ML20106D512

Thirty-Seventh Annual Progress Rept,Penn State Radiation Science & Engineering Ctr,Jul 1991 to June 1992

ML20106D512
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Site:	Pennsylvania State University
Issue date:	06/30/1992
From:	Flinchbaugh T, Voth M PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA
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i PENNSTATE

' l RADIATION SCIFaNCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER Col.l.EGE OF ENGINEERING 2

THIRTY-SEVENTH AXNEAL '

PROGRESS REPORT AUGUST 1997 CONTRACT DE-AC07-761 DO1570

--SUBCONTR ACT C88-101857 U.Ed. ENG 93-7 jsP'288u8!!88lp

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Administrative responsibility for the Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC) resides in the Department of Nuclear Engineering in the College of Engineering. Overall responsibility for the reactor license resides with the Senior Vice President fo Research and Dean of the Graduate School. De reactor and associated laboratories are available to all Penn State colleges for education and research programs. In addition, the facility is made available to assist other educational institutions, government agencies and industries having common and compatible needs and objectives, providing services that are essential in meeting research, development, education and training needs.

The Thirty seventh Annual Progress Report (July 1991 through June 1992) of the operation of The Pennsylvania State University Radiation Science and Engineering Center is submitted in accordance with the requirements of Contract DE AC07 761D01570 between the United States Deputment of Energy and EG&G Idaho, Incorporated, and their Subcontract C88101857 with The Pennsylvania State University. This report also provides the University administration with a summary of the utilization of the facility for the past year.

Numerous individuals are to be recognized and thanhd for their contributions to this report, especially Terry Filnehbaugh who edited the repon. The conuibution of Lisa Large for its typing is recognized and appreciated. Special thanks are extended to those responsible for the individual sections as listed in the Table of Contents and to the individual facility users whose research summaries are compiled in Section XI.

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I. INTRODUCTION a

A celebration at the Radiation Science and Engineering Center (RSEC) on May 29,1992, marked what the RSEC stands for, past, present and future. The following are highlights of that e /ent:

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The reactor was declared a nuclear historic landmark with the citation "On July 8,1955, (the Penn State Breazeale Reactor) received the first research reactor license issued by the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, thereby launching e tradition of education and research in nuclear technology."

Penn State President, Dr. Joab Thomas, accepted the landmark awant from American Nuclear Society President, Dr. Robert lAng.

Dr. Eric Walker, former Penn State Pr sident and Dean of the College of Engineering when the decision was made to build the reactor, spoke on the roots of the nuclear program at Penn State.

The new reactor control and safety system which the RSEC staff procured, licensed and installed was dedicated. David Helwig, Vice President of Nuclear Engineering and Services, represented the majo; donor of the control system, the I hiladelphia Electric Company.

Dr. Forrest Remick, commissioner of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission and former Directo. of the Breazeale Reactor, spoke on the future of nuclear technology.

The new control system places the Breazeale Reactor among the best facilif 2 m se nation for performing research and educating students in reactor control theory.

The campus and community were invited to an open house in conjunction with the ceremony.

Significant factors of RSEC operation during the yearinclude the fellowing:

Major physical plant improvements included renovating the control room, replacing the majority of the control and alarm cables throughout the facility, upgrading control and alarm systems and functions, upgrading the public address system and completing the indoor and outdoor painting.

o F mctor radiation monitoring incrumentation and gamma spectroscopy equipment was pu. chased through a Department of Energy grant. A similar grant for the riext DOE fiscal year was approved at 544,03f, for spare parts for the control system and a smart alarm system.

New Macintosh 11 computers were procured and effectively implemented in the NucE 451 Reactor Physics laboratory course. A student computer room with laser printing capability was set up for times the Macs are not in use in the laboratory.

The Low Level Monitoring Laboratory, following a year of complete personnel tumover, rose to the challenge of successfully testing drinkir, water samples required e fery fourth n

year by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources.

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The Reactor Operation's staff began a detailed analysis of the et rgy spectrum of the i

neutron flux in locations where semiconductors are irradiated to take leadership in ccmpliance with new ASTM procedures.

Two retirements eliminated 70 years of cumulative experience, bringine

• xperience level of the staff to a new low, creating a substImtial 1c,ning workloat Along with all these enhancements in facilides, programs and operations, thy e f assisted a

researchers, instructors and students in many routine experiments, laboratory classes and service irradiations. Pm-college education was also prominent in RSEC programming, as evidenced by the rnany tour groups, field trips / work shops and teaching sessions conducted by the staff. The RSEC staff is to be commend:d for working diligently during the past year in accomplishing a new threshold of productivity and professional development.

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IGACTOR OPERATIONS Research reactor operation began at Penn State in 1955. In December of 1965 the original core, which operated at a maximum power level of 200 KW, was irplaced by a more advanced TRIG A core, capable of operation at 1000 KW. The present core may also be operated in a pulse fashion in which the power level is suddenly increased from less than 1 KW to up to 2000 KW for short (milliseconds) periods of time. TRIGA stands for Training, Research, Isotope Production, built by General Atomic Company.

Utilization of the PSBR falls into three major categories:

Educational utilization is primarily in the form nf laboratory classes conducted for graduate and undergraduate degree candidates and numerous high school science groups. These classes will vary from the irradiation and analysis of a sample to the calibration of a reactor control rod.

Rumch accounts for a large portion of reactor time which involves Radionuclear Applications, Neutron Radiography, a myriad of research programs by faculty and graduate students throughout the Umversity and various applications by the industrial sector.

Training programs for Reactor Operators and Reactor Supervisors are offered and can be tailored to meet the needs of the participants. Individuals taking part in these programs fallinto such categones as PSBR reactor staff and power plant operating personnel.

The PSBR core, containing about 7.5 pounds of Uranium-235, in a non-weapons form,is operated at a depth of approximately 18 feet in a pool of demineralized water. The water provides the needed shielding and cooling for the operation of the reactor. It is relatively simple to expose a sample by merely positioning it in the vicinity of the reactor at a point where it will receive the desired radiation dose. A variety of fixtures and jigs are available for such positioning. Various containers and irradiation tubes can be used to keep samples dry. Three pneumatic transfer systems with different neutron levels offer additional possibilines.

In normal steady state operation at 1000 kilowatts, the thermal neutron Dux available varies 2

from approximately 1 x 1013 n/cm2/sec at the edge of the core to approximately 3 x 1013 n/cm /sec in the central region of the core.

When using the pulse mode of operation, the peak flux for a maximum pulse is approximately 6 x 1016 n/cm2/sec with a pulse width of 15 msec at 1/2 maximum.

1 Support facilities include a machine shop, electronic shop, laboratory space and fume hoods, STATISTICAL A;JALYSIS Tables 2 and 3 list Reactor Operation Data and Reactor Utilization Data-Shift Averages, respectively, for the past three years. In table 2s the Critical time is a summation of the hours the reactor was operating at some power level. The Subcritical time is the total hours that the reactor key and console instrumentation were on and under observation, less the Critical time. Subcritical time reflects experiment set-up time and time spent approaching reactor criticality. Fuel movement hours reflect the fact that there were minimal fuel movements made this year.

The Number of Pulses : & cts demands of undergraduate labs, researchers and reactor -

operator training groups. Snare waves are used primarily for demonstration purposes for public groups touring the facility, suarchers and reactor operator training programs.

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1 The number of Scrams Planned as Part of Experiments reflects experimenter needs. The scrams from Personnel Action were a result of operator error. The unplanned scrams resulting from Abnormal System Operation were due to electrical failure and system operational problems.

1 It should be pointed out that a scram shuts down the reactor before a safety limit is reached.

Table 3, Part A, Reactor Usage, indicates Hours Critical and Hours Suberitical, and also -

Hours Shutdown such as for instmetion or experimental setup. Occasionally a component failure prohibits reactor operation. The necessary repair time is included in Reactor Usage as Reactor Not Available to reflect total reactor utilization on a shift basis.

Part B gives a breakdown of the Type of Usage in Hours. The Nuclear Engineering Department and/or the Reactor Facility receives compensation for Industrial Research and Service, and for Industrial TraiCng Programs. University Research and Service includes both funded and non-funded research, for Penn State and other universities. The Instruction and Training category-includes all formal university classes involving the reactor, experiments for other urtiversity and high school groups, demonstrations for tour groups and in-house reactor operator training.

Part C statistics, Users / Experimenters, reDect the number of users, samps and experimenters per shift. Part D shows the number of eight hour shifts for each year.

INSPECTIONS AND AUDITS During October of 1991, Michael J. Siobodien, Radiological Controls Director, and Robert J.

Barn:tt Plant Operations Manager, both of GPU Nuclear Corporation conducted an audit of the PSBR. This fulfilled a requirement of the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee charter as described in the PSBR Technical Specifications. The reactor staff has implemented changes suggested by that report, all of which exceed NRC requirements.

During November of 1991, a Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) routine inspection was conducted of activities authorized by the materials license 37-00185-05 for the Cobalt-60 facility.

A violation (the handling tool for the Cobalt-60 sources was not kept locked) was cited. The handling tool referred to in the license application dated April 30,1985 is no longer in use. The current source handling tool requires assembly of several components by a person knowledgeable about its use. The requirement to lock the tool was deleted from the license renewal submission'of May 1991, which was still under NRC review at the time of the inspection. The critical component of the handling toolis now locked.

During November of 1991, a NRC routine inspection was conducted of the emergency preparedness program and security area key control. No safety concerns or violations were observed.

During June of 1992, a NRC routine inspection was conducted of activities authorized by the special nuclear materials license SNM-95. Also, compliance to the physical security plan for the -

PSBR was examined. No items of non-compliance were identified.

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TABLE 2 ReactorOperation Data July 1,1989 - June 30,1992 E20 E21 9142 A.

Hours of Reactor Operation

1. Critical 507 521 431

2. Suberitical.

305 334 541

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5 37 B.

Number of Pulses 97 111 90~

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Number of Square Waves 70 74 68 D.

Energy Release (MWH) 331 318 210 E.

Grams U-235 Consumed 17 16 11 F. - Scrams

1. Planned as Part of Experiments 23 36 24

2. Unplanned - Resulting From a) Personnel Action 4

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b) Abnormal System Operation 3

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TAllLE 3 Reactor Utilization Data Shift Averages July 1,1989 - June 30,1992 89 %

20:5LL 91-92 A.

Reactor Usage

1. Hours Critical 2.1 2.1 1.7

2. Hours Suberitical 1.3 1.3 2.1

3. Hours Shutdown 1.6 1.9 1.7 -

4. Reactor Not Available

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.Q 7 TOTAL HOURS PER SHIFT 5.0 5.3 6.3 B,

Type of Usage - Hours

1. Industrial Research and Service 1.1 0.8 0.8

2. University Research and Service 1.8 2.1 1.5

3. Instruction and Training 0.9 1.2 1.4

4. IndustrialTraining Programs 0.1 0.1 0.0

5. Calibration and Maintenance 1.2 1.1 2.4

6. Fuel Handling 0.0 0.0 0.1 C.

Users / Experiments

1. Nur.iber of Users 2.4 2.4 2.8

2. Pneumatic Transfer Samples 1.3 0.5 0.7

3. Total Number of Samples 3.6 2.5 2.4

4. Sample Hours 2.6 2.2 1.5 D.

Number of 8 Hour Shifts 240 247-255 10

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II. PERSONNEL Doug Vonada retired from his electronic designer position on July 14,1991 after 35 years of service. Dale Raupach retired from his reactor su aervisor/ reactor utihzation specialist position on December 31,1991 after 34 years of service. Da: e has continued to work in a wage payroll position dtuing the transition period until his duties can be assumed by new staff.

Thierry Daubenspeck was hired on Febraary 12,1992 as tractor supervisor / reactor utilization specialist. Thieny had been employed at the LLRML in a full-time wage payroll position.

Sue Ripka resigned as head secretary in July of 1991 and was replaced by Pam Stauffer in August of 1991. Kim Conlin resigned as a wage payroll secretary in August of 1991. Tracy Williams worked as a wage payroll secretary from August of 1991 to March of 1992. Arlene Stewan was hired as a wage payroll secretary in January of 1992.

Both members of the technical service staff received promotions effective July 1,1991. Jeff Annstrong's position change was from maintenance worker to mechanic-experimental and maintenance. Ron Eaken changed from experimental and maintenance mechanic to machinist A.

Maurice Peagler was hired into a full time wage payroll position in the LLRML on March 9, 1992. Pan-time LLRML wage payroll and work-study help during the year was provided by Chris Burelli, Brett Kellerman and Joy Moncil.

Bryan Vergato was hired as a reactor operator intern on October 14,1991.

Ken Sahadewan was in a full-time reactor wage payroll position until January 31,1992. Other tractor part-time wage payroll and work-study help during the year was provided by John DeMarco, Dave Esh and Joy Moncil.

On January 1,1992, the following change occurred in the membership of the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee (PSRSC). Asok Ray (Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering) resigned from the committee after serving a three year term. His replacement was John Mahaffy (Assistant Professor and Research Associate at ARL).

The PSRSC Subcommittee for Control System Installation consisted of committee member Asok Ray, Edward Kenney (Professor of Nuclear Engineering - retired) and Warren Witzig (Professor and Department Head of Nuclear Engineering - retired). The subcommittee reponed to PSRSC chairman, Gordon Robinson.

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i TABLE I Personnel Faculty and Staff Tih H. M. Boyle Supenisor, Low-Level Radiation Monitoring Lab i

• P. G. Boyle Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist

• *M. E. Bryan Electronic Designer / Reactor Supervisor G. L. Catchen Associate Professor T. Daubenspeck Reactor Supenisor/ Reactor Utilization Specialist

• • C C. Davison Reanor Supenisor/ Nuclear Education Specialist

• *T. L. Flinchbaugh -

Operations and Training Manager J. E. Goodfellow Emironmental Analyst R. Gould Project Assistant

• • E. Hannold Reactor OperatorIntern

• • D. E. Hughes-Senior Research Assistant / Manager of Engineering Senices W. A. Jester Professor T. S. Narehood Administrative Assistant

• • D. C. Raupach (retired)

Reactor Supenisor/ Reactor Utilization Specialist

• K. E. Rudy Operational Support Senices Supenisor

• • E, J. Sipos Reactor OperatorIntern

• B. D. Vergato Reactor OperatorIntem

• D. S. Vonada (retired)

Electronic Designer

• *M. H. Voth Associate Professor / Director

• Licensed Operator

• • Licensed Senior Operator Clerical Staff K. M. Conlin (resigned)

Secretary - wage payroll L. D. Large Secretary and Receptionist S. K. Ripka (resigned)

Facility Secretary P. J. Stauffer

. Facility Secretary A. 7 Stewart Secretary - wage payroll T. J. Williams (resigned)

Secretary - wage payroll Technical Service Staff J. E. Armstrong Mechanic-Experimental and Maintenance R. L. Eaken Machininst A Student Work-Study or Wage Pavroll C. Burelli B. Kellerman T. Daubenspeck J. Moncil J. DeMarco K. Sahadewan D. Esh 4

Penn State Reactor Safefuards Committeg -

W. S. Diethom Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State (retired)

E. W. Figard Supervisor of Maintenance, Pennsylvania Power and Light Susquehanna Steam Electric Station R. W. Granlund Health Physicist, Intercollege Research Programs and Facilities, Penn State D. E. Hughes Senior Research Assistant, Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center P. Loftus Manager, Product Licensing, Westinghouse J. H. Mahaffy Assistant Professor and Research Associate, ARL, Penn State

• A. Ray Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Penn State-G. E. Robinson-Chairman, Associate Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State M. J. Slobodien Radiological Controls Director, General Public Utilities P.E.Sokol Associate Professor, Physics, Penn State u

M. H. Voth Ex officio, Director, Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center i

• Served through 1 January 1992 1

Penn State Reactor Safeguards Subcommittee for Control System Installation A. Ray Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Penn State E. S. Kenney Professor, Nuclear Enginecting, Penn State (retired)

W. F. Witzig Professor and Department Head, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State (retired)

Penn State Users Adwsory Committee S. Carpenter National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)

J. M. Cimbala Associate Professor, Mechanical Engineering, Penn State E. H. Klevans Department Head and Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State W. A. Jester Professor, Nuclear Engineering, Penn State A, A. Heim Director, Industrial Research Office, Penn State R. O. Mumma Professor, Entomology, Penn State L J. Pilione Professor, Physics, Penn State F. H. Ruddy Senior Scientist, Westinghouse A. W. Rose Professor, Geochemistry, Penn State J. R. Thorpe Simulation Management Director, General Public Utilities M. H. Voth Ex officio, Director, Penn State Radiation Science and Engineering Center i

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DIRECTOR MANAGER OF MANAGER OF FACILITY ENGINEERING OPERATIONS SECRETARY SERVICES AND TRAINING I

SECRETARY /

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SUPERVISOR ELECTRONIC l

REACTOR SUPERVISOR OF P

OF FACILITY DESIGNER l

SUPERVISOR RADIATION

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SERVICES NUCLEAR SERVICES EDUCATION SPECIALIST (2) i EXPERIMENTAL ENVIRONMENTAL MACir ilST A AND MALNTENANCE REACTOR

[ ANALYST MECHANIC OPERATOR INTERN (3)

WAGE PAYROLU WAGEPAYROLU WAGE PAYROLL /

WORK STUDY WORK STUDY WORK 3TUDY I

FIGURE I RSEC Organization Chart

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VL NEUTRON BEAM LABORATORY The Neutron Beam Laboratory (NBL)is one of the experimental facilitieu that is a part of the RSEC. A well collimated beam of neutrons, thermalized by a D 0 thennal column, is passed into 2

the NBL for use in nondestructive testing and evaluation. Work now being done utilizes a Real Time Neutron Image Intensifier, by Precise Optics, Inc., for real time radiography. The beam is also being used for static neutron radiography and neutron attenuation studies, and flash radiography utilizing pulsing. There is raso equipment available to digitize the real time

- radiography images for image processing.

The NBL was established partially with funds from the U.S. Department of Energy with matching funds from the University. The Neutron Beam Laboratory at The Pennsylvania State University RSEC was established to:

1. Educate students and the public on an important use of neutrons from a research reactor, 2, Establish a demonstration center, " Neutrons in Action," to show that their use is beneficial to mankind, and

3. Expand the ure of neutron radiography in research, both as a tool for improving the development of U.S. industrial products and to develop new information in other fields of science and engineering.

Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory purchased time to utilize the neutron beam laboratory to evaluate two phase flow during the past year and the project continues. We continue to have funded service work utilizing the beam to measure neutron attenuation of boraflex materials that have seen service in fuel storage pools.

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GAMMA IRRADIATION FACILITY The University, in March of 1965, purchased 23,600 curies of Cobalt-60 in the form of stainless steel clad source rods to provide a pure source of gamma rays. In November of 1971, the University obtained from the Natick Lateratories,63,537 curies of Cobalt-60 in the form of

' aluminum clad soume rods. These source rods have decayed through several half-lives, leaving a July 1,1992 approximate total of 4,800 cmies.

In this facility, the sources are stored and tised in a :x>ol 16 feet by 10 feet, filled with 16 feet of demineralized water. The water provides a shield wlich is readily worked through and allows gmat flexibility in using the sources. Due to the number of rods and size of the pool,it is possible to set up severalirradiators at a time to vary the size of the sample that can be irradiated, or vary the dose rate. Experiments in a dry environment are possible by use of either a vertical tube or by a diving lxll type apparatus.

The Cobalt-60 facility is designed with a large amount of working space around the pool and has two laboratory rooms equipped with work benches and the usual utilities.

Maximum exposure rates of 180 KR/Hr in a 3" 1D tube and 104 KR/Hr in a 6" ID tube are available as of July 1,1992.

Efforts continue to obtain 12,000 curies of Cobalt-60 in the form of 15 source rods from

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Battelle National Labs. The sources will be donated to Penn State. One of the cwTent storage

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casks was modified and a third storage cask was built to accommodate dry storage of the additional sources.

Table 4 compares the past three years' utilization of the Cobalt-60 facility in terms of time, numbers and daily averages.

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TABLE 4 Cobalt-60 Utilization Data July 1,1989 - June 30,1992 89-90 90-91 91-92 A.

Time Involved (Hours)

1. Set-Up Time 358 215 185

2. Total Sample llours 11,692 14,277 12,549 B.

Numbers Involved

1. Samples Run 1,433 756 740

2. Different Experimenters 23 30 35

3. Configurations Used 3

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PerDay Averages

1. Experimenters 1.95 0.8 0.6

2. Samples 5.76 3,04 2.97

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EDUCATION AND TRAINING L

During the past year, the Penn State RSEC was used for a variety of educational services; in-house training, formal laboratory courses and many continuing education programs and tours.

In house reactor operator requalification consisted of an oral examination on abnormal and emergency procedures given by K. E. Rudy, an operating test given by T. L Fhnchbaugh and a written exam given by D. E. Ilughes.

Licensed tractor operator intern Eric Sipos was granted a NRC senior operator license in December of 1991. Bryan Vergato joined the staff in October of 1991 as an intern and was granted a NRC senior operator license in hiay of 1992. Staff member Patrick Boyle, a licensed reactor operator, was denied his senior operator license by the NRC in hiay of 1992.

The sixth session of the Pennsylvania Governor's School for Agricultural Sciences was held at Penn State's University Park campus during the summer of 1991. Sixty-four high school scholars participated in the five week program at Penn State. The Govemor's School for Agricultural Sciences includes introduction and experience in many different agricultural disciplines. There are several parts of the program which are considered " core courses". The core courses are fundamental instruction given to all panicipants. " Radioisotope Applications in Agricultural Research"is one of the core courses in the program. This eight hour course was conducted at Penn State's RSEC by Candace Davison of the RSEC staff. Willie Kelty, a staff member of the Energy Technology Projects group, assisted during the course and Hermina Boyle, Supervisor of the Low-level Radiation hionitonng Laboratory, provided a session on detection of radiation in the environment including radon gas. The students performed a series of experiments focusing on the fundamentals of radiation interaction and principles of radioisotope applications. These experiments included a demonstration of a cloud chamber; penetrating ability of alpha, beta and gamma radiation; half-life calculation and gamma ray spectroscopy. The imponance of statistics in taking data and other applications of radioactive materials in msearch were discussed. The students were also given a tour of the reactor facility.

The Nuclear Concepts and Technological Issues Institute (NCTII) was conducted from July 8 -

August 2,1991 at the University Park campus. The Nuclear Concepts prc;; ram was designed to prepare secondary science educators to teach the basics of nuclear science, radiation and applications and is offered as a special topics course in nuclear engineering (NucE 497B). The program was developed in 1970 and has been conducted every summer since that time. Thirty-seven secondary science teachers from eight different sta'es (Arizor.a, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia) and Korea participated in the program. In addition, two teachers from Hungary were able to present information to the participants about their nuclear science education and observe pan of the course during their stay in the U.S.

Support for the program included funding for eighteen participants through a grant from the National Science Foundation. Full sponsorship of eighteen participants was provided by Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Bechtel Corporation, Chem-Nuclear Systems Inc.,

Cleveland Illuminating Company (Perry Nuclear Power Plant), Duquesne Light Company. Edison Electric Institute, General Electric Company, Gilbert Commonwealth, Haliburton NUS Environmental Corporation, Korea Atomic Ir.dustrial Forum, Limerick and Peach Bottom Community Education Program (through the Philadelphia Electric Company), New York Power Authority, New York State Electric and Gas Company and Westinghouse Electric Corporation.

Full support for one teacher was provided through funding from Edison Electric Institute and the 12wisburg Area High School. Materials were obtained from the U.S, Department of Ercrgy, USCEA, ANS and other sources. General Electric Company donated many educational materials to the course including a full-size Chart of the Nuclides and booklet to each participant.

t Tennelec/ Nucleus provided a loan of educational counting equipment and hosted the evening reception for participants and sponsors.

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The institute was coonlinated by Candace Davison and was conducted through Penn State's Continuing Education Office. Joseph Bonner presented the fundamental nuclear science lectures.

Other instruction was provided by Nuclear Engineering depanment pem nnel and Rodger

- Granlund, University Health Physicist. Guest speakers from government, research and industry arovided expenise for the techmcal and issues sessions. Guest speakers included Ms. Carol Ranlon from the U.S. Depanment of Energy, Office of Civilian Radioactive Waste Disposal and Management, Dr. Roben Meyer from Chem-Nuclear Systems Inc., Mr. Jeffrey Baechler from General Electric Company, Mr. Fred Gigliotti from Westinghouse E!xtric Corporation, Dr.

Grafton Chase retired professor from the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and Science, Dr.

Ralph Mumma distinguished professor of environmental quality and Dr. Warren Witzig professor emeritus of nucle, engineering.

Laboratory experiments are an important aspect of the institute as the teachers are able to have.

hands-on experience with radioactive materials, The laboratories were conducted at the RSEC under the din:ction of the RSEC and Health Physics personnel. Guy Anderson, a chemistry teacher from the Bald Eagle Area School District was in charge of the laboratories and was assisted by Craig Munnell, a physics teacher from Bellefonte Area School District. Both teachers are graduates of the Nuclear Concepts program. The laboratory experiments and demonstranons included: characteristics of ionizmg radiation, radionuclide handling, neutron activation of Indium, complex decay of Silver-110 and Silver 108, neutron radiography and the approach to entical experiment. Discussion and problem solving sessions along with a field trip to a radiation 3rocessi ig facility, a tour of Medical Applications including an MRI ar,d a visit to either Three Mile (sland Unit 1 (a PWR) or Susquehanna Steam Electric Station (a BWR) wem included in the schedule.

Evaluations from the panicipants were very positive conceming the course. As in previous institutes, the panicipants in NCTII were encouraged to return with their students for a day of experiments at the RSEC. Two follow up programs were conducted for past participants of the Nuclear Concepts course during the month of May. One of the sessions was held as part of the American Nuclear Science Teachers Association meeting at Argonne National Laboratory and the other session was held at Penn State's RSEC to demonstrate the new digital control system and address topics ofinterest not covered during the four-week course.

The University Reactor Sharing Program is sponsored by the U.S. Depanment of Energy, The purpose of this program is to increase the availability of the university nuclear reactor facilities to non-reactor owning colleges and universities. The main objectives of the University Reactor Sharing program are to strengthen nuclear science and engineen,ng instruction and to provide research opportunities for other educational institutions including universities, colleges, junior colleges, technical schools and high schools.

Experiments were conducted at the RSEC for students from the University of Pittsburgh at

- Greensburg.

A total of 328 students and teachers from 19 high schools and 1 college came to the RSEC for :

experiments and instruction. (see Table 5). Candace Davison and Lois Lunetta were the main

. instructors for the program. Other instruction and technical assistance for experiments were -

provided by Dale Raupach, Dan Hughes and Ken Sahadewan.-

The RSEC staff and facilities provided educational opportunities along with a tour for student and teacher workshops, many of which were conducted as a pan of Penn State Continuing Education Programs. The student programs included: the Kodak BEST (Business, Scie L

Engineering and Technology) program, the SEE the Future program and the Upwar ud l

program for minority and "at nsk" students. Thirty-eight teachers from the Harrisbmpea L

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participated in a full day of experiments as part of the course " Exploring the Nuclear Option".

Twenty-seven teachers from the Enter-2000 program received instruction and toured the facility to learn more about nuclear energy and related careers.

In addition to the full or half-day programs with experiments, educational tours were conducted for students, teachers, and the general public. All groups, including the reactor sharing groups, who toured the facility are listed in Appendix B. The RSEC operating staff and Nuclear Engineering Depamrent conducted 92 tours for 2,715 persons.

Involvement of the reactor personnel and the role of the reactor in educational programs was recognized this past year when Candace Davison, president of the American Nuclear Science b

~'

Teachers Associanon, was invited to present several talks on the role of research reactors in nuclear science education and the impact on career decisions in nuclear engineering. One talk was for the American Nuclear Society Conference in Boston, Massachusetts. The other invitation was to represent ANSTA at the 100 year celebration of the Roland E6tv6s Physics society in Hungary and to help Hungary establish a Nuclear Science Teachers Organization. Dr. Edward Teller was the keynote speaker at the conference.

The RSEC was used by several Nuclear Engineering and other courses during the year.

Seme ster Course Instructor Students litun Summer 1991 SciEd 497 - Exploring the Nuclear Option C. C. Davison 18 4

Summer 1991 NucE 497B-Nuclear Concepts C. C. Davison 37 7

Summer 1991 Nuch 444-Nuclear Reactor Operations D. E. Hughes 4

16 Summer 1991 Food Science 313-Process Plant Product R. B. Beelman 20 3

Summer 1991 NucE 420-Radiological Safety E. S. Kenney 16 3

Fall 1991 NucE 451-Reactor Physics R, M. Edwards 13 46 W. A. Jester Spring 1992 NucE 450-Radiation Detection and M. H. Voth 24 10 Measurement W. A. Jester Spring 1992 NucE 444-Nuclear Reactor Operations D. E. Hughes 4

17 Spring 1992 NucE 505-Reactor Instrumentation and E. S. Kenney 10 6

Control Spring 1992 Entomology 456-Insect Pest Management A. Hower 7

2 Spring 1992 EMch 440-Nondestructive Evaluation of B. R. Tittman 22 2

Flows Summer 1992 SciEd 497-Exploring the Nuclear Option C. C Davison 20 4

In January of 1992, a total of 39 University Police Services personnel were given training and retraining sessions by C. C. Davison at the RSEC to ensure familiarity with the facilities and to meet Nuclear Regulatory Commission requirements.

During the past year, the RSEC operating staff has maintained reactor operator competence and safe facility operation through training and requalification. The RSEC and continuing education staffs have disseminated knowledge directly to the general public through tours and indirectly through programs such as Nuclear Concepts for high school teachers. Many educational opportunities have been provided to students in university courses both nuclear and non-nuclear.

15 t

TABLE 5 University Reactor Sharing Program College and High SchoolGroups 1991 1992 Academic Year Those who came to the RSEC for experiments receivad Wruction on the basics of radiation and nuclear energy and received a tour of the f auty. All groups either conducted the approach to critical experiment or saw a demonstration with the reactor. Most groups also did ene of tL other experiments listed below.

Gamma Ray Spectroscopy Neutron Activation and Comp;ex Decay of Silver Barium-137m Decay or Silver Decay Neutron Activation Analysis Relative Stopping Powers for o:, p and Y n Air Aluminum and Lead i

Number of Month School and Teacher Students & Teachers November 18 Johnsonburg/Kane High School 14 JcAnn Castle 19 Punxsutawney High School 15 William Stuchell December 4

Greensburg - Salem HS 20 Cheryl Harper 16 Carlisle HS 20 Robert Barrick, Kenneth Egolf January 17 Berlin High School 5

Neil Crowell 17 Jersey Shore High School 14 James Allen March 9

Redland High School 19 Robert Lighty 18 Daniel Boone High School 15 Larry Tobias, Janice Lenhart 30 Berwick High School 13 Jeff Snyder April 1

Wyomissing High School 17-Charles Bell 3

Marion Center 9

John Petrosky 8

Northern Bedford 21 Yvette Blair 8

Cannichael High School 21 Pat Gibson 15 Bellefonte High School 27 Craig Munnell 20 State College High School 10 Linda Gardner 24 St. Mary's High School 20 William Scilingo 16

' - - - - - - - - ^

TAllLE 5 University Reactor Sharing Program College and High School Groups 1991-1992 Academic Year (Continued)

Number of Month Srhool and Teacher Students & Teachen April 24 Ridgway Iligh School 17 Emest Koos May 6

Muncy High School 34 Harold Shrimp June 5

University of Pittsburgh 9

Dr, Zalenskiewicz 8

Westmontllilltop 8

Tom Moore 17

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VIL RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LABORATORY Personnel of the Radionuclear Applications Laboratory provide consulting and technical-

-assistance to those University research personnel who wish to utilize some type of radionuclear technique in their research. The majority of these research projects invc!ve some sort of neutron activanon procedure, but the staffis qualified to provide services in radioactive tracer techniques, radiation gauging, radiation processing and in the production of radioisotopes for laboratory, radionuclear medicine and industrial use.

Approximately 133 irradiations of semiconductors wen: made during the last year for several electronic companies. Laboratory personnel prepared each group of samples for trradiation, provided fast neutron dosimetry, determined the radioisotopes produced m the devices, packaged and shipped the devices back to the companies. In addition to semiconductors, many analyses were performed for other industrial customers.

Laboratory personnel continue to supply suppon for the operation of the RSEC doing analysis of water, air monitor filters and various types of other samples. During the last year, both thermal and fast neutron dosimetry measurements were made for regularly used irradiation facilities and for special irradiation facilities built by experimenters.

During the year, two new multichannel analyzer-PC computer systems were purchased. Or-system was used to replace on old system which had been used for poolside analysis of samples being released. The new analyzer system has the capability of doing a quantitative isotope analysis of the radioactive materialin the sample. Analyses and a hard copy printout of the results will be available in the reactor bay. The old system required an analyst to be present in Room 4, approximately 200 feet from poolside.

The second system purchased has the software capability of doing quantitative neutron activation analysis of samples. The system, which includes a new high resolution - high efficiency intrinsic germanium detector, has been placed in Room 2A. Placing the system in this room has a twofold benefit over the old location. It is located in an area where the radiation background level is lower and it eliminates the need for the experimenter to carry irradiation samples from the fume hood in Room 2 through two door ways and across a hallway to get to the counting system. This lowers the chances of spreading radioactive contamination.

At this time, neither of tne systems has been fully integrated into normal everyday uses by laboratory perso~iel, but progress is being made to mde them completely operational.

A project has been initiated to do a compk.a recalibration of the reactor neutron energy spectmm. To this end new flux monitoring foils have been purchased so that the entire neutron energy spectrum can be documented. The procedure willinvolve approximately two dozen different irradiations of foils, counting of the foils and determination of the neutron flux at the energy monitored by each particular foil. This foilinformation will then be analyzed by Penn State using computer programs developed at national laboratories. John G. Kelly of Sandia Netional-Laboratories will do a similar computer analysis of the foil information which will be supplied to him. This neutron energy spectrum analysis will be done following applicable ASTM procedures.

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VIII.

LOW LEVEL RADIATION MONITORING LAllORATORY The staff of the law Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (LLRML) movides analytical and i

environmental monitoring services to community water suppliers, private la wratories, utilities and researchers at the University.

'Ihe LLRML was established in 1979 to assist the water supply companies of Pennsylvania in meeting their Safe Drinking Water Act requirements. it is currently certified by the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (PA DER) to perform gross al;3ha, gross beta, radium-226 and radium 228 analyses on drinking water. The LLRML is also a PA DER cert fied radon i

laboratory capable of analyzing charcoal canisters.

One requirement for rnitaining PA DER certification is participation in the U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory Intercomparison Studies Program and the U.S EPA National Radon Measurement Proficiency drogrn These programs involve the analysis of numerous blind samples which have been spiked with the radionuclides for which the laboratory is certified. Results from these analyses are then submitted for comparison with all other participating laboratotics.

Most of the work perfomied at the LLRML involves the analysis of water samples for natural radiatinn (gross alpha, radium 226. radium 228 and radon) and the analysis of charcoal canisters for atrborne radon. Other analytical capabilities of the laboratory include strontium 89, strontium-90, radon and tritium analysis of water sarnples and gamma-ray spectroscopy analysis of various sample media. The laboratory can also provide environmental monitoring services and spiked sample pre aration services to utilities, and conduct research both ir. dependent and in cooperation with othe p' tiversity researchers.

23

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IX. Tile ANGULAll COltitELATIONS LAllOllATOltY The Angular CcrWhns Laboratory has been in operation for approximately 6 years. The laboratory, which i x ;;<lin Room i16 and Room 4 of the RSEC,is under the direction of Professor Gary L w 'Ihe laboratory contains two spectrometers for making Perturbed Angular Correlatict 4 measurements. One apparatus, which has been in operation for six years, measures eight coincidences concuntntly using cesium fluoride detectors. A second s xcuometer was act uired last year, and it measutes four coincidences concuntntly using barium l

f uoride detectors. T ie detectors and electronics provide a nominal time resolution of I nsec FWilM, which places the measurements at the state-of-the-artin the field of Perturbed Angular Conclation Spectroscopy.

Currently, Penn State has a unique research program that uses PAC Spectroscopy to characterire technologically important electrical and optical matetials. This program represents the synthesis of ideas from two traditionally very different branches of chemistry, materir a chemistry and nuclear chemistry Although the scientific questions are gennane to the field of materials chemistry, the PAC technique and its asseiated theomtical basis have been pan of the fields of nuclear chemistry and radiochemisu; for several decades. Two federal agencies, the National Scicace Foundation and the Office of Naval Research, are sponsoring this program.

The PAC technique is based on substituting a radioactive probe atom such as either Hiln or 18111finto a specific site in a chemical system. llecause these atoms have special nuclear propenies, the nuclear (electric quadrupole and magnetic dipole) moments of these atoms can mteract with the electric field gradients (efgs) and hyperfine magnetic fields produced by the extranuclear environment.

Static nuclear electric quadru 3 ole interactions can provide a measure of the strength and symmetry of the crystal field in t1e vicinity of the probe nucleus. In the case of static interactions, the vibrational monon of the atoms in the lattice is very rapid relative to the PAC timescale,i.e.,

0.1-500 nsec. As a result, the measured efg appears to anse from the tina

'craged posit'ons of the atoms, and the sharpness of the spectrallines reflects this " motional nauswing" effect.,In contrast to static interactions, time-varvine interactions arise when the efg fluctuates during the intermediate-state lifetime. These interactions can provide information about defect and ionic transpon. The effect of the efg fluctuating in either strength or direction, which can be caused, for example, by ions " hopping"in and out of lattice sites,is to destroy the orientation of the intennediate state. Experimentally, this loss of orientation appears as the attenuation or " smearing-out" of the angular correlation. And, often a correspondence can be made between the rate of attenuation and frequency of the motion that produced the attenuation.

Magnetic hyperfine interactions, which can be measured in ferromagnetic and paramagnetic bulk and thin-film materials, are used to study the effects of defects and lattice distortions in metal and semiconducting structurec that have nominal cubic symmetry. "he general approach is to measure the magnetic hyperfine interaction in a material with few defects. The cubic symmetry requires that the electric quadrupole interaction vanishes. When either defects or aistortions are produced, a quadrupole interact on arises that attenuates the usually well-defined magnetic mteractions. Thus, the analysis of this atteruation can provide information, for example, about the type of defect that produced the quadrupole interaction.

Contnt Activities During the last year, the PAC technique has been used to investigate phase transitions ana kx:al ordering in ferroelectric perovskites such as lead titanate and barium titanate. These compounds and other related materials are widely used as dielectric materials for capacitors, piezoelectric 25

transducer ma.terials, and thin-film elements for random access memories. Static nuclear c uadrupole interactions measured in these matenals have provided new infonnation about cisplacive (paraelectric to-ferroelectric) phase transitions such as the critical behavior of the (titanium-site) electric field gradient at temperatures near the transition temperature. Time-varying interactions, which produce nuclear-spin relaxation, have provided information about order-disorder effects associated with the phase transition such as the ate of titanium lon jumping between off center sites in the lattice. This investigation has produced some unique evtdence that suppons an order-disorder model of the paraelectric to-ferroelectric phase transitions in these stmetmts. This evidence along with other supponing measurements indicates that the established displacive (soft mode) model is at best incomplete and perhaps wrong. The Office of Naval Research has supported this work via a research gret, Planned Activities I

The current plans are to continue the research on the ferroelectric matenals. This work will have several parallel thrusts. In panicular, since few of the AB03 perovskites have been investigated, similar measuremeras need to be perfonned on KNbO3, KTaO, and similar 3

materials. The objectives are to extend the scope of the data base and to evaluate the effects of different B-ion valences. A particular interesting and technologically important family of ferroelectrics is the relaxor type, of which Pb(Sco.3Ta o.3)O is an example. They have unusual 3

electrical properties, and these properties are thought to be caused by local disorder in the B-ion composition. In addition, these relaxor ferroelectrics can be prepared so that they have conventional ferroelectric electrical propenies. This feature means that parallel measurernents can be made on irlaxor prepared and conventionally-prepared samples that have the same stoichiometry. The experimental objective is to compare linebmadening effects that can be related to irlaxor disorder. This comparison could delineate whether the disorder is either a static or a dynamic effect. In another 3roject, experiments will be performed on materials such as BaTiO3 that can be prepared in a rec uced, oxygen deficient form. These materials have quite different electrical properties than their stoichiometric counterparts as they are conductive. Under the proper conditions of temperature and oxygen aanial pressure, oxygen vacancy transpon rates would be measured. This information could leac to developing a good model for defect transport in these materials. Moreover, since defect kinetics are not well understood but are thought to be responsib!c for many technical problems, such a model could have a positive impact on the electronics industry.

Another imponant area of research in electronic materials is the characterization of chemical interactions on molecular-beam-epitaxy (MBE) produced surfaces, in principle, the PAC technique can measure the strength and symmetry of the chemical bonding of the Hiln probe atom on MBE-produced surfaced of galliurn arsenide and other III-V materials. Currently, electron scattering is the predominant technique that is used to evaluate the morphology of MBE-produced Ill V surfaces. But, these measutrments do not provide any detailed, microscopic information about for example, the effects of step edges and kinks on the chemical bonding ofimpinging atoms on these surfaces. The PAC technique, which would use the Hiln probe, could be used to measure these effects. Moreover, during the last decade, a German group has shown that PAC measurements on Cu and Culn surfaces under ultrahigh vacuum are feasiale and that the measurements do provide information about chemical bonding on MBE-produced surfaces. A project of this type requires a collaboration between an expen in MBE-produced surfaces and an expert in PAC spectroscopy. Penn State has such an expert; namely, Professor David L. Miller of-the Department of Electrical Engineering. The Center for Electronics Materials and Processing (of the College of Engineering) has a large state-of the art Varian MBE machine. But, to dope the MBE-produced surfaces, a small, dedicated ultrahigh vacuum chamber needs to be added to the existing MBE system to prevent contamination of the main system. Last year, the National Science l

Foundation funded this project and work is underway.

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NUCLEAR MATERIALS ENGINEERING LAllORATORY

'Ihe Nuclear Materials Engineering Laboratory has two heavily shielded hot cells with master-slave inanipulators for the remote handling of highly radioactive materials viewed directly through thick leaded-glass windows, Equipment : s provided for impact testing, tensile testing, hardness testing, fracture toughness testing, fatigue testing, creep testmg corrosion testing, metallographic exammation, positron annihilation studies, light microscopy and electron microscopy. Research has focused on plant life extension for nuclear power reactors.

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XI.

RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER RESEARCII UTILIZATION Research continues to be the major focus of the RSEC. A wide variety of research projects are cunently in progress as indicated on the following pges. The University oriented research projects are ananged alphabetically by department m Section A. Theses, publications, papers and technical presentations follow the research description to which they penain. In addition, Section B lists other university and indusuial research utilizing the facility.

He reportin;; of research infonnation to the editor of this repon is at the option of the i

researcher, and (1erefore the research projects in sections A and B are only representative of the research at the facility. The projects described involved 4 technical presentauons,9 papers,31 publications,5 masters' theses,11 doctoral these; and 4 bachelor's theses. The examples cited are y

not to be construed as aublications or announcements of research. The publication of research utilizing the RSEC is t 1e prerogative of the researcher.

Appendix A lists all university, industrial and other users of RSEC facilities, including those listed in sections A and B. Names of personnel are arranged alphabetically under their depanment and college or under their c,mpany or other affiliation. During the past year,44 faculty and staff members,34 graduate stuaents and 5 undergraduate students have used the facility for research.

This represents a usage by 15 departments or sections in 4 colleges of the University. In addition, 44 individuals from 33 industries, research organizations or other universities used the RSEC facilities.

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PENN STATE RESEARCII UTILIZING TIIE FACILITIES OF TIIE RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING CENTER Chemistiv Depanment POLYPilOSPilAZENE IIYDROGELS FOR USE AS SUPPORTS IN PEPTIDE SYNTilESIS Participant >:

11. R. Allcock A. Ambrosio E. N. Silverberg Services Provided:

Gamma Irradiation A series of functional poly (organophosphazenes) have been synthesized, crosslinked, and tested as potential supports for sohd phase xptide synthesis. These po?.ymers were [NP(OCll2CH 0CH 2

2 Cll 0Cll3)x(OCli CH20Cil Cli NHBOC)2.xln, where x = 1.6,1.0,0.6. These polymers were 2

2 2

2 synthesized by a multi step route. In the first step, poly (dichlorophosphazene) was treated with the appropriate amount of sodium methoxyethoxyethoxide. An excess of sodium N Boc-aminoe%oxyethoxide was then added to the partially substituted polymers. In the f~ mal step of the synthesis, the Boc protecting group was removed by acid hydrolysis. These polymers were then crosslinked by gamma radiation for 2.0 and 5.0 ',lRad. The synthetic utility of the poly (organophosphazene) gel as solid phase peptide synthesis supports was demonstrated by the syntheses of tri-and tetrapeptides. The peptides were assembled by using standard Fmoc-polyamid chemistry.

Chtmistry Denanment 1RRADIATION INDUCED SOLID STATE POLYMERIZATION OF CYCLOTRI PilOSPilAZENES

Participants:

11. R. Allcock U. Diefenbach S. R. Pucher Services Provided:

Gamma Irradiation High energy gamma irradiation can cause solid state polymerization of several cyclic compounds such as trioxane, that coverts to poly (oxymethylene) and hexachlorocycloti phosphazene (NPCl )3 that forms the corresponding polyphosphazene (NPCl )n. The yields of the so 2

2 obtained polyphosphazenes, however, have been low.

To investigate, if gamma irradiation can be used as a method to polymerize substituted cyclotriphosphazenes and heterophosphazenes,18 samples of partially and fully substituted

. phosphazene; that contain alkylamino, asylamino, alkyl, asyloxy, ferrocenyl and trifluorethoxy groups as well as carbon and sulfur containing ring systems were purified to obtain highly ciystalline compounds. Those were exposed to gamma irradiation at room temperature (dose rate 5 Mrad).

'Ihe effect on the polymerization behavior was examined by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Ilowever, no polymeric materials could be obtained under these conditions.

31

Chemistrv Department POLY (ORGANOPIIOSPilAZENES) WITil POLY (ALKYETilERSIDE GROUPS): A STUDY OF TilEIR WATER SOLUBILITY AND SWELLING CilARACTERISTICS OF TIIEIR llYDROGELS

Participants:

11. R. Allcock S. R. Pucher M. L. Turner R. J. Fitzpatrick Services Provided:

Gamma Irradiation Five different poly [(alkyl ether)phosphazenes) were synthesized for studies of their water -

solubility as well as the swellabilities of their corresponding hydrogels in aqueous media. They '

are: poly [di(methoxyethoxy)phosphazene),?oly[di(aminoethoxyethoxy)phosphazene],

poly [di(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene;, poly [di(ethoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene], and poly [di(butoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene). Lower critical solution temperatures (LCST) were

= detected for four of the polymers. This phenomenon was independent of polymer concentration.

l However, poly [di(aminoethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] ?ossessed no LCST m aqueous media and remained fully soluble at all polymer concentrations, liydrogels of these polymers were prepared -

by subjecting them to gamma radiation (1 Mrad,5 Mrad, ano 10 Mrad). The crosslinked polyphosphazenes behaved in a similar manner to their soluble counterparts. As the temperature of the aqueous media was increased, the hydrogels became opaque and released water. During these experiments, the percentage of water lost by the hydrogels was independent of both the pH of the aqueous media and the radiation dose received by the gels. No detectable decomposition of the soluble polymers was found nor was any loss ofintegrity of the hydrogels detected through several heating and cooling cycles. This solubility phenomenon was characteristic only -

of the interaction with water and was not detected in orgame solvents. Potential biomedical applications of these materials exist.

Doctomi Thesis:

Pucher, S., and H. R. Allcock (advisor). Blocrodible and Biostable Poly (organo-phosphazenes): Biomaterials for Antibacterial Coatings and Drug Delivery Systems. In progress.

i.

- Publication:

Pucher, S., H. R. Allcock, M. Turner and R. Fitzpatrick. ' Poly (bihty and the Swe Poly (alkylether) Side Groups: A Study of Their Water Solu Characteristics of Their Hydrogels. Accepted to Macromolecules.

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' Chemistrv Department l

' INCLUSION POLYMERIZATION

Participants:

H.R Allcock E. N. Silveriserg G. K. Dudley S. R. Pucher 1

Services Provided:

Gamma hradiatior Host-guest phenomenon has been known for many years. One type of these adducts is clathrates or rnolecular inclusion compounds. Clathrates are crystalline solids in which guest molecules

- occupy cavities or tunnels within the host lattice. The guest is held by steric and van

~32

- der Waals forces only, with no formal bond between the guest and host. Inclusion chemistry has been known for many years. Urea, thiourea, cyckxiextrins, perhydrotriphenylene and zeolites i

nave all been shown to have inclusion behavior, Cyclophospharenes are a class ofinorganic ring systems with alternating phosphorus and nitrogen atoms in the ring. It was found that cenain spirocyclotriphosphazenes show molecular inclusion phenomenon. De synthesis and inclusion propenies of tris (ophenelenedioxy)-

cyclotriphosphazene (1), tris (2,3-naphthalenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene (2) and tris (1,8-i naphthalenedioxy)cyclotriphosphazene (3) are well known. Compounds 13 fonn clathrate adducts with organic molecules when recrystallized from organic solvents. Furthennore, pure 1 forms inclusion adducts spontaneously when brought in contact with the liquid or vapor phase of the guest component. Polymerization of organic monomers within 1 and 2 by MCo gamma radiation has been reported. In many cases, macromolecules formed in this manner have been stereoregular. The structural aspects of compounds 13 as well as their clathrate adducts have been examined by x ray single-crystal structure studies.

The aim of this work is to synthesize spirocyclophosphazenes and continue the investigation of polymerization of organic monomers within the clathate tunnels.

DoctomiThesis:

Silverberg, E. N., and H. R. Allcock (advisor). Phosphazene Clathrate Systems. In progress.

Chemistry Denanment SURFACE MODIFICATION OF POLYPHOSPliAZENES IlY GAMMA RADIATION INDUCED GRAFTING

Participants:

H. R. Allcock D. E. Smith Services Provided:

Gamma Irradiation Synthetic polymers are u:ed in a wide range of materials applications. The suitability of a polymer for a particular application may depend upon its possessing both the desired bulk desired bulk propenies and to tailor its surface chemistry to suit the applic propenies and also its having a specific surface nature. The ability to choose a is therefore an imponant development.

The polyphosphazene family is panicularly suited to this approach. The propenies of a phosphazene polymer are largely dependent upon its side gmup substituents. Macromolecular substitution, t ie common route to organophosphazene polymers, allows fine control over bulk propenies, such as crystallization, glass transition temperatures and solubility. The greater chemical stability of the P-N backbone over purely organic analogues allows reactions such as side gmup substitutions and radiation crosslinking to be carried out with a lower likelihood of chain cleavage.

Polyphosphazene clastomers with saturated and/or unsaturated hydrocarbon side chain substituents have been synthesized,includin' alkyl phenoxy, alkyl ether and allyl phenoxy groups. Films of these clastomers, coateo w po!ydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and other siloxanes, are exposed to gamma radi. ion it, controlled doses. The production and reaction of mdicals within both polymer types is t.xpected to result in overall crosslinking and covalent grafting at the siloxane-phosphazene interface.

Surface properties of the modified films, such as surface energy, hydrophobicity and biocompatibility, am to be investigated.

33

Chemistrv Depanment y

SYNTHESIS AND CllARACTERIZATION OF ION SELECTIVE POLYPIIOSPIIAZENE INTERPENETRATING POLYMER NETWORKS j

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Participants:

H. R. Allcock K. B. Visscher 1

Services Provided:

Gamma Irradiation The synthesis of several new ion specific interpenetrating polymer networks commsed of polyphosphazenes and ion specific organic polymers is reported. I ull, sequential IPNs were prepared from cross-linked poly [ bis (2-(2 methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene), poly [ bis (propyl i

oxybenzoate)phosphazene] and several organic polymers includmg poly (acrylic acid),

poly (sulfonic acid sodium salt), poly (diundecylenylphosphinate) and poly ((pmethylimino diacetoxy) styrene). These materials were charactenzed by NMR and IR spectroscopy and differenaal scanning calorimetry (DSC). The com? exed metal ion:: were analyzed by elemental l

analysis, electron microscopy and x ray microana:ysis.

There exists a need to develop polyph,osphazene interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) which

- function as ion exchange orion filtration materials for both aqueous and organic media. These materials could find many applications in both biomediine and environmental science. IPNs

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swell, but are insoluble in both aqueous and organic ei.conments. This would enable ion exchange or filtration to take place over a much greater surface area compared to standard ion exchange materials in a variety of solvent systems.

lon exchangers are cross-linked, insoluble, high molecular weight polyelectrolytic materials which exchange mobile ion for ions of equal charge fmm the surrounding media. The ion exchange process is stoichiometric and reversible. lon exchange materials may be considered 1

supramolecular acids or bases containing a high molecular weight cation which normally take the form of powders, beads, granules or other forms with limited surface area.

Many ion exchangers are, in reality, acidic or basic derivatized forms of common cross-linked organic polymers such as polystyrene. As such, the ion exchanger is dependent upon the functional groups present in the cross linked matrix. Many well known commercial cation exchangers contain the following acidic functionalities incorporated into their matrices:

1. -SO -

4. -IO H 3

3

2. -COf 5.

AsO 2 3

3.

-O-

6. -SeO -

3 Several of these materials possess high solubility in water and therefore are unsuitable for ion exchange. This solubility problem may be rectified in a number of different ways including: 1) cross linking the polymer to promote insolubility,2) the derivatized monomer may be p

incorporated into a co-pclymer system and 3) the polymer may be prepared as part of an

. interpenetrating polymer network (IPN).

o Interpenetrating polymer networks are multicomponent polymer systems which may be prepared by polymerizing and cross-linking a monomer within the swollen, cross-linked matrix of a second polymer. 'The two polymers may form an intimate mixture which ivould lead to a greater -

1 probability of intermolecular interactions between the species. Once prepared, the IPN is msoluble, but sweliable in aqueous or organic media. As such, IPNs might provide a greater surface area forion exchange for a smaller amount of material used. The interpenetrating -

polymer networks for this project would consist of a cross linked poly (organophosphazene) matrix and an organic monomer with one of the aforementioned acid functionalities.

, Poly (organophosphazenes) comprise a broad, well known class of inorganic /otganic polymers

possessing a flexible backbone of N=P units. Phosphazenes are unique in that their properties 34 m~

and applications may be tailored by the choice of side groups on the polymer. Poly (organ -

ophosphazenes) have many and varied properties which underlie their uses as biomaterials, non-linear optical materials, p.e-ceramics, and as non burning, oil resistant, low temperature clastomers.

We have reported previously the preparation and characterization ofIPNs containing poly [ bis (2-(2 methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)phosphazene) or poly [ bis (propyloxybenzoate) phosphazene) and vanous orgame polymers,ncluding polystyrene, poly (methyl methacrylate), polyacrylonitrile and i

poly (acrylic acid). In all cases, the phosphazene polymers served as the cross linked polymer matrix. As pan of our program to synthesize new materials with novel macromolecular properties, we report the preparation of several well characterized IPNs capab ofion exchange or ion filtration containing poly (organophosphazenes) and organic polymers containing acid functionalities.

Doctoral Thesis:

Visscher, K. B., and H. R. Allcock (advisor). Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (organophospl.azene) Alloys. In progress.

l Publications:

Allcock, H. R.,I. Manners and K. B. Visscher. Polyphosphazene Organic Polymer Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. Submitted to Chemistry of Materials,1992.

Allcock, H. R., K. B. Visscher and I. Manners. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (organophosphazene) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks. ACS Symp Scr. In Press, 1991.

Fitzpatrick, R. J., K. B. Visschei and H. R. AUcock. Thin Layer Grafts of Poly [ bis (methoxy-ethoxyethoxy)Phosphazene on Organic Polymer Surfaces. Chemistry ofAfarcrials. In Press, 1992.

Allcock, H. R., and K. B, Visscher. Synthesis and Characterization of Poly (organophosphazene)

Blends. Submitted to Chemistry of Afaterials,1992.

Dairv and Animal Science EFFECT OF OVIDUCT FLUID COMi'OSITION ON SPERM MOTILITY AND CAPACITATION.

Participants:

G. Killian D. Zaczek Services Provided:

Gamma Inadiation This lab was attempting the production of hybrid cell lines which would secrete monoclonal' antibodies directed againsgoteins found within the bovine oviduct. In efforts to maximize -

survival of hybrid clones we incorporated a feeder cell layer as pan of our standard fusion protocol. This feeder celllayer consisted of murine fibroblast cells (L929 cells purchased through the ATCC). A continuous culture of these cells was maintained in our lab. One day prior to fusion, a 75% confluent monolayer of L929 was harvested in RPMI 1640 culture media and washed two times in the same media. Subsequently the cells were brought to the Breazeale reactor and gamma irradiated with 10,000 rad to prevent their proliferation. '

y were returned to our alb and resuspended in RPMI 1640 supplemented with HAT (5 X 10-3 Q.. 'poxanthine,2 X 10-5 M aminopterin,8 X 104 M thymidine) and adjusted to a density of 5 X 104 cells /mL One mL -

aliquots of the feeder cell suspension were added to each well of four 24 well tissue culture plates and incubated overnight at 37 C with 5% CO2. The next day, fused cells were added to the already established plates and clones allowed to develop.

35 a-

-w m-v-m-..

-p_

9 y,

.c

Hybrid lines tims produced were expanded to the point they could be frozen down in liquid N2 We are currently subcloning the lines and assessing the antibodies produced to detennine their potential use in our lab.

Sponsor:

USDA NRICGP grant at $250,000 Food Science Denanment IRRADIATION OF TURKEY SKIN TO KILL NATURAL MICROFLORA

Participants:

S. Poores J. W. Kim Services Provided:

Gamma hradiation In this study, irradiation was used for preparation of skin samples. To get sterile skin samples, several dosages were tried and a minimum dosage of 0.5 MRads was determined best for use in later studies.

Doctomi Thesis:

Kim, J. W., and S. Poores, advisor. Effect of Three Defeathering Systems on the Morphology of Turkey Skin as Related to Attachment of Salmonella typ.hhnurium, in progress.

Sponsor:

Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture, $66,198 Geosciences Denartment PETROLOGY & GEOCIIEMISTRY OF Tile ROCKY BOY STOCK, BEARPAW MOUNTAINS, MONTANA Panicipants:

D. Eggler S. Shank L.Kump Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation The origin of alkaline and subalkaline magmas in central Montana is unclear. There are tlure possible sources for the magmas; subcontinental lithosphere, asthenosphere and the subducting Farallon Plate. However, the relative contributions, if any, of each possible component is poorly constrained. To help clarify this question, a suite of unusual potassic alkaline rocks from the Rocky Boy Stock in the Bearpaw Mountains in nonh-central Montana is being studied. The three aossible sources are characterized by distinct trace-element signatures The subcontinental

.ithosphere beneath central Montana is distinguish i by high Ba and extreme enrichment in the light rare-earth elements, La, Ce and Nd. The asthenosphere is characterized by high -

concentrations of Ta, Ti and Nb. In contrast, subduction-related magmas are distinguished by strong depletions in Ta, Ti and Nb, but are enriched in Cs, Th and Rb. The trace-element data determined by INAA will aid in the identification of the source (s) of the magmas, and will provide constraints on the relative proportion derived from each possible source.

- DoctoralThesis:

Shank, S., and D. Eggler, advisor. Petrology and Geochemistry of the Rocky Boy Stock, L

Bearpaw Mountains, Montana. In progress, r

i Sponsor:

National Science Foundation 36

i

]

Industrial Encincedne Tile EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINATION OF Tile JEUTRON CROSS I

SECTION FOR SELECTED SOLVENTS l

)

Participants:

S.11. Levine D. F. Poeth C.Ruud D. E. Ilughes Senices Provided:

Neutron Radiography and Radiation Counters t

This experimental program is to detennine the macroscopic neuuon cross section of various solvents useful in neutron radiographic inspection. A Tnga reactor was used as a thermal neutron source with a Reuter Stokes fission chamber as the neutron detector. Selected solvents were placed in specially fabricated glass vials oflow neutron cross section. De vlais of fluids were placed in a special holder on a motorized table which allowed each fluid to be remotely positioned i

in the neutron beam. A statistical experimental design was.;enerated to quantitatively.-

- detennine cach fluid's macroscopic neutron cross section. 3ccause polyenergetic neutrons are used in neutron radiographic inspection, no attempt was made to generate a monoenergetic beam

= '

for this investigation. N oderator tank temperature, com fuel temperature, neutron flux, gamma flux and reactor power were recorded over time and plotted.

The results of this experiment provided a quantitative measure of the mean and standard deviation of the macroscopic neutron cross section for the 9 fluids investigated.- The measured cross section for distilled water was in close agreement with published values.

DoctoralThesis:

Poeth, D., and C. Ruud, adviscr. The Development of an Optimized Neutron 03aque Penetrant for the Evaluation of Manufactt. ring Damage in Monolithic and Composite N aterials. In 1

progress.

Mechanical Encineerine FLUID FLOW VISUALi4ATION WITil NEUTRON RADIOGRAPilY Participantt D. Sathianathan J. M. Cimbala Services Provided:

Neutron Radiography Two short term projects were conducted at the neutron radiography facility:

7

- 1. Examination of breathing regulators using NR for Mine Safety Appliances Company, Pittsburgh. This involved studying the behavior of the diaphragms within the face mask and

- belt mounted regulators during operation. Real-time radiographs were acquired to visualize

. displacement and frequency of diaphragm oscillation for extreme test condmons.

- 2. - Lead-bismuth liquid metal flow experiments with Professor Takenaka' and his co-workers from Kobe University, Japan. NR techniques were used to visualize natural and forced convection -

1 flow pattems in molten lead bismuth. The flow patterns were observed using neutrally 1 I

buoyant particles in a 1 D stainless steel test section. The particles were clearly visible and could be easily tracked using the real time (30 frames /sec.) imaging system. Using these

- results, Professor Takenaka is hoping to secure funding for further research from the Japanese agencies.

37.

-s-

.,#,.u, a-.-,-m---.-

+

,w

= m-w -- w r-e-s e *m e

,3

,, r + % - e g r w.v neyfr-vv,-r,-y-r,-,,-m.,,,,,%,-,w,,-,,,,u.,,

k f

Doctoral %esis:

Sathianathan, D., and J. M. Cimbala, advisor. Fluid Flow Visualization with Neutron Radiography.1992.

l Paper:

Sathianathan, D., and J. M. Cimbala. Theoretical Predictions for Imaging Shock Waves in Gases Using Neutron Radiograpico, CA. May Il-14,1992.hy. Proceedings of the Fourth Radiography, San Franc

.j t

Metals Science avf Engineering j

PLANT LIFE EXTENSION TECllNOLOGY: NON DESTRUCTIVE REACTOR MATERIALS EMHRITTLEMENT MONITORING USING POSITRON ANNiillLATION LIFETIME SPECTROSCOPY J

Participants:

M. P. Manahan P. D. Freyer l

Services Provided:

110t Cell Lab, Radiation Counters, Machine Shop and Electronics Shop -

t Reactor pressure vessels and core internals are neutron irradiated during operation and consequently are subject to radiation induced embrittlement. It is highly desirable for future end-of license (h0L) extension planning to be able to monitor the material degradation and to accurately 1

model the embrittlement process at criticallocations on a regular basis.

j This research program is in the process of investigatmg the effects of neutmn irradiation on ferritic reactor pressure vessel steels usmg positron annihilation spectroscopy (PALS). Positron annihilation techniques have proven useful as a non-destructive pmbe for smdying microstructural defects such as microvoids and precipitates in solids. Forlife extension purposes, detection and 1

quantification of miemvoid densities is essential to the characterization of the steel embrittlement.

7 The positron annihilation system is used to measure the microvoid density in neutmn irradiated pressure vessel steel using a f ce-volume microsrobe (FVM). A FVM is capable of extremely sensitive detection of minute changes in the mo ecular free volume of a material. The key to the 4

FVM is the very precise measurement of positron lifetime in the material ofinterest. The technique i

is so sensitive to electron density that localized changes, such as the intmduction of microvoids due to neutron bombardment, can be readily detected. This data, along with other microstructural measurements (light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electr'on microscopy (TEM)) will be used to develop physically-based models which can predict material

- behavior such as strength, ductility and fracture toughness.

To iate, Phase I of the projset has been completed. This work involved using PALS on a pressure ves>el steel exposed to a relttively low fluence. The material was provided by Niagra Mohawk ~

Power Corporation. PALS detected a readi!y measurable difference in positron lifetime between the unitradiated and irradiated states. Specifically, an additionallifetime component.was measured :

in the irradiated material; this component is believed to be due to microvoids which were produced during the neutmn damage cascade. TEM has been used to investigate the various phases and precipitates present in the unitradiated and irradiated steel and electron diffraction patterns were used m order to identify these phases. SEM has also been used to study the fracture surfaces of both the unitradiated and irradiated material. These characterization techniques showed no.

'E difference in microstructure or fracture mechanisms between the unitradiated and irradiated '

material.-

Phase 11 of the project has recently been initiated. The material used for this portion of the study has been supplied by Westinghouse Electric Corporation. Once again, the materialis a ferritic pressure vessel matetial, however, these particular samples have been exposed to several different 38 awnr "r'w, e=.

w e e -eme m e s--m-.3m*,z w

wre-2--r, e--.e-c-wa

- m as-tt. -am w s--

• trer---------

en----

erm,n-=

fluence levels, all of which are orders of magnitude higher than the Phase I material. in addition, these semples have been subjected to a series of different anneal schedules and have various chemical compositions. PALS mearutements are cunently being done on this set of samples to determine if the technique is capable of measuring the differences in defect density present after each inadiation and anneal. This ponion of the project does not involve any destnictive measurements such as light microscopy, SEM or TEM.

Master's Thesis:

Freyer, P. D., and M. P. Manahan, advisor. Non-Destructive Reactor Materials Embrittlement Monitoring for Plant Life Extension (PLEX) Applications. In progress.

Technical Presentations:

Freyer, P. D. Plant Life Extension Technology: Non Destructive Reactor Matedals Embrittlement Monitoring Using Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy.

Midwest /Nonheast American Nuclear Society Student Conference, University of Michigan.

1992.

Freyer, P. D. Non Destructive Reactor Materials Embrittlement Monitoring for Plant Life Extension (PLEX) Applications. Graduate Seminar Series, Metals Science &

Engineering Depanment.1991.

Freyer, P. D. Non-Destructive Reactor Materials Embrittlement Monitoring for Plant Life Extension (PLEX) Applications. Cooperation Research Program, Metals Science &

Engineering Depanment.1991.

Sponsor:

Project FERMI b'ndear Engineering NEUTRON AllSORPTION AND CORROSION PROPERTIES OF llORATED ALUMINUM

Participants:

A. J. "aratta S.Lu H. Pickering Services Provided:

Neutron irradiation, Laboratory Space and Machine Shop Borated aluminum is a candidate neutron absorber for use in the storage of spent rmelear fuel. The research effon sought to evaluate the conosion and neutron absorption propenies of the materhlin a variety of storage pool environments.

Studies were conducted for both BWR & PWR pool conditions under both normal and abnonnal Pil, temperature and irradiation levels. Subsequent microscopic assessments were made of the materials post exposure conditions and neutron attenuating abilities.

Sponsor:

Eagle-Pitcher Corporation S30,000 39 l

Nuclear Engineering NEUTRON ENERGY SPECTRUM ANALYSIS

Participants:

A. J. Baratta D. C. Raupach M. Oliver Services Provided:

Radiation Counters and Flux Monitoring A woperative effon between Mark Oliver of the Anny Pulsed Reactor Facility (APRF) at Aberdeen, Maryland, and radionuclear applications personnel at the RSEC has been undertaken in an effon to gain expertise in doing neutron energy spectrum analyses.

Necessay neutron activation foils and appropriate shielding covers for doing a calibration of the six inch, lead shielded, round irradiation tube at the RSEC were supplied by APRF. The foils were irradiated for predetermined times and then counted at both the RSEC counting facility and at APRF. Actual calculations for determining the neutron energy spectrum are stillin progress, b'oclear Encineering PERTURilED ANGULAR CORRELATION (PAC) SPECTROSCOPY: EVIDENCE FOR PROllE DOPANT INTERACTIONS IN CA. DOPED llARIUM TITANATE-Panicipants:

G. L. Catchen J. M. Adams R. L. Rasera Services Provideo:

Neutron Irradiation and Angular Conclations Lab To investigate dopant-and defect-probe interactions, we have performed perturbed angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy on Ca-doped barium titanate ceramics. Polycrystalline samples of barium titanate were prepared using the resin intermediate process, and the samples were doped with Ca according to the fonnula (Bat.xCa )(Ti.y a )O3.v. in which 0 $ x s 0.05 and 0 s y s x

i C y 0.05. All of the samples were doped with approximately 0.1 at % of lif, which substituted Into the Ti sites and carried the 18111f--> 181Ta PAC probe radioactivity. Measurements were performed over a temperature range from laboratory temperature to - 1100 K. In the ferroelectric phases, at Ca concentrations of several percent, the doping produces an increase in the Ti-site electric-field gradient (efg) asymmety and in the extent of s pectral linebroadening. At mgher Ca concentrations, the linebroadening increases further and the 1 erroelectric-to-panelectric transition is not discernable. The changes in efg symmetry and spectral linebroadening, which are essentially temperature invariant, could be attributed to preferential substitution of the Ca dopant into Ba coordination spheres that are near the probe sites. In the paraelectric phase, doping at 2 at. %

produces a weak penurbation that is several times stronger than the corresponding weak perturbation that non doped samples show over the same temperature range. This result strongly suggests that O vacancies do not cause weak perturbations.

Publication:

Adams, J. M., and G_ L. Catchen. Perturbed-Angalar-Correlation 'AC) Spectroscopy:

Evidence for Probe-Dopant Interactions in Ca-Doped Barium T /nate. Materials Science ana Engineering. April 1992.

Sponsor:

Office of Naval Research $69,000 l

l 40

bh:k Nuclear EngittniDa lilGil TEMPERATURE PARTITIONING OF 181HF.PROllE IMPURITIES IIETWEEN Li AND GROUP.V SITES IN LINbO AND LITaO3 3

Participants:

O. L. Catchen J. M. Adams T. M. Rearick Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation and Angular Conelations Lab Perturbed angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions at high temperatures in ceramic temary metal oxides, LiNbO and LiTaO3 3

In these ferroelectric ceramics, the Isilir..> 181Ta PAC probe was carried by approximately 0.03 at. % lif as an impurity dopant, and the PAC measurements were made over a temperature range from approximately 1300 to 1700 K, which included the fenoclectric-to-paraclectne transition for LiNbO3. As we recently reported, at temperatures below - 1100 K, the probe substitutes primarily into Li sites in both compounds. At higher temperatures, we find that the 8111f- >

1 181Ta probe partitions between the Li and group-V sites. At these higher temperatures, the Li site electric-field gradients (efgs) are characteriwd by high frequencies that are similar to those observed at lower temperatures. The ::roup V site efgs are characterized by frequencies that are approximately one tenth the magnitut e of those corresponding to the Li sites.

Publication:

Catchen, G. L., J. M. Adams and T. M. Rearick. High-Temperature Partitior mg of 18111f-Probe impurities Between Li and Group-V Sites in LiNbO3 and LiTaO. Accepted for publication in 3

the Physical Review h. April 1992.

Paper:

Catchen, G. L. (Presenter), J. M. Adams and T. M. Rearick. High Temperature Partitioning of 18111f-imaurities Petween Li Sites and Group-V Sites in LiNbO and LiTaO, Aiaetican 3

3 Chemica Society National Meeting, Washington, DC. August 23-28,1992.

Sponsor:

Office of Naval Research $69,000 Nucleat Enittenitig CALIBRATION OF A MQSSilAUER EFFECT SPECTROMETER

Participants:

G. L. Catchen R. J. Hanna 111 Services Provided:

Angular Correlations Lab and Laboratory Space Recently, to expand research into the field of M0ssbauer-effect spectroscopy, two Mussbauer-effect spectrometers were acquired. However, both units were incomplete and no data analysis software was available with either unit. Beginning in May of 1991, as an undergraduate research project, repair and calibration was begun on the more modem unit. This effort was successfully concluded in April of 1992 with the calibration of the unit und the writing of data analysis software. The B.S. thesis describes in detail the procedure and the associated theory and 41

equipment for calibration of a M6ssbauer-effect spectrometer. It explains the theory behind resonant gamma ray absorption and emission. The theory and working of the spectrometer are desenbed. The data and the results of a calibration run with a Fe2O3 calibration disk are also presented.

Bachelor's Thesis:

llanna, R. G., and G. L. Catchen, advisor. Calibration of a M0ssbauer-Effect Spectrometer.

1992.

Nglear Eudncering USING NUCLEAR. ELECTRIC.QUADRUPOLE INTERACTIONS TO CilARACTEltlZE FERROELECTRIC.TO.PARAELECTRIC TRANSITIONS IN linTIO, KNbO3, AND PrAIO3 3

Participants:

G. L. Catchen E. F. liollinger M. C. Fonseca J. M. Adams Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation and Angular Correlations Lab Penurbed-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure the temperature dependences of the nuclear-electric-quadmpole interactions at metal ion-sites in ferroelectiic, ternary metal-oxide perovskites, BaTiO3, KNbO3, PrAlO. These compounds were prepared as 3

ceramics doped with < 0.1 at. % lif, which canied the 18111f --> 181Ta PAC probe radioactivity.

For BaTiO3 and KNbO3, the temperature dependences of the electric field gradient component Vu, measured by the 181Ta + probe ion at the Tid + and Nb5+ sites, respectively, are consistent 5

with critical-exponent p values of approximately 0.3 Whereas, for PrAlO, Vu decreases strictly 3

linearly as temperature increases to the transition temperature Tc. This temperature dependence is unexpected and anomalous. We are investigating other rare-earth aluminates to obtain more information with which we nn explain this anomaly.

Bachelor's Theses:

llollinger, E. F., and G. L. Catchen, advisor. Perturbed-Angular Correlation Spectroscopy:

Rhombohedral-to Cubic Transition in PrAlO.1992 3

Fonseca, M. C., and G. L. Catchen, advisor. Perturbed-Angular-Correlation Spectroscopy:

Tetragonal-to-Cubic Transition in KNbO3. In progress.

Publication:

Adams, J. M. (presenter), G. L. Catchen, M. C. Fonseca and E. F. iio!!inger. Using Nuclear-Electric-Quadrupole Interactions to Characterize Ferroelectric-to-Paraeiectric Tnmsitions in datio 3, KNbO3, and PrAlO American Chemical Society National Meeting, Washington, 3

DC. August 23-28,1992.

Sponsor:

Of6ce of Naval Research $69,000 42

Nuclear Engineering NEW TECilNIQUE TO DOPE GaAS CRYSTALS WITil Tile 1111n - > 111Cd PROllE FOR PEltTURilED ANGULAlt CORRELATION SPECTROSCOPY Panicipants:

G. L. Catchen D. L. Miller J. M. Adams J.Fu Sersices Provided:

Angular Correlations 12b Perturbed-angular-correlation (PAC) spectroscopy is an imponant technique for measuring defect and dopant interactions in group IV and Ill V semiconductors. The probe of choice for most of the successful PAC experiments on semiconductors has been 111n -> lilCd introduced by ion-1 implantation. Because facilhier to implant radioactive ions such as Illin have not been readily available in the U.S., we developed a simple cloxd-tube, vapor-phase-epitaxy (VPE) technique to produce Illin-doped GaAs single-crystal epitaxial materials. PAC measurements on these crystals yielded essentially non penurbed correlations that indicate that the lilln probe was incorporated substitutionally into the GaAs crystals. These non-perturbed correlations differ significantly from the previously reponed weakly penurbed correlations that were measured on GaAs crystals e

implanted with Illin ions. Also an exploratory experiment ushg this VPE technique showed that Sn can be incorporated along with lilln.

Publication:

Adams, J. M., J. Fu, G. L. Catchen and D. L Miller. New Technigt.e to Dope GaAs Crystals with the lilln --> lilCd Probe for Perturbed-Angular-Correlation Spectroscopy.

Applied Physics Letters. May 1992.

Paper:

Adams, J. M. (presenter), J. Fu, G. L. Catchen and D. L. Miller. New Technique to Dope GaAs Crystals with the 111In --> lilCd PAC Probe. American Chemical Society National Meeting, Washington, DC. August 23-28,1992.

Sponsor:

National Science Foundation

$60,000

& clear EngLnEDDE TEMPERATURE DEPENDENCE OF Tile Ti SITE ELECTRIC-FIELD GRADIENT IN TITANITE, CaTiSiO3 Participaats:

G. L. Catchen C. A. Randall D. M. Spaar S. J. Wukitch J. M. Adams R. L Rasera Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation and Angular Corn:lations Lab Penurbed-Angular-Correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions at the Ti sites in ceramic samples of titanite. The primary objective was to meastne the effects of the antiferroelectric-to-paraelectric transition, which occurs at approximately 500 K, on the electric-field gradients (cfg) at the Ti site. The samples were doped with 2 and 0.5 43

I at. % of lif that carried the 18311f -4 181Ta PAC probes. Measurements were made over a temperature range from 1010 980 K Over the temperate r range near the transition, the efg parameters Vu and y showed no significant inflections. Over the entire temperature range, as temperatures increased, Vn decreased approximately linearly and a remained relatively constant.

Using the point-charge model, the absence of any discernable effect of the transition on the measured values of Vn and q could be attributed n the direction and symmetry of the Ti-ion displacement Irlative to the Ti-site erg axes.

Publication:

Catchen, G. L., C. A. Itandall and R. L. Rasera. Temperature Dependence of the Ti Site Electric-Field Gradient in Titanite CaTiSiO. Physical Review B, @5015-5018.1992.

5 Nudutfngineering ORDER DlSORDElt EFFECTS IN Tile PilASE TRANSITIONS OF LINbO3 and LITaO MEASURED IlY PERTURIIED ANGULAR COltRELATION 3

SPECTROSCOPY

Participants:

G. L. Catchen D. M. Spaar Services Provided:

Neutron Itradiation and Angular Correlations Lab Penurbed-Angular Correlation (PAC) spectroscopy was used to measure nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions at the Li sites in two isostmetural, ferroelectric temary metal-oxides, LiNbO and LiTaO. These compounds were prepared as ceramics doped with approximately 3

3 0.01 at. % ! 'nat carried the radioactive 18111f -4 181Ta PAC probes. PAC measurements were made over a :emperature range from 295 K to = 1100 K, which included the ferToelectric40-paraelectric transition for LiTaO. Because the transition temperature Tc for LiNbO3 exceeded the 3

accessible temperature range of the available apparatus, the investigation focused mainly on the features of the LiTaO transition. In panicular, the measured penurbation functions show well-3 defined, high-frequency, static interactions that are characterized by extensive linebroadening at temperatures well below Tc and by significantly less linebroadening at temperatures above Tc. At I.

temperatures above Tc, the electric-field-gradient (efg) asymmeuy parameter y is close to zero; but at temperatutrs well below Tc, a is significantly larger than zero. This result is not expected, l

because the axial symmetry at the Li site associated with the diffraction-derived structure implies l

that h should vanish at temperatures both below and above Tc The observed a temperature l

dependance is explained using an order-disorder model. This model suggests that Li Frenkel-pair defect: (a:.d to some extent group V antisite defects) occupy normally-vacam metal sites and break the axial symmetry associated with the Li site. At temperatures below Tc, the efg component Vu increases as temperature increases. Distonion of the probe-containing oxygen octahedron that increases with temperature could produce this change in Vu Over the same temperature tange, the spontaneous polarization decreases. For this reason, Vu may not be strongly coupled to the order parameter for the transition. liowever, the anomalous temperature dependence of a suggests that a may be coupled to the order parameter.

Paper:

Catchen, G. L. Investigating Order-Disorder Effects in the Phase Transition of LiNbO3 and LiTaO Using Penutbed-Angular-Correlation (PAC) Spectroscopy.American Chemical 3

Society National Meeting, Washington, DC. August 23-28,1992.

44

l Publicatiom Catchen G. L., and D. M. Spaar. Onler Disorder Effects in the Phase Transitions of LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 Measured by Perturbed Angular Correlation Spectroscopy. PhysicalRcriew B d4:12137-12145. 1991.

Sponsor:

Office of Naval Research

$45,000 Nuclear Engineering EXPLORATORY MEASUREMENTS OF COMillNED NUCLEAR ELECTRIC.

QUADRUPOLE AND MAGNETIC IlYPERFINE INTERACTIONS IN RARE-EARTil ORTIIOFERRITES

Participants:

G. L Catchen T. Rearick J. M. Adams Services Provided:

Angular Correlations Lab Perturbed angular-correlation spectroscopy was used to measure nuclear-electric-quadrupole interactions and combined nuclear-magnetic-dipole interactions in nine of the rare eanh onhoferrites, RFeO (R=La, Pr, Nd..., Lu). Ceramic samples were doped with trace amounts of 3

1111n/lllCd PAC probes. Measurements were performed above and below the antiferromagnetic-to paramagnetic pnase transition temperature, Tc. Above Te, pure electric-quadrupole interactions were observed and the associated Fe-site electric-field gradients (efgs) were measured. Values for g

the efg parameters, Vu and 9, the line-shape parameter, S. and the site-occupancy fraction, fi, h'

were obtained from the high-temperature perturbation functions. Vu increases slowly with increasing atomic number of the rare-earth, and a decreases with increasing atomic number of the rare-canh and eventually vanishes for rare-eanh orthoferrites containing rare-earths heavier than holmium. Also, Vu decreases with increasing temperature; whereas, y,6, and f are all i

approximately constant. Interactions at a second site were also observed in most of the above-Tc perturbation functions, for which Vu, y,8, and f were derived but not interpreted. Below Te, the 2

combined interaction was observed in all of the measured rare-eanh onhoferrites. Frequencies obtained from the laboratoty-temperature penurbation functions were used to estimate y n (um/u@, the ratio of the magnetic-interaction frequency to the electric quadmpole inteaction frequency, and p, the angle between the principal-axis of the efg tensor and the direction of:he magnetic field for lilCd impurity ions at the Fe + sites. The ratio, y,is small(5 0.5) for these 3

rare-eanh onhofenites, and the angle,,is approximately 90*.

Bachelor's Thesis:

Rearick, T. M., and G. L. Catchen, advisor. Penurbed-Angular-Correlation Spectroscopy of Rare-Eanh Onhoferrites, Engineering Science.1992.

Paper-Rearick, T. M. (presenter), G. L Catchen and J. M. Adams. Combined Magnetic-Dipole and Electric-Quadrupole llyperfine Interactions in Rare Eanh Onhoferrites. American Chemical Society National Meeting, Washington, DC. August 23-28,1992.

45

Nuclear Engince. ting TRITIUhl CONTA511 NATION Or blETALS i

Participants:

W. S. Diethorn A. R. Dulloo Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space, hiachine Shop, Isotope Production and Electronics Shop Tritium contamination of equipment creates problems in waste control, radiological safety and tritium accountability at large tdtium pn> cessing facilities in the U.S. The purpose of this study is to investigate tritium distribution in materials of interest to the tritium processing industry.

Recoilinjection and diffusion-charging will be used to impregnate materials with tritium, and the tritium distribution resulting from these two rnethods of impregnation will be compared. The effects of factors such as grain size and sensitization on the tritium distribution will also be investigated.

Doctoral Thesis:

Dulloo, A. R., and W. S. Diethorn, advisor. An Experimental Study of the Distribution of Recoil-and Diffusion-Charged Tritium in hietals. In progress.

Sponsor:

EG&G hiound Applied Technologies, fourth year b'oclear Encineering 3

UNDERGRADUATE LAllORATORY ON REACTOR EXPERlh1ENTS Panicipants:

R. h1. Edwards hl. A. Power hl. E. Bryan D. E. Ilughes Services Provided:

Laboratory Space, hiachine Shop, Electronies Shop, Reactor Instrumentation and Support Staff The Nuclear Engineering 451 course is the second of two required 3 credit laboratory courses.

Each weekly laboratory exercise usually consists of 2 lectures and one laboratory session conducted. The first course (NucE 450) covers radiation instrumentation and measurement and is conducted in the 2nd semester of the junior year. By the beginning of the senior year, the students have already covered the Lahtarsh reactor theory book including reactor point kinetics. The 451 course then emphasizes eqwriments using the instrumentation that was covered in the first course and is divided into two (more or less) equal " tracks". These tracks can be coarsely described as TRIGA and non-TRIGA experiments and each is the majoricsponsibility of a different professor.

The non-TRIG A track includes 3 graphite pile,2 analog simulation, and 1 power plant measurement expenment.

In 1991, the TRIG A track included:

1. Digital Simulation of TRIGA Reactor Dynamics

2. Control Rod Calibration

3. Large Reactivity insertion (Pulsing)

4. Reactor Frequency Response

5. Neutron Noise

6. Reactor Control 46

This 1991 sequence was only a slight modification over the pavious course organization of recent years. The reactor control experiment replaced a reactor gamma field measureraent experiment and the digital simulation exercise was modified to point kinetics from its previous focus on Xenon dynamics. Reactor controlis offered as a graduate course in our depanment but until now our undergraduates have not received a complete introduction to feedback control.

i In 1991,5 Macintosh Computers equipped with GW Electmnics MacAdios and Superscope software became available for conductmg TRIGA reactor experiment data collection and analysis.

The goal for utilizing this computer ec uipment is to give students more hands-on experience in setting-up the data collection and conc ucting the TR GA experiments. The Macintosh computers were used to conduct and monitor the reactor contml experiment and were used in monitoring the reactor frequency response and large reactivity insenion experiments. They are also adaptable for j

the other experiments and work will continue to fully utilize them for this purpose, l

Publication:

Edwards, R. M., M. A. Power and M.E. Bryan. An Undergraduate React,r Control Experiment.

ANS Transactions. June 1992.

Nuclear Engineering NUCE 505 REACTOR CONTROL

Participants:

R. M. Edwards M. A. Power M. E. Bryan D. E. Hughes Services ProvW t Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Electronics Shop, Reactor Instrumentation and Support Staff One laboratory to demonstrate reactor control was conducted for the graduate Reactor Control course, NucE 505.

Nuclear Engineenng ROBUST OPTIMAL CONTROL OF TRIGA REACTOR TEMPERATURE Particips

• R. M. Edwards M. A. Power J. A. Turso D. E. Hughes M. E. Bryan Services Provided:

Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Electronics Shop, Reactor -

Instrumentation and Support Staff

- Based on a prototype TRIGA Reactor Optimal Control experiment conducted during the summer of 1991, this area has been expanded into a full range of experiments to verify the robustness characteristics of this optimal control applicatiom This is a FERMI funded project to be completed by the end of 1992 and will provide useful background material for future research proposals.

A Bailey NETWORK 90 Distributed Control System is used to implement the optimal control algorithm which is implemented in the Bailey controll:r using general purpose C language programming. The Bailey drives the Secondary Control Rod (SCR) drive which travels in the central thimble while the licensed control and safety system is in a manual mode of operation. The 47

~

. Baf'ey System at the reactor was augmented with a Computer Interface Unit which enables utilization of standard Bailey Software for generating displays of process information.

Advanced control algorithms, such as this optimal control algorithm, require some kind of dynamic model of the process in ' order to achieve improved performance characteristics. The concept of Tobustness is how far can the actual procesi deviate from the assumed process model and still maintain required stability and desired performance im?rovement. Through extensive simulation, this optimal controller which is based on a one-delayec neutron group model, has been shown to -

maintain desired performance for a factor of 10 variation in the power level and control rod worth '

for which it was designedc The current experimental program is to verify these simulation predictions.

Master's Thesis:

Power, M. A., and R. M. Edwarcs, advisor. Expedment Verification of Robust Optimum Control for Improving Reactor Tempe/ature Response. In progress.

Papers:

Edwards, R, M., C. K. Weng and R. W. Lindsay. Experimental Development of Power Reactor Advanced Controllers. Presented at The Eight Power Plant Dynamics, Control & Testing Symposium, Knoxvi'le, TN May 27-29,1992.

Turso, J. A., R. M. Edwards, D. Hughes, M. Bryan and H. E. Garcia. Experience with Developing a Real-World Advanced Control and Diagnostic Testbed Using a University Research Reactor. Al 91: Frontiers in innovative Computingfor the NuclearIndustry. Vol' 1:889-898. American Nuclear Society Meeting at Jackson, WY. September 15-17,1991.

Edwards, R. M., H. E. Garcia, J, A. Turso, C. M. Chavez, A. BenAbdennour, C K. Weng, C.

C. Ku, A. Ray and K. Y. Lee..\\dvanced Control Research at Penn State. EPRI meeting on Advanced Digital Computers, Controls, and Automation Technologies for Power Plants, San Diego, CA. February 5-7,1992.

Publications:

Edwards, R. M., J. A. Turso, K. Y. Lee, H.1 Garcia and A. Ray. The Penn State Intelligent Di tributed Control Research Laborato y. IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting.

1. 9:. WM 075-2-EC and accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.,

January 1992.

Turso, J. A., R. M. Edwards, D. Hughes, M. Bryan and H. E. Garcia. Experience with.

Developing a Real-World Advanced Control and Diagnostic Testbed Using a University Research Reactor. Al 91: Frontiers in innovative Computingfor the Nuclear Industry. Vcl 1:889-898. American Nuclear Society Meeting at Jackson, WY. September 15-17,1991.

Kenney, E. S., R. M. Edwards, K. Y. Lee, A. Ray and S. T. Kumara. Final Technical Report:

Engineering Research Equipment Grant-Microprocessor-Based Controllers. NSF Grant ECS-8905917. January 1991.

Sponsor:

FERMI

. $ 12,000 48'

Muclear Engineering CllROMATOGRAPillC SYSTEM FOR RADIOlSOTOPE ANALYSIS Partic%ts:

W. A. Jester A. R. Dulloo C. D. Bliestein Services Provided:

Neutron irradiation, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Isotope Production. Electronics Shop and Ion Chromatographic System The analysis of aqueous emissions from nuclear power plants prior to release to the environment is an area ofimportance to the nuclear industry. It is difficult to detect and quantify the activities of certain radionuclides present in the emissions due to interference from the activities of other radionuclides. Chemical separation methods are necessary to isolate these nuclides before detection. Unfortunately, these chemical methods are expensive, time-consuming, and are often performed offsite by commercial laboratories.

The pu pose of this study is to develop a system which would allow for the automated separation of the radionuclides in an aqueous mixture using high performance liquid chromatography, followed by the detection and measurement of separated nuclides ofinterest with a radiation detector. Such a system would permit the onsite analysis of aqueous effluents from nuclear power plants without the need for costly and time-intensive chemical separation methods. Most plants already have high performance chromatography equipment used to perform chemical analysis of water samples.

Publications:

Jester, W. A. Use of Neutron Activation Tracers for Studying the Chromatographic Separation of Strontium and Yttrium. Trans. of American Nuclear Society. TANSAO 641-754 Vol. 64:234-235. 1991.

Bliestein, C. D., and W. A. Jester Chromatographic System for Radioisotope Analysis. Interim reports submitted to Ben Franklin Partnership Program. S:ptember 1,1991 to November 30, 1991 and I'ecember 1,1991 to February 29,1992.

Sponsor:

Ben Franklin Partnership Program with matching funds from CB-Tech and Penn State University - Total S141,733 Nuclear Encineering STUDY OF TIIE DEPOSITION LOSSES OF AIRBORNE RADIOIODINE SPECIES IN SAMPLE LINES UNDER NORMAL AND ACCIDENT CONDITIONS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS Participams:

W. A. Jester B. S. Lee Services Provided:

Neutron irradiation, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Isotope Proctuction and Electronics Shop Airborne radioiodme species either in gaseous or particulate forms can be lost inside sample lines used in nuclear power plants. The deposition losses of these radiciodine species can make a bias in the measured iodine activity collected in monitor filters installed at the end of the long sample-lines. CtnTently available experimental data do not agree with each other and no models exist to explain the experimental results. Most of the experimental works are black-box approach, 49

knowing only input and output amount of radiciodine. To better understand mechanisms involved in the radiciodine deposition in the sample lines, experiments using short half-lived 1281 radioisotope (either 1 or Ch I or particluate iodines) have been conducted on the type 316 stainless 2

3

- steel sample lines. The deposition profiles of these radioiodine species were obtained using a thin I

Geiger tu be along the length of the line for various test conditions.

DoctomiThesis:

Lee, B. S., and W. A. Jester, advisor. Study of the Deposition Losses of Airbome Radiciodine Species in Sample Lines Under Normal and Accident Conditions of Nuclear Power Plants. In progress.

Publications:

? - B. S., W. A. Jester and J. hi. Olynyk. Radiciodine Specialization in the Hot Cell Effluent s of a Radiopharmaceutical Producation Facility. Heahh Physics, 61(2):255-258. 1991.

W. A. Jester and J. M. Olynyk On-Line Radiciodine Measurement Using Hot Cell nt Gases of a Radiophannaceutical Production Facility. Nuclear Technology,97:63-70.

c,. A., T. T. Tseng and B. S. Lee. Radiciodine Monitoring of Nuclear Power Plant 2oorne Emissions Under Accident Conditions. Accepted for publication in the proceedings of the Seventh ASTM-EURATOM Symposium on Reactor Dosimetry.

Sponsor:

FERMI S17,068 Nuclear Engineering ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND MONITORING USING ELECTRET PASSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORS

Participants:

W, A. Jester Services Provided:

Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space and Low Level Monitoring Lab Rad-Elect Electret passive environmental monitors are a new type of monitor for the detection of gamma environmental radiation. For the past three years, quanerly measurements have been taken at ten positions in and near the Radiation Science Center. At the same time and locations, the unive-9y Health Physics staff has been making TLD measumments of the gamma background.

Rer21ts obtained from these two different metho:is of background measurements are then c'.npared.

Sponsor:

Equipment donated by Rad-Elec S3,000 50

Nuclear Enginering Tile DEVELOPMENT OF A CARilON 14 AND TRITIUM GASEOUS EFFICIENT MONITOR

Participants:

W. A. Jester K. M. Alam Senices Provided:

Laboratory Space, Machine Shop Low Level Monitoring Lab and Electronics Shop This research project is based upon the collection of carbon dioxide and water vapor nom air using molecular sieves. Later on, the species mentioned above are deso: bed by heating. The activities of carbon-14 and tritium contained in the spaies collected are determined t. sing liquid scintillation counting.

The system was built in the facility machine shop and calibrated in the laboratory. The experiments were performed in a hood with the exhaust fan turned on. A typical experiment involved the absorption of 111 nCi of carbon-14 and 16 nCi of tritiated water on approximately 100 g of

- ected molecular sieves. Later on the sieves were heated to 825'F. Desorbed tritiated water was :

in a biodegradable organic scintillator, ecoscint. Ca-bon-14 was collected in a mixture of Luf-absorber (carbamate) and the organic scintillator. Currently, the development and testing of the final system has been completed and it has been used to monitor airbome tritium and carbon-14 at the Radiation Science and Engineering Center.

DoctoralThesis:

Alam, K. M., and W. A. Jester, advisor. Development of Carbon-14 and Tritium Gaseous Effluent Sampler for Nuclear Power Plants. In progress.

Publication:

Alam, K, M., and W. A. Jester, advisor. Development of Carbon-14 and Tritium Gaseous Effluent Monitor. Trans. of American Nuclear Society. June 1992.

Sponsor:

Project FERM1

$15,000 Pennsylvania Power & Light

$25,000 Nuclear Engineering VERIFICATION OF LITillUM-7 ENRICllMENT IN LITilIUM IIYE,0XIDE 11Y TilERMAL NEUTRON 1RRADIATION

Participants:

W. A. Jester A. R. Dulloo Senices Provided:

Neutron Irradiation, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space, Isotope Production and Low Level Monitoring Lab Lithium hydroxide (LiOH) is used to control the pH of coolant water in the primary Icop of 7

6 pressurized water reactors. Natural lithium consists of 93.45 w/o Li and 6.55 w/o Li. Because of the high thermal neutron cross section of the Li(n,003H reaction,it is desirable to use a lithium 6

compound enriched in the Liisotope to minimize the production of radioactive tritium (3H). 7Li 7

has a zero thermal neutron reaction cross section for H formation, and lithium hydroxide 3

7 compounds used in PWRs are typically enriched to 99.9 w/o Li.

51

- A simple method to measure the Li content of an enriched LiOH compound has been developed.

7 3

Enriched LiOH is irradiated in a thermal neutron flux, and its resulting H activity is radioassayed and compared to that of natural L.iOH which has been subjected to an identical irradiation. Since the 3H activity is a linear function of the Li amount in the compound, the percentage of 7Li in the 7

enriched compound can be calculated based on the well known concentration of 7Li in natural 7

lithium. This method has been used to compare the Li contents of several enriched LiOH powders sold by different vendors, and will be available to commercial customers by the facilities of the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory.

W. A. JESTER'S PAPERS AND PUBLICATIONS FROM PREVIOUS WOR'K AT THE REACTOR NOT INCLUDED IN LAST YEAR'S REPORT Jester, W. A., and D. C. Raupach. Neutron Activation Analysis Instruction at Pennsylvania State University. Trans. ofAmerican Nuclear Society. TANSAO 641-754,64:225.1991.

Okyere, E. W., A. J. Baratta and W. A. Jester. The Response of Ex-Core Neutron Detectors to Large.and Small-Break Loss-of Coolant Accident in Pressurized Water Reactors. Nuclear Techrology. 96:272-289. 1991.

Gundy, L. M., A. J. Baratta, G. R. !mel and W. A. Jester. Analysis of Ex-Core Neutron Detector Response During a Loss-of-Coolant Accident. Nuclear Technology. 94:297-312, 1991.

Nuclear Encineerine UPGRADING THE EQUIPMENT FOR NUCE 450 AND 451 NUCLEAR ENGINEERING LABORATORY COURSES

Participants:

W. A. Jester E. S. Kenney M. L. Voth R. M. Edwards Ser ices Provided:

Neutron Irradiation, Gamma Irradiation, Hot Cell Lab, Radiation Counters and Laboratory Space Four new Macintosh II computer plus interfaces and software have been purchased to provide individual stations for students perfonning NucE 451 reactor experiments at the Radiation Science and Engineering Center. Three new ion chambers were also purchased for this purpose. In additionia software package has been developed to assist NucE students to write lab reports for-NucE 450 and 451. This program package is made as ailable to students on these four new Macintosh computers at the Radiation Science and Engineering Center, and on Macintosh computers located in the department's computer laboratory at Sackett Building.

Sponsors:

B:n Franklin Equipment Grant matching university funds

$47,000 Software developed under a faculty technology initiative program of Penn State's - BEL-Teaching and Learning Technologies groups with funds from Nuclear Engineering and the College of Engineering

$20,000

)

52

-\\

Nuclear Engingnag DEVELOPMENT OF A SOURCE liOLDER AND CONVERSION. TABLES FOR

.USE WITil EBERLINE RO.2'S TO ALLOW TIIE MEASUREMENT OF Tile

-SKIN-DOSE-~ RATES FROM BETA GAMMA SOURCES

~

Participants:

. W. A. Jester S. H. levine M. Chung T. J. Lin -

Services Provided:

Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Isotope Producticn, Low Level Monitoring Lab and Electronics Shop In this project, techniques are being developed to determine skin dose rates from beta gamma-sources using an Eberline RO-2 ion chamber. A program called E13RO2 has been modified from

' the ZEBRA code (a Monte Carlo program developed by Martin J. Berger) for use in computing the beta dose from an RO-2 measurement. The E13RO2 program is a two dimensional program writ:en in Turbo Dasic and can be run on an IBM compatible microcomputer. It calculates the energy deposited in the detector air volume and computes beta skin dose tates as a function of source type, source strength, source diameter, source-detector distances and shield between source and chamber. To fit the RO 2, the geometrical factors of that detector have been taken into r

consideration.

A table is being developed to evaluate the skin dose from RO 2 out[ vats as a function of the measured dose ratio, which is the ratio of outputs obtained without and with a gradient shield of 7 -

mg/cm mass thickness, various source tadii and source-detector distances.

2 A source holder for the RO-2 chamber has been designed and finished to hold any kind of beta-gamma source at a fixed source-detector distance. The holder has been used to measure many diffeirat sources to generate the conversion tables in cooperation with the E13RO2 program.

Measurements using WCo,2*11,147Pm, and 90Sr/90Y sources under different conditions show good agieement with E13RO2 calculations.

Master's Thesis:

Lin, T. J., and W. A. Jester, advisor.- Development of a Beta Skin Dose Monitor Using an Eberline RO-2 Portable Ion Chamber. In progress.

Publication:

Jester, W.' A., and S. H. Levine. The Development of a Source Holder and Conversion Factor c Graphs for Use with Eberline RO-2's to Allow the Measurement of Contact D_ose Rates From -

Small Beta-Gamma Sources. Progress report submitted to PP&L,13 pages. August 1991.

Sponsor:

Pennsylvania Power and Light Company

$52,766 d..

53

N_urJ. car Engineering DEVELOPMENT OF A BETA SKIN DOSE MONITOR USING SILICON DETECTORS

Participants:

W. A. Jester S. H. levine M. Chung Services Provided:

Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Isotope Production, Low Level Monitoring Lab and Electron.i 3 hop The purpose of the research is to develop improved ways to e'

,..ite and measure the beta skin dose. The one-dimensional Monte Carlo electron transport code, ZEBRA, was converted to Eltran2 and Eltran3 for use on the Macintosh or any IBM compatible microcomputer. Of the various types of detectors, the semiconductor detector was chosen, because it h s small size and high sensitivity. Especially, a low leakage current ion-implanted silicon detector was selected for this research. To cover a wide range of dose rate, both the pulse and current mode operations of the silicon detector were used, with an overlap of one order of magnitude in the measurable dose 2

rate ranges in the two modes. By using a shield of 7 mg/cm on the silicon detector, dose gradient measurements were performed. Based on this research, a prototype beta skin dose monitor has been constructed, including an A/D convertor and a microprocessor with a machine coded program to calculate the skin dose. It covers more than five orders of magnitude in the measurable beta dose rate ranges. The prototype device has been field tested at the TMI nuclear plant site with hot particles and various other radioactive sources. Nuclear Research Corporation is building a commercial monitor based on this work.

DoctomiThesis:

Chung, M., W. A. Jester and S. H. Levine, advisors. Research and Development of a Beta Skin Dose Monitor Using Silicon Detectors.1991.

Publications:

Chung, M., A. H. Foderaro, W. A. Jester ar.d S. H. Levine. Microcomputer Monte Carlo Electron Transport Codes for Beta Skin Dose Calculations. IEEE Trans. Nuclear Science 38(3):936-991. 1991.

Chung, M., W. A. Jester and S. H. Levine. Development of a Beta Skin Dose Monitor Using a Silicon Detector. IEEE Trans. Nucicar Science 38(4):964-970.1991.

Chung, M., W. A. Jester and S. H. Levine. Monte Carlo Calculations and Silicon Detector Measurements of the Hot Particle Dose. Health Physics. 61(d)S43-848.1991.

Jester, W. A., S. H. Levine, M. Chung, T. Y. Lin and J. W. Schmidt. A Field Test of Prototype Beta Skin Dose Monitor. Submitted to Project FERMI,24 pages. May 1991.

Sponsors:

FERMI

$22,326 Duquesne Light Company S25,000 GPU Nuclear Corporation S15,000 i

1 54

Fuelear Engineering DEVELOPMENT OF A COMMERCIAL BET A. SKIN DOSE MONITOR

Participants:

W. A. Jester S. H. Levine T. J. Lin M. Chung Services Provided:

Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, l.ow Level Monitoring Lab and Electronics Shop This project is an extension of our previous work on the development of a beta skin dose monitor.

Nuclear Research Corporation in cooperation with Dr. Jester and Dr. Levine are developing a commercial version of one of the concepts proposed and evaluated by Manho Chung during his Ph.D. thesis work. In this concept the beta dose response of a silicon detector as a function of applied voltage is used to determme the beta skin dcse. The magmtude of the reverse bias voltage determines the thickness of the dead layer between the beta source and the sensitive volume'of the silicon detector. This layer can be used to approximate the dead layer thickness of the skin.

Publication:

Jester, W. A. and S, Pandy. Development of a Commercial Beta Dose Monitor. Interim reports.

submitted to Ben Franklin Partnership Program. September 1,1991 - November 30,1991 and -

December 1,1991 - February 24,1992.

Sponsor: Nuclear Research Corporation and Ben Franklin Partnership Program $74,027 Nuclear Encineering PIPE WALL THINNING USING SCATTERED GAMMA RAYS

Participants:

E. S. K uney X.Xu Services Provided:

Hot Cell Lab, Radiation Counters, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop, Isotope Production and Electronics Shop Pipe wall thinning continues to be a serious problem in the nuclear industry. The problem first

- appeared in PWRs, but is now recognized throughout the industry. This project has demonstrated that pipe wall thinning can be detected using scattered gamma rays. A combination of Monte Carlo studies and pilot experiments have confumed the potential of such a technique. We have a laboratory prototype gauge working using up to 0.5 curies ofIr-192 and are now designing a field usable device.

Master's Thesis:

Xu, Xiangjun, and E. S. Kenney, advisor. A High Speed Wide-Aperture Compton Scatter NDT Gauge Using a Multi-Energy Source. In progress.

Sponsor:

FERMI

$30,000 55

bioclear Eneineering

. NEUTRON ATTENUATION MEASUREMENTS OF BORAFLEX

Participants:

D. Kline D. Vonada~

K. Lindquist Services Provided:

Neutmn irradiation, Neutron Instrumentation and Beam Lab The purpose of this project is to measure the neutron attenuatior, of boraflex coupons that have been taken from fuel storage racks. It is a part of a larger project to assure the integrity of the bcrauex which maintained the low Keff of the storage pool. The attenuatbn measurements are made by using a fission chamber instrument to compare the incident beam with the transmitted beam.

Nuclear Engineering PPOPERTIES OF TIIE NEUTRON ABSORilER MATERIAL BORAFLEX L

Participants:

D. Kline l

D. Vonada l

K. Lindquist Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation and Laboratory Space j

Boranex is a composite polymer of polysiloxanes with a B4C-filler used in maximum-density storage of fuel elements to control the reactivity. Boraflex perfonnance has deteriorated after some l

years of use, but somewhat before the anticipated service life of the high-density.

Data from the literature concerning polydimethylsiloxane were evaluated a few years ago, and Boraflex coupon monitoring is currently being carried out at storage pool sites. It is also of academic interest to study some of the properties of the polymer using the nuclear reactor (PSBR),

and other facilities.

It is hoped that results can be obtained to explain certain aspects of the changes in properties, and that they can be used by utilities throughout Pennsylvania and the United States in estimating and/or extending the wrvice life of the B4C-filled polymer system.

An additional phase involves ascertaining property changes ofin-service Boraflex. About once per year a surveillance coupon from a storage pool is sent to PSU and evalu..ted for radiation-induced changes. Fractions of deteriorated Boraflex with a substantialirradiation history are also monitored for possible post-irradiation deterioration in water baths held at controlled conditions.

I

(

56

Nuclear Encineerinc MECIIANICAL PitOPERTIES OF BORATED STAINLESS STEEL TO BE USED -

IN SPENT FUEL RACK ASSEMilLIES Panicipants:

M. P. Manahan J.He A. J. Baratta Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation, Hot Cell Lab, Radiation Counters, Machine Shop, Low Level Monitoring Lab and Electronic Shop The purpose of this project is to perform test and analysis of the mechanical propenies of several types of borated stainless steels manufactured by Carpenter Technology Corporation. Test specimens in either neutron irradiated or unitradiated conditions will be tested to investigate potential effects of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of borated steels. The main application of'hese steels is to make spent fuel storage channel boxes. It is a concern that neutron irradiation embrittles material. In addition, borated steels contain boron which is a strong neutron absorber and produces helium upon reaction with a neutron. Helium is believed to assist void growth. So the exact effect of neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of barated stainless steels is both fundamentally interesting and practically important. Our study will answer most of these concerns and present corresponding recommendations for the intended applications.

Our project includes testing oflife-size channel boxes by compressing both unirradiated and irradiated channel boxes along the sample lateral, diagonal or axial (along one corner) direction.

The most important part of the project includes testing of tensile samples and compact tension samples (for JIc fracture toughness) in conditions of a combination of various temperatures and neutron irndiation fluences. Currently, neutron irradiation of all the test samples is complete.

Channel box testings are also complete. Tensile testing calibration and JIc testing calibration are complete. Tensile testings are half way towards completion. In addition, a relatively complete and thorough dosimetry analysis of neutron fluxes on the specimen irradiation locations is underway to give a b,:tter correlation of rieutron irradiation fluence and the specimen mechanical property changes. We expect the investigation to be completed by the end of the year.

Sponsor:

Carpenter Technology Nuclear Encineerine 4

RECONSTITUTION OF BROKEN CIIARPY SPECIMENS USING LASER WELDING

Participants:

M.~ P. Manahan J. F. Williams R. P. Martukanitz R. L. Eaken Services Provided:

Hot Cell Lab, Laboratory Space and Machine Shop As nuclear power plants approach end-of-license (EOL) and consideration is given to license renewal, there is an ever increasing need to expand the amount of obtainable data from the original -

power plant surveillance specimens. A laser welding technique to reconstitute broken Charpy specimens is being developed and applied to conventional Charpy specimens.

In order to benchmark the laser weld procedure, the laser reconstituted specimen data are compared with the original specimen data. In addition, the microstructure after welding must be examined to ensure that the materialin the vicinity of the notch is essentially unchanged after the weiding process. Data which characterize the thermal transients during welding is obtained by attaching 57

thermocouples to the specimens. These data are compared with transient thennal calculations.

Precise control of welding parameters has been demonstrated, heat affected zones are small, and sufGeient penetration depth can be obtained to enable welding thick specimens to yield.

conventionally Charpy specimens.' Given the range of controllable variables,it is likely that future work will lead to an optimized procedure which results in the minimum use of valuable irradiated -

material.

Master's Thesis: <

Williams, J. F. and M. P. Manahan, advisor. Recon ;titution of Broken Charpy Specimens Using Laser Welding. In progress.

Paper:

Williams, J. F., M. P. Manahan and R. P. Martukanitz. Laser Weld Reconstitution of Conventional Charpy and Miniaturized Notch Test (MNT) Specimens. Talk at the ANS Regional Conference, University of Michigan. April 1992. (Same presentation to FERMI group.)

Sponsor:

FERMI Nuc'aar Engineering NINE MILE POINT UNIT 1 STRESS CORROSION CRACKING SENSOR POST.

IRRADIATION EXAMINATION Panicipants:

M. P. Manahan T. K. Yeh Services Provided:

Hot Cell Lab, Machine Shop and Electronics Shop The stress corrosion monitors which had been irradiated for one and a half years at Nine Mile Point Unit I nuclear power plant will be shipped to PSU and investigated in the Hot Cell laboratory.-

The main objective of this experiment is to Gnd the stress corrosion cracking characteristics of.

annealed and sensitized 304 stainless steels. Both non-destructive and destructive tests will be performed.

All the specimens are in the shape of a double cantilever beam. Therefore, H. Tada's simple beam

. theory is employed to calculate all the needed parameters such as stress intensity at crack root, crack opening displacement, bending stress, etc. The preparation work in the hot cell for receiving the irradiated specimens is nearly done.

Sponsor:

Niagara Mohawk Power Corporation Nuclear Engineering EVALUATING TWO PIIASE FLOW WITH NEUTRON RADIOGRAPIIY

Participants:

D. E. Hughes S. S. Glickstein R. Gould.

Services Provided:

Neutron Radiography, Machine Shop and Flux Monitoring This project is the evaluation of the void fraction between two plates as a function of flow and heat production. Neutron radiography imaging is being used to make the evaluation. The project is still m the initial phase but is continuing.

58

Publication:

Glickstein, S. S., J. Joo and W. H. Vance. Interpreting Neutrcn Radiographics Via Computer Simulation, Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory. Presented at Fourth World Conference on Neutron Radiography, San Francisco, CA. May 10-16,1992.

Sponsor:

Bettis Atomic Power Laboratory Nuclear Encir.eering TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF QUARRY ROCK SAMPLES

Participants:

D. C. Raupach F. J. Vento Services Provided:

Radiation Counters and Isotope Production I

Seventeen rock samples were sent to the Breazeale Nuclear Reactor facility for trace element analysis using neutron activation analysis.

Sample preparation and encapsulation were performed by the radionuclear applications laboratory personnel. The samples were irradiated, counted, and quantitative analyses of the elements pasent m the rock samples were performed.

Of prime interest was the presence or absence of rare eartl. 'ements in the samples, and if pmsent, what was the relative concentration in each sample.

The objective of the test was to see if a eternental " fingerprint" could be gotten for samples from different quarry locations.

Nuclear Engineerine TRACE ELEMENT ANALYSES OF SAMPLES FROM AN ARCIIAEOLOGICAL DIG SITE

Participants:

D. C. F.tupach M. Moore Services Provided:

Radiation Counters and Isotope Production Samples from an archaeological dig site in southeastern Maryland were sent to the RSEC for analyses. The tests, using neutron activation analysis, were to help determine if samples within each group could be identified as having come from a common source by comparing the quantity of trace elements present in the samples.

t 59

.g Fi LNuclear Encineerine L-TRACE ANALYSIS FOR ELEMENT CONTAMINANTS q

Participants:

D. C. Raupach M. McClam -

F

Services Providedi Radiation Counters and Isotope Production -

A sample of AQUAZOL was analyzed by the radionuclear application laboratory personnel to see if -

they could identify trace element contaminants in the sample.

The sample was analyzed using the neutron activation analysis technique. Trace amounts of five different elements were found in the sample.

'f Nuclear Encineerin_g -

J AUTOMATED THERMAL POWER CALIBRATION TECHNIQUE FOR THE --

TRIGA REACTOR

Participants:

M. Hi Voth K.- Sahadewan D. E. Hughes M. E. Bryan Services Provided:

Neutron Irradiation, Laboratory Space, Machine Shop and -

Electronics Shop Thennal power calibrations are routinely performed at the Penn State TRIGA reactor to establish a

3. producible relationship between actual and indicated power after changes in core loading, mstrument repos_ittomng and fuel burnup The new calibration technique, which was incorporated as one of Penn State TRIGA Reactor's Calibrations and Checks Procedure (CCP-2), improves upon the accuracy, sensitivity, and.

reproducibility of the previous method. The new technique isolate's the core and keeps the~ pool -

temperatum constant by controlling flow through the heat exchanger. By keeping the pool 7 '

tempera'ure constant, heat losses due to convection and conduction are minimized and kept nearly constant.

Temperaturc readings are monitored using two-terminalIC temperature transducers. The flow rate:

. through the primary side of the heat exchangeris measured by a magnetic flow sensor. In an' ideal-erwironment,~ the heat rejected by the heat exchanger plus the calculated heat loss terms will equal heat generated by the core.-

L Sensitivity studies reveal that the greatest source of error in the determination of thermal power is L l-introduced by uncertainties in the measurement of flow rate and temperature. The magnetic--

flowmeter readings are accurate to within 0.5% of mading plus within 0.05% of full scale, and-p L the temperatum transducers are sensitive to 0.01 *C. Error analysis shows that with these.

' instruments the thermal power can be measured with an uncertainty of 2E D

Master's Thesis:

Sahadewan, K., and M. H. Voth, advisor. Automated Thermal Pcwer Calibration Technique for -

the TRIGA Reactor.1992.

60

k B. OTHER : UNIVERSITIES' AND -INDUSTRIAL:RESEARCH UTILIZING THE FACILITIES:OF THE RADIATION SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING-CENTER-University or Industry Tvoe of Use Alliant Tech Systems SemiconductorIrradiation Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute Neutron Radiography Neutron Activation Analysis

- Army Pulsed Reactor Facility, Aberdeen Neutron Energy Spectrum Analyses Bettis Labs Neutron Radiography-Carpenter Technology Neutron Radiography..

CB-Tech Neutron Activation Analyses Clarion University, Geology Department Neutron Activation Analyses David Samoff Resvarch Center SemiconductorIrradiation Eagle Pitcher Neutron Irradiation Emanco, Inc.

Neutron Activation Analyses E-Systems SemiconductorInadiation Fairway Laboratories Environmental Analyses GEC-Marconi SemiconductorIrradiation GeochemicalTesting Envimnmental Analyses Harris Semiconductor SemiconductorInadiation Hrebeniuk, Alex. Horticulturist Gamma Inadiation Honeywell SemiconductorIrradiation Kearfott, Inc.

SemiconductorIrradiation Kobe University, Japan

' Neutron Radiography

- Mine Safety Appliance Company Neutron Radiography NationalSanhation Foundation Environmental Analyses r

^

Niagara Mohawk Neutron Radiography North Carolina State University, Chemistry Dept.

Cobalt Inadiation.

Northeast Technology Corporation Neutron Radiography P. R. Hoffman Materials Processing Corp.

Cobalt Irradiation Penn State Fayette Campus Cobalt Irradiation

-Polymer Chemistry Innovations Neutron Activation Analyses Q. C. Inc.

Environmental Analyses Raytheon SemiconductorIrradiation'-

Sandia National Laboratory Neutron Energy Spectrum Analyses Seewald Laboratories Environmental Analyses-Tm-Tech Isotopes for Tracer Studies University ofMaryland Perturbed Angular Correlation -

4 61

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. APPENDIX A Personnel Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State RSEC.

Faculty (F), Staff (S), Graduate Student (G), Undergraduate (U)

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Dairy and Animal Science Encineeriac Scien.ce and Mechanics Zaczek, Denise (S).

Gabrys, Jon (U)

Killian, Gary (F)

Lenahan, Pt crick (F)

Rose Joseph (F)

Entomology Tittman, B. R. (F)

Yount, James (G)

Hower, Art (F)

Industrial Encineering.

Food Science Poeth, Dean (G)

Beelman, Robert (F)

Ruud, Clayton (F)

Kim, Jeong-Weon (G)

Poores, Stephanie (F)

MechanicalEceineenng Northeast Watershed Research Center Cimbala, John (F)

Sathianathan, Dhushy (F)

Schnabel, Ron (S)

Nuclear Encineering Plant Pathology Adams, James (G)

Juba, Jean (S)

Alam, Khalid (G)

Klotz, Lois V. (S)

Baratta, Anthony (F)

Nelson, Paul E. (F)

Bemold, Matthew (U)

Romaine, Peter (F)

Boyle, Hermina (S)

Boyle, Patrick (S)

COLLEGE OF EARTH & MINERAL SCIENCES Bryan, Mac (S)

Catchen, Gary (F) 9.291ciencn Chung, Manho (G)

Davison, Candace (S)

Daub, Gary (U)

Deithorn, Ward (F)

Eggler, Dave (F)

Dulloo, Abdul(G)

Shank, Steve (G).

Edwards, Robert (F)

Kump, Lee (F)

Flinchbaugh, Terry (S)

Fonseca, Marie (U)

Metals Science and Eneineering Hanna, R. J. III (U)

Hannold, Eric (S)

Freyer, Paula (G)

Hollinger, Ed (U)

Martukanitz, Richard (G)

Hughes, Dan (F)

Pickering, H. (F)

He, Jianhui (G)

Jester, William (F) 63

APPENDIX A (Continued)

Personnel Utilizing the Facilit es of the Penn State RSEC.

i Faculty (F), Staff (S), Graduate Student (G), Undergraduate (U)

Nuclear Engineering INTERCOLLEGIATE PROGRAMS Kenney, Edward (F)

Health Physics Lee, Byung-Soo (G)

Levine, Samuel (F)

Boeldt, Eric (S)

Lin, Tzyy-Jye (G)

Cranlund, Rodger (S)

Lu, Jianhui (G)

Hollenbach, Donald (S)

Lu, Shanli (G)

Manahan, Michael (F)

Power, Mike (G)

Raupach, Dale (S_)

Rearick, Todd (G)

Rudy, Kenneth (S)

Sahadewan, Kanaga (G)

Sipos, Rick (S)

Turso, James (G)

Williams, Jim (G)

Voth, Marcus (F)

Yeh, Tsung-Kuang (G)

Xu, Xiangjun (G)

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE Bioloey Thomas, Gene (F)

Chemistry Allcock, Harry (F)

Ambrosio, Archel(G)

Dudley, Gary (G)

- Diefenbach, Ursula (G)

Fitzpatrick, Richard (G)

Grune, Guerry (G)

Pucher, Shawn, (G)

Silverberg, Eric (G)

Smith, Dawn (G)

Turner, M. L. (G) l-Visscher, Karyn (G) l Ebplai Sokol, Paul (F)

Enders, Todd (G) l-64 i

m INDUSTRIES

- Alliant Tech Systems Rahn, Brian Army Pulsed Reactor Facility Oliver, Mark Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute Moore, Mark Glickstein, Stan Bettis Labs Carpenter Technology Balliert, Thomas CB-Tech Bleatein, Charles Clarion University, Biology Department Vento, Frank -

David Sarnoff Research Center Ipri, Alfred-E Systems, ECI Division Dobson, Robert Herbst, J.

Uber, Craig Fairway Labomtories Markel, William L. Jr.

GEC Marconi Murtaugh, Steve O'Neill, Jerre Geochemical Testing Bergstresser, Tim Harris Semiconductor Merpes, John F.

Honeywell Colhns, Dennis Hildebrand, K.

Kearfott Breen, Larry Briakman, J.

Walendenski, William Mine Safety Appliance Company Hendrickson, J.

National Sanitation Foundation Miller, Michael P.

Northeast Technology Corporation Kline, Don Lindquist, Kenneth O.

Vonada, Doug Polymer Chemistry Innovations McClain, Michael P. R. Hoffman Materials Processing Corporation Casey, Ken Kingsborous,h, Lee Q. C..Inc.

Stacer, Nancy Raytheon Callahan, K.

Enriquez, G. J.

Mulford, S.

Nordberg, M.

Russell, R.

' Schulz. P, Stransky, D. F.-

Sandia National Laboratory Kelly, John Seewald Laboratories Chianelli, Robert E.

Tru-Tech Boothe, Mike Flanag:n, Mike Landry, Jeff UNIVERSITIES University of Maryland Rasera, Robert L.

Professor of Physics Clarion University Vento, Frank Professor of Geology MISCELLANEOUS Various Cobalt -60 irradiations for high school classes' research projects.

65

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B I

APPENDIX B FORMAL TOUR GROUPS JULY 1991 NUMBER OF

,IUNE 1992 M

NAME OF TOUR GROUP PARTICIPANTS July 1

PA Govemor's School 64 16 Engineering Scholars Academy 25 17 Soviet Students 35 18 See the Future 25 18 Soviet Students 32 19 Best Kodak Program 26 22 Conservation Leadersh'p School 13 25 Good Shepherd Lutheran Church 10 26 Enter 2000 27 29 Nuclear Concepts Sponsors 4

August i

IUP 13 7

GPU Nuclear 18 28 PSU College of Engineering 7

29 Food Service Class 21 Septemoer 4

New England Nuclear 4

17 FERM1 Group 7

26 IPAC 3

October 8

Ergineering Students 4

12 Open House 229 14 Honor's Students 6

16 Materials Science 101 43 16 NDE Showcase 5

17 Ma:erials Science 101 57 21 12 Vie Yearbook 1

31 Bi Science III 12 November 4

Jr. Science Symposium HS 14 6

Utility Group 20 6

Boy Scouts 37 8

Williamson HS 27 11 Union City HS 13 12 Glendale HS 49 13 Engr. Applied Science Interest House 8

14 Glendale HS 46 14 Northwest HS 47 15 Materials Science 101 77 18 Johnsonburg/Kane HS 14 19 Punxsutawney HS 15 19 Boy Scout Troop 31 28 26 Biomechanical Engr. Grad. Student & Family 2

27 Manahan's Group - Tokyo 14 Decemter 3

Westinghouse 2

4 Greensburg - Salem HS 20 16 Carlisle HS 20 January 15 Police Services Retraining 20 17 Berlin HS 5

17 Jersey Shore HS 14 67

APPFNDIX B FORMA:, TOUR GROUPS L

b (Continued)

Jf'LY 1991 NUMBER OF JUNE 1992 M

NAME OF TOUR GROUP PARTICIPANTS January 20 State College High School 19 22 Police Services Retraining 19 Febmary 14 Entomology Class 7

21 Office of Physical Plant 11 21 Ag Engr. Alumni 12 21 E. Mech. 440 - Hughes 40 22 Engineering Week-Open House 384 March 9

Redland llS 19 17 Boy Scouts 20 18 Daniel Boone HS 15 25 Science & Technology 52 27 Science & Technology 55 30 Berwick HS 13 April 1

Wyomissing HS 17 3

Marion Center 9

6 Fuel Science 47 6

State College HS-German Exchange Students 19 7

Physical Science Ill 18 8

Northem Bedford 21 8

Fuel Science 22 8

Cannichael HS 21 15 Bellefonte HS 27 15 Nittany Chemical 23 20 State College HS 10 21 Pueno Rico Scholars 5

24 St. Mary's HS 20 24 Ridgway HS 17 27 Cambria Heights 74 May 6

Muncy HS 34-13 Central HS - Martinsburg PA 24 15 Nuclear Concepts Followup 12 16 Graduation Students / Parents 30 16 US Navy 13 18 Warren HS 9

29 Dedication Guests 103 29 Dedication Tour 18 29 Press Conference 10 30 Public Open House 184 l

June 5

University of Pittsburgh 9

8 College Professor & Studet..s 5

l 8

Westmont Hilltop 8

l 19 Altoona Scholars 8

19 Local Area High Schools 10 24 GPU Nuclear 20 24 Physics Teachers 14 29 Political Science Students 5

68

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