321,000 and 115,500 housing units. Although even less than that experienced during adjustments in housing growth will be made construction. Only small new impacts on according to population growth, the current housing would result.

rate of growth suggests that there will be NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-84 OAGI0001365_00901

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Housing impacts related to housing value in the town of Cortlandt, which is a and marketability that occur during the combined effective tax rate of about license renewal term are the same as those 2.1 percent on fair market value.

currently being experienced Westchester County does not receive tax (Section C.4.4.2.1). The 120 additional revenues from Indian Point.

wqrkers (60 per unit) required during the license renewal term and the commensurate Table C.54 presents the taxes paid by Indian housing demand would cause only small new Point Unit 2 and the payments in lieu of tax housing impacts. from Indian Point Unit 3. The Hendrick Hudson School District is the only special C.4.4.3 Taxes taxing jurisdiction detailed because it receives such a large share of local tax Two operating reactors are currently at revenues. These tax revenues indicate that Indian Point. Indian Point Unit 2 is owned Indian Point Unit 2 has been an increasing and operated by ConEd, and Indian Point source of tax revenues, whereas Indian Point Unit 3 is owned and operated by the Power Unit 3 has been declining in importance as a Authority of the State of New York source of revenues. The net effect has been (PASNY). Although P ASNY is not subject a fairly constant stream of revenues. Indian to local taxes, it makes payments in lieu of Point Unit 3 will continue to decline as a tax based on its assessed valuation. source of revenues according to a formula that reduces each annual assessment by C.4.43.1 Impacts from Plant Construction 2 percent of the total property tax and Operation assessment in the village of Buchanan and the Hendrick Hudson School District.

The town of Cortlandt and the village of Buchanan both collect taxes from Indian Table C.55 demonstrates that the tax base Point Unit 2. The town of Cortlandt is a provided by the Indian Point Nuclear Plant political jurisdiction in Westchester County is very important to the town of Cortlandt, that pr;ovides services to unincorporated the village of Buchanan, and the Hendrick areas Within its boundaries. It collects taxes Hudson School District. Together, Indian for its general budget and special districts, Point Units 2 and 3 make up the majority of fire districts, and the Hendrick Hudson each jurisdiction's total assessed valuation; School District. The village of Buchanan, but Buchanan, where 91.8 percent of the where Indian Point Nuclear Plant is located, total assessed value is provided by Indian is an incorporation within the town of Point Units 2 and 3, is the most notable.

Cortlandt's boundaries. It is a separate The town of Cortlandt does not receive taxing jurisdictibn and independently revenue from Indian Point Unit 2 except for assesses and levies taxes on Indian Point the Verplank Fire District. The fire district Unit 2. The Verplank Fire District, which had a transitional assessed value for Indian includes the Indian Point Nuclear Plant, had Point Unit 3 of about $10 million in 1990, an $8.21 tax rate per $1000 of assessment which translated into $81,464 in lieu of tax (Town of Cortlandt 1990b). The assessment revenues. The Hendrick Hudson School of Indian Point Unit 2 is approximately District has about 5 percent of its assessed 5.76 percent of the fair market value of the value attributed to Indian Point Unit 3, and property. The existing tax rate is 0.123 in the the village of Buchanan has about village of Buchanan and an additional 0.245 29 percent of its value from Indian Point C-85 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00902

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Unit 3. Indian Point Unit 3 will cease to be the final refurbisb, :lent outage, and that a source of revenues for t~e school district would be reflected in the plant's assessed within about 2 years and will continue to value during the license renewal term. The gradually decline in importance as a source magnitude of the new impact depends on of revenues for the village of Buchanan and which improvements would occur at Indian the Verplank Fire District as a result of the Point early on and which would be done assessment formula previously noted. during the final outage. For example, if the steam generator is replaced during a current Table C.56 provides the total revenues and term outage, the assessed value may increase revenues received from Indian Point for considerably before the license renewal term each taxing jurisdiction. The contribution begins. If steam generator replacement and Indian Point makes to the total revenues of other major capital improvements are not each of these jurisdictions is significant and undertaken early on, the increase in assessed ranges from 33.3 to 49.6 percent. valuation may be only minor. The increase, in either case, is expected to cause only a Th,e practical effect of the property tax small to moderate new tax impact.

valuation of Indian Point and the resulting revenues has been the local government's During the license renewal term, the primary ability to maintain a high level of service tax-related impact would be the continuation with relatively low property tax rates. For of tax payments that Indian Point Unit 2 is instance, the Hendrick Hudson School currently making to local jurisdictions.

District has an average of 11 students per Again, it is unclear whether taxing teacher (on par with most Westchester arrangements regarding Indian Point Unit 3 County school districts and considerably would change so that P AS NY would make lower than the statewide average) (New payments to local jurisdictions during the York ~tate Education Department 1990) license renewal term. There would also be a while having the third lowest rate of taxation new impact resulting from the increase in out of 40 school districts in Westchester tax payments because of improvements made County. at Indian Point during the final refurbishment period. Thus, tax revenues of C.4.43.2 Predicted Impacts of License Indian Point Unit 2 would increase in Renewal absolute terms but might remain constant or decrease as a percentage of total revenues The new tax-related impact expected to of the taxing jurisdictions. Based on current occur during refurbishment of Indian Point conditions, Indian Point Unit 2 tax results from capital improvements revenues-the continuing and additional undertaken during the current term outages. payments combined-would continue to be a The assessed value of the plant would large source of local revenues during the increase during this time and thus increase license renewal term and would allow local the tax payments of Indian Point Unit 2 to taxing jurisdictions to maintain adequate local jurisdictions. Whether P ASNY would levels of local government service, including have to pay additional taxes (or payments in education and highways.

lieu of tax) to local jurisdictions because of improvements to Indian Point Unit 3 is unknown. This new impact does not involve capital improvements that take place during NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-86 OAGI0001365 00903

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS C.4.4.4 Public Services finding was insignificant impacts because of the construction or operation of the plant.

C.4.4.4.1 Impacts from Plant Construction The Croton Harmon director of pupil and Operation services indicated very little change since the construction of the plant. The Lakeland Westchester County is divided into towns School District experienced substantial and villages. All social services are provided growth in the 1950s and 1960s, reaching a by the county. Schools are divided into peak enrollment in 1973. Although this districts (43 in the county), with town growth occurred at roughly the same time as governments having no involvement in the the plant construction, the construction itself e<Iucation. One village, Buchanan, made did not have a major effect on the district.

strategic plans during the construction of the The Lakeland School District has been more plant for growth of its infrastructure. heavily influenced during operations by Buchanan experienced good fiscal growth, industry in the Poughkeepsie and Yorktown and several services were made possible as a area as opposed to the operation of the direct result of the Indian Point Nuclear plant.

Plant.

Transportation Education Transportation in Westchester County The state of New York is divided into consists of approximately 240 km (150 miles) numerous school districts. School districts of county roads and more than 970 km (600 within fl.8 km (0.5 mile) of Indian Point are miles) of state roads. Local officials the Lakeland School District, Peekskill interviewed gave no indication of major School District, Hendrick Hudson School problems stemming from the construction or District, and the Croton Harmon School the operations of Indian Point Nuclear District. Indian Point is located in the Plant.

Hendrick Hudson School District.

Public Safety The Hendrick Hudson School District had the same number of schools before the Some municipalities have local police construction of the plant. However, two of departments, whereas others contract with the elementary school buildings were the New York State Police for police replaced, one in 1965 and the other in 1974. protection. Individuals interviewed in the The local school administrator indicated that municipality of Buchanan indicated that the construction and operations phases of because of the fiscal growth associated with Indian Point have not had an effect on Indian Point, the services and staff of the schools in the district. An increase in village also grew. For instance, the police enrollment was concurrent with the force has essentially doubled in size. More development of Indian Point. However, than 70 percent of the fire departments are there was also a nationwide baby boom at on a volunteer basis. Local emergency this time, so this enrollment cannot be management is operated through the Office directly linked to the plant. of Defense and Emergency Services.

Local school officials in each of the school A four-county nuclear safety committee is in districts were interviewed, and the overall the area, with Westchester County being the C-87 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00904

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C lead county. An in-depth plan is in place, noteworthy to the tourist industry because it and the department works closely with the not only accounts for the needs of the state, the Federal Emergency Management residents near the plant but also addresses Agency (FEMA), ConEd, and PASNY. One plans for evacuating the transient population major drill and 10 to 20 mini-drills are and tourists in the area.

conducted each year. Money for this department comes from assessment of Indian ConEd operates an information center at Point and from the county government. the plant site. This center is visited mostly by school and tour groups. At the plant, visitors Social Services can see the control room, watch films, and see hands-on exhibits.

Social services are provided for at a county level. Local officials interviewed stated that C.4.4.4.2 Predicted Impacts of Ucense since plant operations began, there had been Renewal no increase in the demand for services from the department. However, it was indicated Based on the estimated 2273 direct workers that more staff was required in the required during peak refurbishment, the staff beginning to develop a new emergency plan estimates that 122 direct workers and 40 for the county. Some municipalities have indirect workers will migrate with their senior Icitizen programs or "Meals on families to the study area counties Wheels.". (Section C.4.4.1.2). The number of children accompanying these workers is estimated Public Utilities using the New York average family size (3.22) and assuming that all families include Two power companies supply gas and two adults. Children are expected to be electricity to Westchester County. Water in evenly distributed in age from sl to 18 the area is provided by the Montrose years. Assuming 72.2 percent of these District. Some of the smaller municipalities children are school age (5 to 18 years), there have a split between private and public will be an average of 0.88 school-age sewer systems. Local officials interviewed children per in-migrating family, or a total of gave no indication of any impacts from the 144 new students in the study area counties.

construction or operation of Indian Point. This would represent a tiny increase in the school enrollments of the study area Tourism and Recreation counties, even if all new students were concentrated in one school district. Impacts Local leaders interviewed indicated no to education, if any, will be small.

change in tourism. Most people do not remember the plant is even there. The During construction and operation of Indian county operates an extensive park system of Point, there were no notable impacts on any 65-78 km 2 (25-30 square miles). The plant of the public services. Future impacts are did, however, provide one municipality with projected to be largely the same as those the capability of building a recreation that occurred during past operations.

complex and a public pool.

Indian Point now has an emergency preparedness plan in effect. This plan is NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-88 OAGI0001365_00905

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS C.4.4.5 Off-Site Land Use developed. The Georgia-Pacific Corporation operated a wallboard factory just southwest This section describes the off-site land-use of the Indian Point site, and a number of impacts of the construction, operation, and industrial facilities were owned by the license renewal of Indian Point. The Standard Brands Corporation in Peekskill, discussion of impacts is primarily concerned just north of the nuclear plant's property with land use in the immediate vicinity of boundary. The plant site was bounded by the plant, but impacts to the town of Broadway, a minor public road, to the east Cortlandt, the villages of Buchanan and and by the Hudson River to the west. In Peekskill, and Westchester County are Buchanan, land use in the plant's general described where appropriate. Land-use vicinity consisted mostly of low-density, impacts are examined for two time periods. single-family residential development and First, Section CA.4.5.1 identifies the some limited commercial uses. The land-use impacts of Indian Point's mountainous, wooded property on the west construction and operation. Next, bank of the Hudson across from Indian Section C.4.4.5.2 projects the land-use Point was part of the Palisades Interstate impact~ of Indian Point's refurbishment Park and was mostly devoid of development.

period, based on the impacts that occurred during the plant'S construction. Also, Indian Point's construction had very minor Section C.4.4.S.2 projects the land-use direct land-use impacts on property in the impacts of the plant's license renewal term, immediate vicinity of the plant. The based on the impacts that have occurred abandoned amusement park site provided during operations. Information sources for more than adequate land area for the three this report incltlde the Final Environmental units and their associated buildings and Statement Related to the Operation of Indian storage facilities. Because the site was so Point Nuclear Generating Plant, Units 2 and large and had been developed previously, 3 (AEC Dockets' 50-247 and 50-286) and the disruption of additional property outside interviews with key information sources in the park's boundaries was not necessary Westchester County. Section C.4.1.5 (AEC Dockets 50-247 and 50-286).

describes the methods used to assess and project land-use impacts for all case study However, the plant's construction did have plants. noticeable direct land-use impacts on the village of Buchanan. Since the late C.4.4.5.1 Impacts from Plant Construction nineteenth century, development along the and Operation Hudson River near Buchanan had been made up largely of river-oriented commercial Indian Point is located on a 96.7-ha land uses such as quarrying. But by the time (239-acre) site on the Hudson River. Before Indian Point's construction began, much of the beginning of Indian Point's construction this commercial development had slowed to in 1956, the plant property was the a halt. The commercial void turned, abandoned site of the Palisades Amusement Buchanan into an economically depressed Park, and much of the surrounding property area with no industrial development to was vacant. By the time Units 2 and 3 began support the existing residential land use.

operations, land in the immediate vicinity of According to one key informant, Indian the plant site had been zoned for heavy Point's construction gave Buchanan the industrial use, and some of it had been opportunity to develop industrial properties.

C-89 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00906

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC This was because the village had rezoned Key sources also indicated that the nuclear much of its land along the river to the plant's presence and the industrial industrial classification for Indian Point's development that it helped spawn in construction, and some of the surrounding Buchanan had helped encourage industrial property was subsequently developed for development in Peekskill. North of Indian other industrial uses. The industrial growth Point, the village of Peekskill has developed included the Georgia-Pacific and Standard the old Standard Brands complex into the Brands facilities south and north of Indian Charles Point Industrial Park. The Charles Point, respectively. This new development Point complex, which is the site of the helped bolster Buchanan's economy and Charles Point Resource Recovery Plant (the established the industrial land-use pattern county's waste disposal facility), has been that has dominated development along the very successful in attracting small industries.

Hudson in Buchanan since Indian Point's Indian Point's successful location and constr~ction. operation encouraged the villages of Buchanan and Peekskill to promote Indian Point's operation has also had industrial development around the nuclear noticeable land-use impacts in the immediate plant and at Charles Point. This vicinity of the plant, in the town of development has established industry as the Cortlandt and in Buchanan and Peekskill. dominant land use along the river in the two Some informants stated that the plant, and villages. In general, operations at Indian especially its transformers and transmission Point have had noticeable impacts on both lines, might have deterred some residential residential and industrial development development in Buchanan. This is one patterns in Buchanan and Peekskill.

explanation offered for the existence of some large, vacant properties near the plant. C.4.4.5.2 Predicted Impacts of License The informants cited development pressures Renewal and the demand for housing in the region, as well as the favorable location of the The direct impacts of Indian Point's properties in terms of transportation routes refurbishment and license renewal term on and the Hudson River, and asserted that the land use in the immediate vicinity of the plant's presence might account for the fact plant, in Buchanan and Peekskill, and in that the properties are not developed. Westchester County are expected to be Conversely, some informants felt that Indian small. Refurbishment-related population Point's local tax contributions had allowed growth is projected to represent less than the town of Cortlandt and the village of 0.1 percent of Westchester County's Buchanan to maintain relatively low property projected population in 2013. Population tax rates and that this had encouraged new growth associated with the license renewal residential development. Either way, term is also projected to account for less Buchanan is still primarily a residential area, than 0.1 percent of the county's projected with some relatively expensive homes built population in 2013. Increases this small within 1.5 km (1 mile) of Indian Point. during refurbishment and the license Because residential growth has continued in renewal term are likely to have no impacts Buchanan within a short distance of Indian in terms of residential development patterns.

Point, the overall land-use impacts of the plant's presence seem to be neutral in terms Because much of the land in the plant's of residential development patterns. vicinity has been zoned for industrial use NUREG*1437, Vol 2 C-90 OAGI0001365_00907

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS and because the industrial land-use pattern C.4.4.6 Economic Structure has become well established along the river in Buchanan, it is expected that the area C.4.4.6.1 Impacts from Plant Construction would continue to attract some industrial and Operation development. This is especially true for the Charles Point Industrial Park, which would The construction and operation of Indian continue to cater to smaller, light industries Point have resulted in insignificant economic and warehouse operations. Also, there are impacts to Westchester and Dutchess two large, vacant properties, one zoned for counties. Table C.57 presents the estimated manufacturing and the other for light employment and income effects of Indian industry, in Buchanan near Indian Point. Point on residents of the two counties. The The parcel zoned for light industrial use is plant has increased employment and income adjacent to the Indian Point property and is for residents employed during its currently being developed as warehouse construction and operation, and this direct space. Because the residential and industrial employment and income has generated local land-use patterns that exist in Buchanan expenditures resulting in indirect have been established for many years, Indian employment and income. But the percentage Point's new direct land-use impacts are of each county's employment and income expected to be small. that is derived from Indian Point indicates the insignificance of the plant's economic The indirect land-use impacts of the license impacts on the counties.

renewal term at Indian Point are also expected to be small. This is because Indian C.4.4.6.2 Predicted Impacts of License Point Unit 3 was acquired by PASNY in Renewal 1978, and the authority has been making annually decreasing payments in lieu of tax The work force scenario detailed in to the local jurisdictions since that time. Section C.3.1 was used to estimate the Thus, the village of Buchanan and the town employment and economic effects of of Cortlandt have had to increase their refurbishment at Indian Point. Table C.58 property tax rates to compensate for losing shows the total direct and indirect those portions of their tax bases that had plant-related employment of Dutchess and been provided by ConEd for Unit 3. Key Westchester county residents during informants felt that this increase in property refurbishment.

ta"{ rates had already caused a decrease in the demand for residential development in It is projected that Indian Point would the area and that this indirect land-use employ 393 Dutchess County residents and impact is likely to continue. Overall, 289 Westchester County residents as however, Indian Point's refurbishment and refurbishment workers in 2012 license renewal term are expected to have (Section C.4.4.1.2). Indirect jobs that would small direct and indirect land-use impacts. result from purchases of goods and services during refurbishment are expected to employ 591 residents of each study area county.

Therefore, the total direct and indirect employment affecting Dutchess County during the peak refurbishment year is C-91 NUREG-1437, VoL 2 OAGI0001365 00908

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C projected to be 984. This employment is projected to represent 0.13 percent of projected to represent 0.5 percent of the Westchester County employment, also total employment in Dutchess County in representing small impacts.

2012, resulting in small impacts.

Table C.S9 indicates that the economic There would be smaller employment impacts effect of Indian Point on Dutchess and in Westchester County, assuming the Westchester counties is small in relative bounding case work force scenario. The total terms but is still a crucial component of direct and indirect employment affecting employment for the town of Cortlandt, the Westchester County during the peak village of Buchanan, and the Hendrick refurbishment year is projected to be 880. It Hudson School District in Westchester is projected that this would represent only County. License renewal would also 0.2 percent of the county's employment in maintain Indian Point as a source of Westchester County in 2012. The impacts to property tax revenues, which could enable employment in:Westchester County are these localities to maintain lower residential expected to be small. and business tax rates and thereby attract economic development.

Relatively few new plant-related jobs would be created at Indian Point during the license C.4.4.7 Historic and Aesthetic Resources renewal term. Nearly all plant-related employment (and associated impacts) This section describes the impacts that the expected during that time period would construction and operation of Indian Point represent a continuation of employment have had on historic and aesthetic resources (and impacts) from past operations. and projects the expected impacts of the Table C.59 shows the estimated impact on plant's refurbishment and post-relicensing Dutchess and Westchester counties from the operations. Information sources include the increased labor requirements at Indian Point Final Environmental Statement Related to after refurbishment in 2015. Operation of Indian Point Nuclear Generating Plant, Unit 2 (ABC Docket The license renewal term work force for 50-247), Final Environmental Statement Indian Point would require an estimated 120 Related to Operation of Indian Point Nuclear additional employees (Section C.4.4.1.2). Of Generating Plant, Unit 3 (ABC Docket those additional workers, 45 are projected to 50-286), and interviews with key information be Dutchess County residents and 33 are sources in Westchester County and projected to be Westchester County elsewhere in New York.

residents. In addition, license renewal is expected to create indirect jobs for 45 C.4.4.7.1 Impacts from Plant Construction Dutchess County residents and and Operation 33 Westchester County residents. With the continued effects of the plant's current The construction and operation of Indian employment and the additional employment Point have had noticeable impacts on to be created, total license renewal term historic resources and significant impacts on employment is estimated to represent the aesthetic resources of the area. The site 0.60 percent of Dutchess County is located within 40 krn (25 miles) of the city employment, resulting in small impacts. limits of New York City, in affluent and Total license renewal term employment is influential Westchester County, arguably the NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-92 OAGI0001365 00909

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS birthplace of the country's environmental Harriman State Park and Bear Mountain movement. The plant is built near the State Park.

gateway to the Hudson Highlands, one of only two highly scenic areas remaining along The impact results from the effect of strong the Hl;ldson River between New York City visual symbols of twentieth-century

~nd Albany that retains much of the technology such as the three identical large nineteenth-century appearance and domed containment structures near the entry character. The area is important historically to an area (Hudson Highlands) that is as a locale for American Revolutionary War largely nineteenth-century in appearance.

battlefields and activities and is located near Although the plant was designed to present the U.S. Military Academy at West 'Point. a pleasant and attractive appearance, and One informant :characterized this importance the general site plan includes a freshwater as being "extreme," both statewide and lake, a new visitors' center, and a 30-ha nationally. Another characterizes the Indian (80-acre) woodland recreational facility Plant environs as being "one of the most (ABC Dockets 50-247 and 50-286), these important historic areas in the state." It amenities have not proved sufficient to should be noted that the plant is visible from overshadow the plant's perceived intrusion very few historic resources, based on a into the area's sense of place and historic viewshed analysis (Jones & Jones 1975). character. One source summarizes this situation: "The visual impact affects the The plant's location~n the east banks of a historic river communities in a broad sense.

point of land near a large bend in the You can see the plant from so many areas Hudson River-accentuates the visibility of that it has diminished the historic character its containment vessels. Although the of the areas and the aesthetic appeal in general area, particularly north of the plant, general. It definitely intrudes and disturbs is noted for its scenic quality, the immediate the overall sense that one gets from viewing plant environs has other industrial uses that the area."

detract from the overall scenic context. The whole facility is easily viewed by passengers Archaeological sites at or near the power riding the heavily traveled Amtrak trains plant already were disturbed severely before running between New York City and construction of the plant, and the impacts Albany. One informant characterizes this from plant construction and operation here impact alone as a "big visual impact." are considered to have been insignificant Several sections of the Palisades Interstate (ABC Docket 50-247). The National Park on the west bank of the Hudson River Register of Historic Places (including are at this point, as well as parks and designated National Historic Landmarks) beaches on the east bank and various and the Hudson River Valley Commission's fishermen's landings. Both commercial and preliminary inventory of historic resources pleasure boating predominate in this area of list numerous buildings and sites within the Hudson River. several kilometers of Indian Point, but none has been directly affected by the plant's Repeated comments from key sources construction (ABC Docket 50-247). Many document the uniform sense of intrusion structures are not listed and are thereby that the plant has given to the area's unprotected in any planning processes, but aesthetic quality. Among the chief concerns they have considerable historic value has been the visibility of the plant from nonetheless; many of these may be eligible C-93 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00910

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC for listing but have not undergone the Carolina. The selection of this area is based length~ qualification process. The noticeable on worker residence patterns, employment, impacts have come from the indirect impacts expenditures, and tax payments. Figure C.12 to these and other historic resources. In depicts the impact area, and Figure C.13 what may be an isolated anecdotal account, shows the region in which it is located.

one respondent cited this experience: one homeowner was encouraged to restore a C.4.5.1 Population building that ha:d historic value but declined, discounting the i building's significance This section discusses the local population because of its proximity to the plant. growth associated with the construction, operation, and license renewal of ONS.

C.4.4.7.2 Predicted Impacts of License Section C.4.1 describes the methodology Renewal used to project popUlation growth for all plants. Data used to prepare this section Refurbishment and relicensing of Indian were obtained from Socioeconomic Impacts Point would probably mean a continuation of Nue/ear Generating Stations: Oconee Case of the persistent negative perception of the Study (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7);

plant's effects on aesthetics and historic Environmental Assessment Proposed Rule on resources. The relicensing process and the Nue/ear Plant License Renewal refurbishment activity would likely bring the (NUREG-1398); SEA refurbishment work plant to the public's awareness and provide a force estimates (Appendix B; SEA 1994);

gauge of the degree to which the public has population projections by the State of South become adapted to and accepting of the Carolina Division of Research and Statistical plant. The plant'S continued presence most Services; and Duke Power Company (1990).

likely would continue to remind recreationists and other viewers of the The discussion of population growth is presence of this modern technology among organized into two time periods.

the river communities and historic features Section C.4.S.1.1 identifies the population of the areas, a fact that to this point has growth that Oconee County has experienced been perceived as negative. One informant as a result of the construction and operation states that if the Indian Point facility were of ONS from 1967 to 1990. Section C.4.S.1.2 being proposed now, its proponents would projects the population growth expected to have a "large fight on their hands from the result from ONS's refurbishment period and aesthetics point of view." license renewal term operations beginning in 2013 (Units 1 and 2) based on the growth Potential impacts to historic resources must associated with the plant's initial be determined through consultation with the construction. Also, Section C.4.S.1.2. projects SHPO. the population growth expected to result from ONS's license renewal term based on C.4.5 Oconee the growth associated with operations.

The impact area-the locations where the C.4.5.1.1 Growth Resulting from Plant most pronounced socioeconomic impacts Construction and Operation might result from refurbishment and license renewal-for the Oconee Nuclear Station ONS's construction resulted in small (ONS) consists of Oconee County, South population increases in Oconee County NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-94 OAGI0001365_00911

APPENIl>IX C SOCIOECONOMICS I

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Oconee Co Anderson Co Figure C.12 Socioeconomic impact area associated with Oconee Nuclear Station refurbishment: Oconee County.

C-95 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00912

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C ORNL*OWG 9OM*14837

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iii I SOUTH CAROLINA o 10 20 30 40 kilometers NORTH CAROUNA GEORGIA TENNESSEE Figure C.13 Region surrounding the Oconee Nuclear Station nuclear plant NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-96 OAGI0001365_00913

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS (Table C.60). During the peak construction of Oconee workers. However, it is assumed year, 1971, ONS personnel and their families that no additional residents moved into who migrated to the area to work at the Oconee County for these indirect jobs, as all plant, and others who moved into the area additional employment opportunities are to work in jobs generated by the plant's expected to have been filled by persons who presence, totalled approximately 701 resided in Oconee County or by persons. This influx of new residents long-distance commuters. In all, an estimated represented 1.7 percent of Oconee County's 504 new residents moved into Oconee total population in 1971 (NUREG/CR-2749, County as a result of ONS's 1990 operations vol. 7, p. 89). (Table C.61). These new residents made up about 0.9 percent of Oconee County's 1990 Operations at ONS have resulted in smaller population of 57,494 (NUREG/CR-2749, population increases than did the plant's vol. 7, pp. 65-87; MacFarlane 1990).

construction. In 1990, 2300 permanent plant staff were on-site at ONS (this figure C.4.5.1.2 Predicted Growth Resulting from includes regular plant staff and Duke License Renewal Power's Construction Department, which was permanently located on-site at ONS in As discussed in Section C.3.1, ONS's license 1985). In past operating years, additional renewal would require the completion of a contract workers have been on-site for number of refurbishment tasks for Units 1, planned outages, but they have not been 2, and 3. Many of the refurbishment tasks included here because their presence at the are expected to be completed during ,

plant was temporary. scheduled refueling outages at each unit during the 10 years that precede the Of the permanent plant staff, 50 percent expiration of the initial operating license.

(1150) reside in Oconee County (Duke However, the final refurbishment work is Power Company 1990). Based on the expected to be completed during one large residential settlement pattern of ONS's 1975 refurbishment outage scheduled for each work force, it is estimated that 83.6 percent unit a year or two before the initial (961) of those residing in Oconee County in operating license expires. Because the final 1990 were prior residents who obtained jobs refurbishment outage would involve more and that 16.4 percent (189) were workers workers on-site over a longer period of time who migrated into the area for jobs than any of the preceding refueling outages, (Table C.61). Also following the pattern set it represents the peak refurbishment period.

during plant operations, it is estimated that For other assumptions concerning the 77 percent of the in-migrants (146) were refurbishment work force, refer to accompanied by their families. Assuming the Sections C.3.1 and C.4.1.1.2.

1990 South Carolina average family size of 3.16 persons, this represents a total Assuming the refurbishment schedule in-migration of 504 new residents for the described in Section C.3.1, the peak county. Based on the distribution of refurbishment years for ONS Units 1 and 2 non plant jobs created in Oconee County would probably be 2011 and/or 2012, and during earlier operating periods, it is the peak refurbishment year for ONS Unit 3 estimated that ONS's 1990 operations is expected to be 2013. For each unit, the created an additional 948 indirect jobs in on-site refurbishment work force would be service industries supported by the spending about the same size and would be on*site for C-97 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00914

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC approximately the same period of time (refer would be expected to move into Oconee to Section 6.4.1.1.2 for other work force County as a result of ONS's refurbishment assumptions). However, because under the work force scenario. That would uncertainties exis t concerning the length of represent 0.7 percent of Oconee County's the outage and the size of the work force projected population of 73,542 in 2013 required to complete the refurbishment of a (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, pp. 62-86).

given unit, this section examines a bounding case work force scenario as described in Once plant refurbishment is completed for Section C.3.l. ONS Units 1,2, and 3, the work force would consist mostly of permanent plant staff.

Given the work force scenario detailed in Additional refurbishment/refueling workers Section C.3.1, it is estimated that 2273 would be temporarily on-site approximately workers would be on-site to complete every 2 years, but they would not be refurbishment of ONS Units 1 and 2 in 2011 permanent, on-site plant staff, and many of or 2012 and Unit 3 in 2013 (SEA 1994). them are expected to commute from outside Further, assuming that the residential the study area. It is expected that a distribution of refurbishment workers would maximum of 60 additional permanent be similar to that of the 1971 ONS workers per unit would be required during construction work force, it is estimated that the license renewal term, adding 180 25.4 percent (577) would reside in Oconee workers to ONS's existing work force.'

County. Based on plant construction Assuming that the new workers' residential experience, it is projected that 50 percent distribution would be the same as that of (230) of those residing in Oconee County current plant staff, approximately 50 percent would be prior residents who obtain (90) would reside in Oconee County. Based refurbishment jobs, and 289 would be on worker in-migration in 1975, it is workers who migrate into the area for expected that 83.6 percent (75) of those refurbishment jobs (Table C.62). Also residing in Oconee County would be prior following the pattern set during plant residents who obtain jobs and 16.4 percent construction, 33.3 percent of the in-migrants (15) would be workers who migrate into the (96) would be accompanied by families. area for jobs (Table C.63). Also following Using the South Carolina average family size the pattern set during plant operations, of 3.16 persons, total refurbishment worker 77 percent of the in-migrants (12) would be in-migration would result in 496 new accompanied by their families. Using the residents for the county. Based on the ratio South Carolina average family size of 3.16 of plant to nonplant jobs created in Oconee people, total in-migration would result in 41 County in 1971, ONS's refurbishment is new residents for the county. Based on the projected to create an additional 118 indirect ratio of plant to nonplant jobs created in jobs in service industries supported by the Oconee County in 1975, ONS's license spending of ONS refurbishment workers renewal term is projected to create an (Table C.62). However, no additional additional 74 indirect jobs in service residents are expected to move into Oconee industries supported by the spending of ONS County for these indirect jobs, as all workers (Table C.63). However, no additional employment opportunities would additional residents would be moving into be filled by persons who alr,eady reside in Oconee County as a result of these indirect the county or by long-distaI1ce commuters. jobs, as they are expected to be filled by In all, approximately 496 new residents county residents and commuters. In all, NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-98 OAGI0001365_00915

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS approximately 41 new residents would be because of Duke's local hiring policy. Also, expected to move into Oconee County as a Duke Power provided on-site "bachelor's result of ONS's license renewal term. That quarters" accommodating 150 workers.

would represent less than 0.1 percent of Thus, project-related demand for housing Oconee County's projected population in was quite low relative to the peak number of 2013 (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, pp. 62-86). employees. Project-related demand at its peak in 1971 accounted for 1.2 percent of C.45.2 Housing the 1970 Oconee County year-round housing stock.

The following sections examine the housing impacts that occurred in Oconee County The 1970 Census reported a 3.0 percent during construction and operation of ONS vacancy rate, or 411 vacancies, either for and predict housing impacts that would sale or rent in Oconee County (U.S. Bureau result from refurbishment activities and of th~ Census 1972). These vacancies existed continued operation. Possible impacts to despite a project-related demand for 85 units housing include changes in the number of in 1965 and 145 units in 1970. These housing units, particularly the rate of growth vacancies, together with continued expansion of the housing stock; changes in occupancy of the housing stock in 1970 and 1971 and rates; changes in the characteristics of the the proximity of the metropolitan areas of housing stock; and changes in rental rates or Greenville and Anderson, were adequate in property values. meeting project-related demand.

Section C.4.1.2 includes a complete Changes in the housing stock experienced discussion of the methodology and during construction include an increase in assumptions used to predict housing impacts. the number of multifamily units and the number of mobile homes. In the intercensal C.45.21 Impacts from Plant Construction period 1970-80, a net increase of 315 and Operation multifamily units occurred in Oconee County (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1972, 1982).

The following discussion begins with a This was a 41.2 percent increase over the description of project-related housing 1970 multifamily stock. The most significant demand in Oconee County. A discussion of change was the addition of structures with the housing market at the time of ONS four or more units. The period of quickest construction and changes that occurred in growth in this housing type occurred the housing market follows. Finally, impacts between 1971 and 1974, when 248 from the operation of ONS are assessed. multifamily units were built in Oconee County (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7). The Project-related population increase and number of mobile homes in Oconee County commensurate demand for housing in doubled in the intercensal 1970-80 period, Oconee County peaked in 1971, when the so that by 1980 there were 2881 mobile average annual employmen~ at ONS reached homes (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1972, 2342. Project-related popul~tion increase in 1982).

Oconee County was 701 pe~sons (including ,

family), while off-site housing demand The median monthly rental rates in Oconee reached 167 units (NUREG/CR-2749, County were $37 in 1960, $36 in 1970, and vol. 7). Population increase was kept low $90 in 1980. The median rental rates in C-99 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00916

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C South Carolina for the same years were $32, (U.S. Bureau of Census 1972, 1982).

$50, and $130. Rental rates in Oconee Residential development occurred primarily County increased at a slower rate than those along the Keowee Lake. The rate of growth in the state of South Carolina despite the slowed somewhat during the 1980s, so that addition of numerous new multifamily units the 1980 housing stock increased by in Oconee County. Local perception is that 28.5 percent between 1980 and 1990. If the the rental rate of nonsubsidized units, which rate of growth experienced in the 1980s ranged between $120 and $250 per month in continues through 2010, shortly before the 1979, increased beyond inflation-induced peak refurbishment year, there will be effects because of the increased demand for 42,900 housing units in Oconee County. The housing and because in-migrants had projected population of Oconee County in incomes larger than local residents 2013 is 73,542 and will require 28,840 (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7). housing units. Although adjustment in, housing growth will be made according to In summary, housing in Oconee County population growth, the current rate of adequately met project-related demand, and growth suggests that there will be available little change in housing characteristics or housing in Oconee County during value resulted because of project-related refurbishment activities.

demand. Construction-related impacts on housing were insignificant. According to the estimate of the number of workers required for refurbishment activities The operation of ONS has had only and based on plant construction experience, insignificant impacts on housing. Lake 289 workers of the total work force of 2273 Keowee has attracted substantial residential are expected to migrate to Oconee County development; however, the plant itself has for refurbishment jobs. Of these in-migrants, had no substantial effect on development. 96 would be accompanied by families. Some Occasionally, a new home is built for doubling-up is expected to occur among the operation workers. The values of properties remaining 193 in-migrants, so that each in the vicinity of the plant have not been mover would require 0.85 housing unit.

negatively affected by its operation. Worker migration to Oconee County would result in a total project-related housing C.4.5.22 Predicted Impacts of License demand in the peak year of refurbishment of Renewal 260 housing units.

Project-related population increase and the Refurbishment-related housing demand is commensurate housing demand would be the greater than the construction-related cause of new housing impacts during housing demand of 167 units, but the refurbishment activities. This section number of housing units in Oconee County summarizes recent and anticipated growth in will have increased 200 percent between housing and estimates poss~ble housing construction and refurbishment periods.

impacts during refurbishment and the license Housing demand would account for about renewal term. 0.6 percent of the possible 42,900 housing units in Oconee County during Between 1970 and 1980, the number of refurbishment. Because demand in the housing units in Oconee County increased bounding case scenario would be so small 44 percent above the 1970 housing stock relative to the existing housing market and NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-1oo OAGI0001365_00917

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS because impacts would be even less than (Table C64). The county received about those experienced during plant construction, $7.6 million in taxes from the licensee in refurbishment-related housing demand is 1975 (constant 1989 dollars) and about $6.6 expected to have only small new impacts on million in 1989. In 1975, property tax from the Oconee County housing market. the licensee accounted for about 50 percent of property taxes in the county and about Housing impacts related to housing value 25 percent of total revenue. Oconee and marketability that would occur during County's assessments increased from $111 the license renewal term are the same as million in 1975 to approximately $173 those currently being experienced . million in 1989, with the licensee's (Section C.4.5.2.1). The 180 additional contribution in terms of total tax revenues workers (60 per unit) required during the falling from 50.1 percent to 29.1 percent, license renewal and the commensurate still demonstrating a heavy reliance by the housing demand would cause only small new county on the power plant. In the same time housing impacts. period, the power plant's portion of total county revenue fell from nearly 25 percent C.4.53 Taxes to 14.2 percent.

C.4.53.1 Impacts from Plant Construction The Oconee School District has had strongly and Operation increasing revenues from state and local sources. In 1981, total revenues were Oconee County is the only political approximately $20.2 million (1989 dollars).

jurisdiction that taxes ONS. Besides By 1989, total revenues were approximately collecting taxes for its own use, the county $32.8 million. The contribution to school collects property tax levies for the Oconee district taxes from the licensee increased School District. The state of South Carolina from about $3.5 million to $4.6 million from appraises electric utility property, including 1981 to 1989. While this was a declining ONS, using the unit valuation method. This percentage of the total Oconee School method assigns a value to the licensee's District revenues (from 18 percent to power plant based on the historical cost of 14 percent over this period), the power assets less depreciation; capitalization of a plant still had a moderate impact.

future income stream over a 3-year period; and stock value and debt approach over a The overall trend has been a decline in the 3-year period. After exemptions for importance of ONS as a direct, primary nontaxable assets, the value is apportioned source of revenues and taxes. This trend has to the local jurisdiction by gross investment. been the result of strong economic growth Much of the information u~ed in the in Oconee County and the much higher appraisal is from Federal Regulatory county property assessments that ensued.

Commission Form 1, which is public Also, Oconee School District revenues have information. The appraised value is sharply increased, partly as the result of multiplied by 10.5 percent to calculate the state programs promoting improved assessed value that the county uses to apply education.

tax rates.

The tax effects of the power plant have The power plant has been an important been quite favorable to the local school source of revenue for Oconee County district. For instance, in the 1987-88 school C-101 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00918

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC year, Oconee School District ranked 10th refurbishment outage would affect taxes only out of the 91 school districts in South during the license renewal term. The Carolina in assessed value per pupil. The magnitude of the impact depends on Duke Oconee School District ranked 82nd out of Power's decision about which improvements 91 school districts in its tax effort, yet it would occur early on and which would be raQ.ked 57th in revenue received per pupil, done during the final outage. For example, if 26th for local taxes per pupil for current the steam generator is replaced during a operations, and 13th in per pupil current term outage, the assessed value may expenditures for capital outlay. Thus, while increase considerably before the license having a relatively low taxation rate, the renewal term begins. If steam generator property tax base in Oconee County allowed replacement and other major capital Oconee School District to maintain its improvements are not undertaken early on, schools at respectable expenditure levels. the increase in assessed valuation may be During this period, the assessed valuation only minor. The increase, in either case, is per pupil was about twice the median for all expected to cause only a small to moderate school districts in the state (Hill 1989). new tax impact.

An earlier study of Oconee indicated that During the license renewal term, the primary; county employment and capital expenditures tax-related impact would be the continuation increased dramatically, with large increases of tax payments that ONS is currently in tax revenues associated with the power making to Oconee County and the Oconee plant (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7). This trend School District. A new impact also would seems to have contributed to economic result from the increase in tax payments growth in Oconee County. The Oconee resulting from improvements made at County auditor indicated that Oconee during the final refurbishment high-technology industry had been moving period. Thus, tax revenues would increase in into Oconee, a trend attributable to the absolute terms, although they may not man-made lakes associated with the power provide a proportionally larger share of the plant and the water and sewer systems total revenues of either taxing jurisdiction.

installed in the mid-1980s. The increase in This is especially true because currently the property tax revenue from the power plant tax base in Oconee County is increasing made many of the improvements in rapidly. This trend was expected to continue infrastructure possible with,out with the addition in 1992 of the Bad Creek correspondingly large incre:ases in the tax Pumped Storage Hydro Power Facility. The rate. increase in assessed valuation of ONS after refurbishment may offset this trend so that C.4.53.2 Predicted Impacts of License ONS tax revenues-continuing and additional Renewal payments combined-would continue to make up a substantial share of the total revenues.

During refurbishment of ONS, a new The moderate tax-related impact currently tax-related impact is expected to occur. This being experienced in the school district and new impact involves increases in tax the county would continue during the license payments that would result from capital renewal term.

improvements during the current term outages. Tax increases resulting from improvements made in the final NUREG*1437. Vol 2 C-102 OAGI0001365_00919

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS C.4.5.4 Public Services The overall change in enrollment throughout the 1970s was relatively small, never falling C.4.5.4.1 Impacts from Plant Construction below 10,000 students. Oconee County and Operation schools have consistently had a better; pupil/teacher ratio than the state. The ratio Municipalities in the Oconee study area dropped from 22 to 1 in 1966 to 19.52 to 1 have a council-mayor form of government in 1981. During the mid-1970s, and that provides both legislative and executive coinciding with Duke tax payments on ONS supervision of municipal services such as and changes in the form of county water, sewers, roads, fire, police, and, government, school expenditures increased recreation. The majority of services are significantly (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, provided for at a county or state level p. 117).

(NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, p. 105). Before 1975, when the county-council form of The data on enrollments do not show any government was established, the Oconee significant increases that could be associated County government was run by local with ONS's employment patterns. This was delegates, with daily activities being the because daily commuters made up almost responsibility of a board of ,county 75 percent of the peak construction work commissioners. Although it is not known if force and approximately half the operations the change to county-council government work force; these workers created no new was directly related to the plant, the change demand for local services. The total number provided significant local control of county of children of workers who moved into the services. During the period immediately after county to take project-related jobs was not operations began (1978), the scope and type more than 140 students during plant of county services were expanded and a construction in 1971 (1.4 percent of total number of new departments were created. enrollment) and 43 students during plant Several new programs were added, and operations in 1978 (0.5 percent of total existing ones were upgraded, particularly enrollment) (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, public safety, social services, and educational p. 118).

institutions (NUREG/CR-4749, vol. 7,

p. 113). Information pertahling to The superintendent of education in Oconee expenditures is discussed in detail in County indicated that the power plant, along Section C.4.5.1. with many other industries, has had an impact on the educational system. He also Education stated that Duke Power is very supportive of all local efforts to improve schools and Public education in Oconee County is education in general. The operation of ONS provided by one school district that serves did not put an immediate demand on the whole county. Before 1966 education but, rather, had an impact over (preconstruction phase), the county operated the long term. Local officials stated that two school systems, one for the black Oconee County was previously a population and another for the white textile/agricultural area. This has changed population. Desegregation began after 1967, over time. Industry today (the nuclear and by 1969, total integration of the schools industry included) is more high-tech; was achieved (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, therefore, the educational system has p.114).

C-103 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00920

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC changed to meet the demand for The emergency preparedness center ftilr technological skills. Oconee County is supported through federal and county tax revenues. According to the Transportation local director for emergency preparedness, the construction phase had a minor impact Oconee County is responsible for on the demand for emergency services. The maintaining the primary and secondary road operations phase has had more of an impact system under its jurisdiction. Money for the in terms of all types of increases in the upkeep of local roads is provided through center's workload, ranging from additional state and local contributions. Between 1970 paperwork to additional training. As far as and 1980, expenditures on the roads . refurbishment and refueling activities are increased fourfold. However, there is no concerned, the indication from the director indication that this increase was directly was that there was more awareness of the related to the plant construction. During potential for a nuclear accident throughout construction of the Keowee-Toxaway the county after the Three Mile Island Project, Duke power Company spent $5 accident.

million on relocating 34.6 km (21.5 miles) of roads. One of these roads was Oconee Social Services County Highway 183, which, upon relocation, ran directly past the proposed In 1967, social services in Oconee County site for the ONS. Local officials gave no consisted primarily of public assistance and indication of major transportation problems food stamps. Little expansion in services stemming from the construction or operation occurred during the plant construction of ONS (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, p. 121). period. Beginning in 1974 (when construction was completed) several Public Safety additional services were offered by the county. This coincided with a large increase Public safety expenditures increased steadily in local tax revenues. Since then county from 1967 to 1980, increasing from $107,500 expenditures in social services have to $954,200 per year. There were substantial remained fairly constant. According to the improvements in police protection and Department of Social Services in Walhalla, fire-fighting equipment during this period. the construction phase had a definite impact Expenditures from the budget were made on the demand for services, but the primarily to purchase new police cars and operations phase has had no impact on the fire equipment. Other large outlays were level of services provided.

also made on repairs to the jail (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, p. 113). Oconee Public Utilities County has an elected sheriff and 30 full-time paid deputies. The county has a Public utilities (water, sewer, electricity) in rural volunteer fire department, and some Oconee County increased from 0.5 percent municipalities also have their own fire of the budget in 1967 to 2.6 percent of the departments with paid firefighters. The town budget in 1980. Expenditures in the budget of Seneca recently purchased an aerial allowed for a countywide solid waste disposal ladder truck for $500,000, which was funded capability in 1973 (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, from tax dollars. p. 113). An increased level of public services was provided, while the tax rates declined NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-104 OAGI0001365_00921

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS somewhat as a result of ONS's significant familties to Oconee County contribution to county revenues. The plant (Section C.4.5.1.2). The number of children construction phase had an impact on the accompanying these workers is estimated public utilities system, specifically water using the South Carolina average family size consumption; and the operation phase (3.16) and assuming that all families include caused an increase in the demand for water two adults. Children are expected to be and sewer services. Officials gave no evenly distributed in age from ~1 to 18 indication that this demand was a burden on years. Assuming that 72.2 percent of these the utilities. children are school age (5 to 18 years), there will be an average of 0.84 school-age Tourism and Recreation children per in-migrating family, or a total of 81 new students in Oconee County. This Local leaders interviewed indicated no represents a < 1.0 percent increase above adverse impacts from the construction or the projected number of school-age children operation of the ONS. On the contrary, in Oconee County in 2013 (assuming the most people interviewed said that the plant 1990 age distribution of the population).

has been an asset and that "water-related This slight increase will result in only small activities have increased since the plant impacts to education.

moved in" because of the large cooling lake constructed for the plant. The town of During peak construction at ONS in 1971, Seneca recently completed a multimillion- approximately 701 persons moved into the dollar sports facility. A planner with the area. These 701 persons accounted for only Community Development Department in 1. 7 percent of Oconee County's popUlation Seneca thought the in-mig~ation of in 1971 (Section CA.5.1.1). During the executives associated with .he plant construction of ONS, impacts on increased use of recreation facilities and transportation, tourism, and recreation were caused an upgrade in the quality of small. Public safety and social services both recreation in the area. increased in terms of financial improvements during the construction phase.

Duke Power operates a visitor's center, the World of Energy, which provides Peak refurbishment activities will bring 496 information about energy development and in-migrants to Oconee County. This what is going on in the Oconee area in population is smaller than the construction-regard to energy. One local official indicated related in-migrating population and that, although there may be no tangible or represents a < 1 percent increase in visible impacts from the plant, it "has a Oconee's projected population in 2013. The positive effect on tourism; people visit the operations related in-migration is projected area and then go and tour the plant." to be 41 persons. Adverse impacts, if any, to public services will be small during C.4.5.4.2 Predicted Impacts of License refurbishment and license renewal term Renewal operations. The positive effects on recreation will continue.

Based on the estimated 2273 direct workers required during peak refurbishment, the staff estimates that 96 direct workers and no indirect workers will migrate with their C-105 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00922

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC C.4.5.5 Off-Site Land Use Keowee (and the construction of Duke's hydroelectric plant) and the impoundment of This section describes the off-site land use Lake Jocassee (and the construction of impacts of the construction, operation, and Duke's pumped-storage facility). Because license renewal of ONS. The discussion of Lake Keowee and Lake Jocassee are impacts is primarily concerned with land use integral to ONS's role in the in the immediate vicinity of the plant, but Keowee-Toxaway Project, the impacts of impacts for Oconee County are described their impoundment are considered as part of where appropriate. Land-use impacts are the land-use impacts of the nuclear plant's examined for two time periods. First, construction.

Section C.4.5.5.1 identifies the land-use impacts of ONS's construction as part of Together, the ONS site, Lake Keowee, and Duke Power Company's larger Lake Jocassee cover more than 10,700 ha Keowee-Toxaway Project. Section C.4.5.5.1 (26,500 acres) of the 63,500 ha also describes the land-use impacts of ONS's (157,000 acres) Duke Power purchased for operation as an entity separate from the the Keowee-Toxaway Project. Most of the Keowee-Toxaway Project. Next, land that Duke Power acquired was Section C.4.5.5.2 projects the land-use woodland, and the remainder (about impacts of ONS's refurbishment period 10 percent) had previously been used as based on the impacts that occurred during marginal farmland and pasture land. No the plant's construction. ~o, commercial or industrial development was Section C.4.5.5.2 projects the land-use on the property; however, there were over impacts of the plant's license renewal term 300 rural residences and cabins, and nearly based on the impacts that have occurred 900 residents (ABC Dockets 50-269, 50-270, during operations. Information sources for and 50-287).

this report include the Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of ONS's construction-and more specifically Oconee Nuclear Station, Units 1, 2, and 3 the impoundment of Lakes Keowee and (ABC Dockets 50-269, 50-270, and 50-287); Jocassee-had significant direct land-use Socioeconomic Impacts of Nuclear impacts on Oconee County. The Generating Stations: Oconee Case Study Keowee-Toxaway Project land purchase (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7); and interviews made the Crescent Land and Timber with key information sources in Oconee Company (a Duke Power subsidiary) the County. Section C.4.1.5 describes the largest single private land owner in Oconee methods used to assess and project land-use County. All of the residents on the Duke impacts for all case study plants. property were relocated, and all of the structures and much of the timber were C.4.5.5.1 Impacts from Plant Construction removed from the plant site and from the and Operation areas that were to be inundated. Oconee County's road system underwent extensive ONS is located on a 206-ha (51O-acre) site change because of the project, as more than on Lake Keowee near Seneca. The nuclear 34.6 km (21.5 miles) of road (including six plant was built as part of Duke Power major bridges) were constructed between Company's Keowee-Toxaway Project. ONS's 1967 and 1970 to compensate for the effects construction, which began in 1967, was of the lakes' presence on the regional integrated with the impoundment of Lake transportation network (ABC Dockets NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-106 OAGI0001365_00923

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS 50-269, 50-270, and 50-287; golf courses, and small retail establishments.

NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7). Further development for recreational use has resulted from Duke Power's decision to Lake Keowee and Lake Jocassee continued deed much of its original land purchase to to have significant land-use impacts in the state of South Carolina. The utility Oconee County after their impoundment. donated 400 ha (1000 acres) for the Since the late 19605, the lakes (especially Keowee-Toxaway State Park, over 40,000 ha Keowee) have become the focal point for (100,000 acres) to the South Carolina Oconee County's residential and recreational Wildlife Resources Commission, and, more land uses. The southern end of Lake recently, 200 ha (500 acres) for Devil's Fork Keowee, near Seneca, has attracted a great State Park. In general, key informants felt deal of the new residential development in that the lakes were a very positive force in the county. Much of the growth that has guiding recreational land use in Oconee occurred in that area consists of very County (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7).

expensive resort-type homes and condominiums. Because of the area's ONS's operation, considered here separately climate, beauty, and recreational amenities, from the existence of Lake Keowee and many of the developments ~n Lake Keowee Lake Jocassee, has had moderate direct and have been targeted towardt wealthy indirect land-1;lse impacts on Oconee County.

in-migrants, especially retirees. Keowee According to key sources, the Oconee Keys-a retirement community that features Station's presence has not been a deterrent private homes and condominiums, a marina, to residential land use. Keowee Keys is the tennis courts, a country club, and a golf closest residential development to the plant, course-has some of the more expensive and it has been successful in sales, despite its homes in the county. It also has been the relatively expensive property and housing most successful of the higher-priced costs and the nuclear plant's close proximity.

developments on Lake Keowee, despite the Also, informants indicated that ONS's fact that it is the residential area closest to property tax contributions have enabled the the nuclear plant. Key informants indicated local governments to expand their public that the lakes' impoundment also had services while lowering property tax rates positive indirect impacts on residential and that this has helped guide residential, development patterns in Oconee County. commercial, and industrial land-use and One of the important indirect effects results development patterns in other parts of the from the property tax payments that have county.

been generated by the expensive developments on Lake Keowee. It is The plant's presence has had a positive believed that the influx of new property tax effect on recruiting industries, but many felt revenues has allowed the municipalities that it did not have as large an effect on within the county to extend their provision industrial development as it has on of public services (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. residential and recreational land uses. Most 7). of the county's industrial development has occurred in the I5-km (9-mile) triangle In terms of recreational land uses, much of between Seneca, Walhalla, and West the lakeshore property has been developed Minster. This is because the county has (either privately or by Duke Power) with installed the infrastructure necessary for campgrounds, boat launch areas, marinas. industrial development (particularly sewer C-I07 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00924

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C and water lines) in the area, and because the As in the past, the plant itself is not county's wastewater treatment facilities are expected to attract or discourage new located in the three towns that form the residential development directly. Sources triangle. In terms of industrial recruitment, it agree that residential construction, was believed that companies who were particularly of higher-priced resort and in~erested in locating in Oconee County saw retirement communities, would continue on ONS (and the whole Keowee-Toxaway Lake Keowee despite ONS's presence Project) as a stabilizing influence on the because of the amenities the lake offers.

regional economy and as a reliable source of Also, it is likely that recreational land uses electric power. Sources felt that with the would continue to flourish near Lake combination of a stable economy, a reliable Keowee because recreation and tourism play power source, relatively low property tax a big role in Oconee County's overall rates, and the installation of infrastructure economic development picture. In general, industries needed, Oconee County had been however, the direct land-use impacts of able to attract a number of. desirable ONS's refurbishment and license renewal industries in the past two decades. These term would be small.

attractive benefits are mainly because of ONS and the Keowee-Toxaway Project. In terms of land use, the new indirect Overall, respondents felt that ONS's impacts of ONS's license renewal term are operation, in terms of the benefits that the expected to be moderate. The effects of station provides, has had positive impacts on license renewal would probably be greater land-use and development patterns in than the direct impacts of the plant's Oconee County. refurbishment and comparable to the indirect impacts of operations under the C.4.5.5.2 Predicted Impacts of License original 40-year license. ONS's property tax Renewal contributions would continue to help local governments improve and expand their The direct land-use impacts of ONS's municipal services, further defining the refurbishment and license renewal term on county's residential, commercial, and property in the immediate vicinity of the industrial land-use and development pattern.

plant and on Oconee County are expected Residential land use is expected to continue to be small. Using the bounding case north of Seneca near Lake Keowee as sewer work-force scenario, refurbishment-related and water lines are extended beyond the population growth is projected to represent city's boundaries. Industrial and commercial approximately 0.7 percent of Oconee growth is expected to continue along County's projected population in 2013. Highway 123 in the triangle between Seneca, Population growth associated with the Walhalla, and West Minster. Because ONS license renewal term is projected to account helps promote the region's economic for less than 0.1 percent of the county's stability, provides a reliable source of power, projected 2013 population. Such small and allows the county to lower property tax increases during refurbishment and the rates while expanding services, it also would license renewal term are likely to have continue to be an asset in recruiting minimal new impacts in terms of residential industries to the area. Overall, the new development patterns. indirect land use impacts of ONS's license renewal term are likely to be similar to the NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-l08 OAGI0001365_00925

APPENDIXC SOCIOECONOMICS impacts that the plant has had during The work force scenario detailed in operations thus far. Section C.3.1 was used to estimate the employment effects of refurbishment at C.45.6 Economic Structure ONS. Table C.66 shows the total direct and indirect plant-related employment of Oconee C.~5.6.1 Impacts from Plant Construction County residents during refurbishment. It is and Operation projected that ONS would employ 577 Oconee County residents as refurbishment The construction and operation of ONS workers in 2012 (Section C.4.5.1.2). Indirect have resulted in insignificant and noticeable employment that would result from impacts, respectively, on Oconee County. purchases of goods and services during The plant has directly increased employment refurbishment is projected to create 118 jobs and income for residents of the county for Oconee County residents. Total engaged in its construction and operation. refurbishment-related direct and indirect Also, direct employment and income have employment, therefore, is expected to be resulted in indirect employment and income, 695 in 2012. This represents 1.9 percent of and the plant'S tax payments have helped the county's projected 2012 total provide the infrastructure for attracting employment, resulting in small impacts.

business into the county.

Relatively few new plant-related jobs would Table C.65 presents the estimated be created at ONS during the license employment and expenditure effects of ONS renewal term. Nearly all plant-related for residents of Oconee County. In 1971, employment (and associated impacts) cpnstruction activity was at a peak, and by expected during that time period would 1978 the plant was in full operation. represent a continuation of employment However, total employment related to the (and impacts) from past operations.

plant almost tripled between 1978 and 1989. Table C.67 shows the impact of the Thus, the economic impact from increased labor requirements at ONS during employment and income generated by ONS the license renewal term.

has increased over time, as the percentages of county employment and income provided The license renewal term work force for by the plant have become greater. ONS would require an estimated 180 additional employees (Section C.4.5.1.2). Of C.4.S.6.2 Predicted Impacts of Ucense the additional workers, 90 are projected to Renewal be Oconee County residents. An estimated 74 indirect jobs would also be created for The main impact of license renewal at ONS county residents during the license renewal would be the continued employment benefits term. With the continued effects of the of the plant's operation. The size of the plant's current employment and the benefits should be similar to those that additional employment to be created, total existed in 1989, but the relative importance direct and indirect license renewal term of the benefits is expected to decline as employment of Oconee County residents is Oconee County's economy is projected to projected to be 1314, or 3.6 percent of grow in other sectors. Oconee County's projected employment in 2013. This represents a small impact.

C-109 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365 00926

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C C.45.7 Historic and Aesthetic Resources original site, which would have been right below the new dam, to a county park on This section describes the impacts that the Lake Keowee. No properties other than construction and operation of ONS Units 1, these were listed on the National Register of 2, and 3 have had on historic and aesthetic Historic Places. The state liaison officer for resources and projects the expected impacts historic preservation had no comment on the of the station's refurbishment and construction and operation of the nuclear postlicensing operations. Information sources power plant.

include the Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Oconee Nuclear One source believes that the aesthetic Station, Units 1, 2, and 3 (AEC Dockets impacts from construction and operation of 50-269,50-270, and 50-287) and interviews the power plant are more positive than with key individuals in Oconee County and negative. The licensee has developed Pickens County, South Carolina. Keowee Keys, an upscale retirement community on the new Lake Keowee, the C.45.7.1 Impacts from Plant Construction Foothills Hiking Trail [a 130-km (80-mile) and Operation national trail], the new Devil's Fork State Park, the Keowee-Toxaway State Park, and Lake Keowee, with 7490 ha (18,500 acres) the World of Energy visitor's center at the and 480 km (300 miles) of shoreline, was nuclear power plant. The source believes created from 1968 to 1971 by the licensee to that the area looks better since construction serve the cooling requirements of ONS, with of the lakes and that the development of the ancillary use as a hydroelectric power facility, new residential communities has given a a site for fish propagation, and a recreation positive image to an area that previously was and sports facility. The lake covers a land characterized by low-productivity farms and area that formerly included the site of Old small woodlots in a rural hilly area of the Fort Prince George (an early British Piedmont Crescent where the southern Blue outpost) and the site of old Keoweetown Ridge Mountains join the Piedmont.

(headquarters of the lower Cherokee Nation). Before the impoundment of the C.45.7.2 Predicted Impacts of License lake, extensive archaeological diggings were Renewal made at these two sites (AEC Dockets 50-269, 50-270, and 50-287). Artifacts found The impacts of refurbishment of the Oconee are no~ in the possession of state and local power plant on local historic and aesthetic museums. While funds were made available resources are projected to be much less than for more site investigations, archaeologists those experienced during the original were unable to complete all studies of the construction of the plant. Original historic and prehistoric resources before the construction involved inundation of 7,000 ha area was inundated. Some unexplored (17,000 acres) of land and conversion of resources were ~ost. All graves and rural, low-intensity agricultural lands to cemeteries in the areas inundated by the residential and recreational uses. Some lake were moved to new locations, as was a historic and prehistoric resources were lost covered bridge that crossed the Keowee or at least relocated from their original River. The licensee also moved the landscape settings during the flooding for Alexander Hill House (an early- development of Lake Keowee. None of nineteenth-century structure) from its these impacts would recur with NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-110 OAGI0001365_00927

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS refurbishment. Such land conversion and population projections by the Pennsylvania land-use change are not expected to result State Data Center (1990); and the General from refurbishment or license renewal term Public Utilities Corporation (GPU 1990).

operations. The impacts of post-relicensing operations are likely to be a continuation of The discussion of population growth is the. small impacts experienced during the organized into two time periods.

original operating period. However, Section C.4.6.1.1 identifies the popUlation determination of impacts to historic growth that the study area has experienced resources must be made through as a result of the construction and operation consultation with the SHPO. of TMI from 1968 to 1990. Section C.4.6.1.2 projects the population growth expected to C.4.6 Three Mile Island result from the refurbishment period and license renewal term operations of TMI Unit The impact area-the area in which the most 1 beginning in 2014, based on the growth pronounced socioeconomic impacts might associated with the plant's initial result from refurbishment and license construction. Also, Section C.4.6.1.2 projects renewal-at Three Mile Island (TMI), the population growth expected to result consists of Londonderry Township and the from TMI's license renewal term, based on boroughs of Middletown and Royalton in the growth associated with operations in the Dauphin County, Pennsylvania. The past.

selection of this area is based on worker residence patterns, employment, C.4.6.1.1 Growth Resulting from Plant expenditures, and tax payments. Figure C.14 Olnstruction and Operation depicts the impact area, and Figure C.15 shows the region in which it is located. TMI's construction resulted in noticeable population increases in Londonderry C.4.6.1 Population Township, Middletown, and Royalton (Table C.68). During the peak construction This section discusses the local population year, 1972, TMI personnel and their families growth associated with the construction, who migrated to the area to work at the operation, and license renewal of TMI. plant, and others who moved into the area Dauphin County was not chosen as part of to work in jobs generated by the plant's the study area because plant-related growth presence, totalled approximately 310 has had little effect on the county's total persons. This influx of new residents population relative to the plant's effect in represented 2.2 percent of the study area's the local jurisdictions. Section C.4.1 total population in 1972.

describes the methodology used to project population growth for all plants. Data used Operations at TMI have resulted in smaller to prepare this section were obtained from popUlation increases than did the plant's Socioeconomic Impacts of Nuclear construction. In 1990, 1086 permanent plant Generating Stations: Three Mile Island Case staff were on-site at TMI (additional Study (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12); contract workers have been on-site during Environmental Assessment for Proposed Rule outages, but they have not been included on Nuclear Power Plant License Renewal because their presence at the plant was (NUREG-1398), SEA refurbishment work temporary). Of the permanent plant staff, force estimates (Appendix B; SEA 1994), 23 percent (250) reside in the study area C-111 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00928

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C ORNL-OWG 95M-6436

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NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-112 OAGI0001365_00929

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C-l13 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00930

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C (GPU 1990). Based on the residential would involve more workers on-site over a settlement pattern of TMI's 1978 work longer period of time than any of the force, it is estimated that 195 (78 percent) of preceding refueling outages, it represents those residing in the study area in 1990 were the peak refurbishment period for TMI prior residents who obtained operations jobs Unit 1. However, because uncertainties exist and that 55 (22 percent) were workers who concerning the length of the outage and the have migrated into the area for jobs size of the work force required to complete (Table C.69). Also following the pattern set the refurbishment of a given unit, this during plant operations, it is assumed that all section examines a bounding case work force of the in-migrants were accompanied by scenario as described in Sections C.3.1 and their families. Assuming the 1990 C.4. 1. 1.2.

Pennsylvania average family size of 3.1 persons, this represents a total in-migration Given the work force scenario detailed in of 171 new residents for the study area. Section C.3.1, it is estimated that 2273 Based on the distribution of non plant jobs workers would be on-site to complete created in the study area in 1978, it is refurbishment of TMI Unit 1 in 2013 (SEA projected that TMI's 1990 operations 1994). Further, assuming that the residential created an additional 115 indirect jobs in distribution of refurbishment workers would service industries supported by the spending be similar to that of the 1972 TMI of TMI workers. As a result of these indirect construction work force, it is estimated that jobs, an estimated 33 additional workers and 8 percent (182) would reside in the study their families (a total of 75 persons) moved area. Based on plant construction into the study area (Table C.69). In all, it is experience, it is projected that 28 percent estimated that approximately 246 new (51) of those residing in the study area residents moved into the study area as a would be prior residents who obtain result of TMI's 1990 operations. These new refurbishment jobs and that 72 percent (131) residents make up about 1.7 percent of the would be workers who migrate into the area study area's 1990 population of 14,636 for refurbishment jobs (Table C. 70). Also (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, pp. 66-78; U.S. following the pattern set during plant Bureau of the Census 1990). construction, 9 percent of the in-migrants (12) would be accompanied by families.

C.4.6.1.2 Predicted Growth Resulting from Using the Pennsylvania average family size License Renewal of 3.1 persons, total refurbishment worker in-migration would result in 156 new As discussed in Section C.3.1, TMI's license residents for the study area.

renewal would require the completion of a number of refurbishment tasks for Unit 1. Based on the ratio of nonplant jobs created Many of the refurbishment tasks are in the study area in 1972, TMI's expected to be completed during scheduled refurbishment is projected to create an refueling outages during the 10 years that additional 50 indirect jobs in service precede expiration of the initial operating industries supported by the spending of TMI license. However, the final refurbishment refurbishment workers. As a result of these work is expected to be completed during indirect jobs, an estimated 14 additional one large refurbishment outage in 2013, the workers and their families (a total of 33 year before the initial operating license persons) would be projected to move into expires. As this final refurbishment outage the study area (Table C. 70). In all, NUREG*1437. Vol 2 C-114 OAGI0001365_00931

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS approximately 189 new residents would be all, approximately 13 new residents would be expected to move into the study area as a expected to move into the study area as a result of TMl's refurbish~nt under the result of TMl's license renewal term. That work force scenario. That would represent would represent less than 0.1 percent of the 1.0 percent of the study area's projected study area's projected population in 2014 population of 18,223 in 2014 (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, pp. 58-60, 76).

(NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, pp. 50-55, 74-76). C.4.6.2 Housing Once plant refurbishment is completed for The following sections examine the housing TMI Unit 1, the work force would consist impacts that occurred in Middletown, mostly of permanent plant staff. Additional Londonderry Township, and Royalton during refurbishment/refueling workers would be construction and operation of TMI and temporarily on-site approximately every 2 predict housing impacts that would result years; however, they would not be from refurbishment activities and continued permanent, on-site plant staff, and many of operation. Possible impacts to housing them are expected to commute from outside include changes in the number of housing the study area. It is expected that a units, particularly the rate of growth of the maximum of 60 additional permanent housing stock; changes in occupancy rates; workers would be required to operate the changes in the characteristics of the housing relicensed unit. Assuming that the new stock; and changes in rental rates or workers' residential distribution would be property values.

the same as the current plant staffs, approximately 23 percent (14) would reside Section C.4.1.2 includes a complete in the study area. Based on worker discussion of methodology and assumptions in-migration in 1978, it is expected that used to predict housing impacts.

78 percent (11) of those residing in the study area would be prior residents who C.4.6.21 Impacts from Plant Construction obtain jobs and that 22 percent (3) would be and Operation workers who migrate into the area for jobs (Table C. 71). Also following the pattern set The following discussion begins with a during plant operations, it is assumed that all description of the housing market at the of the in-migrants would be accompanied by time of TMl's construction and details their families. Using the Pennsylvania project-related housing demand in the study average family size of 3.1 people, total area. A discussion of changes that occurred in-migration would result in 9 new residents in the housing market and plant for the study area. Based on the ratio of construction-induced impacts on housing nonplant jobs created in the study area in follows. Finally, impacts from the operation 1978, TMl's license renewal term is of TMI on local housing are assessed.

projected to create an additional 6 indirect jobs in service industries supported by the Between 1970 and 1978, when construction spending of plant workers. As a result of at TMI was completed, building permits these indirect jobs, an estimated 2 additional were issued for 1364 units in Londonderry workers (one with a family, for a total of Township, Middletown, and Royalton about 4 persons) would be projected to combined. Of these new units, 1113 were in move into the study area (Table C. 71). In Middletown, 238 in Londonderry, and only C-115 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00932

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C 13 in Royalton (NUREG/~R-2749, vol. 12). Another change in the housing stock was The majority of new units in Middletown the development of five mobile home parks were multifamily units, including two in Londonderry Township in the early 1970s.

low-income projects, a very large (> 700 Some in the area saw a conspicuous units) development called Village of association between the mobile home parks Pineford, and the conversion of old homes and the construction of TMI, though three into apartments. New units in Londonderry of the park owners reported that they never were mostly single-family units. These had more than six TMI workers located in additional units made up a 30 percent their parks (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12).

increase in the 1970 housing stock and marked a turnaround in the declining growth Property values and rental rates are not that had been experienced before 1970. In believed to have been affected by TMI the intercensal period 1960-70, the housing construction. Increases in rates or values stock decreased by more than 400 units, a were no greater than the overall inflation decline largely attributed to the closing of rate. Between 1970 and 1980, housing values Olmstead Air Force Base increased 187 percent in Middletown and (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12). the state of Pennsylvania. However, rental rates in Middletown increased 200 percent, Project-related demand for housing in the whereas a 75 percent increase occurred in study area has been estimated according to Pennsylvania. The numerous new rental the number of plant construction and units that were added to Middletown's operations workers who moved to the area housing market between 1970 and 1980 were (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12). During 1972, a primary cause for the increase in rental the average annual project-related work rates.

force peaked at 2746, resulting in a demand for 146 units in the study area. This demand Although discernible changes in the housing is the equivalent of 2.8 percent of the 5190 market and in housing values and rental housing units in the study area in 1972. rates did occur during the construction period of TMI, it appears that TMI had The study area housing stock was expanding little do to with these changes. In summary, much faster than project-related demand. construction of TMI had only an There were 55 rental units and 22 for-sale insignificant effect on housing.

units vacant in 1970 in Middletown (U.S.

Bureau of the Census 1972). In 1970 and Because of the 1979 accident at TMI Unit 2, 1971, over 600 multifamily units were added there has been unique potential for impacts to the Middletown housing stock, while to housing in the surrounding area. Possible Londonderry experienced an increase of 39 impacts resulting from the occurrence and multifamily units (NUREG/CR-2749, aftermath of the accident might include vol. 12). The construction of the multifamily changes in housing value and in patterns of units in Middletown (the Village of housing development. Most realtors and Pineford), it appears, had little to do with planners contacted in the course of this project-related demand. Mter construction research agreed that normal operation of the of TMI was completed, the vacancy rate of TMI units had no effect on housing this development did not increase development or values. One thought that (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12). residential development had been encouraged by the permanent location of NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-116 OAGI0001365_00933

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS operations workers in the area, whereas Opinions differ regarding the effect of the another thought that residential TMI accident on housing values. Some local development that had been occurring on the realtors and planners believed that there had east bank of the Susquehanna River slowed been no effect. Another realtor, whose when the plant began operations. business is primarily in Middletown and Londonderry Township, reported that values Most informants reported that any negative of houses and property in two small effects from the accident at TMI Unit 2 on subdivisions (30 to 50 homes each) close to the housing market were short-lived if at all the plant had been affected negatively by existent. Construction of a townhouse the accident at Unit 2. Housing values there development in Lower Swatara Township dipped below fair market price for a period (neighboring Londonderry) ceased as a of approximately 5 years, although these result of the accident, and the developer did homes are now selling at fair market price.

not resume the project. Although one Another respondent believed that values of informant cites TMI and the accident as the homes in close proximity to the plant had most likely reason for the absence of not kept pace with the value of homes in development in the area near the plant, other areas of Middletown.

another believes a more likely reason is the lack of public sewer and water service there. In summary, the accident's effects on The number of building permits issued in housing values were minor and of short the study area followed the trend occurring duration. Similarly, effects on housing throughout the Harrisburg Standard development were minor; the cancellation of Metropolitan Statistical Area. The trend in the townhouse development project (noted this three-county area was a decrease in the above) because of the TMI accident was an number of building permits issued between isolated case.

1978 and 1979 and between 1979 and 1980, followed by an increase in permits between C.4.6.22 Predicted Impacts of License 1980 and 1981 (TCRPC 1982). Londonderry Renewal Township followed this trend closely but did not experience an increase in permitting Project-related population increase and the until 1982. Middletown, on the other hand, commensurate housing demand would be the experienced an increase in building permits cause of housing impacts during both in 1980 (22 percent more than those refurbishment activities. A summary of issued in 1979) and 1981 (27 percent more recent and anticipated growth in housing is than those issued in 1980). provided below. This is followed by predictions of possible impacts during Immediately after the accident, some home refurbishment and the license renewal term.

buyers from outside the local area were averse to living near TMI. This was the case Housing in Londonderry Township, particularly with homes that looked out over Middletown, and Royalton expanded the cooling towers. This resulted in longer between 1980 and 1988 at an average annual selling time for these homes. In only a few rate of approximately 0.5 percent (U.S.

instances have homeowners sold or tried to Bureau of the Census 1982; Dauphin sell their residences because of the TMI County Planning Commission 1988). If accident. expansion continued at this rate, there would be 7376 housing units in 2013, the Cl17 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00934

SOCIIlECONOMICS APPENDIX C peak year of refurbishmeL" at TMI Unit 1. Housing imp:"s involving marketability and The projected population of the study area value expected during the license renewal in 2013 is 17,091 (Section C.4.6.l) and will term would be a continuation of current require 6975 housing units. Although impacts (Section C.4.6.2.1). New impacts adjustment in housing growth will be made involving housing demand and availability according to population growth, the current caused by the additional 60 workers required rate of growth suggests that there will be during the license renewal term would be housing available in the study area during small.

refurbishment activities.

C.4.63 Taxes According to the estimate of the number of refurbishment workers required and based C.4.63.1 Impacts from Plant Construction on plant construction experience, 131 and Operation workers of the 273-member work force are expected to migrate to the area for The construction of Unit 1 of TMI began in refurbishment jobs. Of these in-migrants, May 1968, with operation beginning in only 12 are expected to be accompanied by September 1974. Unit 2 construction began families. Some doubling-up is expected to in November 1969, and its operations began occur among the 119 unaccompanied in December 1978. In March 1979, a major workers, so that each unaccompanied mover accident at Unit 2 led to the permanent would require 0.85 housing unit. The shutdown of this part of the facility.

in-migration of these refurbishment workers would result in a housing demand in the The impacts of tax revenues from TMI on study area of 113 housing units. In addition, its surrounding municipalities and some indirect jobs would be created by the jurisdictions are minimal in that the spending of refurbishment workers. An Pennsylvania tax structure is designed so that additional 11 workers are expected to move local areas do not benefit directly from to the study area, bringing the total property taxes on electric generating project-related housing demand to 124 units. facilities. In general, the operation of TMI has had insignificant effects of taxing Refurbishment-related housing demand is jurisdictions in the area because these local less than the original construction-related municipalities did not receive direct property housing demand of 146 units, and the tax payments. This is not the case in most number of housing units in the study area other power plant locations in the United would have increased 42 percent between States. The Public Utility Realty Tax peak construction and refurbishment Assessment of 1970 (PURTA) imposed an periods. Refurbishment-related housing annual tax on the depreciated cost of utility demand would account for 1.7 percent of real estate at a rate of 30 mills per $1,000 of the possible 7376 housing units in the study assessed valuation. The state distributes to area in 2013. Because demand would be each locality throughout the state an amount small relative to the projected housing proportional to its share of all property taxes market and would be even less than that collected in the state.

experienced during construction (when only small housing impacts occurred), new The PURTA taxes paid by General Public impacts to housing in the study area are Utilities Corporation (GPU) for TMI expected to be small. increased from $1 million in 1970 to NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-118 OAGI0001365_00935

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS

$5.8 million in 1978. With the removal of Pennsylvania, the tax is split evenly between Unit 2 from operation in 1979, PURTA tax the township and the school district in which payments fell to $2.8 million in 1980. the worker resides.

PURTA tax payments rose steadily in the 1980s to $3.2 million in 1985 and $4 million Middletown Borough in 1989.

As can be seen from Table C.73, total The boroughs (towns) nearest the TMI site revenues in the borough of Middletown are Middletown and Royalton (combined have increased steadily in recent years, population of 10,000 in 1970 and 12,000 in largely the result of the reselling to local 1990). The plant is located in Londonderry residents of electricity purchased wholesale Township (population of 3453 in 1970 and under a long-term contract with 5500 in 1990), where there have been Metropolitan Edison. The borough's income-related tax collections that were a purchase contract with Metropolitan Edison relatively high proportion of the total is not contingent on the existence or revenu¢s of the township. operation of TMI.

As shown in Table C. 72, total revenue in Royalton Borough Londonderry Township increased from

$277,177 to $330,953 (1980 dollars) between In a contractual relationship similar to that 1980 and 1989; this amounts to a 19.4 of the borough of Middleton, the borough percent increase. Occupational privilege of Royalton has steadily increased its total taxes (place-of-work taxes) during the study revenues through a heavy reliance on the period have been reduced sharply compared resale of electricity purchased from to the peak construction effort in the 1970s. Metropolitan Edison (Table C.74).

The occupational privilege tax was at its peak in 1972 at $58,527 and fell steadily Middletown Area and Lower Dauphin through 1989, when the tax was $13,255. School Districts This reduction reflects the decrease in the number of construction workers residing in The Middletown Area School District the township. The PURTA tax distributions (MASD) and the Lower Dauphin School from the state are a very small fraction of District (LDSD) are the major school total revenues for the township, ranging districts in the TMI study area. Enrollments from a high (but still insignificant) in the two school districts have declined contribution of only 1 percent to a low of steadily from the start of construction of 0.7 percent during the 1980s. Unit 1 in 1968 to the present. The LDSD enrollment was 4021 in 1968 and fell Earned income taxes have been the largest 16 percent, to 3385, in 1990. Enrollments in source of revenues for Londonderry MASD declined from 3102 in 1968 to 2625 Township. This tax is levied on all workers in 1990, for a decrease of 15.4 percent.

living in Londonderry Township. These tax Apparently, there has been no correlation receipts are especially large during between the work force at TMI and construction periods, because workers enrollment at the two school districts.

residing in states other than Pennsylvania are required to pay the 1 percent tax to the Mountain West Research, Inc., estimated township. For workers who are residents of the project-related enrollment of the two C-119 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365 00936

SOCIOEC'ONOMICS APPENDIX C school ;tricts in 1978 to be 35 an or tax revenues would increase in absolute MASD and LDSD, respectively terms, although PURTA tax distribution to (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12). We estimate individual municipalities would continue to the current project-related enrollment to be constitute only small portions of their total 13 and 3, respectively, because of the drop revenues.

in, work force at the plant from 2872 in 1978 to 1086 in 1989. C.4.6.4 Public Services Local taxes paid to the school districts are a C.4.6.4.1 Impacts from Plant Construction combination of real estate taxes, a and Operation 0.5 percent earned income tax for residents of the school district, a per capita tax, a real The construction and operation of TMI have estate transfer tax, and an occupation tax. In coincided with a period of growth in addition, the PURTA taxes are apportioned southern Dauphin County, and with that to the school districts in a way similar to growth have come greater revenues and those for municipalities. The contribution of expenditures. The presence of TMI affects taxes paid by TMI to the school districts is the varying jurisdictions and their services insignificant compared to the district's total differently; overall, the impacts have been revenues, with PURTA taxes alone currently greater on Londonderry Township than on accounting for less than 1 percent of the Royalton and the two nearest school total taxes received for both school districts. districts, and much more than on Middletown.

C.4.6.3.2 Predicted Impacts of License Renewal Middletown and Royalton are designated as boroughs, of which there are 16 in Dauphin During refurbishment of TMI, a new County; the county also comprises 25 tax-related impact is expected to occur. This townships. A township is a subcounty area new impact involves increases in tax with the status of a legal municipality, payments because of capital improvements originally established for administrative that take place during the current term purposes, whereas boroughs are small towns outages. Tax increases resulting from within townships. Londonderry Township is improvements made in the final governed by a three-member board of refurbishment outage would affect taxes only supervisors, elected at large, who serve in during the license renewal term. The impact both legislative and executive capacities.

of the additional tax revenues would be small in the local jurisdictions because new Both of the boroughs, Middletown and revenue (i.e., the PURTA taxes) would be Royalton, have mayor-council governments.

distributed statewide. In Pennsylvania, townships and municipalities designated as boroughs have a During the license renewal term, the primary high degree of administrative autonomy in tax-related impact would be the continuation several areas, such as the regulation of taxes of TMl's PURTA tax payments. A new (by determining millage rates, for example);

impact would also result from the increase in structure of government, zoning, and tax payments resulting from improvements planning policy; and provision of public made at TMI Unit 1 during the final services (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, refurbishment period. Thus, total PURTA p.91-93).

NUREG*1437, Vol 2 C-120 OAGI0001365_00937

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Information pertaining to revenues and construction, but the project-related expenditures is discussed in detail in enrollment was estimated to be only 1.0 to Section C.4.3.3. 1.2 percent of the total enrollment (33 to 35 students). An initial rise in enrollment Education occurred after construction began, but numbers declined steadily after 1972. An Two school districts are in the study area, official of MASD confirmed that although MASD and LDSD. Londonderry Township TMI drew many people with school-aged and three other townships make up LDSD, children into the area, there was no stress and about 32 percent of the students in that put upon the school system (Strohecker district reside in Londonderry Township. 1990). As with LDSD, there does not The only school in the township is appear to be any correlation between the Londonderry Elementary, and it is attended pattern of decline and the number of by Londonderry Township residents only. In construction workers at TMI 1972, its enrollment was 666 students, (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, p. 106).

32 percent of aU elementary students in LDSD. During construction of TMI, Operations at TMI have also had enrollment in LDSD decreased, but the insignificant impacts in the school districts.

decline was erratic, following no regular The accident in 1979 caused the schools to trend. There is no evident correlation in the be closed down for a few days, and pattern of decline and the number of evacuation plans have also been developed construction workers at TMI. following the accident. While many workers Construction-related enrollment in LDSD were involved in the clean-up effort, the was not very large, amounting to only 0.1 to presence of extra workers did not have an 0.2 percent of all students in 1972-73 and impact on the schools.

1978-79, respectively (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, pp. 106-108). Transportation A local respondent reported insignificant During construction at TMI, there were effects of TMI's construction on district moderate impacts on transportation in the enrollment, and it was noted that employees study area. Increased traffic from the TMI were evenly distributed throughout the area. work force created congestion and some The most visible effect of TMI's inconvenience along Highway 441. However, construction was monetary, but the only real it dissipated quickly because of the nearby direct effect of the construction was a interchanges with Interstate I 283. Along one-time real estate transfer tax of $250,000 Geyer's Church Road and Highway 230, collected by LDSD when Unit 2 changed especially during shift changes, increased hands from Jersey Central Power and Light traffic was also noted. As Table C. 75 shows, to Metropolitan Edison (NUREG/CR-2749, counts at the peak of construction, in 1972, vol. 12, p. 110). were nearly twice the traffic levels of a decade earlier. Nevertheless, the TMI Both Middletown and Royalton are part of construction traffic was modest on Highway MASD, which also includes neighboring 230 in comparison to the daily traffic Lower Swatara Township. Roughly generated by nearby Olmstead Air Force 70 percent of the students in the district Base, which employed approximately 10,000 resided in the study area during civilians before its closing (NUREG/CR-C-121 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00938

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C 2749, vol. 12, p. 114). The impacts of Fire protection and rescue services have also operations at TMI on transportation have improved in the study area. The three fire been insignificant. None of the informants companies located in Middletown serve reported a change in the demand on Middletown and Royalton boroughs and transportation since TMI began operations. have separate specialties. Similarly, ambulance and emergency services for both The effects of maintenance activities have are coordinated through a communications been greater than those during normal center located on the premises of the operations but still not as large as at the Middletown Police Department.

time of construction. There is no inqication that TMI traffic has had a substantial effect In 1974, near the end of construction, one on road maintenance requirements or that it of the fire companies moved to new housing has changed long-term transportation that was federally funded, and all of the patterns in the study area companies became more professional.

(NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, p. 114). Londonderry Township maintains its own fire department, and during the construction Public Safety period it acquired an ambulance and rescue unit. Public safety expenditures experienced Each of the jurisdictions provides varied slow, steady growth through the construction levels of public protection; in each, however, period in Londonderry Township. However, public safety services have improved because those interviewed did not see any effects of the construction of TMI. Middletown's from TMI's construction on the demand for police force changed little during public safety (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, construction. Two police officers were added pp. 115-117).

after 1974, raising the number to 18; the department budget rose accordingly. There Municipalities are required to have a was a consistent rise in the frequency of calls volunteer emergency management squad.

for service, but there was no evidence that The Dauphin County Emergency construction work at TMI caused an Management Office reported that squads increase in police activities were in place before TMI was built. In (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, p. 115). Middletown, the emergency squad remained Royalton also maintains its own police small throughout the construction period.

department, which was a part-time force of However, the Middletown squad is two officers for most of the construction concerned with other facilities in addition to period; in extraordinary cases, it depends on TMI, such as a chemical plant and railroads state police forces or neighboring in the borough and the nearby Harrisburg municipalities for assistance. International Airport. Additionally, an 8-km (5-mile) evacuation plan was developed.

Unlike the boroughs, Londonderry Township has no police department, relying Operations and refurbishments at TMI have totally on the state police for protection. An definitely affected public safety in the study informant at the Pennsylvania State Police area, especially because of the demands on Department stated that construction at TMI emergency management: the evacuation plan had no large impact on the services of his is now much more detailed. The police have department. also been affected, not so much by the plant's daily operations, according to the NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-122 OAGI0001365_00939

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS state police, as by the evacuation following Informants reported no increase in demand the 1979 accident. on public utilities since operations began. In fact, the Middletown planning commission The mayor of Middletown reported that chairman noticed a decrease in demand on operations at the plant greatly affect the services after TMI was completed and began borough; its emergency management plan operations. No reports indicated that must be kept up to date and be in place for refurbishments at TMI affect public utilities.

TMI to operate. The power company works closely with the municipalities to formulate Tourism their emergency evacuation plans, and it strives to maintain good public relations. Some positive impacts to local tourism were observed during construction. Most of the Social Services local leaders reported an increase in tourism in the study area during the construction of No social or health services are provided by TMI, although some variation existed in Londonderry Township or by the two their reports of its popularity. One noted boroughs. Social programs are run by the that the visitor's center was established at county or the state, and residents must go to that time and that the plant construction was Harrisburg to receive any of these services. an impressive sight and a strong attraction.

The only social programs located in the However, tourism was already well study area are a day-care center for established in the region, with several low-income working mothers nationally popular sites, such as Lancaster (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, p. 117) and County, Gettysburg, and Hershey.

some programs for senior citizens (Hoke Additionally, Middletown is a historic 1990; Hamer 1990). No informant reported community-the oldest in Dauphin County.

effects from TMI on demands or funding for social and health services during All of the local leaders interviewed noted construction. Also, there were no reports of that tourism at the plant has continued impacts from operations or refurbishments. during its operation (especially after the accident in 1979). Although the plant had a Public Utilities slight effect on regional tourism, it has become a small tourist attraction in its own Like social services, public utilities have right, attracting visitors into the study area.

experienced only insignificant impacts from Local leaders note no adverse effects from TMI. Londonderry Township provides no increased tourism.

water or sewerage treatment. The chairman of the Londonderry Township planning Recreation commission said that growth in the area could not be attributed to TMI. Middletown, Effects on recreation in the study area have which also produces and distributes its own been small, although there have been electricity, does provide sewer, water, and substantial improvements in facilities.

sanitation services. Local informants were Several leaders interviewed stated that unsure whether there was any effect on TMI's construction had no impact on public utilities during TMI's construction, recreation in the area, although funding rose but it is believed that effects were small. in Middletown for parks and recreation.

C-123 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00940

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Probably the biggest change in the study Public safety, which has been affected mostly area has been in Londonderry Township, by requirements for emergency plans and which spent several hundred thousand increased funding, also should experience dollars from 1973 to 1975 to acquire land small effects during the refurbishment and develop a golf course period. Public utilities, which were not (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, pp. 103-104); affected by the construction of TMI, would another is under construction now. During not be affected by its refurbishment. There the construction of TMI, several new parks would be, however, new changes concurrent were also established in Londonderry with and indirectly related to the plant'S Township, but the township planning continued operations, as Londonderry commission chairman pointed out that these Township plans to builcl additional water and were built to accommodate the needs of sewer systems in the next 30 years or so.

community residents already living in the township. Transportation, which was affe~ted moderately during the construction of TMI, Operations at TMI have had some impacts. would probably experience effects similar to For example, a public boat launch and those that occurred during construction fishing pier have been built on the island. because the operations and refurbishment And despite the plant, recreation has grown work force combined would be somewhat on the Susquehanna River. A public boat larger than the construction force. The launch and a boat club are in the vicinity. combined effects of the operations and refurbishment work forces are likely to C.4.6.4.2 Predicted Impacts of License create a moderate impact. Transportation Renewal impacts of license renewal term operations will be much the same as the small impacts Based on the estimate of 2273 direct occurring currently.

workers, 189 in-migrants (direct and indirect) would result from TMI's For all public services, impacts during the refurbishment (Section C.4.6.1.2). The 21 license renewal term would be essentially workers (direct and indirect) who are unchanged from those experienced during projected to migrate to the study area with past operations. This means that impacts are their families will each bring an average of expected to be small for all services.

0.79 school-age children for a total of 17 new school-age children. This assumes an C.4.6.5 Off-Site Land Use average family size of 3.1 and an even distribution of children from ages d to 18. This section describes the off-site land-use This small increase would have a small impacts of the construction, operation, and impact on area schools. license renewal of TMI. The discussion of impacts is concerned primarily with land use During the construction of TMI, impacts on in the immediate vicinity of the plant, but social services, tourism, and recreation were impacts for Middletown, Royalton, and small. Because refurbishment would bring in Londonderry Township are described where fewer workers than did initial construction appropriate. Land-use impacts are examined and the population in the study area in 2013 for two time periods. First, Section C.4.6.5.1 would be larger, any impacts on these public identifies the land-use impacts of lMI's services also would be small. construction and operation. Next, NUREG-1437. Vol 2 C-124 OAGI0001365_00941

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Section C.4.6.5.2 projects the land-use All but 2 of the 70 cabins that were on the impacts of TMI's refurbishment period, island before construction were moved to based on the impacts that occurred during nearby Beshore Island. Because the cabins the plant's construction. Also, belonged to the Metropolitan Edison Section C.4.6.S.2 projects the land-use Company, their removal did not entail impacts of the plant's license renewal term relocating permanent residents. A small based on the impacts that have occurred section of state-owned Sandy Beach Island during operations. Information sources for was affected by the construction of piers for this report include the Final Environmental the bridge erected from TMI to Highway Statement Related to Operation of Three Mile 441. On the river's east bank, Metropolitan Island Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2 (AEC Edison purchased 3 ha (8 acres) of farmland Dockets 50-289 and 50-320); Socioeconomic (which included three farmhouses) to Impacts of Nuclear Generating Stations: construct the visitor's center and 0.8 ha Three Mile Island Case Study (2 acres) of woodland to construct a (NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12); and interviews substation. In general, these off-site with key sources in Dauphin County. construction activities had only insignificant Section C.4.1.S describes the methods used effects on land use in the island's vicinity to assess and project land-use impacts for all (AEC Dockets 50-289 and 50-320; case study plants. NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12).

C.4.6.5.1 Impacts from Plant Construction TMI's construction had even fewer land-use and Operation impacts in Middletown, Royalton, and Londonderry Township. When the plant'S TMI was constructed on an 80-ha (200-acre) construction began, Middletown and site on Three Mile Island, a 191-ha Royalton were small, older urban residential (472-acre) island in the Susquehanna River areas with some limited commercial and near Middletown. The Metropolitan Edison industrial development. Londonderry ,

Company had owned the island since 1906 Township was predominantly rural, with and had acquired several of the surrounding scattered farmhouses and some very limited islands by the time TMI's construction began suburban residential development. Some in 1967. Before the plant's construction, residential construction occurred, in part more than half the island had been leased because of the influx of construction for farming, and much of the remaining land workers, but key informants indicated that was wooded. There were also 70 rental the growth was not significant enough to cabins, a picnic area, and a boat dock on the affect the area's general residential island (ABC Dockets 50-289 and 50-320; development pattern. The respondents felt NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12). that, overall, TMI's construction had neither positive nor negative land-use impacts in any, Overall, TMI's construction had insignificant of the three communities.

land-use impacts in the immediate vicinity because the direct impacts of construction TMI's operation, including the 1979 accident were almost completely confined to the at Unit 2, also has had relatively insignificant island. Most of the 80-ha (200-acre) plant direct and indirect land-use impacts in the site had previously been cleared for study area. Key sources stated that even agricultural use, and only 11 ha (28 acres) of after the accident the plant's presence had additional wooded area had to be cleared. not been a deterrent to residential C*125 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00942

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C development along the Susquehanna River Rt::l.urbishment-related population growth is near the island,! or in Middletown, Royalton, projected to represent 1.0 percent of the or Londonderry Township. Respondents study area's projected population in 2014.

believe that the plant has had neither The license renewal term is projected to positive nor negative impacts in terms of result in population growth of less than attracting industries to the area and that it 0.1 percent in the study area in 2014. During haS had only minor indirect effects in both refurbishment and the license renewal fostering positive commercial development. term, increases this small are likely to have In general, land use in the area from only minimal new impacts in terms of Middletown south to Marietta along the east residential development patterns.

bank of the Susquehanna has not changed significantly since before TMI's construction. Key information sources agree that land-use However, sources attributed this lack of patterns in Middletown and Royalton are residential, commercial, and industrial well-established and that the area has a development to a number of factors other general lack of developable land. Therefore.

than TMI's presence. Some of the more TMI's license renewal is expected to have important factors included the following: only minimal new impacts on the two (1) Middletown and Royalton were already jurisdictions' land use. Growth is expected in "built up, and little land was available for U Londonderry Township, as the township new development in either jurisdiction; plans to extend its sewer and water services (2) Londonderry Township did not provide to allow for (1) residential and commercial the public sewer and water services develppment along Route 230 and necessary for large-scale development; (2) commercial and industrial development (3) the general size and condition of the near Interstate 283 and at the southern end area's roads were inadequate to support of the township near Conewago Creek.

industrial development; and (4) the region TMI's refurbishment might contribute was experiencing an economic decline slightly to this growth, but the township's related to a downturn in the steel industry land-use and development patterns are not and the closing of the Bethlehem plant in likely to be strongly influenced either Steelton. Overall, sources agreed that TMI's positively or negatively.

operations have had only very minor land-use impacts in the vicinity of TMI or in Because Pennsylvania state law provides for Middletown, Royalton, or Londonderry the statewide distribution of public utilities' Township. property tax payments, Londonderry Township does not receive a CA.6.5.2 Predicted Impacts of License disproportionate share of the benefit from Renewal TMI's tax payments. Thus, the township's land-use and development patterns are The direct impacts of TMI's refurbishment influenced less by the indirect effects of a and license renewal term on land use in the nuclear plant's tax payments (i.e., lower immediate vicinity of TMI and in property taxes and superior public services)

Middletown, Royalton, and Londonderry than are those of jurisdictions that receive Township are expected to be small. The the majority of the tax benefits of a nuclear plant itself is not expected to attract or plant in some other states. In general, then, discourage new residential, commercial, or both the direct and indirect land-use impacts industrial development directly.

NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-126 OAGI0001365_00943

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS of TMI's refurbishment and license renewal addition, indirect employment that would term are expected to be small. result from purchases of goods and services during refurbishment is projected to create C.4.6.6 Economic Structure 43 jobs for study area residents. The total direct and indirect employment affecting the C.4.6.6.1 Impacts from Plant Chostruction study area during the peak refurbishment and Operation year is therefore estimated to be 225. This employment is projected to be 6.0 percent of The construction and operation of TMI have the total study area work force in 2013, resulted in insignificant and significant resulting in moderate impacts.

impacts, respectively, on Middletown, Royalton, and Londonderry Relatively few new plant-related jobs would Township. Table C.76 presents the estimated be created at TMI during the license employment and expenditures for residents renewal term. Nearly all plant-related of the three-municipality study from 1972 to employment (and associated impacts) 1990. In 1972, direct and indirect expected during that time period would employment resulting from TMI's represent a continuation of employment construction represented only 2.1 percent of (and impacts) from past operations.

the study area's total employment. That Table C. 78 shows the impact of the represents an insignificant impact. increased labor requirements at TML The 1990 work force at TMI numbered The license renewal term work force for 1086, of whom 250 were study area TMI would require an estimated 60 residents. The operation of the plant has additional employees (Section CA.1.2). Of also resulted in 98 indirect jobs, for a total these additional workers, 14 are projected to of 348 jobs for study area residents. This be study area residents. An estimated six level of employment represented 13 percent indirect jobs are projected to be created by of the study area's total employment, so the license renewal, and five of these jobs are impact is large. The income of this work expected to be filled by study area residents.

force represented 17.0 percent of the study With the continued effects of the plant's area's total income in 1990. current employment and the additional employment to be created, total direct and C.4.6.6.2 Predicted Impacts of License indirect license renewal term employment is Renewal projected to represent 9.8 percent of study area employment in 2013. This employment The work force scenario detailed in level represents a large impact.

Section C.3.1 was used to estimate the employment and economic effects of C.4.6.7 Historic and Aesthetic Resources refurbishment at TMI. Table C. 77 shows the total direct and indirect plant-related This section describes the impacts that the employment of study area residents during construction and operation of the TMI refurbishmen t. nuclear station have had on historic and aesthetic resources and projects the It is projected that TMI would employ 182 expected impacts of the plant's study area residents as refurbishment refurbishment and post-relicensing workers in 2013 (Section CA.6.1.2). In operations. Information sources include the C-127 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00944

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Final Environmental Statement Related I. the The cooling towers and their visible plumes Operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear also create the facility's primary aesthetic Station, Units 1 and 2 (ABC Dockets 50-289 impacts. One respondent states: "The and 50-320); the Draft Supplement to the principal impacts would be visual. ... The Final Environmental Statement Related to the towers and the power lines are an intrusion Operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear on the rural landscape. Looking at the rural Station, Unit 2 (NUREG-0066); and key landscape as a part of the historic information sources from Dauphin County, environment, with all the eighteenth. and York County, and elsewhere in nineteenth-century farmhouses, the facilities Pennsylvania. have a visual impact. There are other types of power plants along the Susquehanna, but C.4.6.7.1 Impacts from Plant Construction they are smaller and not nearly as visible.

and Operation The steam is an even greater identifier of the plant. You can see it from further away The construction and operation of TMI have than the towers. And the power lines that had moderate impacts on the aesthetic come, from the station are very visible." At resources of the area and small impacts on river level (where the visitor's center and a the historic resources of its surroundings. major area highway are), existing trees for There were no known archaeological sites the most part obscure a view of the plant's on the island before construction. A other structures.

preconstruction survey turned up artifacts from the Early and Middle Woodland Indian The other major aesthetic impact comes cultures of about 4000 B.C. to 1000 AD. from the feelings that persist regarding the and some from later times. It was these accident at TMI in 1979. Such feelings have Early and Middle Woodlands artifacts that to some degree colored people's attitudes were of interest to archaeologists because about nuclear power and therefore their these eras in Pennsylvania are poorly known aesthetic perceptions. One source stated:

(ABC Dockets 50-289 and 50-320). There "It's not that the plant's unsightly, it's just have been no important impacts to historic that the sight of the plant reminds people of structures from the construction and the accident. The area around the plant is in operation of the plant. Fourteen structures a very sylvan setting, in really pretty listed on the National Register of Historic countryside with lots of old farmhouses, until Places are located within 1.6 km (1 mile) of you see the plant. When you see the towers the plant's 770 ha (1900 acres) of over the horizon, it puts people off."

transmission line rights-of-way, but there Another person referred to the cooling have been no reports of any impacts towers as "looming on the horizon for a (NUREG-0066). The impacts to historic good distance." One respondent suggested resources that have occurred involve that, all thing being equal, home buyers perceptions that the site has changed from a since the accident have generally made rural area of rolling eighteenth- and decisions to purchase property out of the nineteenth-century farmsteads to one viewshed of the plant and that new punctuated with industrial facilities. The construction of higher-valued homes has perception of this intrusion is made across generally not favored areas near the plant.

substantial distances becau~e of the facility's This individual posits that decisions to locate three 110-m-high (370-ft-high) natural draft outside the viewshed are probably made cooling towers. more with an 'eye to optimizing the NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-128 OAGI0001365_00945

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS investment aspect of the property (reduction payments. Figure C.16 depicts the impact of risk to property values from another area, and Figure C.17 shows the region in accident) than with concerns about the which it is located.

direct aesthetic impact of the plant and other development in the area on the C.4.7.1 Population perceived day-to-day quality of life.

This section discusses the local population C.4.6.7.2 Predicted Impacts of License growth associated with the construction, Renewal operation, and license renewal of WCGS.

Section C.4.1 describes the methodology The impacts of TMI's refurbishment and used to project population growth for all postlicense renewal operation on historic plants. Data used to prepare this section and aesthetic resources in the area would were obtained from the Final Environmental likely be less pronounced than those that Statement Related to the Operation of the have occurred during construction and Wolf Creek Generating Station, Unit No. 1 normal operation. The 1979 accident (NUREG-0878); Environmental Assessment sensitized many people to the plant's for Proposed Rule on Nuclear Plant License presence and to its potential for problems. Renewal (NUREG-1398); SEA This undoubtedly has affected people's refurbishment work force estimates aesthetic preferences and values. Should (Appendix B; SEA 1994); population another major problem occur at this plant projections by the University of Kansas (or, possibly, elsewhere), large aesthetic Institute for Public Policy and Business impacts can be expected because the cooling Research (Helyar); and the Wolf Creek towers and their plumes remind people of Nuclear Operating Corporation.

the nuclear power plant's presence. Given normal operation during the license renewal The discussion of population growth is term, impacts on aesthetic and historic organized into two time periods.

resources are expected to be a continuation Section C.4.7.1.1 identifies the population of the current levels of impact. However, growth that Coffey County experienced as a determination of impacts to historic result of the construction and operation of resources from refurbishment and license WCGS from 1977 to 1989. Section C.4.7.1.2 renewal operations must be made through projects the population growth expected to consultation with the SHPO. result from WCGS's refurbishment period and license renewal term operations C.4.7 Wolf Creek beginning in 2025, based on the growth associated with the plant's initial The impact area-the area in which the most construction. Also, Section C.4.7.1.2 projects pronounced socioeconomic impacts might the population growth expected to result result from refurbishment and license from WCGS's license renewal term, based renewal-at the Wolf Creek Generating on the growth associated with operations in Station (WCGS), consists of Coffey County the past. .

and towns and communities within Coffey County, Kansas, the largest of which is Burlington. The selection of this area is based on worker residence patterns, employment, expenditures, and tax C-129 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00946

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C ORNL-DWG 95M-6437 Waverly Halls Summit 024 BKm o

EViIII. 3 6 Miles Figure C.16 Socioeconomic impact area associated with Wolf Creek Generating Station refurbishment: Coffey County.

NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-130 OAGI0001365_00947

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS ORNL-DWG 90M-14840 Dickson Co rt)

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I 20 40 60 kilom ** ,. I Figure C.l7 Region surrounding the Wolf Creek Generating Station nuclear plant.

C-131 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00948

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C CA.7.1.1 Growth Resulting from Plant of 342 persons) moved into the study area Construction and Operation (Table C80). In all, it is estimated that approximately 2329 new residents moved to Because Wolf Creek was not included in the Coffey County as a result of Wolf Creek's NUREG/CR-2749 study, estimates of worker peak construction period. This influx of new in-migration are based on the construction residents represented 20.5 percent of Coffey experience at other nuclear plants in County's total population in 1984.

comparable locales. WCGS's construction resulted in very large population increases in Operations at WCGS have resulted in Coffey County (Table C.79). During t~e smaller population increases than did the peak construction year, 1984, approximately plant's construction, but the increase still has 5500 construction workers were on-site at been relatively large. In 1989, 1044 WCGS. Because Wolf Creek is located in a permanent plant staff were on-site at WCGS rural county that has no major urban (additional contract workers have been po;-*ulation center and based on residential on-site during outages, but they have not settlement patterns of construction work been included because their presence at the forces at other nuclear plants, it is estimated plant was temporary). Of the permanent that approximately 20 percent plant staff, approximately half (522) live in (1100 persons) of the peak construction Coffey County (Wolf Creek Nuclear work force lived in Coffey County Operating Corporation 1990). Based on (Table C.80). The remainder are estimated residential settlement patterns of workers at to have commuted to the job site nuclear plants in comparable locales, it is (NUREG-75/096). Also, it is estimated that estimated that 50 percent (261) of those 70 percent of the construction work force residing in Coffey County in 1989 were prior residing in Coffey County (770 persons) residents who obtained jobs and that 261 were workers who migrated to the study were workers who migrated into the area for area for jobs at the plant. Based on the jobs (Table C81). Also following the pattern pattern of construction workers' in-migration set by personnel in-migrating to work at at other nuclear projects, it is estimated that other nuclear plants, it is estimated that 51 percent of the in-migrants (393 workers) 66 percent of the in-migrants (172) were were accompanied by their families. accompanied by their families. Assuming the Assuming the 1990 averag~ family size for 1990 Kansas average family size of 3.08 Kansas (3.08), this represents a total persons, this represents a total in-migration in-migration of 1587 residents for Coffey of 619 residents for the county. Based on County. work force in-migration and the ratio of nonplant jobs created at other nuclear plants Based on construction in-migration and the during operating periods, it is estimated that ratio of nonplant jobs created during the Wolf Creek's 1989 operations created an peak construction periods at nuclear plants additional 418 indirect jobs in service in comparable locales, it is estimated that industries supported by the spending of Wolf Creek's peak construction period WCGS workers. As a result of these indirect created an additional 275 jobs in service jobs, an estimated 218 additional workers industries supported by the spending of and their families (a total of 518 persons)

WCGS construction workers. As a result of moved into Coffey County (Table C81). In these indirect jobs, an estimated 144 all, it is estimated that approximately 1137 additional workers and their families (a total new residents moved into Coffey County as NUREG*1437, Vol 2 C*132 OAGI0001365_00949

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS a result of WCGS's 1989 operations. These migrate into the area for jobs at WCGS new residents made up about 13.3 percent (Table C.82). Also following the pattern set of Coffey County's 1989 population of 8559. by construction workers' in-migration at other nuclear projects, 51 percent of the C.4.7.1.2 Predicted Growth Resulting from in-migrants (163) would be accompanied by License Renewal families. Using the Kansas average family size of 3.08, total refurbishment worker As discussed in Section C.3.1, Wolf Creek's in-migration would result in 658 new license renewal would require the residents for Coffey County. Based on completion of a number of refurbishment construction in-migration and the ratio of tasks. Many of the refurbishment tasks are nonplant jobs created during peak expected to be completed during scheduled construction periods at nuclear plants in refueling outages during a period of 8 to 10 comparable locales, Wolf Creek's years before the actual license renewal date. refurbishment is projected to create an However, the final refurbishment work is additional 114 indirect jobs in service expected to be completed during one large industries supported by the spending of refurbishment outage scheduled for the year refurbishment workers. As a result of these before the unit's license renewal date. As indirect jobs, an estimated 59 additional this final refurbishment outage would workers and their families (a total of 140 involve more workers on-site over a longer persons) would be projected to move into period of time than any of the preceding Coffey County (Table C.82). In all, refueling outages, it represents the peak approximately 798 new residents would be refurbishment period. However, because expected to move into Coffey County as a there are uncertainties concerning the length result of WCGS's refurbishment under the of the outage and the size of the work force work force scenario. That would represent required to complete the refurbishment of a 9.1 percent of Coffey County's projected given unit, this section examines a work population of 8763 in 2025.

force scenario as described in Sections C.3.1 and C.4.1.1.2. Once plant refurbishment is completed for WCGS, the work force would consist mostly Given the work force scenario detailed in of permanent plant staff. Additional Section C.3.1, it is estimated that 2273 refurbishment/refueling workers would be workers would be on-site to complete temporarily on-site approximately every 2 refurbishment of WCGS in 2024 (SEA years; however, they would not be 1994). Further assuming that the residential permanent, on-site plant staff, and many of distribution of refurbishment workers would them are expected to commute from outside be similar to that estimated for the 1984 the study area. It is expected that a WCGS construction work force, it is maximum of 60 additional permanent estimated that 20 percent (455) would reside workers per unit would be required during in Coffey County. For Wolf Creek, estimates the license renewal term. Assuming that the of refurbishment worker in-migration are new workers' residential distribution would based on construction experience at nuclear be the same as current workers',

plants located in areas similar to Coffey approximately 50 percent (30) would reside County. It is estimated that 70 percent (319) in Coffey County. Based on worker of the refurbishment workers living in in-migration at nuclear plants in comparable Coffey County would be workers who locales, it is estimated that 50 percent (15)

C-133 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00950

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C of those residing in Coffey County. mId be C4.7.21 Impacts from Plant Construction prior residents who obtain jobs and that 15 and Operation would be workers who migrate into the area for jobs (Table C.83). Also following the The following section details project-related pattern set by personnel in* migrating to housing demand in Coffey County and worJc at other nuclear plants, 66 percent of describes the housing market at the time of the in-migrants (10) would be accompanied Wolf Creek construction. A discussion of by their families. Using the Kansas average changes that occurred in the housing market family size of 3.08 people, total in-migration and plant construction-induced impacts on would result in 36 new residents for the housing follows. Finally, impacts from the county. Based on work force in-migration operation of Wolf Creek on local housing and the ratio of nonplant jobs created at are assessed. Because Wolf Creek was not other nuclear plants during operating included in the NUREG/CR-2749 study, periods, it is estimated that WCGS's license estimates of worker in-migration are based renewal term would create an additional 24 on the construction experience at other indirect jobs in service industries supported nuclear plants in comparable locales by the spending of plant workers. As a result (Section C4.7.1).

of these indirect jobs, an estimated 13 additional workers and their families (a total Construction of Wolf Creek began in 1977 of 32 persons) would be projected to move and was completed in 1985. The into Coffey County (Table C83). In all, construction work force peaked in 1984 at approximately 68 new residents would be approximately 5500. Only 20 percent of the expected to move into Coffey County as a work force resided in Coffey County, but result of WCGS's license renewal term. That 70 percent of those workers migrated to the would represent 0.8 percent of Coffey area for refurbishment jobs. Other workers, County's projected popul~tion in 2025. both prior re,sidents and in-migrants, I

commuted frpm places within 120 kIn C.4.7.2 Housing (75 miles) of the site. Project-related housing demand in Coffey County peaked in The following sections examine the housing 1984 at 713 units. This demand represents impacts that occurred in Coffey County 18 percent of the 3928 housing units in during construction and operation of WCGS Coffey County in 1984.

and predict housing impacts that would result from refurbishment activities and Year-round housing in Coffey County in continued operation. Possible impacts to 1970, before construction of WCGS, totaled housing include changes in the number of 3067 units. Of these, 92.8 percent were in housing units, particularly the rate of growth one-unit structures. Of the occupied units, of the housing stock; changes in occupancy 21 percent were renter-occupied. The rates; changes in the characteristics of the vacancy rate (for sale or rent only) was housing stock; and changes in rental rates or 3.3 percent. A local source reported that the property values. vacancy rate had increased considerably between 1970 and the beginning of WCGS Section C.4.l.2 includes a complete construction.

discussion of the methodology and assumptions used to predict housing impacts. Local sources have indicated that during construction, housing occupancy rates, NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-134 OAGI0001365_00951

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS particularly of rental housing, reached Rental rates and housing values rose 100 percent. Although many construction between 1970 and 1980 at a much quicker workers chose to live in an area more urban rate in Coffey County than in the state of than Coffey County, others were forced to Kansas, as is shown in Table C.84. Local do so simply because there was no available sources indicated that no substantial housing. Thus, in-migrants located as far upgrading or new construction occurred to away as Kansas City, Wichita, Topeka, and warrant the great increase in rental rates.

Ottawa. The 1980 census reported a vacancy Rather, the cause for the increases was rate of 3.6 percent in Burlington and WCGS project-related demand. It is likely 3.3 percent in Coffey County. Howeyer, at that project-related demand for housing that time the construction 'work force was resulted in even greater increases in rental only 2266 members (Braid 1981). rates and housing values in 1984, the peak construction year.

Several changes in the housing stock occurred during WCGS construction. A Since the completion of WCGS plant-site mobile home park was added, as construction, rental rates have gone down were additional connections in the already again and are now 25-30 percent less than existing Coffey County mobile home parks. they were during construction. Also, housing By 1980, 153 mobile homes were in Coffey vacancies, particularly of rental units, are up County, 33 percent more than in 1970. once again.

Another change involved the reoccupation of older, dilapidated hous~ng that had Operation of WCGS has had some effect on previously been unoccupi~d. the Coffey ~ounty housing market. A few new homes have been built for operations No large-scale developments were initiated workers, but no substantial housing during the construction of the plant; development has occurred. The plant has however, more houses were built annually not negatively affected property values; during construction than at any time before rather, during a recent economic decline in or since. During the 7-year period before the region, the economic stability provided construction, an annual average of 14.4 by the plant, including steady employment, housing units were built in Burlington prevented property values from dropping as (housing permit information before 1977 is sharply as would otherwise have occurred.

not available for other areas of Coffey During refueling periods, however, rental County). Of these, 80 percent were built in occupancy rates approach 100 percent, and the 3 years before WCGS construction. In all available trailer pads are used. A typical the 5 years since construction has been planned outage at Wolf Creek has involved completed, an annual average of 6.8 units about 640 additional on-site workers.

have been built. During plant construction, an annual average of 16.4 units were built, In summary, housing demand during WCGS about 40 percent of which were in multiunit construction caused housing availability to be structures (U.S. Bureau of the Census sharply reduced and rental rates to be 1971-90). In 1970, only 12.2 percent of the sharply increased. Despite this, substantial units in Burlington had been in multiunit new housing construction did not occur, structures (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1972). rather, trailer parks were expanded or added. WCGS operation has not changed the housing market or housing values; C-135 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00952

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C however, the presence of workers involved The 1990 housing vacancy rate in Coffey in refueling activities causes rental County was 10.8 percent.

occupancy rates to rise considerably.

According to the estimate of the number of C.4.72.2 Predicted Impacts of License workers required for plant refurbishment Renewal and based on plant construction experience, 319 workers of the total work force of 2273 Project-related population' increases and the are expected to migrate to Coffey County commensurate housing demand would be the for refurbishment jobs. Of these in-migrants, cause of new housing impacts during . 163 are expected to be accompanied by refurbishment activities. A summary of families. Some doubling-up is expected to recent and anticipated growth in housing is occur among the 156 unaccompanied provided. This is followed by predictions of workers, so that each unaccompanied mover possible impacts during refurbishment and would require 0.85 housing unit. The the license renewal term. in-migration of these workers would result in a total refurbishment-related housing Since the completion of WCGS, demand in the peak year of 296 housing approximately 10 new units have been added units. In addition, some indirect jobs are annually to the Coffey County housing stock expected to result from the spending of (U.S. Bureau of the Cens~ 1971-90). At project workers. An additional 59 workers this rate of expansion, there could be 4200 are projected to move into Coffey County, housing units in 2024, the peak year of bringing the total project-related demand for refurbishment at WCGS. However, many of housing to 355.

these housing units are associated with the in-migration of WCGS construction and Refurbishment-related housing demand is far operations work forces. New housing units less than that which occurred during are currently being built only when construction, yet it still accounts for requested by an in-migrating family or to 9.2 percent of the projected housing stock.

replace an existing structure. The latter case Because projected demand exceeds is a likely circumstance considering that projected vacancy, housing availability may 50 percent of the housing units in Coffey be drastically reduced and approach zero County were constructed before 1940. The availability. Competition for existing units projected population of the study area in may cause great increases in rental rates.

2024 ~s 8763; this is 359 persons more than Existing mobile home parks will likely be the 1990 population (Section C.4.7.1; U.S. expanded, or new mobile home parks may Bureau of the Census 1990). This slow be added to accommodate project workers.

population growth is not expected to sustain New housing construction would not result the housing growth that has occurred during because of the brief duration of this peak the last two decades. If half as many houses demand, but previously abandoned housing are built annually between 1990 and 2024 as may be returned to residential use. In were built between 1971 and 1990, there summary, large new impacts to housing are would be 3862 units in 2024. The population possible during refurbishment.

in 2024 is projected to required 3519 housil}g units, leaving 343 units vacant. This Housing impacts involving marketability and would result in a 8.9 percent vacancy rate. value that would occur during the license renewal term are the same as those currently NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-136 OAGI0001365_00953

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS being experienced (Section C.4.1.2.1). The Coffey County (Burlington Unified School 60 additional workers (60 per unit) required District 1980, 1985, and 1989).

during the license renewal term and the commensurate housing demand would cause An indication of the importance of WCGS only small new housing impacts. However, to the local tax bases can be seen from the the number of refueling and maintenance increase in total revenue before and after workers required periodically would be taxes were levied. In 1977, total county slightly increased (by approximately revenue was $1.7 million (all amounts in 30 workers). Thus, the large housing impacts constant 1989 dollars); by 1985 it had that are currently experienced in Coffey increased to $10.4 million and reached County during refueling periods would $14.7 million in 1988. This was a greater continue and may be slightly exacerbated by than eightfold increase in revenue over an the additional workers during the license II-year period. More than 85 percent of this renewal term. increase was from increased tax collections.

Another indication of tax effects is that per CA.73 Taxes capita tax revenues in 1977 were $157, and by 1988 they had increased to $1417. The C.4.73.1 Impacts from plant Construction total per capita property tax paid by WCGS and Operation to Coffey County and the Burlington School District was $2381. This was more than four The construction permit on WCGS was times the per capita property tax revenues granted in 1977, and commercial operation for the entire state of Kansas, which began in 1985. WCGS was not part of the averaged $520 (1989 dollars) in 1981-82 Mountain West or any other systematic (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1986).

study; therefore, historical data on economic effects are limited. Taxes paid to the Burlington School District have shown a similar sharp increase. General WCGS pays property taxes to several taxing fund property tax revenues were $683,000 in jurisdictions, although most of them are very 1977-78 (1989 dollars), increasing to small (e.g., water districts, cemeteries) and $3.8 million in the proposed 1989-90 the taxes paid are insignificant. Substantial budget. The tax revenues paid to the amounts are paid to the state of Kansas and Burlington School District significantly significant amounts to Coffey County and increased expenditures per pupil. The the Burlington School District in Coffey Burlington School District is in a generally County (Fritz). Table C.85 indicates the poor area of southeastern Kansas; however, taxes paid to these jurisdictions for 1980, the general fund budget per pupil in 1985, and 1989. 1988-89 was $4605, which was 3 percent above the statewide median for similar-size The taxes paid by WCGS dominate school districts (Unified School Districts of Burlington School District and Coffey Kansas 1990). Classroom teacher salaries Coun~y revenues since the nuclear plant's were also slightly above the statewide tax payments make up over 60 percent of average (Kansas Education Department the taxes levied by this school district (and 1990). Ari important advantage of the large about 63 percent of its total revenues) and tax base provided by WCGS for the nearly 45 percent of the total revenues for Burlington School District is in the ability to generate capital funds for facilities and C-137 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00954

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C school purchases of equipment and would be done during the final outage. For materials. In this respect, the district has example, if the steam generator is replaced significantly better facilities than the during a current term outage, the assessed surrounding school districts. Expenditures value may increase considerably before the related to the general fund, however, do not license renewal term begins. If steam fully reflect the large property tax valuation generator replacement and other major within the Burlington School District capital improvements are not undertaken because there is a state-imposed cap on early on, the increase in assessed valuation annual increases has limited Burlington to may be only minor. The increase, in either annual increases of 2 percent over the last case, is expected to cause only a small to several years (Kansas State Board of moderate new tax impact.

Education 1990). The capital outlay fund can be applied to a limit of 4 mills and has no During the license renewal term, the primary cap on annual increases. ~owever, the tax-related impact would be the continuation teacher salaries and othef everyday expenses of tax payments that WCGS is currently are paid from the general fund, which has making to local jurisdictions. WCGS expenditures near the state median but currently provides 45 percent of Coffey above those of surrounding school districts. County's revenues and 63 percent of Burlington School District's revenues. A new Another effect of WCGS is property tax impact would also result from the increase in rates in the local taxing jurisdictions. The tax payments resulting from improvement Burlington School District has the lowest made at the WCGS during the final mill levy of any school district in Kansas. refurbishment period. Thus, tax revenues The 1989 total mill levy for Burlington would increase in absolute terms but may School District was 14.60, compared to the remain constant or decrease as a percentage statewide median of 56.39 (Kansas of total revenues of the taxing jurisdictions.

Education Department 1989). Based on current conditions, WCGS tax revenues-the continuing and additional CA.73.2 Predicted Impacts of Ucense payments combined-are expected to Renewal continue to make up a large share of the total revenues of the county and the school The new tax-related impact expected to district.

occur during refurbishment of WCGS results from capital improvements undertaken C.4.7.4 Public Services during the current term outages. The assessed value of the plant would increase C.4.7A.1 Impacts from Plant Construction during this time and thus increase WCGS's and Operation tax p&yments to Coffey County and the Burlington School District. This new impact In terms of public services, WCGS affects does not involve capital improvements that several surrounding communities and school take place during the final refurbishment districts, especially Coffey County and the outage and that would be reflected in the incorporated cities of New Strawn and plant's assessed value during the license Burlington. These incorporated cities renewal term. The magnitude of the new maintain certain utilities and their streets, impact depends on which improvements and Burlington has a police department. The would occur at WCGS early on and which majority of services, however, are provided NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-138 OAGI0001365_00955

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS at a county or state level, and recreational more to the loss of jobs in nearby oil fields facilities for both communities are provided over the last 5 years and was not as bad as through a district recreation commission. had been predicted.

WCGS also has affected the schools in Burlington, Lebo/Waverly, and Leroy, and Operations at WCGS have had a small there have been some effects on the city of effect on enrollment in the districts.

Emporia in neighboring Lyon County. There Maintenance and refueling activities at have also been significant impacts on WCGS also have caused only small impacts transportation north of the plant. on enrollment in all of the school districts.

However, as noted in Section 4.7.3, tax Since operations at WCGS began, existing funds from WCGS have been very important facilities have been upgraded in the area, to the Burlington School District, allowing and other new ones have been built. This an addition onto the elementary school and has happened especially in the areas of new buildings for the middle and high education, transportation, public safety, schools.

recreation, and public utilities. Information pertaining to expenditures is discussed in Transportation detail in Section C.4.7.3.

Informants in Burlington and the small town Education of New Strawn reported that the construction of WCGS did not affect traffic WCGS is located in the Burlington School or street repair in these communities.

,District, Unified School District 244, but the However, the city manager in Emporia presence of the facility also affects the stated that traffic problems increased in his nearby school districts in Lebo/Waverly and city during construction. Roads and bridges Leroy. Before the construction of WCGS, in the area were unimproved and in a state the Burlington School District maintained of disrepair before construction. Revenues three schools: an elementary, a middle, and from WCGS have since funded the repairs a high school. The Burlington of roads and bridges, and they are now in superintendent reported that the plant's good condition. This was made possible by a construction had noticeable impacts on shift in road funding from the townships to district enrollment, as it did in Lebo/Waverly the county. Burlington's city manager and Leroy. Unlike the two neighboring reported that the county also had been school districts, there was no large drop in assisting the city with street maintenance enrollment in Burlington after construction funds.

of WCGS was complete.

Although there were minor impacts in the The superintendent in the Lebo/Waverly areas mentioned above, traffic on the school district, Unified School District 243, highways leading toward the plant from the indicated that a period of higher enrollment west, north, and northeast experienced large lasted for 6 to 7 years, but it was followed by impacts. The Coffey County engineer a sharp drop in the number of students. estimated that, during construction, the Enrollment at 'Leroy also grew during surge in traffic at shift changes caused WCGS's construction but has dropped congestion as far away as 100 km (60 miles).

nearly 19 percent since its completion. Construction workers who commuted into However, the drop in enrollment was due Coffey County lived in various larger cities, C-139 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00956

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC such as Emporia, Topeka, Ottawa, and No informant reported impacts on public Olathe. Traffic from these communities safety from operations at WCGS or from approached WeGS mainly on two highways, refurbishments at the plant.

Interstate 35 and U.S. 75. The main access to the plant was from the intersection of Social Services the~e two highways, about 24 km (15 miles) north of the plant. Traffic was bottlenecked Social services and health programs in from this intersection sou;th almost to New Burlington and New Strawn are provided by Strawn, where the plant road intersects with the state an~ Coffey County, as is the case U.S. 75. generally in Emporia. No informant reported impacts from the construction at WCGS.

Following plant construction, the on-site Beginning in 1984 the Lyon County Health work force was reduced substantially, and Department had increased demands, but this improvements were made to roads leading to was attributed to other factors, not to Wolf and from the plant. Accordingly, large Creek's operations. No impacts were plant-related traffic impacts no longer are reported from refurbishment activities.

experienced in the study area, either during normal operations or during periodic plant Public Utilities outages for refueling (with an average of 640 additional workers) although traffic is Burlington's public utilities experienced noticeably heavier during outages than noticeable impacts during WCGS's during normal operations, so that there are construction. The city provides water, small to moderate impacts. sewage disposal, and electricity to residents, and these were noticeably affected. One Public Safety informant reported that these services were expanded during construction. However, the The city of Burlington provides police city manager stated that utilities were well protection to its citizens and formerly had a enough established at the time construction volunteer fire department. In January 1990, began that there were no significant effects the fire department was put under the because of WCGS's demands.

control of county, which has greater financial resources. Coffey County will also build and New Strawn provides water to its residents, maintain a new volunteer fire station in New and the water system was affected more Strawn in the near future. during construction than any other service of New Strawn because the large influx of New Strawn does not provide police construction personnel put great demands protection, but Emporia provides police on the water system. A new water plant was protection and has a paid fire department. necessary, regardless of the employees' No informant reported an increase in presence, so a new one was built. Property demands on fire protection in any taxes and water bills paid by the WCGS community since WCGS's construction workers contributed substantially to its began. One respondent did state that funding.

problems with law enforcement in Emporia existed during the construction period, but The city of Emporia has provided water, this was not reported elsewhere. sewage treatment, and refuse disposal for residents since before construction began at NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-140 OAGI0001365_00957

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS WCGS. No informant reported large impacts Recreation in Emporia experienced on these services during the plant's moderate effects from the construction of construction. WCGS. The Emporia Recreation Commission noted an increase in The cities of Burlington, New Strawn, and participation and a definite difference in El1lporia report no impacts on city services recreational ,programs during that time; after as a result of operations and refurbishments construction workers left, cutbacks had to be at WCGS. made.

Tourism Recreation in Burlington has changed a great deal since WCGS began operating; The construction and operation of WCGS most of the plant's impacts have been has had small effects on tourism in the area. monetary. One respondent reported that No one reported major tourist activities in funds from the plant had brought about the Burlington before the construction of high school's new football and track facilities WCGS began, but one informant stated that and that these facilities are used heavily, during construction the plant was open to boosting retail business as well (S. Smith the public often, that many people visited it, 1990). Burlington's recreation center, and that it is still open occasionally. similarly financed, is a welcome amenity according to several sources. It was also Operations at the plant also have noted by two informants that the cooling encouraged tourism, both directly and pond at WCGS would be a welcome indirectly. Tour buses make stops at the addition to recreational facilities in the area, plant and its education center. In-migrants but the reservoir is not open to the public at are credited with the survival of a puppet this time.

factory, another tourist attraction in Burlington. Several sites in and near There were no indications that operations Emporia may be developed in the future for and maintenance activities affect recreation increased tourism. The combination of these in Burlington, and there were reports of factors in Lyon County resulted in the insignificant impacts on Emporia's recreation formation of a convention and visitor's programs. For instance, WCGS visitors and bureau in 1984 and the creation of a bed tax employees frequent the golf course, and in Emporia; however, overall effects have organized recreational activities have slight not been significant to date. The Emporia increases during outages.

Convention and Visitor's Bureau reports that the plant at WCGS has not resulted in C.4.7.4.2 Predicted Impacts of License a decrease in tourism. Renewal Recreation Based on the estimated 2273 direct workers required during peak refurbishment, the staff During construction, there were small estimates that 163 direct workers and 39 impacts on public sports leagues and indirect workers will migrate with their facilities in Burlington and New Strawn. New families to' Coffey County (Section Strawn, as part of the Burlington School C.4.7.1.2). The number of children District, is also in the jurisdiction of the accompanying these workers is estimated Burlington Recreation Commission. using the Kansas average family size (3.08)

C-141 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00958

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C and assuming that all families include two are concentrated geographically or if the adults. Children are expe<tted to be evenly facilities and classes are already at their peak distributed in age from ~1 to 18 years. capacity.

Assuming that 72.2 percent of these children are school age (5 to 18 years), there will be During the construction of WCGS, impacts an average of 0.78 school-age children per on social services and tourism were in-migrating family, or a total of 158 new insignificant. Because refurbishment would students in Coffey County, or about 12 per bring in fewer people than did the initial grade. This represents a 8.9 percent increase construction (2329), any future impacts to above the projected number of school-age these public services would be small. (Coffey children in Coffey County in 2024 (assuming County's 1984 population was 9001 the 1990 age distribution of the population). excluding WCGS construction-related in-This considerable increase could easily migration. )

require additional staff, might require temporary classrooms or conversions of Public safety in Coffey County, which has facility use, and may result in moderate to been affected fiscally by WCGS, should also large impacts to education. see small changes during the refurbishment period. Recreation, which experienced An analysis of the projected BWR bounding moderate impacts during the construction of case work force (1500 persons) was WCGS, would probably experience only conducted to determine if a smaller work small impacts during refurbishment in 2024 force would result in a lesser impact. (This is because the recreation facilities themselves a hypothetical scenario because ANO is a have been significantly improved since PWR.) The 133 in-migrating direct and WCGS construction. A 9.1 percent increase indirect workers who bring their families to in population may result in small to Coffey County would be accompanied by moderate impacts to public utilities, 104 school-age children (or 8 per grade).

This would result in a 5.8 percent increase in Transportation effects hinge on three the number of school-age children in Coffey factors: the number of workers, the state of County in 2025 and could cause moderate the roads, and the number of access points.

impacts, especially if the children are Currently, one major access point leads into concentrated geographically (e.g., in WCGS via a two-lane road. Based on the Burlington ). level of impacts that occurred during original plant construction, it is expected that the use An analysis of potential impacts to education of local roads by the peak refurbishment under the typical work force scenario (1017 work force could result in large workers) finds that there would be 89 direct transportation impacts, despite road and indirect workers migrating to Coffey improvements made after initial County with their families. The associated 69 construction.

new school-age children (or 5.5 per grade level) would result in a 3.8 percent increase During the license renewal term, only small in the projected number of school-age impacts are expected for any public service, children in Coffey County in 2025. This including transportation.

increase in enrollment will likely cause small impacts, but moderate impacts to the education system could result if the students NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-142 OAGI0001365_00959

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS C.4.7.S Off-Site Land Use was very rural, and agriculture, livestock grazing, and low-density, farm-related This section describes the off-site land-use residences were the primary land uses. There impacts of the construction, operation, and were only two small industries (a total of license renewal of WCGS. The discussion of 33 employees) and some storage facilities impacts is primarily concerned with land use (for petroleum products, grains, and in the immediate vicinity of the plant, but fertilizer) within 8 km (5 miles) of the plant impacts to Coffey County are described site at the time construction began. The where appropriate. Land-use impacts are town of Burlington, about 5.6 km (3.5 miles) examined for two time periods. First, southwest of the plant, was primarily a rural Section CA.7.S.1 identifies the land-use residential town with little commercial and impacts of WCGS's construction and almost no industrial land use operation. Next, Section CA.7.5.2 projects (NUREG-75/096; NUREG-0878).

the land-use impacts of WCGS's refurbishment period based on the impacts WCGS's construction had significant impacts that occurred during the plant's construction. on land use in the vicinity of the plant. Part Also, Section C.4. 7.5.2 projects the land-use of the impact included removing 25 homes impacts of the plant's license renewal term and relocating some federal-aid secondary-based on the impacts that have occurred route roads. Another immediate impact was during operations. Information sources for on property ownership. In an effort to avoid this report include the Final Environmental subdividing previous owners' property Statement Related to Construction of Wolf beyond economic usefulness, the Kansas Gas Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 and Electric Company purchased entire (NUREG-75/096); the Final Environmental tracts of land, refusing to purchase only Statement Related to the Operation of Wolf portions of an owner's property. This meant Creek Generating Station, Unit 1 that the company acquired a great deal of (NUREG-0878); and interviews with key excess land for the WCGS site. The land sources of information in Coffey County. acquisition, the plant's construction, and the Section C.4.1.5 describes the methods used lake's inundation involved removing over to assess and project land-use impacts for all 3600 ha (8800 acres) of agricultural and case study plants. range land from production. There \\-as some concern, before construction, that removing C.4.7.S.1 Impacts from Plant Construction the agricultural and range land from and Operation production would have negative effects on the local economy. However, the impacts to WCGS and its cooling lake were built on range land have been somewhat alleviated 3973-ha (9818-acre) tract of land near by the fact that the Kansas Gas and Electric Burlington. The cooling lake inundated Company leases much of its excess property approximately 2100 ha (5100 acres) of land, as range land to area farmers. In addition, and the actual plant site, including the lake's the impacts of WCGS's operation, discussed dam and dikes, covers approximately 80 ha below, have more than compensated for the (200 acres). Before the plant's construction, local economy's loss of productive the land had been used almost exclusively agricultural land (NUREG-75/096).

for agriculture and livestock grazing, although 25 farm-related homes were on the The plant's construction had moderate site. The general area in the plant's vicinity impacts on land use elsewhere in Coffey C-143 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00960

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C County. Informants indicated that land use resides outside of Coffey County, with many in some of the towns, particularly Burlington workers commuting from Emporia and and New Strawn, was temporarily affected by Ottawa. The plant's presence also has had the presence of the unusually large neutral impacts in terms of directly attracting construction work force (approximately 5500 support industries and commercial growth to w9rkers were on-site during the peak the county.

construction year). In 1984, construction-related population growth However, WCGS's operation has had large accounted for as much as 20.5 percent of indirect impacts on land use in Coffey Coffey County's total population. The County. The plant's property tax payments primary impact of such growth involved the have allowed the county to lower its construction of temporary housing and the property tax rates while upgrading its influx of mobile homes to provide housing provision of municipal services. Coffey for the construction workers. Informants felt County also has used much of its tax that the number of mobile homes that came revenue from the plant to purchase into the area was too great for the local industrial buildings and machinery. The mobile home parks to accommodate and county buys the building or the machinery that this had negative effects on some of the and then leases it at a discount to the parks in Burlington and New Strawn. These company on a lease-purchase basis. The effects were temporary, however, as most of company benefits by paying less for facilities the workers took their mobile homes with and equipment, and the county benefits by them as they left the area when the plant's attracting industrial development. According construction was completed. Also, the to key sources, the combination of low presence of such a large construction force property taxes, above-average municipal attracted some commercial and service services, and relatively low plant and businesses to Burlington. However, most of equipment costs has been successful in these were temp0rary businesses that moved attracting small and medium-sized industries into vacated buildings in Burlington when to Coffey County.

the plant's construction began and moved out of town when construction was WCGS's positive contributions to the completed. Overall, the influx of county's overall quality of life also serve as a construction workers had only temporary tool in recruiting industries. The tax base, land-use impacts and did not create employment, and salaries that the nuclear permanent changes in land-use or plant provides have encouraged commercial development patterns in Coffey County development, particularly in the (NUREG-751096). incorporated towns in Coffey County, and have helped make the region's economy Operations at WCGS have had only minimal more stable. Key sources felt that the plant's direct land-use impacts on Coffey County. tax payments were responsible for improving Key sources indicated that the plant's the county's hospital, roads, sewers, schools, presence had not been a deterrent to and recreation facilities and that these residential development. Conversely, the improvements were a selling point to informants felt that the plant's operation had industrial prospects. Also, informants felt not directly encouraged residential that tpe plant had brought a more highly development in Coffey County. This is educated, technical work force to the county because half the operations work force and that the workers would continue to NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-144 OAGI0001365_00961

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS support the types of community refurbishment workers might cause some improvements that would be attractive to temporary housing shortages; however, industries. based on what occurred during the plant's construction, it is not likely that the Since WCGS's construction, industries have shortages would result in any new large-scale begun to locate in Burlington and, more residential development or changes in recently, in Waverly, Lebo, and Leroy. land-use patterns.

Although most of the industries are small, their presence does create changes in the An analysis of the projected 1500-person county's land-use and development patterns. BWR bounding case work force was Burlington, a town that had only two small conducted to determine whether a smaller rural industries when WCGS's operation work force would result in a lesser impact to began, now has two industrial parks. The land use. The in-migrating population second industrial park attracted Tricon associated with a BWR bounding case work Industries, a company that provides force would be 526, or a 6.0 percent approximately 500 jobs in producing increase in Coffey County's projected fiberglass vaults for communications population in 2024. This would result in equipment. Although Coffey County is still moderate impacts to land use.

rural, with agriculture as its primary land use, WCGS's tax payments and overall An analysis of potential impacts to land use positive contributions to the community's under the typical work force scenario (1017 quality of life have enabled the county to workers), finds that the projected in-attract significant industrial development for migrating population of 353 (or a 4 percent the first time. This represents a trend away increase in Coffey County's 2024 population) from the county's traditional rural land-use would likely result in only small impacts to pattern, as more agricultural and range land land use.

is converted to industrial uses. Overall, informants felt that the nuclear plant's Coffey County is still predominantly rural, land-use impacts on Coffey County had been and land in the plant's immediate vicinity very positive. will be used for agriculture and livestock grazing, as it has been during the plant's C.4.7.5.2 Predicted Impacts of Ucense operation. Local officials expect some Renewal small-scale industrial and commercial growth in the county's incorporated towns, With the population increase projected for particularly in Burlington and New Strawn.

Coffey County, the direct land-use impacts However, the nuclear plant's presence is not of WCGS's refurbishment are expected to expected to attract support industries or be moderate. Using the bounding case work commercial development directly and is force scenario, refurbishment-related likely to neither encourage nor deter population growth is projected to represent residential development.

a 9.1 percent increase in the county's ,

projected population in 2025. However, the Because WCGS is located in a rural area new impacts are likely to be much smaller that depends largely upon agriculture for its than those that occurred during the economic stability and because the nuclear construction-related growth peak of plant and its property account for over 20.5 percent in 1984. The influx of 90 percent of Coffey County's taxable C-145 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00962

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C assessed valuation, the new indirect land-use C.4.7.6 Economic Structure impacts of WCGS's license renewal term are expected to be large. As during operations C.4.7.6.1 Impacts from Plant Construction thus far, WCGS's tax payments would and Operation continue to allow Coffey County to provide above-average municipal services with The construction and operation of WCGS relatively low property tax rates. Sources have resulted in large economic impacts to indicated that the plant's tax payments had Coffey County. First, they have directly allowed the county to upgrade its services increased employment and income for and provide amenities that improved county residents employed in the residen.ts' overall quality of life. TheY'noted construction and operation of the plant.

that some plant staff who had chosen to live Second, direct employment and income have in larger communities outside Coffey County generated local expenditures resulting in when operations began were now moving indirect employment and income, and into the county as a result of its increased tax revenues from WCGS have above-average services and amenities. If this helped provide the necessary infrastructure trend continues, a greater proportion of for attracting new business into the county.

WCGS's plant staff would live in Coffey Table C.86 presents the estimated County in the future. It is expected that this employment and income effects of WCGS's in-migration would result in some additional operation for residents of Coffey County.

residential development, especially in Burlington, and that this development could As the table indicates, the economic effects create changes in the county's land-use of operating WCGS are very important to pattern. the local community. One indication of the impact on the local economy is the increase Also, because of WCGS's tax payments, the in per capita income compared to that in county would be able to continue its neighboring counties. For instance, from successful economic development program 1975 to 1990, Coffey County per capita of providing lease-purchase options for income increased by 52 percent. By contrast, prospective industries' plant and equipment in the neighboring counties of Lyon, Osage, needs. By attracting small and medium-sized and Anderson, per capita income increased industries to the area, these benefits also by 29, 35, and 43 percent, respectively, over would promote commercial and residential the same time period. Over this same growth and further change Coffey County s period, Coffey County employment by place land-use pattern. Although the county's of business increased by 75 percent, whereas land-use pattern is expected to remain combined employment in the neighboring predominantly agricultural, the new indirect counties increased by only 22 percent.

impacts of WCGS's license renewal term would have large effects on land-use and C.4.7.6.2 Predicted Impacts of License development patterns in Coffey County. Renewal Tables C.87 and C.88 indicate that although the economic effect of WCGS on Coffey County would decline in relative terms, it would still be a crucial component of county NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-146 OAGI0001365_00963

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS employment during refurbishment and after estimated 23 indirect jobs are projected to license renewal. be created for county residents by license renewal. With the continued effects of the The main impact of license renewal at plant's current employment and the WCGS would be the continued employment additional employment to be created, total and income benefits of the plant's operation. direct and indirect license renewal term The benefits should be similar in size to employment is projected to be 575, or those t~at existed in 1989, but the relative 7.1 percent of Coffey County's total importance of the benefits would decline employment in 2025. This employment level because Coffey County's economy is represents a moderate impact.

projected to grow in other sectors.

C.4.7.7 Historic and Aesthetic Resources The work force scenario detailed in Section C.3.1 was used to estimate the This section describes the impacts that the employment and economic effects of construction and operation of the Wolf refurbishment at WCGS. Table e.87 shows Creek Generating Station have had on the total direct and indirect plant-related historic and aesthetic resources and projects employment of study area residents during the expected impacts of the plant's refurbishment. It is projected that WCGS refurbishment and post-license renewal would employ 455 county residents as operations. Information sources include the refurbishment workers in 2024 Final Environmental Statement Related to the (Section e.4.7.1.2). Indirect employment that Operation of Wolf Creek Generating Station, would result from purchases of goods and Unit 1 (NUREG-0878) and interviews with services during refurbishment is projected to key sources in Coffey County and elsewhere create 108 additional jobs for Coffey County in Kansas.

residents. Together, WCGS-related direct and indirect employment is projected to total C.4.7.7.1 Impacts from Plant Construction 563 workers in Coffey County. This is a and Operation moderate impact, as those workers represent approximately 6.8 percent of Coffey The construction and operation of the Wolf County's total projected employment in Creek nuclear facility have had insignificant 2024. impacts to Coffey County's historic resources. According to the Final Relatively few new plant-related jobs would Envir~nmental Statement (NUREG-0878),

be created at WCGS during the license no listed natural or historic landmarks or renewal term. Nearly all plant-related sites are within 8 km (5 miles) of the plant.

employment (and associated impacts) Since publication of the Final Environmental expected during that time period would Statement in 1982, none has been added or represent a continuation of employment identified as eligible for inclusion in the (and impacts) from past operations. National Register of Historic Places or the Table C.87 shows the impact of the National Registry of Natural Landmarks. At increased labor requirements at WCGS after the time of the issuance of the Final 2025. The license renewal term work force Environmental Statement, the state historic for WCGS would require an estimated 60 preservation officer stated that no historic additional workers; 30 are projected to be sites or buildings would be affected by the Coffey County residents. In addition, an construction or operation of the Wolf Creek C-147 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 '

OAGI0001365_00964

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C power plant. Sources report that thl.' plant's construction of the plant. However, construction, operation, and community determination of impacts to historic taxes have resulted in a slight indirect resources from refurbishment and license benefit to the community in terms of historic renewal term operations must be made preservation (Sirico 1990; Reams 1990). through consultation with the SHPO.

Me.mbers of the construction and operating work forces have brought their own personal experiences of the benefits of historic c.s ENDNOTES preservation to the community. They have purchased some depressed properties of 1. The PWR conservative work force historic significapce and restored them. number used in this analysis is taken Community taxes have helped fund the from a work force estimate provided by construction and operation of a new Science and Engineering Associates, Inc.

museum. (SEA), that differs slightly from SEA's work force estimate discussed in Chapter Numerous archaeological sites were 2 and Appendix B. The slight difference identified before construction, and some would not affect the conclusions.

were further investigated, but from the 2. Estimates in Chapter 2 and Appendix B additional analyses it was concluded that of additional work force required during none of the sites was significant enough to license-renewal-term operations indicate warrant nomination to the National that only one additional worker will be Register. The transmission line corridors required on a continuous basis for followed alignments purposely created in maintenance and inspection activities.

part to avoid archaeologically sensitive areas. The more conservative figure (60 persons A railroad spur built to facilitate per unit) is used in the analysis to construction at the power plant site account for workers (contractors or threatened an archaeological site; the area rotating utility employees) who are not was excavated before construction. associated with refueling but may be on-site intermittently. The 60 persons per Surrounding the site is a low-density rural unit analysis represents an upper bound agricultural area. The plant relies on an of the possible socioeconomic impacts.

artificial impoundment for cooling water; therefore, no strong, stark, towering cooling structure is needed among the flat to rolling C.6 REFERENCES farmlands. The sources reported no complaints or problems with the aesthetics The references that follow are divided into of the plant or its effects on the aesthetic three sections: Section C.S.l-printed resources of the community. material that is cited in the text; Section C.S.2- personal communications cited in the C.4.7.7.2 Predicted Impacts of Ucense text; and Section C.S.3-final environmental Renewal statements on which the text has drawn but which are not specifically cited.

The impacts of refurbishment of the Wolf Creek plant on local historic and aesthetic resources are projected to be less than those minor ones experienced during the original NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-148 OAGI0001365_00965

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS C.6.1 Printed Sources AEC Docket 50-316, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of ABC Docket 50-247, Final Environmental I Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, Unit 2, Statement Related to Operation of Indian U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, August Point Nuclear Generating Plant, Unit 2, 1973.

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, AEC Docket 50-320, Final Environmental September J 972. Statement Related to Operation of Three ABC Docket 50;-269, Final Environmental Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit 2, U.S.

Statement Related to the Operation of Atomic Energy Commission, December Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit 1, U.S. 1972.

Atomic Energy Commission, March AEC Docket 50-323, Final Environmental 1972. Statement Related to' the Nuclear ABC Docket 50-270, Final Environmental Generating Station Diablo Canyon, Statement Related to the Operation of Unit 2, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit 2, U.S. May 1973.

Atomic Energy Commission, March AEC Docket 50-368, Final Environmental 1972. Statement Related to the Arkansas ABC Docket 50-275, Final Environmental Nuclear One, Unit 2, U.S. Atomic Statement Related to the Nuclear Energy Commission, September 1972.

Generating Station Diablo Canyon, AP&L (Arkansas Power and Light Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Company), Survey Responses from the May 1973. Arkansas Power and Light Company, ABC Docket 50-286, Final Environmental 1990.

Statement Related to the Operation of Arkansas State Department of Education, Indian Point Nuclear Generating Plant, Annual Statistical Report of the Public Unit 3, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Schools of Arkansas, Statistics February 1975. Department, January 1990.

ABC Docket 50-287, Final Environmental Berrien County, Report on Audit of Statement Related to the Operation of Combined Financial Statements with Oconee Nuclear Station, Unit 3, U.S. Supplementary Financial Data, 1988, Atomic Energy Commission, March Niles, Michigan, 1989.

1972. Braid, R. B., "Better Work Force ABC Docket 50-289, Final Environmental Projections Needed for Nuclear Plant Statement Related to Operation of Three Construction," Power Engineering, 85(4),

Mile Island Nuclear Station, Unit 1, U.S. 91-95, April 1981.

Atomic Energy Commission, December Burlington Unified School District, Financial 1972. Statements for 1980, 1985, and 1989, ABC Docket 50-313, Final Environmental Burlington, Kansas.

Statement Related to the Arkansas California Department of Finance, Nuclear One, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Energy Population and Housing Estimates for Commission, February 1973. California Cities and Counties: Summary ABC Docket 50-315, Final Environmental Report, Sacramento, California, 1990.

Statement Related to the Operation of Cass, J., and M. Birnbaum, Comparative Donald C. Cook Nuclear Plant, Unit 1, Guide to American Colleges for Students, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, August Parents, and Counselors, 1970-1971 1973.

C-149 NUREG*1437, VoL 2 OAGI0001365_00966

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C edition, Harper and Row, New York, School Districts of Kansas, 1985-1989, 1969. 1989.

Cass, J., and M. Birnbaum, Comparative Kansas Education Department, Average Guide to American Col/eges for Students, Classroom Teachers' and Principals' Parents, and; Counselors, 9th ed., Harper Salaries for the 304 Unified School and Row, New York, 1979. Districts of Kansas for 1988-89 and ConEd (Consolidated Edison Company of 1989-90, Topeka, Kansas 1990.

New York), Survey Responses from the Kansas State Board of Education Reports, Consolidated Edison Company of New Topeka, Kansas.

York,1990. Londonderry Township, Financial County of San Luis Obispo, California, Statements for 1980, 1985, and 1989 for Comprehensive Annual Financial Board of Supervisors, Londonderry Report, June 1989. Township, Pennsylvania, May 1990.

Dauphin County Planning Commission, Middletown Borough, Pennsylvania, Annual Report 1988, Harrisburg, Financial Statements for 1980, 1985, and Pennsylvania, 1988. 1989 for Middletown Borough.

Duke Power Company, Survey Responses National Association of Counties, Nuclear from the Duke Power Company, 1990. Power Plant Development-Boom or Bust?

EPRIIEA-2228, Socioeconomic Impacts of NACO Case Studies on Energy Impacts, Power Plants, Electric Power Research No.4, Washington, D.C., July 1976.

Institute, Denver Research Institute, New York State Education Department, February 1982. Statistical Profiles of Public School GPU (General Public Utilities Corporation), Districts, University of the State of New Survey Responses from the General York/State Education Department, Public Utilities Corporation, 1990. Office of Planning Research and Hill, R. R., "Rankings of the Counties and Program Accountability, Albany, New School Districts of South Carolina, York, January 1990.

1987-88," Division of Administration NPA (National Planning Association),

and Planning, Deputy Superintendent, "Economic Projections," Regional South Carolina Department of Economic Projection Series, 1990, NPA Education, May 1989. Data Services, Inc., Washington, D.C.,

Hudson School District, Hendrick Hudson 1990.

School District Newsletter, New York NUREG-0020, vol. 9, Licensed Operating State, April 1990. Reactors, Summary Status Report, U.S.

Indiana and Michigan Power Company, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office Survey Responses from the Indiana and of Resource Management, Division of Michigan Power Company, 1990. Budget and Analysis, October 1985.

Jones & Jones, VlSual Impact Study: NUREG-0066, Draft Supplement to the Final Statement of Findings, Alternative Closed- Environmental Statement Related to the Cycle Systems, Indian Point Nuclear Operation of Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Plant, prepared for the U.S. Station, Unit 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Seattle, Commission, Docket No. 50-320, July November 1995. 1976.

Kansas Education Department, General NUREG-0254, Final Environmental Fund Mill Levies of the 303 Unified Statement Related to Operation of Arkansas Nuclear One, Unit 2, U.S.

NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-150 OAGI0001365_00967

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Research, Inc., for U.S. Nuclear June 1977. ; Regulatory Commission, 1982.

NUREG-0878, Final Environmental NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, Socioeconomic Statement Related to the Operation of Impacts of Nuclear Generating Stations:

Wolf Creek Generating Station, Unit 1, Three Mile Island Case Study, Mountain U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, West Research, Inc.; for U.S. Nuclear June 1982. Regulatory Commission, 1982.

NUREG-1398, Environmental Assessment for NUREG/CR-2750, Socioeconomic Impacts Proposed Rule on Nuclear Plant License of Nuclear Generating Stations: Summary Renewal, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Report on the NRC Post-Licensing Commission, 1990. Studies, Mountain West Research, Inc.,

NUREG-75/096, Final Environmental for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Statement Related to Construction of Commission, July 1982.

Wolf Creek Generating Station, Unit 1, Oconee County, 1980-81 County Budget U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Ordinance, Oconee, South Carolina, October 1975. 1980.

NUREG/CR-0916, M. A Shields et aI., Oconee County, 1985-86 County Budget Socioeconomic Impacts of Nuclear Power Ordinance, Oconee, South Carolina, Plants: A Paired Comparison of Operating 1985.

Facilities, Oak Ridge National Oconee County, 1989-90 County Budget Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, July Ordinance, Oconee, South Carolina, 1979. 1989.

NUREG/CR-2239, D. C. Aldrich et aI., Oconee County, Independent Auditor's Technical Guidance for Siting Criteria Report, Oconee County, South Carolina.

Development, Sandia National ORNL/NUREG!fM-22, A Post Licensing Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, Study of Community Effects at Two December 1982. Operating Nuclear Power Plants, B. J.

NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 1, Socioeconomic Purdy, et aI., Oak Ridge National Impacts of Nuclear Generating Stations: Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Arkansas Nuclear One Case Study, September 1977.

Mountain West Research, Inc., for U.S. PASNY (Power Authority of the State of Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1982. New York), Survey Responses from the NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 4, Socioeconomic New York Authority, 1990.

Impacts of Nuclear Generating Stations: Pennsylvania State Data Center, 1990 D. C. Cook Case Study, Mountain West Population Projections, Philadelphia, Research, Inc., for U.S. Nuclear Pennsylvania, 1990.

Regulatory Commission, 1982. PG&E (Pacific Gas and Electric Company),

NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 5, Socioeconomic Survey Responses from the Pacific Gas Impacts of Nuclear Generating Stations: and Electric Company, 1990.

Diablo Canyon Case Study, Mountain Pope County, Arkansas, Financial West Research, Inc., for U.S. Nuclear Statements, 1980, 1985, and 1989, Regulatory Commission, 1982. Russellville, Arkansas.

NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, Socioeconomic Royalton Borough, Financial Statements for Impacts of Nuclear Generating Stations: 1980, 1985, and 1989 for Royalton Oconee Case Study, Mountain West Borough, Pennsylvania, May 1990.

C-151 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00968

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C SEA (Science and Engineering Associates, C.6.2 AEC and NUREG Fmal Inc.), Refurbishment Work Force Environmental Statements Estimates, Albuquerque, 1994.

TCRPC (Tri-County Regional Planning AEC Docket 50-206, Final Environmental Commission), Building Permits Issued, Statement Related to Operation of San Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 1982. Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, Town of Cortlandt, Adopted Budget, FY Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1990, Town Supervisor's Office, Croton- October 1973.

on-Hudson, New York, 1990a. AEC Docket 50-213, Final Environmental Town of Cortlandt, Town of Cortlandt Statement Related to the Haddam Neck Assessed Valuation-Levied-Tax Rates (Connecticut Yankee) Nuclear Power for the 1989-1990 School Year, Town of Plant, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Cortlandt, Croton-on-Hudson 1990b. October 1973.

Unified School Districts of Kansas, Report AEC Docket 50-220, Final Environmental on Enrollments and General Fund Statement Related to Operation of Nine Budget per Pupil, 1989-90, 1990. Mile Point Nuclear Station, Unit 1, U.S.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, County and City Atomic Energy Commission, January Data Book, 1966, 1967. 1974.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, Construction AEC Docket 50-237, Final Environmental Reports-Housing Authorized by Building Statement Related to Operation of Permits and Public Contracts, Annual Dresden Nuclear Power Station, Unit 2, Series, 1970 through 1989, 1971-1990. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1970 Census of November 1973.

Housing, 1972. AEC Docket 50-244, Final Environmental U.S. Bureau of the Census, State and Statement Related to Operation of R E.

Metropolitan Area Data Book, 1986, Ginna Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1, U.S.

1986. Atomic Energy Commission, December U.S. Bureau of the Census, County and City 1973.

Data Book, 1977, 1978. AEC Docket 50-245, Final Environmental U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1980 Census of Statement Related to the Continuation of Housing, 1982. Construction of Unit 2 of Millstone U.S. Bureau of the Census, County and City Nuclear Power Station, U.S. Atomic Data Book, 1988, 1988. Energy Commission, June 1973.

U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of AEC Docket 50-249, Final Environmental Population, 1990. Statement Related to Operation of Westchester County Department of Dresden Nuclear Power Station, Unit 3, Planning, Westchester County and U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Municipality Population and Housing November 1973.

Estimates, January 1989, White Plains, AEC Docket 50-250, Final Environmental New York, June 1989. Statement Related to Operation of Turkey Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation, Point Plant, U.S. Atomic Energy SUIVey Responses from the Wolf Creek Commission, July 1972.

Nuclear Operating Corporation, 1990. AEC Docket 50-251. Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Turkey Point Plant, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, July 1972.

NUREG*1437, Vol 2 C-1S2 OAGI0001365_00969

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS ABC Docket 50-254, Final Environmental ABC Docket 50-281, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Statement Related to Operation of Surry Quad-Cities Nuclear Power Station, Power Station, Unit 2, U.S. Atomic Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Energy Commission, June 1972.

September 1972. ABC Docket 50-282, Final Environmental ABC Docket 50-255, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Prairie

. Statement Related to Operation of Island Nuclear Generating Plant, U.S.

Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, May 1973.

Atomic Energy Commission, June 1972. ABC Docket 50-285, Final Environmental ABC Docket 50-263, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Fort Statement Related to Operation of Calhoun Station Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Monticello Nuclear Generating Plant, Energy Commission, August 1972.

U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, ABC Docket 50-293, Final Environmental November 1972. Statement Related to Operation of Pilgrim ABC Docket 50-265, Final Environmental Nuclear Power Station, U.S. Atomic Statement Related to Operation of Energy Commission, May 1972.

Quad-Cities Nuclear Power Station, ABC Docket 50-295, Final Environmental Unit 2, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Statement Related to Operation of Zion September 1972. Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, U.S.

ABC Docket 50-266, Final Environmental Atomic Energy Commission, December Statement Related to Operation of Point 1972.

Beach Nuclear Plant, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic ABC Docket 50-298, Final Environmental Energy Commission, May 1972. Statement Related to Operation of Cooper ABC Docket 50-271, Final Environmental Nuclear Station, U.S. Atomic Energy Statement Related to Operation of Commission, February 1973.

Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station, ABC Docket 50-301, Final Environmental U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, July Statement Related to Operation of Point 1972. Beach Nuclear Plant, Unit 2, U.S.

ABC Docket 50-272, Final Environmental Atomic Energy Commission, May 1972.

Statement Related to Operation of Salem ABC Docket 50-302, Final Environmental Nuclear Generating Station, Unit 1, U.S. Statement Related to the Proposed Crystal Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973. River, Unit 3, U.S. Atomic Energy ABC Docket 50-277, Final Environmental Commission, May 1973.

Statement Related to Operation of Peach ABC Docket 50-304, Final Environmental Bottom Atomic Power Station, Unit 2, Statement Related to Operation of Zion U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, April Nuclear Power Station, Unit 2, U.S.

1973. Atomic Energy Commission, December ABC Docket 50-278, Final Environmental 1972.

Statement Related to Operation of Peach ABC Docket 50-305, Final Environmental Bottom Atomic Power Station, Unit 3, Statement Related to Operation of U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, April Kewaunee Nuclear Power Plant, U.S.

1973. Atomic Energy Commission, December ABC Docket 50-280, Final Environmental 1972.

Statement Related to Operation of Surry ABC Docket 50-306, Final Environmental Power Station, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Statement Related to Operation of Prairie Energy Commission, May 1972.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Island Nuclear Generating Plant, r . Arnold Energy Center, U.S. Atomic Atomic Energy Commission, May 1973. Energy Commission, March 1973.

AEC Docket 50-309, Final Environmental AEC Docket 50-333, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Maine Statement Related to Operation of James Yankee Atomic Power Station, U.S. A. Fitzpatrick Nuclear Power Plant, U.S.

Atomic Energy Commission, July 1972. Atomic Energy Commission, March AEC Docket 50-311, Final Environmental 1973.

Statement Related to Operation of Salem AEC Docket 50-334, Final Environmental Nuclear Generating Station, Unit 2, U.S. Statement Related to the Beaver Valley Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973. Power Station, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic AEC Docket 50-312, Final Environmental Energy Commission, July 1973.

Statement Related to Operation of AEC Docket 50-335, Final Environmental Rancho Seeo Nuclear Generating Station, Siatement Related to the St. Lucie Plant, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, March 1973. June 1973.

AEC Docket 50-317, Final Environmental AEC Docket 50-336, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Calvert Statement Related to the Operation of Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1, U.S. Units 1 and 2 of Millstone Nuclear Power Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973. Station, U.S. Atomic Energy AEC Docket 50-318, Final Environmental Commission, June 1973.

Statement Related to Operation of Calvert AEC Docket 50-338, Final Environmental Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 2, U.S. Statement Related to the Continuation of Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973. Construction and the Operation of Unit 1 AEC Docket 50-321, Final Environmental of North Anna Power Station, U.S.

Statement for the Edwin L Hatch Nuclear Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973.

Plant, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic Energy AEC Docket 50-339, Final Environmental Commission, October 1972. Statement Related to the Continuation of AEC Docket 50-322, Final Environmental Construction and the Operation of Unit 2 Statement Related to Operation of of North Anna Power Station, U.S.

Shoreham Nuclear Power Station, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973.

Atomic Energy Commission, September AEC Docket 50-344, Final Environmental 1972. Statement Related to Operation of Trojan AEC Docket 50-324, Final Environmental Nuclear Plant, U.S. Atomic Energy Statement Related to the Continued Commission, August 1973.

Construction and Proposed Issuance of AEC Docket 50-348, Final Environmental an Operating License for the Brunswick Statement Related to Operation of Joseph Steam Electric Plant, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic M. Farley Nuclear Plant, Unit 1, U.S.

Energy Commission, January 1974. Atomic Energy Commission, December AEC Docket 50-325, Final Environmental 1974.

Statement Related to the Continued AEC Docket 50-352, Final Environmental Construction and Proposed Issuance of Statement Related to the Proposed an Operating License for the Brunswick Limerick Generating Station, Unit 1, U.S.

Steam Electric Plant, Unit 2, U.S. Atomic Atomic Energy Commission, November Energy Commission, January 1974. 1973.

AEC Docket 50-331, Final Environmental AEC Docket 50-353, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Duane Statement Related to the Proposed NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-154 OAGI0001365_00971

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Limerick Generating Station, Unit 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Atomic Energy Commission, November February 1978.

1973. NUREG-0486, Final Environmental AEC Docket 50-364, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Statement Related to Operation of Joseph Lasalle County Nuclear Power Station, M. Farley Nuclear Plant, Unit 2, U.S. Units 1 and 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Atomic Energy Commission, December Commission, November 1978.

1974. NUREG-0490, Final Environmental AEC Docket 50-366, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Statement for the Edwin /. Hatch Nuclear San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station, Plant, Unit 2, U.S. Atomic Energy Units 2 and 3, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, October 1972. Commission, April 1981.

AEC Docket 50-404, Final Environmental NUREG-0498, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Construction of Statement Related to Operation of Watts Unit 3 of North Anna Power Station, U.S. Bar Nuclear Plant, Units 1 and 2, U.S.

Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, AEC Docket 50-405, Final Environmental December 1978.

Statement Related to the Construction of NUREG-0564, Final Environmental Unit 4 of North Anna Power Station, U.S. Statement Related to the Operation of Atomic Energy Commission, April 1973. Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, AEC Docket 50-440, Final Environmental Units 1 and 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Statement Related to the Proposed Peny Commission, June 1981.

Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 1, U.S. Atomic NUREG-0719, Final Environmental Energy Commission, April 1974. Statement Related to the Operation of AEC Docket 50-441, Final Environmental Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station, Unit 1, Statement Related to the Proposed Peny U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Nuclear Power Plant, Unit 2, U.S. Atomic May 1981.

Energy Commission, April 1974. NUREG-0769, Final Environmental NUREG-0020, vol. 9, Licensed Operating Statement Related to the Operation of Reactors, Summary Status Report, Enrico Fermi Atomic Power Plant, Unit 2, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, of Resource Management, Div. of August 1981.

Budget Analysis, October 1985. NUREG-0775, Final Environmental NUREG-0063, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Statement Related to Operation of Comanche Peak Steam Electric Station, William B. McGuire Nue/ear Station, Units 1 and 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Units 1 and 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, September 1981.

Commission, April 1976. NUREG-0777, Final Environmental NUREG-0285, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Grand Statement Related to Operation of Gulf Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2, U.S.

Shoreham Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, September 1981.

October 1977. NUREG-0779, Final Environmental NUREG-0343, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Statement Related to Operation of Waterford Steam Electric Station, Unit 3, Palisades Nuclear Generating Plant, U.S.

C-155 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365 00972

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C u.s. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-1026, Final Environmental September 1981. Statement Related to the Operation of NUREG-0812, Final Environmental Braidwood Station, Units 1 and 2, U.S.

Statement Related to the Operation of Nuclear Regulatory Commission, WPPSS Nuclear Project No.2, U.S. June 1984.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-1064, Final Environmental December 1981. Statement Related to the Operation of NUREG-0813, Final Environmental Millstone Nuclear Power Station, Unit 3, Statement Related to the Operation of U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Callaway Plant, Unit 1, U.S. Nuclear December 1984.

Regulatory Commission, January 1982. NUREG-1073, Final Environmental NUREG-0841, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Statement Related to the Operation of River Bend Station, U.S. Nuclear Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station, Regulatory Commission, January 1985.

U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-1085, Final Environmental February 1982. Statement Related to the Operation of NUREG-0842, Final Environmental Nine Mile Point Nuclear Station, Unit 2, Statement Related to the Operation of St. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Lucie Plant, Unit 2, U.S. Nuclear May 1985.

Regulatory Commission, April 1982. NUREG-1087, Final Environmental NUREG-0848, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Statement Related to the Operation of Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, u.S.

Byron Station, Units 1 and 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, March Nuclear Regulatory Commission, April 1985.

1982. NUREG-1094, Final Environmental NUREG-0854, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Statement Related to the Operation of Beaver Valley Power Station, Unit 2, U.S.

Clinton Power Station, Unit 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, September 1985.

May 1982. NUREG-l171, Final Environmental NUREG-0895, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Statement Related to the Operation of South Texas Project, Units 1 and 2, U.S.

Seabrook Station, Units 1 and 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, August Nuclear Regulatory Commission, 1986.

December 1982. NUREG-75/097, Final Environmental NUREG-0921, Final Environmental Statement Related to Operation of Statement Related to the Operation of Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Catawba Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2, Unit 1, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Commission, October 1975.

January 1983.

NUREG-0972, Final Environmental Statement Related to the Operation of Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1 and 2, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, October 1983.

NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-156 OAGI0001365_00973

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS C.7 TABLES C-157 NUREG.1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00974

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.l Sparseness and proximity measures used to classify potential case study sites Sparseness Category Most sparse 1. <40 persons per square mile and no community with 25,000 or more persons within 20 miles

2. 40 to 60 persons per square mile and no community with 25,000 or more persons within 20 miles

3. 60 to 120 persons per square mile or less than 60 persons per square mile with at least one community with 25,000 or more persons within 20 miles Least sparse 4. ~ 120 persons per square mile within 20 miles Proximity Category Not in close proximity 1. No city with 100,000 or more persons and

<50 persons per square mile within 50 miles

2. No city with 100,000 or more persons and between 50 and 190 persons per square mile within 50 miles

3. One or more cities with 100,000 or more persons and < 190 persons per square mile within 50 miles In close proximity 4. ~190 persons per square mile within 50 miles Source: Adapted from NUREG/CR-2239.

Note: Metric equivalents are as follows:

1 square mile = 2.6 kIn2 20 miles = 32 kIn 50 miles = 80 kIn C-159 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00975

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C2 Population classification of each potential case study site Low Arkansas Big Rock Point Cooper Hatch WolfCreek Medium Bellefonte Crystal River Diablo Canyon Oconee St. Lucie High Calvert Cliffs D. C. Cook Indian Point Nine Mile Point Peach Bottom Rancho Seco San Onofre Surry Three Mile Islimd Source' Staff computations.

Table C3 Case study sites Site Population size Location Year(s) licensed Arkansas Low Arkansas 1974, 1978 Wolf Creek Low Kansas 1985 Diablo Canyon Medium California 1984, 1985 Oconee Medium South Carolina 1973, 1973, 1974 D. C. Cook High Michigan 1974, 1977 Indian Point High New York 1973, 1976 Three Mile Island High Pennsylvania 1974 Source. Staff computations; NUREG-0020, vol. 9.

NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-160 OAGI0001365 00976

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table CA Current'" operating-period employment at nuclear power plants Employment One-unit plants Two-unit plants Three-unit plants Minimum 201 467 1750 Maximum 1800 2500 3340 Mean 832 1247 2404 (Number of plants) (34) (28) (4)

"Approximately half the respondents reported data for 1989 and half for 1990.

Source ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.1.3).

Table C5 Changes in mean operating-period employment at nuclear power plants over time

!

Time One-unit plants<l Two-unit plants~ Three-unit plants<l 1989/199<Y> 832 (34) 1247 (28) 2404 (4) 1985-1989 841 (30) 1094 (26) 2095 (4) 1980-1984 447 (19) 946 (21) 1078 (3) 1975-1979 233 (17) 515 (16) 699 (3)

"Number in parentheses indicates number of plants providing data.

bApproximately half the respondents reported data for 1989 and half for 1990.

Source' ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.1.3).

Table C.6 Employment, cost, and time associated with typical planned outage at nuclear power plants Total no. Cost Length of outage Employment of workers ($ x 106) (days)

Minimum 60 4.5 32 Maximum 2600 56.5 139 Mean 783 21.7 76 (Number of plants) (58) (39) (62)

Source: ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (seCl Section C.1.3).

C*161 NUREG.1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00977

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table e.7 Employment, cost, and time associated with an in-service inspection outage at nuclear power plants Total no. Cost Length of outage Employment of workers ($ x 106) (days)

Minimum 35 1.6 16 Maximum 1986 40.0 325 Mean 734 22.0 107 (Number of plants) (23) (14) (27)

Source: ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.1.3).

Table e.S Employment, cost, and time associated with largest single outage at nuclear power plants Total no. Cost Length of outage Employment of workers ($ x 106) (days)

Minimum 80 5.4 43 Maximum 3000 210.0 1,004 Mean 1223 53.7 199 (Number of plants) (45) (30) (41)

'Source: ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.1.3).

Table e.9 Current' assessed value of nuclear power plants (in dollars)

One-unit plants Two-unit plants Three-unit plants Minimum 8,309,867 16,619,733 40,514,729 Maximum 4,351,797,390 8,023,653,676 12,035,480,510 Mean 732,615,112 1,113,824,421 4,283,239,036 I

(Number of plants) (23) (21) (4)

"Approximately half the respondents reported data for 1989 and half for 1990.

Source: ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.1.3).

NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-162 OAGI0001365_00978

Table CIO Past assessed value of nuclear power plants (in dollars)

One-unit plants Two-unit plants . Three-unit plants Value 1980 1985 1980 1985 1980 1985

-

() Minimum 6,542,066 7,957,867 13,084,133 15,915,733 341,222,806 1,147,319,438 I

0\ Maximum 460,383,107 2,195,586,755 4,309,013,892 6,645,073,248 6,463,520,838 9,967,&J9,872 w

Mean 137,952,fHl 409,168,905 497,568,490 943,272,817 2,454,988,141 4,281,860,682 (Number of plants) (17) (19) (19) (19) (3) (3)

Sourr:e ORNUNUMARC SUM:)' of aU utilities (see Section C.l.3).

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.ll Current' taxes paid by nuclear power plants (in dollars)

One-unit plants Two-unit plants Three-unit plants Minimum local 19,000 16,617 5,510,003 Minimum state 229,000 42,183 10,215,660 Minimum total 19,000 750,000 5,510,003 Maximum local 33,786,685 34,132,316 91,262,791 Maximum state 37,540,707 92,792,182 139,118,273 Maximum total 52,000,000 92,792,182 139,118,273 Mean local 8,740,879 8,172,250 48,386,397 Mean state 14,600,201 28,011,507 74,701,967 Mean total 12,647,941 19,360,839 69,066,815 (No. paying local (21) (19) (2) taxes)

(No. paying state (6) (9) (2) taxes)

(Total no. reporting) (29) (23) (4)

GApproximately half the respondents reported data for 1989 and half for 1990.

Source: ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.1.3).

NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-l64 OAGI0001365_00980

Table C.12 Past taxes paid by nuclear power plants (in dollars)

One-unit plants Two-unit plants Three-unit plants 1980 1985 1980 1985 1980 1985 Minimum local 77,196 21,000 11,624 13,765 10,373,174 30,059,769 Minimum state 182,564 184,000 35,355 37,813 4,265,285 -4,589,278 Minimum total 529,692 21,000 617,000 695,000 13,221,211 34,649,047 Maximum local 9,832,452 16,273,095 10,800,000 27,969,568 10,373,174 30,059,769 Maximum state 33,266,428 37,487,911 66,532,857 75,299,185 68,205,671 112,948,777

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(No. paying state iaxes) (3) (5) (8) (8) (2) (2)

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.13 Population growth associated with Arkansas Nuclear One: Pope County, Arkansas, 197G-1989 Work force Project-related County's Increase in-migrant total as % of Year Construction Operations Total population" populationb total 1970 420 0 420 846 28,607 3.0 1974 1,100 248 1,348 2,756 33,200 8.3 1975 928 293 1,221 2,576 33,600 7.7 1980 0 462 462 682 39,021 1.7 1985 0 1,984 1,984 2,736 42,109 6.5 1989 0 2,205 2,205 3,418 45,883 c 7.4 Qlncludes both direct and indirect workers and their families.

bPopulation assumed to grow at a constant annual rate between known points c1990 U.S. Census figure used.

Sources: NUREG/CR-2749, vol 1, pp. 20, 26, and 86; AP&L 1990; ORNL staff computations.

NUREG-1437, Vol 2 C-166 OAGI0001365_00982

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.14 &timated plant-related population growth in Pope County, Arkansas, 1989 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2205 Number of study area residents (90% of total) 1985 Number of in-migrants (56.2% of residents) 1116 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 670 Average family size x 3.06 Total in-migrants plus families 2050 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) +446 Total direct growth 2496 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.39 Number of indirect workers 860 Number of study area residents (96% of total) 826 I

NUlrtber of in-migrants (55% of residents) 454 Number of in-migrants with families (50%) 227 Average family size x 3.06 Total in-migrants plus families 695 Number of in-migrants without families (50%) + 227 Total indirect growth 922 Total growth Total direct growth 2496 Total indirect growth + 922 Total estimated plant-related growth 3418 Sources: Number of direct workers and percentage of study area residents from AP&L 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR.2749, vol. 1, pp. 56-86; ORNL staff compu tations.

C-167 NUREG.1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00983

~uCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.t5 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in Pope County, Arkansas, 2013 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of study area residents (65% of total) 1477 Number of in-migrants (56.2% of residents) 830 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 498 Average family size x 3.06 Total in-migrants plus families 1524 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 332 Total direct growth 1856 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.208 Number of indirect workers 473 Number of study area residents (96% of total) 454 Number of in-migrants (54.2% of residents) 246 Number of in-migrants with families (50%) 123 Average family size x 3.06 Total in-migrants plus families 376 Number of in-migrants without families (50%) 123 Total indirect growth 499 Total growth Total direct growth 1856 Total indirect growth 400 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 2355 Sources: Direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 1, pp. 56-86; ORNL staff computations.

NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 C-168 OAGI0001365 00984

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.16 Projected plant-related population growth in Pope County, Arkansas, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 120 Number of study area residents (90% of total) 108 Number of in-migrants (56.2% of residents) 61 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 37 Average family size x 3.06 Total in-migrants plus families 113 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 24 Total direct growth 137 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.39 Number of indirect workers 47 Number of study area residents (96% of total) 4S Number of in-migrants (55% of residents) 2S Number of in-migrants with families (50%) 13 Average family size x 3.06 Total in-migrants plus families 40 Number of in-migrants without families (50%) + 12 Total indirect growth S2 Total growth Total direct growth 137 Total indirect growth + 52 Total estimated operations-related growth 189 Sources' Direct workers from NRC work force clltimatcs (1989). Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NURECJlCR*2749, vol. 1, pp. 56-86; ORNL staff computations.

C-169 NUREG.1437, Vo\. 2 OAGI0001365 00985

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table Co17 Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) station assessed value and taxes paid to Pope County, 1968-1989, in current dollars Assessed value

($) ANO valuation Taxes paid by as % of county AND Year Pope County AND valuation Millage ($)

1968 17,100,000 930,053 5.4 .057 53,093 1972 52,607,000 25,817,219 49.1 .064 1,652,302 1976 136,640,000 100,589,373 73.6 .059 5,934,773 1980 193,993,250 142,718,270 73.6 .0107 1,529,051 1985 334,683,819 173,679,771 51.9 .0091 1,583,831 1989 410,290,842 189,419,497 46.2 .0064 1,204,632 Sources; NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 1; Duval 1990; Rye 1990.

NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-170 OAGI0001365_00986

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Source: NUREG/CR-2149, vol. 1; Pope County 1980, 1985, and 1989; Rye 1990; Duval 1990.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.19 Estimated economic effects of Arkansas Nuclear One on Pope County 1974 1978 1989 Employment Direct basic 889 772 1,985 Indirect 75 127 826 Total 964 899 2,811 Percentage of study area employment 6.4 5.3 11.6 Inoome (1989 $)

Direct 20,679,000 26,656,000 73,713,000 Indirect 118861000 31421 1000 1214461000 Total 22,565,000 30,077,000 86,159,000 Percentage of study area income 7.5 7.8 14.3 Source: For 1974 and 1978 estimates, NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 1. The 1989 estimate is based on the approach used in the Mountain West study.

Table C.2O Projected employment effects of Arkansas Nuclear One (ANO) refurbishment on Pope County, 2013 Refurbishment direct employment 1477 Refurbishment indirect employment 454 Total ANO-related employment 1931 Percentage of Pope County employment 5.B Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in the Mountain West study (NUREG/CR.2749, vol. 1).

Table e21 Projected employment effects of Arkansas Nuclear One license renewal on Pope County, 2013 Existing total direct and indirect plant-related employment 2811 Increase in direct employment lOB Increase in indirect employment ~

Total plant-related employment 2964 Percentage of Pope County employment B.9 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in the Mountain West study (NUREG/CR.2749, vol. 1).

NUREG*1437, Vol 2 C-172 OAGI0001365_00988

Table C22 Population growth associated witb D. C. Cook: Bridgman/Lake Township and Berrien County, 1970-1990 Work rorc<: Bridgman/Lak<, Township Bernen County ProJect *related Pl'Oject *related PI'Oject-relaled Area's population Pl'Oject -relaled County'. population 1D-lDIgranl total as% in-mIgrant total as%

Year Construction O~ralions Total populalion" populalionb or lotal population" populationb ortOlaI 1970 914 24 938 61 3,767 1.6 802 163,875 0.5 1972 2,377 148 2,525 175 3,782 4.6 2,193 167,000 1.3 1975 292 279 571 72 3,910 1.8 595 170,100 0.3 1980 0 746 746 81 4,514 1.8 644 171,267 0.4

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C23 Estimated plant-related population growth in Bridgman/Lake Township, Michigan, 1990

~growth Number of direct workers 1252 Number of study area residents (10.6% of total) 133 Number of in-migrants (46% of residents) 61 Number of i~-migrants with families (60%) 37 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 117 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 24 Total direct growth 141 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.339 Number of indirect workers 424 Number of study area residents (3.5% of total) 15 Number of in-migrants (0% of residents) 0 Number of in-migrants with families (0%) 0 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 0 Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 0 Total indirect growth 0 Total growth Total direct growth 141 Total indirect growth + 0 Total estimated plant-related growth 141 Sources: Number of direct workers from Indiana and Michigan Power Company 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 4, pp 88-115; ORNL staff computations NUREG-1437. Vol 2 C-174 OAGI0001365_00990

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.24 Estimated plant-related population growth in Berrien County, Michigan, 1990 Direct growth

Number of direct workers 1252 Number of study area residents (80% of total) 1002 Number of in-migrants (46% of residents) 461 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 277 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 875 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 184 Total direct growth 1059 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.339 Number of indirect workers 424 Number of study area residents (95% of total) 403 Number of in-migrants (5.5% of residents) 22 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 13 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 41 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 9 Total indirect growth 50 Total growth Total direct growth 1059 Total indirect growth + 50 Total estimated plant-related growth 1109 Sources Number of direct workers from Indiana and Michigan Power Company 1990. Average family size from 1990 US Census of Population Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol 4, pp.88-115; ORNL staff computations C-175 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00991

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.25 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in Berrien County,

'Michigan, 2014 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of study area residents (66% of total) 1500 Number of in-migrants (55.3% of residents) 830 Number of in-migrants with families (50%) 415 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 1311 Number of in-migrants without families (50%) +415 Total direct growth 1726 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.366 Number of indirect workers 832 Number of study area residents (95% of total) 790 Number of in-migrants (5.4% of residents) 43 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 26 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 82 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 17 Total indirect growth 99 Total growth Total direct growth 1726 Total indirect growth 99 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 1825 Sources* Direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 4, pp.88-115, ORNL staff computations.

NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 C-176 OAGI0001365_00992

APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.26 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in Bridgman!

Lake Township, Michigan, 2014 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of study area residents (5.4% of total) 123 Number of in-migrants (55.3% of residents) 68 Number of in-migrants with families (50%) 34 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 107 Number of in-migrants without families (50%) + 34 Total direct growth 141 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.366 Number of indirect workers 832 Number of study area residents (3.5% of total) 29 Number of in-migrants (0% of residents) 0 Number of in-migrants with families (0%) 0 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 0 Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 0 Total indirect growth 0 Total growth Total direct growth 141 Total indirect growth o Total projected refurbishment-related growth 141 Sources: Direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 4, pp.88-115; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.27 Projected plant-related population growth in Berrien County, Michigan, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 120 Number of study area residents (80% of total) 96 Number of in-migrants (46% of residents) 44 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 26 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 82 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 18 Total direct growth 100 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.339 Number of indirect workers 41 Number of study area residents (95% of total) 39 Number of in-migrants (5.4% of residents) 2 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 1 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 3 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 1 Total indirect growth 4 Total growth Total direct growth 100 Total indirect growth + 4 Total projected plant-related growth 104 Sources' Direct workers from N~C work force estimates (1989). Percentage of study area residents from Indiana and Michigan Power Company t990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 4, pp.88-115; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C2.8 Projected plant-related population growth in Bridgman/Lake Township, Michigan, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 120 Number of study area residents (10.6% of total) 13 Number of in-migrants (46% of residents) 6 Number of in-migrants with families (60%) 4 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 13 Number of in-migrants without families (40%) + 2 Total direct growth 15 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.339 Number of indirect workers 41 Number of study area residents (3.5% of total) 1 Number of in-migrants (0% of residents) 0 Number of in-migrants with families (0%) 0 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 0 Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 0 Total indirect growth 0 Total growth Total direct growth 15 Total indirect growth + 0 Total projected plant-related growth 15 Sources' Direct workers from NRC work force estimates (1989). Percentage of study area residents from Indiana and Michigan Power Company 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR.2749, vol. 4, pp 88-115; ORNL staff computations C*179 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_00995

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC Table C.29 Berrien County revenues (constant 1988 dollars)

Charges Property for Fiscal year taxes State aid services Other Total 1967 Amount ($) 7,668,000 NAil NA NA 10,343,653 Percentage of total 74.1 100 revenues 1972 Amount ($) 9,021,603 2,032,351 1,261,970 586,184 12,9<;>2,108 Percentage of total 69.9 15.8 9.8 4.5 100 revenues 1978 Amount ($) 10,651,576 5,959,953 1,845,206 2,253,562 20,710,297 Percentage of total 51.4 28.8 8.9 10.9 100 revenues 1988 Amount ($) 11,859,469 3,544,135b 3,079,413 1,803,630 20,289,597c Percentage of total 58.5 17.5 15.2 8.9 100 revenues tiNA .. not applicable.

bThis state aid includes 51,975,440 from income tax diversion.

cThere was an unexplained discrepancy of 52950 in audit report for the year ending December 31, 1988.

Sources: NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 4; Berrien County 1989.

Table C.lO Equalized assessed valuation of D. C. Cook Nuclear Plant as a percentage of total equalized assessed value for taxing jurisdictions Jurisdiction 1967 1973 1976 1980 1988 Berrien County 0 5.7 12.6 20.7 21.5 Lake Township 0 79.7 86.7 90.0 90.6 Bridgman School District 0 68.9 79.9 82.9 88.0 Sources: NUREG/CR*2749. vol. 4; Schuller 1990; Stockman 1990; Winslow 1990.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C31 Distnbution of property tax payments from D. C. Cook to various taxing jurisdictions/recipients in 1989 D. C. Cook's tax contribution Millage at SEVDof $531,797,266 County, general 5.3908 $2,866,813 Lake Township, general 1.0000 531,797 Lake Michigan College 2.0414 1,085,611 Intermediate School District, general 0.1976 105,083 Intermediate School District, special 2.4827 1,320,293 Bridgman School District 8.376 4,454,334 Lake Township sewer 2.4 1,276,313 Lake Township water 19 1,010,415 Senior Center 0.2314 123,058 911 special phone assistant 0.1987 105,668 Drug abuse 0.12 63,816 Total levy 24.3386 12,943,201 DSEV = state equalized value.

Sources: Millage rates, Schuller 1990; SEV for D. C. Cook Nuclear Plant, Stockman 1990 Table C32 Estimated economic effects of D. C. Cook on Bridgman/Lake Township 1972 1978 1990 Employment Direct basic 137 82 133 Secondary _3 ---li Total 140 148 Percentage of study area employment 8.8 4.7 7.7 Inrome (1989 $)

Direct 6,312,000 2,878,000 4,951,000 Secondary 70,000 114,000 234,000 Total 6,382,000 2,992,000 5,185,000 Percentage of study area income 14.4 5.3 8.8 Source: For 1972 and 1978 estimates, NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 4 The 1990 estimate is based on the approach used in the Mountain West study.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIXC Table C33 Projected employment effects of D. C. Cook refurbishment, 2014 Bridgman/Lake Area affected Township Berrien County Refurbishment direct employment 123 1500 Refurbishment indirect employment ---.l2 790 Total D. C. Cook-related employment 152 2290 Percentage of study area employment 7.5 3.3 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 4 Table C.34 Projected employment and economic effects of D. C. Cook license renewal, 2013 Bridgman/Lake Berrien Area affected Township County Existing direct and indirect plant-related employment 148 1405 Increase in direct employment 13 96 Increase in indirect employment __1 --22 Total plant-related employment 162 1540 Percentage of study area total employment 8.1 1.8 Source: ORNL staff computati6ns based on the approach used in NUREG/~R.2749, vol. 4.

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Table C.35 Population growth assocla~ with Diablo Canyon: San Luis Obispo County, California, 1970-1990 Work force Project-related Project-related in-migrant County's total population as %

Year Construction Operations Total population" populationb of total 1970 705 0 705 1,102 105,690 1.0 1975 2,116 0 2,116 3,308 126,500 2.6

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bPopulation assumed to grow at a constant annuat rate between known POints.

Sources: NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 5, p. 89; PG&E 1990; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C36 Estimated plant-related population growth in San Luis Obispo County, California, 1990 Direct growth Number of direct workers 1300 Number of study area residents (89.2% of total) 1160 Number of in-migrants (70% of residents) 812 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 536 Average family size x 3.32 Total in-migrants plus families 1780 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 276 Total direct growth 2056 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.64 Number of indirect workers 832 Number of study area residents (90% of total) 749 Number of in-migrants (5.0% of residents) 37 I

Number of in-migrants With families (66%) 24 Average family size x 3.32 Total in-migrants plus families 80 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 13 Total indirect growth 93 Total growth Total direct growth 2056 Total indirect growth + 93 Total estimated plant-related growth 2149 Sources: Number of direct workers and percentage of study area residents from PG&E 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 5; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C37 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in San Luis Obispo County, California, 2023 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of study area residents (85% of total) 1932 Number of in-migrants (72.5% of residents) 1401 Number of in-migrants with families (61.7%) 864 Average family size x 3.32 Total in-migrants plus families 2868 Number of in-migrants without families (38.3%) + 537 Total direct growth 3405 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.64 Number of indirect wor~ers 1455

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Number of study area residents (95% of total) 1310 Number of in-migrants (5.2% of residents) 68 Number of in-migrants with families (100%) 68 Average family size x 3.32 Total in-migrants plus families 226 Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 0 Total indirect growth 226 Total growth Total direct growth 3405 Total indirect growth + 226 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 3631 Sources: Direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 5, pp. 55-85; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.38 Projected plant-related population growth in San Luis Obispo County, California, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 120 Number of study area residents (89.2% of total) 107 Number of in-migrants (70% of residents) 75 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 50 Average family size x 3.32 Total in-migrants plus families 166 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 25 Total direct growth 191 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.64 Number of indirect workers 77 Number of study area residents (90% of total) 69 Number of in-migrants (5.0% of residents) 3 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 2 Average family size x 3.32 Total in-migrants plus families 7 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 1 Total indirect growth 8 Total growth Total direct growth 191 Total indirect growth + 8 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 199 Sources: Number of direct workers from NRC work force estimates (1989). Percentage of study area residents from PG&E 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 5; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C39 Cou" i basic tax rates, property tax levies, and total county revenues for ~an Luis Obispo County, 1968-1989 Est. county Total County basic basic property county Property Fiscal tax rate tax levy general revenues tax as year (%) ($ x 1<f) ($ x 1W) % of total 1967-68 2.69 6,721.9 18,190.9 37.0 1969-70 2.96 7,683.7 22,066.1 34.8 1971-72 3.33 10,511.7 26,010.8 40.4 1973-74 3.16 11,408.7 30,168.5 37.8 1975-76 2.86 14,218.7 35,968.5 39.5 1977-78 2.55 17,697.7 51,152.1 34.6 1988-89 1.07 44,156.6 122,730.2 36.0 Source: County of San Luis Obispo 1989.

Table C.40 Distnbution of property tax payments from Diablo Canyon, 1975, 1978, and 1988 (in dollars) 1974-75 1977-78 1988-89 San Luis Obispo County 2,357,254 4,309,248 13,081,327 Port San Luis Harbor District 103,531 211,166 580,329 City of Pismo Beach 11,323 3,206 30,592 Special districts 3,479 524,021 County schools department 309,731 591,780 1,643,189 Atascadero Unified School District 33,348 70,615 454,024 Lucia Mar Unified School District 69,225 80,915 470,700 Paso Robles 20,584 37,884 312,187 San L1:1is Coastal Unified School District 2,532,841 5,866,220 14,092,286 Shandon Unified School District 690 1,001 86,735 Templeton Unified School District 4,902 7,800 87,080 Community College District 8701197 112291082 217691846 Total property taxes 6,313,626 12,412,396 34,132,316 Source: NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 5; Stillwell 1990.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.41 San Luis O>astal Unified School District tax rate and tax income, 1969-1989 Tax Local property Total school Property tax Fiscal rate tax income district income as % of total year (%) ($ x 103) ($ X 103) inq>me 1969-70 4.47 5,409.9 7,124.1 75.9 1972-73 4.68 7,500.3 9,560.8 78.4 1975-76 4.03 10,655.3 13,583.0 78.4 1977-78 3.95 "15,456.7 18,836.5 82.1 1987-88 NN 26,639.4 32,446.3 82.1 1988-89 NA 29,026.0 36,233.5 80.1 QNA = not applicable.

Sources For 1969 through 1978 figures, NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 5. For 1987-89 values, Stillwell 1990 Table C.42 &timated economic effects of Diablo Canyon on San Luis Obispo County 1975 1978 1990 Employment Direct basic employment 1,799 1,121 1,160 Indirect employment 1.354 --.2fQ -.lli Total employment 3,153 2,041 1,909 Percentage of study area 6.5 3.5 1.8 employment Income (1989 $)

Directl income 120,094,200 80,425,800 49,839,400 I

Indirect income 19.821.900 131462 1200 13 1418POO Total income 139,916,100 93,888,000 63,257,000 Percentage of study area income 9.1 4.7 1.7 Sources: For 1975 and 1978 estimates, NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 5. The 1990 estimate is based on the approach used in the Mountain West study.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.43 Projected employment effects of Diablo Canyon refurbishment on San Luis Obispo County, 2023 Refurbishment direct employment 1932 Refurbishment indirect employment 1310 Total Diablo Canyon-related employment 3242 Percentage of San Luis Obispo County 1.8 employment Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2749, vol. S.

Table C.44 Projected employment effects of Diablo Canyon license renewal on San Luis Obispo County, 2023 Existing direct and indirect employment 1909 Increase in direct employment 107 Increase in indirect employment ~

Total plant-related employment 2085 Percentage of San Luis Obispo County employment 1.2 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2749, votS.

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Year Construction Operations Total population' population* of total population' population* of total 1972 2,400 0 2,400 390 226,673 0.17 309 888,691 0.03 1975 0 500 500 158 233,403 0.07 123 880,187 O.oI 1980 0 825 825 259 245,055 0.\0 189 866,599 0.02

() 1985 0 1,110 1,1 \0 344 252,182 0.14 262 870,8\0 0.03 I

...... 0.16 316 874,866 0.04 1990 0 1,335 1,335 415 259,462

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bPopulation assumed to grow at constant annual rate between known points.

Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census 1988; Krausharr 1990; ConEd 1990; PASNY 1990; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.46 &timated construction-related population growth in Dutchess County, New Yor~ 1972 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2400 Number of direct workers in Dutchess County 415 (17.3% of total)

Number who in-migrated (35% of residents) 145 Number of in-migrants with families (51 %) 74 Average household size x 3.25 Total in-migrants plus families 241 Number of in-migrants without families (49%) + 71 Total direct growth 312 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 Number of indirect workers 1560 Number of study area residents (40% of total) 624 Number of in-migrants (5% of residents) 31 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 21 Average household size x 3.25 Total in-migrants plus families 68 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 10 Total indirect growth 78 Total growth Total direct growth 312 Total indirect growth + 78 Total estimated construction-related growth 390 Sources Number of direct workers from AEC Docket 50*247, p. IV-4. Percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PASNY 1990 Average household size from NUREG/CR*2750 Other data from construction experience at other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations C-191 NUREG*1437, Vol. 2 OAG10001365_01007

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.47 Estimated construction-related population growth in W~tch~ter County, New York, 1972 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2400 Number of workers in Westchester County (12.7% 305 of total)

Number who in-migrated (35% of residents) 107 Number of in-migrants with families (51%) 55 Average family size x 3.25 Total in-migrants plus families 179 Number of in-migrants without families (49%) + 52 Total direct growth 231 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 Number of indirect workers 1560 Num,ber of study area residents (40% of total) 624 Number of in-migrants (5% of residents) 31 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 21 Average family size x 3.25 Total in-migrants plus families 68 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 10 Total indirect growth 78 Total growth Total direct growth 231 Total indirect growth + 78 Total estimated construction-related growth 309 Sources Number of direct workers from AEC Docket 50-247, p. IV-4. Percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PASNY 1990. Average family size from NUREG/CR-2750. Other data from construction experience at other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.48 Estimated plant-related population growth in Dutchess County, New York, 1990 Direct growth Number of direct workers 1335 Number of direct workers in Dutchess County 505 (37.8% of total)

Number of in-migrants (30% of residents) 152 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 100 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 322 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 52 Total direct growth 374 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 N umber of indirect workers 868 Number of study area residents (40% of total) 347 Number of in-migrants (5% of residents) 17 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 11 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 35 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 6 Total indirect growth 41 Total growth Total direct growth 374 Total indirect growth + 41 Total estimated plant-related growth 415 Sources: Number of direct workers and percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PAS NY 1990.

Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from operating experience at other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.49 &timated plant-related populaL:.Jn growth in Westchester County, New York, 1990 Direct growth Number of direct workers 1335 Number of direct workers in Westchester County 371 (27.8% of total)

Number of in-migrants (30% of residents) 111 Number of in-migrants with famili~s (66%) 74 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 238 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 37 Total direct growth 275 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 N umber of indirect workers 868 Number of study area residents (40% of total) 347 Number of in-migrants (5% of residents) 17 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 11 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 35 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 6 Total indirect growth 41 Total growth Total direct growth 275 Total indirect growth + 41 Total estimated plant-related growth 316 Sources: r-lumber of direct workers and percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PAS NY 1990.

Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from operating experience at other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table c.so Projected refurbishment-related population growth in Dutchess County, New York, 2012 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of workers projected to live in Dutchess 393 County (17.3% of total)

Number of in-migrants (35% of residents) 138 Number of in-migrants with famil.ies (51%) 70 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 225 Number of in-migrants without families (49%) +68 Total direct growth 293 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 Number of indirect workers 1477 Number of study area residents (40% of total) 591 Number of in-migrants (5.0% of residents) 30 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 20 Average family size 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 64 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 10 Total indirect growth 74 Total growth Total direct growth 293 Total indirect growth + 74 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 367 Sources: Number of direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population.

Percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PASNY 1990. Other data from estimates concerning the construction of Indian Point and other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations.

C-195 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365_01011

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.51 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in Westchester County, New York, 2012 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of workers projected to live in Westchester County 289 (12.7% of total)

Number of in-migrants (35% of residents) 101 Number of in-migrants with famili~s (51%) 52 Ave~age family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 167 Number of in-migrants without families (49%) +49 Total direct growth 216 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 Number of indirect workers 1477 Number of study area residents (40% of total) 591 Number of in-migrants (5.0% of residents) 30 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 20 Average family size 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 64 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) 10 Total indirect growth 74 Total growth Total direct growth 216 Total indirect growth +74 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 290 Sources: Number of direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population.

Percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PASNY 1990. Other data from estimates concerning the construction of Indian Point and other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.52 Projected plant-related population growth in Dutchess County, New York, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 120 Number of workers projected to live in Dutchess County 45 (37.8% of total)

Number of in-migrants (30% of residents) 13 Nurrlber of in-migrants with families (66%) 9 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 29 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 4 Total direct growth 33 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 Number of indirect workers 78 Number of study area residents (40% of total) 31 Number of in-migrants (5% of residents) 2 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 2 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 6 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 0 Total indirect growth 6 Total growth Total direct growth 33 Total indirect growth + 6 Total projected plant-related growth 39 SOllrces Number of direct workers from NRC work force estimates (1989). Average family size from 1990 U.S.

Census of Population Percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PASNY 1990. Other data from operations at Indian Point and other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations C-197 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAG10001365_01013

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table c.53 Projected plant-related population growth in Westchester County, New York, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 120 Nu~ber of workers projected in live in Westchester County 33 (27.8% of total)

Number of in-migrants (30% of residents) 10 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 7 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migr~nts plus families 23 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 3 Total direct growth 26 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.65 Number of indirect workers 78 Number of study area residents (40% of total) 31 Number of in-migrants (5% of residents) 2 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 2 Average family size x 3.22 Total in-migrants plus families 6 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 0 Total indirect growth 6 Total growth Total direct growth 26 Total indirect growth + 6 Total projected plant-related growth 32 Sources Number of direct workers from NRC work force estimates (1989). Average family size from 1990 U.S.

Census of Population. Percentage of study area residents from ConEd 1990 and PASNY 1990. Average family size from U.S. Census of Population Estimates (1985). Other data from operations at Indian Point and other nuclear stations; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C54 Indian Point tax payments to local government (1989 dollars)

Jurisdiction 1980 1985 1989

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Indian Point Unit 2 Town of Cortlandt 4,653,344 4,783,440 5,743,766" Buchanan 1,311,318 1,211,437 1,396,344 Hendrick Hudson School District; 7.934.365 711881180 910861374 Total 13,899,027 13,183,057 16,226,484 Indian Point Unit 3 Town of Cortlandt 1,698,601 408,255 81,464 Buchanan 915,226 635,389 558,480 Hendrick Hudson School District 33491628 118891939 841 1712 Total 5,963,455 2,933,583 1,481,656 Total both units 19,862,482 19,993,105 17,708,140 "Indian Point Unit 2 tax to town of Cortlandt is for 1990.

Sources: Partenheimer 1990; ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.6).

Table C55 Assessed value of Indian Point Units 2 and 3 as a percentage of total assessed value, 1989-1990 Assessed value Assessed value (dollars) of Units 2 and 3 as % of Indian Point Indian Point All properties jurisdiction's Jurisdiction Unit 2 Unit 3 in jurisdiction total Cortlandt 40,112,900 9,922,590 79,740,587 62.7 Hudson School 40,112,900 3,715,840 80,867,329 54.2 District Buchanan 37,200,880 12,826,470 54,451,569 91.8 Sources Town of Cortlandt 1990a, b; Hudson School District 1990; Jankowski 1990; Burchman 1990; Partenheimer 1990.

C-l99 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAG10001365_01015

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table c.56 Revenue provided by Indian Point to taxing jurisdictions, 1989-1990 Revenue from Total revenues Indian Point Revenue from Indian Taxing jurisdiction ($ x 1cP) ($ x 1cP) Point as % of total Cortlandt 17,740.7 5,906.7 33.3 Hudson School District 26,600.0 9,928.1 37.2 Buchanan 3,940.5 1,954.8 49.6 Sources: Town of Cortlandt 1990a; Partenheimer 1990; Burchman 1990; Jankowski 1990.

Table c.s7 Estimated economic effects of Indian Point on Dutchess and Westchester counties, 1990 Dutchess County Westchester County Employment Direct basic 505 371 Indirect 500 368 Total 1,005 739 Percentage of study area employment 0.83 (est.) 0.14 Income (1989 $) ,

Direct 18,791,100 13,805,900 Indirect 11.307,900 8.322,700 Total 30,099,000 22,128,700 Percentage of study area income 0.38 (est.) 0.08 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2750.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.58 Projected employment effects of Indian Point refurbishment on Dutchess and Westchester counties, 2012 Dutchess Westchester Affected area County County Refurbishment dilect employment 393 289 Refurbishment indirect employment 591 591 Total Indian Point-related employment 984 880 Percentage of county's employment 0.5 0.2 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR.2750.

Table C.59 Projected employment effects of Indian Point license renewal on Dutchess and Westchester counties, 2015 Dutchess Westchester Affected area County County Existing direct and indirect plant. related employment 1005 739 Increase in direct employment 45 33 Increase in indirect employment ~ -11, Total plant.related employment 1095 80S Percentage of study area employment 0.60 0.13 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR*2750.

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SOCIOE("r~OMICS APPENDIX C Table C.60 Population growth associated with the Oconee Nuclear Station:

Oconee County, South Carolina, 1970-1990 Project-related Work force Project -rela ted County's population in-migrant total as %

Year Construction Operations Total population Q populationb of total 1970 2,108 NN 2,108 631 40,728 1.5 1971 2,342 NA 2,342 701 41,800 1.7 1975 0 462 462 277 43,700 0.6 1979 0 833 833 416 46,000 0.9 1985 300 900 1,200 232 51,973 0.4 1990 899 1,401 2,300 504 57,494 0.9

°Includes both direct and indirect workers and families.

bPopulation assumed to grow at a constant annual rate between known points.

cNA = not applicable.

Sources: NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 7, p. 89; 1990 U.S. Census of Population; Duke Power Company 1990; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.61 Estimated plant-related population growth in Oconee County, South Carolina, 1990 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2300 Number of study area residents (50% of total) 1150 Number of in-migrants (16.4% of residents) 189 Number of in-migrants with families (77%) 146 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 461 Number of in-migrants without families (23%) + 43 Total direct growth 504 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.41 N umber of indirect workers 943 Number of study area residents (100% of total) 943 Number of in-migrants (0% of residents) 0 Number of in-migrants with families 0 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 0 Number of in-migrants without families + 0 Total indirect growth 0 Total growth Total direct growth 504 Total indirect growth + 0 Total estimated plant-related growth 504 Sources' Number of direct workers and percentage of study area residents from the Duke Power Company 1990.

Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7. pp.65-87; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.62 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in Oconee County, South Carolina, 2012 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of study area residents (25.4% of total) 577 Number of in-migrants (50% of residents) 289 Number of in-migrants with families (33.3%) 96 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 303 Number of in-migrants without families (66.6%) + 193 Total direct growth 496 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.052 Number of indirect workers 118 Number of study area residents (100% of total) 118 Number of in-migrants (0% of residents) 0 Number of in-migrants with families 0 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 0 Number of in-migrants without families + 0 Total indirect growth 0 Total growth Total direct growth 496 Total indirect growth + 0 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 496 Sources: Direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 7, 'pp. 62-87; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.63 Projected plant-related population growth in Oconee County, South Carolina, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 180 Number of study area residents (50% of total) 90 Number of in-migrants (16.4% of residents) 15 Number of in-migrants with families (77%) 12 Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families 38 Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 3 Total direct growth 41 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.41 Number of indirect workers 74 Number of study area residents (100% of total) 74 Number of in-migrants (0% of residents) o Number of in-migrants with families (0%) o Average family size x 3.16 Total in-migrants plus families o Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 0 Total indirect growth o Total growth Total direct growth 41 Total indirect growth + 0 Total projected plant-related growth 41 Sources Direct workers from NRC work force estimates (1989). Average family size from 1990 US. Census of Population Other data from NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7, pp. 62-87; ORNL staff computations C-205 NUREG-1437, Vol. 2 OAGI0001365 01021

SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.64 Oconee County property taxes (1989 dollars)

Source of revenue 1975-76 1980-81 1985-86 1989-90 County assessment 111,034,000 91,198,000 122,277,000 172,718,000 Total county property taxes 15,166,000 12,058,000 14,150,000 22,675,000 Licensee taxes 7,592,000 4,791,000 5,098,000 6,588,000 Total county revenue 30,489,000 29,915,000 35,442,000 46,329,000 Percentage of total tax revenues from licensee 50.1 39.7 36.0 29.1 Percentage of total revenues 24.9 16.0 14.4 14.2 from licensee Sources: NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7; Oconee County 1980, 1985, and 1989, Budget Ordinances: 80-7, 85*5, and 89-3; Oconee County Independent Auditor's Report; Bridges 1990.

Table C.65 Estimated economic effects of Oconee Nuclear Station on Oconee County Affected area 1971 1990 Employment Direct basic 595 1,150 Indirect .-l1l 948 Total 706 2,098 Percentage of county employment 3.3 6.5 Income (1989 $)

Direct 15,097,000 46,033,000 Indirect 1,424,000 17,940,000 Total 16,520,000 63,973,000 Percentage of county income 4.4 7.5 Source: For 1971, NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7. Other estimates based on employment estimates from Section C.4.5.1 and multipliers from NUREG/CR-2749 Estimates of county employment and income used to calculate percentages are from NPA 1990.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.66 Projected employment effects of Oconee Nuclear Station refurbishment on Oconee County, 2012 Refurbishment direct employment 577 Refurbishment indirect employment 118 Total plant-related employment 695 Percentage of Oconee County employment 1.9 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7.

Table C.67 Projected employment and economic effects of Oconee Nuclear Station license renewal on Oconee County, 2013 Existing direct and indirect plant-related 1150 employment Increase in direct employment 90 Increase in indirect employment .-H Total plant-related employment 1314 Percentage of Oconee County employment 3.6 Source: ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 7.

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IV 0 1975 1,453 342 1,795 256 15,316 1.7 00 1979 0 565 565 110 16,243 0.7 1984 0 1,399 1,399 272 16,790 1.6 1990 0 1,086 1,086 246 14,636 1.7

°Includes both direct and mdirect workers and families.

bPopulatlon assumed to grow at a constant annual rate between known pomts.

Sources: NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, p. 77; General Public Utilities Corporation 1990; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.69 &timated plant-related population growth in Middletown, Royalton, and Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania, 1990 Direct growth Number of direct workers 1086 Number of study area residents (23% of total) 250 Number of in-migrants (22% of residents) 55 Number of in-migrants with families (100%) 55 Average family size x 3.1 Total in-migrants plus families 171 Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 0 Total direct growth 171 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.106 Number of indirect workers 115 Number of study area residents (85% of total) 98 Number of in-migrants (33.3% of residents) 33 Number of in-migrants with families (61 %) 20 Average family size x 3.1 Total in-migrants plus families 62 Number of in-migrants without families (39%) + 13 Total indirect growth 75 Total growth Total direct growth 171 Total indirect growth + 75 Total estimated plant-related growth 246 Sources: Number of direct work.ers and percentage of study area residents from General Public Utilities Corporation 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 12, pp. 66-78: ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.70 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in Middletown, Royalton, and Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania, 2013 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of study area residents (8.0% of total) 182 Number of in-migrants (72% of residents) 131 Number of in-migrants with families (9.0%) 12 Average family size x 3.1 Total in-migrants plus families 37 Number of in-migrants without families (91 %) + 119 Total direct growth 156 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.022 Number of indirect workers i

50 Number of study area residents (85% of total) 43 Number of in-migrants (33% of residents) 14 Number of in-migrants with families (62%) 9 Average family size x 3.1 Total in-migrants plus families 28 Number of in-migrants without families (38%) + 5 Total indirect growth 33 Total growth Total direct growth 156 Total indirect growth + 33 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 189 Sources: Number of direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population.

Other data from NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 12, pp. 50-55, 74-76; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.71 Projected plant-related population growth in Middletown, Royalton, and Londonderry Township, Pennsylvania, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 60 Number of study area residents (23% of total) 14 Number of in-migrants (22% of residents) 3 Number of in-migrants with families (100%) 3 Average household size x 3.1 Total in-migrants plus families 9 Number of in-migrants without families (0%) + 0 Total direct growth 9 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.106 Number of indirect workers 6 Number of study area residents (85% of total) 5 Number of in-migrants (33.3% of residents) 2 Number of in-migrants with families (61%) 1 Average family size x 3.1 Total in-migrants plus families 3 Number of in-migrants without families (39%) + 1 Total indirect growth 4 Total growth Total direct growth 9 Total indirect growth + 4 Total projected plant-related growth 13 I

Sources: Number of direct workers from NRC work force estimates (1989). Percentage of study area residents from General Public Utilities Corporation 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from NUREG/CR*2749, vol. 12, pp. 66-78; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.72 Londonderry Township revenue and taxes received (total revenue in constant 1980 dollars)

Source of funds 1980 1985 1989 Real estate transfer taxes 11,189 15,931 17,780 Earned income taxes 181,858 235,599 268,818 Occupational privilege taxes 11,819 14,697 13,255 Amusement tax 0 393 139 Total taxes 204,866 266,620 299,992 Payment in lieu of taxes 1,988 3,390 3,723 (PURTA" receipts)

Other revenue 70,323 60,697 1801787 Total revenue 277,177 255,178b 330,953c "PURTA =Public Utility Realty Tax Assessment of 1970.

bActual total was $330,707; converted to 1980 $.

c Actual total was $484,502; converted to 1980 $.

Source: Londonderry Township 1990.

Table C.73 Borough of Middletown revenue and taxes received, 1980-1988 (in dollars)

Source of funds 1980 1985 1988 Taxes and assessments 461,582 619,595 653,728 Other general revenues 1,425,752 410,952 522,498 Special revenues and other 1,157,301" 542,006 685,378 financing sources Electricity/utility sales 1,572,283 3,273,839" 4,027,375" Total revenues 4,616,918 4,842,392 5,888,979 "Includes sewer and water service billings.

Source: Middletown Borough combined Financial Statements 1980, 1985, and 1988.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.74 Borough of Royalton revenue and taxes received, 1980-1989 (in dollars)

Source of funds 1980 1985 1989 Real estate 15,677 15,288 18,332 Per capita taxes 2,350 2,528 2,618 Real estate Transfer taxes 884 1,422 3,870 Earned income taxes 24,463 27,630 42,323 Total taxes 43,374 46,868 67,143 Sales of electricity 167,216 196,135 240,293 Other revenue 41.130 49,817 191 1807 Total revenue 251,720 292,820 499,243 Source: Royalton Borough 1990; Young 1990.

Table C.75 Traffic counts in the vicinity of Three Mile Island,* selected years Route 441 at Route 230 at Year Royalton Geyer's Church 1963 5,900 18,500 1966 6,200 18,000 1972 10,900 12,900 1975 8,800 12,800 "Counts in both directions aggregated.

Source: NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12, p. 113.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.76 &timated economic effects of Three Mile Island on study area Affected area 1972 1978 1990 Employment Direct basic 258 178 250 Indirect _1 _2 J§ Total 259 180 348 Percentage of study area 2.1 1.2 13.0 Inoome (1989 $)

Direct 11,809,000 4,636,000 9,208,000 Indirect 24,000 31,000 1.843,000 Total 11,833,000 4,667,000 11,051,000 Percentage of study area 2.7 2.0 17.0 Sources' For 1972 and 1978 estimates, NUREG/CR-2749, vol. 12. The 1990 estimate is based on the approach used in the Mountain West study Table Co77 Projected employment effects of Three Mile Island refurbishment on the study area, 2013 Refurbishment direct employment 182 Refurbishment indirect employment ~

Total plant-related employment 225 Percentage of study area employment 6.0 Source ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2749, vol.

12.

Table C.78 Projected employment effects of Three Mile Island license renewal on the study area, 2013 Existing direct and indirect employment 348 Increase in direct employment 14 Increase in indirect employment _5 Total plant-related employment 367 Percentage of stUdy area employment 9.8 Source ORNL staff computations based on the approach used in NUREG/CR-2749, vol 12.

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Table C.79 Population growth associated with Wolf Creek Generating Station: Coffey County, Kansas, 1984-1989 Project-related Work force Project-related population in-migrant Area's as %

Year Construction Operations Total population Q populationb of total 1984 5500 0 5500 2329 9001 20.5

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bPopulation assumed to change at a constant annual rate between known poInts; excludes refurbIshment population that arrived after 1980 and left before 1990 census taktngs. Population In 1980 and 1990 was 9370 and 8404, respectIvely.

Sources: Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating CorporatIon 1990; other data from construction at other nuclear plants; ORNL staff computations; U.S.

Bureau of the Census 1988, 1900.

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.Number of in-migrants without families (44%) + 377 Total direct growth 1587 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.05 Number of indirect workers 275 Number of study area residents (95% of total) 261 Number of in-migrants (55% of residents) 144 Num~er of in-migrants with families (66%) 95 Average family size x 3.08 Total in-migrants plus families 293 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 49 Total indirect :growth 342 Total growth Total direct growth 1587 Total indirect growth + 342 Total estimated construction-related growth 2329 Sources Number of direct workers from the Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation 1990. Average family size from 1990 u.s. Census of Population. Other data from construction-period experience at other nuclear plants; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.8t Estimated plant-related population growth in cOffey County, Kansas, 1989 Direct growth Number of direct workers 1044 Number of study area residents (50% of total) 522 Number of in-migrants (50% of residents) 261 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 172 Average family size x 3.08

'Total in-migrants plus families 530 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 89 Total direct growth 619 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.4 Number of indirect workers 418 Num~er of study area residents (95% of total) 397 i

Number of in-migrants (55% of residents) 218 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 144 Average family size x 3.08 Total in-migrants plus families 444 Number of injmigrants without families (33%) + 74 Total indirect growth 518 Total growth Total direct growth 619 Total indirect growth + 518 Total estimated plant-related growth 1137 Sources: Number of direct workers and percentage of study area residents from the Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from operations period experience at other nuclear plants; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.82 Projected refurbishment-related population growth in ChfJey Chunty, Kansas, 2024 Direct growth Number of direct workers 2273 Number of study area residents (20% of total) 455

,Number of in-migrants (70% of residents) 319 Number of in-migrants with families (51 %) 163 Average family size x 3.08 Total in-migrants plus families 502 Number of in-migrants without families (49%) + 156 Total direct growth 658 Indirect growth Ratio: indirect/direct jobs 0.05 Number of indirect workers 114 Number of study area residents (95% of total) 108 Number of in-migrants (55% of residents) 59 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 39 Average family size x 3.08 Total in-migrants plus families 120 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 20 Total indirect growth 140 Total growth Total direct growth 658 Total indirect growth + 140 Total projected refurbishment-related growth 798 Sources: Number of direct workers from SEA 1994. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population.

Other data from construction period experience at other nuclear plants; ORNL staff computations.

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APPENDIX C SOCIOECONOMICS Table C.83 Projected plant-related population growth in Coffey County, Kansas, during the license renewal term Direct growth Number of direct workers 60 Number of study area residents (50% of total) 30 Number of in-migrants (50% of residents) 15 Number of in-migrants with families (66%) 10 Average family size x 3.08 Total in-migrants plus families 31 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 5 Total direct growth 36 Indirect growth Ratio indirect/direct jobs 0.4 Number of indirect workers 24 Number of study area residents (95% of total) 23 Number of in-migrants (55% of residents) 13 Number of in-m,igrants with families (66%) 9 Average family size x 3.08 Total in-migrants plus families 28 Number of in-migrants without families (33%) + 4 Total indirect growth 32 Total growth Total direct growth 36 Total indirect growth + 32 Total projected plant-related growth 68 Sources: Number of direct workers from NRC work force estimates (1989). Percentage of study area residents from the Wolf Creek Nuclear Operating Corporation 1990. Average family size from 1990 U.S. Census of Population. Other data from operations period experience at other nuclear plants; ORNL staff computations.

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SOCIOECONOMICS APPENDIX C Table C.84 Increases in rental rates and housing values, Coffey County and state of Kansas, 1970 and 1980 (in dollars)

Coffey County State of Kansas Rental rates 1970 46 75 1980 156 168 Percentage 239 124 change Housing values 1970 6,300 12,100 1980 24,300 37,800 Percentage 286 212 change Sources: For 1970, U.S. Bureau of the Census 1972; for 1980, U.S.

Bureau of the Census 1982.

Table C.SS Taxes paid by Wolf Creek Generating Station, 1980-1989 (constant 1989 dollars)

Jurisdiction 1980 1985 1989 State of Kansas 268,004 732,610 729,602 Coffey County 3,249,980 9,869,732 14,061,868 Burlington School District 3,557,468 7,117,846 7,102,472 Source: ORNL/NUMARC survey of all utilities (see Section C.6).

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