ML19329B628
| ML19329B628 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 08/03/1970 |
| From: | TOLEDO EDISON CO. |
| To: | |
| References | |
| ENVR-700803, NUDOCS 8002050744 | |
| Download: ML19329B628 (100) | |
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- UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION In the Matter of )
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TH2 TOLEDO EDISON COMPANY )
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and ). Docket No. 50-3h6
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! THE CLEVELAND ELECTRIC ILLUMlNATING COMPANY )
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Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station ) 1 a; t L APPLICANTS' ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
,, CONSTRUCTION PERMIT STAGE t
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AUGUST 3, 1970
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TABLE OF C0h"IENTS
. -Section a P_ag I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS 2 A. GENERAL 2 ~
- 1. Physical Features of the Area 2
- 2. Activities in the Area 3
- 3. Additional Wildlife Refuge h B. DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL DISCUSSION 5 (a) The environmental impact of the proposed action. 5
- 1. Radiological Releases 5
- 2. Liquid Effluents 6
- 3. Atmospheric Effects 6
- k. Ecological Imract 7
- 5. Population Effects 8
,_ 6. Recreational Uses 8 , 7 Construction Period 9 i 8. Benefits to Environment 9 ~
(b) Any adverse environmental effects which cannot 9 be avoided should the proposal be implemented. . -, (c) Alternatives to the proposed action. 10
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- 1. Fuel 10
- 2. Location 11 I 3 Condenser Cooling System 11 (d) The relationship between local short-term use lh
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of man's envircnment and the maintenance and
. enhancement of long-term productivity.
(e) Any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of 15 f-- resources which _vould be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented. III. STATE AND LOCAL AGENCY APPROVALS 16 L FIGURES (List on page 11) APPENDICES v A. SITE AND SURROUNDING AREAS
- B. RADIOACTIVE WASTES AND DISPOSAL C. LIMNOLOGY STUDY L
i
LIST OF FIGURES (At Rear Of Report) Figure No. Title
- 1 Site Location Plan 2 Station Location & Site Boundaries 3 Site Plan h Artist's Rendering N
t e ew e-Wte h I w. 6m M w G e e 11
I. INTRODUCTION r This Report is submitted by Applicants pursuant to proposed revised Appendix D of 10 CFR 50 as published in the Federal Register, June 3. 1970 and in response to letter request from the Director of the Division of Reactor Licensing dated April 24, 1970. The Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station site is located in Northwestern
- Ohio on the shore of Lake Erie in Carroll Township, Ottawa County, approximately six miles northeart of Oak Harbor. The site and station will be jointly owned by The Tolc$o Edison Company and The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company.
l The station will employ a pressurized water nuclear steam system t r- furnished by The Babcock & Wilcox Company and will have a net electrical I capacity of 872,000 kilowatts. Bechtel Company is the architect-engineer
. and construction manager.
On August 1,1969 an application was filed with the Atomic Energy [ Commission for all necessary AEC licenses to construct and operate the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. Site preparation activities are currently underway and construction presently is scheduled to start in the last quarter of 1970, to provide for a commercial operation date of December 1974. F L._ F h s. b-W- 1
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II. E;IVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS A. GENERAL
. l. Physical-Features of the Area The station site is located on the south shore of Lake Erie in an area i
where the terrain is virtually featureless. The site covers an area of about 950 acres, of which about 585 acres is marshland, and the balance is marginal farmland. The site has a 7,250 foot frontage on Lake Erie. The generating unit vill be about 3,000 feet inland from the shore line at the
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closest point and at least 2,400 feet from any boundary of the site. The land area to the south and vest is devoted to farming while the lake extends to the north and east of the station site. The shore line area
, . - has a number of trees which are also present along the marsh areas within and adjacent to the site. Within a radius of 5 miles around the station
, site there are in addition to the water of Lake Erie and the extensive farming activities, public recreation areas, an industrial complex,
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federal and state vildlife refuge areas and private vildfowl marshes. Although the station structures vill be tall they are being designed to blend them into the physical area to the extent practicable and to present a pleasing architectural appearance. An artist's rendering of thestationisshownonFihurek. To provide for a means of receiving the barge in which the' reactor vessel vill be transported to the site, a canal vill be constructed through i i
+- the marsh to the shore line. This canal vill also serve as a means of obtaining lake water for station operation. A dike vill also be con-
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structed at the. north station property line to separate the marsh areas within the site boundaries from an adjacent privately-owned marsh. This u.
, . _ dike and canal together with other existing dikes, and pumping stations 1
2
to be installed by Applicants, will serve as a means to provide water level
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control to marsh sections for better management as a va+ er fowl refuge by the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. The canal vill be closed at the shore line after arrival of the i reactor vessel, and a submerged intake pipe vill extend 2,500 feet from s the shore line to an intake crib as a means of supplying veter to the r closed canal. This means of obtaining lake water involves no change to the physical features of the lake as they now exist. The arrangement of the station structures and site features are shown on Figure 3
- 2. Activities in the Area 1 As noted above, the major land use in the immediate vicinity is for p- farming.
i There are two small communities located northwest of the site
- boundary which are summer and year-round residences along the beach front of Lake Erie. These are called Sand Beach and Long Beach. The nearest
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! community of any size is Oak Harbor, with a population of 2,900 located
<- six miles vest southwest of the site. Port Clinton, with a population of i
6,900 is 6 miles to the southeast. Toledo is 21 miles to the west. The I nearest industrial operations are at the Erie Industrial Park located four l_. miles to the southeast. A number of public recreational areas are within t a few miles of the site with the nearest ones being Crane Creek State Park, six miles vest and the Toussaint Wildlife Area four miles vest. s The State Magee Marsh Wildlife Area is located three miles vest adjacent to the Crane Creek State Park. Continuing vest beyond the Magee Marsh is the extensive Ottava National Wildlife Refuge administered by the U. S. Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife. The location of these activities in relation to the station site are shown on Figure 1. m" 3
i The presence of the station in this area is not expected to cause
,- any changes in patterns of land and water use. Ottawa County, and in
.i , particular the Benton-Carroll-Salem Local School District, vill benefit greatly from the increased tax base when the station is completed. This area being predominantly rural in nature, does not enjoy an extensive tax base -- vill receive the benefits without many of the proble=s associated with adding a new industrial complex employing a considerable number of people for its operation.
- 3. Additional Wildlife Refuge The arrangement by which the site was acquired will result in a long-term enhancement of the environment.
- Initially, an option was acquired on an established privately-owned game marsh east of the present site and closer to the City of Port Clinton
. (Darby Marsh) . The Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife had recently acquired what is mostly the principal part of the marsh area of the present site, for development as a National Wildlife Refuge (Navarre Marsh).
( In order to provide a larger exclusion area for the station (largely by acquisition of adjacent land not owned by the Bureau and available without relocation of a state highway) and to locate farther from Port Clinton, it was arranged to exchange the properties , but with a provision that the Bureau would have management under a long-ter= lease arrangement,
,_ of the unused marsh areas at the station, including other marshland - purchased from others , as a vildlife refuge. The net result was the elimination of a private game marsh and the addition cf over 500 acres
+, to the area under Bureau management. Mr. John Gottschalk, Director of
.. *he Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife, said at the time this exchange treement was announced, "high quality water fowl habitat under Bureau
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management in this area vill be more than doubled by this transaction with
- Toledo Edison. This project is a mutually beneficial effort between t
." government and industry."
[ i B. DETAILED ENVIRONMENTAL DISCUSSION There follows a detailed discussion of the environmental factors and assessment of their impact under the subjects listed in proposed Appendix D.
.- (a) The environmental impact of the proposed action
- 1. Radiological Releases In any nuclear power station, there are vastes which are radioactive.
i The radioactive vaste handling facilities for the Davis-Be.sse Station are being designed so that this vaste is processed in a manner which results in releases to the environment that will be as lov as practicable and a small fraction of the limits specified in 10 CFR 20. A description of the
. radioactive vastes and processing systems is contained in Appendix B of i
this report. { A comprehensive environmental monitoring program vill be started prior
,_ to operation to determine the magnitude of the natural radioactivity in the i environment surrounding the station and vill include environmental sampling of lake and well water, soil, air particulate matter, farm products, lake biota, and bottom sediments. This program vill continue after station operation commences to detect and evaluate any change in radioactivity of u
the environment due to operation of the station. It is expected that any L changes in radioactivity levels vill be insignificant and will have no effect on the environra..c. The results of these programs will be sub-i mitted 'to both federal and state agencies as required and vill be available to any interested groups or individuals. E. 5
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-J Additionally, Applicants have been conducting a study of the local
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,. lake area since 1968. The results tc date of this study are given in ,
I-~ Appendix C of th' eport. Que purpose of this study is to determine i -
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the type and ' of the lake biota to ascertain the extent that this e-- biota could concentrate radionuclides which might be discharged from the station during operaticn. Information obtained from this continuing study and from the environmental monitoring program, vill be used, among other purposes, to assure that the small amount of liquid radicactive releases will not prevent nortal utilization of the lake environment. I
- 2. Liquid Effluents Because of the use of a closed cycle cooling system with a cooling tower, there vill be only limited discharge of water containing vaste I
heat from the station. Chemical vastes generated by a nuclear plant
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are extremely small compared to those from other types of industrial plants. All liquid discharges, including those from the plant severage system, vill be in accordance with the water quality standards as in
. effect for the area.
r. l Pursuant to Item 6 of proposed revised Appendix,D of 10 CFR 50, there is omitted any detailed discussion of water quality aspects.
, Section 21(b) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act as enacted April 3,1970 requires the Applicants to provide certification fram the L State or other appropriate authority that there is reasonable assurance that applicable water quality standards will not be violated. Under Section 21(b) (8) of that Act, since the construction permit had already been Z
applied for, certification pursuant to Section 21(b) may be submitted to the u_ Commision by Applicants within one year after issuance of the con-struction permit within one year after enactment. 3 Atmospheric Effects
-~ The large quantities'of lov temperature unrecoverable heat contained
-in the' condenser cooling water that must be rejected to the environment, 6_
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will be re,jected almoct entirely, directly to the atmosphere through a m closed cycle cooling tower system. This systeu vill employ a single l . natural draft tower which will be abou+. h50 feet high. i Since the cooling mechanism ia. almost entirely by evaporation, the air leaving the top of the tower is almost saturated with water vapor. This moisture in the varmer air exiting from the top of the tower vill condense and form a visible vapor plume which will disperse as it moves downwind. The climatic effects of cooling towers have been studied by The e Travelers Research Corporation, the Applicants ' meteorological consultant.
, This study shows that a visible, but elevated, plume vould normally per-r-
sist for 1.2 to 2.3 miles downwind and in cold weather could persist under unusual conditions for as far as 2C miles in the downwind direction. It b is . estimated . hat these unusual conditions could occur during 22 days per year. This study also shows that the visible plume would touch the ground [ less than 2% of the time on an annual basis. During rare vinter conditions, r this plume could cause some icing on structures at or near grcund level at I a dis cance of 1 to 2 miles from the tower in the downwind direction.
- h. Ecological Impact
,_ There should be no significant adverse ecological impact from the - presence of the station in this location. The results to date of extensive studies have shown that no adverse effects to the lake ecology could have
_ been expected with a condenser cooling water system utilizing the lake waters and with the decision to employ a closed cycle system there should be no question concerning the effect of the small amount of liquid effluent _. discharges involved with a closed cycle system. w = ( 7 me-
f 4 The levels of radioac't.ivity that vill be released, being as lov as t practicable and a small fraction of the limits allowed should cause no
; ecological changes . The continuing limnology study will verify that no organisms vill concentrate released radioactivity to any significant level r
and the planned environmental monitoring program vill keep a constant check m on radioactivity level in the environment. The marsh areas within the station site vill be undisturbed during construction and operation except for the dike and canal work. The dike and canal vill enhance the marsh area for better management as a wildlife refuge by providing a means for water level control, thus increasing its productivity _. for vild water fowl and other natural wildlife. 5 Population Effects As indicated, the area in which the site is located is rural, and thus lightly populated. It is anticipated that the existence of the station vill make little or no change in this respect. The station vill employ only about 65 persons when in operation and it is anticipated that they will i live mostly in the established municipalities of Port CAinton or Oak Harbor or in the Toledo area.
- 6. Recreational Uses L As pointed out, there have been no previous recreational uses of the
, station site. Operation of the station vill in no way interfere with the use of adjacent Lake Erie waters for boating, fishing and other recreational 1
activities, t__ No recreational facilities are planned for the site, except as the
- management of the marshland as a wildlife refuge by the Bureau of Sports
- Fisheries and Wildlife which vill be in the interests of recreation.
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r 7,,- Construction Period
." During construction, water pumped from the station excavation area e--
, is being retained in aeration ponds prior to being released to remove t-dissolved hydrogen sulfide contained in the ground water. The sewage t treatment plant vill be in operation during the major portion of construction
[-- for the proper processing of sewage vastes. Care is being taken and will continue to be exercised so that construction' activities do not change the character of the marsh areas.
- b. Benefits to Environment
,. Important to note is that the output of this station vill be used in vays which will enhance the environment, such as for light, air condition-ing, humidity control and water pu= ping and for power and heat purposes in place of other forms of energy which may have an adverse effect on the environment, particularly if conducted at innumerable points of use in closely built up areas. The output of the unit is expected to be in the
, range of_6.1 billion hvh per year. While the energy production of this particular. unit will not be traceable to any particular point of use, y
it vill be added to other electric energy available from the system of
, Applicants and other interconnected systems and vill provide additional i
L. power to care for the needs mentioned above and many other uses. The foregoing assessment of the environmental impact has considered both the local area and general area and it is felt that the constru: tion and operation ~of the station is compatible with the area within which it is located and vill have no adverse impact on the environment.
- [. (b) Any adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided should the proposal be implemented.
As indicated in (a) above, there are no adverse environmental effects anticipated from the construction and operation of the Davis-Besse Station. 9 2_
(c). Altsrnatives to the propotsd action. The Toledo Edison Company and The Cleveland Electric Illuminating r-Company are members of the Central Area Power Coordination Group (CAPCO) E- which is a grouping of four electric utility companies in Ohio and
;
Pennsylvania (plus a subsidiary of one). The purpose of this grouping
~ , together is to bring about economies in operation and reliability of power supplies in the areas served by these companies. As a part of the i
(- plans and commitments agreed upon by the Group members in 1967, initially j- four jointly-owned electric generating units are to be installed, one on i each of the four systems . The size an,d planned operational dates of all of these units was based on the projected power requirements of the i-CAPCO Group members and the reserve capacity needed to assure reliability of service, basea upon past experience and the best available information ,- as to future requirements. Subsequent developments indicate that the I output of each of these units vill be highly essential by each scheduled
. operation date. Thus the entime operation of these units will contribute i
to meeting "the' growing national need for electric power" recognized by (. {' the Commission in proposed revised Appendix D. The Davis-Besse Nuclear r-. Power Station vill be the fourth unit to be installed and vill be jointly I ! owned by Toledo Edison and the Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co=pany, [ and is to be installed on the Toledo Edison system. L_ Because cf the indicated power requirements, the alternatives con-sidered in providing the required additional generating capability were type of fuel, location and type of condenser cooling water system. L_ 1. rue 1 Since neither fuel oil nor natural gas are practically available in C the area as power plant fuel, the alternatives considered were coal and nuclear fuel. All studies have indicated that for a unit of this size in this area, u
.- nuclear fuel would provide the lowest cost power and energy. From the L- environmental aspect, the choice of nuclear fuel eliminates all stack dis-charges that are associated with a coal-fired unit.
L- 10
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- 2. Location
_ With respect to location, the need for an abundant source of water and i i i,* a means to bring in the barge used to transport the reactor veo. .1 dictated
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a site either on Lake Erie or on the lower Maumee River, within the City of Toledo. Sites in or near Toledo were eliminated because of the requirements t-~
; of the Commission's siting criteria as provided in 10 CFR 100,11. Also because of the relation of the unit to the CAPCO arrangement, it was i most economical and prudent to locate the unit near the eastern end of the Toledo Edison service area (approximately at the site). Because of this consideration,10 CFR 100.11, the fact that most of the lake shore between Toledo and the chosen site is occupied by federal or ctate wildlife refuges or marshes, other public property and some built-up su=mer or year-round residential areas, the site chosen is practically the only r.
, available one in the generally indicated area. The main site acquisition, through exchange with the U. S. Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife c.
l_ as described above, was agreed to in October 1967 and executed in i January 1968.
!. 3 Condenser Cooline System r All major electrical generating stations , except hydro, utilize steam ; .
turbines which result in large quantities of lov temperature unrecoverable heat that must be discharged to the environment. This heat is contained in the stear. that has pa: sed througu the turbine and has been e:Jiausted L, into a condenser at a high vacuum. Cooling water is passed through condenser tubes where this unrecoverable heat is exchanged to the cooling water, raising, the temperature of the cooling water. This te=perature rise is normally in the order of 120F to 280F dependent on the particular m m 3 11 ,L l
I design. The cooling water in most stations comes from c river or lake and is returned to the same body of water from which it was drawn. I
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This unrecoverable heat is ultimately rejected to the atmosphere through evaporative cooling, radiation and convection from the discharge cooling i vater, r-It was originally proposed to use the waters of Lake Erie for this purpose using a flow of 685,000 gp= with an 180F temperature rise across I the condenser. It had been planned to discharge this water back into Lake Erie through a restricted discharge where dilution with the unrestricted lake vater would result under usual conditions in an area of the lake having F a SOF or aigher temperatur above ambient of about 88 acres. This plan was subsequently revised to provide for dilution of the condenser cooling water so as to involve a discharge of 1,027,000 gpm with a 12 F rise i
- above ambient which would result in an area with SOF or high,er temperature r .
j t above ambient of about 37 acres. Either of these arrangements would not
, produce undue changes to the ecology of the local lake area based upon L the extensive studies that have been conducted.
However, ' Applicants have decided to provide for rejection of this L unrecoverable heat to the environment through a closed cycle system I utilizing a natural draft cooling tower to reject the hea' in the condenser cooling water directly to the atmosphere. T [. The decision to use a closed cooling water system was based on a number of factors , including the following: (i) numerous statements of representatives of the Federal Water i Quality Administration and others connected with the Department of the Interior opposing large additions of heat to Lake Erie from power plants, l [ 12 L.
i 1 (ii) uncertainty as to water quality standards applicable to the l 1
. area, resulting from contradictory statements on the subject by Federal
[- and State authorities, 3.- (iii) tentative approval of thermal discharge standards for the r- { station by State authorities based on the use of an open cycle system, _ but conditioned on installation of cooling covers "as are necessary to i meet the approved Water Quality Standards", which as indicated were r" uncertain, (iv) the publicly expressed concern of conservation and other organizations as to the effect of an open cycle system on the ecology of Lake Erie, (v) The overriding need of having the station in operation on r~ schedule stnd thus avoiding the possibility of delays pending decisions as i to applicable water quality standards , and !+ (vi) the avoidance of duplicate costs involved in one system being partially or wholly built and then required to be replaced by a different
. system.
r The public interest involved in the last two factors was deemed so great that the more costly and less efficient system should be installed. Applicants, as public utilities, are duty bound to use their best efforts u. to supply the needs of their customers. Because of constantly increasing demands for power it is very important that the unit be in operation f without delay. It is estimated that the additional capital cost of the station with the closed cycle cooling system vill be about $9 million and that the annual cost, giving effect to extra costs and reduced output, vill be about $ 3 million. Use of a pooling pond for this station is impractical. The required 7 pond area voula be at least 1,200 acres with a minimum depth of 10 feet. 13 m-
. .m This area is in excess of the entire station site. Acquisition of the necessary area and cost of excavating and diking would be prohibitive.
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, Aside from all other considerations , the agreement with the Bureau of
,-f~~ Sports Fisheries and Wildlife precludes use of the site for a pond.
(d) '"'he relationship between local short-term use of man's environment F
; and the maintenwice and enhancement of long-ter= productivity.
The proposal does not involve a short-term operation but the i maintenance of long-term productivity, i.e. for the life of the station.
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As pointed out under (a) above, there should be no short-term or long-i term adverse effect on the environment. The land area occupied by the station structures and needed for construction and operation is marginal farmland bordering on the marsh
- areas so no natural resource of this nature is being unduly used. The r
, existence of the station is not anticipated to precipitate any changes in land use in the area and vill be adding materh11y to the area tax base, r-Thus, the existence of the station provides for enhancement of the area
. I' - without detrimental effect or reduction in the quality of the environment. [ The fact is that there vill be a long-term enhancement of the environment since, as pointed out above, natural resources consisting of federally owned and managed water fowl refuges have been preserved and actually enlarged by this action. The U. S. Bureau of Sports Fisheries and Wildlife has had an additional area of about 500 acres added to that under its management for vildlife refuge purposes. Additionally, the station vill provide long-term enhancement of the environment through the supply for many years of a form of energy which has no significant adverse effect on the environment and as pointed out
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above, is used for purposes of enhancing the environment and in place of forms .of energy which may adversely affect the environment. 1h
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4 f e (e) Any irreversible and irretrievable comitments of resources I~ vhich would be involved in the proposed action should it be implemented. As pointed out under (a) above, it is the opinion of Applicants
-! that there vill be no adverse effect on the environment and therefore
, i g- no significant commitment of environmental resources. On the contrary,
' environmental resources will be enhanced by reason of the enlargement of the National Wildlife Refuges in the area.
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III. STATE AND LOCAL AGENCY APPROVALS Under Shio law approval of plans and specifications for waste trert-ment facilities must be obtained from the State Department of Health and
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a permit to dischar6e liquid effluent into Lake Erie must be obtained from the Water Pollution Control Board. Applications have been filed with both agencies and preliminary tpproval has been given, subject to
,,, submission of detailed plans and certain conditions. No other state or i
local approvals relating to environmental matters are required before operation of the facility. l' f . I 6
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. APPENDIX A SITE AND SURROUNDING AREAS Section P_aage, TOPOGRAPHY A-1 AREA POPULATION A-2 LAND USE A-3 Agriculture , A-3 Industry A-3 Recreational A-h 4
METEOROLOGY Ah p LAKE HYDROLOGY A-5 GROUNDWATER A-6 AREA WATER SUPPLY A-8 GEOLOGY A-9
; TABLES , A-1 PERMANENT AND TOTAL SUMMER POPULATION A-12 ' DISTRIBUTION 0-5 MILES A-2 ACTUAL 1965 AND PROJECTED 1980 LAND USE A-13 A-3 PARKS AND RECREATIONAL AREA IN OTTAWA COUNTY A-lk i
9 e A-i
APPENDIX A SITE AND SURROUNDING AREAS The site, located in Ottawa County, Ohio, vill include a minimum of 900 acres. About half of the site area is marshland located to the south-west of the shoreline of Lake Erie. The entire site will be owned as tenants in common, by The Toledo Edison Company and The Cleveland Electric Illuminating Company. The largest portion of the site has been acquired under an agreement with the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife of the Department of Interior, i United States Government. As a cart of this agreement, the unused marsh areas of the site will be leased to the Bureau for management as a National Wildlife Refuge. TOPOGRAPHY
'. The topography of the site and its immediate environs is relatively flat with elevations varying from the lake shore (mean lov lake level 568.6 feet above mean sea level) to approximately six feet above the level of the lake. The Toussaint River flows into the lake immediately to the south of the site.
The site itself has very little slope and is relatively marshy on e its eastern portions. A narrow beach ridge, elevation approximately 575, l 6 provides a line of separation between the marsh and the lake. The western portion of the site stands three to six feet above lake level. The nuclear
, station is to be located on the eastern edge of this upland section, approx-imately in the center of the site. The station elevation will be raised to provide protection against high water to an elevation of 585
? .- l-A-1 r _ -. . .
~
All elevations in this report, unless otherwise noted, are referred
, to mean water level at Father Point, Quebec, International Great Lakes Datum (1955).
The general topography of the site region is virtually featureless ,
, with no natural promontories. The land close to the site is lov and marshy, with generally poor natural drainage. The major topographical feature of the area is the broad expanse of Lake Erie to the north and east of the site.
AREA POPULATION t The site is located approximately 20 miles from the nearest boundary i of Toledo, and a similar distance from the nearest boundary of Sandusky. i , These two cities, with 1960 populations of 379,133 and 31,989 respectively,
; are the two closest population centers. The only city nearer to the site with a population approaching that of a population center is Fremont,17 miles south of the station. Fremont had a 1960 population of 17,573.
. There are two populated areas, consisting of summer cottages , within a five mile distance from the site. One area is north of the site along the lake shore approximately two thirds mile away. The other area is southwest i
of the site along the shore of the Toussaint River approximately two thirds mile away. i Total present and projected annuli and cumulative populations within
, a five mile radius of the station for both per=anent residents and total summer population are tabulated in Table A-1. As indicated on this table, the total summer population in this area is expected to increase from only 3,233 in 1969 to 5,2h2 over the next 31 year projection period. This corresponds to a growth rate of less than 1.6 percent per year.
Approximately 63 percent of the total population within a five mile radius of the station are permanent residents. The remaining 37 percent .- are summer resort residents who live in cottages on the lake and the river A-2
only during the summer months. o Table A-1 also shows that in 1969 there are only 1,56h total residents living within a two mile distance from the station, of which only 637 reside year around in this area. LAND USE The actual 1965 and the projected 1980 land use for Ottawa County is given in Table A-2. Agriculture f Agriculture is a major source of income in Ottawa County; the major crop of the county includes peaches , grapes , apples , corn, wheat, soy beans , . oats, hay, tomatoes , pumpkins and sugar beets. Raising of livestock is not
.; a major activity in this area. Far=ing activities in the county are expected to decrease slightly in the future.
Indus try
'. In March 1965 there were 67 manufacturing fir s in Ottawa County, of which only 8 had over 100 employees. These firms are centered in and around Port Clinton. Major products and _ activities include gypsum products ,
rubber products , boat building and repairing, and canning. The Erie Industrial Park, located approximately four miles to the southeast, was known until 1966 as the Erie Ordnance Depot. This Depot t was deactivated and sold to the Ottawa County Co== unity Development Corpora-tion which in turn sold it to the Unireyal Corporation on a lease purchase arrangement. The Jet and Ordnance Division of TRW, Incorporated (TRW) established an ordnance test facility on the Depot in 1965 and has continued to operate the facility on a lease basis from Uniroyal. Uniroyal has the largest plant at the park, and there are twelve other smaller industries located in the park. These industries and the service groups for the
.. park employ about 850 people.
A-3 m.
r -- Recreational _'.~ This area is one of active duck hunting and sport fishing. The nuclear t generating station will be designed and operated with no adverse effect on the fish and vildlife of the area. As noted earlier, more than half of the site is being leased to the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife for management as a national wild-life refuge for migratory water fowl. Toledo Edison Company will cooperate fully with the Fish and Wildlife Service and with local authorities in protection of the recreational attributes of the site environs . Table A-3 shows all parks and recreational areas in Ottava Count? . i METEOROLOGY The meteorology of the Locust Point site of the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station of The Toledo Edison Company, while generally continental in nature, is modified by the presence of Lake Erie which moderates the extremes of temperature and increases the humidity and cloudiness. Precip-itation is moderate and evenly distributed throughout the year. High vinds, when they occur, are usually associated with su=mer thunderstorms or wintertime cyclonic stor=s . While tornadoes are rather common in Ohio, the probability of one striking a point within the one-degree square P in which the site is located is 6.3 x 10-k. The associated recurrence
; interval is once in approximately 1,590 years.
The surrounding terrain is flat and lov lying. The only natural feature which must be considered as to possible influence on atmospheric dispersion is Lake Erie lying to the north and east of the station site, f Differential heating between the land and lake surface, particularly during the summer months , leads to the development of a " lake breeze." In general, there are no unusual terrain or meteorological features which would make this site unfavorable from an atmospheric dispersion standpoint. A-4
. A complete long-term general climatology of the area is being obtained from an instrumented 300 ft. tower.
LAKE HYDROLOGY i Lake Erie is one of the smallest of the Great Lakes. It is, however, i 2h1 miles long from vest to east and has an average width of 57 miles. It r-has a maximum depth of 210 feet, and average depth of 60 feet and covers an area of 9,910 square miles. About 2,200 square miles of this lake are with-in a 50 mile radius of the station site and the average depth within this { radius is about 25 feet. The total volume of water in Lake Erie is approx-imately 110 cubic niles and the annual flow of water out of Lake Erie is t about LO% of this total volume. The prevailing current of the Detroit River crosses the western i I i basin of Lake Erie and divides into eastward and westward flows at Davis-
~
Besse and the off shore currents in the site vicinity are generally oscillatory because of the general flow pattern being influenced by wave generated currents . The littoral drift is not strong in the area of the station site and t i is generally vestward in the region to the west and is eastward in the
- region to the east.
Field data has been obtained to evaluate the dilution and diffusion f of any radioactive discharge into the lake originating from operation of the i station. This data has been cbtained as a part of the limnology study being i undertaken by the Grer." Lakes Research Institute of The University of
f . Michigan. TOUSSAINT RIVER The Toussaint River empties into Lake Erie about 1h miles southeast of the station site. This stream flows about 3/h of a mile to the south of the station site. This stream becomes Toussaint Creek about six miles A-5 e.-mam-
.- upstream from its month. No water will be either taken from or discharged into this stream f 2e in this station during operation.
The headwaters - ? the Toussaint Creek have a =aximum elevation of about 670 feet 'ove MSL. This stream has a drainage area of about 143 square miles and an average slope of about two feet per mile. The lower six miles of the stream are much wider than the remainder and, as a result, its level in this wider section is controlled by the level of Lake Erie. , i In this wider section it flows at the Lake Erie mean low lake level of 568.5 feet above MSL. The U. S. Geological Survey operates a spot check stream flow station at C point about ik. miln west of Limestone, Ohio. The Toussaint Creek at this flow station drains about one-half of the total drainage area [ of the total stream flow. During peak periods of precipitation the flows in this stream will be higher. However, there is no historical record of
. this stream causing flooding at the station site.
GROUNDWATER The site is un6erlain by a glaciolacustrine deposit and a till deposit
} which overlie sedimentary bedrock. The soil deposits, which essentially
, consist of silty clay, have very low permeability and are considered
- impervious. Their combined thickness is on the order of 20 ft. The . b ed-I rock censists of the Tymochtee formation underlain by the Greenfield
;
formation. These formations consist of nearly hori:: ental beds of argillaceous dolomite with shale, gypsum, and anhydrite, to a depth of at least 200 ft. below ground surface. The presence of the impervious soil deposits has produced an artesian groundwater condition in the bedrock, which is the aquifer in the site locality. e A-6
- In the station area, the combined thickness of the soil deposits is approximately 17 ft. The bedrnk is quite pervious , mainly in the upper 30 to 50 ft. , and contains open jo. ts and bedding planes . In some locations, the joints and bedding planes have been enlarged to solution.
In the station area and west of the station area, the ground surface is at approximately elevation 576. North, east, and south of the station area there are marshes. Beyond the marshes, north and east of the station area and separated from the marshes by a sand bar, is Lake Erie. South of the station area, beyond the marshes , is the Toussaint River. Water levels in Lake Erie, the Toussaint River, and the =arshes are nearly the same. Information was gathered by reviewing the literature on the ground-water conditions in the site locality, interviewing representatives of the Department of Natural Resources of the State of Ohio, and studying 32
~
logs of vells existing in the site locality. In addition, owners of 18 vells
, located within approximately two miles of the station area vere interviewed.
All known wells are drilled into the bedrock aquifer and supply water for certain domestic or farm uses. There are no wells between the station area
, and Lake Erie in a northeasterly to southeasterly direction. The closest well used for municipal supply in Ottava County is at Genoa approximately 16 miles from the site.
In the site locality, the elevation of the groundwater table
- generally is a few feet higher than the Lake Erie level. The mean Lake Erie ,
- level is at elevation 570. It varies slightly with the seasons , but the greatest variations occur during storms when Lake Erie level may rise several feet. The elevation of the groundwater table follows the fluctuations of the lake level and varies with the vet and dry periods. The groundwater
'~
table gradients are small and do not exceed a few feet per mile. They are
, similar to the gradient of the local rivers and creeks which are approximately two feet per mile.
A-7 L
;
In the station area, the elevation of the bedrock surface is on the order of ten feet '.over than the elevation of Lake Erie. Because the bed-rock is quite pervious and the overlying soil deposits are i= pervious , the bedrock aquifer is confined and under an artesian head of about ten feet above the top of the bedrock surface. At the site, the groundwater table is relatively horizontal. Maximum horizontal gradients. of about 1 ft/mi to 3 ft/mi toward the lake or from the lake were measured'in 1968 and 1969 The groundwater in the bedrock aquifer flows under very small gradients generally from the station area toward the lake; however, during dry periods or when the lake level is high the flow is reversed, i.e. , from the lake toward the station area and site locality. No gradients were measured in the vertical direction. In the site locality, water cannot be supplied from the soil deposits because they are considered impervious. Water can be supplied from wells
~
drilled into the bedrock aquifer. Generally, the wells are less than 100 feet deep; however, some are deeper. Of all wells studied, the depth drilled into bedrock varied from 2 feet to approximately 265 feet. In the site locality, well yields range from several gallons per minute to a few tens of gallons per minute. Some municipal wells in the Toussaint River basin have yields of a few hundred gallons per minute. Water from the vells is used for farm irrigation and certain domestic purposes . Very little is used for washing, cooking, or drinking because the water is usually nonpotable. Among the 18 vells inspected,12 are being used, for the most part intermittently, and 6 are no longer used.
- AREA WATER SUPPLY The primary source of potable water in the area is Lake Erie. The nearest potable water intakes serve Camp Perry, the Erie Industrial Park, A-8 e , _ , . . _ _ . , _ . . . . . . - - -
and surrounding residences and are located approximately 2.8 miles from the
. site. The Port Clinton potable water intake is 8 miles east and the Toledo and Oregon intakes are 13 miles vest.
The water supply methods within two miles of the station site can be logically divided into the following four subregions:
- 1. Along the Erie beaches most of the pecple have drinking water trucked in from either Oak Harbor, Port Clinton, Toledo, or a state roadsido park on Route 2 about three =iles vest of the site. Some have shallow dug wells out under the lake from which they get water tested satisfactory for potable use. Approxi=ately 5 to 10 percent of the people drink this lake water.
; 2. In the area south of Lake Erie and north of the Toussaint River all but a few homes have their drinking water trucked in. Well vater is too hard and sulfurous to drink or cook with.
. 3. In the Toussaint River shore area most of the people on the north shore truck their water from Oak Harbor, while those on the south shore obtain theirs from the state roadside park. There are a few wells e.nd a small number of people drink well water.
- h. In the rural area south of the Toussaint River cost of the potable water is trucked in.
; Scattered through the above subregions re a few people who obtain rain water from their roofs for potable use. Approximately 5 to 10 percent of the people within a two mile radius of the site drink well water drawin from within this radius while the remainder have it trucked in.
GEOLOGY i
- The station site is situated on a glacial lake plain.along the
\ - southern shore of Lake Erie immediately north of the Toussaint River. A-9
~
In order to evaluate both the geology, subsurface conditions and
'. groundwater hydrology, an exploratory program consisting of soi.~.-rock borings ,
auger probes , piezemeters and seismic refraction survey was conducted. Appropriate testing was made on selected soil and rock samples. The site region is located in the Lake Plains sub-province of the Central Lowland physiographic province. The Lake Plains sub-province is nearly flat and has poor surface drainage characteristics. Relief at the station site is relatively small, with elevations ranging from 572 to 580 feet above mean sea level. Marshland comprises approximate]y 70 percent of the area with the station occupying the higher land to the vest. As a result of alternating periods of deposition, erosion and glacial stages the geologic strata in the region consist of glaciolacustrine deposits overlying glacial till and sedimentary bedrock of the Paleozoic era. The
~
basement complex is comprised of Precambrian dense crystalline granites , metamorphosed granites and lava flows . Glacial deposits , up to h00 feet in thickness , overlie bedrock ranging from Silurian to Mississippian in age. The basement complex is expected to be encountered below elevation -2,000 feet. The ma,jor structural features in the region are the Findlay Arch, the
; Michigan Basin, the Appalachian Geosyneline, the Ohio-Indiana Platform, and three faults - the Bowling Green, the Electric, and the Osborn.
Of these structures , 'the Findlay Arch is the nearest, its axis being approximately 15 miles vest of the site. The three faults mentioned are all considered to be inactive. Site soil is composed of glacially-derived material consisting of a surficial deposit of stiff, desiccated lacustrine clays ranging from
.- approximately 6 to 9 feet in thickness underlain by h to 20 feet of till.
t. A-13
Immediately underlying the soil is the Silurian Tymochtee formation
,- which is _ basically an argillaceous dolomite with shale partings and var /i ng amounts of gypsum and anhydrite. Beneath the Tymochtee is a lithologically -
similar formation, the Greenfield, also of the Silurian epoch. Based upon an exhaustive geological study and an extensive sub-surface investigation program conducted at the station site, it is concluded that conditions are favorable for the construction of a nuclear power station. O 9 e O h i I e* 1 l A-11 1
Table A-1
. PERMANENT AND 'IOTAL SIMER POPUIATION DISTRIBIRION 0-5 MILES Distance Frem Station-Miles Estimate Population Projection 19o9 19eo 2000 Annuli Total Pemanent Total Pe manent Total Pemanent Totals Summer Residents St=:mer Residents Su==er Residents 0-1 cod 19o 940 229 131o 320 1-2 756 hh1 867 502 1213 702 2-3 749 455 869 528 1217 Tho 3-4 353 353 klo 410 574 574 4-5 567 567 659 659 922 922 Cumulative 0-1 808 196 940 229 1316 320 , 0-2 1564 637 1807 731 2529 1022 o-3 2313 1o92 2676 1259 3746 1762 o4 2666 1445 3086 1669 4320 2336 0-5 3233 2012 37h5 2328 52h2 3258 Projections of populatica assume thst, this area vill retain its respective percentage of 1960 census population of ottava county. ottava county popula-tion projections are shown in Table 2-3 Femanent resident population includes only year-round residents. Total summer population includes pemanent resident population plus summer resort residents who live in cottages or trailers during the su==er months only.
Population estimates for the ::ero to five mile area were made by an individual house-to-house count of all dwellings, including summer cottages and trailers, in each segment of the one mile annular areas. A multiplier in tems of people per household, calculated from data given in the 1960 census for Carrol and Erie townships, was applied to the number of dwellings in each segment to attain corresponding population figures. The difference between total summer population and pemanent resident popula-tion was detemined by examination of the Toledo Edison Company records of electric meter readings in su=mer resort areas. The total number of meters installed were related to the nu=ber that were either totally inactive or showing minimum power use to detemine the percentage of dwellings used only in the summer months. A-12
a Table A-2
, ACTUAL 1965 AND PROJECTED 1980 IAfD USE OTTAWA COUNTY t'
, Actual 1965 Projected 1980 Acres % Acres %
Residential 7,048 3 43 10,000 6.2 Comercial 1,367 5 0.8 2,300 1.4 i Industrial 3,325 9 2.0 6,300 39 Ptiblic and Quasi-Public 7,570.8 4.7 7,500 4.6 Transportation and Utilities 267 5 0.2 400 0.2 f, Road and Railroad Rights-of-Way 5,026.8 31 7,100 4.4
Agriculture 126,538.8 78.1 118,995 73 4 Vacant and Marginal 10,949 4 6.8 9,500 59 TOTAL 102,095 0 100.0 1o2,095 100.0 Source: " Comprehensive Development Plan for Ottawa Region"; Series 4, Background for Planning, Ottawa Regional Planning Comission, Ottava County, Ohio, (July 1966). e
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s 9 A-13
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Table / PARKS MID RECREATIONA] Operating Agency Townnhip Roads; Name Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Bay Dan-Hopfingi Little Portage Res. Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Benton On Lake Erii Crane Creek Park Turtle Creek and Magee Marsh Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Carroll Rt. #2 & N
' Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Carroll Rt. fl9 & T Toussaint Creek Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Catawba Catawba Cli Catawba State Park ~' Village of Genoa Clay Genoa Veteran's Memorial Park Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Danbury Rt. #240 &
East Harbor State Park l . ., Village of Marblehead Danbury Rt. #163 at Municipal Park Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Erie Rt. #2 W of Portage River Access City of Port Clinton Portage Perry and 1 Lakeview Park City of Port Clinton Portage Perry and. j Waterworks Park Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Put-In-Bay W of Put-Il Green Island Village of Put-In-Bay Put-In-Bay Put-In-Bay Put-In-Bay Park Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Put-In-Bay South Bas @ South Bass State Park Village of Oak Harbor Salem Rts. f163 Oak Harbor Park Village of Oak Harbor Salem Oak Harbor Veteran's Memorial Park Source: " Comprehensive Development Plan for Ottawa Region", Series 4, Backgr 1 . L
4
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\
-3 , AREA IN O'I'fAWA COUN'IY Distance Direction Area Existing Facilities Locntion From Plant From Plant (Acres)
'l Miles GCE 3S7 Fiching and llunting r & Murcahy
- 6 WNW 72 Beach, Swimming and Picnicking
- o Lake Erie 6 W 2189 IIunting, Boat Ramp & Game Preserve aussaint Creek 3 WSW 236 Boat Ramp,IIunting, Fishing and Wildlife An
- a 12 E 7 Boat Ramp, Fishing and Swimming Pfc 15 WSW 25 Picnicking and Swimming Lake Eric 15 E 1260 Camping, Fishing, Boating, Swimming and Picnicking 18 E 8 Playground Equipment Marblehead SE 10 Fishing and Boat Ramp Port Clinton 7
,sh, Port Clinton 9 SE 5 Picnicking, Swimming, Athletic Field 3fferson, Port Clinton 9 SE 20 Fishing, h3aseball, Picnicking and Ice Skating 12 ENE 15 IIunting and Fishing 1-Bay in Lake Erie 1+ 1 ENE 8 Picnicking , S. Bass Island 13 ENE 32 Cabins, Camping, Picnicking, Islaul Swimming and Boating SSW 20 Picnicking and#105,oakHarbor 7 ( 6 SSW lo Baseball, Picnicking, Athletic Field , l l ound for Planning, Ottawa Regional Planning Commincion, Ottawa County (July 1966)
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A-114
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9 APPENDIX B
- RADIOACTIVE WASTES AND DISPOSAL Section P. aje, SOURCES OF RADIOACTIVE WASTES B-1 METHODS OF DISPOSAL B-2 LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM B-3 GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM B-5 SOLID WASTE SYSTEM B-5 FIGURES B-1 Clean Liquid Radioactive Waste System B-2 Miscellaneous Radioactive Waste System B-3 Waste Gas System 1
I l i B-1
APPENDIX B RADI0 ACTIVE WASTES AND DISPOSAL The Radioactive Waste System is designed to provide controlled handling and disposal of liquid, gaseous , and solid vastes from the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station. The design and operation of the system vill assure that station personnel and the general public are protected against exposure to radioactive material in accordance with the regulations of 10 CFR 20 and other applicable regulations. SOURCES OF RADI0 ACTIVE WASTES The various types of radioactive vastes to be handled are: 1
- a. Liquid Wastes
- 1. Clean liquid waste ii. Miscellaneous liquid mi,e 111. Detergent vaste
- b. Gaseous Wastes
! i. Hydrogenated vaste gases
- 11. Aerated vaste gases
- c. Solid Wastes The major sources of clean liquid vaste are bleed-off of the reactor coolant during a reduction in reactor coolant boron concentration, an increase in coolant volume due to heat-up of the reactor system, and partial replace-ment of reactor coolant prior to refueling.
Liquid vastas other than from the reactor coolant system are considered as detergent .vastes and as miscellaneous vastes and are collected separately. The sources of these vastes include:
- a. Sample system drains Decontamination area drains b.
B-1
- c. Spent fuel storage area drains
,- d. Equipment drains
- e. Lov point piping drains
- f. Containment sump
- g. Auxiliary Building Sumps
- h. Component cooling system drains
- 1. Boric acid preparation area drains J. Laundr/ and hot shovers The sources of gaseous vastes are expected to be reactor system vents ,
equipment and tank vents, purging from the sampling system, the degasifier, i the makeup tank, and the evaporators. There are also displaced cover gases that may be radioactive. l
, The sources of solid vastes are expected to be spent desineralizer resins,
- -
filter elements and/or precoat material, contaminated equipment, and paper, rags, plastic sheeting, etc. used in decontamination and contamination control. METHODS OF DISPOSAL Four methods are defined in the treatment of the radioactive vastes,
- a. The clean liquid vastes consist of liquids such as reactor coolant and fuel pool coolant, which are relatively low in chemical impurities and suspended solids content. Processing consists of degassing, storing, filtering,' demineralizing and evaporating. The end products, concentrated boric acid and demineralized water, are normally stored for later reuse in the reactc< Wele.
4
- b. . The dirty liquid vastes consist of liquids of largely var /ing thes and origins such as radioactive laboratorf drains, building sumps, and decontamination drains. These liquids are higher in
*~
chemical impurities and suspended solids content but low in B-2
radioactivity. Normal processing consists of storage and filtration, and, if necessary, evaporation. The end products are nor= ally dis-charged frcm the station, but the evaporator distillate may be' reused.
- c. The gaseous vastes consist of the discharges from all poten-tially radioactive systems. Processing consists of compression into decay tanks, retention for a period of 30-60 days , release through high efficiency filters, and discharge to the atmosphere through the station vent.
- d. The solid vastes consist of all potentially radioactive solids vastes such as demineralizer resins, spent filter elements , clothing and rags. Processing consists of storage and packaging, as appropriate, for later off-site disposal.
LIQUID WASTE SYSTEM
, The flow diagram of the Clean Liquid Radioactive Waste System is shown in Figure 3-1. The major source of clean liquid vaste is the reactor coolant letdown that occurs during plant startups and dilution operations.
Minor sources include leakoff, drain, and relief flows from valves and equipment inside the containment which contain reactor coolant. These smaller quantities are accumulated in the reactor coolant drain tank before processing. The liquid is pumped from the degasifier through a filter and a boron saturated mixed bed ion exchange demineralizer to one of the two clean vaste receiver tanks. A nitrogen blanket in the tanks is automatically maintained above atmospheric pressure to prevent air in-leakage. This cover gas is released to a vaste gas collection header or into the other receiver tank when it is displaced. The vastes are then fed to an evaporator where they
, are separated into their two reusable constituents: highly pure demineralized water and concentrated boric acid. The water is passed through a polishing B-3
demineralizer into one of two clean vaste monitor tanks. From here it is ,- reused, recycled, or discharged. The concentrated boric acid is sent to a concentrate storage tank from which it is taken to boric acid storage for reuse. At several points in this cycle, alternate flow paths are provided. These allow for the recirculation through, or the bypassing of, a de=ineralizer or evaporator. This flexibility, along with sampling at various stages in the cycle, permits the operator several options in insuring the adequate processing of the vaste. A flow diagram of the Miscellaneous Liquid Radioactive Waste System is shown in Figure B-2. The major sources for this system are showers, laundry, area washdowns, and any regeneration vastes. These, depending on
, their composition, are collected in either the miscellaneous or detergent waste drain tanks. The contents of these are then monitored and may be released through filters directly to the discharge system. If further processing is required, the wastes are fed to an evaporator and concentrated to 25% solids by weight. The distillate goes to the miscellaneous vaste monitor tank where a final check on activity is made before storage for reuse or release to the discharge system. The evaporator bottoms are transferred to a concentrate tank where they are stored prior to drumming for off-site disposal.
Before any liquid is released from a vaste tank, a sample is taken and its level of activity is determined. If it does not' meet established limits, it is recycled until it does. A final check is made on the vaste as
--it is discharged through an in-line radiation monitor. If its activity exceeds preset values, an alarm is annunciated and isolation valves automatically chut off the discharge.
Bh
~
The valves in the inlet line to a vaste tank are closed whenever the
. tank is being discharged so that filling and discharging cannot be done simultaneously. This insures batch processing.
GASEOUS WASTE SYSTEM The Gaseous Waste System processes potentially radioactive hydrogenated and aerated waste gases. A diagram of the system is shown in Figure B-3 P Sources of hydrogenated, radioactive vaste gas include the reactor coolant drain tank, degasifier, the makeup tank and the quench tank. Hydrogen and radioactive gases stripped in the degasifier and vented from other tanks flow to the vaste gas header and then to the vaste gas surge tank. A nitrogen blanket in this tank automstically maintains a slight positive pressure in the system. The gases are then compressed into one of three decay tanks, which are sized for 30-60 days holdup. A sample is a removed from the tank and its activity level determined. If it is sufficiently low, the gases are discharged to the vent through a HEPA filter. If it is high, the gases are allowed to decay until future sampling shows that they are suitable for controlled release to the atmosphere. All released gases must pass a radiation monitoring system and if their activity exceeds a set point, an alarm is annunciated and the isolation valves in the discharge line will automatically close. Aerated radioactive waste gases from the =iscellaneous and detergent vaste drain tanks will be processed separately from the hydrogenated waste gases. These low level gases are simply collected and released to the vent. SOLID WASTE SYSTEM Solid wastes are placed in ICC-approved containers appropriate for the waste material. Loaded containers are monitored for radiation levels
'~
and stored in a special area prior to shipment to an off-site disposal l
,. facility. Radioactive spent resins sluiced from demineralizers are collected B-5
J. j
~
' and stored in the spent resin tank until a quantity sufficient for disposal is accumulated.. All soft solid vastes, such as contaminated clothing, rags ,
wiping towels, paper, gloves, and shoe coverings vill be compressed into the containers by a baler. Hard solids such as wood, metal, glass , plastics, concrete and ceramics will be put into the containers without compressing. L., O e f t . I 9 O S6
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.- APPENDIX C
- e LIMNOLOGY PROGRAM
. TABLE OF CONTENTS Pagg, PART'I. ~ GENERAL STUDIES , C-1 THE GENERAL AREA C-2 1 BOTTOM SEDINUITS C-3 LITTORAL DRIFT C-6 WATER DEPTHS C-6 TEMPERATURE PROFILES C-10
,i PART II. CURRENTS AND DILUTION C-15 CURRENT STUDIES C-16
.{
. DYE DILUTION STUDIES C-20 1
, SOURCE RELEASE COMPUTATIONS C-2h
-1 PART III. BIOLOGICAL AND RADIOLOGICAL STUDIES C-30 l SCOPE AND STATUS OF STUDIES C-31 3-
SUMMARY
STATE!S T C-34 PHYTOPLANKTON POPULATION C-37 PRIMARY ZOOPLANKTON COUNTS C h6 BENTH0S DATA C-47 FISH AND FISHERIES C h9 RADIOLOGICAL ANALYSES C-57 e C-1
t -
? APPENDIX C , HYDROLOGICAL SURVEYS FOR THE DAVIS-BESSE POWER STATION THE LOCUST. POINT REGION ~.
PART I. GENERAL STUDIES John C. Ayers and l Robert F. Anderson
\~
l' _I
\
Under contract with f The Toledo Edison Company n
\
Special Report No. h5
' of be Great Lakes Research Division
- The University of Michigan
- i. Ann Arbor, Michigan 1969
;.
6* l 1 C-1 .
_l THE GENERAL AR1'A i 1 From the mouth of the Detroit River southuestward to Toledo on the mouth ,-
. i of the Marmec River at the western tip of Lake Erie, thence generally south-eastward to and beyond Port Clinton, Ohio, the land is the bottom ~ of ancient Lake Maumec; it is low, flat, and /irtually featureless. This tiopogra;Aiy continues for miles inland in the sector from southeast to northwest of the lake shore. ._
Because of the law land upwind to the prevailing; winds, the western basin of Lake Erie is well ventilated, b'inds f rom the nor th, east, and south
~}
quarters are less frequent than winds from the southwest to northUest, but they do occur. It is probably in response to wave-activated sand movement during storms from these directions that most of the western and southwestern shores of Lake Eric have barrier bea'ches of greater or less extent and degree of development. Between the barrier beaches and the mainland,' lie marshes j of various extents and degrecs of inundation. Tributary rivers and 'treans s - entering the western basin of Lake Erie are multi-branched and of low gradient; they and their branches contribute to the extent of the marshes behind the , barrier beaches. !
. _.;
Culturally, the lake shore in this part of the western basin of the lake ;
- i. dominantly of farmland and shore summer cottages with a minor portion occupied by the citics of Monroe, Michigan, and Toledo, Ohio. Port Clinton, Ohio, at the e: stern edge of the area of interest, has about 6,000 inhabitants.
Though obviously under the control of man, the barrier beaches and the _ .] edges of the mainland tend to a rank growth of trees, shrubs, and vines. j l Marshcs behind the barrier beaches range from small cattail marshes rimacd by trees,';o very extensive lagoons edged by rusNes, cattails and other marsh l a plants. Most of the . larger marshes arc disscctsd by dlkes, cauceways, and C-2 s
a canals crented by previous owners (many of whom were hunting clubs)$ Most ~ of the large marsh areas are now wildlife refuges maintained by the State of Ohio or by the fcdcral government. On the southwestern shore of the western basin of Lake Erie, Locust Point is a minor protuberance where the trend of shoreline changes from gen-erally southeast. From Toledo to Locust Point is about 22 miles along the shore; from Locust Point to Port Clinton is somcwhat less than 10 miles along shore. BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OF THE LOCUST POINT SITE In this section we follow the reconnaissance survey of bottom sediments that has been carried out in the western basin of Lake Erie by the Ohio O 5 Department of Natural Resources beginning in 1956 and supplemented by local studies since then (State of Ohio 1957). The findings of this survey are
, shown in Ffgure 1. They have been checked and confirmed by our own observa-tions on an opportunity-offers basis during our own studies. We have found !
nothing that causes us to doubt any of the conclusions of the Ohio survey. I 1 Acco.-ding to the Ohio survey and our own observations, the shore from Little Cedar Point at the east edge of Maumee Bay to Port Clinton cast of the plant site is of low elevation and comprised of sand overlying a stiff lake-clay. In the Locust Point area the beach and back-bcach are of sand with shell admixed. The underwater bottom immediately off shore along the plant site is.predominantly of sand with,some shell and mud intermixed. This sandy bottom shallowly overlays stiff lake clay and varies from 3/16 mile wide at
, the west edge of the plant property to 1/8 mile wide at the east property line.
Offshore of the sandy-bottom belt is a dominant band of the stiff lake a clay, presumably exposed by wave action, and varying in width from 3/8 mile e C-3
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,- near the west side ~of the plant property to 1/4 mile at the east edge of the property.
Off the western side of the plant property the bottom at about 9/16 mile i becomes sand with increasing amounts of gravel as one goes further off shore.
, Eastward.of about the middle of the plant property the offshore deposits become dominantly muddy sand. Offshore bottom sediments dominantly of mud i
do not begin until the mouth of the Toussaint River has been passed going castward, i In the far-offshore area, 3 to 8 miles, there are four small areas of bedrock, each less then a mile in any dimension, located off the west and
- , central parts of the plant property. No such reefs are situated off the east
} side of the plant property. These reefs are important in the local fish
, ecology as spawning grounds; they are, however, not apt to be reached by the plant effluent which should travel eastward.
L , Beyond these reefs, to the International Boundary at more than 15 miles, j the bottom is of mud.
)
s e 6 . I e k l L o e'. I e c-5 4 .._;
k LITTORAL DRIFT OFF THE STATION SITE 5-The shore throughout the Locust Point property is primarily of sand over-lying stiff lake clay (State of Ohio 1957). , Hartley (196h) and Braidech (1969; personal communication, Appendix A) , both indicate a southeastward movement of sand in the littoral drift from l Locust Point toward Port Clinton. Both Braidech and the U.S. Lake Sinvey charts - indicate that vest of Locust Point the net littoral drift is vestward; the charts show sand collection on the east sides of groins and jetties. These l i sorts of information confirm the findings of Hartley, Herdendorf and Keller (1966) that the current of the Detroit River crosses the vestern basin of Lake Erie and divides into eastward and vestward flows at Locust Point. Drift -- card studies by Olson (1951), as reported by Hutchinson (1957), indicate an oscillatory current off Locust Point. Braidech, correctly, we believe, points out that vinds from east to northeast have a longer open-water fetch bearing . . . upon Locust Point, and that wave-generated littoral currents to the vestward ,.a i might be dominant (however slightly) over eastward littoral drift generated by waves under the prevailing southwest vinds that have relatively little fetch " before Locust Point. { J We believe that 01 son's deduction of oscillatory currents off Locust Point is a reflection of the fact that his cards were in general far enough off shore for the hydraulic prescure of the outflow of the Maumee River to have cancelled the effect of the longer fetch available under easterly vinds . a I WATER DEFIHS OFF THE STATION SITE _!
- During the first two weeks of October 1968 a detailed survey of water I 6
~
. depths off the plant property was carried out. The entire frontage from west ofIthe ucst property line to east of the cast property line was measured and
? used_in constructing bascline segments. The centerline of the access road running out tb the beach near the west end of the property was used as the reference;-this road is'shown in Figure 2 by two parallel lines near the weet boundary. From the road centerline projected to the beach, all the beach I
i front was measured by steel tape into s1x straight-line segments each with a transit station at each end. All the baseline segments were related to each other, and hence back to the access road centerline, by forward and back azimuth angics. Soundings were taken by an outboard launch carrying a Raytheon portable i Sounding lines were run from 12 feet of depth-of-the-
~
( recording fathometer. i day toward shore along parallel courses approximately to the southwest along i s visual bearings provided by portable range targets set one on the water's l _ edge and the second as far back on the backbcach as possible. The launch, operating at constant rpm, kept the range targets aligned as it came inshore. At the start of each sounding line the launch raised a fluorescent orange i-l flag, and continued to do so at one-minute intervals during its run toward shore; when it was aground on the beach the flag was raised a last time re-a gardless of time since the last raising. At each raising of the flag, the fathometer record was marked and the
;
; two transit-men recorded true-compass azimuth angles to the flag from the ends of the known-position baseline segment in use. Fixes during the sounding runs ranged from nine to sixteen. Between sounding-line runs the portable range markers were moved forward by equal steel-taped distances parallel to the baseline segment in'use.
L, In the region of the proposed intake channel near the west s de of the property sounding lines were run on 100-foot spacings. Between the region
., C-T l
3
I e
;
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ve e +O 5 - i i S l - 3 LAKE ERIE - s
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_) Figure 2 l 1 t?ater Depths off Locust Point, October 1968. m 1 f
-m C-8 l
i
of the intake channel and the outflow channel the spacing between sounding lines was opened to 200 ft and then to 400 ft; as the outfall region was approached the spacing of sounding lines was reduced to 200 ft and then to
~
100 ft. Heavy amounts of detail in the intake and outfall regions were thus
/
obtained. Corrections applied to the raw depth records to bring them to lake datum
. were the algebraic sume of: monthly mean lake level above datum, the stage of the daily seiche activity (including wind effects), and the depth of the fathometer transducer below water surface. Because a local water-leve] gauge at Anchor Point (Turtle Creek) was a research gauge not referenced to real lake level, it was necessary to refer the correction factors for seiche activ-( ity and monthly mean above datum to the Toledo gauge where both are magnified by the pointed lake-end to greater values than apply at Locust Point; the final corrected depths shown for Locust Point in Figure 2 are, therefore,
. ultraconservative: there is somewhat more water depth at Locust Point than the Figure shows.
Contouring of depth done in Figure 2 is ordinary contouring -- each O contour line connects the most inshore occurrences of that depth. This is not the ultraconservative contouring employed (for navigational safety) by the U.S. Lake Survey, who traditionally draw each depth conteur outside the 1 outermost occurrences of that depth. There arc in the finished survey shown in Figure 2 three matters worthy of comment. Deeper water comes closer to shore off the eastern two-
, I thirds of the plant property. Comparison to U.S. Lake Survey boat-sheets of i - 1962-65 show that there has been erosion off the region of the proposed intake i l channel and water depths there are deeper than formerly. The presence of three (or four) sand bars parallel to shore and close to the beach indicates a predominance of currents _ parallel to the beach; the fusion of the two innermost J .- l C-9 1 '1 l j
u 7
;
sand bars into a sand flat off the eastern end of the station property probably - is an expression of some interference with the alongshore currents by the I discharge of the Toussaint River. ~~I I At both the vestern and the eastern ends of the station property, dashed portions of the 12-foot contour are estimates based on solid values of 1175 to 11.98 ft just inshore of them. TEMPERATURE PROFILES IN WESTERN LAKE ERIE Temperature profiles in vestern Lake Erie are relevant in connection , t with the Davis-Besse Station in that they have bearing upon the te=perature ' of water entering the station intake. ~l
... J In this study we have drawn upon the records of 250 selected te=perature soundings made by'bathythermograph in vestern Lake Erie and in the island !
,_j region by the State of Ohio, Department of Natural Resources, Division of ;
Geological Survey (Herdendorf 1967) and by the Canadian Coast Guard Ship ~" PORTE DAUPHINE (Rodgers 1962). The two sources contain data for the years { 1952 '1953,195h,1963, and 1966 from Ohio and for 1961 from the Canadians. l The selected records cover the' months May to November inclusive. _j The criteria involved in the selection of the records used were: 1) only , records from the shallow island-region and the shallow vest end of the lake - west of the islands were used because the Davis-Besse Station vill drav vater from } J 1 4 wM
~
.\
e,
==
C-10 i t wd
-^
the shallow vest end of the lake; 2) records from Mau=ee Bay and the Detroit River were included in those selected because the Locust Point region is affected by both these sources of influent vater (Hartley, Herdendorf, and Keller 1966); 3) records from stations less than 10 feet deep were eliminated ( because water so shallow could show supratypical varming or cooling not appli-f cable to the Davis-Besse intake; and h) records from stations deeper than 35 feet were eliminated because these deeper waters might show subtypical war =ing or cooling not applicable to the Davis-Besse intake. To eliminate so far as retlistically possible any spurious te=perature effects from diurnal te=perature cycles and frcm shallow flosting water
= asses from local streams, we have worked out from the 250 selected te=per-i ature soundings the =onthly mean te=peratures at 10 feet of depth for May through November. Monthly mean increments of te=perature of surface water over te=perature at 10 feet were worked out and added to the 10-foot te=pera-tures to obtain monthly mean surface water temperatures.
~
For the =nnths of January and February, when ice can be considered to be present, 32 F was used for both depths. For the months of March, April, and December, when the vest end of the lake is isothermal from surface to bottom, we have used data from the Collins Park Water Treatment Plant at Toledo. The Toledo intake is at 22 feet. i The monthly mean data derived from the selected bathyther=ograph soundings s were plotted on the day of the month determined by weighted average of the numbers of observations made on different days of the month. Data from other \ . sources are plotted at mid-month. The resulting data, basic to the two temperature curves shown in Figure l 3, are presented in Table 1. t It is evident that water of =ean te=perature over 75 F vill be drawn by the intake during much of July and August. j C-11
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Table 1. Monthly mean water temperatures in 10-35 feet in western Lake Erie. No. of Weighted Mean Mean 10-foot Mean Delta-T, Mean Surface Month -Staticus Day of '% nth Temperature 10'-to-Surface Temperature January" -- 15th 32.0*F 0.0*F 32.0*F February * -- 14th 32.0 0.0 32.0 March ** -- 15th 37.0 0. 0- 37.0 Apri1** -- 15th 46.0 0.0 46.0 May 32 14th 54.2 0.9 55.1 June 99 23rd 69.7 1.3 71.0
? July 31 20th 75.9 0.5 76.4 U 21st 72.7 72.7 August 6 0.0 September 7 19th 69.7 0.4 70.1 October 45 17th 58.5 0.1 58.6 November 30 18th 45.4 0.0 45.4 December ** -- 15th 36.0 0.0 36.0
- Ice presumed present
** 1966 data of Collins Park Water Treatment Plant, Toledo
i R_M ICES ., HARTLEY, R. P. 1964. Effects of Large Structures on the Ohio Shore of Lake Erie. Division of Geological Survey, Department of Natural Resources , State of Ohio, Columbus , Ohio, Report of Investigations No. 53. iv and 30 pp. , 3h figures .
~
l HARTLEY, R. P. , C. E. HERDENDORF, and M. IM.MR. 1966. Synoptic Water } Sonpling Survey in the Western Basin of Lake Erie. pp. 301-322 in Proc. 9th Conf. Great Lakes Research, Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, - Michigan. HERDENDORF, C. E. (compiler). 1967 Lake Erie Bathythermograph Recordings 1952-1966. Information Circular No. 3h, Chio Department of Natural Resources , Division of Geo.'ogical Survey, Columbus , Ohio, iii and ] ./ 36 pp. , 2 figures , many tables . OLSON, F. C. W. 1951. The Currents of Western Lake Erie. Doctoral Thesis, Ohio State University, Columbus , Ohio. RODGERS, G. K. (compiler). 1962. Lake Erie Data Report 1961. Preliminary
- Report Series - No. 3, Great Lakes Institute, University of Toronto, ~
Toronto, Ontario. iii and 1h1 pp. , lh figures , =any tables . .. STATE OF CHIO. 1957. Bottom . Deposits of Western Lake Erie. h pp. and one j chart. Division of Shore Erosion, Department of Natural Resources, . State of Chio, Columbus , Ohio. Technical Report Number k. April 1957 l l
.i i
k w i W i w e C-lh . m
i HYDROLOGICAL SURVEYS FOR THE DAVIS-BESSE POWER STATION
, THE LOCUST POINT REGION PART II. CURRENTS AND DILUTION r
John C. Ayers and ( Robert F. Anderson i t Under contract with The Toledo Edison Company i 4
, Special Report No. h5 i of the Great Lakes Research Division
; The University of Michigan
. Ann Arbor, Michigan
(. August 15, 1969 ; 4 e , C-15
-; ...
CURRENT STUDIES IN THE LOCUST POINT REGION --
*.' E Procedure ,
Field work was carried out from a Boston Whaler outboard cruiser. . Currents were measured with a shortened version of the U. S. Coast and ~~) i Geodetic Survey current pole and Rhodamine B dye. The current poles consisted of 4-foot lengths of commercial 2x4 dimension stock. Each carried a brick at its lower end for ballast and for extra cur- ,_ rent drag. The polcs floated vertically with about 10 inches exposed above .
-the water surface. Each pole was numbered and carried a small orange pennant --]
I at its top. The current poles were set under different wind conditions in front of ) the plant property in positions so chosen that they would pass over the _ position of the future plant discharge plume. .1 Positions of setting, positions during the run, and positions of pole }-
~
recovery were deternir.ed by sextant fixes to charted landmarks ashore. Wind velocitics were measured in the field with a hand-held anemometer. Each pole was followed as long as the conditions of the day permitted.
.I
-;
Results i The results consist of current pole runs with simultaneous wind data. . _ , Runs were made on July 18, 19, 23, 25, 26, 30, 31, August 1, 6, 13, 14, 15, i l September 6, 10, 12, 13, 17, and 18. --
}
_.J
?
i
.s U
c-16
-M
On July 18 there were two current pole runs with resetting between. The wind directions under which results were obtained are summarized
~
in Table 1. Table 1. Wind directions under which results were obtained. r Date Winds from July 18, 1968 SW 220* July 19, 1968 NNW 330* July 23, 1968 .E 90* July 25, 1968 ENE 60* July 26, 1968 NE 40*
; July 30, 1968 E 90*
July 31, 1968 SSW 210* Aug. 1, 1968 NE. 45*
; Aug. 6, 1968 WSW 240*
Aug. 8, 1968 SW 200* Aug. 13, 1968 SW 225* Aug. 14, 1968 NNW 330* Aug. 15, 1968 ENE 75*
'. Sept. 6, 1968 WSW 250*
Sept. 10, 1968 SW 220' Sept. 12, 1968 NW 315' Sept. 12,13. 1968 NW 315* Sept. 17, 1968 SSE 150' Sept. 18, 1968 SSE 150* At the Davis-Besse plant site the missing wind directions (N, SE, S, end W) are well enough bracketed by observed winds that the currents there may be i considered quite well known. l On 12 Septenber both a dye patch and a set of current poles were followed simultaneously. The poles were alleved to run overnight and were l recovered on 13 Septenber. l i Only four readings of dye concentration in the dye patch vere obtained j i l before it faded into the background reading. Positions of the patch were fixed four nore times after reading of concentration was discontinued. 1 C-17 1
sm-m> -W
- i As a test of the general validity of our results we have computed mean ~~
current speeds as percentages of the mean winds. Primarily this is a test of whether direct wind pressure on the emergent portion of the current pole , was introducing spurious elements of speed. If the indicated current speeds _, appear correct, then the poles were probably moving with the current alone. '
~~
Moving with the current alone they would have little or no directional error from direct wind pressure. This test is shown in Table 2. Table 2. Ratios of daily mean current and wind velocities. - - - {' Date Mean Current Mean Wind Current / Wind July 18, 1968 0.378 mph 14.5 mph 2.60% ^) July 19, 1968 0.545 14.5 3.76% , July 23, 1968 0.418 10.5 4.00% July 25, 1968 0.210 13.0 1.60% July 26, 1968 0.296 6.0 4.90% -f July 30, 1968 0.353 13.0 2.70%
~"
July 31, 1968 0.265 14.5 1.80% Aug. 1, 1968 0.207 8.0 2.60% ! Aug. 6, 1968 0.570 12.0 4.80% -l Aug. 8, 1968 0.230 8.0 2.90: Aug. 13, 1968 0.209 9.5 2.20% r Aug. 14, 1968 0.308 6.0 5.10% ! Aug. 15, 1968 0.550 14.5 3.80% Sept. 6, 1968 0.213 10.5 2.00% . Sept. 10, 1968 0.164 8.0
~
2.10% Sept. 12, 1968 0.310 6.0 5.20% Sept. 12,13, 1968 0.218 6.0 3.60% . Sept. 17, 1968 0.373 12.0 3.10% Sept. 18, 1968 0.490 17.0 { 2.90% .-- Grand Mean 3.25% )
.N The norm to which the test is compared is the finding in Lake Erie that the mean value of surface current is "about 2%" of the wind velocity (see Hutchinson, A Treatise on Limnoloev, Volume I, John Wiley & Sons, New York, _d 1957, page 291). Within the limitations of the norm our results appear to
~~~
be valid. me C-18 ms__._
1 I l l + l
; Conclusions The current poles used appear to have contributed valid data.
Under most wind directions the local currents at Locust Point are downwind. l r- . Under winds from northeast, eastnortheast and east, however, water is driven into the embayment between Port Clinton and Locust Point and from there slides away along shore in a northwestward direction. Under these winds the local
;
currents ar_ Locust Point are dominated by the escapement of water from the embayment.
, It is noted that the runs on 12-13 September under northwest wind were i deflected lakcward auay f rom the Camp Perry water intake. It appears that i there may be clockwise eddy set up along the shore near Camp Perry under this
( wind, g On the 26th of June, under a northeast wind the Toussaint River was dis-charging a plume of warm discolored water which tailed off northward along the shore and cooled as it went. i a i t I e4 7 C-19
,<-w -
f DYZ DILUTION STUDIES IN THE LOCUST POINT REGION _, Our irt situ studies of natural dilution rate in che alongshore water off -~. the plant site used the red fluorescent dye, Rhodamine B. Stock dye in a 40% solution in acetic acid was used. It has a small negative buoyancy and requires -- dilution with an alcohol to become neutrally buoyant. Our dye sets consisted # of one quart of the dye stock diluted with six quarts of methanol antifreeze. ~l Concentration at setting was taken to be 6%. Dilutions were made in a plastic
~7 garbage can and introduced by gently lowering the can into the water until the !
dye floated out. Af ter an interval to allow surface tension effects caused q i by the alcohol to die away, the initial measurement of dye concentration was ' made by slowly coasting the boat through the visibly-heaviest part of the dy'e "l patch. Slow coasting with the screw stopped allowed the boat to pass through I the dye with little if any artificial mixing. Error from rapid spreading due , to the surface tension effect of the slcohol has been compensated in the calculations.
- Measurements of dye concentration were made with the ultraviolet fluorometer i
_~ of Noble add Ayers (Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 6, No. 4,1961). In this instrument the fluorescence of the dye under ultraviolet light is measured , J photoelectrically and converted by calibration curve to concentration of dye. ; Colored water of ti.. dye patch was pumped continuously through the fluorometer > during each pass through the patch. Only the highest concentration noted during :
~2 .each pass was recorded and used in dilution computations, to obtain the most conservative dilution figures.
The stations for setting of the dye patches were in 4-6 feet of water, between 200 ft and 1000 ft offshore from the plant outfall. We have no reason -- r to think that dilution figures obtained off other parts of the plant property j uu would be significantly different from those presented here (Table 3 )- In Table 3 the incremental dilution between two successive passes through C-20
F" ** i a dye patch was obtained by dividing the earlier dye concentration by the later. Each initial incremental dilution was severely rounded off to compensate for surface tension effects of the alcohol. Cu=ulative dilution was obtained by progressive multiplication of the incremental dilutions. After each multi-i plication the product vas rounded to the nearest whole number before the next multiplication. In the dye dilution experiments deliberate effort was exerted to run experiments on' the calmest days possible, for low wind and minicum wave action produce least mixing and dilution, hence giving " worst condition" figures for dilutuion. Effort was also directed to obtaining observations under vinds from as many directions as possible. _ Successful dilution experiments were run on 6, 10, 12, 16, 17 and 18 September. 4 The alongshore current direction shown by the dye patch observed on September 12 is reported in the section on local currents. All the dye
, dilution data are su==arized in. Table 3.
On the basis of the data available, chere appears to be a reasonable dilution rate inherent in the naturtJ. regimen of alongshore currents. t k a
+
5 1 i l
-h C-21 s >
- pg, -
Table 3 . Results of Dye Dilution Experiments. , Time SInce Sct Dye Concentration Incremental Dilution on m 6 Sept. 1968 Wind WSW 9-12 mph Set at regular station ' i
~
Set 6 X 10 IOOO*
-6 1 hr. 15 min. 8.4 X 10 7000X i 1 hr. 38 min. 3.0 X 10 -6 20000X -
-6 1.3X {
2 hr. 01 min. 2.3 X 10 26000X ' 3 hr. 05 min. 1.2 X 10 -6 49000X
]
3.0 X 10 ~7 3 hr. 31 min. 197000X 10 Sept. 1968 Wind SW 7-9 mph Set at regular station Set 6 X 10~
~
1500X 7 1 hr. "J min. 3.0 X 10 1500X '
-6 3. C' .
3 hr. 15 min. 8.4 X 10 3400X -, 2.7X f 4 hr. 08 min. 3.1 X 10 -6 10000X y
-6 2.6X -
4 hr. 40 min. 1.2 X 10 26000X j 12 Sept. 1968 Wind Nw 5-7 mph Set at regular station *
~
~
Sct 6 X 10 ' 1 hr. 21 min. 2.9 X 10 -6 20000X 1*1X 2.8 X 10 -6 I i .1 hr. 59 min. 22000X ,
~0 2 hr. 42 min. 1.1 X 10 57000X 3 hr. 27 min. 1.1 X 10" 57000X -
16 Sept. 1968 Wind ENE 12 mph Set at regular station l
~
Set 6 X 10 ~ 1 hr. 01 min. 5.5 x 10 -6 10000X l
-6 2.4X -
l 1 hr. 28 min. 2.3 X 10 24000X
-6 2.1X j 1 hr. 58 min. 1.1 X 10 50000X ,_,
2 hr. 22 min. -6 1.1 X 10 50000X m. C-22
,.. Table 3 (Continued)
" i"*
Time Since Set Dye Concentration Incremental Dilution
; 17 Sept. 1968 Wind SSE 12 mph Set at regular station
~
Set 6 X 10
~0 1 br. 05 min, 5.0 X 10 10000X
-6 *3*
1 hr. 43 min. 2.2 X 10 23000X i 2 hr. 21 min. 1.1 X 10 -6 46000X 2 hr. 51 min. 2.3 X 10 ~7 140000X i 18 Sept. 1968 Wind SSE 17 mph Set at regular station
-2 Set 6 X 10
-6 1 br. 00 min. 5.2 X 10 11000X 2.4 X 10 ~U 1 hr. 30 min. 24000X
, 2 hr. 00 min. 1.6 X 10-6 36000X
- i. 2 hr. 54 min. 7.2 X 10~ 82000X 4.6 X 10 -7 3 hr. 33 min. 130000X r
The studies reported above were designed to measure the present-day ability
, of the Locust Point area to dilute conservative material batch-released, i
a I 1 l , i l i f i L. C-23 t.
COMPUTATIONS FOR A CONTINUOUS POINT-SOURCE RELEASE ;- This section consists of computations which were hired, because of our .._. unfamiliarity with the model used. They were made by Dr. Joseph C-K. Huang,
~
formerly of the University of Michigan, who is now with Scripps Institution of Oceanography at La Jolla, California. Because we cannot do so, Dr. Huang will answer questions steming from this section. He should be addressed directly. ., l Per our instructions Dr. Huang has computed for that possibly unlikely case wherein a northwest wind was to hold the plant plume tightly against shore from Locust Point to well beyond the Camp Perry water intake.
.3 i
Dr. Huang's results are presented verbatim below. , i Estimation for Concentration Distributions for Conservative Material Released from a Continucus Point Source on the West , Basin of Lake Erie . Joseph C-K. Huang Most mathematical models describing the distribution of conservative ~ material in a plume emanating from a continuous fixed source in the atmos-phere or ocean are based on the assumptions that the turbulent field is homogeneous and stationary. The theoretical steady-plume models are deduced ,j from the super-position of an infinite number of patch distributions in the presence of a mean current. If the flow field has a detectable mean velocity the diffusion in the direction of the current can be ignored. Furthermore, I if the nacerial distribution within any individual disk-element in the plume l 1s assumed Gaussian, which is in general approximately the case, then the f concentration at any point in a plume can be estimated by Gifford's (1959) I two-dimansional model. In the lake, the mean concentration at any point " C-24
downstream from the centinuous point source is given by '
/ .. 2. 2 _,
C (x, y, z) = 0 Exp - I i + i (1)
-2 -2 _g 7r(g,o),g 7 p -2 0 f 2 c-2y, .
where x, y, z are coordinates, x is in the direction of mean current, y is horizontal and perpendicular to the current direction, z is vertical; Q is the steady rate of discharge of' conservative material f rom a point source in units /sec; G# fare the coordinate variances of the material distribution in cm2 ; U is the mean current speed in em/sec. Note that the above diffusion model is anisotropic. r
, The peak concentration on the surface of the lake is 0
max (} 7;r kh 2
;
In a stationary homogeneous turbulent field, after a long period of time the diffusivity is considered to approac.: symptotically a constant.
'. Csanady (1964) and Okubo and Farlow (1967) studied the turbulent diffusion in the Ucst Basin of Lake Eric and have shown the effective lateral eddy i
1 , diffusivity is about 10 cm /see to 6 x 10 cm /sec and the vertical cddy 1 diffusivity is about 1 - 10 cm /sec. Knowing the mean velocity df the current and the longitudional distance from the source, the mean coordinate variances i can be estimated from
'A 2 Kx_
i 6 = (3) U
; where K is the diffusivity.
During the summer of 1968, we ran patches of Rhodamine B dye near Locust Point in Lake Erie. At the same time the mean currents were measured by surface drogues. The peak concentrations of the dye patch as a function of l 1 C-25
l ! 7 time (or distance) were recorded from the fluoromete readings. The mean - l concentration distribution across the patch is approximately Gaussian. , __ As we are more interested in the concentration distribution of .the con-
~~
servation material in the effluent under the worst conditions, that is diffusion under an along-shore slow current, the lowest observed mean current about 10 cm/sec along the lake shore is used in this study. The lower limit of coordinate variances for the continuous point source ,, are taken from the variances calculated by equation (3) of the dye patch .. study with a lower limit value of diffusivity. Equivalently the concentrations 1, l predicted by equation (1) using the dye patch variances are the upper limit of the material concentration distributions. Conservatively we are using the following data for the calculation of I the point source concentration distributions: J Q = 1 unit /sec U = 10 cm/sec Ky = 103 cm2 /sec j Kz = 1 cm2 /sec , l Then from equation (3), the variances are s
= 2 x 102 X,
= 0.2 X.
.l The surface concentration distribution is plotted as shown in Figure 1. The concentrations along the beach (maximum cone.) and 100 m. away from the beach for each successive 1 Km downstream are listed in Table 4 -_;
In treating the large scale diffusion phenomena, such as in this case
~~
.with a large volume of discharged effluents from the power plant, it is more realistic to use the two-dimensional volume source model. In the volume j source equation the variances at the origin is an essential parameter in ,_
.-m C-26
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C-27 )
_~ 1 describing the concentration distributions. Since we have no similar survey i -~ to estimate the original variances of the volume source effluent, we cannot but use the point source equation which results in higher concentration dis-tributions than the vo3ume source (Foxworthy, et al.1966). Note that the _ point source equation is not valid at the origin. - - Due to our conservative estimation, using the lower limit of variance
~~
and the high concentration predicting equation, the concentration distribution shown in Figurc 1 is higher than that expected in the realistic situation in the lake away from the source. -- Table k . Surface concentration distribution along the beach and 100 meters away from the beach in the downstream direction from a unit /sec continuous point source. ~] istance, X Conc. along beach nc. 100m. away J in Km from the beach -- 3.5 x 10 -17
-7 1/10 2.5 x 10
-8 -
{ 1 2.5 x 10 2.1 x 10 ' '~
-8 2 1.3 x 10 3.6 x 10 -9 E 3 8.4 x 10 3.6 x 10 -9 -j 3.4 x 10 -9 4 6.3 x 10 ' ,
-9 -
5 5.0 x 10 3.? x 10 ' ..) 4.2 x 10 ' 6 2.8 x 10 ' 7 3.6 x 10 -9 2.5 x 10 -9 i 8 3.1 x 10
-9 -9 2.3 x 10 9
-9 -9 2.8 x 10 2.1 x 10 j 2.0 x 10 -9 10 2.5 x 10 ' '"
i i e i l n C-28
1 References (, * , [ 1. Csanady, G. T. , Turbulence and Diffusion in the Great Lakes, Publ. No.11, Great Lakes Research Division, University of Michigan, 326 (1964).
! 2. Foxworthy, J. E. , R. B. Tibby, and G. M. Barsom, Dispersion of a Surface Waste Field in the Sea, Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, i
Vol. 38, No. 7, 1170 (1966), r g 3. Gifford, F., Statistical Properties of a Fluctuating Plume Dispersion
, Model, Adv. Geophys., y, 117 (1959).
t
- 4. Okubo, A. and J. S. Tarlow, Analysis of Some Great Lakes Drogue Studies, Proc.10th Conf. on Great Lakes Research, 299, (1967).
l (^ l f~
- l. .
f n t
?
k + r k k t a d - e C-29,
,, - . . - ~ . , . , - - -
m
.' . ~
HYDROLOGICAL SURVEYS FOR THE DAVIS-BESSE POWER STATION THE LOCUST POINT BEGION PART III. PRELIMINARY BIOLOGICAL, FISHERIES, AND RADICIDGICAL STUDIES _ r John C. Ayers Robert F. Anderson _,, Norbert W. O'Hara Dean E. Arnold .. Charles C. Kidd
- ~
t Under contract with _; The Toledo Edison Co=pany ;
....l Special Report No. h5 ,
of the ; Great Lakes Research Division The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan January 16, 1970
.we c-30
t P. ( This report covers those biological and radiological studies that have g, been completed to date. Additional biological and chemical analyses are I still in progress and will be reported when they reach completion. [ The materials reported here are: 1 T
- r. 1. Locust Point
, Phytoplankton, May.1969 1 Zooplankton, May 1969, October 1969 Benthes, Mgy 1969, October 1969 b
- 2. Locust Point
, 7 Preliminary assessment of fish data
- 3. Locust Point I
Studies on radionuclide uptakes by parts of the food chain f ( Still being processed are the phytoplankton samples from the Locust Point i r survey of October. Still to be processed are bulk samples of phytoplankton, 4 )
. :ooplankton, and benthos ; these vill be analysed for the stable isotopes of I
metals to be expected in radwaste. Heavy pressure on the analytical equipment
- \
4
=akes it unlikely that these analyses can be carried out before March.
I
.( The survey here reported was carried out to investigate biological
. conditions at Locust Point.
Station designations were arbitrarily chosen so d2at they showed the r ' survey involved. Stations bearing an LPP (Locust Point Power) indicate the 5
' May 1969 coverage of the Locust Point region. Stations labeled with PL (Point Locust) mean the October 1969 coverage of Locust Point environs. ?
C-31 3
The October Locust Point survey revisited the stations of the May survey, , but the same station numbers were not retained. The station equivr.lency is as , follows: LPP-1 = PL-19 LPP-9 = PL-17 -- LPP-2 = PL-11 LPP-10 = PL-16 I LPP-3 = PL-12 LPP-ll = PL-2 LPP-4 = PL-9 LPP-12 = PL-3 LPP-5' = PL-8 LPP-13 = PL-20 __l LPP-6 = PL-18 LPP-14 = PL-14 LPP-7 = PL-6 LPP-15 = PL-15 ~ LPP-8 = PL-5 The same station designations were used by C. Kidd in parts of the radio-logical studies which are reported below. The surveys were in spring and fall to avoid the height of summer when _, emergent species of the benthos temporarily redute the benthos by their nuptial -- flights. By fall the offspring of the mating flights are again back in the -] benthic community. t l PRELIMINARY RESULTS ,~ Although our studies of the data are far from complete, there are certain { preliminary results that can be reported at this time, i Hav Phytoplankton Locust Point: .. Stations LPP-1, LPP-6: and LPP-9 immediately along the f ront of the plant '~ property had relatively low phytoplankton counts, though lower ones occurred - at s'tations off the mouth of the Toussaint River and off Camp Perry. ! May and October Zooplankton. Locust Point: In general, May zooplankton counts over the whole area tended to be higher _ and October counts tended to be low. As a rough index the sum of the numbers
~"
present _ijl both months in the duplicated stations of both cruises has been used. When the catches are summed, the least total is 37.50 organisms per liter for i Station LPP-6 (= PL-18); followed by 41.40 at Station LPP-9 (= PL-17); then C-32 V- 9v(i
t i , I 46.09 for LPP-3 (= PL-12); with 69.39 at LPP-15 (= PL-15); and 76.51 at LPP-1 (= PL-19); the remaining duplicated stations have substantially higher combined f counts. Except for station 15, the low values are along the shore of the plant f ( property. r May and October Benthos. Locust Point: 1 ( Benthos in the Locust Point region are sparse compared to areas further offshore. This is attributable to wave action which winnows out finer sediments L and detrital food materials. 6 9
, In the inshore stations most apt to be effected by the plant discharge j (LPP-1, 6, 9,13, 2, and 3; PL-19,10,18, 7,17 and 4) the benthos are exceedingly I'
sparse, f i
, t, i
f i f
;
i Y
-{
t J sh9 C-33
l.
SUMMARY
STATEMENT - Preliminary assessments of the biological data now worked up show that the inshore waters' at Locust Point are, compared to regions further offshore, a sort of " biological desert" only sparsely inhabited by plankton and benthos. __l Such is also true at other plant sites we have sc, died. ; Preliminary examination of the fishery data available, suggests that the rl ' sampling stations used are too far from Locust Point and too far offshore to be cdequar ely representative of fish populations close to the Point. This conclusion is preliminary and may be modified by further study. It may be significant that local fishermen reduce or cease their operations at Locust ._l Point during the height of the summer "because the fish leave the area" (Ohio ; i Division of Wildlife). '- Present evidence, though incomplete, suggests that in the critical peak-of-summer condition there are but few biological organisms present to be damaged in the area of the plant. I In radiological studies presently completed the amphipod, Pontoporeia affinis, shows a greater affinity for zine-65 than for cerium-144, manganese-54, cesium-137, zirconium-95, ruthenium-106, or strontium-90. Uptake of zine and strontium was enhanced somewhat when the amphipod was cultured with sediment , in the aquarium. -- Lake Erie chironomids (tendepedidae) and oligochaetes when similarly l
._J cultured with sediments also showed their affinities for zine-65 to be greater than for manganese-54, cesium-137, or strontium-85. _j Lake Erie clams similarly cultured had sof t-tissue affinities for cesium-137 greater than for zinc, manganese, or strontium. Clam shell appeared to concen- 'E trate both cesium and manganese more readily than the others.
STATION MAP OF LOCUST POIN T PROJ EC T
.' M AY 19 6 9, SAMPLING TRUE NORTH
. /
f I t 1
' 0 2. 5 miles 12 O . 7 r
i iI X l.4 miles e4 r X8 X5
/ O 10 0 IOOyards 3
#9 accessr t / O2 l 4 LOCUST 06
[ POINT O Og 15 Bd ** j x i4 0 13
- ~
CAMP O COMPLETE STATION p . X SHOR T STATION 0-35
STATION MAP OF LOCUST POINT OCTOBER 1969, S AMPLING - TRUE i NORTH
~
/
/ I 25' MAG.
33' MAG. - 30'TRUE 38' M AG. 3 2.5 miles ^ 35
- TRU 6 l 9 -
2 g I.4 miles 60* MAG. 57' TRU / 8 , .} I .5 miles 16 IOOyds. j 17 access r 7 g 18 i t,4 POINT plant 40* MAG' site 4 10 37* D TRUE d 15 TOOSSMN5 [ER gW 14 J d 1 - i l
*O I
CAMP l , ($) COMPLETE STATION PE R RY O ' SHORT STATION ~ c-36 l t
Phytoplankton Populaticn Locust Point, 15-16 May 1969
/ Diatoms Diatoma tenuis v. elongata ' Melosira binderana Melosira granulata Synedra ulna Synedra acus t Fragilaria intermedia i Fragilaria capucina Fragilcria crotonensis Asterionella formosa Cyclotella spp Havicula spp ' Tabe11 aria fenestrata Surirella spp Hitzschia spp Stephanodiscus spp Cymbella spp Gomphonema spp Greens Ulothrix spp Pediastrum duplex Scenedesmus abundans
( Scenedesmus quadricauda Dictyosphserium pulchellum
' Ankistrodecmus spp Ankistrodesme's falcatus Scenedesmus spp
, Micractinium pusillium Oocystis solitaria Lagerheimia longiseta t.
Golenkinia radiata Actinastrum Hant::schii r Closteriopsis longissima r Blue Greens Oscillatoria spp O d C-37 / f
Phytoplankton Locust Point - Station LPP-1,May 15 1969 - Organism No. of Colonies Cell per Liter -~ 0:cillatoria spp 3 Fragilaria crotonensis 1,874 51,,747 524 - Ankistrodesmus falcatus / 937 Diatoma tenuis v. elongata *42,156 287 598
- .'alosira binderana '66,513 526,,482 6 558 49,651 Asterionella formosa Fragilaria capucina j 49,651
, 636 Cyclotella spp s2,243,494
- avicula spp 7,937 _
Occystis solitaria 937 j Scenedesmus quadricauda 937 Synedra ulna 937 ~ Tabellaria fenestrata 4,684 30,914 Surirella spp 937 l l Phytoplankton Station LPP-2, Locust Point 15 May 1969 l Ornanist.3 : o. of Colonies Cel]s per Liter , synedra ulna Synedra acus 17,666 Tabe11 aria fenestrata 6,625 2,208 15,458
~
Pediastrum duplex 2,208 helosira binderana & M. granulata combined - 516,742 Jiatona tenuis v. elongata
/ 4,891,385 - -
v 99,374 - 1,355,896 Asterionella formosa 24,291 249,538 Fracilaria crotonensis 4,417 117,040 J Fracilaria capucina 105,998 462 Cvelotella < 5,284,625 6, meenedesmus abundans 2 208 t i Oocystis solitaria 2,208 ~ Oscillatoria spp 2 208
.a i
--a t C -30
~
Phytoplankton Station LPP-3, Locust Point 15 May 1969 Organism No. of Colonies Cells per Liter iatoma tenuis v'. elongata 47,917 - 242,675 ' Oscillatoria spp 1,546 Ulothrix spp 1,546 Melosira binderana 61,828 / 930,512 Synedra acus 4,637 Synedra ulna 6,183 Fragillaria intermedia s 17,003 ' 630,646 Fragillaria capucina 4,637 98,925 Phytoplankton Station LPP-4, Locust Point 15 !ay 1969 Orranica No. of Colonies Cells per Liter I Lynodra ulna 13,138 Tabellaria fenestrata 10,049 57,202
- Jiatoma tenuis v. elongaca s 66,478 '
672,510 ! Melosira binderana f.: ! II. granulata combined 1 202,526 ' 937,649 Fragilaria crotonensis 1,546 58,748 Asterionella fornosa 17,006 135,275 Fragilaria capucina / 85,030 s 3,237,324 Lacerheimia longiseta 773 . Golonkinia radiata 773 Cyclotella spp 865 Oscillatoria spp 3,319 2 Dietrosphaerium pulchellum 1,,546 Ocenedesmus quadricauda 773 Synedra acus 2,319 e C-39
Phytoplankton ,- Station LPP-6, Locust Point 15 May 1969 Organism No. of Colonies Cells per Liter ~l Fragilaria crotonensis 2,132 Surirella spp 14,066924 1 - Synedra ulna 6,396 Synedra acu:t 1,066 Dictyosphacrium pulchellum 066 -- Ankistrodesmus spp 1,066 Oscillatoria spp 1,132 2, Tabellaria fenestrata 7,462 33,046 -~ Diatoma tenuis v. elongata 74,620 380,562 Melocira binderana & H. granulata combined 534 891,176 Fragilaria capucina 105,036 49, 1,557,426 -- Scenedesmus abundans 1,066 Closteriopsis longissima 1,066 i Phytoplankton Station LPP-7, Locust Point ' 15 May 1969 Ornanism No. of Colonies, Cells per Liter
~
Synedra ulna 4,986 Surirella sp 997 l Occystis solitaria 997 l Colosira binderana & l M. cranulata combined 101,714 253 Diatoma tenuis v. elongata 857 622,205 283, i Asterionella formosa 50,972 9, 81 770 __j Tabellaria fenestrata 3,989 12,964 Fragilaria capucina 49,860 867 l Micractinium pusillum 1,471,,994 1, 1 l Oscillatoria spp 1,994 l C-ko
. Phytoplankton
~
~
Station LPP-9, Locust Point 15 May 1969 Organism No. of Colonies Cells een Liter_ Oscillatoria spp 5,888 Micractinium pusillum 1,472 Scenedesmus quadricauda 1,472 Synedra ulna 8 832 Cyclotella spp 10,,304 Gomphoneca op 1,472 Stephanodiscus spp' 2,944 Synedra acus 7,360 Helosira binderana & I.I. granulata conbined 113,344 1,149,632 Asterionella formosa 5 888 968 Tabellaria fenestrata 1,472 27,832 8 Diatoma tenuis v. elongata 75,072 450,,432 Fragilaria crotonensis 2 944 79,488 Fragilaria capucina 41 216 585,856 Phytoplankton Station LPP-10, Locust Point , 16 May 1969 Crganism Ilo. of Colonies Cell cer Liter Fragilaria crotonensis 6,183 Jynedra acus 7L,191 dynedra ulr.a 15,457 Oscillatoria spp 6,183
- elocira binderana & 15,457 I;. granulata combined Frag 11 aria capucina 420 417 3 108,,196 2,159,309 323 Scenedec=us opp ,550,091 Cyclotella spp 3,274 Anhistrodesmus falcatus 9, 1:itzschia spp 3,091 Diatoma tenuis v. elongata 274 272,034 Asterionella formosa 365 1,415,4659,8 83, Tabellaria fenestrata 12,183 6, 27,823 O
C-kl
R ' Phytoplankton Locust Point -- Station LPP-12, 16 May 1969 7 Orranism ,
!!o. of Colonies Cells per Liter _
Jynedra ulna 4,114 : Occillatoria spp 6 Actinastrum Hantzschii 2,470 -- Diatoma tenuis v. elongata 42,058 208,157
,131 '
Helocira binderana & H. granulata combined 73,331 815,270 . Acterionella formosa 4,314 822 Tabellaria fenestrata 5,392 38,490 20 Fragilaria capucina 21,570 628,,707 Scenedesmus abundans 1,078 1 Cyclotella 3,235 ! l Phytoplankton Station LPP-13 Locust Point 16 May 1969 , Creanism No. of Colonies Cells per Liter Scenedecuus quadricauda 1,546 j Cscillatoria spp 12,368 Stephanodiscus spp 9,276 Synedra acus 822 Dictyosphaerium pulchellum 10,184 Ankistrodesmus spp 6,092 Actinastrum Hanteschii 3,092 3, Cyclotella spp 276 - Micractinium pusillum 9,092 Synedra ulna 3,184 6 Taballaria fenestrata 6 30 920 Diatoma tenuis v. elongata 123,184
,680 1,004 900 Malosira birfderana &
M. granulata combined 536,462 5 Fragilaria capucina 40,196 1,,468,202456,332 Cymbella sp 1 546 Astorionella formosa 4,638 30,920
-.O C-h2
Phytoplankton Station LPP-15 Locust Point 15May1969 Orvanism No. of Colonies Cells ner Liter Oscillatoria spp 6,624 Ankistrodesmus spp 2,208 11avicula sp 1 104 Synedra acus 4,41o Fragilaria crotonensis 1,104 37,,536 Melosira binderana &
!!. granulata combined 59,616 623,760 Diatoma tenuis v. elongata 44,160 195,408 Tabellaria fenestrata 9 936 848 Asterionella formosa 1,104 40,040 11, Fragilaria capucina 28,,704 1,065,360 Synedra ulna 2,208 Cyclotella spp 6 624 Closteriopsis longissima 1 104 f
I 6 8* A - C-h3
POWER PLAUT SURVEYS - PRIMARY ZOOPLANKTON Cor%TS - T.OCUST POIhT. LAKE ERIE (NO. ORC./ LITER) LPP-1 PL-19 LPP-3 PL-12 LPP-4 PL-9 LPP-6 PL-18 LPP-7 PL-6 (=LPP-1) (=LPP-3) (=LPP-4) (=LPP-6) (=LPP-7) 5/15/69 10/29/69 5/15/69 10/21/69 5/15/69 10/21/69 5/15/69 10/29/69 5/15/69 A?//1/Aff , CALANDID COPEPODS: Dirptomus sp. 3.82 0.71 2.76 0.40 4.21 0.48 1.37 7.43 0.15 Eurytemera affinis 0.59 0.20 0.13 0.46 Oth2rs CYCLOPOID COPEPODS 29.72 3.18 14.60 3.69 33.97 4.96 10.88 0.47 77.86 2.39 ROTIFERS: Asplanchma sp. 3.47 0.12 1.75 0.30 1.81 0.48 2.05 5.99 (Others too small for this net) . CLAD 0CERA: .n }; Daphnia retrocurva 15.62 1.06 5.51 0.66 34.66 0.31 14.47 0.13 46.33 0.25 Cther Daphnia 0.20 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.20 Bormina sp. 3.20 13.55 4.24 11.23 4.09 10.70 3.76 3.48 5.15 4.62 Chydorus sphaericus 0.13 0.13 0.04 0.07 Cariodaphnia reticulata Lsptodora kindtii 0.27 0.12 0.35 0.03 0. 84 0.04 0.63 0.98 Sida crystallina Hydra OTHER CROUPS: 0.51 0.12 0.04 0.04 0.05 (02tracods unless otherwise noted) REMARKS: Very dirty sample ( .I - _j _i _:j __I 1 ii iL L_ l : L__ ._. _ . i . i i i
,.]
POWER PLAffr SURVEYS - PRIMARY ZOOPLANKTON COUNTC - IOCUST POINT. I.AKE FRTE (No. ORO./ LITER) LPP-9 PL-17 LPP-10 PL-16 LPP-12 PL-3 LPP-13 PL-20 LPP-15 PL-15 (=LPP-9) (=LPP-10) (=LPP-12) (=LPP-13) (=LPP-15) . 6/15/69 A3/2RAGf 5/16/69 10/28/69 5/16/69 10/24/69 5/16/69 10/29/69 5/16/69 10/27/69 CALANDID COPEPODS: Diaptomus sp. 1.65 3.76 0.62 6.51 0.04 28.77 0.15- 5.63 0.37 Eurytemora af finis 0.71 1.87 0.32 0.53 0.51 Others CYCLOPOID COPEPODS 9.97 0.59 42.34 3.50 56.55 1.56 132.80 2.05 53.53 1.11 ROTIFERS: Asplanchna sp. 1.24 0.12 12.62 0.19 1.11 0.23 0.30 1.83 0.03 o (Others too email j; for this net) , CLADOCERA: Daphnia retrocurva 8.16 0.82 22.87 2.74 12.30 0.28 4.49 0.38 1.90 0.10 Other Daphnia 0.08 0.10 Bosmina sp. 2.95 13.67 8.01 30.53 2.87 6.94 19.79 14.94 2.47 1.01 Chydorus sphaericus 0.03 0.03 Ceriodaphnia reticulata 0.06 0.15 Leptodora kindtil 1.49 3.46 0.05 0. 34 0.12 0.15 0.07 0.03 Sida crystallina . OTHER GROUPS: 0.67 (Ostracods unless otherwise noted) REMARKS:
POWER PLANT SURVEYS - PRI51ARY 200PI ANKTo'! colNTS - I.0CUST POINT. I AKE E9 f E (No. ort'.. / LITER) PL-1 PL-2 PL-4 PL-5 PL-7 P L-8 PL-10 PL-11 PL-13 PL-14 f all only f all only fall 011y f all only fall only fall only fall oniv fall only fall only fall on1V 10/24/69 10/24/69 10/24/69 10/24/69 10/21/69 10/21/69 10/21/69 10/21/69 10/20/69 10/20/69 CALANOID COPEPODS: Dieptomus sp. 0.69 0.06 0.04 0.56 0.57 0.30 0.16 0.57 0.38 l Eurytemora affinis '0.44 7.84 0.67 0.11 0.08 0.06 0.04 0.05 Others CYCLOPOID COPEPODS 2.71 0.25 1.52 0.28 7.89 2.62 3.28 0.94 2.53 2.10 t ROTIFERS: Asplanchna sp. 0.13 0.06 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.28 0.26 0.14 (Others too small for this net) ? CLAD 0CERA: c-Diphcia retrocurva 0.57 0.19 0.39 0.61 0.27 0.55 0.31 1.09 1.39 Other Daphnia Bo:mina sp. 7.24 4.05 9.53 3.15 15.61 7.22 7.07 3.56 11.04 11.09 Chydorus sphaericus Cariodaphnia reticulata L3ptodora kindtii 0.08 Disphanosoma 0.06 leuchtenbergianum OTHER GROUPS: (0 tracods unless otherwise noted) REMARKS: l . L_ E_ L_ t__ L__ _ - . . _ . _ t__. _ . . _ . '.__--. i i i I __J *: i 1
..,- ,,3 f- ,
LOCUST POINT POWER PROJECT Benthos Data Station Greanishs per meter Number Date Amphipods 011gochaetes Sphaeriidae Tendipedidae Other Ratio: Amphi/011Ro LLP-1 5/15/69 0 4877 17 965 Snail 52 0
-2 5/15/69 26 5364 26 1165 0 0.0048
-3 5/15/69 0 86 0 43 Snail shells 0
-4 5/15/69 8 1452 34 991 Daphnia 26 0.0059
-5 5/15/69 52 2269 34 565 Daphnia 17 0.0229
-6 5/15/69 0 26 0 78 Snail 17 0 Cyclops 43 Copepod 8
-7 5/15/69 26, 2399 121 39 Cyclops 113 0.0108
? Daphnia 443 fp Snail 339
-8 5/15/69 52 1217 17 286 Cyclops 43 0.0428 Daphnia 34 Snail 782
-9 5/15/69 17 165 0 199 Daphnia 43 0.1052 Cyclops 252 j
-10 5/16/69 26 121 0 234 0 0.2142
-11 5/16/69 34 808 8 452 Daphnia 8 0.0430
-12 5/16/69 26 26 8 982 Snails 26 1.0000 Cyclops 130 Daphnia 956
-13 5/16/69 0 113 0 191 Snail 8 0 Daphnia 460 Cyclopa 156
-14 5/16/69 0 895 8 295 Cyclops 78 0 Daphnia 60
-15 5/16/69 0 686 8 1278 0 0
4 LOCUST POINT POWER PROJECT Benthos Data Station creanisms per meter Number Date Amphipods oligochaetes Sphaertidae Tendipedidae other Ratio: Amphi/011go P1-1 10/24/69 0 1139 0 348 Clam 9 0
-2 10/29/69 0 678 0 730 Leech 9 0 Clan 9 .~.
-3 10/24/69 0 556 17 565 0 '
0
-4 10/24/69 0 3148 0 270 0 0
-5 10/24/69 0 956 17 565 0 0
-6 10/24/69 17 1026 17 539 Clam 17 0.0166
-7 10/21/69 9 522 0 70 0 0.0172
-8 10/21/69 35 1252 0 130 Leech 26 0.0280
-9 10/21/69 104 391 278 70 Leech 174 0.2660
-10 10/21/69 43 461 17 165 Leech 9 0.0933
-11 10/21/69 0 617 78 130
, 0 0
-12 10/21/69 400 130 96 52 Leech 9 3.0769 Clam 9
-13 10/20/69 104 96 26 78 Leech 9 1.0833
-14 10/20/69 78 157 9 35 Leech 17 0.4968
-15 10/29/69 61 261 35 130 Leech 35 0.2337
-16 10/29/69 IO 70 0 61 0 0
-17 10/29/69 0 0 0 0 0 0
-18 10/29/69 0 26 0 0 0 0
-19 10/29/69 17 96 35 87 0 0
-20 10/29/69 9 1530 0 78 0 0
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l FISH AND FISHERIES IN THE AREA OF THE PROPOSED LOCUST POINT POWER PLANT Due to lack of time and equipment, data on the fish sit-
.- uation was not collected directly, but was obtained from various government reports and from interviews with fisheries biol-ogists working in the area. The U. S. Bureau of Commercial Fisheries established an "index" station, known as Bono or No. 7, in 1959. Annual collections were made at this station until 1965 and are summarized in table 1. The station is loc-ated 8-1/2 miles northwest of Locust Point and is 2 miles off-shore with a depth of 20 feet (figure 1) . Unfortunately the bottom at the Bono station is mostly mud, whereas the bottom at the same distance and depth off Locust Point is sandy gravel (Herdendorf, 1968; Ayers and Anderson, 1969). This dif-ference and the distance involved may cause significant dif- 9 ferences in the relative abundance of various fish species at g jk [A '
the two locations. Nevertheless, these data provide a con- # 44 venient summary of the fish populations in the Locust Point areaI Growth rate data, which would also be of interest in evaluating power plant effects, is available for only a few species and times. Since the fish populations of Lake Erie have been somewhat unstable over the last decade, and the USBCF data extends only through 1965, present relative abun-dance of the fish species may be somewhat different from that implied by table 1. The Ohio Division of Wildlife fishery studies in western Lake Erie are concentrated on the walleye, which is the only remaining "high-value" (in the traditional sense) fish in the commercial catch, and which is in danger of population collapse (Arnold, 1969a; Regier, Applegate, and Ryder, 1969). They also have records from trap net and haul seine commercial fisheries near Locust Point but inasmuch as the fishermen specialize in j -one or two species and generally report only those fish selected for market, this data was not particularly useful for our purposes. ,, Approximately 14 major and 5 minor species of fish occur around Locust Point. The species composition is heavily in-C-k9 i
Trible 1: Turnery of trSTCP index collections at Pono (//7) station (::enns of 210-minute hauls of 26' trawl, 3-inch mesh.) rpecies are June Aug. Oct. Aug. Aur. Aur. Auc. Aur. Auc. rroup 1959 1950 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 l?6h 1965 - 1ellew Perch adult 26 15 3 6 3 L h6 97 73 yearlinP 2h 3 h9 8 260 37 29 _ younc of year 195 ILL 109 519 162 loh 25 205 Emercld Shiner adult 76 89 78 3 55 55 1 52 yearlinc 139 986 h7 1 G 2 yount of year 1 1 Spottail Shiner adult 6 23 61 L8 17 h 21 22 3 q ' yestline 17 9 19 12 72 36 8 yonne of year lh 67 97 56 2 29 66 2h6 I Snelt edult 1 l yearling young of yenr 1 66 9 1 Troutperch adult 5 3 22 15 1 1 2 l yearline 7 2 1 L 3 8 rounc of rest 3 22 7 9 38 22 ; S:;eepshend adult 1 6 1 3 lo yerrline 2 1 2 6 younc of year 1 1 3 71 . Channel adult h 1 1 1 Catfish yerrline 1 1 younr of year vle11 eye sdult 1 , yearlinc ! ycuna of yeer 1 2 1 ~" Carp adult 1 h yearlir.g 1 1 _) young of year 1 filewife adul.t ~ yearline roung of year lo 80 265 2h 56 3 , t ihite Bass edult " yearling younc of year 15 6 19 153 165 121 17 lo !
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[---- j - - . . .,f. . ,, . . , . L .. ., [,_ ! . _ . Figure 1: Western Lake Eric showing major islands and reefs plus USBCF sampling station #7 (" Bono"). Modified from Herdendorf, 1968. t f I .- l C-51 L-
fluenced by the extensive marsh habitat in the vicinity, which .- serves as spawning and food producing area for some species and primary habitat for others. The commercial fishery in the area .,.. consists largely of trap nets, plus a shore seine fishery for carp which operates in spring. The fisheries are somewhat res- _, tricted by test firing from Camp Perry. The chief species taken are walleye (discussed below) , white bass, yellow pe'ch, r
~~
sheepshead, carp, goldfish, channel catfish, and suckers, plus a few whitefish in spring. The latter species, however, is already at or near its upper temperature limit in this area. -' Several forage fishes are present in abundance, partially con-tributing (along with the spawning reefs) to the persistence , of fairly good walleye populations in the Locust Point area while j those in many other areas have almost disappeared. These species _, include shiners, troutperch, gizzard shad, and alewife. ; The Kelleys Island - Bass Island reef and the reefs off Locust Point (figure 1) are the only remaining spawning areas l
~
used by significant numbers of walleyes (Regier, at al., 1969). Walleyes tend to move counterclockwise around the. basin on a yearly cycle, being concentrated near the north shore in fall - and arriving on the spawning reefs during the winter. In 1968, peak spawning occurred between April 10 and 18, when water temp- , eratures ranged from 45 to 52 degrees F. (Baker, 1969). It is , generally believed that the upper limit for walleye spawning is about 55 degrees F. (W. Hartman,~ personal communication). Locust Point Reef, the spawning area closest to the plant I
~J site (figure 2) showed a higher number of eggs per sample than five of the other areas in 1968, and was reported as a major i I
spawning area for the first time (Baker, 1969). This reef is less - than 3 miles offshore, while the other reefs (figure 2) range ; from 3 to 7 miles off. According to present best predictions _; if, due to unfavorable wind and current conditions, the plant discharge plume were to reach the reef area, walleye spawning - would be_ exposed to_a rise of 1 or 2 degrees. A prolonged
, rise might induce earlier spawning if the rise were uninterrupted,
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but it is more likely that the spawners would move cut rather than spawn in warmer water.
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From Hartley, Herdendorf, and Keller, 1966. C-53 L.
Another concern relates to blooms of blue-green algae, which are becoming common in western Lake srie (Casper, 1965), '- ~ and were particularly bad in 1969 (W. L. Hartman, personal communication). These algae are favored by warm temperatures , and are unfavorable to forage fish and invertebrate fish food , organisms (Gorham, 1965; Arnold, 1969b). l 1 ZOOPLANKTON IN THE LOCUST POINT AREA Zooplankton samples showed considerable differences bet- -, ween spring and fall, and within each season were quite consistent i throughout the sampling area. May samples were dominated by cyclopoid copepods (montly cyclops bicuspidatus) and the clad- j oceran Daphnia retrocurva. In the October samples, these groups were relatively low in abundance, and the cladoceran
]
- Bosmina became highly dominant. (see attached tables) . These conditions were not unexpected on the basis of previous studies, but a large part of the Bosmina appeared to be of a new species -
or subspecies. This possibility is now being studied. , i
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i l D. E. Arnold - 1/8/70 J t
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TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF 5'ALIEYE FDG S4f*LTFG DATA BV INDEX STATTONS
, 1960 THPTUGH 1968 (From Baker, 1969)
YTAR STATICU CF PWF AFEA to ?) P?3A P25 #26 i'31 #33 W AGA9A CRIB STAFUE KELLE7S GULL TCUSSAI"T UEST TOTtLE 1960 No. of Samples 8 5 - - - 6 5 2 1 27 No. Eggs per Samplc202 178 --- 973 189 190 60 363
% Viable ,37.5 62.2 --- h9.5 th.2 h6.5 66.9 h9.5 1961 No. nf Samples 16 22 ---
15 13 --- 13 79 No. Eggs PerSanple 198 609 --- 910 1C6 -- 3h LC6 5 Viable ,23.3 18.1 --- 29.0 9.7 -- 11.1 21.6 1962 Mo. of Samples h h --- 5 5 h 6 28 No. Eggs PerSanple h08 2 56 --- 1h6 38 316 35 180 i 5 Viable lhh.9 35.h --- 33.h 35.2 38.6 15.7 37.h 1963 No. of Sanples 12 13 9 13 13 12 11 83 No.7ges PerSanple 131 1h3 189 217 112 19h 1.3 1h2
< Viable {30.0 27.0 h6.0 30.0 21.0 33.0 7.0 31.8 196h No. of Sanples 11 8 9 10 9 8 7 62 No. Eggs PerSample 682 301 157 1,072 58 699 h.1 h55
% Viable '38.h 50.9 62.9 11.h 12.8 32.2 55.1 35.3 1965 Fo. of Sanples 12 10 13 11 9 11 13 79 No. Eggs PerSample h6 91 266 3,325 155 177 11 569
% Viable lh8.7 h5.3 h5.7 28.8 lb.8 hh.6 kl.1 35.h 1966 No. of Samples 18 21 23 23 15 25 16 1h1 "o. Eggs PerSancle 119 111 262 38 0 1h 177 h3 17h
% Viable 25.h 31.9 15.9 L.5 39.7 25.9 19.2 19.h 1967 No. of Sanples 2h 21 19 1 f 23 25 10 123 Mo. Fags PerSample 121 139 279 119 3 238 2 16h 5 Viable 39.3 33.5 3h.9 25.2 33.3 ho.6 0.0 35.3 1968 "o . - o f Samp,les " 26 26 20 17 ---
25 13 127 No.'ggs PerSample b5 78 63 376 --- 12h 6 110
% Viable 26.1 2b 8 17.8 17.1 --- 26.1 3h.1 21.9 L.
C-55
d REFERENCES ~ l Arnold, D. E. 1969a. The ecological decline of Lake Erie. New York Fish Game J. 16(1):27-45. Arnold, D. E. 1969b.' Feeding studies on Dauhnia pulex using seven
~
blue-green algae. Ph. D. thesis, Cornell Univ. 89 p. Ayers, J. C., and R. F. Anderson. 1969. Hydrological surveys for the Locust Point power plant. Spec. Rep. 45, Great , Lakes Res. Div., Univ. Mich. 75 p. + app. Haker, C.T. 1969. Walleye spawning area study in western Lake Erie. Job Completion Report F-35-R-7, Dingell-Johnson Program, Ohio Dept. Nat. Res. Mimeo. 27 p. Casper, V. L. 1965. A phytoplankton bloom in western Lake Erie. Great Lakes Res. Div. Univ. Mich. Pub. 13:29-35. I Gorham, P. R. 1965. Toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae. ) P. 37-43 in C. M. Tarzwell (ed.), Biological problems in water pollution (3rd seminar). U. S. Public Health Service Pub. 999-WP-25. j Hartley, R. P., C. E. Herdendorf, and M. Keller. 1966. ' Synoptic water sampling survey in the western basin of Lake Erie. Great Lake s Res . Div. Univ. Mich . Pub . 15: - 301-322. Herdendorf, C. E. 1968. Sedimentation studies in the south shore reef area of western Lake Erie. Proc. lith Conf. Great Lakes Res. 188-205.
Regier, H.A., V. C. Applegate, and R. A. Ryder. 1969. The '" ecology and management of the walleye in western Lake
~j Erie. Tech. Rep. 15, Great Lakes Fich. Comm. 101 p. J C-56 m
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Radiological Analyses The following reports by Charles C. Kidd present a part of the studies of accumulation of radionuclides in the food chain, which have been carried on with funds from Indiana and Michigan Electric Company and from Toledo Edison. Other studies, similarly supported are incorporated in a PhD thesis by Kidd which should be completed in the near future. These reports by Kidd have just recently been received J. C. Ayers I
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4 4 A J ( 1 k RADIOLOGICAL HEALTH RESEARCH f PROGRESS REPORT .-
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"THE ACCUMULATION OF RADIONUCLIDES BY PONTOPOREIA AFFINIS" Submitted by, CHARLES C. KIDD ~
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c-58 l
r . INTRODUCTION: Earlier experiments conducted by the writer during the period 1 Aug. 1968 thru 31 Oct. 1968 were designed to reveal the ability of the amphipod, Pontoporeia affinis, to accumulate radioactive elements in solution. In these experiments the amphipods were exposed to waste waters from a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant and a nuclear power reactor. These wastes contained significant quantities of radioactive zinc, zirconium, ruthenium, barium and cesium. Results of these experiments indicated that the organism only demonstrated an affinity for zine as indicated by the accu-mulation of zinc-65. The concentration of radioactive zinc in the amphipods was approximately 250 times greater than the con-l centration of the isotope in solution af ter a 3-day exposure period. In order to confirm this observation, and to measure the ability
' of Pontoporeia to accumulate other radioactive elements the experiments described in this report were conducted. Some of the radioactive elements used in these experiments are peculiar tc waste from nuclear facilities (activation products) and some may be present in the environment as a result of nuclear facilities operations or testing of nuclear devices (fission products). In some of the experiments the amphipods were exposed to radioactive
' l elements in the absence of sediment from which they are known to '
obtain most of their food. By comparing experimental results of L l L; c-59 . 1
l tests "with" and "without" sediment those accumulated isotopes involved in metabolic processes will be identified. -c-METHOOS AND MATERIALS: The ~ seven radioactive elements used in these experiments ~l i were cerium-144, manganese-54, zinc-65, cesium-137, zirconium-95, ruthenium-106 and strontium-90. A total of 14 plastic aqu-aria were used each containing 250 ml. of lake water. Thirty .., grams of sediment was added to 7 of the aquaria. Equal volumes of each solution containing a radioactive element were added to '
~
an aquarium without sediment and to one with sediment. Twelve amphipods were placed in each aquarium and all test animals were maintained at 10'C for 72 hours. At the end of this time all the water in the aquaria with sediment was slowly siphoned off ..i into plastic. cups. The amphipods were removed by flushing the } 3ediment through a screen which retained them. Amphipods were removed from the aquaria without sediment with a small tea strainer. ! a The'12 amphipods from each aquarium were divided into 3 groups of 4 animals each. Tne wet weight of each group of amphipods was _ .) i determined immediately. All amphipods and water from tests involving gamma emitters with and without sediment were analysed ~ l-l for 200' minutes by a gamma spectrometer. Pontoporeia which had I l _
..a not beer. exposed to radioactive isotopes in the laboratory and were from the same area of. Lake Michigan were also weighed and __
radioassayed. Af ter adjusting each spectrum of gamma radioactivity i obtained from analysis of the amphipods for the contribution of -" I l C-60
activity from unirradiated amphipods the specific activity, picocuries (pci) per gram, was calculated for each isotope under both sets of test conditions. The residual activity per ml. in all tests waters was also calculated. Amphipods exposed to strontium-90 were wet-digested with nitric acid and the neutra-lized dry residue counted for 50 minutes in a Beckman Low Back-ground Beta Counter. A sample of unirradiated amphipods was also analysed in this manner. Waters from the strontium tests were evaporated to dryness and analysed in the low background beta counter. RESULTS: Tables #1 and #2 are " budgets" which reveal the fate of ! radionuclides used in each experiment. Significant percentages of all radioisotopes with the exception of ruthenium were removed by the amphipods in the tests without sediment. The largest accumulation multiple, (pci per gram /pci per ml.) resulting from this experiment was 29 as observed for manganese and zinc. (see table #3) . Results of the experiment with sediment revealed that significant percentages of manganese-54, zinc-65, strontium-90 were removed by the amphipods. Accumulation multiples for these isotopes were 29, 273 and 70, respectively. It was observed also that a large percent of each isotope added became associated with the sediment and thereby available to the amphipods. o.
, (_ C-61 -
CONCLUSIONS: g-The results of the experiments described above indicate that Pontoporeia affinis has a greater affinity for zine than -- i any other isotope tested. It is also concluded the accumulation of strontium and zine are enhanced by their availability in the ~l i sediment and that their accumulation involves metabolic processes. Experiments will be initiated shortly to determine maximum .j accumulation multiples for radioactive strontium, zine and mangan- --- i
; ese. Strontium-85, a gamma emitter, will be used in these exper-iments to permit the simultaneous measurement of radioactivity due ]
1 to all three isotopes by gamma spectrometry. Having reached a maximum specific activity test organisms will be placed in aquaria containing no added radionuclides. The loss of activity in time will permit the calculation of the effective and biological - " half-lives of each radioisotope in the amphipod. 'l,
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TABLE #1 BUDGET OF RADIONUCLIDES FOR 72 HOURS LABORATORY UPTAKE EXPERIMENT WITHOUT SEDIMENT: RADIONUCLIDE TOTAL ACTIVITY ACTIVITY REMAINING ACTIVITY REMOVED PERCENT ADDED (pCi) IN SOLUTION (pCi) BY AMPHIPODS REMOVAL (pCi) 144 144 Ce -Pr 820 818 2 0.24% l 54 Mn 214,000 212,843 1,157 0.54% 65 Zn 32,300 32,132 168 0.52% Cs 1,745 1,736 9 0.52% 95 95 2,950 Zr -Nb 2,948 2 0.06% Ru -Rh 30,600 >30,599 <1 <0.003% Sr 0_790 1,825 1,819 6 0.33% l e
, C-63 L
_.w+ _.n. w . . . . _. _ n,. -wnu. l TABLE #2 BUDGET OF RADIONUCLIDES FOR 72 HOUR LABORATORY UPTAKE-EXPERIMEN'I WITH SEDIMENT: _
;
RADIONUCLIDE TOT. ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY ACTIVITY REMOVED ~~ ADDED (pCi) REMAINING REMOVED BY AMPHIPODS ' IN SOL. BY SED. i (pCi) (pCi) % RE- (pCi) % REMOVAL --, MOVAL
]
144 144 Ce -Pr 820 338 482 58.80% 0 0 , 54 Mn 214,000 30,942 182,937 85.44% 121 0.06% 65 32,300 1,696 Zn 30,541 94.50% 63 0.20%
.a Cs 1,745 280 1,465 84.00% 0 0
- j' Zr '-Nb9 2,950 374 2,576 87.30% 0 0 :
. - .d Ru -Rh 30,600 6,833 23,764 77.61% 3 0.01% , ,
i Sr -Y 1,825 765 1,052 57.60% 8 0.50%
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TABLE #3: SPEC 7FIC ACTIVITIES AND ACCUMULATION MULTIPLES IN PONTOPOREIA AFFINIS RESULTING FROM 72 HOUR LABORATORY UPTAKE EXPERIMENTS: RADIONUCLIDE SPECIFIC ACTIVITY (pCi/ gram) ACCUMULATION MULTIPLE (pCi/ gram pCi/ml. WITHOUT SED. WITH SED. WITHOUT SED. WITH SED. 4
! Co -Pr 46 0 20 0 54 24,450 3,641 29 29 Mn 65 3,730 1,854 29 273 Zn
.I ds , 155 0 22 0 Zr -Nb 109 0 9 0
! l06 71 Ru -Rh 6 0.8 3 90 90 122 212 17 70 Sr -Y i
e T D D t C-65
ACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES BY LAKE ERIE BENTHIC WORMS: . . - C. Kidd, 24 July '69 _
;
ISOTOPE SAMPLE # TYPE WET WT. (g) 7-DAY ACTIVITY CONCEN- - TRATION In water In worms FACTOR 54 cpm cpm ! Mn 1 Chironominae 0.112 4.18 411 98.3 i ml g 2 Oligochaetes 0.129 388 93.0 em E" Cs 3 Chiron. 0.259 3.95 467 118 -- g 4 Oligo. 0.201 323 81.7 6 cpm ~" Zn 5 Chiron. 0.039 2.30 736 C["1692 6 Oligo 0.176 369 " 160 1
.]
Sr 7 Chiron. ---- ---- ---- ---- i cpm cpm 8 Oligo. 0.071 30.2 ml 676 g 22.4 _;
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ACCUMULATION OF RADIOISOTOPES BY FRESHWATER CLAMS (LAKE ERIE): C. Kidd 24, July 1969: 72 Hour Test SOFT TOT. (cpm /g) (cpm /ml) CONC. TISSUE ACTIVITY CONC. OF ACT. FACTOR WEIGHT TOT.ACT. CONC. OF CONC. ISOTOPE SAMPLE WET IN SOFT ACTIVITY CONC. IN OF IN ACTIVITY FACTOR WEIGHT TISSUE IN SOFT IN SOFT SHELL SHELL IN SHELL IN (cpm) TISSUE WATER TISSUE (cpm) (cpm /g) SHELL 8 32.1 387 12.1 0.61 30.5 533 17.5 0.88 85 9 28.1 309 11.0 0.55 7.20 501 69.5 3.56 6# '9 10 32.7 139 4.25 0.21 8.30 444 53.4 2.68 13 87.9 698 7.83 0.39 61.9 878 14.2 0.71 8 32.1 536 16.7 2.42 30.5 2011 65.9 9.55 137 9 28.1 1095 39.0 5.65 7.20 1774 246 35.7 s 6.90 10 32.7 1675 5.18 0.75 8.30 1164 140 20.2 o 13 87.9 1428 16.2 2.34 61.9 2441 39.4 5.7 7 8 32.1 209 6.51 1.97 30.5 304 9.96 3.02 9 28.1 90.0 3.20
""54 10 32.7 0 0 3.30 0.97 7.20 377 52.4 15.9 0 8.30 420 506 153 13 87.9 17.0 0.19 0.06 61.9 542 8.75 2.65 8 32.1 151 4.70 1.45 305 209 6.85 2.12 9 28.1 0 0 0 7.20 322 Z"65 10 32.7 3.23 44.7 13.8 2.00 0.06 0.02 8.30 288 34.6 10.7 13 87.9 30.0 0.34 0.11 61.9 433 6.99 2.16
RADIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES - C. Kidd _ July 24, 1969 , SAMPLE SAMPLE WET WEIGHT GROSS / Cs *^ NO. STATION OF SOIL DEPTH ACTIVITY ACTIVITY SAMPLE (g) cpm /g PCi/g cpm /g pCi/g
~1 1 LPP-15 239.3 7m 1.68 21.2 0.33 3.25 2 FP-9 352.1 0.68 8.57 0.07 0.69 --
3 FP-6 316.7 0.65 8.19 0.07 0.69 4 FP-4 432.2 0.75 9.45 0.09 0.89 'l 1 5 FP-10 574.4 0.62 7.31 0.09 0.89 6 FP-8 213.5 1.91 24.1 0.43 0.42 7 FP-1 229.5 1.15 14.5 0.18 1.77 , l 8 FP-7 131.8 1.57 19.8 0.17 1.68 ' 9 FP-12 394.8 0.97 12.2 0.18 1.77 FP-3
~
10 238.8 1.79 22.6 0.40 3.94 11 FP-2 209.4 1.43 18.0 0.25 2.47 ,,j
*12 FP-5 205.1 1.10 13.9 0.15 1.48 13 FP-ll 345.8 1.26 15.9 0.29 2.86 J 14 LPP-13 208.0 2m 1.09 13.7 0.19 1.87 15 LPP-10 136.5 3m 1.75 22.0 0.30 2.96 16 LPP-1 164.9 5.5 m 1.46 18.4 0.14 1.38 17 LPP-6 222.3 1.5 m 1.11 14.0 0.09 0.89 18 LPP-4 175.8 5.5 m 1.44 18.1 0.18 1.77 -
19 LPP-7 142.2 5m 0.54 6.80 0.14 1.38 '
~~
20 LPP-9 139.2 1.5 m 0.83 10.5 0.15 1.48 21 LPP-2 181.5 5m 1.55 19.5 0.19 1.87 22 LPP-3 157.5 1.5 m 1.29 16.3 0.12 1.18
*W c-68 l
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