ML20195D160

33rd Annual Progress Rept

ML20195D160
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Site:	Pennsylvania State University
Issue date:	08/31/1988
From:	Flinchbaugh T, Marcus H PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA
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PENNSTATE see W

BREAZEALE REACTOR i COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING l

l THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT AUGUST 1988 I

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CONTRACT DE-ACO2-76ER03409 PSBR 315-4988104 .

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BREAZEALE REACTOR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT AUGUST 1988 CONTRACT DE-ACO2-76ER03409 PSBR 315 4988104

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h THIRTY-THIRD ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT PENN STATE BREAZEALE REACTOR July 1,1987 to June 30, 1988 Submitted to:

United States Department of Energy and The Pennsylvania State University By:

Marcus H. Voth (Director)

Terry L. Flinchbaugh (Editor)

Penn State Breazeale Reactor Department of Nuclear Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 August 1988 Contract DE-AC02-76ER03409 PSBR 315-4988104

rw-4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE - M. H. Voth ........................ v I. INTRODUCTION - M. H. Voth ................. 1 II. PERSONNEL - L. Frye , T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . 3 III. REACTOR OPERATIONS - T. L. Flinchbaugh . . . . . . . . . . . 9 IV. GAMMA IRRADIATION FACILITY - W. E. Johnson . . . . . . . . . 15 y V. EDUCATION AND TRAINING - T. L. Flinchbaugh, C. C. Davison . 17 VI. NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY SCIENCE CENTER - D. E. Hughes ..... 25 VII. RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LABORATORY - D. C. Raupach . . . . 27 VIII. LOW LEVEL RADIATION MONITORING LABORATORY - B. Ford .... 29 IX. ANGULAR CORRELATIONS LABORATORY - G. L. Catchen ...... 33 X. FACILITY RESEARCH UTILIZATION - T. L. Flinchbaugh ..... 37 A. Penn State University Research Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor .......... 38 B. Other Universities' Research Utilizing the Facilities

, of the Penn State Breateale Reactor 61 C. Industrial Research Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 APPEH0!X A. Faculty, Staff, Students, and Industries Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor -

T. L. Flinchbaugh ................... 67 L APPEN0!X B. Formal Group Tours - A. M. Harshman. . . . . . . . . . . 77 i

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l Table Page 1 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 Reactor Operation Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 Reactor Utilization Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4 Cobalt-60 Utilization Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5 College and High School Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . 23

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FIGURES Figure Page 1 Organization Chart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 iv

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PREFACE Administrative responsibility for the Penn State Breazeale Reactor resides in the Department of Nuclear Engineering in the College of Engineering.

It is operated as a facility of the University that is available to all of its colleges for education and research programs. In addition, the facility is made available to assist other educational institutions, government agencies, and industries having common and compatible needs and objectives to provide services that are essential in meeting research, development, education, and training needs.

The Thirty-third Annual Progress Report of the operation of The Pennsylvania State University Breazeale Reactor is submitted in accordance with the requirements of Contract DE-ACO2-76ER03409 with the United States Department of Energy. This report also provides the University administration with a summary of the utilization of the facility for the past year.

Terry Flinchbaugh edited the report. The contribution of Anne Harshmar; for typing this report is recognized and appreciated. Special thanks are extended to those responsible for the individual sections as listed in the Table of Contents and to the individual facility users whose research summaries are compiled in Section X.

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l I. INTRODUCTION The Penn State Breazeale Reactor's (PSBR) 1987-83 ye,tr was characterized by high staff productivity in an ever changing environment. The or..nward trend in staff experience continued with the retirenent of the second of three long-term research assistants along with the conversion from a 12-month to a 9-month contract for the third research assistant, in the process of rettilding the staff, one open position existed for the entire year. The quality of operation, however, was not affected as evidenced by positive results of Safeguards Cunnittee and NRC audits.

i The 1986 87 year had seen a dramatic increase in the number of users per shift and the number of sanples per shift over the 1985-86 year. This higher level of use was maintained and exceeded in the 1987-88 year, with numerous marks of distinction. Exanples include the flow visualization studies utilizing neutron radiography techniques which received an award at the Graduate Research Exhibition and proceeded with publications which captured the cove of Nuclear Technology and Penn State Research. Perturbed angular correlation research resulted in three prestigious publications and an NSF grant. The success of the radionuclear applicat' ins laboratory section of the first Governor's School fo' Agriculture resulted in that becoming a permanent part of the curricu';:9 All these activities are a tribute to the PSBR staff who assisted and supported efforts of the researchers and instructors sponsoring the projects.

The changing environment also involves the services provided. The Low Level Radiation Monitoring Lab continues to provide ultra sensitive radiacion meas ur ements . They have become part of a DOE funded project sponsored by the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences to study raoon evolution from the grot 10 The lab is pursuing EPA certification of radon canister measurements to add to their portfolio of certified analyses. As the nuclear power industry matures and plant simulators come on line, Continuing Education opportunities for reactor operator training crograms have decreased . Taking its place is increased research in radiation effects on electronic devices and the 1

application of radiation in electronic material manufacturing and processing; the staff is heavily inysived in improved benchmarking of the flux spectrum for these purposes. Another new initiative this year was pr oviding radioactive noble gas as a tracer for process efficiency and effluea+ control studies. Each of these citanges represents a major staff effort.

The PSBR staff can be proud of their record of excellence while aggressively tackling each new challenge in the changing environment of personnel staffing and technological expectations.

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II. PERSONNEL There have been a f ew changes in PSBR personnel during the reporting period. Joseph J. Bonner replac3d R. E. Totenbier as Research Assistant in Sept ember .

In the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (LLRML), Sam Griffith was promoted from Lab fechnician to Environmental Analyst to fill the position formerly held by Dave Ryan, who was promoted to Technology Education Specialist with the Energy Technology Projects staff. Sam resigned from his position in June. Rebecca Batschelet and Jean McGrath joined the staff in l

newly established positions as Environmental Analysts.

The following persons filled wage payroll positions in the LLRFL during the year: Hermina Boyle, Kevin Davis, Bernard Grabusky, Joseph Jacobs, Mark Linsley, and ladimarri Malini. The LLRML also employed James Davis and Thomas Migdal as work study students.

Eric Hannold joined the PSBR staff as a Reactor Operator Intern at the beginning of Spring Semester 1988.

On January 1,1988, two changes occurred in the membership of the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee. F. B. Cheung of Mechanical Engineering and R. W. Regan of Civil Engineering were appointed as new members to replace H. R. Jacobs and D. White, who each lef t the Committee af ter serving a 3-year term.

Hermina Boyle was hired on a part-time basis in January to help with the increased ,olume of work being done by the Radionuclear Applications Laboratory.

Jeff Armstrong was promoted from Custodian / Driver to Maintenance Worker in May.

Chris Davis joined the reactor staff in June as a wor k study student.

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. 2 TABLE 1 Personnel l

Faculty and Staff Title i R. Batschelot Environmental Analyst

• • J.J. Bonner Research Assistant G.L. Catchen Assistant Professor

• C. C. Davison Technology Education Specialist

• • T.L. Flinchbaugh Operations and Training Manager B.C. Ford Supervisor, Low-Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory L.E. Frye Administrative Aide S. Griffith Environmental Analyst (resigned)

• E. Hannold Reactor Operator Intern

• • 0.E. Hughes Research Assistant W.A. Jester Prof ess or

• W.E. Johnson Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist J. A. McGrath Environmental Analyst

• • I.B. McMaster Research Assistant / Deputy Director

• • 0.C. Raupach Reactor Supervisor / Reactor Utilization Specialist ,

• K.E. Rudy Operational Support Services Supervisor

• 0.S. Vonada Electronic Designer M.H. Voth Associate Professor / Director

• Licensed Operator

• • Licensed Senior Operator 4

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Clerical Staff Title I A.M. Harshman Secretary and Receptionist S.K. Ripka Facility Secretary Technical Service Staff Title i

J. Armstrong MalaCtazote Wortfr R.L. Eaken I:< ,.!;riment ti and Maintenance Mechanic Wage Payroll H .: So,v' t

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4. frabusky J. Jitobs P. L16sley ,

T. Malini 4

Student Work Study C. Davi; J. Oavir T..Migdal 5

Penn State Reactor Safeguards Conmittee l J. A. Blakeslee - Chairman, Assistant Superintendent of Plant, PP&L

( Susquehanna Steam Electric Station F. B. Cheung - Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering A. H. Foderecc - Professor, Nuclear Engineering R.W. Grad and - Health ohysicist, Intercollege Research Programs and Facilities E.S. Kenney - Professor, Nuclear Engineering L.J. Pilione - Associate Professor, Physics R. W. Regan - Associate Professor, Civil Engineering D. A. Ross - Special Projects Director, General Public Utilities R.E. Totenbier - Retired Operations Supervisor, Penn State Breazeale Reactor M.H. Voth - Ex-officio, Director, Penn State Breazeale Reactor 6

FUtlCTIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL CHART Department Head Adminis(Kl trative evans ) Ass' t.

(Frye) l l Director

! (Voth) l Ueputy U1 rector f (McMaster)

Facility Researchers /

Technical Advisors ~1

~' (Jester,Catchen)

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Operations Clerical i Low Level Radiation j (Flinchbaugh) Ripka, Harshman Monitoring Laboratory (Ford,McGrath, l Bats chel et) l

. I Operational Support Research and Radionuclear l

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(Bonner, Johnson) Technology Applications Transfer Laboratory 1 (Bonner) (Raupach) i i

Mechanical Support Academic Gama Irradiation 1~J Eaken Instruction (Rudy,trong),

Arms (Hughes , Bonner) Facility)

(Johnson l 1

i Electronic Support Training Programs Neutron Radiography (Vonada) (Flinchbaugh) Scien;e Center 1 i (Hughes) l I

Angular Correlation l

., _ _ _ _ Close Cooperation L r __

Repcet Route FIGURE 1 7

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111. REACTOR OPERATIONS Research reactor operation began at Penn State in 1955. In December of 1965 the original core, which operated at a maximum power level of 200 KW, was rep *. aced by a more advanced TRIGA core, capable of operation at 1000 KW. The present core may also be operated in a pulse f ashion in which the power level is suddenly increased from less than 1 KW to up to 2000 MW for short (milliseconds) periods of time. TRIGA stands for Training, Research, Isotope ,

Production, built by General Atomic Company.

Utilization of the Reactor f alls into three major categories:

I Educational utilization is primarily in the form of laboratory classes conducted for graduate, undergraduate, associate degree l candidates, and numerous high school science groups. These classes will vary from the irradiation and analysis of a sample to the calibration of a reactor control rod.

Research accounts for a large portion of reactor time which involves Radionuclear Applications, Neutron Radiography, a myriad of research programs by f aculty and graduate students throughout the University, and various applications by the industrial sector.

Training programs for Reactor Operators and Reactor Supervisors are ,

offered and can be tailored to meet the needs of the participants.

Individuals taking part in these programs fall into such categories as PSBR reactor staff and power plant operating personnel.

The PSBR core, containing aoout 7% pounds of Uranium-235, in a non-weapons form, is operated at a depth of approximately IS feet in a pool of demineralized water. The water provides the needed shielding and cooling for the operation of the reactor. It is relatively simple to expose a sample by merely positioning it in the vicinity of the reactor at a point where it will receive the desired radiation dose. A variety of fixtures and jigs are available for such positioning. Various containers and irradiation tubes can be used to keep samples dry. Three pneumatic transfer systems with different neutron levels offer additional possibilities.

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In normal steady state operation at 1000 kilowatts, the thermal neutron flux available varies from approximately 1 x10 13 n/cm2 / sec at the edge of the core to approximately 3 x 10 13 n/cm2 / sec in the central region of the core.

When using the pulse mode of operation, the peak flux for a maximum pulse is approximately 6 x 10 16 n/cm2/ see with a pulse width of 15 msec at %

maximte.

Support f acilities include a machine shop, el2ctronic shop, laboratory space, and fume hoods.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Tables 2 and 3 list Reactor Operation Data and Reactor Utilization Data-Shif t Averages, respectively, for the past three years. In table 2, the Critical time is a sumation of the hours the reactor was operating at some power level. The Subcritical time is the total hours that the reactor key and console instrumentation were on and under observation, lets the Critical time.

Subcritical time reflects experiment set-up time and time spent approaching  ;

reactor criticality. Fuel movement hours, which are also reflected in Suberitical time, reflect a phase out of experiments conducted for the Three Mile Island Two Operating Crew. Also, the biennial fuel inspection was not performed this year.

The Number of Pulses reflects demands of undergraduate labs, researchers, and reactor operator training groups. Square waves are used primarily for demonstration purposes for public groups touring the facility, researchers, and reactor operator training programs.

The number of Scrams Planned as Part of Experiments reflects experimenter needs. The Unplanned Scrams Resulting from Personnel Action showed a decrease; many of this type of scram are by students in the NucE 444 course, Nuclear Reactor Oper6tions Laboratory, and by operator trainees in utility ,

training programs. Time spent in utility training decreased this year and is .

reflected in the Personnel Action category. Although the PSBR operating staff f j makes every effort to point out the types of personnel actions that will l l

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is result in a scram, the large number of trainees that operate the reactor virtually eliminates the possibility of error free operation. It should be i

pointed out that a scram shuts down the reactor before a safety limit is j reached. Unplanned Scrams Resulting from Abnormal System Operation were due to operational problems with pneumatic transfer systems.

Table 3, Part A Reactor Usage, indicates Hours Critical and Hours -

Subcritical, and also Hours Shutdown such as for instruction or experimental setup. Occasionally a component f ailure prohibits reactor operation. The necessary repair time is included in Reactor Usage as Reactor Not Available to reflect total reactor utilization on a shif t basis. W Part B gives a breakdown of the Type of Usage in Hours. The Nuclear Engineering Department and/or the Reactor Facility receives compensation for Industrial Research and Service, and for Industrial Training Programs.

University Research and Service includes both funded and non-funded research, for Penn State and other universities. The Instruction and Training category r.

includes all formal university classes involving the reactor, experiments for other university and high school groups, demonstrations for tour groups, and in-house reactor operator training.

Part C statistics , Users / Experimenters, were all higher than last year.

Since the TOTAL HOURS PER SHIFT in Part A decreased over last year, the Part C statistics indicate that the reactor was more productive during its hours of operation. This reflects increased efforts to schedule multiple use of the reactor to better utilize staff resources.

INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS During July of 1937, an NRC routine radiation control safety inspection was conducted of activities authorized by the f acility R-2 license. No violations were observed. The reactor staff has implemented changes suggested by that inspection report.

During September of 1997, Harold J. Palmer of the Pennsylvania Power and Light Company Susquehanna Steam Electric Station, conducted an audit of the 11

PSBR to fulfill a requirement of the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee charter. The reactor staff has implemented changes suggested by that report, all of which exceed NRC requirements.

In May of 1988, an NRC routine safeguards inspection was conducted involving the areas of nuclear material control, accounting, and physical security. The PSBR was in compliance with the NRC requirements in the areas i ns pected.

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TABLE 2 Reactor Operation Data July 1,1985 - June 30,1988 85-86 86-87 87-88 A. Hours of Reactor Operation

1. Critical 471 533 489

2. Subcritical 500 495 378

3. Fuel Movement 112 47 2 B. Number of Pulses 125 166 167 C. Number of Square Waves 93 85 63 D. Energy Release (HWH) 192 245 216 E. Grams U-235 Consuned 10 13 11 l

F. Screns

1. Planned as Part of Experiments 73 167 51

2. Unplanned - Resulting From a) Personnel Action 14 12 6 b) Abnormal System Operation 3 6 3 13

O TABLE 3 Reactor Utilization Data Shift Averages July 1,1985 - June 30,1988 85-86 86-87 87-88 A. Reactor Usage

1. Hours Critical 1.9 2.2 2.0

2. Hours Subtritical 2.0 1.9 1.5

3. Hours Shutdown 2.2 2.1 2.0

4. Reactor Not Available 0.5 0.2 0.2 TOTAL HOURS PER SHIFT 6.6 6.4 5.7 B. Type of usage - Hours

1. Industrial Research and Service  !.0 2.3 0.9

2. University Research and Service 0.9 0.9 1.8

3. Instruction and Training 1.6 1.3 1.2

4. Induttrial Training Programs 1.6 0.6 0.1

5. Calibration and Maintenance 1.6 1.4 1.7  ;

C. Users / Experiments

1. Number of Users 2.1 2.8 2.9

2. Pneumatic Transfer Samples 1.2 2.1 3.0

3. Total Number of Samples 3.3 4.7 5.3 l

4. Sample Hours 1.6 1.3 1.8 1

0. Nunber of 8 Hour Shifts 249 257 248 14

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GAMMA IRRA0! AT10ft FACILITY The University, in March of 1965, purchased 23,600 curies of Cobalt-60 to provide a pure source of gamma rays. In flovenber of 1971, the University obtained from the flatick Laboratories, 63,537 curies of Cobalt-60 in the form of aluminum clad source rods. These source rods have decayed through several half-lives, leaving a July 1,1988 total of 8248 curies.

In this facility, the sources are stored and used in a pool 16 feet x 10 a

feet, filled with 16 feet of demineralized water. The watte provides a shield which is readily worked through and allows great flexibility in using the .

sources. Due to the number of rods and size of the pool, it is possible to set up several irradiators at a time to vary the size of the sample that can be irradiated, or vary the dose rate. Experiments in a dry environmerit are possible by use of either a vertical tube or by a diving bell type apparatu:.

The Cobalt-60 f acility is designed with a large amount of working sp.'ce around the pool and has two laboratory rooms equipped with work benches, fume ,

hoods, and the usual utilities.

Maximum exposure rates of 304 KR/Hr in a 3" 10 Tube and 177 KR/Hr in a 6" 10 Tube are available as of July 1,1988.

Additional f acilities include a Hot Laboratory consisting of two identical "Hot Cells." The two feet thick high density concrete walls provide suf ficient shielding to allow up to 1000 curies of radioactive materials to be safely handled through the use of remote manipulators.

l Hot cell snurce #1/72 has an activity of 89 curies as of July 1,1988.

Table 4 compares the past three years' utilization of the Cobalt-60 f acility in terms of time, numbers, and daily averages.

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TA3LE 4 Cobalt-60 Utilization Data July 1,1985 - June 30,1988 i 85-86 86-87 87-88 A. Time involved (Hours)

1. Set-Up Time 43 94 327

2. Total Sample Hours 4,558 14,842 6,507

8. Numbers Involved

1. Samples Run 687 3,063 1,307

2. Different Experimenters 32 34 40

3. Configurations Used 3 3 3 C. Per Day Averages

1. Experimenters ' 05

.. 0.78 0.80 -

2. Sampl es 2.76 12.30 5.25 i

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V. EDUCAT!0tl AND TRAINING l

Ouring the past year, the Penn State Breazeale Reacto was used for a variety of educational services; inhouse training, utility training programs, femal ifboratory courses, and many continuing education programs and tours.

Eric Hannold, an undergraduate mechanical engineering student with six years of nuclear Navy experience, participated in the operator training program, which ran from January to Hay. T. L. Flinchbaugh developed and coordinated the training program with instructional assistance from staff members J. J. Bonner , D. E. Hughes , I. B. McMaster, D. C. Raupach, K. E. Rudy, and M. H. Voth. The program culminated with Eric passing his NRC exam during May and receiving his operator's license in June.

Inhouse reactor operator requalification consisted of an oral examination on abnormal and emergency procedures given by J. J. Bonner, an oral examination on facility design changes given by I. B. McMaster, an operating examination given by D. E. Hughes, and a written examination given by T. L.

Flinchbaugh.

The majority of the staff and f aculty with offices at the reactor facility and the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Lab received first aid and CPR certi'ication through instructio.a offered by Police Services.

During this past reporting period, the PSBR operating staff and Nuclear Engineering faculty conducted two training program for nine trainees from two utilities.

A three-day Reactor Start-Up Experience Program was offered for Nebraska Public Power District for eight people.

A one-day Reactor Start-Up Experience Program was offered for one person from the Public Service Electric and Gas Company of New Jersey, The Senior Reactor Operators on the PSBR staff, J. J. Bonner, D. E.

Hughes, T. L. Flinchbaugh, I. B. McMaster, and D. C. Raupach, provided the 17

console instruction in all programs and the coordination of all programs was done by T. L. Flinchbaugh. M. H. Voth provided a lecture for one program.

The second session of the Pennsylvania Governor's School for Agriculture was held at Penn State's University Park campus during the surmier of 1987.

Sixty-five high school scholars participated in the five week program which began on June 28, 1987. The Governor's School for Agriculture includes introduction and experience in many different agricultural disciplines. The section on "Radioisotope Applications in Agricultural Research" was conducted at Penn State's Breazeale Reactor by the staff of Energy Technology Projects )

and Dale Raupach of the PSBR staff;- Candace (Rusnak) Davison was the main coordinator and instructor. The students performed a series of experiments focusing on the fundamentals of radiation interaction and principles of radioisotope applications. The students were also given a tour of the reactor facility.

The Nuclear Concepts and Technological Issues Institute (NCTII) was held for the eighteenth consecutive year from July 6-31, 1987. The Nuclear Concepts program was designed to prepare secondary science educators to teach the basics of nuclear science, radiation, and applications and is offered as a l special topics course in nuclear engineering (NUCE 4978). Seventeen science l

teachers from the states of Maryland, Ohio, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania participated in the program. The program was supported by Baltimore Gas and Electric, Cleveland Illuminating Company, Duquesne Light Company, Edison Electric Institute, GPU Nuclear Corporation, Limerick Community Education Program, New York Power Authority, Philadelphia Electric l Company, Corrnunity Access to Science and Energy Education Program, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, and West Valley Demonstration Project.

Anthony Baratta was the academic advisor for the institute. The institute was coordinated by Candace (Rusnak) Davison and was conducted through Penn State's Continuing Education Office. Joseph Bonner, Research Associate, provided the main instruction. Other instruction was provided by Nuclear Engineering department personnel and Rodger Granlund, University Health Physicist. Guest speakers from government, research, and industry provided expertise for the technical and issue sessions.

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O I Laboratory experiments are an important aspect of the institute as the '

teachers are able to have hands-or experience with radioactive materials. The laboratories were conducted at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor under the direction of the reactor, continuing education (Davison), and Health Physics personnel. The laboratory experiments and demonstrations included:

Characteristics of Ionizing Radiation, Radionuclide Handling, Neutron  !

Activation Analysis, Heutron Radiography, and the "Approach to Critical" i experiment. Discussion and problem solving sessions along with a field trip i to a radiation processing facility and Three Mile Island were included in the

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schedule. As in previous institutes, the participants in NCTIl were encouraged to return with their students for a one-day field trip to the PSBR, The University Reactor Sharing Program is sponsored by the US Department i of Energy. The purpose of this program is to increase the availability of the university nuclear reactor f acilities to non-reactor owning colleges and universities. The main objectives of the University Reactor Sharing Program i l are to strengthen nuclear science and engineering instruction and to provide i research opportunities for other educational institutions including I universities, colleges, junior colleges, technical schools, and high schools, Experiments were ennducted at the PSBR for Grove City College, Wilkes College, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, and Mansfield State University.  !

The goal of increased participation on the college and university level was j reached during the 1987-1988 year with several research projects which used  !

the reactor and neutron activation analysis facilities. State University of I New York at Binghamton, University of Connecticut, Carnegie-Mellon University, and University of Pennsylvania all had research projects.  ;

A total of 454 students and teachers from 20 High Schools and 4 Colleges I

came to the PSBR for experiments and instruction (see Table 5). Candace Davison was the main coordinator and instructor for the program. Other instruction and technical assistance for experiments were provided by Joseph ,

l Bonner, Dale Raupach, Hermina Boyle, and Ken Sahadewan. l l

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O All groups, including reactor sharing groups, who toured the reactor facility are listed in Appendix B. The reactor operating staff and continuing education staff conducted 81 tours for 1,758 persons.

NucE 420, Radiological Safety, was taught during the Summer 1987 Semester by E. S. Kenney. The reactor was utilized by 19 students for 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br />.

l An elective NucE 444 course, Nuclear Reactor Operations Laboratory,  ;

designed to give the student an opportunity to correlate classroom theory with actual reactor operation situations controlled by the student, was offered during the Summer 1987 and the Fall 1987 Semesters fcr 17 students by D. E.

Hughes. Each student performed a ntenbt.r of reactor startups and the reactor was used for 56 hours6.481481e-4 days <br />0.0156 hours <br />9.259259e-5 weeks <br />2.1308e-5 months <br />.

The Reactor Physics Laboratory course, NucE 451, was taught in the Fall 1987 Semester by E. S. Kenney and W. A. Jester. The reactor was used for 66 hours7.638889e-4 days <br />0.0183 hours <br />1.09127e-4 weeks <br />2.5113e-5 months <br /> by 30 students with major assistance from the reactor operating crew.

Eight associate degree students from the Penn State Beaver Campus visited the reactor during the Fall 1987 Semester as a part of the NucE 802 course, Elements of Nuclear Technology. The students observed a reactor start-up and a pulse during their one hour visit.

During the Spring 1988 Semester. NucE 450, Radiation Detection and Measurement, was taught by J. J. Bonner and W. A. Jester. The reactor was -

used for 15 hours1.736111e-4 days <br />0.00417 hours <br />2.480159e-5 weeks <br />5.7075e-6 months <br /> by 48 students, with assistan'.e frxa the reactor operating l Crew.

The PSBR operating staff also served the Nuclear Engineering Department and other University departments and colleges in the following ways. ,

Five health physics graduate students of 0. J. Strcm from the University of Pittsburgh used reactor facility laboratories and toured the reactor ,

f acility in a four-hour program conducted by the Penn State Health Physics  ;

staff during the Su mer 1987 Semester.  !

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R. Beelman used the Cobalt-60 facilities for Food Science 313 during the Fall 1987 Semester for 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> for 57 students. He also used the same facilities for 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> for 22 high school stadents participating in the Pennsylvania Governor's School for Agriculture during the Summer of 1987.

A Physics 559 graduate lab taught by R.D. McCamon used the reactor for sample irradiations during the Fall 1987 Semester. Two students used the reactor for a total of 20 hours2.314815e-4 days <br />0.00556 hours <br />3.306878e-5 weeks <br />7.61e-6 months <br />.

During the Spring 1988 Semester, S. H. Levine used the reactor for a neutron radiography demonstration for a M.E. 440 class of 14 students.

Five of A. Hower's Entomology 456 students utilized the Cobalt-60 facility for three hours for their class projects during the Spring 1988 Semes ter .

A. J. Baratta. J. J. Bonner, and C. Davison conducted a radiation measurement lab for 61 U.S. Naval Reservists during August of 1987. The reactor was utilized for 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br />.

During August 1987, L. 4. Schlegel, J. Vincenti, R. W. Granlund, C.

Davison, and T. Flinchbaugh conducted an Emergency Personnel Workshop for 7 Royersford firemen. The purpose of the workshop was to reinforce basic radiation principles and proper action in preparation for a radiation emergency.

In February of 1988, 32 University Police Services personnel were given training and retraining sessions by J. J. Bonner at the PSBR to ensure f amiliarity with the f acilities.

Assisting the reactor operating staff and continuing education staff in carrying out the above mentioned educational programs are several other staff members . S. K. Ripka and A. M. Harshman provide secretarial services , D. S.

Vonada provide's electronic design and maintenance services, and K. E. Rudy, R.

L. Eaken, and J. ArTnstrong provide mechanical maintenance services.

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4 During the past year, the PSBR operating staff has maintained operator competence and safe facility operation through training and requalification, and shar ed the many man-years of operating experience with operator trainees from utilities. The reactor and continuing education staffs have d'.sseminated knowledge directly to the general public through tours and indirectly through programs such as Nuclear Concepts for high school teachers. Many educational opportunities have been proxided to students in university courses both

., nuclear and non-nuclear.

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O TABLE 5 University Reactor Sharing Program College and High School Groups i 1987-1988 Academic Year i

School & flumber of Activities &

Date Teacher Students PSBR Instructor 10/28 Danville HS 17 ATC, Silver Decay M. McDevitt C. Davison ,

11/13 Wilkes College 6 ATC R. Maxwell J. Bonner 12/1 Wyomissing HS 8 ATC, Silver Decay C. Bell J. Bonner 12/09 Lower Dauphin HS 16 ATC, Gama spec l Y. Lyter C. Davison l 1/20 State College HS 23 Hal f-lif e i D. Kleindienst C. Davison j 2/01 Jersey Shore HS 22 ATC, Gama Spec  :

J. Allen C. Davison i 2/29 Indiana Univ, of PA 2 NAA Q. Hartwig D. Raupach 3/08 Daniel Boone HS 21 ATC, Silver Decay '

L. Tobias C. Davison ,

3/09 State College HS 21 Shielding (

S. Bressler C. Davison ,

3/11 Chartiers-Houston HS 17 ATC, Silver Decay H. Wicker C. Davison l 3/15 Redland HS 17 ATC, Silver Decay  ;

G. Farley C. Davison i 3/23 Westmont Hilltop HS 22 ATC, Half-life l T. Moore C. Davison 3/25 Bald Eagle HS 12 Shielding l G. Anderson 17 J. Bonner, C. Davison 4/06 Berwick HS 18 ATC, Gama Spec R. Foster C. Davison ,

4/08 Carmichael HS 10 ATC '

P. Gibson C. Davison l i

l 23 l

4/15 St. Mary's HS 21 ATC, Half-life, Shielding Ridgway HS 17 ATC, Silver Decay W. Scilingo E. Koos C. Davison, K. Sahadewan 4/21 Grove City College 2 ATr., NAA R. Leo C. Davison, H. Boyle 4/21 Horseheads HS 25 ATC, Silver Decay L. Josbena, K. McNerny J. Bonner 4/27 Punxsutawney HS 17 ATC, Half-life W. Stuchell C. Davison ,

4/29 Warren HS (N. Science) 6 ATC, Gama Spec Marion Center 11 C. Davison, K. Sahadewan D. Giffin, J. Petrosky  ;

4/29 Warren HS (Adv. Chem) 23 ATC, Shielding e R. Hovan C. Davison, K. Sahadewan  :

5/02 Mansfield University 8 NAA t

, W. Schmid O. Raupach 5/04 State College HS 11 Shielding S. Bressler C. Davison 5/06 Northern Bedford HS 10 ATC, Silver Decay M. Yeltre J. Bonner 5/17 Kennard-Dale HS 10 ATC, Gama Spec  ;

G. Sinclair C. Davison +

5/25 State College HS 14 ATC, Gama Spec M. Ciolkesz C. Davison 20 High Schools 406 Students 25 Instructors 4 Colleges 18 Students 4 Instructors TOTALS 24 Groups 424 Students 29 Instructors Those who came to the PSBR for experiments received instruction on the  ;

basics of radiation and nuclear energy and received a tour of the 'acility.

ATC -Approach to Critical Experiment f Gama Spec - Gama Ray Spectroscopy Experiment Silver Decay - Neutron Activation and Complex Decay of Silver l Half-life - Barim-137m Decay or Silver Decay  ;

NAA - Neutron Activation Analysis, Oconstration and Experiment l Shielding - Relative Stopping Powers for a, 8, and y in Air, Alumina, and Lead i l

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VI. NEUTRON ,tADIOGRAPHY SCIENCE CENTER Neutron Radiography Science Center, NRSC, is one of the experimental facilities that is a part of the PSBR. A well collim'ted beam of neutrons,

,_ thermalized by a 020 thermal column, is passed into the NRSC for use in non-destr uctive testing and evaluation. Work now being done utilizes a Real Time Neutron Image Intensifier, by Precise Optics Inc., for real time radiography. The beam is also being used for static neutron radiography and neutron ottenuatier. studies, and flash radiography utilizing pulsin( There is also equipnent available to digitize the real time radiography images for image processing.

The NRSC was established partially with funds from th U.S. Department of Energy with matching funds from the University. The Neutron Radiography Science Center at The Pannsylvania State Univei sity Breazeale Reactor was established to:

1) educate students and the public on an important use of neutrons from a research reactor,

2) establish a demonstration center, "Neutrons in Action," to show that their use is beneficial to mankind, and

3) expand the use of neutron radiography in research, both as a tool for improving the development of U. S. industrial products and tc develop nes information in other fields of science and engineering.

The NRSC at the PSBR is being utilized by several funded arojects. The largest of these is the Chrysler Challenge Fund Project, "Investigation of the Internal Flow in a Torque Converter," with Dr. John M. Cimbala the principal investigator. The project is funded through March 1989.

Another is a FERMI project called, "Feasibility Study of Nuclear Industry Valves to Determine Failure Modes Using Neutron Radiography," with Dr. S. H.

Levine as the principal investigator. FERMI is a nuclear industry-Nuclear Engineering Department affiliates progetm. Copes Vulcan Valve Co. and the Anchor /Da ling Valve Co. have provided valves and funding for this study.

This project has been granted continuation funds through next year.

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F A third project, which will soon be completed, is a borated stainless steel attenuation study. The project was funded by Carpenter Technologies, Inc... and the investigators were Gerald W. Smith and Dr. Anthony Baratta. -

In the past year a lot of equipnent has beeri.added to the NRSC to facil! tate the research and improve the educational-Yalue of the work.

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VII. RADI0flVCLEAR APPLICATI0flS LABORATORY Personnel of the Radionuclear Applications Laboratory provide consulting and technical assistance to those University researc' personnel who wish to utilize some type of radionuclear technique i- their research. The majority of these research projects involve some sort of neutron arivation procedure, but the staff is qualified to provide services in radioactive tracer techniques, radiation gauging, radiation processing, and in the production of radioisotopes for iaboratory or radionuclear medicine use.

Analyses of samples were performed 'or Penn State students and faculty members who had only a few samples which needed to be analyzed and did not have time to do their own analyses. In addition to these, laboratory personnel have worked closely with Dr. Quentin Hartuig of Indiana University l of Pennsylvania, in conducting research on corn and other plant material.

Analyses of twenty fly ash samples from power plants were done by Rf(AL staff in cooperation with Professor Ralph Mumma of PSU and Dr. Donald Lisk of

( Carnell University.

Over 150 irr e:ations of semiconductocs were made during the last year for several electronic companies. Laboratory personnel prepared each of these samples for irradiation, provided f ast neutron dosimetry, determined the radioisotopes produced in the devices, and packaged and shipped these devices to their respective companies. In addition to semiconductors, over 100 analyses were performed for other industrial customers.

On January 5,1988, a neutron activation analysis workshop was conducted at the reactor. The workshop, attended by 12 potential users, consisted of three lectures, a laboratory session, and a tour of the reactor f acility. Dr.

W. Pratt, professor emeritus of physics, discussed the physics of neutron activation and radioactive decay, while Dr. Jester and Dale Raupach lectured on radiation detectors and analyzers, and reactor facilities for collecting and interpreting data, respectively. Raupach's laboratory sc:sion demonstrated the usefulness of fiAA Other research capabilities were highlighted during the reactor tour.

27

Laboratory personnel continue to supply support for the operation of the reactor facility. During the las'c year, both thermal and f ast neutron dosimetry measurements were made for all the regularly used irradiation facilities. In addition, a project has been initiated to determine the neutron energy spectrum for the facilities vsed for the radiation hardening of s emiconductors. Data for the neutron spectrum experiment is currently being processed by Thomas Gillen, Ph.D. candidate in nuclear engineering.

Efficiency curves for one m1, five m1, and point source geometries were determined for each of the Ge(Li) detectors used in NAA. The isotopes used in these calibrations were purchased from the National Bureau of Standards.

Another NBS traceable standard was used to produce a calibration curve for counting four- and five-i.ich silicon wafers.

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'4 VIII. LOW LEVEURA0!ATI0tl M0tlITORIllG LABORATORY The staff of the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (LLRML) provides analytical and environmental radiation monitorin.) services to connunity water suppliers, private laboratories, utilities, and resc:rchers at the University.

The LLRML was established in 1979 to assist the water supply companies of Pennsylvania in meeting their Safe Orinking Water Act requirements. It is

^

currently certified by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PA DER) to perform radiological analyses on drinking water. Analyses for which the laboratory is certified are: gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-89 and -90, radium-226 and -228, cesium-134 and -137, cobalt-60, ruthenium-106, zinc-65, and tritium. One requirement to maintain PA DER certification is participation in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA)

Inter-Camparison Program. This program involves the analysis of blind samples r which have been spiked with the radionuclides for which the laboratory is

( certified. Results from these analyses are then submitted for comparison with all other participating laboratories.

June 24, 1988 is the last day of a four-year monitoring period for natural radiation in drinking water (gross alpha) which is required by the PA DER for all comunity water supplies in Pennsylvania. We expect by that time i to have completed analyses for approximately 900 water supplies, or 36% of the total number of supplies in the state.

Since 1982 the LLRML has been analyzing a portion of the environmental samples collected from the vicinity of the Pennsylvania Pwer and Light Conpany's (PP&L) Susquehanna Steam Electric Station at Berwick. This program is designed to ensure quality control by splitting samples with the utility's principal analytical laboratory. Samples representative of the water, ingestion and airborne pathways, as well as TL0s, are analyzed for gross alpha, gross beta, gamma emitters , and tritiw, PP&L has recently established its cwn REMP QC Laboratory and has begun to assume the LLRML portion of the monitoring program. A gradual phasing in of the PP&L laborai.ory, and a 29

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o phasing out of the LLRML will be completed by June 30, 1988 at which time the LLRML will only monitor for gama radiation using TL0s.

A spiked sample program was established in 1985 by PP&L. - This program is used to ensure analytical quality control of bath the sentiing and receiving laboratories . The LLRML prepares samples of known isotopic concentration, analyzes' them, and then ships them to PP&L's analytical laboratory 'for analysis as blind samples. Beginning in 1988, the spiked sample program was expanded to include one other laboratory and several new sample media.

Samples are now split before shipment and sent to both Teledyne Isotopes Radiological Laboratory in New Jersey and PP&L's REMP QC Lab in Allentown, PA.

The LLRML has been analyzing samples for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia since 1983. These are environmental samples, consisting mainly of vegetables, soils, mamal foods, and mamals. The samples are collected from the area surrounding PP&L's Steam Electric Station at Berwick, and are analyzed using gamma spectroscopy.

The laboratory was involved in three research projects this year. The first was a cooperative study with Cornell University which looked at the thorium content of brazil nut and rat bone samples using gama spectroscopy.

Work continues on a project, which is funded by the nuclear industry-Nuclear Engineering Department FERMI program. In cooperation with the Philadelphia Electr:c company, a method is being developed t, separate and quantify pure beta emitting isotopes from reactor discharr water. Cation exchange resins are being used to concentrate and isolan those beta emitters of interest, principally strontium-89 and -90.

A DOE funded project with the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences studies the generation and mobility of radon in soil. Work on this project

, involves gama spectroscopy measurements of soil samples.

Work has centinued this year on developing procedures for radon measurements of both air and water samples. The LLRML is currently participating in the EPA radon canister cross check program which could lead 30

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.c to laboratory certification for the analysis of air samples for radon gas. A procedure to determine radon concentrations in water using liquid scintillation counting was developed by George Pristas, a senior in fluclear Engineering, and LLRML staff. After further study tnis will be another of the analytical services that the laboratory offers to the public, t

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-O IX. THE ANGULAR CORRELATI0flS LABORATORY The Angular Correlations Laboratory has been in operation for approximately 30 months. The laboratory, which is located in Room 116 of the PSBR, is under the direction of Professor Gary L. Catchen. The laboratory contains a four-detector-apparatus for making Perturbed Angular Correlation (PAC) Spectroscopy measurements. The apparatus measures eight coincidences simultaneously using cesium fluoride detectors. The detectors and electronics provide a nominal time resolution of 1 nsec FWHM, which places the measurements at the state-of-the-art in the field of Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy.

Recently, the College of Engineering has awarded Dr. Catchen partial funding for a second PAC spectrometer. The additional equipment will increase the productivity in PAC research and will lead to more proposals /or external research funding. These funds originated as gif ts to the College, and State matching funds are available. The award is a result of a competitive review of proposals submitted to the Dean by College faculty members.

PAC Spectroscopy is a branch of the research field known as hypufine interactions. In this field, the applications are to use nuclear properties  ;

to probe the structure of a system. In particular, stable nuclei are used in the case of the M6ssbauer effect; and radioactive nuclei in the case of PAC.

The system may be either a metal or alloy, or a semiconductor, or an insulator, or a macromolecule in either the solid state or in solution. More specifically, solid-state PAC measurement systems can be used to characterize '

defects and dopant interactions. Measurements on macromolecules such as

]

4 metalloproteins in solution can give information about the strength of and the symmetry of ligand fields when there are static interactions between the PAC j probe nuclei and the extranuclear electrons. When the extranuclear fields

vary rapidly in time, the nuclear interaction gives a measure of the rotation correlation time.  ;

I

' l The PAC technique is based on the properties of several nuclei such as  !

i 181Hf, Ill n, i and 111mCd that emit two gama-rays in a cascade. After the  ;

l emission of the first gama-ray and before the second is emitted, these nuclei t L

1 33

exist in quantum states having relatively long lifetimes,1-100 ns. This intermediate state has either a magnetic dipole moment or an electric quadrupole moment, or both. When one of these moments interacts with the '

fields or the field gradients produced by the extranuclear electrons, the interaction affects or perturbs the emission probability of the second gamma-ray. That is, the spatial correlation of the emission of the second gamma-ray with the first, which exists in the absence of the extranuclear fields, is affected in a theoretically predictable manner. Measuring the time interval between the two emissions produces the primary experimental information, i .e. , the time distributions. Analysis of these distributions in the case of a static quadrupole interaction gives a measure of the electric field gradients produced by the electrons in the vicinity of the decaying nuclei. Similarly, in a time-varying interaction, a measure of the rotational l correlation time can be obtained.

An inherent advantage of the PAC technique is that it is truly a tracer technique. For example, to probe a semiconductor system, 50-100 pCi of IllI n  ;

would be used. This activity represents roughly 1012 atoms plus carrier (stable) atoms. Thus, the system to be studied can be made large enough, say several grams in mass, so that the PAC probe atom concentration remains insignificant. As a result, dopant interactions in semiconductors can be studied in which the dopant concentrations are varied.

Currently several research projects are underway at Penn State. The most

> noteworthy is a project to measure electric field gradients in high-critical-temperature superconducting ceramics such as YBa:Cui0, using the

• 8 $1n probe.

Recently, a paper was accepted in the Physical Review B,that describes the  ;

, first results of this project. This project is currently funded by the National Science Foundation, and it is supporting two graduate students to do f their M.S. ano subsequent Ph.D. thesis research. In addition, as a result of a special program, the NSF has awarded Dr. Catchen a grant of $10,000 to

support women who are seniors in the nuclear engineering major. This grant is

! to encourage women, who are an under-represented group in engineering, to participate in research. Work on the preparation of and the measurement of [

several types of thin films of technological importance, such as hafnium ,

! carbide, is in progress. Ooping of III-V semiconductors such as GaAs or InSe l t

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with Ill n, I is also being studied so that the interactions of defects and dopants in these materials can be studied. In addition, two papers were just published in the Physical Review B that describe investigations of ionic-conducting ceramics.

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X. FACILITY RESEARCH UTILIZATION Research continues to utilize the major portion of the available operation time of the reactor and the Cobalt-60 Facility. A wide variety of research projects are currently in progress as indicated on the following pages. The University oriented research projects are arranged alphabetically l by department in Section A. Theses , publications , papers , and reports follow I the research description to which they pertain. In addition, Sections B and C provide examples of other university and industrial research utilizing the facility.

The reporting of research information to the editor of this report is at the option of the researcher, and therefore the research projects in sections A, B, and C are only representative of the research at the facility. The projects described involved 3 reports,10 papers,19 publications,14 Master's theses, and 7 doctoral theses. The examples cited are not to be construed as publications or announcements of research. The publication of research utilizing the facility is the prerogative of the researcher.

Appendix A lists all university, industrial, and other users of PSBR facilities, including those listed in sections A, B, and C. Names of personnel are arranged alphabetically under their department and college or under their company or other affiliation. During the past year, 60 faculty and staff members , 51 graduate students, and 3 undergraduate students have used the facility for research. This represents a usage by 22 deparbnents or sections in 4 colleges of the University. In addition, 48 individuals from 32 industries, research organizations, or other universities used the PSBR f acil i ti es .

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A. PENN STATE ONIVERSITY RESEARCH UTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE.PENN STATE g BREAZEALE REACTOR Agronomy Department INTERACTIONS OF MICROORGANISMS AND HEAVY METALS IN S0IL

Participants:

J.-M. Bollag S. Liu '

E. Kurek P. Chanmugathas c Services Provided: Gamma Irradiation Transformation of heavy metals in soils under the influence of microorganisms; microorganisms may p' lay important roles in controlling the availability of heavy metals in soil . They may solubize or precipitate the metals either by direct interaction or by producing metabolic products which lead to complex-formation. Certain heavy metals will be selected (e.g. cadmium) and examined - especially under anaerobic conditions - to determine if they are transformed or bound in complexes through microbial activity Doctoral Thesis:

"Microbial Role in Immobilization and Subsequent Mobilization of Cadmium in Soil Suspensions ," Chamnugathas, P., Agronomy Department, J.-M.

Pollag, advisor.

. PuViications :

"A Column Study of the Biological Mobilization and Speciation of Cadmium ,

in Soil," Chamnugathas, P. and J.-M. Bollag, Arch. Environ. Contam.  !

Toxicol. 17, pp. 229-237, 1987. ,

I "Microbial Role in Immobilization and Subsequent Mobilization of Cadmium in Soil Suspensions," Chamnugathas, P. and J.-M. Bollag, Soil Sci. Am. J.

51, pp. 1184-1191, 1987.

Applied Research Lab l

. NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY OF V010E0 LITHIUM SAMPLES ,

Participants:

T. F. Lin R. Roberts Services Provided: Neutron Radiography Highly enriched 'Li metal was cast into stainless steel boxes, and l neutron radiography was used to study the artificial voids present in the j 38

sampl es . Optimization of 8Li concentration in the sample was also conducted to improve image contrast. The result compared favorably with X-ray technique. A proposal was submitted to ONR and is awaiting decision.

Paper:

"Liquid Metal Combustion Modeling and Sample Diagnosis," Lin, T. F., R.

Roberts and W. H. Hsleh. The second ONR Workshop on Closed Liquid Metal Combustion, Oct. 14-15, 1987, Pasadena, California.

Sponsor: Applied Research Laboratory, $1,000 Biology Department SOME ASPECTS OF WATER AND SODIUM EXCHANGE OF FRESHWATER CROCODILIANS IN FRESH WATER AND SEA-WATER: ROLE OF THE INTEGUMENT

Participants:

William A. Dunson Frank J. Mazzotti Services Provided:

Water efflux and sodium influx and efflux were measured in Alligator mississippiensis and Crocodylus moreleti in fresh water and/or sea-water.

Overall body water effluxes in these two species are similar in fresh or sea-water. A large proportion of the water turnover in Alligator occurs through the integument. There are marked regional differences in in vitro measures of water permeability of Alligator, with oral epithelia greatly exceeding that of the ventro-lateral integument. Values of integumental water flux in Alligator are much higher than those for sodium. Overall body sodin influxes in sea-water for these two crocodilians (unfed) were moderate for freshwater reptiles, but higher than in most estuarine and marine forms. Most of the sodi m uptake from sea-water occurs in the cephalic region, as dr nkwg or diffusion across epithelia. The integument of Alligator has a very low permeability to sodium; oral epithelia are much higher. Fed crocodilians in fresh water have a higher sodium efflux than when unfed. Alligator exposed to sea-water can increase body sodium efflux if there is also access to fresh water. However access to 9 ppt instead of fresh water depresses this response. Based on integumental water fluxes, Alligator is not physiologically a highly aquatic form comparable to the freshwater turtles Chelydra and Trionyx, or the freshwater snake Regina. This belies an external morphology that is extensively modified for an aquatic life.

Publication:

l "Some Aspects of Water and Sodin Exchange of Freshwater Crocodilians in Eresh Water and Sea-Water: Role of the Integument," Dunson, W. A. and Frank J. Mazzotti. Submitted to Comp. Biochem. Physiol . ,1988.

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i Biology Department S001UM AND WATER BALANCE IN LARVAE OF THE PREDACEOUS DIVING BEETLE, OYTISCUS VERTICALIS: AN AIR-BREATHER RESISTANT TO ACID-!NnUrFn 500!llM I;0SS

Participants:

W. A. Dunson M. P. Frisbie Sodium influx and efflux in artificial sof t water were.0.05 and 3.15 pmol /100 g wet body mass hr (pmol /10 gwn hr) respectively, for larval Oytiscus verticalis. These rates are low in comparison with other freshwater animals, but are similar to rates measured for adult beetles.

Sodiun influx increased when larvae were put in successively more concentrated sodiun solutions, but the change in influx failed to show saturation kinetics typical of active transport systems. Additionally, larvae failed to halt sodium loss even after body sodium levels declined by 9% and bath sodium concentration reached 68 pM. Thus larval D.

verticalis, like the adults, are unable to utilize sodium from water to balance sodiun losses. Tritiun-labelled water influx into larvae (4.91 ml/100 gwn hr) was roughly half that of influx into a dragonfly naiad possessing rectal tracheal gills (9.31 ml/100 gwn hr), Thus this air-breathing beetle larva is less permeable to water than an insect that respires aquatica11y. Sodium balance of beetle larvae was not affected by exposure to pH 3.0. In dragonfly naiads a similar exposure significantly decreased sodium influx and increased sodium efflux. Thus disruption in sodiun balance of aquatic insects is likely to provide a useful bioassay for effects of acidic pollution only in forms using aquatic respiration. Air breathing fonns are predicted to be more tolerant to acidic and metallic pollutants that specifically inhibit sodium balance.

Publication:

"Sodium and Water Balance in Larvae of the Predaceous Diving Beetle, Dytiscus Verticalis: An Air-Breather Resistant to Acid-Induced Sodium Loss ," Frisbie, M. P. and W. A. Dunson, Comp. Biochem. Physiol . Vol.

89A, No. 3, pp. 409-414, 1988.

Biology Department FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON Na REGULATION AT LOW pH IN THE ACID-TOLERANT SUNFISH (ENNEACANTHUS OBESUS) ,

l

Participants:

W. A. Dunson l R. J. Gonzalez Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Isotope Production Aspects of Na regulation of Enneacanthus obesus were examined to elucidate the adaptations that allow them to inhabit low pH environments.

Active Na uptake (Jin) did not appear to be resistant to inhibition by 40

low pH. Jn i at pH 5.8 demonstrated saturation kinetics typical of a softwater organism with a low Vmax (128 pmol /kg h). However, the relatively high Km (125 M) compared to that of other less acid-tolerant fish, indicated a surprisingly low affinity of the uptake mechanism for Na. J9n was linearly related to pH, being progressively inhibited with I

declining pH until it was not different from zero at pH 4.0. In contrast to J in, Na efflux (Jout) showed a great resist.6nce i.v Jiiruption by low  ;

pH, and the ability to acclimate. Prior exposure to pH 4.0 significantly '

reduced Jout at pH 3.25. It is suggested that an already low Na .

permeaoility is reduced further during the acclimation period, and that this change may be hormona11y regulated. The external Ca concentration  ;

had a large effect on Jout at pH 3.25, but only over a narrow '

concentration range of 0 ts 50 pH indicating an extremely high affinity of the gills for Ca. The Ca concentration of the medium had no effect on Jout at pH 3.0. .In conjunction with the literature, these results l suggest that there are two compor.ents to stimulation of J out by H+: (1) leaching of Ca from the gills, and (2) structural damage of gill l epithelite. It appears that as pH declities, Ca leaching becomes less important and gill epithelial damage predominates as the cause of high Jout.

Publication:

"Further Observations on Na Regulation at Low pH in the Acid-Tolerant  !

Sunfish (Enneacanthus obesus)," Gonzalez, R. J. and W. A. Dunson. ,

Submitted to Physio'ogical Zoology, 1988, i i

Biology Deoartment DIFFERENCES IN LOW pH TOLERANCE AMONG CLOSELY RELATED SUNFISH OF THE GENUS I ENNEACANTHUS ,

Participants:

W. A. Dunson R. J. Gonzalez Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Isotope Production l Three closely related sunfish in the genus Enneacanthus were examined to determine if differences existed in their tolerance to low pH that could explain their contrasting distributions. Na fluxes of E.

l obesus. E. gloriosus, and E. chaetodon were measured during 12 h exposure to pH 4.0 and 3.5, (all species), and 3.25 (former 2 species only). All j experienced ionic disturbances upon acid exposure resulting from inhibition of active Na influx and stimulation of passive Na efflux, but i E gloriosus and E. chaetodon experienced greater disturbances than E.  !

, obesus at all pH's tested. Body and plasma Na concentrations of E. *

! gloriosus were measured after one week of exposure to a range of pH's for j comparison with previously published data from E. obesus. Exposure to pH '

I 4.0 and below caused a depression in body and plasma Na concentration of E. gloriosus, and only two of ten fish survived the one week test period ,

at pH 3.5; none survived at pH 3.25. In contrast, exposure to pH 4.0 for i five weeks had no effect on body Na concentration of E. obesus, and 10 of r i 10 survived exposure to pH 3.5 for two weeks. Growth of E. gloriosus and i e .

t j 41 j i  ;

- ~ - - - - . , - - - . , _ , - - , .

E obesus were measured during 12 weeks of exposure to a range of pH's.

E. gloriosus exposed to pH 4.25 and 4.0 grew at a lower rate than those at higher pH's (4.5, 5.0, and 5.8), and body Na concentrations of fish at pH's 4.25 and 4.0 were significantly less than the others. With declining pH, E. obesus did not exhibit reduced growth until pH 3.75 was reached; no depression in body Na concentration occurred at this pH.

These results show that there are marked d1ff erences in los pH tolerance among closely related species of Enneacanthus which could affect their distributions and competitive interactions.

Publication:

"Differences in Low pH Tolerance Among Closely Related Sunfish of the Genus Enneacanthus ," Gonzalez, R. J. and W. A. Dunson. Submitted to Environmental Biology of Fishes ,1988.

Chemistry Department SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF NEW POLY

Participants:

H. R. Allcock S. Kwon Services Provided: Gamma Irradiation The f acility was used to crosslink synthetic high polymers in order to convert them to membranes and hydrogels. These materials are of interest as bianedical materials for use as artificial tissues, matrices for the contralled release of drugs, and as contact lenses and intraocular lenses.

Doctoral Thesis:

"Synthesis and Study of New Poly (organophosphazene) as Membranes, Hydrogels, and Carrier Molecules for Drugs and Enzymes," Kwon, S.,1988, H. R. Allcock, advisor.

Chemistry Department RARE-GAS SENSITIZE 0 y-RAY DECOMPOSITION OF SILANE

Participants:

F . W . L ampe M. Piserchio Services Provided: Genna Irradiation A study of the Kr and Ar sensitized y-radioanalysis of SiH., We have found that in addition to the gaseous products He, Si:Hi, and Si dh ,

a lustrous, golden film of amorphous Si is formed. Studies are continuing.

42

U[

r Engineering Science and Mechanics RA0!ATION DAMAGE IN MOS DEVICES

Participants:

P. M. Lenahan W. L. Warren H. S. Witham Y. Y. Kim Services Provided: Gama Irradiation

~

We are utilizing a variety of electrical, optical, and Electron Spin Resonance Techniques to study the effects of gama irradiation on Metal /0xide/ Silicon field effect transistors (MOSFETs). Our work is leading to a fundamental .(atomic scale) understanding of the physics involved in this important problem.

Sponsor: Sandia National Laboratories , $69,315 Engineering Science and Mechanics STUDY OF VERY THIN OXIDES AND FIELO OXIDES UTILIZING ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE

Participants:

P. M. Lenahan Y. Y. Kim W. L. Narren H. S. Witham Services Provided: Gama Irradiation We are utilizing a variety of electrical, optical, and Electron Spin Resonance Techniques to study the effects of gama irradiation of very thin gate oxides used in metal / oxide / silicon field effect transistor (MOSFET) integrated circuitry. This is a problem of quite considerable comercial interest, in part because of the increasing utilization of MOS integrated circuitry in outer space.

Sponsor: IBM Corporatio1, $50,000 (Theses, publications, and papers listed below are for previous two research projects funded by Sandia and IBM.)

Masters Thesis:

"Nature of the Deep Hole Trap in MOS 0xides ," Witham, H. S.,1988, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics , P. M. Lenahan, advisor.

43

Doctoral Thesis:

"Electron Spin Resonance Study of Radiation-Induced Paramagnetic Defects in Oxides Grown on (100) Silicon Substrates," Kim, Y. Y., Department of Electrical Engineering, P. M. Lenchan, advisor.(In progress)

Publications: ,

"Electron Spin Resonance Study of Radiation-Induced Paramagnetic Defects in Oxides Grown on (100) Silicon Substrates," Kim, Y. Y, and P. M.

Lenahan. Accepted for publication in The Journal of Applied Physics, May 1988.

"The Nature of the Deep Hole Trap in MOS 0xides," Witham, H. S. and P. M. I Lenahan, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34,(6), p.1147,1987.  ;

"Nature of the Deep Hole Trap in Metal-Oxide-Silicon Oxides," Witham, H.

S. and P. M. Lenahan, Applied Physics Letters 51,, p.1007,1987.

"A Comparison of Positive Charge Generation in High Field Stressing and [

Ionizing Radiation in MOS Structures," Warren, W. L. and P. M. Lenahan,  !

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34(6), p.1355,1987.

Papers:

"Electron Spin Resonance Study of Radiation Induced Paramagnetic Defects in Oxides Grown on (100) Silicon Substrates," Kim, Y. Y, and P. M.

Lenahan, March Meeting of the American Physical Society, March 21 to 25, 1988, New Orleans , Louisiana.

"The Nature of the Deep Hole Trap in MOS 0xides," Witham, H. S. and P. M.

• Lenahan, IEEE Meeting on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects, July 28-31, 1987, Snowmass , Colorado.

"A Conparison of Positive Charge Generated by High Field Stressing and Ionizing Radiation," Warren, W. L. and P. M. Lenahan, IEEE Meeting on Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects , July 28-31, 1987, Snowmass, Colorado. ,

t

! Engineering Science and Mechanics [

1 ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE AND RADIATION EFFECTS IN MOS DEVICES i

Participants:

P. M. I9nahan M. A. vapina l

i Services Provided: Garmia Irradiation  !

We are developing a magnetic resonance technique called Spin l Dependent Recombination to study the atomic scale mechanisms of radiation n damage in metal oxide / silicon field effect transistors (MOSFETs). This [

t is an extremely important problem in integrated circuitry in outer space. [

44

Masters Thesis:

"Spin Dependent Recombination in Amorphous Silicon," Jupina, Mark A.,

1988, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, P. M. Lenahan, advisor.

Doctoral Thesis:

"Spin Dependent Recombination in Gamma Irradiated MOSFETs," Jupina, Mark A., Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, P. M. Lenahan, advisor. (In progress)

Report: )

"Electron Spin Resonance Studies of Radiation Damage in MOS Devices," a progress report to the Defense Nuclear Agency, March 1988, by P. M.

Lenahan.

Sponsor: Defense Nuclear Agency, $145,457 Engineering Science and Mechanics 50L GEL DERIVED FILMS ON SEMICONDUCTORS

Participants:

P. M. Lenahan W. L. Warren Services Provided: Gama Irradiation We are studying the electronic properties of sol gel derived films on silicon and three/five semiconductors with a variety of optical, electronic, and magnetic resonance techniques. Our study of electrically active defects in those films also utilizes gama irradiation.

Doctoral Thesis:

"Sol Gel Derived Films on Semiconductors ," Warren, W. L., Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, P. M. Lenahan, advisor. (In progress)

Publ ication:

"Electronic Properties of Sol Gel Films on Semiconductors ," Warren, W. L.

and P. M. Lenahan, accepted for publication in Materials Research Society Conference Proceedings Volume, April 1988.

Paper:

"Electronic Properties of Sol Gel Derived Films on Semiconductors,"

Warren, W. L., P. M. Lenahan and C. J. Brinker, Materials Research Society Spring Meeting, Reno, Nevada, April 5-9, 1988.

Sponsor: Sandia National Laboratories, $85,000 45

4 Entomology Department ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF INCINERATOR ASH FROM MUNICIPAL INCINERATORS

Participants:

R. O. Mumma 0.-C. Raupach Services Prov'ded: Neutron Irradiation Ash from twenty municipal incinerators collected nationally were neutron irradiated and are being analyzed for their elemental composition. I Entomology Department MUTAGENS, T0XICANTS AND OTHER CONSTITUENTS IN SMALL CITY SLUDGES IN NEW YORK i STATE

Participants:

R. O. Mumma D. C. Raupach W. Tantisatyaraks D. J. Lisk Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation  ;

! Sludges from fif teen small cities in New York State were neutron activated and analyzed for elemental canposition. The concentration of ,

specific toxicants, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc  !

were above acceptable levels for land application of the sludges in six of the fif teen cities.

r i

Food Science f REDUCING PROCESS TIMES FOR CANNED MUSHROOMS l

Participants:

R. Beelman L S. Okereke Services Provided: Gamma Irradiation Mushrooms were given 0, 500, and 1000 Krad doses in an attempt to

, reduce the natural population of bacterial spores so that the mushrooms i

could be inoculated with spores of clostridium botulinum. Earlier work  ;

had indicated that some natural bacteria were causing 9 nibition of the ,

C. bot, spores so that our subsequent experiments regarding control of C. ,

60t. spores during processing were confounded.  ;

46

--.------a --~,,,-nn.- - - - , , . _ - , ,-- -

Sponsors: Ben Franklin, Gicrgio Foods , USDA, ERRC, Mushroom Coop Canning Co.,

$33,000 Geosciences Department Fe ISOTOPIC ABUNDANCES USING NEUTRON ACTIVATION

Participants:

L. R. Kump G. Bluth V. Seymour Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Electronic Shop Very little is known about the terrestrial distribution of iron stable isotopic abundances, and nothing is known about this for sedimentary materials, where we expect the largest variability. Our goal is to first survey the iron isotopic composition of a variety of crustal materials, and then apply the analysis to our studies of the diagenesis of iron minerals, Iron is a difficult element to measure mass spectrometrically. This fact, together with the lack of an available thermal emission mass spectrometer and the easy access to the Breazeale Reactor, have prompted us to pursue neutron activation analysis as a means to determine iron isotopic abundances. Unmodified and purified samples have been sealed in quartz vials and irradiated at 1 MW for periods of from 1 to 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />. A "merry-go-round" assembly assured a uniform flux to each of the 12 samples undergoing irradiation. After a period of a week, samples were counted at a fixed height above a high purity germanium, N-type gama detector. Two isotopic activities were measured: Fe resulting from an (n,y) reaction with Fe, and Mn resulting from an (n.p) reaction with 5'Fe, All activities were corrected for decay and normalized to a co-irradiated, high-purity Fe sponge internal standard.

Preliminary results indicate a range of about 5% in the Mn/Fe activity ratio in natural samples which included an iron-stained sandstone, an altered siderite concretion, an iron crust from acid-mine drainage, and a pyrrhotite f rom Sudbury, Ontario. The mineral form of Fe appears to impose only a slight matrix effect, and variations in counting geometry seem to have similar effects on both peak cocnting rates, so that the ratio of these rates is essentially constant (within analytical error, about 0.5%).

Publications :

"Iron Isotopic Variability in Geologic Settings ," Kump, L. R., Abstr.

with Progr. Geol . Soc. Amer. H(7), p. 735,1987.

"Determination of Iron Isotope Ratios by Neutron Activation," Kump, L.

R., EDS 69(16), p. 515, 1988.

Sponsor: Petroleum Research Fund of The American Chemical Society, $18,000 47

f Geosciences Department GENERATION AND MOBIL (TY OF RADON IN SOIL Parti cipants: A. W . Ros e D. Greeman J. Washington W. A. Jester Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Radiation Counters, Low Level Monitoring, Laboratory Space The goal of this project is to evaluate the f actors controlling the concentration and mobility of radon in soil, for application to mitigating hazards of radon in homes. Soil scmples from about 12 soil profiles in the eastern U.S. are being collected and their pedologic, geochemical, and radionuclide properties characterized. These properties include U ard Th content by delayed neutron activation at the reactor, and the total radim and its partition among various mineralogical and chemical phases in the soils by alpha counting of radon and by gama s pect rometry. Future measurements include "'Po, 8 'Th, and other nuclides in the uranic decay series. This project is in the second of three years.

Masters Thesis:

"Radon Variability in Scil Gas over Fracture Tr.'es," Hutter, A. R.,

1987, Geochemistry and Mineralogy Graduate Program, A. W. Rose, advisor.

Masters Thesis:

"Geochemistry of Radium in Soils ," Greeman , D. , Geochemistry and Mineralogy Graduate Program, A. W. Rose, advisor. (In progress)

Occtoral Thesis:

"Radon Transport in Soils," Washington, J. W., Geochemistry and Mineralogy Graduate Program, A. W. Rose, advisor. (In progress)

Publications : '

"Radon: A Profound Case," Smith II, R. C., M. A. Reilly, A. W. Rose, J.

H. Barnes and S. H Berkheiser, Pennsylvania Geology (PA Geological Survey) 18,(2) , pp. 2-7,1987.

"Radn Variability in Soil Gase; over Fracture Traces in Limestone, Central Pennsylvania," Hutter, A. R. and A. W. Rose, Ta',k at SE Section of Geol . Soc. of Amer, meeting; Geol . Soc. Am. Abstr. with Prog.19, p.

~

90, 1987.

Sponsor: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Health and Environmental Research, $10's,000 for 3/1/88 - 2/28/89 48

h '.o ,

4 .

i i

. Mechanical Engineering Department AN INVESTIGATION OF THE INTERNAL FLOW IN A TORQUE CONVERTER Particip4.nts: J. M. Cimbala ,

S. H. Levine j

0. E. Hughes t D. Sathianathan ,

S. Cosgrove H. R. Jacobs F. W. Schmidt .

Services Provided: Neutron Radicgraphy, Laboratory Space Although flow visualization is an extremely useful tool in fluid mechanics research, many practical fluid flow problems 've limited optical access for visualization. A technique has been developed which permits fluid flow to be visualized even in cases where the flow is .

completely shrouded by metal. The technique employs real-time thermal neutron radiography, which is similar to X-ray radiography except that a i collimated beam of neutrons is used. Neutrons can easily penetrate metal casings, but are attenuated by elenents such as hydrogen, boron, cadmiun, l and gadolinium. Injection of neJtron-opaque tracer particles into a ,

flowing neutron-transparent ambient fluid provides a means of tracking c the flw. Experiments in a simple pipe-flow have demonstrated the

, , feasibility or the technique; it was possible to visualite the motion of streaklines within a fluw field shrouded by metal, which would not have been possible with any other technique. This techniqu6 is now being i utt11 zed for a practical application - namely the flow inside an operating (rotating) automobile torque converter.  ;

Masters Thesis- I r

""Asualization of the Fluid Flow Inside a Torque Converter Using Neutron [

Radiogrart,y," Cosgrove, S., Mechanical Engineering Department, J. M.

• Cimbala, advisor. (In progress)

Doctoral Thesis: [

t "Neutron Radiography as e Flow Visualization Technique." bathianathan,  !

D., Mechanical Engineering Department, J. M. Cimbala, advisor. (In l progress)

Publications: i "Streakline Flow Visualization with Neutron Radiography," Cimbala, J. M.

and D. Sathianathan, Experiments In Fluids, June 1988. I t

49 a

~ , . , _

"Application of Neutron Radiography for Fluid Flow Visualization,"

Cimbala, J. M., O. E. Hughes, S. H. Levine, and O. Sathianathan, Nuclear Technology 81(3), pp. 435-445, June 1988.

Sponsor: Chrysler Corporation Challenge Fund, $272,000 Mineral Processing THE INFLUENCE OF SUSPENSION RHEOLOGY ON THE SETTLING RATE OF PARTICLES IN A MAGNETITE SUSPENSION

Participants:

F. Aplan D. A. Moro P. T. Luckie Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Isotope Product ;on Heavy media separatior, is a major means of separating the valuable constituent of ores or coal from the worthless portion (gengue or refuse).

For coal separations, a pseudo-fluid of sp. gr. midway between that of the coal (sp. gr. 1.4) and the refuse (sp. gr. > - 1.6) is made by suspending fine magnetite (Fe 0.) in water. This project is designed to determine the settling rate of various coarse particles of differing sp.

gr. in fine magnetite suspensions and correlating these data with the rheological properties of the magnetii,a suspension. Since the magnetite suspension is opaque, the settling rate of the particles is obtained by radioactive tracing. Important parameters influenciag the properties of the magnetite suspension are magnetite size distribution, % solids, viscosity, and stability. The latter two may be altered by use of chemical additives.

Masters Thesis:

"The Influence of Suspension Rheology on the Settling Rate of Particles in a Magnetite Suspension," Moro, D. A., Mineral Processing Department, F. F. Aplan and P. T. Luckie, advisors. (In progress)

Sponsor: National Science Foundation, $77,000 (7/30/87 - 2/?'/89)

Nuclear Engineering Department DEVELOPMENT OF A CALIBRATION CURVE FOR NEUTRON ATTENUATION MEASUREMENT OF BORATED STAlhLESS STEEL

Participants:

A. J. Baratta G. W. Smith T. Esiliett 50

Services Provided: Neutron Radiography, Radiation Counters, Flux Monitoring Borated stainless steel is used in spent fuel shipping containers and in other applications where neutron attenuation as well as corrosion resistance is desired. Since the amount, distribution, and lifetime of the neutron attenuation capability of the stainless steel is important to t the user and in so"! cases the NRC, it is important to study the neutron attenuation measurement of such materials. This project's goal was the ,

development of a calibration curve for neutron attenuation for borated stainless steel. At this writing, the data has been taken and the analysis is proceeding.

Sponsor: Carpenter Technology Corporation, Carpenter Steel Division, $7,500 Nuclear Engineering Department PERTURBE0 ANGULAR CORRELATION STUDIES

Participants:

G. ts. Catchen M. olaszkiewicz Services Provided: Isotope Production, Laboratory Space The reactor was used to produce hafnium-181, a radioactive isotope, which is used in Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy. PAC is a t

nuclear tcchnique in the field of hyperfine interactions in which a probe atom that has a nuclear electric quadrupole moment (Hf-181) 1s ,

substituted into specific lattice sites (the yttrium sites of the high Te ceramic superconductor Yi.xHfxBa:Cus0r_6) to measure the estrc-nuclear electric field gradients. The y-y cascade intennediate state helf-life of 10.5 nanoseconds , long compared to usual half-lives of picoseconds ,

allows enough time for the nucleus to re-orient itself in the extra-nuclear electric field. PAC is sensitive to defects in tr.o l lattice, lattice dynamics, ion transport, and electronic properties therefore, PAC was performed on the ceramic superconductor in an attempt to learn more about this new material. Currently, the hafnium probe is not being used in f avor of indium-111 and barium-133. Problems were encountered when trying to substitute hafnium into the yttrium site of the superconductor.

Masters Thesis:

"A Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy Study of the High-Te Ceramic Superconductor," Blaszkiewicz, M., Nuclear Engineering Department , G. L. Catchen , advisor. (In progress) i e

51

Nuclear Engineering Department STUDY OF ADVANCE') NUCLEAR MATERIALS USING PERTURBED ANGULAR CORRELATION OF GAMMA RAYS (PAC)

Participants:

G. L. Catchen K. J& nil Services Provided: Isotope Production, Laboratory Space The probe atoms like Hf, '8 51n, etc. are used to seek the localized information like electric field gradient (efg), defects oa atomic level, etc. in different neclear materials including ceramics and superconductors.

Nuclear Engineering Department RELEASE OF TRITIUM FROM LITHIUM COMP 0';.40S DURING IRRADIATION

Participants:

W. Diethorn A. Dulloo K. Alan Services Provided: Isotope Production, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space In the evaluation of fusion reactor concepts, the importance of information on tritium release from lithium blanket materials is generally recognized. Work is underway to investigate the effect of temperature on the release of tritium from a lithian carbonate powder during neutron irradiation. The tritium is produced via the 'Li(n 2H)

'He reaction. Helitm sweep gas picks up tritium reloaced from the carbonate in a canister located near the TRIGA core, and carries it to a flow-through ion chamber, to be used to calculate the bulk diffusion coefficient and its tenperature coefficient.

Masters Theses:

"An Experimental Study of Trititm Release Ouring Neutron Irradiation of Lithium Carbonate at Temperatures up to 255'C." Dulloo, A., Nuclear Engineering Department, W. Diethorn, advisor. (In progress)

"Tritium Release from a Lithium Carbonate Powder During Neutron Irradiation at High Temperature," Alam, K., Nuclear Engineering Department , W. Diethorn, (Jyisor. (In progress)

Spons or: FERMI Proj ect , $5,000 52

Nuclear Engineering Department CON' AMINATION OF MATERIALS USED IN LARGE-SCALE TRITIUM PROCESSING

Participants:

W. Diethorn A. Whitcomb Services Provided: Isotope Production, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space The purpose of this work is to investigate tritium distribution and desorption kinetics at elevated temperatures in materials of interest (primarily metals) to the processing industry. The work will contribute to a better understanding of the processes which cause tritim uptake and to impro*;;d methods of contamination reduction and control. This is a collabo ntive effort with Mound Laboratory.

Gat,eous tritim (radioactive hydrogen) is processed in large quantities at a few U.S. sites that supply either defense needs or those of fusion power development. After a few months' exposure to the gas, the hardware and materials of construction become contaminated with rather large amounts of this radioactivity. Tritium contamination of equipment creates problens of waste control, radiological safety, and ritin accountability (inventory). Decontamination is rarely possible due to cost or the practical irreversibility of the trititrn sorption process.

Masters Thesis:

' Removal of Tritim from Stainless Stoel by Chemical Etching," Whitcomb, A., Chemical Engineering Department, W. Diethorn, advisor. (In progress)

Sponsor: FERMI, Mound Laboratory, $34,000 Nuclear Engineering Department DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION AND DETECTION OF PURE SETA EMITTING ISOTOPES FROM REACTOR DISCHARGE WATER

Participants:

W. A. Jester B. C. Ford Services Provided: Isotope Production, Low Level Monitoring, Laboratory Space i The problem addressed in this project is the devising of an improved '

I method for the separation and detection of non-gama emitting l radioisotopes using carriers and ion-chromatography. The approach l investigated in the project involved the addition of non-radioactive  ;

strontin and yttrim carriers to discharge water scmples in sufficient .

I quantity so as to be able to be detected by the conductivity employed by I Philadelphia Electric Company chemists on their existing ion

chronatography equipment. The water sample is then ren through an I

ion-exchange colan loading the carriers, the strontium-89 and l

strontium-90, and the strontium-90 daughter yttrium-90 onto the resin, i l

Using the procedures described in this report, the strontium would first ,

j 53 1 _ _ . - .

be eluted off the column followed by the yttrium. Conductivity measurenents would detect the arrival of the strontium and yttrium fractions as they come off the column. The resulting two samples can then be collected and quantified using liquid scintillation counting.

The activity o,' the strontium fraction would indicate the total strontium activity in the water senple while the activity of the yttriun fraction conbined with the history of the sample would provide the data to estimate the enount of strontium-90 in the water sanple. T.1e amount of strontium-89 would then be determined by the difference.

Report:

"Development of an Improved Method for the Separation and Detection of Pure Beta Eraitting Isotopes from Reactor Discharge Water," Jester, W. A., -

B. C. Ford, progress report submitted to Project FERMI, 7 pages, February 1988.

Sponsor: Project FERMI, $17,547 Nuclear Engineering Department GAMMA RAY SPECTROSCOPY USING ANTIC 0 INCIDENCE AND ITS APPLICATIONS TO LOW LEVEL ENVIRONMENTAL SOURCES

Participants:

W. A. Jester B. S. Lee Services Provided: Low Level Monitoring, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space In this work an anticoincidence gamma ray spect. ' scopy system was developed and used to measure a unique set of low level environmental gamma sources. A high purity germanium detector (HPGe) operated in anticoincidence with surrounding sodium iodide scintillater detectors served to suppress the Compton continuun background while maintaining high detector energy resolution. The optimized gamma ray oetection system was applied to the measurement of the air filter samples which had been collected at the University Park Campus of The Pennsylvania State University imnediately af ter the Chernobyl accident. Each of the 17 air filter senples was counted for 12.haurs with and without the anticoincidence mode. Each pulse height spectrum was stored and processed by a Nuclear Data 680 programmable mu tichannel analyzer / computer system. The processed spectral data showed that the anticoincidence ganne ray spectroscopy could identify the fission product i Sb-125 photopeaks whis i were undetected on sone spectra obtained without anticoincidence mode. The two modes gave statistically identical results for Cs-137. But in the case of Cs-134, which has cascade gamma rays, the net counts under the photopeaks in the anticoincidence mode were reduced  !

by a f actor between 5 and 6. This is an unwsnted suppression of the full-energy peaxs and thus is a limitation ';f the system.

)

! 54

4 T

Report:

"Gama Ray Spectroscopy using Anticoincidence and Its Applications to Low Level Environmental Sources," Lee, B. S., W. A. Jester, final report submitted to Project FERMI, 20 pages, Feb.1988.

Sponsor: Project FERMI, $18,834 Nuclear Engineering Department TESTING 0F THE PENN STATE RADIOI00!NE MONITORING SYSTEM

Participants:

W. A. Jester M. H. Voth Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Radiation Counters, Isotope Production, Low Level Monitoring, Laboratory Space Work is underway to test the Penn State radioiodine monitor at the .

Cintichem research reactor in Tuxedo, New York. The system is being redesigned and will be initially tested using the facilities of the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor.

Sponsor: Project FERMI, $30,000

) '

Nuclear Engineering Department NEUTRON IRRADIATION OF MOSFET TRANSISTORS

Participants:

E. Kenney A. Baratta R. Kurilla

~ Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Gama Irradiation, Radiation Counters This project is attempting to explore damage to MOSFET transistors caused by neutron radiation, through the use of computer model parameters.

The model chosen for this is called SPICE (Simulator Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis). This model was chosen because of its capability of producing second order effects (such as channel length modulation) and all first order effects. This and other such models are useful because they explain transistor operation through the use of physically equivalent constituents (diodes , capacitors , resistors , etc.) .

In using this approach as a basis for study, it is hoped that a better insight into the mechanisms of damage can be better understood. This is an area that is controversial and under long term investigation.

Masters Thesis:

"Temperature Effects on Gama Radiation Damage in Enhanced Mode Metal 0xide Silicon Field Effect Transistors," Lutz, R.,1987, Nuclear Engineering Department, E. S. Kenney and A. J. Baratta, advisors.

- 55

Masters Thesis:

"A Computer Model Analysis of Neutron Irradiated MOSFET Transistors,"

Kurilla, R.,1988, Nuclear Engineering Department, E. S. Kenney and A. J.

Baratta, advisors. (In progress)

Papers:

"Reactor hardness of Active MOSFET Arrays," Lutz, R., A. Baratta and E.

Kenney, July 1987, IEEE Conference at Snowmass, Colorado.

"Neutron Hardness of Si Based Semiconductor Devices ," Baratta, A. and E.

Kenney,1988, ANS Meeting, San Diego, California.

Nuclear Engineering Department REACTOR PIPE WALL THINNING

Participants:

E. S. Kenney A. J. Baratta J. McInerney H. Lee Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Gama Irraiiation, Hot Cells, l l Radiation Counters, Laboratory Spo:e, Isotope Production, l Flux Monitoring l

l l Using the concepts of dynamic radiography (our patents) we are I l proceeding to irradiate and scan pipe sections which may have corroded l through. We have just started this work, but believe we can use the i imaging techniques we have developed in our medical research to produce l cross-sectional cuts of suspected pipe wall sections.

Sponsor: Project FERMI, $10,000 Nuclear Engineering Department RADIATION VISION PROJECT

Participants:

E. S. Kenney R. Gould Services Provided: Machine Shop, Hot Cells, Gama Irradiation A prototype device for producing an "iso-dose" map of the radiation field due to an arbitrary source distribution has been constructed. Such a device would automate radiation surveys grestly reducing expenditures in man-hours and man-rem for radiation workers. An automated survey system would be of great utility in nuclear power plants, radioactive waste disposal sites, medical irradiation facilities, and radiochemical laboratories. The system mploys a pair of collimated ionization 56

e ,

chambers mounted on a scanning carriage. The measurement process is composed of a series of scanner rotations and translations, and is similar to that- used for medical computed tomography (CT) imaging. A simple trigonometric algorithm is used to produce preliminary  ;

two-dimensional maps from radiation intensity and position data. These maps, although providing proof of principle are highly artificial due to l

the constraints on scanner translation from the hot cell dimensions.

Because the distortion caused by the scanner characteristics is i consistent, we can use some sir 6ple image recnnstruction techniques to eliminate the distortion. The application of these techniques has dramatically improved the iso-dose maps, and the system shows great promise, i J

Masters Thesis:

r "The Development of a Prototype Radiation Field Mapping System," Gould, R.,1988, Nuclear Engineering Department, E. S. Kenney, advisor. (In  !

. progress )  ;

Papers:

j j "The Development of a Device for Radiation Field Mapping," Gould, R., ANS l Conference, North / North Central Regional Student Conference, March 198C  !

college Park, Maryland.

"Image Reconstruction for a Radiation Field Mapping System," Gould, R.  !

and E. S. Kenney, ANS/ ENS International Conference, October 1988, l Washington, D.C. ( Awaiting acceptance for presentation.)

Spons or: Project FERMI, $26,000 I

r Nuclear Engineering Department MUOY TO MODIFY PANAS0k!C THERM 0 LUMINESCENT 00SIMETER (TLD) TO EFFECT AN "

MCURATE BETA 00SIETER .

Parti cipants : S. H. Levine  !

3. Ben-Shachar i i l 1 Services Provided: Radiation Counters, Hot Cells, Laboratory Space The beta-particle radiation, always having a low-penetrating  ;

component, is strongly absorbed by the skin. The skin dose is defined {

for protection purposes by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Ccmnission (NRC)  ;

as the dose delivered at a dose depth of 7 mg/en8 in the skin. The TLD  :

method is increasingly accepted for the radiation protection dosimetry; the major problem of using it for beta dosimetry is that the TLD chips have a finite thickness and furthermore, are covered by windows that slos  !

down and/or absorb the incident beta particles. l In the present work, we have measured the sensitivity of each of the ;

4 elements of UD-806 Panasonic badges to a Sr-90 beta field. All the  !

t irradiatect badges werv calibrated by a Cs-137 source and then irradiated I

by a Sr-90 source, from front and back directions. Also, we have  !

57

I

calculated the absorbed dose per fluence by activating the Monte-Carlo tode, developed by Berger on lib.0s:Cu phosphors with the same shields like those of the UD-806 badges and integrating them on the beta spectrum of Sr-90. The ratios of the dose rates for several elements of the UD-806 badges were calculated by the Monte-Carlo - beta spectronetry and measured by irradiation using the Sr-90 source.

Excellent agreenent was obtained in all the cases which therefore enables us to determine the skin does in a known spectrum using TL0s.

Paper:

"A Simple Model for Skin Dose Measurenent," Ben-Shachar, B. and S. H.

Levine, submitted to the Annual Meeting of the Israelian Health Physics Society, Sept. b-6,1988, Dan-Arcadia, Herzlia, Israel, Publication:

"Beta Skin Oose Detennination Using TLDs, Monte-Carlo Calculations and Extrapolation Chamber," Ben-Shachar, B. , S. H. Levine and J. F. Hoffman.

Spons or: Project FERMI, $20,000 Nuclear Engineering Department DEVELOPMENT OF A NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY TECHNIQUE TO IMAGE OBJECTS WITH LARGE ATTENUATION VARIATIONS

Participants:

S. H. Levine D. E. Hughes Services Provided: Neutron Radiography The purpose of this project is to develop a technique to image objects that have widely varying neutron attenuation as a function of posi ti on. Its value is that materials, such as neutron shielding materials, may be imaged to reveal any discontinuities in the attenuation.

The project is now in the development and equipment procurement stage and has not progressed sufficiently to generate any concrete results. This project will have the peripheral results of completely characterizing the neutron beam as to energy spectrum and purity and optimizing the beam intensity.

Nuclear Engineering Department FEASIBILITY STUDY OF NUCLEAR INDUSTRY VALVES TO DETERMINE FAILURE MODES USING NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY

Participants:

S. H. Levine W. C. Ward Services Provided: Neutron Radiography, Laboratory Space 58

The objective of this program is to study the use of neutron radiographic techniques to examine the f ailure modes of valves used in the nuclear industry. Preliminary studies have identified valve stem packing as one of the most troublesome canponents in power plant valves and this problen is one which seems most enenable to study by neutron radiography in the laboratory. The different neutron absorptions of the valve casing, the packing material, and water provide well contrasted images, and realistic valve stem conditions are relatively easy to simulate in the laboratory. Packing f ailures can be induced and carefully examined in real time. This should be a powerful technique for testing novel packing materials and also for demonstrating to pipe fitters working in nuclear plants the importance of proper packing techniques.

Several senples of valve stem packings for a 3" disneter shaf t have been obtained from a manufacturer. In order to examine the f ailure of these materials under pressure a model aluninum stem and stuffing box assembly has been designed. The flexible test rig can be adapted to different types of packing by using aluninum spacer rings, and it will test two different packing arra:igements simultaneously. Low-volume water pressures up to 3000 psi can be obtained from an air-hydraulic booster, which is remotely controlled by an air pressure loading panel, Gl and pressure is also renotely variable using a hydraulic jack, hand pump, and force gauge. All packing leakage is contained and drained through internal ports . A mechanical actuator allows the stem to be cycled back and forth so that motion-induced leakage can be observed.

Sponsor: FE RMI, $28,297 4

Physics Department ,

NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS

Participants:

R. D. McC ammon P. Abbott K. Trout D. C. Raupach Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Gsana-Ray Spectraneter Senples of St. Lawrence River water and fish therefrom were neutron irrsdiated and the resulting gsnna-ray spectrum analyzed in order to detennine the presence of toxic elements in them. One of the students was concerned about the evidently high mortality rate of eels in that fishery, and this project seemed to be suitable for Physics 559 (graduate laboratory - An Introduction to Experimental Techniques and Research).

59

Plant Pathology Department BIOLOGY, MYCOT0XICOLOGY, AND TAXONOMY OF FUSARIUM SPECIES Parti cipants: P. E. Nelson T. A. Toussoun L. V. Klotz B. Wert:

N. B. Onyike Services Provided: Gamma Irradiation Research is in progress on the biology of Fusarium species associated with pasture plants, the occurrence of possible toxigenic Fusarium species in feeds in Pennsylvania, and on Fusarium wilt diseases of ornamental plants. Some of these projects are in cooperation with researchers in the U.S. A., Australia, and the Republic of South Africa, and others are carried on by Fusarium Research Center personnel and graduate students.

Information on the distribution of potential toxigenic Fusarium species and the percentage of the population of Fusarium species that are potential p, oducers of mycotoxins is lacking. It is important to compile this infomation in order to determine the potential of Fusarium mycotoxins as f actors in animal and poultry diseases.

Fusarium moniliforme has been implicated in the etiology of esophageal cancer in Linxian County, Honan Province, China and in Transkei, Southern Africa. Other Fusarium species have also been implicated in formation of several carcinogenic nitrosetnines in cornbread inoculated with this fungus and incubated in the presence of small amounts of nan 0s. Several isolates of F. moniliforme also have been shown to be mutagenic. The predominant Tusarium species infecting corn in southern Africa is F. moniliforme followed by F subglutinans, and F.

graminearum. Research has shown that there is a Eigher mean level of ~

~inf ection by ~F. moniliforme of corn produced in the area of Transkei with a high-incide ce of esophageal cancer (31%) as compared with corn produced in a low-incidence area (13%). Workers in the Transkei conclude that seed-borne fungi of corn, such as F. Moniliforme, may play a role in the etiology of esophageal cancer by producing mutant and/or carcinogenic .

mycotoxins in infected corn. A recent report has also shown that a strain of F. moniliforme is carcinogenic.

Since F. moniliforme is one of the most comon and widespread fungi in corn and '5ther food grains in the U.S. and the world, there is a need for intensive study of the distribution and properties of this Fusarium species and closely related species.

60

g B.. OTHER UNIVERSITIES' RESEARCH UTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE PENN STATE BREAZEALE REACTOR ,

0 University of Connecticut 8!0 TECHNOLOGICAL BREE0iNG OF ALSTROEMERIA l

Participants:

M. P. Bridgen A. Brand '

J. King Services Provided: Gama Irradiation Seeds and rhizomes of Alstroemeria were irradiated to produce

• variability in seedlings and plants. The project is continuing; new r selections have been identified.

Masters Thesis:  !

"Biotechnological Breeding in Alstroemeria," Brand, Andrew, 1988, i Department of Plant Science, University of Connecticut, M. P. Bridgen, advisor. (In progress) '

Sponsor: American Floral Endowment , $150,000 t

I Cornell University CESIUM-134 AND CESIUM-137 IN HONEY BEES AND CHEESE SAMPLES COLLECTED IN THE U.S. AFTER THE' CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT i i

Parti cipants : D. J. Lisk i W. A. Jester i B. C. Ford  :

Services Provided: Radiation Counters, low Level Monitoring  ;

Cheese and honey bees were npled in Oregon, Wisconsin, Ohio, and New York both before and after the Chernobyl incident, and radiation was ,

measured. Small amounts of cesin-134 were detected in bees and cheese l fromOre7n. The levels were toxicologically insignificant. Cheese and bees wou d represent samples that result in a concentration of toxicants  :

'in the ravironment Publicati o'.: -

I "Cr. sin-134 and Cesin-137 in Honey Bees and Cheese Samples Collected in  !

t'ae U.S. Af ter the Chernobyl Accident, submitted to The Journal l "Chemosphere" for publication, j 61 l i

RADIONUCLIOES IN THE BONES OF RATS FE0 BRAZIL NUTS

Participants:

D. J. Lisk W. A. Jester B. C. Ford ,

Services Provided: Radiation Counters, Low Level Monitoring The level of radionuclides in Brazil nuts is known to be many-fold higher than other foods. Since some of these may concentrate in bone when the nuts are consumed, they have been fed to rats and the skeletal bones are being analyzed for radiation.

SURVEY OF T0XIC ELEMENTS IN MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE INCINERATOR ASHES

Participants:

0. J. Lisk D. C. Raupach R. O. Mumma Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation Owing to the unsightly mess of landfills and the threat of water pollution, many communities are turning toward incineration of municipal solid waste. Trash remaining may be high in toxic metals, however. We have therefore begun a broad nationwide survey of toxic metals in such ashes from 20 incinerators nationwide. The data obtained may aid in deciding on safe methods of ash disposal.

Indiana University of Pennsylvania ELEMENTAL ANALYSIS OF SEEDLINGS GROWN FROM IRRADIATED CORN SEEDS

Participants:

0. L. Hartwig D. C. Raupach Services Provided: Neutron Irradiation, Ga na Irradiation, Radiation Counters ,

An understanding of natural recovery from ionizing radiation injury in mamals is complicated by the high mitotic rate of certain cells. The high mitotic rate sensitizes such cells like basal, crypt, and tione marrow cells, to ionizing radiation and often leads to death of the ma mal .

Post radiatiJn treatment of an organism in a suspended state of mitosis could provide further information into the natural recovery process from damage caused by ioniz1ng radiation.

62

Seeds may be a model with which to work. The emoryo of a seed does not undergo cell division until the seed imbibes water as in planting.

To study the radiation recovery in an organism irradiated in a state of cell division suspension, corn seeds were exposed to 5 kR of Co-fA gamma rays. The seeds were then planted in soil and grown in the IUP greenhouse. Such radiation dosage stunts the growth of the plant. The plants were allowed to grow for 3 weeks and then removed from the soil, cleaned, and dried. The irradiated and control seedlings were separated into shoots, roots, and remnant seeds, weighed, and placed into plastic containers for analysis.

The current analysis consists of measuring the activity of elements activated by neutrons. Nondestructive neutron activation was achieved in a one megawatt TRIGA reactor at the Breazeale site. Later the samples were counted in a multichannel gamma energy analyzer. The resultant printout of energy peaks was scanned for significant counts. The following elements have been identified: manganese, cesium, sodium, iron, samarium, scandium, zinc, chromium, chloride, and potassium. Each exhibited a difference in activity between irradiated and control.

Further analysis is in process.

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63 j

C. INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH 'JTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE PENN STATE BREAZEALE REACTOR Raytheon Cowoany Geoffrey W. Casteel Donald F. Stransky, Jr.

The Defense Systems Hardening Group of the Raytheon Equipment Division's Survivability /Yulnerability Section has and continues to make great use of the Pennsylvania State University's Breazeale Reactor. Our use of the reactor has consisted of the passive neutron exposure of various digital and linear integrated circuits. These exposures are baing performed in order to predict the response of these integrated circuits as part of our overall system hardening effort.

Tracerco Rob Gilman Argon-41 gas was made by the irradiation of naturally occurring argon-40.

Because of its short half-life and high energy gamma ray, argon-41 is a favored tracer for analysis of petrochemical refineries and chemical processing plants. The tracer gas is injected into a process flowstream and monitored external to the reactor vessel to evaluate the distribution and therefore the efficiency and process perfonnance. Because of the short half-life (1.8 hours9.259259e-5 days <br />0.00222 hours <br />1.322751e-5 weeks <br />3.044e-6 months <br />) transportation is difficult. Tracerco, wnich is headquartered in Texas, asked that PSBR provide the tracer for studies they perform in the northeast. One curie was provided in a single shipment.

t i

Westinghouse Electric Corporation John Bartko Test Period I: Westinghouse bipolar transistors were subjected to .

and 10" n/cm' with no bias applied. Following the fluences of 10' *,10",

irradiation the transistors were shipped to the Westinghouse Advanced Technology Laboratory (ATL) for a characterization of their radiation hardness.

The information was used in a proposal effort. One static induction transistor (SIT) was also irradiated to a fluence of lot

• n/cm'. Examination of the device following the irradiation indicated that it possessed good hardness to neutrons.

l l

l 64

O Test Period II: Westinghouse 16K static RAM wafers and packaged devices were irradiated to fluences of lot 8, 10$', and 10" n/cm8 They were then shipped to ATL for parameter measurements. The results were included in a proposal. SIT transistors were also irradiated to fluences of 10t * , 10" , and 108' n/cm8 Some devices were irradiated while at a temperature of 225'C.

The response of 111 SIT devices demonstrated a considerable radiation hardn ess .

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APPENDIX A l

Personnel vtilizing the f acilities of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor.

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! COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Agronomy Bollag, Jean-Marc Liu, Shu-Yen Professor Research Associate Chanmugathas , Pushparany Shu, Eva l Graduate Student Undergraduate Student f

Kurek, Ewa Visiting Scientist Entomology Hower , A.

Professor Food Science Bae, Byoung Lee, Jae Swon Graduate Student Visiting Scholar Beelman, Robert Okereke, Swechi Professor Graduate Student Kroger, Manfred Professor Pesticides Research Lab Munma, Ral ph 0. Tantisatyaraks , Wisit Professor Graduate Student Plant Pathology Klotz, Lois V. Royse, Dan J.

Senior Research Aide Associate Professor Nelson, Paul E. Toussoun. T. A.

Professor Prof ess or Onyike, N. B. Wertz, Betsy Graduate Assistant Senior Research Aide 1

67 l l

Veterinary Science Bhagyam, Ranjit Ferguson, Frederick G.

Research Associate-Post Doctoral Professor COLLEGE OF EARTH AND MINERAL SCIENCE Geosciences Bluth, Gregg J. Rose, Arthur W.

Graduate Student Professor Brantley, Susan L. Rowe, Gary L.

Assistant Professor Graduate Student Greeman, Daniel J. Seymour, Virginia M.

Graduate Student Graduate Student Hutter, A. R. Washington, John Graduate Student Graduate Student Kunp, Lee R.

Assistant Professor Mineral Processing Apl an , Frank F. Moro, Dominick A.

Professor Graduate student Luckie, Peter T.

Professor, Assoc. Dean for Research Polymer Science Aden, M. Gilmer , John W.

Graduate Student Assistant Professor COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Chemical Engineering Whitcanb, Alan Electrical Engineering Kim, Young Yum Graduate Student 68

Engineering Science and Mechanics Jupina, Mark A. Warren, William L.

Graduate Student Graduate Student Lenahan, Patrick M. Witham, Howard S.

Associate Professor Graduate Student Mechanical Engineering Bogart, Jim Sathianathan, Dhushy Graduate Student Graduate Student Cimbala, John M. Schmidt , Frank W. .

Assistant Professor Professor Cosgrove, Stephen Ward, W. C. .

Graduate Student Graduate Student Jacobs, Harold R. Wobb, R. L.

Professor Professor Nuclear Engineering Alam, Xhalid Jamil, Khalid Graduate Student Graduate Student Baratta, Anthony M. Johnson, Walter Associate Professor Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist Ben-Shachar, Barak Kenney, Edward S.

Visiting Professor Professor Blaszkiewicz, Mike Kozaczek, Kris '

Graduate Student Graduate Student Bonner, Joseph J. Xurilla, Robert t Research Assistant Graduate Student i Catchen, Gary L. Lee, B. S. i Assistant Professor Graduate Student Dancott , Deborah L. Lee, H. ,

Undergraduate Student Graduate Student  ;

Davison, Candace Levine, Samuel H.  !

Project Assistant Prof ess or  ;

I 69

L .

Diethorn, Ward Lutz, Rex Professor Graduate Student Dulloo, Abdul McMaster, Ira B.

Graduate Student Research Assistant Dunne, Mark Meltser, Mark Graduate Student Graduate Student Feiz, Masoud Menke, Lorenz Assistant Professor Graduate Student Flinchbaugh, Terry L. Pristas , George Operations and Training Manager Undergraduate Student Ford, Bonnie C. Raupach, Dale C.

Supervisor, LLRML Reactor Supervisor / Reactor Utilization Specialist Gillen , Tom Rudy, Kenneth Graduate Student Operational Support Services Supervisor Hannold, Eric Vonada, Douglas S.

Reactor Operator Intern Electronic Designer Hoffman, Jeff M. Voth, Marcus H.

Graduate Student Associate Professor, Director PSBR Hughes , Daniel Zarger, Michael Research Assistant Graduate Student COLLEGE OF SCIENCE Biology Dunson, William A. Gonzales, Richard Professor Graduate Student Frisbie, Malcolm P. Mazzotti, Frank J.

Graduate Student Prof ess or Chemistry Allcock, Harry R. Lampe , F. W.

Professor Professor Bennett, Jordan McDonnell, Gayann S.

Graduate Student Graduate Student Fitzpatrick, Richard Piserchio, Matt Graduate Student Graduate Student 70

Goggio, Willian Riding, Geoff H.

Graduate Student Research Assistant Xwon, Sukky Graduate Student Physics Abbott, Patrick McCammon, R. D.

Graduate Student Associate Professor Frankl, Dan Pilione, Larry Professor Associate Professor Jung, David Trout, Kip Graduate Student Graduate Student INTERCOLLEGIATE RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND FACILITIES ,

f Health Physics Hollenbach, Donald H.

Health Physics Assistant Bioengineering McInerney, Joseph J.

Assistant Professor INTER 0!SCIPLINARY Applied Research Lab Hsieh, W. H. Roberts, Ray Research Assistant Graduate Student Lin, Thomas F.

Research Associate Materials Research Lab Cross , L. E. Snith, G. Woodrow Evan Pugh Professor, Director MRL Graduate Student Shrout. Thomas R.  !

Research Associate ,

71 ,

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Solid State Sciences Newnham, Robert E. Rohlfing, Lori L.

Professor, Chairman SSS Graduate Student INDUSTRIES American Water Works Service Co.

Croker, Robert A.

Anchor / Darling Valve Company Carpenter Technology Balliett , Thomas Ch emcut 1

l Arendash, Dave l

Chrysler Corporation l l

Copes Vulcan Valve Company Howard L. Cummings Lacoratory l l

Cunnings , H. Lee l E Systems, ECI Division Herbert , J.

Fairway Laboratories, Inc.

Markel, Willian L., Jr.

Friend Laboratory Barrows , Gregory W.

72

Giddings Associates Giddings Todd Honeywell O'Donnell, Joe Parish, John Kirby Health Center ,

Turner, Dr. John 0.

Mound Laboratory Nebraska Public Power District King, Dan l Pennsylvania Power and Light Hill, William A.

Philadelphia Electric Company Bleisten, Charles D.

Public Service Electric and Gas Gott, William Ray theon Abarca, Louis Johnson, Robert Ahern, B. M. Morris, Jake Black, Bruce W. O'Connor , T. C.  !

l Casteel, G. Roberts , Kenneth S. -

D'Ordine, Mary Rutstein M.

l Eifrig, J. Stransky, O. F.

l Enriquer, G. J. Surro, J. t l

RCA

( Merges , John F.

n l ,

Seewald Laboratories Chianelli, Robert E.

Tracerco Gilman, Rob Wfstinghouse i

Bartko, John Luinetti, Bill Gibbons, Jack D. Rai-Choudhury. Ajit Leslie, Bill Trautman, uarry ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES Sage, Lewis E.

U.S. NAVAL RESEARCH LAB LNIVERSITIES Wynbl att List, Donald J.

Prof essor, Materials Research Professor, College of Agriculture Carnegie-Mellon University Cornell University Brand, Andrew Hartwig, Quentin Graduate Student, Plant Science Assistant Professor, Biology University of Connecticut Indii.ta University of Pennsylvania Bridgen, Mark P. Sharma, Pankaj Professor of Plant Science Professor of Physics University of Connecticut Tandem Accelerator Laboratory University of Pennsylvania l King, Joe Bessey, David Graduate Student, Plant Science Graduate Student University of Connecticut SUNY at Binghamton PA DEPT. OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES l Lisi. good, Dave 74 i

O MISCELLANEOUS Various Co-60 irradiations for high school classes' research projects, i r

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APPENDIX B FORMAL GROUP TOURS 1986 Participants July 03 Schmidt Family 9 06 Governor's School for Agriculture 17 14 Nuclear Engineering 420 17 15 Speech 100 18 16 University of Pittsburgh Health Physics 6 23 High School Teachers Nutrition Science 22 29 KEEN 3 31 C-2000 (2) 49 Aug 05 4-H (2) 45 16 Naval Reserve (2) 61 17 Blair Family 6 22 Humane Fire Co., Royersford 9 Sept 21 Parents' Weekend (4) 80 21 Life Sciences Interest House 3 24 Li'e Sciences . cerest House 7 Oct 06 Circle K Club 10 08 Church officials 7 14 Environmental Resources Management Club 23 16 PA House of Representatives Conservation Comm. 3 16 Science Fiction Society 6 23 Tioga Teachers 24 23 Huclear Engineering 802, Beaver Campus 13 23 University Scholars 7 28 Danville High School 19 tov 02 Jr. Science & Humanitles Symposiun (2) 17 06 Huclear Engineering 401 23 Engineering Graphi:s 50 (3) 66 13 Wilkes Collega 7 20 Uilliatson High School (2) 39 77

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Dec 01 Wyomissing High School 9 09 Lower. Dauphin High School' '17 14 . Art Museum 2 k

1988 Jan 05 Neutron Activation Analysis Workshop 12 18' Art Museum Group- 10 20 State Cellege High School 24 25 Art Museum Grc.) 11 28 Daily Collegian 4-Feb 01 Jersey Shore High School 24

02. Entomology 456 5 02 Police Services- (training) 11

.02 Energy R.& 0 Subcommittee 6 04 Nuclear Energy Symposiun 34 09 Police Services (training) 12 11 Engintering Graphics 50 17 16 Police Services (training) S' 16 Girl Scouts, Radio Park Elenentary 10 20 Engineering Open House (24) 320 29 Indiana University of Pennsylvania 3 Mar 08 Daniel Boone High School 23 09 State College High School 21 11 Chartiers Houston High School 19 15 Redland High School 10 15 Society of American Military Engineers 4 23 Westmont Hilltop High School 23 23 Engineering Mechanics 440 14 25 Bald Eagle Area High School (2) 31 25 Senior Citizens 5 29 Material Science 101 (2) 35 31 Penn'Cambria High School (2) 42 78 l

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - _ A

1 Apr 05 Cub Scouts 15 05 STS Interest House 8 06 Berwick High School 19 08 Carmichael High School 11 14 York Country Day School 7 l 15 St. Mary's Area High School 22 15 Ridgeway High School 18 21 Grove City College 3 21 Horsehehis High School 25 22 Cambria Haights High School (2) 73 l

27 Punxsatawnty High School 20 28 Astronomers Group 5 l 29 Warren Area ligh School (2) 31 29 Marion Center High School 12 May 02 Mansfield University 9 02 Grier School 4 04 State College High School 12 04 Belleville Mennonite School 16 06 florthern Bedford High School 11 17 Kennard-Dale High School 12 20 Central Cambria High School Science Club 18 25 State College High School 15 Total 81 Groups 1758 9

79 w- . _ _ _ - _ . . -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-