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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-133, Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Red Hake, Urophycis Chuss, Life History and Habitat Characteristics.
ML072070629
Person / Time
Site: Oyster Creek
Issue date: 09/30/1999
From: Berrien P, Dante Johnson, Morse W, Steimle F
US Dept of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, US Dept of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
To:
Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Davis J NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835
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NMFS-NE-133
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'tAe$T OI:C0 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-1 33 5

'"4TES ov r Essential Fish HabitatSource Document:

Red Hake, Urophycis chuss, Life History and Habitat Characteristics U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Region Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts September 1999

Recent Issues 105. Review of American Lobster (Homarusamericanus)Habitat Requirements and Responses to Contaminant Exposures.

By Renee Mercaldo-Allen and Catherine A. Kuropat. July 1994. v + 52 p.-, 29 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB96-115555.

106. Selected Living Resources, Habitat Conditions, and Human Perturbations of the Gulf of Maine: Environmental and Ecological Considerations for Fishery Management. By Richard W. Langton, John B. Pearce, and Jon A. Gibson, eds.

August 1994. iv + 70 p., 2 figs., 6 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB95-270906.

107. Invertebrate Neoplasia: Initiation and Promotion Mechanisms -- Proceedings of an International Workshop, 23 June 1992, Washington, D.C. By A. Rosenfield, F.G. Kern, and B.J. Keller, comps. & eds. September 1994. v + 31 p., 8 figs.,

3 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB96-164801.

108. Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States for 1994. By Conservation and Utilization Division, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. January 1995. iv + 140 p., 71 figs., 75 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB95-263414.

109. Proceedings ofthe Symposium on the Potential for Development of Aquaculture in Massachusetts: 15-17 February 1995, Chatham/Edgartown[Dartmouth, Massachusetts. By Carlos A. Castro and Scott J. Soares, comps. & eds. January 1996.

v + 26 p., I fig., 2 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB97-103782.

1 I0. Length-Length and Length-Weight Relationships for 13 Shark Species from the Western North Atlantic. By Nancy E.

Kohler, John G. Casey, Patricia A. Turner. May 1996. iv + 22 p., 4 figs., 15 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB97-135032.

Ill. Review and Evaluation of the 1994 Experimental Fishery in Closed Area i1 on Georges Bank. By Patricia A. Gerrior, Fredric M. Serchuk, Kathleen C. Mays, John F. Kenney, and Peter D. Colosi. October 1996. v + 52 p., 24 figs., 20 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB98-119159.

112. Data Description and Statistical Summary of the 1983-92 Cost-Earnings Data Base for Northeast U.S. Commercial Fishing Vessels: A Guide to Understanding and Use of the Data Base. By Amy B. Gautam and Andrew W. Kitts. December 1996. v + 21 p., II figs.; 14 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB97-169320.

113. Individual Vessel Behavior in the Northeast Otter Trawl Fleet during 1982-92. By Barbara Pollard Rountree. August 1997.

v + 50 p., 1 fig., 40 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-169997.

114. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments -- 1996. By Gordon T. Waring, Debra L. Palka, Keith D. Mullin, James H.W. Hain, Larry J. Hansen, and Kathryn D. Bisack. October 1997. viii + 250 p., 42 figs., 47 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB98-112345.

115. Status ofFishery Resources off the Northeastern United States for 1998. By Stephen H. Clark, ed. September 1998. vi

+ 149 p., 70 figs., 80 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-129694.

116. U.S. Atlantic Marine Mammal Stock Assessments -- 1998. By Gordon T. Waring, Debra L. Palka, Phillip J. Clapham, Steven Swartz, Marjorie C. Rossman, Timothy V.N. Cole, Kathryn D. Bisack, and Larry J. Hansen. February 1999. vii + 182 p., 16 figs., 56 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-134140.

117. Review of Distribution of the Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephalamelas) in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.

By Alan A. Abend and Tim D. Smith. April 1999. vi + 22 p., 14 figs., 3 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-165029.

118. Tautog (Tautoga onilis) Life History and Habitat Requirements. By Frank W. Steimle and Patricia A. Shaheen. May 1999.

vi + 23 p., 1 fig., I table. NTIS Access. No. PB99-16501 1.

119. Data Needs for Economic Analysis of Fishery Management Regulations. By Andrew W. Kitts and Scott R. Steinback.

August 1999. iv + 48 p., 10 figs., 22 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-171456.

120. Marine Mammal Research Program of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center during 1990-95. By Janeen M. Quintal and Tim D. Smith. September 1999. v + 28 p., 4 tables, 4 app. NTIS Access, No. PB2000-100809.

-,, AXM OSP, C-)

b40 NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-133 This series represents a secondary level of scientifiic publishing. All issues employ thorough internal scientific review; some issues employ external scientific review.

Reviews are -- by design -- transparent collegial reviews, not anonymous peer reviews.

All issues may be cited in formal scientific communications.

EssentialFish HabitatSource Document:

Red Hake, Urophycis chuss, Life History and Habitat Characteristics Frank W. Steimle, Wallace W. Morse, Peter L. Berrien, and Donna L. Johnson NationalMarine Fisheries Serv., James J. Howard Marine Sciences Lab., 74 MagruderRd., Highlands, NJ 07732 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE William Daley, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Penelope D. Dalton, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries Northeast Region Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts September 1999

Editorial Notes on Issues 122-152 in the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE Series Editorial Production For Issues 122-152, staff of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC's) Ecosystems Processes Division have largely assumed the role of staff of the NEFSC's Editorial Office for technical and copy editing, type composition, and page layout. Other than the four covers (inside and outside, front and back) and first two preliminary pages, all preprinting editorial production has been performed by, and all credit for such production rightfully belongs to, the authors and acknowledgees of each isstie, as well as those noted below in "Special Acknowledgments."

Special Acknowledgments David B. Packer, Sara J. Griesbach, and Luca M. Cargnelli coordinated virtually all aspects of the preprinting editorial production, as well as performed virtually all technical and copy editing, type composition, and page layout, of Issues 122-152. Rande R. Cross, Claire L. Steimle,.and Judy D. Berrien conducted the literature searching, citation checking, and bibliographic styling for Issues 122-152. Joseph). Vitaliano produced all of the food habits figures in Issues 122,-

152.

Internet Availability Issues 122-152 are being copublished, i.e., both as paper copies and as web postings. All web postings are, or will soon be, available at: www.nefsc.nmfs.gov/nefsc/habitat/eJh. Also, all web.postings will be in "PDF" format.

Information Updating By federal regulation, all information specific to Issues 122-152 must be updated at least every five years. All official updates will appear in the web postings. Paper copies will be reissued only when and if new information associated with Issues 122-152 is significant enough to warrant a reprinting of a given issue. All updated and/or reprinted issues will retain the original issue number, but bear a "Revised (Month Year)" label.

Species Names The NMFS Northeast Region's policy on the use of species names in all technical communications is generally to follow the'American Fisheries Society's lists of scientific and common names for fishes (i.e., Robinset al. 1991 ), mollusks (i.e.,

Turgeon et al. 1998b), and decapod, crustaceans (i.e., Williams et al. 1989c), and to follow the Society for Marine Mammalogy's guidance on scientific and common names for marine mammals (i. e., Rice 19 9 8 d). Exceptions to this policy occur when there are subsequent compelling revisions in the classifications of species, resulting in changes in the names of species (e.g., Cooper and Chapleau 1998e).

'Robins, C.R. (chair); Bailey, R.M.; Bond, C.E.; Brooker, J.R.; Lachner, E.A.; Lea, R.N.; Scott, W.B. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes fromthe United States and Canada. 5th ed. Amer. Fish, Soc. Spec. Publ. 20; 183 p.

hTurgeon, D.D. (chair); Quinn, J.F., Jr.; Bogan, A.E.; Coan, E.V.; Hochberg, F.G.; Lyons, W.G.; Mikkelsen, P.M.; Neves, R.J.; Roper, C.F.E.;

Rosenberg, G.; Roth, B.; Scheltema, A.; Thompson, F.G;; Vecchione, M.; Williams,, J.D. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks. 2nd ed. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 26; 526 p.

'Williams, A.B. (chair); Abele, L.G.; Felder, D.L.; Hobbs, H.H., Jr.; Manning, R.B.; McLaughlin, P.A.; Pdrez Farfante, I. 1989. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: decapod crustaceans. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 17; 77 p.

dRice, D.W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Soc. Mar. Mammal, Spec. Publ. 4; 231 p.

'Cooper, J.A.; Chapleau, F. 1998. Monophyly and interrelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification.

Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 96:686-726.

Page iii FOREWORD One of the greatest long-term threats to the viability of independent data sets from NMFS and several coastal commercial and recreationalfisheries is the continuing states. The species reports are also the source for the loss of marine, estuarine, and other aquatichabitats. current EFH designations by the New England and Mid-Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Atlantic Fishery Management Councils, and have Management Act (October 11, 1996) understandably begun to be referred to as the "EFH source documents."

The long-term viability of living marine resources NMFS provided guidance to the regional fishery depends on protection of their habitat. management councils for identifying and describing EFH NMFS Strategic Plan for Fisheries of their managed species. Consistent with this guidance, Research (February 1998) the species reports present information on current and historic stock sizes, geographic range, and the period and The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and location of major life history stages. The habitats of Management Act (MSFCMA), which was reauthorized managed species are described by the physical, chemical, and amended by the Sustainable Fisheries Act (1996), and biological components of the ecosystem where the requires the eight regional fishery management councils to species occur. Information on the habitat requirements is describe and identify essential fish habitat (EFH) in their provided for each life history stage, and it includes, where respective regions, to specify actions to conserve and available, habitat and environmental variables that control enhance that EFH, and to minimize the adverse effects of or limit distribution, abundance, growth, reproduction, fishing on EFH. Congress defined EFH as "those waters mortality, and productivity.

and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, Identifying and describing EFH are the first steps in feeding or growth to maturity." The MSFCMA requires the process of protecting, conserving, and enhancing NMFS to assist the regional fishery management councils essential habitats of the managed species. Ultimately, in the implementation of EFH in their respective fishery NMFS, the regional fishery management councils, fishing management plans. participants, Federal and state agencies, and other NMFS has taken a broad view of habitat as the area organizations will have to cooperate to achieve the habitat used by fish throughout their life cycle. Fish use habitat goals established by the MSFCMA.

for spawning, feeding, nursery, migration, and shelter, but A historical note: the EFH species reports effectively most habitats provide only a subset of these functions. recommence a series of reports published by the NMFS Fish may change habitats with changes in life history Sandy Hook (New Jersey) Laboratory (now formally stage, seasonal and geographic distributions, abundance, known as the James J. Howard Marine Sciences and interactions with other species. The type of habitat, Laboratory) from 1977 to 1982. These reports, which as well as its attributes and functions, are important for were formally labeled as Sandy Hook Laboratory sustaining the production of managed species. Technical Series Reports, but informally known as "Sandy The Northeast Fisheries Science Center compiled the Hook Bluebooks," summarized biological and fisheries available information on the distribution, abundance, and data for 18 economically important species. The fact that habitat requirements for each of the species managed by the bluebooks continue to be used two decades after their the New England and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management publication persuaded us to make their successors - the 30 Councils. That information is presented in this series of EFH source documents - available to the public through 30 EFH species reports (plus one consolidated methods publication in the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-report). The EFH species reports comprise a survey of the NE series.

important literature as well as original analyses of fishery-JAMES J. HOWARD MARINE SCIENCES LABORATORY JEFFREY N.CROSS, CHIEF HIGHLANDS, NEW JERSEY ECOSYSTEMS PROCESSES DIVISION SEPTEMBER 1999 NORTHEAST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER

Page v Contents Introductio n ............ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . .

L ife H isto ry ................................................... .................................................... ....................................................................................... I Habitat C haracteristics ............................................................................................................................................ 3 G eo grap h ical D istribu tion ......................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Status of the Stocks ............................................................................... 5 Re se arch Need s ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Ack no w led g men ts ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Re fe ren c e s C ited ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Tables Table 1. Summary of life history and habitat parameters for red hake, Urophycis chuss .................................................................... 8 Figures Figure 1. The red hake, Urophycis chuss (from Goode 1884) ........................................................................................................ 10 Figure 2. Abundance of the major prey items of red hake collected during NEFSC bottom trawl surveys .......................................... 11 Figure 3. Abundance of red hake larvae relative to water temperature and depth from NEFSC MARMAP surveys ...................... 12 Figure 4. Seasonal abundance of juvenile red hake relative to water temperature and depth from Narragansett Bay trawl surveys .... 13 Figure 5. Abundance of juvenile and adult red hake relative to water temperature and depth from Massachusetts trawl surveys ....... 14 Figure 6. Abundance of juvenile and adult red hake relative to water temperature and depth based on NEFSC trawl surveys ........... 15 Figure 7. Abundance of juvenile red hake relative to water temperature, DO, depth, and salinity from Hudson-Raritan surveys ....... 16 Figure 8. Seasonal abundance of juvenile red hake relative to water temperature and depth from Narragansett Bay trawl surveys .... 17 Figure 9. Abundance of juvenile red hake relative to water temperature, DO, depth, and salinity from Hudson-Raritan surveys ....... 18 Figure 10. Distribution and abundance of red hake from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras during 1975-1994 ...................................... 19 Figure 11. Distribution of hake (Urophycis and Physcis spp.) eggs collected during NEFSC MARMAP surveys .......................... 20 Figure 12. Distribution of red hake larvae collected during NEFSC MARMAP surveys ................................................................ 24 Figure 13. Distribution of juvenile and adult red hake collected during NEFSC trawl surveys ...................................................... 26 Figure 14. Distribution of juvenile and adult red hake collected in the Hudson-Raritan estuary .................................................... 28 Figure 15. Abundance, distribution and size frequency distribution of red hake in Long Island Sound, from Connecticut surveys ..... 30 Figure 16. Seasonal distribution of juvenile and adult red hake collected in Narragansett Bay from Rhode Island trawl surveys ......... 31 Figure 17. Distribution of juvenile and adult red hake in Massachusetts coastal waters from Massachusetts trawl surveys............. 33 Figure 18. Commercial landings and abundance indices for northern and southern red hake populations ................... 34

Page 1 INTRODUCTION been collected in the Gulf of Maine suggesting that spawning in the Middle Atlantic Bight produces the Red hake (Urophycis chuss; Walbaum 1792; Figure majority of recruits to the Gulf of Maine stock. Larval red

1) is a demersal fish that occurs from North Carolina to hake have been collected in the upper water column from S6uthern Newfoundland and is most abundant between May through December (Collette and Klein-MacPhee, in Georges Bank and New Jersey (Sosebee 1998). Although prep.).

rarely found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, it is sometimes Accurate identification and separation of red and caught on the southern Grand Banks (Scott and Scott white hake larvae in the Gulf of Maine was problematic 1988). In U:S. waters the species is managed under the and records prior to Methven (1985) may be in error or Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan include mixtures of two or more species (Collette and (NEFMC 1993). Klein-MacPhee, in prep.). To complicate things further, This document provides information on the life post-larval hake in the northern Gulf -of Maine and history and habitat characteristics of red hake inhabiting Canadian waters have morphometric characteristics (e.g.,

the Gulf of Maine, Georges Bank, and the Middle Atlantic scale count and otolith shape) that appear intermediate Bight. between red hake and white hake (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Dery 1988). Although egg identification *is problematic in collections, red hake larvae can be LIFE HISTORY identified because of artificial spawning and rearing studies (Miller and Marak 1959). The, larvae were not

  • Red hake are relatively short-lived, reaching a confidently identified in Northeast Fishery Science Center maximum age of 14 years and a maximum size of 63 cm (NEFSC) Marine Resources Monitoring, Assessment and TL for females (Dery 1988), but few are collected that are Prediction (MARMAP) surveys until 1982 (Reid et al.

over 8 years old and more than 50 cm in length. Their 1999).

growth rate is initially rapid but declines at maturity; the species does not reach the large size of its congener the white hake (U. tenuis). JUVENILES Red hake make seasonal migrations to follow preferred temperature ranges. During warmer months, Recently metamorphosed juveniles remain pelagic they are most common in depths less than 100 m; during until they reach 25-30 mm TL in about two months colder months, they are most common in depths greater (Methven 1985). They gradually descend to the bottom at than 100 m. Fritz (1965) reported that they range from 30 a size of about 35-40 mm TL (Fahay 1983; Able and to 370 m and that they are most common in the fall Fahay 1998). Pelagic juvenile red hake gather around between 50 and 210 m. floating debris, under patches of sargassum, and occasionally within the tentacles of jellyfish (Wicklund 1966).

EGGS Demersal settlement generally occurs between September and December with peaks in October-Our understanding of the environmental associations November (Collette and Klein-MacPhee, in prep.).

of the eggs of this species is poor because the eggs of Laboratory studies suggest that a strong thermocline in the several species of Urophycis and Phycis hake co-occur water column can inhibit benthic settlement when cold north of Cape Hatteras and presently they are not readily water below the thermocline requires descending juveniles.

separable to species in plankton collections (Berrien and to hesitate and acclimate to cooler bottom temperatures.

Sibunka 1999) despite the discussion on their tentative Delayed descent to the bottom may expose juveniles to identification in Bigelow and Schroeder (1953). Based on greater risk of predation within the thermocline while they eggs taken from spawning red hake, the eggs are about acclimate. Red hake undergo additional changes in body 0.6-1.0 mm in diameter, buoyant, and float near the shape and color upon reaching their benthic habitat surface. Hatching occurs in 3-7 days at typical spawning (Steiner and Olla 1985).

temperatures (Able and Fahay 1998). Shelter is a critical habitat requirement for red hake (Steiner et al. 1982). Newly settled juveniles occur in depressions on the open seabed (Able and Fahay 1998).

LARVAE Older juveniles commonly associate with shelter or structure, often with living sea scallops (Placopecten Red hake larvae are < 2.0 mm at hatching (Able and magellanicus) where they can be found under the scallops Fahay 1998). Larval red hake dominate the summer on the sediment or within their open mantle cavity ichthyoplankton in the Middle Atlantic Bight and were (Steiner et al. 1982; Garman 1983; Able and Fahay 1998).

most abundant at mid- and outer continental shelf stations Juveniles maintain this association until they are about 10-(Comyns and Grant 1993). Few red hake larvae have 13 cm TL. Small scallops tend to shelter small juvenile

Page 2 red hake and larger scallops shelter a wider range of sizes. in their gonadosomatic index (GSI) during May-July and Juveniles also use Atlantic surf clam (Spisula solidissima) the presence of ripe eggs in June-July off Delaware. Their shells, seabed depressions made by larger fish or decapod fecundity is unknown.

crustaceans, moon snail egg case collars, anemone and Female red hake are generally larger and live longer polychaete tubes (Wicklund 1966; Ogren et al. 1968; than males (Dery 1988). OBrien et al. (1993) reported Stanley 1971; Shepard et al. 1986), submerged man-made that for the northern stock, 50% of females are mature at objects, debris, and artificial reefs (Eklund 1988). Larger an age of 1.8 years and 26.9 cm TL, and 50 % of males juveniles remain near scallop beds and other structures in are mature at 1.4 years and 22.2 cm TL. For the southern coastal areas and embayments; later they join older fish in stock, size at 50% maturity is 25.1 cm TL for females and an offshore migration in the Middle Atlantic Bight. By 23.8 cm TL for males; both sexes reach maturity at 1.7-the end of the first summer, red hake juveniles are about 1.8 years. Size and age at maturity may increase near the 10 cm TL. There is little growth over the winter and at southern limits of the range.

the end of 12 months they are about 15-17 cm TL (Able and Fahay 1998). They occur in larger estuaries, including the Chesapeake Bay main stem, Delaware Bay, FOOD HABITS and Hudson-Raritan estuary, during cooler seasons, and along coastal New England into Canadian waters from Larvae prey mainly on copepods'and other micro-spring to fall (Jury et al. 1994; Stone et al. 1994; Wilk et crustaceans, and are sometimes found under floating al. 1998). eelgrass or algae looking for prey.

Juvenile red hake leave shelter at night and commonly prey on small benthic and pelagic crustaceans, ADULTS including larval and small decapod shrimp and crabs, mysids, euphausiids, and amphipods.(Steiner et al. 1982; Adult red hake are common on' soft sediments and Garman 1983; Bowman et al. 1987) (Figure 2). In the much less common on gravel or hard bottoms. They are Hudson-Raritan estuary, Crangon shrimp, the mysid not confined to the bottom and can be found in the water Neomysis americana and other small epibenthic column (Collette and Klein-MacPhee, in prep.; Gottschall crustaceans are the dominant prey (Steimle et al., in et al., in review). Adults are usually found in depressions prep.). Night feeding is possible because their pelvic fins in softer sediments or shell beds and not, on open sandy and chin barbels are chemo-sensitive to presence of prey bottom. They create the depressions or use existing (Pearson et al. 1980). Amphipods, small decapods (e.g.,

depressions (Auster et al. 1991). Adults also inhabit Crangon shrimp), and polychaetes are important prey in inshore artificial reefs off New York during the summer the Middle Atlantic Bight, but dominant prey can change (Ogren et al. 1968), and Eklund (1988) reported that they seasonally and include copepods and chaetognaths were most abundant on natural and artificial reefs off (Bowman 1981; Luczkovich and Olla 1983; Sedberry Delaware-Virginia during April-May. 1983; Bowman et al. 1987). In the laboratory, red hake feed day and night and can eat up to 7.4 % of their body weight per day; feeding rates in the wild may be higher REPRODUCTION (Luczkovich and Olla 1983; Collette and Klein-MacPhee, in prep.).

Major spawning areas occur on the southwest part of Adult red hake, like juveniles, prey upon crustaceans, Georges Bank and on the continental shelf off southern but also consume a variety of demersal and pelagic fish New England and eastern Long Island; however, a nearly and squid (Langton and Bowman 1980; Bowman and ripe female was collected during April in Chesapeake Bay Michaels 1984; Vinogradov 1984; Steimle 1985) (Figure (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928). Spawning adults and 2). Rachlin and Warkentine (1988) showed that the diet eggs are also common in the marine parts of most coastal of red hake overlaps the diet of the two other Urophycis bays between Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and spp. in the New York Bight.

Massachusetts Bay, but rarely in coastal areas to the south or north (Jury et al. 1994; Stone et al. 1994). Based on condition of the gonads, red hake spawning occurs at PREDATION temperatures between 5-10TC from April through November (Wilk et al. 1990). In the Gulf of Maine, Red hake (presumably mostly juveniles) are eaten by spawning may not begin until June with a peak during larger predators such as striped bass (Morone saxatilus),

July-August (Dery 1988; Scott and Scott 1988). spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), goosefish (Lophius Spawning red hake are most abundant in May-June in the americanus), white hake (Urophycis tenuis), silver hake New York Bight and on Georges Bank (Collette and (Merluccius . bilinearis), sea raven (Hemitripterus Klein-MacPhee, in prep.). Eklund (1988) reported a peak americanus), harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) and other predators .(Schaefer 1960; Bowman et al. 1984;

Page 3 Gannon et al. 1997). Adult red hake are also cannibalistic HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS on their young.

Despres-Patanjo et al. (1982) reported that red hake The hydrographic and physical characteristics of the were found with fin rot and skin ulcers, but at a relatively habitat associated with the occurrence of red hake are low incidence (about 1%). These diseases are often presented inTable 1.

associated with degraded environmental conditions.

EGGS MIGRATION The pelagic eggs of red hake are not separated from Red hake make extensive seasonal, depth- and eggs of similar species in field collections, thus the temperature-related migrations. They are most common characteristics of the habitat in which red hake eggs are in depths < 100 m during warmer months and in depths > commonly found are poorly known. Spawning occurs in 100 m during colder months. the summer on the continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic Red hake are summer migrants into coastal waters Bight and is concentrated off southern New England and estuaries of the Gulf of Maine and southern New (Able and Fahay 1998).

England where they commonly occur in coastal bays and estuaries < 10 m deep (Tyler 197 1;.Jury et al. 1994; Stone et al. 1994). Juveniles commonly occur in some coastal LARVAE bays south to the main stem of the Chesapeake Bay in the winter-spring, but less so in the summer (Hildebrand and Red hake larvae were collected on the middle to outer Schroeder 1928; Stone et al. 1994; Murdy et al. 1997). continental shelf of the Middle Atlantic Bight at Red hake migrate into deeper waters (to 980 m) during the temperatures between 8 and 23 0 C (most were collected winter in the Gulf of Maine, the outer continental shelf between 11-19 0 C) within water depths between 10 and south of Georges Bank (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; 200 m, with a few deeper occurrences (Figure 3). Few Murawski and Finn 1988), and into the submerged larvae were collected in the Gulf of Maine.

Hudson Shelf Valley south of Long Island.

In the Gulf of Maine, red hake move inshore in the autumn and winter as the coastal waters cool; if JUVENILES temperatures drop too low, red hake will move offshore.

They move into Passamaquoddy Bay, Canada, in the Bigelow and Schroeder (1953) report that the summer and leave in the autumn, possibly because "youngest fry" were observed swimming at the surface in temperatures remain cooler in the summer and become too the west-central Gulf of Maine during the summer at a cold in the winter (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). temperature of about 20'C. In 'the bays and estuaries In the Middle Atlantic Bight, red hake occur most south of Cape Cod during the summer, juveniles (< 24 cm frequently in coastal waters in the spring and fall; they TL) usually avoid shallow waters that are warmer than move offshore to avoid the warm summer temperatures about 22TC, but they do inhabit deeper bays such as (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953), although juveniles'are Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island (Figure 4). North of found in deep holes and channels in coastal bays during Cape Cod where waters are cooler, juveniles can remain the summer. In the winter, most of the population moves inshore throughout the summer; they were abundant in offshore, but the degree of movement probably depends spring (May) and in early autumn (September) (Figure 5).

on the severity of the winter. Winter migrants return In the NEFSC bottom trawl survey, juvenile red hake inshore the following spring (Able and Fahay 1998). were collected at a wide range of temperatures (2-20'C) and depths (5 m to > 100 m), but they were most abundant at temperatures of 3-16'C and at depths < 120 m; there STOCK STRUCTURE were seasonal shifts in apparent preferences (Figure 6).

In the inshore waters off southern New England, Red hake are managed as two U.S. stocks: a northern juvenile red hake were collected at temperatures of 2-stock, from the Gulf of Maine to northern Georges Bank 22°C, in depths from 5 m to > 50 m, and at salinities of and a southern stock, from southern Georges Bank into 24-32 ppt (Figures 4 and 5). In Long Island Sound, they the Middle Atlantic Bight. The stocks are divided along were found mostly on mud substrates (Gottschall et al., in the central east-west axis of Georges Bank (Sosebee review). Comparing red hake distribution in the 1998). Connecticut trawl survey to the sediment distribution in Reid etal. (1979) suggests that red hake prefer silty, fine sand sediments. In the Hudson-Raritan estuary, juveniles were collected at similar temperature and depth ranges as in southern New.England when salinities were above

Page 4 about 22 ppt, but collection frequency declined above 28 LARVAE ppt (Figure 7).

Age 0+ fish are sensitive to DO levels < 4.2 mg/L; in In the NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton survey laboratory experiments, they left their bottom shelter and (1982-1987), identified red hake larvae were collected on ascended into the water column, which increases their risk southern Georges Bank and on the mid- to outer to predation (Bejda et al. 1987). This DO preference is continental shelf throughout the Middle Atlantic Bight reflected in their distribution in the Hudson-Raritan (Figure 12); few larvae were collected in the Gulf of estuary (Figure 7). Older fish were less sensitive to low Maine. Larvae were collected most abundantly during DO. surveys in the early fall, September-October. Red hake larvae dominate the summer ichthyoplankton 'in the Middle Atlantic Bight and were most abundant at middle ADULTS and outer continental shelf stations (Comyns and Grant 1993). Few red hake larvae have been collected in the In general, adults are found at temperatures of 2-22TC Gulf of Maine suggesting that spawning in the Middle and at depths of about 5 m to > 300 m (Figures 5, 6, 8, Atlantic Bight supplies the majority of recruits to the Gulf and 9; Fritz 1965). In the Massachusetts, Rhode Island, of Maine stock.

and Long Island Sound surveys, adults were generally Larvae have been also reported in the marine parts of found in waters > 25 m deep, especially during the several bays and estuaries in the Middle Atlantic Bight, summer and fall (Figures 5 and 8). Adult red hake were including the Hudson-Raritan estuary, Narragansett Bay, usually found at a salinity range of 20-33 ppt in Long Buzzards Bay, and in bays north of Cape Cod to about the Island Sound and the Hudson-Raritan estuary (Figure 9). Merrimack River, New Hampshire (Jury et al. 1994; They appear to be sensitiye to hypoxia; mortalities were Stone et al. 1994).

noted during the 1976 anoxia episode off New Jersey (Azarovitz et al. 1979). In the Hudson-Raritan estuary they prefer DO concentrations > 6 mg/L (Figure 9). In JUVENILES Long Island Sound, they were found mostly on mud substrates (Gottschall et al., in review). Even in deep In the NEFSC bottom trawl survey, juveniles, were water they have been observed using various types of collected offshore primarily in the New York Bight, shelter (Collette and Klein-MacPhee, in prep.). southern New England, and Georges Bank during the winter; in coastal waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight, and were widespread across the continental shelf east of Long GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Island, in the spring and summer; and off southern New England and on Georges Bank in the fall (Figure 13).

In the northwest Atlantic Ocean, red hake occur from Juveniles were common in the main stem of Chesapeake Nova Scotia to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. They are Bay (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928), in the channels of most abundant on Georges Bank, in the Gulf of Maine off the Hudson-Raritan estuary (Figure 14), in central Long Cape Cod, and in the northern Middle Atlantic Bight off Island Sound, especially in the spring (Figure 15), and in Long Island (Figure 10). other southern and northern New England bays and estuaries (Figures 16 and 17). Red hake were rare or not reported in most other Middle Atlantic Bight bays and EGGS estuaries (Jury et al. 1994; Stone et al. 1994).

The distribution of juveniles varies with season. In During cooler months (Dec-Apr), the undifferentiated the winter, juveniles were collected on the continental Urophycis-Phycis hake spp. eggs were collected mostly at shelf from southern Georges Bank into the Middle the edge of the continental shelf on southern Georges Atlantic Bight. In spring-summer, they were collected Bank and the Middle Atlantic Bight. During warmer mostly from coastal waters of the Middle Atlantic Bight to months, hake eggs were collected across the entire shelf in northern Georges Bank and into the Gulf of Maine. In this area. Relatively few hake eggs occur in the Gulf of summer-fall, there is an apparent return movement Maine (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Berrien and offshore; notable concentrations of juveniles occurred off Sibunka 1999). During the NEFSC MARMAP southern New England and on Georges Bank (Figure 13).

ichthyoplankton survey (1978-1987), Urophycis-Phycis Juveniles were relatively common throughout the year in spp. eggs were collected across the continental shelf in the the Hudson-Raritan estuary and Narragansett Bay, and Middle Atlantic Bight, on Georges Bank, and to a lesser most abundant in Long Island Sound in the summer

.degree in the Gulf of Maine (Figure 11). (Figures 14-16). Juvenile red hake were common south and north of Cape Cod in the spring, but in the fall they were common only north of the Cape (Figure 17).

Page 5 ADULTS juvenile red hake habitat (Steiner et al. 1982)?

  • Is the degree of cannibalism associated with larval Adult red hake (northern stock) were collected in the and/or juvenile red hake habitat quality or quantity deeper basins of the Gulf of Maine and along the northern (shelter availability) (Luczkovich 1982)?

edge of Georges Bank in all seasons; they were also

  • More information is needed about the construction of collected in inshore waters and on Georges Bank during sediment depressions by adult red hake for shelter or the summer and autumn (Figure 13). In the Middle ambush-feeding, the use of these depressions by other Atlantic Bight, adult red hake (southern stock) were species, and the effects of trawling and scallop collected most commonly offshore and along the deeper dredging on the use of these shelters.

southern edge of Georges Bank during the winter and

  • More information is needed about the occurrence and spring (Figure 13). They were also collected inshore near use of shallow coastal habitats in the Gulf of Maine Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. In summer-fall, adult by red hake larvae (K. Sosebee, NMFS, Northeast red hake were collected on Georges Bank, in coastal Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, MA, personal waters from -10 m deep across the continental shelf to communication).

around 300 m; they were especially abundant off southern " Better estimates of the fecundity are needed for New England (Figure 13). They occur in larger estuaries, females from the northern and southern stocks.

including the Chesapeake Bay main stem, Delaware Bay,

  • The occurrence of morphometric characteristics that and the Hudson-Raritan estuary, during cooler seasons, are intermediate between red and white hake in the and along coastal New England into Canadian waters northern Gulf of Maine and Canada suggests further from spring to fall (Jury et al. 1994; Stone et al. 1994). studies should be made on possible environmental or They were abundant in Long Island Sound and genetic causes.

Narragansett Bay (Figures 15 and 16), but not off southern Cape Cod in the fall (Figure 17) or in the Hudson-Raritan estuary during any season (Figure 14). ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This review was prepared with abundant assistance STATUS OF THE STOCKS from others on the Essential Fish Habitat team: Claire Steimle, Judy Berrien and Rande Ramsey-Cross provided The NEFSC has monitored and assessed red hake as literature searches, interlibrary loans, and reference two stocks, northern and southern, separated by the central material; Don McMillan, Bob Pikanowski, Chris Zetlin, axis of Georges Bank. The bottom trawl survey Sara Griesbach, Sukwoo Chang, Joe Vitaliano, Jeff Cross, abundance index for the northern stock was relatively low and others helped locate and retrieve data to make the in the 1960s and early 1970s, increased until about 1990, maps and tables. The comments of several anonymous and has since declined slightly (Figure 18). The southern reviewers were helpful.

stock index was relatively stable from the mid-1960s until the 1980s when it declined with a short period of increase about 1990-1991. The northern and southern stocks were REFERENCES CITED considered under exploited until recently (Sosebee 1998).

The red hake population is considered overfished because Able, K.W. and M.P. Fahay. 1998. The first year in the the abundance index is below the lowest quartile of the life of estuarine fishes in the Middle Atlantic Bight.

monitoring time series (National Marine Fisheries Service Rutgers Univ. Press, New Brunswick, NJ. 342 p.

1997), but only the southern stock (or overall stock) is Auster, P.J., R.J. Malatesta, S.C. LaRosa, R.A. Cooper, currently considered overfished (Sosebee 1998). and L.L. Stewart. 1991. Microhabitat utilization by the megafaunal assemblage at a low relief outer continental shelf site - Middle Atlantic Bight, USA. J.

RESEARCH NEEDS Northwest Ati. Fish. Sci. 11: 59-69.

Azarovitz, T.R., C.J. Byrne, M.J. Silverman, B.L.

" Red hake spawning grounds and the habitat Freeman, W.G. Smith, S.C. Turner, B.A. Halgren, characteristics of the grounds need to be identified. and P.J. Festa. 1979. Effects on finfish and lobster. In

  • A cost-effective way to separate and identify the eggs R.L. Swanson and C.J. Sindermann eds. Oxygen of various Urophycis spp. is needed to better define depletion and associated benthic mortalities in New what habitats support the eggs of each species (Fahay York Bight, 1976. p. 295-314. NOAA Prof. Pap.

1983). I1I.U.S. Dep. Commer. Natl. Ocean. Atmos. Adm.

  • The use by and relative importance to juveniles of Rockville, MD.

shelter habits other than scallop and clam shells needs Bejda, A.J., A.L. Studholme, and B.L.. Olla. 1987.

to be determined. Behavioral responses of red hake, Urophycis chuss,

  • What are the effects of sea scallop dredging on to decreasing concentrations of. dissolved oxygen.

Page 6 Environ. Biol. Fishes 19: 261-268. Goode, G.B. 1884. The fisheries and fishery industries of Berrien, P. and J. Sibunka. 1999. Distribution patterns of the United States. Section I: Natural history of useful fish eggs in the United States northeast continental aquatic animals. Govt. Print. Office, Washington, shelf ecosystem, 1977-1987. NOAA Tech. Rep. DC. Plates.

NMFS 145. 310 p. Gottschall, K., M.W. Johnson and D.G. Simpson. In Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the review. The distribution and size composition of Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 53. 577 p. finfish, American lobster and long-finned squid in Bowman, R.E. 1981. Food of ten species of northwest Long Island Sound based on the Connecticut Atlantic juvenile groundfish. Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 79: Fisheries Division bottom trawl survey, 1984-1994.

200-206. NOAA Tech. Rep.

Bowman, R.E., T.R. Azarovitz, E.S. Howard, and B.P. Hildebrand, S.F. and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Hayden. 1987. Food and distribution of juveniles of Chesapeake Bay. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 43(1). 366 p..

seventeen northwest Atlantic fish species, 1973-1976. Jury, S.H., J.D. Field, S.L. Stone, D.M. Nelson, and M.E.

NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-F/NEC 45.57 p. Monaco. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes Bowman, R., R. Eppi, and M. Grosslein. 1984. Diet and and invertebrates in North Atlantic estuaries. ELMR consumption of spiny dogfish in the northwest Rep. No. 13. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Atlantic. ICES C.M. 1984/G:27. 16 p. Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. 221 p.

Bowman, R. and W.L. Michaels. 1984. Food of seventeen Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman. 1980. Food of fifteen species of northwest Atlantic fish. NOAA Tech. northwest Atlantic gadiform fishes. NOAA Tech.

Mem. NMFS-F/NEC-28. 183 p. Rep. NMFS SSRF-740. 23 p.

Collette, B.B. and G. Klein-MacPhee. In preparation. Red Luczkovich, J.J. 1982. The natural diet, feeding behavior, hake Urophycis chuss (Walbaum 1792) squirrel hake; daily food consumption, and growth rates of juvenile ling. In B.B. Collette and G. Klein-MacPhee eds. red hake, Urophycis chuss. M.S. thesis, Rutgers Bigelow and Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. 57 p.

Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. Luczkovich, J.J. and B.L. Olla. 1983. Feeding behavior, Comyns, B.H. and G.C. Grant. 1993. Identification and prey consumption, and growth of juvenile red hake.

distribution of Urophycis and Phycis (Pisces: Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 629-637.

Gadidae) larvae and pelagic juveniles in the U.S. Methven, D.A. 1985. Identification and development of Middle Atlantic Bight. Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 91: 210-223. larval and juvenile Urophycis chuss, U. tenuis and Dery, L.M. 1988. Red hake Urophycis chuss. In J. Phycis chesteri (Pisces, Gadidae) from the northwest Pentilla and L.M. Dery. eds. Age determination Atlantic. J. Northwest. Atd. Fish. Sci. 6: 9-20.

methods for northwest Atlantic species. p. 49-57. Miller, D. and R.R. Marak. 1959. The early larval stages NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 72. of the red hake, Urophycis chuss. Copeia 1959: 248-Despres-Patanjo, L., J. Ziskowski, and R.A. Murchelano. 250.

1982. Distribution of fish~diseases monitored on stock Murawski, S.A. and J.T. Finn. 1988. Biological bases for assessment cruises in the western North Atlantic. mixed-species fisheries: Species co-distribution in ICES C.M. 1982/E:30. 12 p. relation to environmental and biotic variables. Can. J.

Eklund, A.-M. 1988. Fishes inhabiting hard bottom reef Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 1720-1735.

areas in the Middle Atlantic Bight: seasonality of Murdy, E.O., R.S. Birdsong, and J.A. Musick. 1997.

species composition, catch rates, and reproduction. Fishes of Chesapeake Bay. Smithsonian Institution EPPP Monograph Series, Coll. Mar. Studies, Univ. of Press, Washington, DC. 324 p.

Delaware, Lewes, DE. 98 p. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Report to Fahay, M.P. 1983. Guide to the early stages of marine Congress. Status of fisheries of the United States:

fishes occurring in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Report on the status of fisheries of the United States.

Cape Hatteras to the southern Scotian Shelf. J. September 1997. [Homepage of the National Marine Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 4: 1-423. Fisheries Service]. [Online]. Available: http://www.

Fritz, R.L. 1965. Autumn distribution of groundfish nmfs.gov/sfa/Fstatus.html.

species in the Gulf of Maine and adjacent waters, [NEFMC] New England Fishery Management Council.

1955-1961. Serial Atlas of the Marine Environment, i993. Final amendment #5 to the Northeast Folio 10. American Geographical Society, NY. Multispecies Fishery Management Plan incorporating Gannon, D.P., J.E. Craddock; and A.J. Read. 1997. the supplemental environmental impact statement.

Autumn food habits of harbor porpoises, Phocoena Vol. I. September 1993. NEFMC. [Saugus, MA.] 361 phocoena, in the Gulf of Maine. Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 96: p.

428-437. O'Brien, L., J. Burnett, and R.K. Mayo. 1993. Maturation Garman, G.C. 1983. Observations on juvenile red hake of nineteen species of finfish off the northeast coast associated with sea scallops in Frenchman Bay, of the United States, 1985-1990. NOAA Tech. Rep.

Maine. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 212-215. NMFS- 113.66 p.

Page 7 Ogren, L., J. Chess, and J. Lindenberg. 1968. More notes responses of prejuvenile red hake, Urophycis chuss, on the behavior of young squirrel hake, Urophycis to experimental thermoclines. Environ. Biol. Fishes chuss. Underwater Nat. 5(3): 38-39. 14: 167-173.

Pearson, W.H., S.E. Miller, and B.L. Olla. 1980. Stone, S.L., T.A. Lowery, J.D. Field, C.D. Williams, D.M.

Chemoreception in the food-searching and feeding Nelson, S.H. Jury, M.E. Monaco and L. Andreasen.

behavior of the red hake, Urophycis chuss 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes and (Walbaum). J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 48: 139-150. invertebrates in Mid-Atlantic estuaries. ELMR Rep.

Rachlin, J.W. and B.E. Warkentine. 1988. Feeding No. 12. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental preference of sympatric hake from the inner New Assessments Division, Silver Spring, MD. 280 p.

York Bight. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 529: 157-159. Tyler, A.V. 1971. Periodic and resident components in Reid, R., F. Almeida, and C. Zetlin. 1999. Essential fish communities of Atlantic fishes. J. Fish. Res. Board habitat source document: Fishery independent Can. 28: 935-946.

surveys, data sources, and methods. NOAA Tech. Vinogradov, V.I. 1984. Food of silver hake, red hake and Mem. NMFS-NE-122. 39 p. other fishes of Georges Bank and adjacent waters, Reid, R.N., A.B. Frame, and A.D. Draxler. 1979. 1968-74. Northwest Ati. Fish. Organ. (NAFO) Sci.

Environmental baselines in Long Island Sound, 1972- Counc. Stud. (7): 87-94.

73. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-738. 31 p. Wicklund, R. 1966. Observations on the nursery grounds Richards, C.E. and M. Castagna. 1970. Marine fishes of of young squirrel hake, Urophycis chuss. Underwater Virginia's Eastern Shore (inlet and marsh, seaside Nat. 4(1): 33-34.

waters). Chesapeake Sci. 1H: 235-248. Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse, and L.L. Stehlik. 1990. Annual Schaefer, R.H. 1960. Growth and feeding habits of the cycles of gonad-somatic indices as indicators of whiting or silver hake in the New York Bight. N.Y. spawning activity for selected species of finfish Fish Game J. 7: 85-98. collected from the New York Bight. Fish. Bull. (U.S.)

Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott. 1988. Atlantic fishes of 88: 775-786.

Canada. Can. Bull. Fish Aquat. Sci. 219. 731 p. Wilk, S.J., R.A. Pikanowski, D.G. McMillan, and E.M.

Sedberry, G.R. 1983. Food habits and trophic MacHaffie. 1998. Seasonal distribution and relationships of a community of fishes on the outer abundance of 26 species of fish and continental shelf. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF- megainvertebrates collected in the Hudson-Raritan 773. 56 p. Estuary, January 1992 - December 1997. U. S. Natl.

Shepard, A.N., R.B. Theroux, R.A. Cooper, and J.R. Mar. Fish. Serv., Northeast Fish. Sci. Cent., Ref. Doc.

Uzmann. 1986. Ecology of Ceriantharia (Coelen- 98-10. 145 p.

terata, Anthozoa) of the northwest Atlantic from Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia. Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 84: 625-646.

Sosebee, K. 1998. Red hake. In S.H. Clark ed. Status of the fishery resources off the northeastern United States for 1998. p. 64-66. NOAA Tech. Mem.

NMFS-NE- 115.

Stanley, D.J. 1971. Fish-produced markings on the outer continental margin east of the Middle Atlantic states.

J. Sediment. Petrol. 41: 159-170.

Steimle, F.W., Jr. 1985. Biomass and estimated productivity of the benthic macrofauna in the New York Bight: a stressed coastal area. Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 21: 539-554.

Steimle, F., R. Pikanowski, D. McMillan, S. Wilk, and E.

MacHaffie. In preparation. Demersal fish and American lobster diets and the forage base of Hudson-Raritan Bay, 1996-97, compared to diets in other Middle Atlantic Bight Coastal areas. U.S. Natl.

Mar. Fish. Serv., Northeast Fish Sci. Cent., James J.

Howard Mar. Sci. Lab., Highlands, NJ.

Steiner, W.W., J.J. Luczkovich, and B.L. Olla. 1982 Activity, shelter usage, growth and recruitment of juvenile red hake, Urophycis chuss. Mar. Ecol. Prog.

Ser. 7: 125-135.

Steiner, W.W. and B.L. Olla. 1985. Behavioral

Page 8 Table I. Summary of life history and habitat characteristics for red hake, Urophycis chuss. (NS = northern stock; SS =

southern stock; MAB = Middle Atlantic Bight; NYB = New York Bight; SNE = southern New England; GB = Georges Bank; GOM = Gulf of Maine)

Life Stage Time of Year Size and Growth Geographic Location Habitat Substrate Spawning NS: May-Nov.; Mature at 30 Southwest GB to < 110 m, to Unknown peak Jul.-Aug.; cm SNE; peak in SNE. coastal bays SS: Apr.- Oct.;

peak: May-June.

Eggs Dec.-Nov.; 0.6-1.0 mm MAB, Dec.- Apr. off- Water column, Buoyant in upper peak: June-July shore; May-Oct. inner shelf. water column.

widespread.

Larvae NS: May-Dec.; Hatch at -2.0 mm; Mainly western GB, Coastal, < 200 Newly settled larvae peak: Sept.-Oct. after 2 months mid-shelf in SNE and m; pelagic need shelter, SS: May -Nov.; begin descent to NYB; few in GOM. followed by a including live sea peak Aug.-Sept. bottom. benthic phase. scallops.

Juveniles Throughout Settle at 23-49 mm Estuaries-outer shelf; Mostly < 120 < 14 cm TL fish use TL; can grow -16 NS: offshore in m to low tide shells or live scallops mm/month; reach winter; inshore in line. for shelter; > 14 cm 10 cm by end of summer; use various sediment first fall and 15-17 SS: inshore in spring- types and shelter.

cm by I year. fall; offshore in summer and winter.

Adults Throughout NS: females mature Same as juveniles; 5-300+ m; Sand-mud, and in at 1.8 yrs and 27 center of abundance is prefer 30-130 holes and depressions.

cm TL; males at 1.4 in SNE. m yrs and 22 cm; SS: females mature at 25 cm TL and males at 24 cm.

aThe eggs of this species are not reliably separated from other Urophycis or Phycis species in this area.

Page 9 Table 1. cont'd.

Life Stage Temperature Salinity Dissolved Prey Predators Notes Oxygen Spawning 10-12'C Eggs Hatch in 3-7 days.

Larvae 8-23'C; most Copepods, Larvae and pelagic abundant at micro- juveniles use I1 - 19"C; crustaceans; floating or acclimation to feeding is midwater objects lower bottom usually for shelter.

temperatures nocturnal.

needed in summer.

Juveniles 2-22'C, most Usually > 22 Avoid <4.2 Mainly Dogfish, Primarily active at abundant at 3- ppt; most ppm crustaceans striped bass, night; avoid 16'C; avoid < abundant at such as goosefish, hypoxic conditions; 3"C and > 31-33 ppt. Crangon, but white, red on- and offshore 22'C. also amphipods and silver movements are and hakes, and temperature polychaetes. sea raven, dependent.

Adults 2-22"C; most > 20 ppt; most Avoid < 3.0 Fish and Probably Same as juveniles.

abundant at 8- abundant at ppm; most crustaceans. striped bass, I0"C; avoid < 33-34 ppt abundant> goosefish, 5C 6.0 and other I__I___I_ I_larger fish.

a The eggs of this species are not reliably separated from other Urophycis or Phycis species in this area.

Page 10 Figure 1. The red hake, Urophycis chuss (from Goode 1884).

Page 11 a) 1973-1980 1-30 cm 31-60 cm n = 780 n = 100 Arthropoda 80.0% Arthropoda 57.! All Other Prey 1.7%

Mollusca 4.8%

All Other Prey 2.5%

K Annelida 6.5%

Fish 2.1%

ChUetognatha 3.0% Unknown Animal Remains 9.2%

Annelida 5.7%

Unknown Animal Remains 6.7%

b) 1981-1990 1-30 cm 31-70 cm n= 1971 n= 2971 Arthropoda 76.

Arthropoda Unknown Animal Remains 4.4%

All Other Prey 1.1%

Annelida 3.3%

Fish 2.7%

Unknown Animal Remains 16.8% Fish 30.8%

Figure 2. Abundance of the major prey items of red hake collected during NEFSC bottom trawl surveys from 1973-1980 and 1981-1990. Abundance in the 1973-1980 samples is defined by mean percent prey weights, and in the 1981-1990 samples as mean percent prey volume. The category "unknown animal remains" refers to unidentifiable animal matter.

Methods for sampling, processing, and analysis of samples differed between the time periods [see Reid et al. (1999) for details]. The use of 30 cm as the segregation size between juveniles and adults differs from the actual size generally used (26 cm) and is an artifact of the diet database that summarized results in 10 cm length intervals.

Page 12 Red Hake Larvae (<26.0 mm length) Red Hake Larvae (<26.0 mm length) 4)

U 4)

U 4) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 19 20 22 24 26 28 Water-Column Temperature (0-200m, C) Bottom Depth (m), Interval Midpoint Figure 3. Abundance of red hake larvae relative to water column temperature (to a maximum of 200 m) and bottom depth from NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys (1982-1987) by month for all years combined. Open bars represent the proportion of all stations surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all standardized catches (number/10 mi2 ).

Page 13 F)SI-1t111-1 ~JSta~,ons 80 I= 1a 501 60 Winter 40 Wi nter 40 30

, 20 20 10 I! 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 20 Spring 60 .Spr ing 40 10 20 01 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 2 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 4W 40 30 20 20 10 10 0-1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 .80 90 "100 110 120 30 Autumn 20 0...... .... Bottom.......

-I I 3 5 7 9 II 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Bottom Depth (ft)

Bottom Temperature (C)

Figure 4. Seasonal abundance of juvenile red hake relative to mean bottom water temperature and bottom depth from Rhode Island Narragansett Bay trawl surveys, 1990-1996. Open bars represent the proportion of all stations surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all catches.

Page 14 Red Hake Mass. Inshore Trawl Surveys Catches Juveniles Adults 20-2 Spring 20 Spring 16 12- 15 4' 100 1 3 5 7 9 II 13 15 17 19 21 23 I 3 5 7 9 II 13 15 17 19 21 23 Bottom Temperature (C) Bottom Temperature (C) 40- 30" Autumn Autumn 30'

  • 20 20" 10" 10" 3 5 7 9 II 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 II 13 15 17 19 21 23ý Bottom Temperature (C) Bottom Temperature (C) 25--2 20- Spring 20" Spring 15" 15" I " 10" 5" 5" Bottom Depth (m) Bottom Depth (m) 25--2 20- Autumn 15- i5 W0 10 5" 5" Bottom Depth (m) Bottom Depth (m)

Figure 5. Abundance of juvenile and adult red hake relative to mean bottom water temperature and bottom depth from Massachusetts inshore bottom trawl surveys, spring and autumn 197871996. Open bars represent the proportion of all stations surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all catches.

Page 15 Red Hake w Stations NMFS Bottom Trawl Survey's M'Catches 30- Juveniles 5 Adults 20- LSpring 22201 15- Spring 10 1 3 5 7 9 111 3 15 17 1921 232527 29 Bottom Temperature (C) 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23252729 Bottom Temperature (C) 20- 5 16' 20" Autumn Autumn 12 15 4'5 I 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 1921 23252729 I 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 1921 23252729 Bottom Temperature (C) Bottom Temperature (C) 2020 16 12-1 Spring 1 Spring 4' 5-0-IL ~0- I-Bottom Depth (i) Bottom Depth (in) 40- 30" 30a Autumn utumn 2002 0"0 Bottom Depth (m) Bottom Depth (m)

Figure 6. Abundance of juvenile and adult red hake relative to bottom water temperature and depth based on spring and fall NEFSC bottom trawl surveys (1963-1997, all years combined). Open bars represent the proportion 2of all stations surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all standardized catches (number/10 mi ).

I Page 16 14- 35-12- 30 Stations l0- 25' Catches 8- U 20 15-jFL. FII 0.

4- [ 10' 2 5-FIE-U- 0 1 2 0 2 4., 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Temperature (C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1) 35' 30-30- 25-25 20-qI 20 oU I-15' 10' 101 5- 5- F U........................................................

I I m 10 15 2025 30 35 40 45 5055 60 657075 80 85 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 Depth (ft) Salinity (ppt)

Figure 7. Abundance of juvenile (< 25 cm) red hake relative to mean bottom water temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, and salinity from Hudson-Raritan estuary trawl surveys, January 1992-June 1997 (all years combined). Open bars, represent the proportion of all stations surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all catches.

Page 17 EStations I Catches 80 L J80 ~ll~

60 Winter 60 Winter 40 40 20 200 1 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 80 50 60 Spring 40

  • Spring 30-40 20 20 n OQ 11QQ.R.* 10- F" F

-1 1 3 5 7 9 1 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27' 0- 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 40 P, 100 30 Summer 80 Summer 60 20 10 20-. ] IE 20 3 10 20 01-1... 1 3 5 77 9 9 11 133 15

.2 17 19 21 23 25 27 10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 440 330 Autumn 2

10'

-1 357 Bot 9 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 Bottom Temperature (C) 27 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 Bottom Depth (ft)

Figure 8. Seasonal abundance of adult red hake (> 26 cm) relative to mean bottom water temperature and bottom depth from Rhode Island Narragansett Bay trawl surveys, 1990-1996. Open bars represent the proportion of all stations surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all catches.

Page 18 50 70 .

45- Stations 60-40 35- Catches 50" U

30' 40" U

25 61)

U 30I 20 15" 10' 10 20' . _'- r ll 5- nH I [In Fin I ýnl ArL.AlUri.-. - nFA 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Temperature (C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1) 45 4.0 40 35 35 30 U 30 6) 2 5' U 25 H

U 6.) 20 6) 20 15 5-10' 0*

5 U

_1FLFFIFIFriUA.j_

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 51 V

15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 Depth (ft) Salinity (ppt)

Figure 9. Abundance of adult (> 24 cm) red hake relative to mean bottom water temperature, dissolved oxygen, depth, and salinity from Hudson-Raritan estuary trawl surveys, January 1992-June 1997 (all years combined). Open bars represent the proportion of all stations surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all catches.

Page 19 Figure 10. Distribution and abundance of red hake from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras during 1975-1994. Data are from the U.S. NOAA/Canada DFO East Coast of North America Strategic Assessment Project (http://www-orca.nos.

noaa.gov/projects/ecnasap/ecnasap-table I .html).

Page 20 Hake Eggs Hake Eggs (Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis sp.)j MARAPIcthopankonSuves " 4MRA (Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis sp.)

etyplntnSres 44- 4 MARMAPSryMARMAP Ichthyoplankton Surveys 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh 1 ..- ,U* .1 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh 43- January to December; 1978 to 1997 41-'-o.,..- January; 1978 to 1987 s ilhoggs 29711 Number ofTo-, 433: with eggs = 37 42- X, 42-40 41.- ,41- ~ 4- - f 47 39 Egg 10Eg 39*- =rqn 1 36t-1 100ottO <10o<)00 0

- 3t6 1 u381 to

  • t)O -0toottl 61000( to -9) 029235 35"i

-*. r -- . .. 35"t -

76 75 74 73 72 71 701 69 68 67 616 6'5 76 75 74 73 72 7)1 7)1 69 66 67 66

45. - - .-I _ __  ! . I .. j '

.-- 45- 1 1 1 1' 11 * *O Hake Eggs Hake Eggs 44 Uroph-cis" "c. sp. and Phvcis v-p.). (Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis sp.)

44 MARMAP Icbthyoplankton Surveys MARMAP Ichthyoplankton Surveys "*' r Surveys-*

61 -cr Bongo Net; 0.505-m meshA ,_,hyolant" m61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh 61c bruarNe; (10m 43- February; 1978to 1987 ' - 43- March; 1978 to 1987

'4 e N theror 6ithegg, =77 8s_=53; 40.4

)9-o 1t 1- 0

~Nowe 37-i . J

  • lo~lO* *l"
  • to37 3 /IOto 0 10 155 -- 1 3576 75 7 73 72 71 7o 69 69 6;6 ,6 35--.. . .

76 7 24 7 7 7 9 6 7 6 5 76 7'5 7*4 7.1 7*2 '71 70 69 6'8 617 6*6 65 Figure 11. Distribution of hake (Urophycis and Physcis spp.) eggs collected during NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys from January to December, 1978-1987 [see Reid et al. (1999) for details]

Page 21 45- L 1 __t 45- - J . I Hake Eggs - Hake Eggs (Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis 44.) (Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis sp.)

MARMAP lchthyoplankton Surveys MARMAP Ichthyoplankton Surveys 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh 43- April: 1978to 1987 A 43- May; 1978 to 1997 '

Numb.-er fTows = 1020; with eggs =45 Number of Tows = 1085; with eggs= 131 42 - 42

"-I6 41- 41-,t 3O~~~)Eggos IOm' Eggs/ l1in2 None n None 0 10tos,100 '

  • 1 1t<0 37
  • t'* ,q to ll t 1001-l(WO 6
  • 0* :0 t-oomom t10.01o (lXl 36I 0 IlCOOto1215 36 " 10601o3131 3 35 35 r. . . 35-t I r r 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 6 6 66 65 76 75 74 73 72 1 70 69 68 66 Hake Eggs Hake Eggs (Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis sp.) (Incl Urophycis sp. and Phycis p.)

44-.4 MARMAP Ichthyoplanklon Surveys MARMAP lchthyoplankton Surveys 61 -cm Bongo Net; 0.505-ram mesh Y61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh .

43-. June; 1970 to 1907 // ( J0y 97to 907 beneoITose=709:withcggs=291 NnmrofNTowsh = 781Twith eggs= 553 N

42 42-. 9 41-. 41-

%....

  • v 39- 3, None E I l/lt10 0 101"o<0I0X 7 77(XX)t0 5617 74 73 7*2 "71 70 6*9 68g 67 6 74 73 72 7 70 61 60 Figure II. cont'd.

Page 22 Hake Eggs Hake Eggs (Incl. Urophycis sp, and Phycis sp.) Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis sp.)

44-MARMAP lchthyopiankton Surveys MARMAP Iehthyoplankton Surveys 61-cm Bongo Net: 0.505-mm mesh 61-cm Bongo Net;:0.505-mm mesh 43- August; 1978 to 1987 September: 1976 to 1987 Nunbehr of Tows = 863: with egg = 602 Number orfTows = 747: with eggs= 504 41-42-

"s~ /i* "

40-I 39J Eggs/ 10m Eggs /lIOrn' No-37

  • I to0(0
  • I to <10
  • 10 bo<I(h 0 101-* 100 I
  • 0 ol<1000
  • 16000-10000 S1001to-1000 10000 lo 29(238) 0 1000 to <10000 361
  • 10(g6) to 29235 100001.o 16637 35776 7'5 75 74 7 73 7 . 7'2 7 7'1 70) 7 6'9 6 68 6 6 6x7 6r6

-6 74 73 72 71 701 69 68 67 66 45 -- -

Hake Eggs (Incl. Urophycis sp. and Phycis .sp.)

44- MARMAP Ichthyoplankton Surveys 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh ex 42.

43! October; 1978 to 1987 Number of Tows = 1044:with oggs 42]

41*

39d Eggs /10~m

-None 37-

  • I to-ot
  • h0toot100
  • 100 1-1000 1(0001o,2419 74 73 72 71 70 69 66 67 66 65 Figure 11. cont'd.

Page 23 Figure 11. cont'd.

Page 24 Hake Red <26.0.mi . N7he-.

July (1982 to 1987)

To... 594, wib

.. 25 .

4- Larv..

44 MARMAP ]chthyoplankton Surveys 44 61-cm Bongo Net: 0.505-mm mesh July to December; 1992to 1917 e = 273 ,=, 43- . "

43 Numtrm <I Tows = 3400. with or?'

42- - 42 481-.

39- 4ava/I-m 38 Numbe of 3

Number of Larvaea/

_ _,_IrOva_ None I to < 10

  • 1 to < 10 37- 0 to< 100 37 10to 77
  • IMXto 643

.36-' 36-76 5 74 .73 72 71 70 69 69 67 66 65 76 75 74 73 72 71 711 69 68 67 66 65 45 4 - - - Auus- (198 1 it 1987) 1 I W5i -1 4August (9 2 1o19 7) .September 1982 to 1987)

Number ofTe, .584. with lur..c 45 Number ,fTo., 656. with o.- 981-43 43 -1 42-! 42-41-1411-39-., 3.9

  • rN'None,

/

"* 0<I0 3to . <lO 37" < 00t 0 "I to 213 60 100to643 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 69 67 66 65 76 75 74 73 72 71 701 69 69 67 66 65 Figure 12. Distribution of red hake larvae collected during NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys, July through December 1982-1987 [see Reid et al. (1999) for details]. Urophycis larvae are difficult to identify to species, and misidentification was a problem until 1982. Due to the short period of reliable identifications, the distribution presented in this figure probably represents a minimum occurrence.

Page 25 October (1982 o 1987)

Number of Tows = 526. wilh larvae = 5I 44]

43-42-41i Number of Larvae / Smo None Ilto< 10 10t(:,< 1,00

  • 100o3111 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 66 67 ý6 December (1992 to 987) 4 NMuher 4l'Tm = 349. with la-ac =2 44J 43-1 39-39- Number of Larvae / l)m2 None I to 6 35 -,- - . -

76 75 74 73 72 71 7(0 69 6K Figure 12. cont'd.

Page 26 Red Hake Red Hake NMFS Trawl Surveys NMFS Trawl Surveys Autumn 1963 - 96

  • Winter 1964- 97 Juveniles (<26cm) . Juveniles (<26cm) ..

.~x~p.- ~Abse~nt SX1e. 05 =Pesn

ý V4.

/A V' .Number/Tow S1 to25

, 25 to 100

' I  ;~ 15('X)):5I(5X)

, I5*M)to 2492 Red Hake g -97 'Su Red Hake - 95 NMFS Trawl Surveys NMFS mr16 Trawl Surveys Spring 1968-97 Summer 1963-9'"

Juveniles (<26cm) Juveniles (<26cm)

//%'::..:1." . ( 6 Absent

, ';. =Present Number/Tow 50 0 to I(S) 5(X)to 587 Figure 13. Distribution of juvenile (< 26 cm) and adult (Ž26 cm) red hake collected during NEFSC bottom trawl surveys during all seasons, 1963-1997. Densities are represented by dot size in spring and fall plots, while only presence and absence are represented in winter and summer plots [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 27 Red Hake NMFS Trawl Surveys Autumn 1963 -96 Adults (>=26cm)

Number/Tow

  • I to 50 0
  • 5 to 100 I M00to 200 0 2(X) to 500
  • 5(A) to 870 Red Hake NMFS Trawl Surveys Spring 1968- 97 Adults (>=26cm)

Number/Tow

]t to 25

  • 25 to t00 ItW) to 500
  • 5W) to I)W)O L 1)(0) to 1675 Figure 13. cont'd.

Page 28 Figure 14. Distribution of juvenile (< 25 cm) and adult (> 24 cm) red hake collected in the Hudson-Raritan estuary, based on Hudson-Raritan trawl surveys during winter (January-March), spring (April and June), summer (July-August),

and fall (October-December) from January 1992 to June 1997 [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 29 Figure 14. cont'd.

Page 30 i State of Connecticut DEP Long Island Sound Trawl Survey A pply.

SPRING 1992- 1997 S

,~~ .1 IM-'"..

Red Hake ',0*.' 150. ý2()(

400 20 S100 i ! ! !! ! ! !! ! ! i !! ý ! !!

00 r00 ~. .. . .0 . . . . . . .N. 0 . . 0 00 IN - 00 c IN -

OD OD 00 )

20 I

to' a 1....~.

00 00 - 00 00 - 00 00 00 L.ngd, (a~o)

V 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0' 00 Figure 15. Abundance, distribution and size frequency distribution of red hake in Long Island Sound in spring and autumn, from the Connecticut bottom trawl surveys, 1992-1997 [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 31 Red Hake Juveniles (<26cm)

Figure 16. Seasonal distribution of juvenile (< 26 cm) and adult (Ž 26 cm) red hake collected in Narragansett Bay during 1990-1996 Rhode Island bottom trawl surveys. The numbers shown at each station are the average catch per tow rounded to one decimal place [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 32 Red Hake Adults (>=26cm)

Figure 16. cont'd.

Page 33 Red Hake Red Hake Mass. Inshore Trawl Survey Mass. Inshore Trawl Survey Autumn 1978- 1996 Spring 1978- 1996 Juveniles (<26cm) Juveniles (<26cm)

  • '*:* '"/ ....* .... ,.,.2 Number/Tow o#,Number/Thw SI to 25 1 to25
  • 25 to 50 1'* 25 1.50 S50I(X)
  • 50 . 100

' S 1(5) to 200 10010 200

. 200 , 418 "t514 200

  • ...: ; ,:: **~ Joo,' ,

-Red Hake Red Hake Mass. Inshore Trawl Survey . Mass. Inshore Trawl Survey Autumn 1978- 1996 Spring 19782- 1996 Adults (>=26cm) Adults (>=26cm)

..... "T" fI"  : .Nunmtwrrrow

  • ~~~ I i 50 115 54 0 fn 50 to 100 i1o0020- 100 to 200 20~ 200 to W0%!200 Wo500

. 300 to 447 500 It 1893

. -:. ...: = i:* * ........ . ...

Figure 17. Distribution of juvenile (< 26 cm) and adult (Ž26 cm) red hake in Massachusetts coastal waters during spring and autumn Massachusetts trawl surveys, 1978-1996 [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 34 Gulf of Maine - Northern Georges Bank 18 10 16 14 8 ~

0 0

0 o12

-C 10 C.-

Cz 4 E c: 6 4 2 U) 2 II ..I I V. . I . . . . I . . . . . I . .0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Southern Georges Bank - Middle Atlantic 120 8

- Landings (mt)

..... Autumn survey index (kg) 100 Smoothed survey index (kg) 6 0 0 o 80 X CU C-

- 60 E

'* 40 '0 CU

-J

,, "U 20 0 .... .... ......... .............. . .... 0 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Figure 18. Commercial landings and abundance indices (from the NEFSC bottom trawl surveys) for northern and southern red hake populations.

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