ML20107L786
| ML20107L786 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Surry  |
| Issue date: | 10/31/1984 |
| From: | Sinclair R Battelle Memorial Institute, PACIFIC NORTHWEST NATION |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF NUCLEAR REGULATORY RESEARCH (RES) |
| References | |
| CON-FIN-B-2097 NUREG-CR-3094, PNL-5053, NUDOCS 8411130636 | |
| Download: ML20107L786 (45) | |
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- 1:s NUREG/CR-3094 PNL-5053 Secondary Side Photographic Techniques Used in Characterization of Surry Steam Generator Prepaied by R. B. Sinclair Pccific Northwest Laboratory Operated by Battelle Memorial Institute Prepared for U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission DD o!o0Obeo PDR
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NOTICE "This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States -
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NUREG/CR-3094 PNL-5053 R5 Secondary Side Photographic Techniques Used in Characterization of
.Surry Steam Generator M:nuscript Completed: March 1984 D:ta Published: October 1984 Pr: pared by R. B. Sinclair P cific Northwest Laboratory Richtend, WA 99352
. Pr:ptred for
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- ion of Engineering Technology j
Office of Nuclear Regulatory Research U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission W:shington, D.C. 20566 NRC FIN B2097 l
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- TABLE OF CONTENTS' Page i
INTRODUCTION- .. . .. . . . ;. . . . 1-
- - APPROACHES . . . . .. . . . . . 2
.TESSINA CAMERA . . .. . . . .- . . 2
, Specification'& Technical Notes . . . .. 8 BORESCOPE/ PERISCOPE /FIBERSCOPE .- . .- . . 9
' Photographic Equipment Used .. . . . . 13 LPINHOLE CAMERA . . . . . . . . . 13 Round Pinhole Cameras- . . . . . . 15 Rectangular Pinhole Camera . .
. . . . 22 Reflex Pinhole Camera . . . .. . . 25
' TINY-LENS CAMERA- .. . . . . . . . 25 LIGHTING . .: . . . . . . . . 31 Fl$shBulbs . . . . . . . . 31
. . 34 CONCLUSION' . ..- . . . . . .
. .. .. . . 35.
- REFERENCES . . . . . .
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-f.
LIST OF FIGURES Figure , Page
~1 Tessina Camera As-Mounted in Aluminum Box Used for Photography of- the Interior of the Steam -
Generator . . . . . . . . . 5 2; Photographs Made With Tessina Camera: A) Looking Up Toward Defonned Flow Slot;-B) Looking Down Onto Tube Sheet- . . . . . . . 7 3 Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the Olympus Flexible Fiberscope: A) Scope to Subject Distance - 2"; B) Scope to Subject
-Distance - 3/4" .- .
. . . . . 11 4 Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the Machida Flexible Fiberscope: A) Scope to Subject-Distance - 3"; B) Scope to Subject Distance - 3/4" . . . . . . . 11
-5 Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the Diaguide Rigid Fiberscope: A) Scope to Subject Distance 3/4"; B) Scope to Subject Distance - 5/8" . . . . . . . 12 6 Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the Lenox Borescope: A) Scope to Subject Distance 1/8"; B) Scope to Subject Distance
- 9/16" . . . . . . . . . 12:
7 Photograph Showing Image Quality of 3" Diameter Periscope - Scope to Subject Distance - 3/4" . . -14 8 Photographs Taken Through the 1/2" Diameter Periscope: A).Looking Up at U-Bend (Scope to Subject Distance - 2" 1/2"); B) Showing Tube Support Plate Intersection and Dent in Steam. Generator Tube (Scope to Subject Distance
- 3/4" --1") . . . . .. . . . 14 9 Cameras Fabricated for Use in Surry Generator:
A) Round Pinhole Camera; B) Rectangular Pinhole- l Camera; C) Tiny Lens ~ Camera . . . . . 16 1 10 Photograph Taken With Round Pinhole Camera Looking Back Towards 2" Diameter Opening in Shell . . . . . . . . . 17 11 Procedure.for Fabrication of Round Pinhole Camera . 19
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Figure Page-F12 : Film Loading Procedure for Round Pinhole Camera : . 21 ,
13 Rectangular: Pinhole Camera ' Photographs'Taken:
A) Looking'Down at Support Plate With Deformed-Flow Slot; B) Looking Up at-U-Bends-
. . . 23-
- _ c14 Procedure for: Fabricating:Rectaligular Pinhole Camera . . .- 4
. . . . . '24 Film Loading Procedure for Rectangular Pinhole -
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' Camera? . . .- . ., . . . . 26 16 Ph'otograph Taken With. Tiny Lens Camera Looking
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- Down at Tube Sheet Between' Tube Rows- . . . 27 17~ ' Procedure for Fabricating Tiny Lens Camera . . 30 18 Film Loading Procedure -for Tiny Lens Camera . . 32
- 19 Removal ofEIndividual Flash Bulb From Flashcube . 33 20 Flash Bulb Mounted for Use . .: . . -. 33 210 Modified Vivitar 283 Flash Unit With Ultra Thin Camera- . .- . . . . ... . . 33 x
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ABSTRACT.
~ The DSteam Generator Group Project utilizes a retired from service ~
. pressurized water? reactor steam generator as a test bed and -source of specimens for.research. Program objectives emphasize validation 'of the ability' to. nondestructively characterize ~ the condition . of steam
- generator tubing in service. . -Remaining integrity of tubing with service.
induced l defects is . studied through' burst and leak rate tests. Other program objectives seek to characterize .overal1 ~ generator condition,
- including secondary _ side structure, and provide realistic samples. for development of primary side decontamination, secondary side cleaning, andinondestructive examination-technology.
Characterization of the generator's secondary side prior to destructive removal of tubing presents a significant challenge. Information must be obtained in a radioactive field (up to 15 R/hr) throughout the tightly spaced bundle of steam generator tubes. This ' report discusses the various techniques' employed, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The most successful approacn to nondestructive secondary sidei characterization and documentation was through use of in-house developed pinhole cameras. These devices provided accurate photographic
-documentation - o_f generator condition. They could be fabricated in geometries allowing access to all parts of the. generator. Semi-remote operation coupled with large area coverage per-' investigation and short at-location times resulted in significant personnel exposure advantages.
The fabrication and use of pinhole cameras. for ' remote inspection is discussed-in detail.
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_ 9. . - EXECUTIVE =
SUMMARY
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?. - IThej steam fGeneratoraGroup? Project [util,izes 'a removed -from service -
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- vpressurized; water; reactor 1 steam generator. asia research _ test bed.- A'-
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_' ; primary [ objective r of the ? Project isidetermining the validity of current nondestructivehexaminationL :(NDE) i practices used- to characterize.
(generator degradation tduring; service. In-service NDE consists mostly of
- multifrequency-. eddyTcurrent; examinations conducted: through the primary m 1(inside) Dside f of ;theesteam1 generator tubing. Due to access restric-
' Ltions,Llittlefinspection m iscaccomplished from the : secondary (outside)
- : side of theftubing.';The efforts 1at NDE: validation combine primary side l examinations :.With subsequent removal ;of specimens for- destructive.
. - - . * : metallographic . assay.; Prioreto removal a visual characterization:of the
! secondary 1 side ican potentially pro. vide additional inputs - into. Lsteam -
generator condition.:. . Visual characterization establishes secondary side
? structural conditions, location of corrosion product build-up,-position
"' f : of. loos _e! parts, and documents corrosion: damage. This provides feedback-hon.the primaryasideLNDElresults and documents specimen conditions prior D . to:destructiveJremoval from the generator..
- I iSecondary Eside- inspectionaand' charact'erization presents; a number of -
challenges. ' The most significan_t is the need to. examine between the
- very : limited spacings -in .the: densely pa'cked bundle -of steam generator
- tubes. JThese spacingsjare further constricted due to sludge, corrosion (product, - i and 1 structural deformation during service. This. paper
~
, > describes the variousf techniques used for visual secondary side : char-acterizat' ion? including! fiberoptics, _ periscopes, borescopes _ and "minia-turizedi pinhole E cameras.- Each - technique. has its own strengths. and iweaknesses6 The; periscope allows' remote observations reducing personnel
~
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- fexposure,'butzi.ts size limits cuse. to the flow lane and; top' of the tube -
l bundle.' f Fiberoptics .can taccess 'all parts ;of the . generator but require greatLexperience in handling, to know what is being examined in thelvery -
1small; field ofxview. The _ technique is - time consuming,- requires staff
~
nearf the1 radioactive ; object, ?and - has problems with ' optical radiation -
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browning. ~ Borescopes give excellentt resolution' but require straight
+
111neitravel. Constricted areas are often' impossible to enter, even with
& thersmallest diameter; units. Staff ' exposure - tends to be .high. Minia-Eturized~ pinhole-- cameras' can and were fabricated in. -geometries allowing
. . Ta'ccess ! to "all-' parts of ? the ? generator.- Large~ depths of field' and focus -
allowed?significant areas to be characterized. within very brief periods.
. This-technique was_the most successful of any attempts. The technique,
~
. includingSdetails-1 of camera fabrication and use, is described with
- considerableidetail Lin the- paper. .Our hope is that this-paper provides
) -
' csufficient -detail to transfer the pinhole camera technology to the reader.'
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- INTRODUCTION
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cDuring'the. nondestructive:ekamination' phases of.the removed-from; service isteam generator, the basic photographic t problem has- been to : provide
,idocumentation of-sele'ctedLareas of;its interior. This' documentation is '
iusually? in : ax narrow f unlighted . space ' measuring up to 10-1/2.ft. in
- length, with access;provided by a ?5" or 2" diameter hole'. The work has i
- ;been. accomplished by two methods;- direct camera insertion and .borescope -!
< inspection.t ' Film? fogVcaused byL radiation' was anticipated 7t o be a
- problem ~ butnhas Lbarely been noticeable. Continued careful. cleaning
.)and/or the; absenceDof : smearable deposits - have prevented .any equipment contamination to date.~
~ IMost of- .the, direct 1. camera photographic' inspection - has required remote-ttechniques?with subminiature -cameras, the.-only-exception being the work f done.: through- the 15" and 31"- diameter openings;in the channel head area.
- This -remotelwork- was' done -with' conventional 120. roll ' film and 35 mm cameras. 2Largerhopenings' such as - the P-1 cut (10"' square) and 0 -
~
_ ! handhole n (5" o diameter) _ have only provided'. access to closely spaced 1
(perimeter tubes or to narrow areas called flow slot-regions.
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, ~ As: the ~ port -~sizeL and/or. work - s'pa e decreased,i i t .became necessary to adapt existing photographic equipment and custom" build smaller. cameras.'l
~ A_ market-survey of cameras: conducted prior to fabrication of these small
- cameras revealed there to be none available which could meet these basic .
- criteria
- ' 1)ismall'~ enough' to" enter a 0.4" space, 2) focusable 'over' 4" to a 48" range, 3) -electrically ractivated, and 4) - operableiup to 11 ft. - ,
ifrom-any component too'.large-to, enter a 0.4"' space.' Four-tenths of an
~ inch!is theEsma11est distance-separating' adjacent' straight tubes and was i Sthought !to 'bec a good reference' dimension. Larger and smaller; separa--
-tions.are expected to occur.. !
- Because the generator is aiself
- enclosed, densely ordered unit, there-is 1
- no suitable internal space to permit ' effective ' installation of lights' '
. forlinspection; inor -is- there any' benefit from external sources. All light' forl direct camera photography has.been provided by either a remote
- selectronic flash,'sometimes modified, or flash bulbs next'to the. camera.
Exploration' and subsequent photography with borescopes and periscopes
'hasj been an; important part of: the inspection, but their iuse requires: l extended-time'in the radiation zone, generally straight:in front of the
~
, -unshieldedqhole through which the instrument passes. .The mutually-(complimentary :use .of subminiature cameras and scopes -has been- effective -
- in , allowing personnel -to significantly reduce their on-site. study time and exposure to radiation.
iThis ~ report will discuss the various approaches that have been used for
- photographic Mpurposes and describe. how some equipment and supporting accessories were-adapted for'this use. Emphasis will~ be placed on 'the e method of pinhole and tiny;1 ens camera fabrication and use.
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- APPROACHES.
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(Theffollowing instruments nave been used to photograph in confined areas
- of othel: generator? interior: Tessina ' camera; - borescope and periscope; .
~
ipinhole u camera; tiny lens camera. , The major advantages and disadvan -
. . tages t of ' each ;as' related to this effort are summarized in Table 1;
.; however, a more in-depth look at;each approach in practice is . warranted.
n ,
i TESSINA CAMERAu i: ' . .
/This sma11' Swiss-made half frame 35 mm camera has -many advantages- that
.make Lit. an . excellent utool. for remote photography. The : total camera
' measures 5 2-1/2":x.2" x 1", = has a built-in spring wound motor and uses
. -standardf cassette 35 mm: film L(the user'nust reload this into a special a , cassette designed for the Tessina). This camera has. manual exposure
~
-S" Esettings, focuses down to 9; inches- and works with standard ^ electronic N< flash units with synch cords. These features allow the user'to have the
- .neces'sary choices and control-needed in this kind of photographic work.
L0nejof the=Tessina's major advantages, the-built-in spring wound motor, can.also be considered a disadvantage. After 6-12 firings, or as many
, , 'asithree times per roll, it has to be rewound. .When. trying to work at a
': rapid pace-in an extremely cramped area and with the camera wrapped to
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, avoid contamination,xthis: feature is a handicap. Electric motor option-
- is Enot provided by? the camera manufacturer and no independent' firm has Nyet.been" found to motorize this unit, though the search is not completed
~
E(aitemporary ' shift 'in generator requirements .to smaller cameras reduced
- the- urgency: of this; pursuit)n Interchangeable lens capability would- be 1a valuable asse* but its1 absence -in a . camera whose design concept was
, theavily influenced by pocket portabilityLis understandable.
i Adaption to steam generator work required fabricating a remotely oper -
Lable triggerinc and-locating mechanism and providing an ' adequate. source of light by which good exposures could be made. A narrow aluminum box iwas .' fabricated which 2 holds the camera in a vertical : position. . It-
- contains, a' smal' 12 volt solenoid to firei the. camera, a removable -45' a- ifront surface mirror and has a ' removable cover that permits easy access
- A to its. securely held contents. Convenient camera access facilitates the O "
rewinding 1 procedure -(see Figure1). Light was~ supplied either by a
- remotefflash tubeLin reflector, modified from a J.C. Penny Electronic h -
Flash.unitior a compact Minolta Pocket Flash 110, used as purchased. A
.4- : synch cord .is "necetsary' for use of either unit with the Tessina.
. 'y :Primarily,' both Junitz are made for hot' shoe _ synchronization contacts.
- but,a'special synch con' ~is available for the- J.C. Penny Flash. A hot shoe to pc adapter may be ased
- with either, but is absolutely'necessary-
' 'for,.the Minolta. In use, ti.a Minolta- unit is simply tape mounted next
, : to the camera, pointed at the trea ; viewed by the lens.
The tube and t reflector assembly was removed from the body of the 14 C.3 Penny ~ unit .and epoxy mounted in a small slotted aluminum block.
DThe reflector:was cut back in a manner to shorten its depth, and wiring
- Tadded'to extend it'8 to 10 inches from the flash body.
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L 3 TABLE-1. T Approach Used Major Advantages. Major' Disadvantages Borescope,. Periscope 1. See as you go and photograph 1. Requires extended observer time in-and Fiberscope exactly as seen. ' radiation zone.
- 2. Requires very little subject to 2. Must have sturdy support apparatus objective work distance. for best results..
- 3. Good angle of coverage and image 3. Requires accessory' light, if quality. (Fiberscope image quality' periscope. .
may be questionable.) 4. Availability.of1 extended length,
- 4. Rotatable with0UT,being removed. small diameter.
- 5. Continuous focus from next-to 5. Cost: Relatively high - up to-objective to infinity. ~$1000/ft.
- 6. Ready to use as purchased.
- 6. Browning: Normalfglass in scopes will-darken with exposure,to radiation. Higher cost, radiation-23 resistent glass can be obtained-in
' same scopes.
Tessina .
- 1. Small size; fully manual operation. 1. Non-interchangeable. lens.
- 2. Motorized.. 2. Spring-wound motor requires
- 3. Focuses from infinity to 9"; frequent rewinding.-
nearer with close up lenses. 3. Minor adaptations needed for this
- 4. Excellent image quality. work.
4.'Cannot see as you go.
Pinhole 1. Good image quality. 1. Very time consuming procedures.
- 2. Infinite depth of field; no 2. Cannot see.as you go.
focusing necessary. 3. On-site work requires' subdued
- 3. Extreme wide angle of coverage, light level.
- 4. Easily fabricated to meet many needs.
- 5. Inexpensive to build.
- 6. Very fast on-site operation.
r- .
-TABLE 1~. (Continued) c
. Approach Used Major Advantages Major Disadvantages Tiny Lens Camera l'. Excellent. image-quality. 1.' Greater camera-to-subject distance 2.-Inexpensive to-build. required than with pinhole ' camera
- 3. Easily fabricated to meet or scopes.
many needs. . ' 2. Very time consuming procedures.
- 4. Very fast on-site operation. 3. Refocusing and re-aperturing mayL be required - practical, but time.-
consuming.
- 4. Cannot see as you go.
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- $M A,,;ag, FIGURE 1. Tessina Camera As-Mounted in Aluminum Box Used for i
.l Photography of the Interior of the Steam Generator '
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With tiny screw ~ holes
_ drilled. in the aluminum block, this assembly was mounted on the camera box cover in a position directly above the ' camera J
<1 ens axis. _ Thisf alignment- enables 90' angle - photography, with the camera receiving'a reflected image from the mirror. - For photography of areasTabove,;below or. straight-ahead of the camera location. the mirror
? was removed and the camera " looked"- through a _ slot cut in the ' aluminum ;
y 1 box. In straight ~ ahead mode the remote flash tube was attached to the..-
i r _
outside box' edge next to the slot.and carefully shielded from the camera !
lens, with_ both pointing in the same direction. The work . space con -
figuration required susing the- Minolta ' unit _ for photographing above and below the camera location (see Figure 2). 'In these cases the light unit .
'f was positioned in r front of. or _ behind the camera - box. This flash 1 arrangement was':also used for - taking ' photographs' from inside the
. generator lookirg back towards- the pressure vessel, however the camera x was' mounted differently.
.Most work was 'done with -the camera and light box securely mounted on ,
either of several aluminum poles;of various fixed lengths or a tripod- ;
, leg with -specially'. built camera ~ support. This provided an extension r : capability when working in cramped areas. Solenoid activation to fire the. camera was by a detachable 15 foot cord with two :9 volt batteries in series supplying power.
Extensive color documentation of a. flow slot region and a' limited number '
~o f photographs from the U-bend area required many . exposure changes.
With the extremely short' flash durations of the small- units used (J.C. Penny electronic flash - 1/1000 second; Minolta pocket flash -
1/5000. second), _ the exposure: is- determined by the camera aperture -. ;
^
~ setting -(f/ number) only; othe shutter mechanism only synchronizes the
~ time. of. flash firing to coincide with its wide open position. The Lvariable speeds ' play no role when photographing '.in a completely dark environment. This is not~ so if the ambient light level is sufficiently-high enough' to register on film. _ A ready means ~of determining the correct f/ number as camera-to-subject distance changes is through use of -
guide numbers. - These numbers are usually 'provided in the information sheet supplied with the flash unit, and generally cover -the range of most popular films. .For example the Minolta unit has a guide number ;
(GN) of 22 with a 100 ASA (ISO) film. Assume the subject is-2 feet from the camera. The fonnula is:;
= Guide Number F/ number Flash _ to Subject Distance, in feet
, F, ..omoer l = h=11orR/11 Final judgement on the effectiveness of a guide number comes from inspection of the negatives. If. they are too dense, the GN should be '
made higher so that an f/ number of higher numerical value (and smaller
= physical size) comes from formula use; if negatives are too thin the GN should be -lower. _,
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FIGURE _2. Ph togr flad With A Looki DekormehphIowS$ot;B)TessinaCamera-LockingDowndato)TubeSbtetlUpToward F
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If a flash . unit' of unknown characteristics is made available or' if modified : equipment (changed reflectors or remote tube) is used, a practical _ method of obtaining a guide number is as follows: Set the flarsh tunit .a .known distance from the subject, 3 feet for example, and make 'a number of exposures varying only the camera aperture- (keep a record). Choose the best exposed negative from the processed film and
_ note the aperture used, say f/16. ' Apply the fonnula:
GN - = Flash to subject distance x aperture GN = 3 feet x~16 = 48.
More accurate ~ GN's are .de-ived when the experimental subject and dis-tance characteristics approximate those of real conditions.
. Specifications & Technical Notes Tessina Camera'-
e Size: 2-1/2" long x 2" deep x 1" high
- Lens: 25 mm.f 2.8 (53 Angle) e Aperture Range: f 2.8 - f 22 e Focusing: Continuous from infinity to 9 inches e Flash ~
Contact:
X or M (electronic flash or flash bulbs) via, pc outlet
- Film Size: 14 mm x 21 mm image on standard 35 mm film e Shutter: 1/2 see to 1/500 sec, plus B e Film Advance: Spring wound motor advances film and cocks shutter e Shutter Release: Mechanical e Cost: Approx. $400 Minolta Pocket Flash 110 -
e -Size: 1" wide x 2-3/16 x 2-5/16 e Synchronization
Contact:
Hot shoe e' Flash Duration: Approx. 1/5000 second
- Coverage: 36 vertically, 50 horizontally
- Power Source: One 1.5 volt AA battery e Recycle Time: ' Approx. 10 seconds e Guide Number: 22 with ISO 100 film o Cost: Approx. $25.00 J.C. Penny Electronic Strobe -
- Size: 2-3/8" wide x 3-3/8" high x 1-3/8" deep e Synchronization
Contact:
Hot shoe or pc cord e : Flash Duration: 1/1000 second e Coverage: 35 vertically, LO horizontally e Power Source: Two 1.5 volt AA batteries
.* Recycle Time: Approx. 10 seconds e Guide Number: 56 with ISO 100 film o Cost: Approx. $15.00 l
I l
1 Hot Shoe-to-PC~ Adapter -
'o Cost: LApprox.:$3.00
" ^ '
- Film --
1Kodacolor II, 36 exposure roll, 150100-used most frequei.tly.
L Kodacolor: 400, '36 :- exposure,' 150400 used sparingly in dimmer light.
situations.
- . 'e Cost
- Approx. $4.00/ roll Aluminum. Box --
,e Size: Approx. 1" x 4" x 5", milled from Type' 6061 machinable aluminum blocks-Front Surface Mirror'-
Camera mirror was cut from this product.
e- ' Size:' 49 mm square-x .75 mm thick e . Cost: $4.50 Jo - ' Source: Edmund Scientific
- 12 Volt Solenoid :-
el Cost: ,$3.99 Tripod Leg --
Four: extension unit for a Husky Hi-Boy tripod. -
.e - Cost: Approx. $65.00 Other Metal Camera Support -
LHollow steel pole, various ' length aluminum poles as needed.
e . Cost: Varied with product Miscellaneous' -
e' Wiring: -#22 Stranded'
- - Switch: . Push Button
- Batteries: 1 1.5 volt ~ AA; 12 volt
- = Cost: Inexpensive BORESCOPE/ PERISCOPE /FIBERSCOPE
-The major advantages-- of the scopes are the real time search-and-record capability and off the shelf availability of units that are small enough to perform ;in 0.4" and smaller - spaces; . The image quality varies with
-the diameter ~of the scope optics and the largest size which fulfills'tne
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frangelof anticipated needs :should be purchased._ To date, the only scope -
- ; photographic work has:been in the: U-bend region .with a sectional.' peri-Escope- withoutJa camera adapter. This: work. required that the scope be
' ~
- firmly tsupported and' the camera, on an! independent tripod with a posi-J,. '
- ;.tioning ' device, was;setiat'the' eyepiece. --A 105 mm,:f2.5 telephoto. lens 4 - Twith a shield to. prevent- stray? light' from ' degrading the-image was used.
The lens aperture;wasiset;at f2.5.'and focus set to infinity. AllLimage-
! focusing was done with the' scope focusing. ring as the; observer peered' ,
'~
thrc]gh;the(viewfinder. Most majoricamera manufacturers have special ifocusi_ng' screens :and viewfinders for Lscope work; these items were not i To E absolutelyJ necessary ;for; this particular effort, but did help.
. reduce camera vibration, the shutter was operated with a cable release--
~
Ethisiitem should :always be used. - Exposure times averaged 8 seconds on ,
'400 ASA' color negative film.
Thel work just described does not represent the most effective procedure -
but _one that 1.s productive ~if an adapter is not.available. Vendors will (supply a properly threaded adapter ring that acceptsc the . scope .on one (side' and screws into the camera lens thread on the other to ' form a perfectly aligned 'and light' tight union. Another method used by some manufacturers is to. supply a longer adapter which attaches the camera :
' _ body,- withouticamera. lens, to the scope eyepiece. The L eyepiece lens then functions as a camera lens. This approach enables- the manufacturer -
to exert;a high degree of. quality control by,1) assuring a correct size
%' image on the film, and 2) an image produced solely by scope optics.
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lThis eliminates the possibility of poor image . quality that may occur in~
the former method if: L 1) a lens of optimtm focal length is not used, 2)-
a>1 ens 1 of. poor 3 ~ quality--is used, or 3) a combination of both -occurs.
- High. quality camera lenses optimized for scope work = are available in a .t
" - range L of nfocal lengths and should . be purchased if that method is ,
preferred. ,
11th the' camera 1 correctly mounted, the special focusing _ screens and' 2 . viewfinders are absolutely essential. 'These clear screens will' enable
. the observer: to work.for a longer period of. time with' minimum eye strain -
Jand the' camera can be left mounted to the scope while performing search
' work.-
~
l0ne majo_r disadvantage. of scope use in a radiation zone is the lengthy
. Lamount f ofL time required -for exploration and subsequent photography.
'Usually the observer is directly ir, front of the access port and, camera ,
4 exposures typically range from 5 to 30 seconds. This will become even 7
more 'of a consideration when some future inspections are performed from
'a'small elevator platform placed next to the generator.
. . Two - flex' i ble fi_berscopes, an Olympus and a Machida. and one rigid fiberscope' by. Diaguide have been evaluated in terms of image quality and working 1 range. - The larger, rigid scope with its greater number of d_ (fibers forming the image: area provided the better quality photographs. .
m , iImagesl from the:two flexible scopes presented a much'more obvious fiber pattern. An approximate scope-to-subject range of 1/4" to 3" for these two scopes is appropriate:for the sizes of subjects of current interest Kin ~. steam generator photography. That maximum distance is greater with the rigid scope (sce-Figures 3 through 5),
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A B FIGURE 3. Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the Olympus Flexible Fiberscope: A) Scope to Subject Distance
- 2"; B) Scope to Subject Distance - 3/4" r
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I FIGURE 4. Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the fiachida Flexible Fiberscope: A) Scope to Subject Distance ;
- 3"; B) Scope to Subject Distance - 3/4" t
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j A E B FIGURE 5. Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the Diaguide Rigid Fiberscope: A) Scope to Subject Distance 3/4"; B) Scope to Subject Distance - 5/8" I
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FIGURE 6. Photographs of Sample Steam Generator Tube Taken Through the Lenox Borescope: A) Scope to Subject Distance 1/8";
B) Scope to Subject Distance - 9/16" 1
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t m j i m 3 i, _ _ , ,3 1A:borescope has'a lbuilt-in light . source, -a periscope does not; this 'is ,
' the main ydistinction between the.. units, and in itself.~ implies some 4
.differentLapplications. Two~ periscopes-and one borescope have been used j
- . in this work. . One periscope is ~a 3" . diameter unit whose- image quality is' illustrated ' in Figure 7. This . test photograph was ..taken by the camera ' lens method.- The; other periscope '.is the smaller 1/2" diameter
'w ' unit which performed < theiU-bend work referred to earlier,:. also by .the -
l camera lens method. No test photographs were taken,-but an example of- ,
the work produced is shown in Figure 8. The 1/4" diameter Lenox bore-scope's-image quality;is'shown with test photographs in Figure 6. These
- photographs _ were made .using the camera body and adapter; method.
A comparison of images from th'ese six scopes reveals the following:
L
'1) ?A large diameter scope provides better image quality than a smaller i diameter.
i'
- 2) Finer subject detail is' resolved by periscopes and borescopes than by fiberscopes of- comparable size.
l The far limit working distance within which good image detail may
- 3). l be expected is greater for borescopes and periscopes than for ,
fiberscopes. ;
Photographic Equipment Used
- 1) .Nikon F3 Camera Body (Cost Approx. $450). l
- 2) fNikon Type M Focusing' Screen (Cost.$24.00).
- 3).: ' Nikon'2XEyepieceMagnifier,#2315(Cost $29.00).
[4).-NikonDW26XFocusingFinder,#2317(Cost $155.00).
- 5) Nikon '105.mm f2.5 Auto Nikkor, Lens (Cost $150.00). -
- 6) - N.ikonCableRelease(Cost $8.00).
--7) ' Kodak Kodacolor 400 Film, 36 exposure roll L (Cost Approx. '$4.00)- .
"8) Husky Hi-Boy Tripod-(Cost Approx. $180.00).
Listing of.this particular.' camera and related accessories here, and of ,
c other equipment throughout this report, is not meant to' be an-endorse- ,
ment- but a presentation ' of the particular items used in this project with their' approximate cost.
PINHOLE CAMERA' ,
Sources of information on pinhole cameras are numerous. The accounts on which this work was based are Field Photot raphy, by Alfred Blaker,1976, published by W.H. Freeman and co., and 'hoto Lab Index, published by :
Morgan and Morgan.
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FIGURE 8. Photographs Taken Through the 1/2" Diameter Periscope: A) Looking i
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lThe- pinhole camera and ! tiny-'.lensicamera ' discussed in the next section
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ihave e many outstanding , features : that: have D been :well suited to this
- project.,
' ^ In sim
- hole:(ples't fonn,- a, of formula pinhole derived camera size) is a-side oon ione light totight form-box which: on an image uses filma placed onnthe other side ~ (see Figure 9). The hole itself is not a lens, but it. doeschave its own imaging characteristics of good image
; quality, infinite depth 'of field and extreme wide angle of coverage (see Figure 13).: Thesecfeatures cannot be t appreciated enough when remote work >is bein'g performed in an' essentially blind manner.
In4 photographing the generator U-bends, the pinhole cameras were in-
.serted in sets of 4 on'one pole and 5 on another. This allowed coverage L 'of approximately 2-1/2 ft. per work session. Because these cameras have?
no' shutters,- a - subdued : lighting . environment outside the generator is 1 necessa ry. -. This has no effect on the: photographic effort itself, uut may temporarily inhibit the progress of other types of work. L If extensive use can be ' made of a particular camera design, it^1s advisable to standardize dimensions and fabricate a fairly large number
; of these so that many pictures can be taken per work. session.- Standard;
-dimensions may warrant the' purchase of professionally made pinholes from
. an optics finn. ' As . no f comparison has "been made of these - precision -
L pinholes vs. the hand-made pinholes for this-work, data comparing cost, ! c time 'and visual merit are absent. ' Later parts of this .section give in-depth information on how to make . these cameras and' prepare them for field work. After reading this the main ' disadvantage of pinhole use-- the time consuming procedure--will be very apparent. Not being able to see _ exactly what is being photographed. as in scope work, is another
~
disadvantage when precise instrument positioning is needed to record the J feature of interest. [ 3 Pinhole camera development began wi_th test work using various rectangu-
. lar, square andi round shapes between 0.25" and 0.375" in- thickness or
- diameter.. Evaluation of image quality and problems associated with l handling the small pieces of ' film to be used through the cutting, i processing and printing stages were of prime concern. Tests showed that j while size is'an obvious factor, a good image can-be .obtained with all 4
diameters within the stated range while permitting-the camera body to be long enough to allow Ja practical' size film handling ' area. This ~ is important: in preventing scratching of dry film and for providing an adequate leader for. attachment to a larger piece 'of film for machine i processing. Round Pinhole Cameras-The first pinholes made for generator inspection were of the round tube shape (see Figure 9), 0.344" diameter and cut 2-1/2" long. These were ised for: cold hot and initial-legphotographs in newly) sides (see Figure drilledthen, 10 . Since 2" diameter a varietyholes on both of other situations- have arisen which have demanded new sizes and expanded the pinhole's applications. . Lateral left and right views between third and
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-FIGURE 9. Cameras Fabricated for Use in Surry Generator: A) Round Pinhole ,
Camera; S) Rectangular Pinhole Camera; C) Tiny Lens Camera 4 l t l l ,
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c ., ,. 1 l l l i I i f F I GU_R E ._10. Photograph Taken With Round Pinhole Camera Looking Back Towards 2" Diameter Opening in Shell
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; fourthirow :U-benditubesi called for a ! narrower tube a since the cameras
& _ (were actually: laying onithe_ third row' tubes and some maneuverability was desired 'in" case :a tube (s) Ewas badlyfdeformed. J A. shorter camera (1-1/2") ' .L ' -was also necessary:in)this case to allow. the lights on each -end to be
' closer together;and = avoid. a ;shadowJareaSin front of the . camera. The ,
F s : area. to ' be' photographed began sinunediately2 in ifront of the pinhole ar.d.
- extended.L 4" _directlyc ahead.: The > most: convenient: length - for round.
b (camerastof thisitype,:if length canibe chosen,41s'2-1/2". This permits
~
(the s size t120 roll ' film stocki to be ; trimmed :in one direction only.
> Usually the maximum diameter of the tube is' detennined by the situation, but a . practical: lower = limit when using Kodak's1Kodacolor II roll film,
, size '120, seems to be an:ID'of 0.25 inches. wThe upper limit would be an r - approximate ID of 0.5 inches, as ' a rectangular. camera with 1this film
--width can be.used instead. . - The- rectangular. camera focal length should
- be shorter _'and , its will . give ; ample- coverage without the -distortion icharacteristicsLof the round camera..
Materials for Assembly - ; o fMetalf tube:' Should 'be ' sturdy but easily workable. Brass was chosen because of ready' availability in a wide range of closely stepped sizes. Brass shim stock, .001" - .003" thick. Black photographic tape.: ^ . Vernier Dial calipern , The following' items o were also used T Small needle, electric drill, , drill bits (1/16" through' 1/32") honing '. (Arkansas) stone (medium surface), small . file, 7X . magnifier,112" ruler, - hacksaw, #0000 steel t ' , - wool, emery ' paper : (400; gr t), ' permanent 1 marker, small piece .of wood ' [ (approx.1" thick x -4" x 6 , scissors. - ~
; Procedure - See Figure 11 4
- 1) Select the: largest diameter' tube which will fit into (and come back
- out of) theLavailable work' space and remove a 2-1/2" long section.
. 2) ' Mark the centerL(lengthwise) of this tube and very carefully drill I .a 1/16" hole through ^one' side, being Lcareful not to' extend the L drill to the other side of ? the :ID. Make the hole larger with
+ progressively? larger drills until it'is 5/32" in diameter. !' 3) -Use the small file:to smooth rough edges where the tube was cut and dr 'ed. - Follow with fine sandpaper. Use twisted sandpaper to - I smooth the inner surface of the tube. Repeat on the inner surface with #0000 steel wool. I -
- 4) Put the depth extension end of the caliper in the drilled hole and i measure the distance from the OD to the rear ID of the tube. (In 1/4" [0.250] brass tube this is usually 0.235".) This is the focal ,
i -length of the camera.- i. U _
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urste~ O ~ p Tap Pin
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FL, ph = .0084 x / FL Icm x Icm Brass Shim Stock Magnifying Glass I h Measure Hole Guide Marks to Diameter Aid Film Loading l -
- j l
FIGURE 11. Procedure for Fabrication of Round Pinhole Camera L
h
.y , .5) .Use'this' measurement-(f.1.) to determir.c the size of the pinhole.
- Pinhole diameter = 0.0084 :: / f.1.
- 6) ' Remove a '1:cm!x 1 cm ! section from the 0.001" brass shim stock.
P. lace on.the piece of wood and with the small needle-carefully make
. a very tiny hole in the. center. ~ The needle is gently tapped with a l pencil or: other lightweight object. This hale should - be. smaller than needed as subsequent smoothing will enlarge it somewhat.
'7)l Rub this hole gently.on the Arkansas stone to smooth its irregular
- edges . .:.
-8)' Set the caliper gauge to the width given by the formula. Place on the hole and with the aid of a magnifier make the hole larger by
- drilling with a needle. from both sides and smoothing with the Arkansas stone until its size matches the present caliper width.
- 9) Securely tape this plate on the brass tube, with the pinhole 3 -centered over. the tube hole. Mark the pinhole orientation length-wise on the tube with a permanent marker.
The camera is now ready for loading with film. An infrared viewer is
'< essential for the following steps because it enables excellent visual observation .in a completely dark room. It should be mounted at- eye level by some means so that both hands are free.
Material Needed - e' Infrared Viewer Scope . Cost: $785.00 e Size 120 Film o Black Photographic Tape e ;Small Light Proof. Box e Scissors e : Brass Tube - next size smaller tha.. camera size
.x e Small Rotary Paper Trimmer
> Film Loading Procedure - See Figure 12
.1) Darken room; be sure there are no light leaks.
- 2) . Remove paper backing from the .120 roll film. This paper should'be tossed out and a small light tight box provided to keep film in.
- 3) Cut film to predetermined size using the paper trimmer. The best
# film size is that which, when placed in the tube, will not cover m , any.part of the 5/32"-tube hole on the ID but is so wide that its Fh' in-camera curvature flattens it to the tube wall. Some trial and
, error will = quickly give' results. The cutting. of film to be used J, for pictures must be done very carefully to avoid scratches and fingerprints. It is recommended that ' the film emulsion side be kept up to avoid < abrasions from the trimmer. A truly good method of performing this operation has not been worked out.
E
1
. p, r-1 Press Closed, Push into Tube l
1 I l [ t FIGURE 12. Film Loading Procedure for Round Pinhole Camera 21 I
m .
- 4) Insert the film in the tube'with emulsion. side facing the pinhole. '
The next-smaller-size tube is useful here if the film is incor-
.'rectly inserted, and in subsequent film removal steps, as it permits the film to be easily pushed out.
5)- Tape the: ends of the loaded camera to make it light' tight and cover
._the pinhole with a strip of black tape.
6)- l Place 'any unexposed. film in - the light- proof box. Room lights may be turned on.
' Rectangular' Pinhole Camera There' are three -basic sizes of these cameras used for -generator work;
. body depths are 3/8", ~ 5/16" and 3/16" (refer back to Figure 9 for photograph of rectangular pinhole camera). The lengths, 1-1/2", and height,: 1" and 3/4", are similar in each _ type. They were developed mainly for passing through 2". diameter holes and photographing up, down, forward and backwat a in the 4-1/4" space between the pressure vessel and outemost tubes. Since the camera-to-subject distance was so short, an extremely wide angle of cova age was needed. A more recent applica-tion was photographing the entire 10'6"-length area'just underneath the
>~ tube U-bends, looking up at- tubes for one set of pictures and down at the support plate for the second set (see Figure 13). The 3/8" deep model was best suited for this work because it gave the best image size / area covered relationship. 'At least ont stereo camera was made in each basic size that has provided a three dimensional view of a selected area.
Materials Needed - Same as with round pinholes, plus these additions:
* . Flat Black Spray Paint
'e Spruce Wood Strips, 3/8" x 1/8" x 4' e- . Brass Strips, .025'.' x_1" x 12"
- Razor Saw -
.- -e 5-minute Epoxy Procedure - See Figure 14
- 1) . Cut two 1-1/2" lengths from a brass _ strip.
-2) Drill a 5/32" diameter hole in the center of one ~ late p and smooth.
- 3) From a 3/8" ~ wide wood strip cut two 1-1/2" pieces and two 3/4" 1- pieces.
4). Apply epoxy to a long edge of each-piece of wood and attach tre the brass plate with the hole to form a box.
' 5)' -When dry, spray paint the inside of the box and one side of the
- other plate flat. black. Let dry.
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Q4 ,49 . 7y R ^ & ?.g f ; t h '%&,-j.'!)dY;, . g. ; L*22.' _ &%Q-[.i'l h QY . B FIGURE 13. Rectangular Pinhole Canera Photographs Taken: A) Looking Down at upport Pla te Wi tn Deformed Flow Slo t ; B) Looking Up at U-Bends
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O O O i [ 1%" < 4;jW'" };/i* o 2-1%" Brass Lengths - f 1M C & M M y'. e e~ a Subtract M - -'- FL fl14 .a B ;;- vil Table Tg
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a . , . l l l FIGURE 14. Procedure for Fabricating Rectangular Pinhole Camera l
- 6) To get the focal length, set camera on a flat surface, brass plate with hole side up. Use the depth extension of the' caliper in the hole to measure the distance from the camera OD to the flat sur-face. Subtracting the thick. ness of the brass plata. from this
- number will give the FL. (The pinhole aperture will be placed on the inside surface of the ca-: era.)
- 7) Perform steps'5 through 8 from round pinhole procedure.
8)~ Securely tape this plate on the inside of the camera hole, with the pinhole carefully centered.
. Film Loading Procedure - See Figure 15 The ' similarity to round pinhole loading conditions should be evident, with only minor differences.
- 1) Cut a piece of film to 1-1/2" x 1".
- 2) Place on the rear opening, with emulsion facing pinhole.
- 3) Put cover plate over this film and secure it (the plate)' to the camera body with a short piece of tape on each end.
- 4) Make the camera light proof by centering on a 6" long piece of photographic tape (long dimension of camera parallel with tape length) and wrapping to seal the perimeter.
- 5) Cover pinhole. Room lights may be turned on.
. Reflex Pinhole Camera Mention should be made of this unique design. The pinhole image entering the front of the camera is mirror reflected 90 to a piece of film placed on the side of the camera. The advantage of this camera is that it provides an undistorted. view of an extremely wide field while permitting use of a narrow body. The disadvantages are 1) the wide image expands so ' rapidly in the camera body that camera structural components cause vignetting, 2) camera size is large in relation to negative size, and 3) the special pinhole and mirror configurations make fabrication and loading difficult. Two prototype reflexes were built and their performance verified by tests, but they were never used. ~
TINY LENS CAMERA
-While these cameras do not share the extreme coverage and infinite depth of' field capability of the pinholes, their image sharpness over a reasonable field (approx. 35 ) is excellent (see Figure 16). An aper-ture placed behind the lens to control exposure and increase depth of field permits a useful, but limited, distance working range without .
needing to refocus. For generator work, the preferred focal lengths have _ been 16 mm and 18 mm. These have permitted camera sizes small enough to freely pass through a 2" diameter hole and enter the 0.4" G , , Brass Plate ! a Film; Emulsion Facing i l 1 g
- s l l Pinhole side kh) 6"
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-G l V:.w \- 3^0g;i 1 l up-1 i . . + . - v if. ;4 9 r(1.. d.q , ; Y e x*-l 3 .;x x g: {p. 4' Y($w.? ,.g ,, n , : j 1 e . , :, e w . ;3 W .J; k _:7M[,: 4 :! ,'s:S '-. s:7 ?W 3j f - W~ L' ,a! NN%1 . . ~ . . 5 ,LW AD ? a(^?*:d5$&dl) FIGURE 19. Removal of Individual Flash Bulb From Flashcube { ~ l y , _o / A Ig; #f^ OQ &; afk = ~; , .,; (;g 9agu;9p", .::m-T - . ., .s ,, & ~,. w;p w' a _. ' r t. 'E .j , f( s :. . 3 3 ,d 4 . .: k ' . . f.,.t[d s l ., -< j ..: i 7,; ' -,. . .., : n . s e, m - ;e - - W Q 3. . " . s , ,y' ' ' n' K =Mu2 Lux ~uieuas ,,; , ; A ,3 w .xxa.sadr.diuusw:an ~ cTda r -- 1 I FIGURE 20. Flash Bulb flounted for Use ,. / - w I N N '\ s 's' l l FIGURE 21. Modified Vivitar 283 Flash Unit With Ultra Thin Camera l ; :a ~ LAllLbulbsfper pole are fired simultaneously with a battery case contain- 'ing.three size D batteries. ~ ' Material Needed -- e- Flashcubes? * : Pocketknife 'o _Needlenose Pliers e A small box with tissue-on bottom Procedure - See. Figure 19 '1) Remove the ' plastic bulb cover from the flashcube with pocketknife.
- 2) Carefully. remove each of _ the four bulbs from the plastic base by straightening _the looped wires (do not cut them).
3): ' Carefully put _ in the box. Too many bulbs should not be crowded together because static electricity may cause them to accidently - fire. Electronic Flash' - A: Vivitar 283 flash unit was modified for use in those areas impassable by-flash bulbs. This work consisted of putting the-flash tube on 12 ft. of 2-wire shielded cables and increasing the capacitance of ' the trigger circuitry'. - Firing is by ' a push button switch (see Figure 21). Vivitar 283 Electronic Flash e Flash ' Duration: Approx. 1/1000 second - o _ Coverage: 43* vertically, 60* horizontally *:~ Recycle Time: _ Approx. 9 seconds
- Power Source: 4 AA batteries o Guide Number: 120 with ISO 100 film
- Cost: LApprox. $70.00 CONCLUSION Each of the' approaches discussed-in this report 1has its own unique set of advantages which makes it particularly applicable to a given range of inspection.needs.. As these needs change, further adaptation of current equipment and development of new methods may occur. The participants in
- this- remote , photographic inspection effort offer this report as an
- additional source of - information which may be of . benefit to - others engaged. in similar work.
LH - - n; . ?,*' c' . REFERENCES 'C _ - 12 R. . B'. lSinclair,1983, " Novel Ph'otographic Approaches to . l Inspection of; Nuclear Components." ~ Paper presented at. the Steam Generator Nondestructive Examination Workshop.. June 27, 1983,.Charolette, North Carolina. i 1 . t _%1 I i o e :_. 1 L HUREG/CR-3394 PNL-5053 R5 DISTRIBUTION No. of No. of Copies Copies 0FFSITE Foreign U.S. Nuclear Regulatory 3 Dr. J. L. Campan Commissicn Department Manager Division of Technical Water Reactor Service Information & Document C.E.A./Caderache B.P.N.01 Control 13115 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance 7920 Norfolk Avenue FRANCE Bethesda, MD 20014 3 Mr. M. Oishi, Manager 3 Dr. Joseph Muscara Steam Generator Project NUPEC Materials Engineering Branch No. 2 Akiyama Bldg., 6-2, 3-Chome Division of Engineering Toranomon, Minatoku, Tokyo 105 Technology JAPAN Nuclear Regulatory Commission M/S 1130 SS 4 Dr. R. De Santis Washington, DC 20555 R&D Manager Ansaldo DBGV Dr. B. D. Liaw Viale Sarca 336 Materials Engineering Branch Milano, ITALY 20126 Division of Engineering Technology ONSITE Nuclear Regulatory Commission M/S 1130 SS 50 Pacific Northwest Laboratory Washington, DC 20555 R. A. Clark (43) Mr. C. McCracken Publishing Coordination (2) Nuclear Regulatory Commission Technical Information (5) M/S P-302 Phillips Bldg. Washington, DC 20555 - 3 Mr. Terry Oldberg Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue P.O. Box 10412 Palo Alto, CA 94303 5 Mr. H. S. McKay Virginia Electric Power Co. The Electric Bldg. P.O. Box 564 Richmond, VA 23204 i l NRC Ponu 335 " u.s. NUCLE AR REGULATORY COMMISSION usu / NUREG/CR-3'094 BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA SHEET PNL-5053/ 4 TITLE AN O S ,BTIT LE iA ao vs.eme he.. ,'sporcor<ami 2.It.ew e, s Secondary Side Photographic Techniques Used in Characterization of Surry Steam Generator 3 RECIPIENT S AccESSioe,80. A N
- S. DATE REPORT COMPLETED 7 AUTMOR LSI uontn lvtAm R. B. Sinclair 3 4
March 1984 9 PE RF ORMING ORGANIZ ATiON. N AME AND M AILtNG ADDRESS Itacivor 2,a Coael (DATE REPORT ISSUED Pacific Northwest Laboratory \ woNTm lvtaa ,. October 1984 P.O. Box 999 ; / s a , ..,., Richland, WA 99352 \ ' /
- e a. - a -,.s 12 SPONSOR *NG ORGANi:AT'ON N AVE AND M AILING ADORESS Itact,ar le Coorf' p
Division of Engineering Technology t' Office of Nuclear Regulato'ry Research f n. nN NO. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555 \ B2097
- 13. TY PE OF REPORT et RIOD CQvE nE D f! acts, sere damsJ
} \ g .1 SUPPLE VENTARY NOTES '(g -
- 14. a**ve o'a'* /
- 16. AESTR ACT C00 =oras os erut h Characterization of the generator's s'scondary side prior to destructive removal,of tubing presents a significant challengel. Information must be obtained in a radio-active field (up to 15 R/hr) through6ut the tightly spaced bundle of steam generator tubes. This report discusses th'e,various techniques employed, along with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The most successful approach to nondestructive secondary side characterization.and documentation was through use of in-house developed pinhole cameras. These de' vices provided accurate photographic documentation of generator condition. They could be fabricated in geometries allowing access to all parts of the generator. ' Semi-remote operation coupled with large area coverage per investigation and short, at-location times resulted in
~ significant personnel exposure ? advantages, the ' fabrication and use of pinhole camerasforremoteinspectionisdiscussedindetaili \ \ \ 17 EEY WOROS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS , 17a OESCRIPTORS steam generator tubes , remote inspection 173. BOENTIFiE RS OPEN-ENDE D TE RYS 18 AV AILABILITY ST ATEVENT CLAS$ 21 N O QF P A GE S 19 SECURiTlassi unc fTa.s ied apporri unlimited 20 SECURITY CL ASS tTa s amers 22 PaiCE S %ec eoRv sss .uan U1:ITED STATES rounrans.ss ean NUCLEAR CE lULATORY COMMISSION POSTAGE 6, FEE 8P'do , WASHINGTON, D.C. 20555 usa o c. rtaxir m. til OFFICIAL SUSINESS 2 PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300 C rv E 7 2 8 c t 120555078877 L 1 AN IR S Is US NRC ADM-DI V OF TIDC ~ POLICY E PUB MGT BR-POR NUREG W-501 9 ( WASHINGTON DC r 20555 " C f mi C-m~ 33 : Nb mi E! c) m (( 2f m C "I3 ( DC -4 f OC
- 23 :
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