ML18086B538

Annual Environ Operating Rept (Nonradiological), 1981.

ML18086B538
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Site:	Salem
Issue date:	05/28/1982
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SALEM NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION

• UNIT NOS. l & 2 Docket Nose 50-272, 50-311 Operating License Nos. DPR-70, DPR-75 January 1-December 31,1981 11e Energy People 1981 Annual Environmental Operating Report

( Nonradiological)

May 28,1982

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1981 ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING REPORT

{NON-RADIOLOGICAL)

January 1 through December 31, 1981 IE HQ FILE OOH SALEM NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION ONIT NOS. 1 AND 2 Docket Nos. 50-272, 50-311 Operating License Nos. DPR-70, DPR-75 PUBLIC SERVICE ELECTRIC AND GAS COMPANY 80 Park Plaza Newark, New Jersey June 11 , 19 8 2 8207010399-8266.11 PDR ADOCK 05000272 R PDR M P82 83/01-cag

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This report was prepared by Public Service Electric and Gas Company, Newark, New Jersey. Data were collected at the

• salem Nuclear Generating Station and in the Delaware Estuary by the staff of Salem Station, the PSE&G Research and Test-ing laboratory and Ichthyoloqical Associates (IA) of Middle-town, Delaware. Data analysis and report preparation were performed by the PSE&G Licensing and Environment Department and the IA staff.

M P82 83/01 ii

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SALEM NUCLEAR GENERATING STATION ANNUAL ENVIRONMENTAL OPERATING REPORT (NON-RADIOLOGICAL)

TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION TITLE PAGE l.O GENERAL. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * .* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

• 1 l.l INTRODUCTION. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

• 1 l.2 SuMMARY. * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

• 2

1.3 CONCLUSION

S * *********************** * * * * * * *

• 3 2.0 ABIOTIC MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS 4 2.l 'l'HERMA.L * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

• 4 2.l.l Thermal Characteristics of Cooling Water 4 Discharge ................................ .

2.1.2 Rate of Change of Discharge Temperature ** 5 2.2 CHEMICAL * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * *

• i 3 2.2.1 Chlorine * ..*.......*....................**. 14 2.2.2 Suspended Solids ************************* 14 2.2.3 pH ** **************************** * * * * * * * *

• 15 2.2.4 River Water Survey ************************ 15

• 2.2.s 3.0 3.l 3.l.l 3.l.2 3.1.3 Chemical Releases ************************ 21 BIOTIC MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS **

DIAMONDBACK TERRAPIN NESTING STUDY *********

Study Area . ..................*............

Materials and Methods ********************

Data Reduction ***************************

65 65 65 66 66 3.l.4 Results and Discussion ***************.**** 67 3.2 OSPREY AND BALD EAGLE SURVEY *************** 68 3.2.l Study A~ea ******************************* 69 3.2.2 Materials and Methods ******************** 69 OSPREY SURVEY - 1981 ***********************

3.2.3 Results and Discussion ******************* 69 3.4 LITERATURE CITED ............................ 71 M P82 83/0 l i

.j

• SECTION 1.0 GENERAL

1.1 INTRODUCTION

This report is requ.ired by the Environmental Technical Spec-if ica.tions (Appendix B to Operating License DPR-70 and DPR-75) for Salem Nuclear Generating Station. It includes the results of analyses carried out under the non-radiolo~

ical environmental monitoring requirements described in the Environmental Technical Specifications {ETS). The reportinq requirements within Appendix *B to Operatinq License DPR-70 became effective on December 11, 1976, and to Operating License DPR-75 on.August 2, 1980, when the units involved achieved initial criticality.

It is noteworthy that in 1979, the NRC issued Amendment No. 23 to Facility Operatinq License No. DPR-70, which ef-

~fectively deferred control of most environmental issues to the Environmental Protection Agency under the Station's National Pollution Discharge Elimination System {NPDES) permit.

Since the Yellow Creek ruling {Atomic Safety and Licensing Appeal Board,. Docket Nos. STN 50-566, 567, 1978), the EPA has taken responsibility for all environmental water quality monitoring requirements at the Station. This is reflected in the.existing Salem 2 operating license (No. DPR-75) ETS

- sections. Effective after the Yellow Creek Decision, the environmental technical specifications for Unit 2 defer all biotic and abiotic monitoring of effluent limitations to NPDES permit No. NJ0005622. Similar consideration has not been provided however, by altering corresponding sections of Unit 1.

Much of the equipment and resources utilized by Salem 1 is shared by Salem 2. Although distinct differences in report-ing requirements exist between the ETS sections for both units, we have not attempted to draw a distinction between the environmental impacts associated with each.

The station is located at the southern end of Artificial Is-land in Lower Alloways Creek Township, Salem County, New Jersey. The island, actually a manmade peninsula, projects M P82 83/01 from the eastern shore of the Delaware River estuary which is approximately 2.0 miles wide at this location. The pro-grams presented in this report cover both in-plant and sur-veillance monitoring external to the station.

Information from December 11 through December 31, 1976 is reported for all required monitoring programs in the 1976 Annual Environmental Operating Report (Non-radiological),

April 1977. Results of the first four full years of Salem Unit 1 operation were reported in the 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980 Annual Environmental Operating Reports (Non-radiologi-cal), March 31, 1978, March 30, 1979, June 13, 1980, and June 12, 1981. This report covers essentially the same information for the period January 1, 1981 through Decem-ber 31, 1981, and incorporates information for Unit 2 as well.

1.2

SUMMARY

During 1981 Salem Unit 1 generated 6,191,299 megawatt-hours of net electrical energy. Unit 2 achieved iriitial critical-ity on August 2, 1980, received a full power operating license on July 20, 1981 and started commercial electric production as of October 13, 1981. Unit 2 eventually generated 1,632,067 megawatt hours of net electricity.

In accordance with the requirements of Section 5.3 of the Unit No. 2 Environmental Technical Specification (ETS), the Licensing and Environment Department evaluated 261 design change requests for potential environmental impact in 1981.

None of these involved an unreviewed environmental question nor would they require a change in the ETS if implemented.

During 1981, one alteration to an existing environmental permit took place. Specifically, a revised NPDES permit became effective on July 15 (re: letter to F. J. Miraglia, USNRC from R. L. Mittl, PSE&G; August 7, 1981). The permit was revised to include, among other things, effluent limita-tions for corrosion inhibitors, sludge disposal require-ments, and additional monitoring of chemical parameters at station discharges.

As stated in the aforementioned letter, we do not believe, nor have we thus far seen, that these permit changes have caused environmental impacts beyond those assessed by the NRC and described in the Salem Final Environmental Statement of April 1974.

---

I The requirements for non-radiological environmental monitor-ing have been divided into two general monitoring and sur-veillance programs: abiotic and biotic. The abiotic pro-gram (discussed in Section 2.0 of this report) covers field (estuary) and station monitoring efforts, including plant temperature information and plant and field chemical sur-veys. Meteorological information for 1981 is presented in two 1981 Semiannual Radioactive Effluent Release Reports (RERR-10 and RERR-11) for Salem.

The biotic studies include the terrestrial programs, the results of which are presented in Section 3.0.

1.3 CONCLUSION

S In 1981, no significant environmental impacts attributable to the operation of Salem Nuclear Generating Station were observed.

Heat dissipation through the condensers was generally re-lated to reactor power level. The circulating water systems for Units 1 and 2 sometimes operated with fewer than six pumps each, but no thermally ~elated environmental impact was detected in the Delaware River estuary.

Plant chemical discharges were made in accordance with Environmental Technical Specification and NPDES provisions, and chemical consumption was compared with predicted waste discharge concentrations. No unusual or significant water quality impacts or chemical concentrations were noted.

The required biotic monitoring, which covered diamondback terrapin and osprey studies, was conducted in accordance with the provisions of the ETS. No significant changes in terrestrial ecology in the vicinity of Salem Nuclear Gener-ating Station were observed.

M P82 83/01 SECTION 2.0 ABIOTIC MONITORING AND SURVEILLANCE PROGRAMS 2.1 THERMAL (ETS Section 2.1)

Waste heat is removed in the Salem condensers by once-through cooling water taken from and returned to the Dela-ware River.

The thermal monitoring system utilizes probes called resis-tor temperature detectors (RTD's). These'RTD's are inter-faced with the station computer which records the cooling water temperature readings on an hourly basis. The data are processed to produce discharge-intake temperature difference (delta T) and maximum discharge temperature information for each conden~er shell. Delta T values and the net rate of addition of heat to the Delaware River were monitored according to the requirements of the NPDES permit.

On October 13, 1981, Salem Unit 2 was declared in commercial service. Thus, 1981 saw Unit 1 and 2 in commercial opera-tion as baseload electric generating stations. Daily aver-age electric production varied from O to 1105 MWe and 0 to 1148 MWe for Units 1 and 2 respectively. The relationship of station power level to delta T is presented in Figures 2.1-1 through 2.1-6. These graphs demonstrate the close correlation between these two parameters.

The results of the temperature monitoring program are sum-marized in Table 2.1. Presented are the average intake, discharge and delta T values for the Unit 1 and 2 conden-sers. No data* are reported for Unit 2 from January through April as initial electric production took place in May.

2.1.1 Thermal Characteristics of Cooling Water Discharqe (ETS* Section 2.1.l)

Heat rejected through the condensers varied in response to plant operating conditions and power level. *On numerous oc-casions, portions of the circulating water system required maintenance or repair (i.e., inoperative traveling screens on circulating water intakes). Delta T exceedances were as-sociated with the necessary corrective actions, which usually involved shutting down one or more circulating water pumps.

M P82 83/01 In 1981, Salem Unit 1 surpassed the NPDES maximum delta T limitation of 15.3°C (27.S°F)* on twenty-five days spread

• from January through December. Unit 2 exceeded the limits on fifty-one days from August through December. These oc-currences were reported in the NPDES Discharge Monitoring Reports (copies of which were also sent to the Nuclear Regu-latory Commission). Although single condensers exceeded the NPDES delta T requirements on these occasions, the average of the three condensers associated with each unit never exceeded 1S.3°C.

The Salem NPDES permit also has a limitation on the net rate of addition of heat to the river (maximum = 4.12 x 109 k cal/hr., 16.3 x 109 BTU/hr.). This constraint was origi-nally set by the USEPA for the operation of Salem unit 1 alone. With Unit 2 now on line, the release of heat to the river has increased. PSE&G has requested that the NJDEP adjust the heat release limitation to reflect the operation of both units. The station did exceed the existing maximum from August through December, but no environmental impacts related to the added heat release was dis~overed. This was reported in the monthly NPDES Monitoring Reports, copies of which were sent to the NRC.

2.1.2 Rate of Change of Discharge Temperature (ETS Section 2 *

• 3)

• In 1981, neither of the Salem units was shut down for re-fueling.

Unplanned power reductions at a more rapid rate than a nor-mal shutdown did occur because of the need to protect plant equipment or when, for certain reactor safeguard operations, the plant decreased reactor power level rapidly. No cold shock or other environmental impact attributable to shutdown was observed.

• Each of the three condenser shells discharges to the river via a separate discharge pipe. Each pipe is regarded as a separate discharge by the NPDES permit. An excessive delta T in one discharge is considered an NPDES permit violation *

• M P82 83/01 e

• Month Intake Temp.

TABLE 2.1 UNIT 1 CONDENSER* TEMPERATURES -

Average oc ( o F)

Discharge Temp.

Average °C ( o F) 1981 Delta T Average oc ( o F)

January** o.oo (32) 13. 5 (56.3) 13.5 (24.3)

February 1.9 (35.4) 10.0 (50.0) 8.2 (14.6)

March 4.3 (39.7) 11

• 3 (52.3) 7. 1 (12.6)

April 10.9 (51.6) 12.4 (54.3) 1.5 ( 2. 7)

May 17. 7 (63.9) 25.0 ( 77 *, 0) 7.4 (13.1)

June 25.6 (78.1) 32.6 (90.7) 6.9 (12.6)

July 27.0 (80.6) 35.6 (96.1) 8.5 (15.5)

August 26.2 (79.2) 34.5 (94.1) 8.3 (14.9)

September 23.0 (73.4) 32.8 (91.0) 9.8 (17.6)

October 15.8 (60.4) 25.7 (78.3) 9.9 (17.9)

November 10.9 (51.6) 19. 8 (67.6) 9.0 ( 16

• 0 )

December 4.5 ( 40. 1 ) 12.5 (54.5) 8.0 (14.4)

• Average of Condenser Circuits 11, 12 and 13.

• • Temperatures calculated from available data UNIT 2 CONDENSER* TEMPERATURES - 1981 Intake Temp. Discharge Temp. Delta T Month Average °C {°F) Average °C (°F) Average °C (°F)

January**

February**

March**

April**

May 19.2 (66.6) 20.4 (68.7) 1.4 ( 2. 1 )

June 24. 1 (75.4) 27.3 (81.1) 3.7 (5 *7 )

July 30.0 (86.0) 32.3 ( 90. 1 ) 5.3 ( 4. 1 )

August 2 6. 1 (79.0) 35.7 (96.3) 9.5 (17.3)

September 23.9 (75.0) 33.0 (91.4) 9.0 (16.4)

October 15.1 (59.2) 23.8 (74.8) 8.7 (15.6)

November 10.6 (51.1) 20.3 (68.5) 8.9 (17.4)

December*** 4. 1 (39.4) 15. 7 (60.3) 11. 7 (20.9)

• Average of Condenser Circuits 21, 22, ann 23

• • No power generated

• • • Temperatures calculated from available data M P82 79/01 6 JANUARY F'ESRUAR'l'

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• 2.2 CHEMICAL (ETS Sections 2.2 and 3.1.1)

In accordance with requirements of the ETS, ambient river water and plant discharges were*monitored to assess the chemical impact of station operation and detect changes in Delaware River water quality.

Three river sampling points shown in Figure 2.2 were moni-tored once each month. Location 1 was the circulating water system discharge at a depth of 10 feet. Location 2 was next to the Circulating Water System intake at a depth of 8 feet, and Location 3 was outside and downstream of the mixing zone at a depth of 5 feet. The placement of the third sampling station was dependant on the tidal stage and direction of flow in the vicinity of Artificial Island. On incoming and high slack tides, the sampling point was adjacent to buoy N4R, approximately 2.5 miles north of the discharge. On outgoing and low slack tides, the sample was obtained next to buoy RSL, about 2 miles south of the discharge. Preope-rational data were available from three sampling locations:

one near the present.intake, one opposite the location in the river channel' and one near Sunken Ship Cove (Figure 2 .2).

In-plant studies included the monitoring -of well water and of discharges from the Non-radioactive Liquid Waste Basin.

Since the start of the River Water Survey many alterations have been made to the monthly study including the addition and deletion of a number*of parameters. Amendment No. 23 to Operating License DPR-70, which became effective December 13, 1979, deleted the ambient river chlorine monitoring pro-gram from Section 3. 1

• 1

• 1 of the Unit 1 ETS.

• Thus, none of the following chlorine parameters are discussed herein:

Chlorine Demand, 30 Sec.

Chlorine Demand, 3 Min.

Chlorine Residual, Free Chlorine Residual, Combined In a similar manner, Table 3.1-1 lists total dissolved solids among river survey constituents, however ETS Section 3.1.1.3 requires that "dissolved solids shall not be moni-tored." Therefore, TDS is not reported *

• P82 83/01

• 2.2.1 Chlorine (ETS Sections 2.2.1)

In 1981 the chlorination system was in operation from Sep-tember through December. A sodium hypochlorite solution was fed to the circulating and service water systems for Units 1 and 2 in order to control biofouling.

ETS Section 2.2.1 requires that the concentration of free available .chlorine ( FAC) at the circulating water discharge standpipe not exceed 0.1 mg/liter. The NPDES permit for the six circulating water effluents limits FAC to an average of 0.2 mg/liter and a maximum of 0.5 mg/liter.

During periods of chlorination, free chlorine residuals ranged from .01 to 0.41 mg/liter, well within the NPDES re-quirements.. Further, because of the significant dilution from the unchlorinated condenser shells and the additional chlorine demand from* that water, the concentration of FAC discharging to the river was less than 0.1 mg/liter.

• 2.2.2 Suspended Solids (ETS Section 2.2.2)

The non-radioactive liquid waste basin treats make-up de-mineralizer and condensate polishing demineralizer regen-erant wastes and steam generator blowdown, permitting solids settling before discharging to the river.

In 1981, 24-hr composite samples for total suspended solids (TSS) were taken each month from th~ basin discharge pipe and analyses were performed using the EPA's filtration/

gravimetric methodology.

Amendment No. 23 referred to above requires that the station shall* conduct monitoring for suspended solids as described by NPDES Permit No. NJ0005622. This permit limits the aver-age and maximum daily concentration to 30 mg/liter and 100 mg/liter, respectively.

During the year, the daily average TSS emitted from the non-radioactive waste basin varied from 0.13 to 137.0 mq/liter, with a yearly ayerage of 30 mg/liter. Except for December, all TSS values fell below the effluent limit set in the per-mit. In that case where the limitation was exceeded, the monthly NPDES Discharge Monitoring Report (DMR) reflecting*

this was submitted to the EPA. A copy was also sent to the NRC. The problem was corrected by January, 1982 *

• M P82 83/01 As required by the 1981 rev1s1on to the NPDES permit, the tation started monitoring all six circulating water dis-harges for net release of TSS. During the last three months of the year there were a number of monthly average and maximum exceedances. However, these problems are attri-buted to the use of a sampling point located in a dead end.

A design change is under consideration which would allow sampling at a location representative of true TSS content.

Monthly DMRs reported these occurrences to the EPA and NRC.

Station release of suspended solids, in December as well as other months, did not appear to adversely affect the Dela-ware River levels (Figure 2.2.4-2). Whereas preoperational data show a span of 5 to 550 mg/liter, 1981 values fluctu-ated from 32 to 163 mg/liter over all three sampling loca-tions. Discharge levels of TSS were close to the pre-operational average throughout the year and there was no significant difference between values at Sampling Locations 1 and 2 (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, o( = O. 05). In December, the TSS at the discharge was below the preopera-tioRal average. It is apparent that the station had no in-fluence on Delaware River levels of suspended solids.

2.2.3 pH (ETS Section 2.2.3)

TS Amendment No. 23 removed the pH monitoring requirement from the basin discharge and imposed the NPDES requirements of sampling the circulating water discharges.

During 1981 the pH of all discharges was between 6.0 and 9.0. Ecological and water quality monitoring programs of the Delaware River near the station showed that operation of the non-radioactive liquid chemical waste basin had no im-pact on the river (See Section 2.2.4).

2.2.4 River Water Survey (ETS Section 3.1.1.4)

The Delaware River near Artificial Island exhibits substan-tial tidal mixing. This leads to limited vertical stratifi-cation of salinity and broad fluctuations in salinity-related chemical concentrations. These changes correlate with season, fresh water flow, tidal stage and dissolved oxygen levels. As in 1980, 1981 salinity values were higher than normal (range from 16 to 7 ppt). As will be seen, many M P82 83/01 emical parameters followed a pattern similar to that of

• linity (Figure 2.2.4-1). For each of the chemical species evaluated, station operation was not observed to signifi-cantly alter ambient levels in the Delaware River.

pH of the Delaware River in the vicinity of Artificial Island is well buffered due to the influence of seawater in

,the estuary. As a result, the pH has been between 6.0 and 9.0 in each of the monitoring years.

pH ranged from 6.80 to 7.75 in 1981, with values spread uni-forml~ around preoperational averages (Figure 2.2.4-3).

Discharge pH was more acidic than the intake seven months of the year but these levels all fell within regulatory guide-lines (pH=6.5 to pH=8.5). Thus, the station is not seen to adversely affect the river system.

Dissolved Oxygen Station operation did not affect dissolved oxygen concentra-tions (D.O.) in the river in 1981. Levels were usually higher than the averages of preoperational data (Figure 2.2.4-4). The lowest value (6.51 mg/liter in June) occurred at the intake. This low exceeds the correspondinq preopera-

' onal average.

comparison of intake and discharge dissolved oxyqen conc-entrations by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test,o<. = a.as, re-vealed no significant difference between the sampling points.

• The above data clearly shows the absence of station impact on D.O. levels in the Delaware.

Specific Conductance fluctuated seasonally and with river drought cond1t1ons in 1981. Values ranged from 4,12a to 20,200 micromhos (umhos), with new maximums attained on 17 occasions over all three locations (Fiqure 2.2.4-5). Con-ductance readings in December reflect a lessening in drought severity.

Although station discharge levels exceeded intake levels seven times, good recoveries were apparent outside and down-stream of the mixing zone (Location 3). Additionally, dur-ing five months, the conductivity at Location 1 was either M P82 83/01 ss than or equal to that of Location 2 *. With no signifi-

• ant difference between intake and discharqe (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test ate< = 0.05) the station did not appear to impact on the Delaware River.

Turbidity is measured at Salem as nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) which " **** are considered comparable to the previously reported *** Jackson turbidity units (JTU)" (USEPA, Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes, 1974),

since the traditional Jackson Candle turbidimeter is diffi-cult to use at low turbidity levels.

Prior to plant operation, turbidity was observed from 10 to 480 NTU (Figure 2.2.4-6). The 1981 data for all three loca-tions varied from 5 to 46 NTU. During the year, levels did not exceed the preoperational maximums but new minimums were established seven times. In addition, intake and discharqe values were extremely close so as to reveal no station im-pact on river turbidity counts (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test at o< = 0.05).

Chloride (as CaC03) ranged from 3,038 to 11,985 mq/liter (Figure 2.2.4-7). As in 1980, drought conditions kept chloride levels above the preoperational average at all ree locations throughout the year (in December results oved closer to the average). Hiqher concentrations (at or above the preoperational maximums) occurred during the sum-mer and fall.when reduced river flows caused the saline water to penetrate further upstream. Intake and discharge values were comparable, so the station's release of chloride from its well system is not seen to have had any impact on levels in the Delaware River (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test at c(= 0. 0 5) *

(Note: To convert chloride as CaC03 to NaCl, multiply values given by 1.17).

Sulfate levels in the Delaware continued to be above averaqe in 1981, with seasonal swings and drouqht impacts apparent during summer and fall (Figure 2.2.4-8). The range of values was from 193 to 1,407 mg/liter (as CaC03) with both

• intake and discharge exceeding preoperational maximum eight times. Importantly, during seven months intake concentra-tions exceeded corresponding discharge values. (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test, o(. = 0.05). Thus, although the station employed sulfuric acid in its operation, facility discharges are not seen as seriously impacting on river water quality.

M P82 83/01 Ammonia values (as NH3) at all three locations, as in previ-ous years of operation, were low. Compared with the pre-operational range of approximately 0.0 to 3.8 mg/liter, 1981 results tracked from 0.04 to 1.87 mg/liter (Fiqure 2.2.4-9). While Location 1 exceeded levels found at Loca-tion 2 seven times, all concentrations were at or below pre-operational averages. The only exception occurred in December when the maximum (1.87 mg/liter) was attained in the discharge. However, concurrent intake sampling yielded high results (1.67 mg/liter). At the same time, good re-covery was apparent at Location 3 ( L45 mg/liter).

The continued low NH3 levels, even with station use of ammonium hydroxide for pH control, shows the lack of dele-terious effects on the river system.

Nitrate (as N03) in 1981 consistently fell below the preop-erational averaqe and, in many cases, was lower than preop-erational minimum (Figure 2.2.4-10). Prior to station operation, river nitrate levels varied from 0.05 to 22.0 mg/liter. In 1981, the range was 1.06 to 5.85 mg/liter.

The conclusion can be drawn that the Station has had no im-pact on the nitrate content of the Delaware, especially in view of the similarity in intake and discharqe concentra-tions that existed (Location 1 exceeded 2 in six months~ the*

reverse was also true on six occasions).

Kjeldahl Nitrogen is a measure of free ammonia and nitrogen which is organically bound (in the trinegative state). The preoperational data are limited to the sampling location near Sunken Ship Cove. The high preoperational value during June seems exceptional ~nd should be ignored (Figure 2.2.4-11). Normally, the range is between 0 and 10 mg/liter and the 1981 data generally fall below the average. Since the discharge concentrations are close to the intake values, and agricultural practices are dominant in influencing the Kjeldahl nitrogen in the river, the Station did not signifi-cantly affect the Kjeldahl nitrogen levels in the river.

Phosphate as P04 in 1981 ranged from 0.03 to 0.38 mg/liter as compared with the preoperational span of almost 0.0 to 4.0 mg/liter (Figure 2.2.4-12). During the year, phosphate values were at or below the corresponding preoperational average. In May, the level at Location 1 rose to 3.80 mg/liter, however recovery at Location 3 was rapid (0.03 mg/liter). In all other months, intake and discharge varia-tions were essentially the same. It is apparent that sta-tion release of phosphate has had no impact on the Delaware river.

M P82 83/01

~,~;.,~ (as CaC03) was analyzed at all three locations in

~d it can be seen that the Station's effect on river levels was minimal. This year's range was from 156 to 480 mg/liter, as compared with the preoperational average of 30 to 750 mg/liter (Figure 2.2.4-13). Each location tended to be at or above the preoperational average, however, station discharges had no influence on these levels as intake exceeded discharge concentrations six months out of the year

{three months the reverse was true and three times they were equal).

Magnesium concentrations, measured as CaC03 reached a mini-mum of 82 and a maximum of 3,704 mg/liter in 1981 (Figure 2.2.4-14). At all three sampling points, values were greater than preoperational averages (except in May). This escalation in magnesium levels can be attributed to contin-ued drought conditions in the Delaware. There was no significant difference between intake and discharge maqne-sium content and it is believed that the facility has had no impact on ambient Delaware River levels.

Sodium and Potassium concentrations as CaC03 were measured since October 1972 only at one station, near Sunken Ship Cove, during the preoperational program. During 1981 both arameters were measured at all three locations. Figures

.2.4-15 and 2.2.4-16 show the relationship between 1981 data and operational averages.

As with many previously described parameters, potassium and sodium levels exceeded the preoperational average at all three locations during 1981. However, a comparison of in-take and discharge concentrations reveals that there was no significant difference (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test,()(. =

0.05) betwe~n sodium/potassium concentration at the intake versus the discharge. Additionally, recovery of the Dela-ware is apparent in Location 3 values which are consistently lower than both intake and discharge. These facts indicate that even with Station use of sodium hydroxide, there has been no adverse impact on the river.

Iron. The range of preoperational concentrations was from

"'Cf:{)"to 11.0 mg/liter, whereas 1981 results tracked from 0.16 (Intake, January) to 5.65 mg/liter (Discharge, August).

There was great variability in iron levels, both spatially M P82 83/01

-l9-

and temporally. Overall, river content fell below preopera-

~~ional and operational averages (Figure 2.2.4-17). Either

~atural conditions or upstream discharges brought about a new maximum for Location 2 in August (5.0 mg/liter), result-ing in a high value at the discharge that month (5.65 mg/liter).

Iron concentrations in the discharge exceeded corresponding intake levels eight months out of the year. However, a month-by-month comparison of NPDES monitoring reports for iron bearing effluents revealed no correlation between high levels at Location 1 and permit excesses. It appears that river iron values are greatly dependent on factors external to the station. The ability of the Delaware to recover from high iron concentrations, as reflected in readings at Station 3, indicates the facility had no apparent impact on river water quality.

Copper levels in the Delaware River prior to plant operation varied from O.O to 6.5 mg/liter. The 1981 data ranged from 0.009 to 0.08 mg/liter (Figure 2.2.4-18). In general, 1981 copper values were lower than the 1977 through 1980 opera-tional average. Intake and discharge concentrations were similar with neither location having predominantly greater levels. The copper that is discharged from the station is strictly a corrosion product, and the data clearly indicate that no impact on Delaware River levels has resulted from its release.

Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) data were recorded prior to 1977 only at a sampling station near sunken Ship Cove.

In 1981 BOD was measured at all three locations (Figure 2.2.4-19). Generally, BOD levels were below the preopera-tional averages and no significant difference was noted between intake and discharge concentrations. The BODs en-countered ar~ typical of unpolluted water such as the lower reach of the Delaware River.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) in preoperational data ranged from 0 to 650 mg/liter (Figure 2.2.4-20). The 1981 data ranged from 5 to 374 mg/liter and three times Location 1 ex-ceeded the preoperational monthly maximum. No significant difference between intake and discharge values was noted, and operational/preoperational averages continue to track closely, so it can be concluded that the station had no detrimental effect on COD levels.

49M P82 83/01

-- . e*

• It should be noted that in saline waters with chloride con-centrations above 1000 mg/liter ( 1"410 mg/liter as CaC03) and COD levels below 250 mg/liter, analytical results are hiqhly questionable because of the high chloride interference.

Since most of the 1981 and preoperational data fall into this range, COD data are of limited significance.

2.2.5 Chemical Releases (ETS Section 3.1.1.5)

These estimates were drawn from inventory control forms and chemical purchases for the year. The numbers presented below are based on the assumption that all purchases were also utilized during the course of the year.

Since production wells were used to supply certain systems which ultimately discharge to the river, well water chemical constituents were. taken into account in making estimates of the parameters presented in Table 2.2.s. It should be noted that most well water is processed (i.e., passes through a mixed *bed demineralizer) prior to use. The substances ac-cumulated within the bed are eventually treated (upon back-wash) in the Station's low-volume water treatment system.

Thus, most of quantities discharged will be much lower than*

th~ values listed herein.

• The only source of many of the reported chemical parameters is the water withdrawn from the production wells. These parameters have been shown not to affect the river water quality. An ETS change request will be submitted to request approval to delete the reporting requirement for the follow-ing parameters:

1. Calcium 4. Nitrate

2. *Magnesium s. Silica

3. Potassium 6. Phosphate M P82 83/01 TABLE 2.2.5 CHEMICAL RELEASE ESTIMATES* - 1981 PREDICTED AVERAGE 1981 ESTIMATED NET AMOUNT AVERAGE NET CHEMICAL DISCHARGED DISCHARGED CONSTITUENT (lbs/day) (lbs/day)

Chlorine as cl 2 870 805 Calcium as Ca 135 1,789 (1)

Magnesium as Mg 56 634 (1)

Sodium as Na 600 4766 (2)

Potassium as K 55 1.6 Copper as Cu 0.7 (3)

Sulfate as so 4 1590 8,363 (4)

Chloride as Cl 138 1,151 (1)

. N i t r a t e as N0 3 2.4 8.3 (1)

Silica as Si0 2 46 77.2 Phosphate as P0 4 11 4.1 volatile-Amines 4.2 71 ( 5)

Hydrazine 0.04 167 (6)

Suspended Solids <1000 5

• In accordance with NPDES Permit No. NJ0005622, the daily maximum and monthly average concentrations of SC-22 and BD-5 (comosion inhibitors) in the cooling system discharge were monitored and submitted on the EPA's Discharge Monitoring Report form. No environmental impacts associated with their use was noted *

• M P82 83/01 NOTES (1) Chemical analyses of the production wells yielded higher contents of calcium, magnesium, chloride and nitrate than anticipated. The river water survey indi-cates no environmental impact associated.with these discharges.

(2) Most of the sodium released from-the Station is attri-buted to sodium hydroxide's (NaOB) use in pH control and demineralizer regeneration. Even with this greater loading, the total sodium discharged in the circulating water discharge produced an increase less than 0.2 mg/liter compared to ambient levels 104 times greater (See Figure 2.2.5-13) 'Therefore, there was no environ-mental impact ..

(3) These quantities are attributable to average copper levels in NPDES discharge t48C. This represents a dis-charge concentration of 2 *. 65 x 10-S mg/liter, much lower than 0.082 mg/liter, which is the natural copper concentration in the river. Furtner, this level falls below the discharge limitation set by the USEPA. It is concluded that the Station did not adversely influence the ambient copper concentr~tion in the river.

( 4) The estimated' sulfate discharge is primarily based on station use of sulfuric acid for pa control and demin-eralizer regeneration. Even if the full amount of S04 utilized at the site was released, the* effluent concen-tration would be* 0 ~32 mg/liter, much lower than ambient river levels (See Figure 2.2.5-6).

As indicated in the river water survey, the Station did not have an adverse affect on river sulfate levels.

(5) Ammonium hydroxide is used for pH control in the sec-ondary condensate feedwater system. This represents a discharge concentration of .003 mg/liter, much lower than 0.32 mg/liter which is the natural ammonia concen-tration in the river. The river survey shows no sta-tion-related change in river ammonia levels.

It is concluded that the Station did not influence the ambient ammonia concentration in the river.

(6) Hydrazine is used for oxygen scavenging. It reacts with dissolved oxygen in the unit steam systems to form nitrogen and water. 167 lb/day of hydrazine were used at the station. All the hydrazine reacts and decom-poses in the system and very little or no hydrazine is actually discharged.

M P82 83/01

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• SECTION 3.0 BIOTIC MONITORING AND SUREVEILLANCE PROGRAMS DIAMONDBACK TERRAPIN NESTING STUDY (ETS section 3.1.2.1.2.1)

Northern diamondback terrapin, Malaclemis terrapin terrapin, inhabit brackish water along the Atlantic coast from Cape Code to Cape Hatteras. Nesting begins in mid-June and con-tinues through July. Burger and Monteveechi (1975) state that most nests occur above the high tide level in flat areas on sand dunes or beaches that have about 20 percent vegatative cover. Generally, it takes the female less than an hour to select a site, dig a flask shaped hole, lay and cover he~ eggs, and return to the water. Hatching usually begins in mid- to late August and may continue into Novem-ber. Cold weather may cause the young to hibernate in or near the nest and emerge the following spring (Carr, 19521 Lawler and Musick, 1972).

In 1981, Diamondback terrapin nesting was monitored at three beaches on the Delaware River within 4.8 km of Salem. Nest-ing was recorded from June 11 through late July. Activity, as indicated by the number of observed turtles, was greatest at the onset of nesting at Liston Point and Sunken Ship cove, while Hope Creek was most active in early July. The level of nesting activity varied greatly between sites but remained within the range recorded since 1975. Number of females estimated to utilize each beach ranged from 13 to Sunken Ship Cove to 162 at Liston Point.

In 1981, 36 females were tagged7 29 at Liston Point (mean (x) carapace length of 18.5 cm and 7 at Hope Creek, (X=l8.4 cm)1 none were tagged at Sunken Ship Cove. Age ranged from 10 years to well over 20 years. No tagged turtles were re-captured in 1981.

Track evidence indicated the same predators as recorded in previous years, i.e., racoon, Norway rat, mink, crows, gulls, and herons.

3.1.1 Study Area Monitoring in 1981 was at the same three nesting beaches as in previous years. Observations were made from June 4 through November 24, at Sunken Ship Cove and near the mouth of Hope Creek, New Jersey, and Liston Point, Delaware (Fig.

3.1-1). For a description of these locations see Volume 2 of the 1977 Annual Environmental Operating Report.

M P82 84/02-cag 3.1.2 Materials and Methods The three sites were searched during daylight hours from June through November. Weekly searches for evidence of nesting were initiated in early June. Once nesting activity was discovered, searches for nesting females, crawl tracks, and depredated nests were conducted three times per week through the end of nesting in late July. weekly searches for depredated nests and emerging hatchlings were made in August and September, semi-monthly in October, and once in November.

Effort was made to minimize disturbance of nesting terrapins during the course of the survey. Whenever possible, females were allowed to finish nesting before being examined, since once disturbed they typically leave the area.

Nesting females were caught by hand, and the length and width of the carapace and plastron were measured. Each turtle was marked with an individual binary code which consisted of holes drilled inone or more of the 10 post-dorsal marginal laminae. These plates are so located to be easily drilled with little or no injury to the turtle. A pre-numbered spaghetti tag (Floy Tag Co.) was also placed in one of the binary holes to enhance the reporting rate of recaptured turtles. Tag information is used to record turtle movements and nesting beach fidelity. For further description of the study methods see Volume 2 of the 1977 Annual Environmental Operating Report.

3.1.3 Data Reduction The following formula was developed to provide a relative estimate of the number of nesting females (N) utilizing each site:

(Ts+Tr-Ts)D N- 2 3V where T is the number of turtles sighted, Tr is the number of trac~s counted, D is the known number of days of nesting activity, 3 is the estimated mean number of nests laid per female during the nesting season, and V is the number of times the study area was visited over the study period.

\

M P82 84/02-cag 3.1.4 Results and Discussion Nesting, as inferred from the occurrence of crawl tracks, in 1981 first occurred on June 4 at the Liston Point beach and on June 12 at the Sunken Ship Cove and Hope Creek beaches.

In previous years nesting had typically begun on or about June 10. Nesting was last observed on July 6, 10, and 16 at Sunken Ship Cove, Hope Creek, and Liston Point beaches, respectively.

• Nesting activity, also inferred from the number of crawl tracks seen at each site, varied greatly but generally was highest in mid-June (Figures 3.1-2, 3.1-3, and 3.1-4).

There were subsequent surges in nesting activity at each site but of a.much lesser magnitude. Daily and seasonal nesting activity varied greately but remained within the range recorded in previous years.

The annual estimate of nesting terrapins was again highest at Liston Point with 162, followed by Hope Creek with 20 and sunken Ship Cove with 13. These estimates are, by nature of the program, conservative on the low side.

The data collected on nesting activity at Sunken Ship Cove and Hope Creek and quite sparse. The beach at Sunken Ship Cove, locally a popular fishing spot, had fisherman present on over 30 percent (4 of 13 visits) of the survey dates dur-ing the nesting season in 1981. This repeated Erosion and vegetable succession at the Hope Creek site in the past few years has substantially reduced the amount of open sand beach. The limited amount of open beach has made accurate counts of tracks and nests very difficult and has probably made the site less attractive to nesting turtles.

A total of 2,894 eggs from 387 nests were recorded during 1981 (Tables 3.1-1, 3.1-2, and 3.1-3). Most were found at Liston Point with 2,656 eggs from 337 nests, followed by Hope Creek with 234 eggs from 49 nests, and sunken Ship Cove with 4 eggs from 1 nest. Of the total nests, those that were depredated (and much easier to detect than viable nests) accounted *for 94.9 percent at Liston Point, 90.7 per-cent at Hope Creek and 25.0 percent at Sunken Ship Cove.

Tra~k evidence in 1981 indicated the same predators as noted in previous years. At Liston Point, racoon, Procyon lotor; red fox, vulpes fulva; Norway rat, Rattus norvegicus; and mink, Mustela vision were common. Raccoon and Norway rat were common at Hope Creek and Sunken Ship Cove. These pre-dators also prey on hatchlings, as do gulls, Larus spp; crows, Corvus spp.; and herons, (Ardeidae).

M P82 84/02-cag e* *----- - - - - --e From September 3 through October l the remains of 124 depre-dated turtles were found; most had recently hatched but a few were in the latter phases of embryonic development just prior to hatching. ';rhe most depredated turtles were found at the Hope Creek site with 121, while Liston Point had 3.

It is highly likely, due to the nature of bite marks, .that

• the Norway rat was .the primary predator.

A total of 36 terrapins were tagged during 1981, 29 at Lis-ton Point and 7 at Hope Creek; .none were tagged at Sunken Ship Cove. _ No tagged turtles were recaptured in 1981.

Mean size of females captured at Liston Point and Hope Creek was nearly identical. Mean carapace length and*width was 18.5 cm and 14.6 cm, respectively, at Liston Point, and 18.4 cm and 14.4 cm at Hope Creek. Mean plastron length and width was 16.6 cm and 9.4 cm, respectively, at Liston Point, and_l6.5 cm and 9.5 cm at Hope Creek.

The youngest female captured on a. nesting beach was approxi-mately 10 years old; the oldest appeared well in excess of 20 years. Age determination of older specimens is difficult since the ridged annuli on the carapace scutes becomes less distinct. with age. Eventually, the shell becomes completely smooth which may indicate age to perhaps 40+ years (Hildebrand, 1932).

A ~otal of 35 sets of hatchling tracks were noted from August 17 to October 14, 8 at Sunken Ship Cove, 13 at Hope

• creek, and 15 at Liston Point. Incubation period for a

marked nest at Hope- Creek was 73 days.

3.2 OSPREY AND BALD EAGLE SURVEY (ETS Section 3.1.2.1.2.2)

The study objectives are to record the occurrence of osprey and bald eagle and to monitor nesting of osprey in the vicinity of Artificial Island. The southern bald eagle, Haliaeetus 1* leucocephalus, is federally classified as 0

endangered" (USDI, 1979); and the North American osprey, Pandion haliaetus carolilnensis, was classified as 0 status undetermined" (USDI, 1973). The osprey has been deleted from the federal list bu*t is still considered endangered by the State of New Jersey (NJDEP, 1979). -

Osprey were observed in the study area from March 26 through August 12. Twelve nests were occupied, 4 of which fledged 6 young.

M P82 84/02-cag 3.2.1 Study Area The study area (Fig. 3.1-1) extends 16.1 km north, 12.9 south, and 8.0 km east and west from Salem. The northern boundary is near Finns Point, New Jersey and the southern boundary is just north of Woodland Beach, Delaware.

The area features bay, riverine, marsh, upland field and wooded habitats. Pilings, range towers and powerline towers are common.

3.2.2 Materials and Methods Known osprey nests were surveyed by helicopter monthly from March through August. During flights the area was surveyed for any new osprey nesting sites and bald eagle sightings.

The number of adults and young in each nest were recorded.

To avoid undue stress on the birds, the helicopter remained at a discrete distance (> SO yds) from the nest and paused only briefly to allow the nest to be viewed with binoculars.

Sightings of osprey and bald eagle were also recorded in the

• course of other field work and are included here.

3.2.3 Results and Discussion In 1981, osprey were sighted in the area from March 26 through August 12, typically on or near nesting structures.

The number of adult-sightings was greatest in May (19) and decreased through August (8).

Eighteen nests were located, 12 were occupied and appeared active, while the remainder may have been constructed as housekeeping nests by sexually immature birds or as second-

. ary nests by adjacent breeding adults.

Of the 12 occupied nests, it is estimated that 4 were suc-cessful and fledged 6 young. This compares with 7 fledged in 1980 and 16 fledged in 1979. Though local production appears to have declined, the number of birds and nests in the area has remained high, an indication that the popula-tion near Salem continues to be active *

• M P82 84/02-cag There was a total of 4 bald eagles sightings in 1981, all on the Delaware side of the Delaware River. The first sight-

• ings were on June 12, one over the marsh south of the Appoquinimink River and two over the marsh at Peach House Ditch. The fourth sighting was on November 21 over the same marsh south of the Appoquinimink River

• M P82 84/02-cag I

j

3.4 LITERATURE CITED Burger, J., and w. A. Monteveechi. 1975. Nest site selection in the terrapin Malaclemys terrapin. Copeia 1975(1) :113-119.

Carr, A. 1952. Handbook of turtles. Comstock Publishing Assoc., Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 542 pp.

Hildebrand, s. F. 1932. Growth of diamondback terrapins, size attained, sex ratios, and longevity. Zoologica

. 9(15):551-563.

Lawler, A. R., and J. A. Musick. 1972. Sand beach hibernation by a northern diamondback terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin terrapin (Schoepff). Copeia 1972 (3} :389-390.

NJDEP (New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection).

1979. Endangered, threatened, peripheral, and undetermined wildlife species in New Jersey.

End~ngered and Nongame s*pecies Project. 6pp.

USDI (United States Department of Interior). 1973.

Threatened wildlife of the United States. Bur. Sport Fish~ Wild. Resource Pub. 114. 289 pp.

--....,,.-...,,,.... ~ 1979. List of endangered and threatened wild-life and plants. Federal Register 44 (12) *

• M P82 84/02-cag TABLE 3.1 Sl.UIUllary of nesting, depredation, and hatching data for diannndback terrapin on Sunken Ship Cbve Beach, New Jersey in 198.l.

No. No. of Non- No. of No. of Non- No. of No. of No. of of depredated depredated depredated depredated Turtles Tracks Activity Date Visits Nests Nests F.ggs Eggs. In area Observed Nesting Period June:

1-15 5 1 0 6 0 0 14 16-30 6 1 0 9 0 0 7 July:

1-15 7 0 1 0 4 0 10 16-31 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 I

--.::i Subtotal 25 I\) 2 1 15 4 0 31 I

Hatching Period August:

1-15 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 16-31 2 1 0 2 0 0 5 September:

1-15 4 10 0 0 0 0 0 e

16-30 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 October: 3 0 0 0 0 0 2 November: 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 15 1 0 2 0 0 8

'l'otal 40 3 1 17 4 0 39 M P82 84/0~ 8.*-cag

TABLE 3.1-2

• No.

of I

Summary of nesting, depredation, and hatchi a beach near the IOOUth of Hope ere No. of Non-depredated No. of depredated a for diannndback terrapin on ewJersey in 1981.

No. of Non-depredated No. of depredated No. of

'l\Jrtles No. of Tracks Activity Date Visits Nests Nests Eggs Eggs. In area Observed Nesting Period June:

1-15 5 0 0 0 0 3 8 6 2 1 13 3 3 19 16-30 July; 5 70 1 15 e

1-15 6 l 11 16-31 7 0 3 0 17 0 0 I Subtotal 24 3 15 18 90 7 42

--l w

I .,

Hatching Period August; 1-15 2 1 1 1 1 4 0 0 16-31 2 1 0 1 0 1 6 September: I 6

o* 0 1-15 16-30 4

3 0  !

• 15 11 0

0 59 53 0 0 :e October:

1-15 2 0 7 0 28 0 0 16-31 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 November: l 0 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 15 2 34 2 144 1 12 Total 39 5 49 20 234 8 54 M P82 84/02 9-cag

TABLE 3.1-3 Summary of.nesting, depredation, and hatchin for diam::>ndback terrapin on a beach near the nouth of Hope Cree , ew Jersey in 1981. ._

No. No. of Non- No. of No. of Non- No. of No. of No. of of depredated depredated depredated depredated 1\lrtles Tracks Activity Date Visits Nests Nests F.ggs F.ggs. In area Observed Nesting Period June; 1-15 5 10 40 87 302 7 250 16-30 July; 6 6 103 36 805 1,268 18 1

119 71 e

1-15 7 1 155 8 16-31 7 1 32 1 234 3 59 I

-....:j Subtotal 25 18 330 132 2,~09 29 499

+I Hate.bing Period August:

1-15 2 o 5 0 44 o o 16-31 2 0 o 0 0 0 3 September; 1-15 4 0 2 0 3 0 8 16-30 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 October: 3 0 0 0 0 0 3 November: 1 -o 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 15 0 7 0 47 0 15

'lbtal 40 18 337 132 2,656 29 514 M P82 84/02 10-cag

, ; '"., *~

ceLAWARE JERSEY N ~

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Diamondback terrapin study sites, PUBLIC St&V!CZ tu:CTRIC ANl) CAS COMPJ..h"Y osprey nests, and bald eagle AB.'J:IFICIAL lSl.-\ND STUDIES sightings - 1981.

Figure 3.1-l SUNKE~ \

SHIP COVE 20 - .

18 . LEGEND

~=NO TRACKS OBS ERVED 16 -

14 -

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JUNE JULY 1981 Nesting activity of diamondback PUBLIC SERVICE ELECTRIC ANO GAS COMPANY terrapin at Sunken Ship Cove - 1981.,

.a.RTIFICIAL lSLAND STUDIES Figure 3.1-2

• • -**e .. e HOPE CREEK LEGEND 16

• = NO TRACKS OBS1"'RVED 16 14 Cll

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JUNE . JULY 1981 Nesting activity of diamondback UBLIC: SERVICE: CLECTRIC: AND GAS COMPMY terrapin at Hope Creek - 1981.

ARTIFI:IAL ISLAND S~DIES Figure 3.1-3 LISTON* POINT LEGEND 200 * = NO TRACKS OBSERv-rn 150 ciJ

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~ 125 r=..

0 0:: 100

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• 50 25 351;n~~u~~~~~~13579U~~~~~~~~~~

JUNE JULY 1981.

Nesting activity of diamondback PUBLIC: scRv1c:: £I.f:CTRic Am> GAS coHP.a.tiY terrapin at Liston Point - 1981.

AJ!TIFI=IAL ISIJ.:10 STtJOif;S E'igure 3 .1-4