ML19339C925
| ML19339C925 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | McGuire, Mcguire  |
| Issue date: | 02/09/1981 |
| From: | Goeser D, Karlovitz B, Lewis B, Mchale E, Rasin W ATLANTIC RESEARCH CORP., DUKE POWER CO., WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC COMPANY, DIV OF CBS CORP. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19339C912 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8102120369 | |
| Download: ML19339C925 (25) | |
Text
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O UNITED STATES OF AMERICA NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD In the Matter of
)
)
DUKE POWER COMPANY
)
Docket Nos. 50-369
)
50-370 (William 3.
McGuire Nuclea.
)
Station, Units 1 and 2)
)
TESTIMONY OF WILLIAM RASIN, DAVID GOESER, SELA KARLOVITZ, 3ERNARD LEWIS AND EDWARD MCHALE REGARDING HYDROJEN GENERATION AND IGNITION 1.
O.
What is the scope and overall conclusions of this testimony?
A.
This testimony delineates the analyses and associ-ated physical process related to hydrogen ignition and burning which show that:
(a)
Hypothetically assuming that a TMI-type accident occurred at McGuire, burning amounts of hydrogen in excess of the amount associated with the metal-water reaction reported to have occurred at TMI would result in containment pressures less than the McGuire containment pressure capability of 67.5 psig reported in previous tertimony; and 1
(b)
The ignition and burning of hydrogen under conditions encountered in the assumed event at McGuire is theoretically and experimentally supported.
2.
Q.
Have the McGuire facility, drawings, specifica-tions, and other pertinent materials been examined and analyzed, and do the answers contained herein reflect this examination and analyses?
A.
Yes.
The McGuire containment and pertinent systems l
inside the containment have been physically observed l
and analyzed.
Further, the pertinent documents associated with such systems have been analyzed.
The answers in this testimony give consideration to such observations and analyses.
($\\
3102120
2-3.
Q.
Has an analysis been performed to determine the response of McGuire to a TMI-type event assuming a case (b) ignition and burning sequence as noted in your response to Question 35?
A.
Yes.
An analysis has been performed to determine the pressures that would occur if the events which resulted in hydrogen production at TMI-2 were hypothetically assumed to occur at McGuire.
Under this hypothetical condition, hydrogen would be produced by the following chemical reaction:
Zr + 2H O --) Zr02 + 2H2 + heat 2
The total amount of zirconium contained in the fuel cladding is approximately 45,000 lbm.
The interconnected volumes of the McGuire con-tainment were analyzed including the lower con-tainment, ice condenser, upper containment and dead-ended volumes.
Further, the effects of the ice condenser, containment sprays and air return l
fans were included.
The containment sprays, air l
return fans, and hydrogen skimmer fans will be in operation well before any hydrogen generation since they are actuated by a 3 psig lower containment pressure which will be reached on the initial l
blewdown early in the accident.
The transient pressure, flow and gas concentrations were calcu-lated.
The amount of hydrogen assumed to be released into the lower containment exceeded the 50 percent metal-water reaction reported in the TMI-2 event.
Ignition of the hydrogen was assumed to occur if the concer.tration reached 10 volume percent.
This hydrogen ignition then resulted in complete burning with all energy absorbed in the atmos-phere.
No credit vas' included for~ energy losses to passive structures.
Since ignition would probably/ occur at lower concentrations than the 10% used, this analysis results in higher calculated pressures than-would actually be expected in the volume experi-encing the burn.
Energy losses to the passive structures would further reduce the pressure.
l l
l Eydregen builds up in the lower containment at the start of the transient until 10 volume percent is reached.
After ignition, the pressure is relieved by flow out of the lower containment through the ice condenser.
Energy is extracted in the ice condenser leading to very small pressure increases in the upper containment.
Hydrogen builds up again in the lower containment, and air is circulated by the air return fans leading to another ignition.
This process repeats until the hydrogen concentra-tion can no longer reach the 10 volume percent.
No credit was taken for continuous burning in the upper plenum of the ice condenser as would be the case in a case (c) ignition and burning sequence referenced in the response to Question 35. The results of this analysis show that if multiple hydrogen burns occur such as reported in a case (b) sequence (See Question 35), the peak pressure is less than 16 psig.
5 Q.
Is this analysis consistent with the theoretical and experimental data relative to the burning of hydrogen?
A.
Yes.
In particular:
i (a)
Given an ignition source, hydrogen in concen-trations above 8.5% will burn in a propagating manner.
Therefore, for the analysis deline-ated above the assumption of propagating burns is justified; (b)
The pressures calculated from the hydrogen burns in the analysis discussed above are conservative because experimental results show that theoretical pressures are not realized for burns of hydrogen below about 12% concen-tration; (c)
The McGuire igniters will ignite mixtures which are above the flammable limit;.
(d)
For the TMI-type. event in the McGuire_contain-ment, the high velocity hydrogen steam jet will entrain air such that detonable mixtures are precluded from occurring.
_4_
6 Q.
What basic characteristics of hydrogen behavior support the conclusions contained in this testimony?
A.
There are two important characteristics:
distri-bution characteristics and burning character-istics of hydrogen.
7.
Q.
What are the distribution characteristics of hydrogen?
A.
Hydrogen rapidly mixes with other gases.
Mixing results principally from jet stream entrainment and also from convection and turbulence.
8.
Q.
Please explain the mixing of hydrogen by jet stream entrainment?
A.
In case of a TMI-2-type event, hydrogen and steam will issue in the form of a high velocity jet from the break.
Such a jet becomes turbulent due to shear flow and engulfs or entrains the surrounding medium.
It has been well established that the rate of entrainment is such that a volume
,f the sur-rounding medium equal to the flow race of the jet is drawn into the jet in a distance about 2-1/2 times the jet crifice diameter.
9.
Q.
Please explain the term convection?
A.
Convection is a flow generated by density differ-ences.
This flow facilitates mixing.
10.
Q.
Please explain the term turbulence?
A.
Turbulence is randem eddy motion in a gaseous (or liquid) medium.
The size of the eddies are small ecmpared with dimensions of the system.
11.
Q.
Please explain the impact of turbulence on mixing?
A-A high degree of turbulence promotes rapid and complete mixing.
Such turbulence can arise frem many sources such as the blowdewn like that associ-ated with the TMI accident, from fan-induced airficw, frcm water sprays and_frem steam and hydrogen jets.
- 12.
C.
Once hydrogen has mixed, will it separate?
A.
No.
Gases once mixed will not unmix by themselves.
13.
Q.
Ecw will hydrogen distribute itself in any given compartment?
A.
Hydrogen mixing by the above described prccesses will result in uniform concentrations in any given compartment.
14.
Q.
What are the relevant burning characteristics of hydrogen?
A.
The important burning characteristics are flammabil-icy and detonation limitr, min 4imum ignition energy, cuenching distance, burning velocity and transition from deflagration to detonation.
15.
Q.
Please explain the terms deflagration and detona-tion?
A.
Deflagration is the propagation of a slow flame through a flammable mixture.
Deflagration in an enclosed volume generates pressure.
The fuel concentration range over which burning can occur is bounded by the limits of flammability.
Detonation is a shock wave mcving with supersonic speed in which the burning process is completed.
In datona-j tions peak transient pressures far exceed pressures of deflagrations.
16.
Q.
What are the deflagration and detonation limins?
A.
At ordinary temperature and pressure the icwer deflagration limit (ordinarily referred ec as the icwer fla==able limit) of hydrogen in air is 4.0%
hydrogen by volume for upward propaga:ing flame, about 6.5% hydrogen for horizontal propagation and about 8.5 to 9% hydregen for downward propaga-tion.
The detonation limits are generally given as 18% to 59% hydrogen.
17.
Q.
Please explain the term icwer flammable limit?
l A
The icwer flammable limit is the icwest concentra-tien of fuel at which a flame can prcpagate through l
the mixture.
I i
i o
18.
Q.
Is trere an upper flammable limit?
A.
Yes.
19.
Q.
Please explain the term upper flammable limit?
A.
The upper flammtble limit is the highest concentra-tion of fuel at which a flame can propagate through s
the mixture.
20.
Q.
Please explain the term minimum ignition energy?
A.
Minimum ignition energy is the smallest amount of energy in a spark that will ignite a given mixture of hydrogen and air, and result in flame propaga-tion.
For example, the minimum ignition energy in 7% hydrcgen is.58 millijoule; 10% hydrogen,.16 millijoule; and 15% hydrogen..043 millijoule.
These are very low energy lgvels.
For example, 1 4
laillijoule equals 2.4 x 10 calories which is equivalent to the energy required to raise 1/5000 of a cc of water 1*C.
For perspective pur-poses, sprrks typically emanating from industrial machinery contain far more energy than the minimum ignition energy for the hydrogen concentrations of interest.
21.
Q.
Please explain the term quenching distance?
A.
Quenching distance is the smallest opening or distance between two plates that will allow a flame of a given composition of fuel and air to pass through without the flame being quenched by loss of heat to the walls.
In 7% hydrogen the quenching distance is 2.78 mm; in 10% hydrogen, l
1.65 mm; and in 15% hydrogen,. 8 3 tam.
Thus, it is l
seen that flames of hydrogen can pass through rather small openings.
l l
l 22.
Q.
Please explain the term burning velocity?
A.
Burning velocity is the rate at which the flame propagates intora quiescent mixtura at rignt angles to the flame surface.
Another term used for this property is leninar burning velocity.
It is a fun-f damental parameter of flammable mixtures, data on which allow important deductions to be made about the characteristics of propagating. flames.
In the i
' hydrogen concentration range of interest approxi-mate values for burning velocity are:
for 7% H,
30 cm/sec.
3 10% H,,
40 cm/sec.
20% H},
65 cm/sec.
23.
Q.
Please explain the phrase, transition from defla-gration to detonation?
A.
There are at least two mechanisms by which a deflagration can undergo a transition to d' econ-ation assuming a thermal ignition source.
(a)
As a flame propagates in a vessel, it ac-celerates due to turbulence and other factors.
With each increment of velocity a pressure wave is generated by charmal expansion that travels forward with sonic velocity.
Because the temperature of the medium is raised by propagation of the pressure wave each succeed-ing pressure wave travels at somewhat higher velocity than the preceding pressure wave.
This results in a coalescence of the waves forming a shock wave, ignition in which may lead to the initiation of a detonation we.ve.
(b)
As a flame accelerates, the front of the wave becemes raggsd and wider thus developing what is known as a " flame brush".
A large amount of combustion wave surface is packed in the brush.
Under such conditions a rela-tively large mass of gas may burn suddenly forming a shock from which emerges a detona-tion wave.
24.
Q.
Then, an ordinary combustion wave has to travel scme distance frem its ignition source before transition to detonation takes place?
A.
Yes, this is true.
This is called the run-up distance.
It varies with.the' mixture composi-tien, geometry of the vessel and toisome extent with temperature and pressure.
25.
Q.
Do environmental considerations have a significant impact on the burning characteristics of hydrogen?
A.
Yes.
8-26.
Q.
What environmental considerations have a significant impact on the burning characteristics of hydrogen?
A.
Environmental considerations which have a signifi-cant impact are turbulence, pressure, temperature, presence of steam and presence of water spray.
27.
Q.
Please explain the impact of turbulence on hydrogen burning?
A.
Turbulence:
(a) narrows the flammable limits; (b) increases the minimum ignition energy; (c) increases quenching distance; (d) increases burning velocity, but excessive turbulence can extinguish flame; and (e) accelerates transition to detonation.
28.
Q.
What are the sources of turbulence?
A.
As noted, turbulence can arise from the blowdown associated with the TMI-type accident, from fan-in-duced air flow, from water sprays and from steam and hydrogen jets.
In addition, turbulence.Ay be generated by the ' :rbulent flame.
29.
Q.
Please explain the impact of initial pressure on hydrogen burning?
A.
The effect of initial pressure on hydrogen burning is not important in the pressure range of interest here.
30.
Q.
Please explain the impact of initial temperature on hydrogen burning?
A.
The effect of Anitial temperature on hydrogen burning is not bnpo rtant in the temperature range of interest here.
31.
Q.
Please explain the impact of the presence of steam on hydrogen burning?
7 3-A.
Steam in rir up to about 50% has only a minor l
effect on the lower flammable Ibnit and other burning characteristics of hydrogen.
Steam in air in excess of approximately 65% will render any hydrogen-steam-air mixture nonflammable.
i 1
-9_
32.
C.
Please e:: plain the impact of a water spray en hydrogen burning?
A.
The main effect of a water spray is to act as a heat sink and thereby reduce the pressure generated by hydrogen burning in the containment.
33.
O.
Dces the volume of a container influence the final ccmbustion pressure?
A.
No.
For the same initial conditions of tempera-ture, pressure and hydrogen concentration, the final pressure will be the same regardless of container volume.
34.
Q.
Assuming that a hypothetical TMI-type accident cccurred at McGuire resulting in the generation of hyd rog en, what wculd be the resulting hydrogen distribution in containment?
A.
In such a situation, the pressure in the primary coolant system would cause the resulting hydrogen and steam mixture exiting the break to enter the lcwer containment in the ferm of a high velocity, turbulent jet.
Such a jet entrains the surrounding medium by turbulent mixing.
The length of the jet recuired for effective mixing will be small as ccmpared with the dimensions of the icwer McGuire containment.
Thus, mixing of the hydrogen-steam jet with the air in the lower containment will be rapid and ccmplete.
In addition to jet entrainment m i x.' n g, turbulence in the icwer containment created by the air-return fans accelerates rapid mixing of hydrogen with the atmosphere in the icwer containment.
Based on the ccmbination of these ef fects, the l
mixture composition in the icwer containment can be calculated frem the flew rates of the various constituents.
r Scme of the hydrogen-steam-air mixture will ficw into the so-called " dead-ended" chambers.
Due to flew and turbulence in these chambers, mixing will I
be rapid and complete.
Since there-are exit paths, I
the pressure will force recirculation of this mix-ture.
This assures that the hydrogen concentra-tions in these volumes do not vary significantly from that of the remainder of the icwer containment.
l I
l l
r E--
m-.
From the icwer containment, the hydrogen steam-air mixture will pass through the ice condenser where steam is removed and only a hydrogen-air mixture will emerge at the top.
The latter mixture emerging from the ice condenser passes into the upper containment where it mixes turbulently with the air in the upper containment.
This mixing is aided by the water spray from the containment spray system.
The two containment air return fans will circulate such hydrogen-air mixtures frem the upper contain-ment back into the lower containment.
It should be noted tha-these fans each have a 30,000 CFM capacity and together can turn around the total g
containment volume of 1.2 x 1C cubic feet in approximately 20 minutes.
Thus, the fans enhance the rapid mixing of hydrogen.
35.
O.
Describe the hydrogen ic..ltion and burning sequence which would occur should a TMI-type accident hypothetically occur at McGuire?
A.
The ignition and burning of hydrogen generated in a TMI-type accident at McGuire will occur by:
(a) a continuous burn at the top of the ice con-densers; I
l (b) a series of burns initiated in the lower con-tainment; or (c) a combination of (a) and (b)~above.
It should be noted that of these three burning l
sequences, the successive burns of hydrogen initi-l ated in the lower containment (case (b) above) will result in the highest peak pressures.
Should a hypothetical TMI-type accident occur at McGuire, the resulting hydrogen will be evenly.
mixed inside the icwer containment in a hydrogen-steam-air atmosphere.
The mixture will pass from.
l the lower containment through - the ice condensers i
where the steam is removed and emerge frem the ic j
condensers as a hydrogen-air mixture.
As the concentration of hydrogen in the hydrogen-steam-air mixture in the lower' containment increases due to hydrogen production inside the core and venting of such hydrogen.into the lower containment, the con-centration-of hydrogen in the hydrogen-air mixture exiting the ice condenser will correspondingly l
increase.
- If this concentration reaches approximately 2,5%
hydrcgen a: the exit of the ice condenser the distributed ignition syster will cause such hydro-gen to ignite and burn (case (a)).
Bur.:i"g will continue until the concentration of hydrogen exiting the ice condenser falls belcw approximately 8.5%.
The air return fans will continue to recir-culate the combustion products from the upper containment to the icwer containment.
Therefore, all er most of the hydrogen would be burned at the ecp of the ice condenser with only small pressure development for the McGuire containment.
If the hydrogen-steam-air mixture in the lower containment beccmes flammable, the distributed ignition system will cause ignition and a propa-gating burn will develop (case (b)).
Multiple burns will ensue as described previously.
Using the conservative assumption that no credit is taken for the continuous burning at the sep of the ice condenser, the results of the analysis presented previcusly show that the containment pressures are well within the reported containment failurt pressure of 67.5 psig.
36.
G.
Is it assured that hydrogen at concentrations of 8.5% in air and at somewhat higher concentrations than 8.5% in steam-air mixtures will ignite in the presence of McGuire igniters?
A.
Yes.
Based en experimental and theoretical data, it can be unequivocally stated that if. hydrogen at an 8.5% concentration in the presence of air exits the ice condensers at McGuire, such hydrogen will be ignized by the igniters located at the exit path.
of the ice condenser and burn without abrupt pressure rise.
Further, hydrcgen at a concentra-tion exceeding approximately 8.5% in a hydrogen--
steam-air mixture, uniformly distributed thrcughout the icwer containment, would be ignited by McGuire igniters.
This occurrence would be repeated as succeeding flammable mixtures are formed.
The aforementioned'cenclusions are substantiated by experimental tests ' of gicw plugs of precisely the same design as those used at McGuire.
With the f-gicw plugs at 1,720*F all flammable mixtures ignited in every test.
9
. 37.
Q.
In the event of the ignition and burning of hydro-gen produced in a hypothetical TMI-type accident'at McGuire would the essential equipment needed for the safe shutdown of the plant be so affected as to impair its ability to safely perform its intended function?
A.
No.
38.
Q.
What is the basis for your conclusions?
A.
The equipment essential for safe shutdown is as follows:
(1)
Containment air return fans (2)
Hydrogen skimmer fans (3)
Hydregen igniters (4)
Steam generator water level transmitters (5)
Pressurizer water level transmitters (6)
Reactor coolant syrtem lcop resistence temperature detectors (7)
Core exit thermoccuples (8)
Reactor coolant system pressure trans-mitters (9) Containment water level transmitters Based upon the range of temperatures this equipment can survive and based upon a consideration of the temperature of the flame front, its speed and duration, the heat transfer from the hot burned gases, the time for the hot burned products to return to ambient temperatures, and the total heat energy available, it is concluded that the essen-tial equipment needed for the safe shutdown of the plant will not be so affected by the combustion of the hydrogen so as to impair its abiltty to safely perform its intended function.
39.
Q.
Has this determination been substantiated?
A.
Yes.
The TMI experience indicates that equipment essential for shutdown can survive a hydrogen burn.
Tests conducted by Fenwal, Inc. add further support to this conclusion.
See " Duke Power Company, An Analysis of Hydrogen Control Measures at McGuire Nuclear Station" Vol. 3 (January 5, 1981.
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~
Professional Qualificacions of Dr. Bernard Lewis
- 22. ?E?: LARD iZdTS Ec=e Atiress: 5363 Marlbercugh Avenue, Pictsburgh, Pennsylvania 15217 Business Address: 1016 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222 President: Cc=bustion and Explosives Research, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania since 1953 President: The Cc=bustion Institute (International Scientific Society) 195k-1966.
Nov HencrarJ ? resident.
President: Cc *ssion on Eigh Te=peratures in Gases, I.U.P.A.C., 1955-1965 reg ees:
3.S. in Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1923)
M.A. Physical Che=istry, Earvard University (1924)
PhD. Physical Chemistry, Ca= bridge University (1926)
ScD. Eccorary, Ca= bridge University (1953) r National Research Fellev (Naticnal Acade=y of Science), 1926-1923 Research Guest, University of Berlin, 1925-1929 i
t U. S. Bureau of Mines, 1929-1953 -- Chief, hplosives an:1 Physical Sciences Division.
Director of all research activities in Bu eau of ec=bustion, fle=es, explcsions, and explosives, including the experi= ental mine, fire research, ignition by static electricity and other sources; gas a=d dust explosiens; explosien pressures, i
da age effects; burning of solid, liquid and gasecus fuels.
C-dnance Cor s. U. S. Ar=v, 1951-1952 -- Director of Research (Prceellants and hplosives ). Fcr 31/2 years in A=y in charge of explesives l'oading, research and develep=ent, artillery a==unitics, mines, grena:ies during Wcrld War ;,
Lt. Colonel.
Inventor of present standard U. S. Ar / Hand Grenade Fuce.
U. S. Gove.~._.ent -- Censultant for A=y, Navy, Air Force and National Bureaucf Standards, Bureau of Ships, Natic:a1 Advisory Cc-~d ttee for Aeronautics, N.A.S.A., Fire Research Conference of National Acade=y of Science, Technical Adviscry Cc==ittee U. S. Depart =ent of Interior, A.E.C., consultant en Polaris, Poseiden and Triden: (Navy).
N.A.C.A. - Chair =an, Cc=bustien Subec--4 ttee NATO -- Scientific representative to Advisory Group fcr Aerenaun.dal Research and 6
Develep=ent (Cer.bustion a-1 Fla=e).
r Censultant to nu=ercus i=dustries and research institutes, d.evelo;=ent of advanced jet engines; explosien hacard preventica in industry; Nuclear Pcuer Pkt Safety.
Author of over 250 scientific articles published in scientific journals in several ecuntries, =cstly on ec=bustien, fla=es, explosicas and explosives.
Author of two books en "Cc=bustion, Fla es and Explosiens of Gases".
(Trans1'ated,
into Japanese and. Russian and used as a textbeck thrcughout the world.)
niiter of five other books en ec=bustion.
U. S. Editor of Journal, "Cc=bustion and Flace".
Ecnora-/ Editor, Journal,Dxidatien Cc==unications", Eungarian National Acade=y of Sciences.
Investigated numerous disasters involving explosions a=d fires.
. 1 I
s Lectu ei in United States, England, Ireland, France, Ger any, Italy, Mexico, Sweden, Hungary, Japan, Belgium, Canada, Russia on Cc=bustion, Fle=e, Lcplcsions, Ignition.
Member: The Cc=bustion Institute National Fire Protection Association A=erican Che=ical Society (On Lcecutive Boa :1 of Fluid Dyna =ics Divisica)
A=erican Physical Society Fellev of New York Acade=y of Science Fellev cf American Institute of Aerenaut'.cs and Astronautics Fellev of A=erican Institute of Che=ists Review 3 card of Instru=ent Society of Icerica, R.P.-12 Cc==ittee Scientific Advisory Cc-4ttee, 3allistic Research Ideoratories, U. S.
A =y,19h0-1970 For:erly Chair-an of Ccebustien Subec==ittee of N. A. C. A.
Cc--* ssion on High Te...peratures in Gases, International Union of Pure and Applied Che=istry Fire Research Conference of National Acade=y of Science Technical Advisory Cc==ittee, U. S. Cepart=ent of the Interior Sig=a Xi Cos=os Club, Washingtc, D. C.
Harvar:1-Yale-Princeten Club, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Awards: Medal of Iagion of Merit, U. S. Ar=y,1946 Gold Medal, The Cc=bustion Institute, 1958 Special Citation frca President Eisenhever,1960, for contributions on interier ballistics Gold Medal, Assceiacione Ter=otecnica Italiana, Milan, Italy, 1962 A=erican Che=ical Sec4ety, Pittsburgh Avar:1,197h Me:ial of City of Crleans, France,1975 I
r P
i l
-3_
burning by Ber ard Ievis.
Scce published articles relating to H2 (1)
"The Nf n Reaction Theory of the Rate of Ecplosien in Dete ating Gas Mixtures", Ber ard Invis, J. Amer. Che=. Sec., Vol. 52, 1930,
- p. 3120.
(2)
"Ecplosions in Dete=ating Gas Mixtures. I Calculaticn of Rates of Depicsiens in Mixtures of Hydrogen and Oxygen and the Influence of Rare Gases", Bernard Invis and J. 3. Friauf, J. Amer. Chem. Soc.,
Vol. 52 (1930), p. 3905 (3)
"Kineties of Gas acplosions. III Influence of Hydresen on the The=al Deccepositien of 0:ene Sensitized by 3rc=1:e Vaper and the Deter =in tion of the Ecplosion Temperature",(W. Feitknecht1930) p. 3185 end Bernard Ievis, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., Vol. 5h (4)
" Kinetics of Gas Lepicsions. IV. Ozone Ecplosiccs Induced by Hydregen", Ser ard Invis, J. Amer.. Chem. Soc. Vol. 55 (1933)
- p. h001 2 " 3 0 + H and its (5)
"The Efficiency of the Reaction OH+H 2
Bear 1=g on the Reaction Between Hydrogen and Oxygen", G. von Elbe and Ber=ard Invis, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. Vol 54 (1932) p. 552 Elbe, J. Chem. Phys. Vol. 2 (gation ", Bernard Ievis and G. vo "On the Theory of Flame Propa (6) 1934), p. 537 (7)
"Dete=1:ation of the Speed of Fla=es and the Te:perature Distribution in a Synerical 3ccb frem Time - Pressure Ecplosion Records", Bernard Ievis and G. von Elbe, J. Che. Phys. Vol. 2 (1934) p. 283 "Te=perature and the Iatent Energy in Fisce Gases"} Bernard Invis (8) a=d G. von Elbe, te Meer (UK), Vol. 159 (1935
- p. 230.
" te Sodium Idne - Reversal Method of Dete mining Flame (9)
Temperatures", Bernard Ievis and G. von Elbe, Ecgineering (UK)
Vol. 159 (1935), p. 168.
(10)
"The Ecperimental Detemination of the Theoretical Calculation of Flame Temperatures and Ecplosion Pressures" Bernard Ievis and G. von Elbe, Philesephical Maga:1me, Vol. 20, (1935), p. 44 (11)
"The Reaction 3etween Hydregen and Oxygen Above the Upper Ecplosien U
't", G. von Elbe and Bernard Invis, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. Vol. 59, (1937)p.656 (12)
"The Steady-State Rate of a chatn Reactics for +h Case of Chain Destruction at Walls of Varying Efficiencies", G. von Elbe and Bernard Invis, J. kner. Chem. Soc., Vol. 59 (1937) p. 970
- ~.
(13)
" Kinetics of Ecplesive Reaction Between Hydrogen and Cxygen Sensitized by Nitrogen Peroxide", G. ven Elbe and 3emard Iewis, J. A=er. Chem. Soc., Vol. 59 ( U 37) p. 2022 (14)
"tecry of Fisme Prepasstice", Be=ard Invis and G. von Elbe, Chem. Reviews, Vol. 21 (1937), p. 347
" Mechanism of Cc= plex Reactions and the Asscciation of E and 0 "
2 (15)
G. von Elbe and 3e=ard Ievis, J. Chem. Phys. Vol. 7 (1939)
- p. 710.
(16)
Physics of Fis=es and Ecplosiccs of Gases", Senard Invis and G. von Elbe.
J. Applied Phys. Vol. 10 (1939) p. 3hh, (17)
" Flame Te=perature", Be=ard levis and G. von Elbe, J. Applied Ph, sics, Vcl. 11 (1940) p. 698 (18)
" Reaction of Hydrogen and Cxygen in the Presence of Silva. The Third Lepicsion L1=it",(Esrold R. Heiple and Be=ard Ievis, J. Chem. Phys. Vol. 9, 1941) p. 120 (19)
The Reaction 3etween Hydregen and Oxygen: The Upper Erplosics L1=it and the Reaction in its Vicinity", G. von Elbe and Se=ard levis, J. Chem. Phys. Vol. 9 (1941) p. 194 (20)
"The Reaction Betwee: HyL 06en and Crygen: Kinetics of the Third Scpicsion I!t=it", Harold R. Heiple and Se=ard Ievis, J. Che=. Phys. Vol. 9 (1941) p. 584.
"Mechanis= of the The = al Reaction Between Hydrogen and Cxygen",
(21)
G. von Elbe and Bernard Ievis, J. Che=. Phys. Vol.10 (19k2)
- p. 366.
f (22)
" Stability and Structure of Burner Flames", Bernard Invis and 1
G. ven Elbe, J. Chem. Phys,. Vol. 11 (1943) p. 75 (23)
"Ignitien of Lepicsive ces Mixtures by Electric sparks I.
Mini =u= hp:ition Energies sed Q,uenching Distances of Mixtures of Methane, Oxygen and Inert Gases",
M. V. 31 ace, P. G. Guest, G. ven Elbe and 3e nard Invis, J. Chem. Phys., Vol.15 (19k7)
- p. 796.
(2k)
" Ignition of Explosive Mixtures by Electric Sparks II. Scory of Fla=e Propagation of Flame frc= an Instantaneous Point Source of Ignition", Be=ard Ievis and G. ven Elbe, J. Chem.
(
i Soc. Vol. 15 (19h7) p. 803 1
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" Mechanism of the Initiation of Chains in the The: ::21 Resetics Between Hydrogen and Oxygen", Bernard Ievis and G. ven Ebe, Revue de l' Institut Francais du Petrole et A r nies des Combustibles Liquides, Vol. 4, (1949) p. 363 (in French)
(26)
" Theory of Inflar-atien, htinctics and Stabilization of Flames",
G. von Ebe and Bernard Invis, Revue de l' Institut-Francais du Petrole et Annales de Combustibles Liquides, G. von Ebe and Bernard Invis, Vol. 4 (1949) p. 374 (in French).
(27)
" Ignition of Explosivbtures by Eectric Sparks III.
Mini =um Ignition Energies and Quenching Distances", M. V.
Blanc, P. G. Guest, G. ven Elbe and Sernard Ievis, 3rd Int. Sy=posiu= of Combustion (1948), p. 363 (28)
" Mech-4 s= cf Chain Initiation in the The:--C Reaction Between Hydrogen and oxygen", Bernard Ievis and G. von Ebe, 3rd Int.
Sy=pesium en Combustion, (19h8) p. kSA.
(29)
" Ignition and Flame Stabill:ation in Gases", Bernard Invis and G. ven Elbe, %ans. Amer. Soc. Mech. Eng. Vol. 68 (1948) p. 307 "Burnin6 Velocity Measure =ents in a Spherical Vessel with Central (30)
Ignition", John Manten, G. von Elbe and Bernard Invis, 4th Int. Sy=pesium en Ccchustion, (1952) p. 358.
(31)
" Transition fra: Deflagration to Detonation", S. R. Brinkley and Bernard levis, 7th Int. Sy=posium en Ccubustion (1959) p. 807 (32)
" Fundamental Principles of Fle== ability and Ignition", Bernard Invis and G. von Elbe, Advances in Chemistry Series, Vol. 20 l
(1948) p. 15 l
(33)
" Modern Concepts of Ccebustion Phencuena", Plena:7 Iecture, Bernard Ievis, 7th World Petroleum Congress, MaKico City, l
April 1967, Proceedings of the Congress, p. 225 (3h)
"Use of Characteristic Parameters to Describe Initiation and Stability of Cecbustien Waves". 3ernard Invis and G. ven Ebe, Acade=y of Science, USSR, Semency Anniversary.. Volume 1966 (in Russian).
(35)
Book: " Combustion, names and Explosions of Gases".,
bern mi Invis and G. von Elbe, Cambrid e Univ. Press, '1938, 41599. n 2 d
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Sock: C,2bustion, Flames and Deplosions of Gases", Bernard Invis and G. von Elbe, Academic Press, 1951, 795 pp. Secend Edition 1961, 731 pp.
Three volumes of Inst. Symposium on Ccnbustion,1948, u7)
Editor:
1952, 1954.
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(38)
Editor 3ock: Eish Speed Aerody=a=1:s and Jet Propulsion, Vol. II "Cdcustien Processes", Bernard Invis et al Prince +;n University Press 1956 (pp. 216-311).
(39)
Editer Book: Eigh Speed Aerodynacies and Jet Prepulsion, Vol. IX,
" Physical Measure =ents and Gas Pfus=ics r.ed Ccc6us 1cn", Part II, Bernard Ievis et al, Princeton University Press, 195k.
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pedu:=ts 2n: ::st preca::s trem n es. 25e at na;cgen:::: exnnguan.2ms. Censui:mg =d :esung tia:ed :: Sre and ex:losien h=2r:s in :ss:na! processes. Fail +::!e :esung m ?!r: Rese:=n ?=dity 199 - 1972. ?cnc: pal Rese:r= Sc:ent:st. (1) 32 sic : m eus:;cn rese:*:n en=m:2ss;ng S;- e i
ex:tcsian ;tecesses. sca: :receu;n:
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Recu: red 4dv=ce: expenmen:M :eenicues 2nd mecreticci meer re:2non of cnenc esults recu:nng hy d-Ocyn2=c. menecdyn2=; =d 'cnen: :cm:u:2nons. Dip:21::mputer prograr =ng.
1558 - 1960. Th:c<ci Che= cal Car;cranen. Re:cncn Meters Dmsien. Denvd:e. New Jersey. Che=st.
?hysicd me=s:ry studies mvciveg 'cnet:cs of themi de:Om;csinen of 2 vant:y :f crasnic and ncre;m:
i
=m:x;unes i:cenes. m:rceen Succdes e:: ). Law.:em:ers:ure h. qui:-ps pnase ecu:atnum s:ue:es Nf 4 - 1953. Ail:ed Chemical Car:cr:non. Morns:cwn. New Jersey. Resear= Chem:s:. Devele:e memais af :ne=2=: =:iyns usina "4e: =d mst umental :echmcues for 2 :=ge af incrgsm: =d Orgin:c ;0mpomds.
Instn: ment:i inaiysu mvche: mass spec:=me: y. ps threm2:cgra:ny, IR. CV. nsi:le 3;e::: sc0cy. et:.
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5'350 CHE CKEE AVENLE A; EXANC;:tA.VI AGNA EE3"t.
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Y Professional and Honorary Societies Amenean Che:mc:i Society The Comoustien Insuture Editon:1. Advisory Sv rd.combusnon and flame Program Suecommittee for tne Internat:enal Comoustien Symposia Phi Lambda Upsilon Sigma Xi Publications "Comoutzt:en of Kinetic Const:nts from Singte. Pulse Shock Tuce Data." H.B. Palmer. 3.E. Knox. 2nd E.T.
McH:le. AIAA /curnal.1.1195 s 14o3).
"Determinanen of the Decamposition ICnetics of Hydrazme Using 2 Single. Pulse Shock Tube." E.T. WHaie.
B E. Knox. and H.B. P1lmer. Tenth Symposium ;' Inter".at:on.ri) un Ombust:an. n..tal. The Comcurusu' Institute. Pittsburgh. Pennsylvsma.1965.
" Note en Reilected Sheek Conditions in 2 Single.hlse Tube." H.B. Pstmer. E.T. McHale and G.R. Smkey.
Pmceedmgs of tne fifth internanonal Shcek Tube Sym:osmm. (Dtv11:un ci Fluid Dyn2miss. Amenun Physical Society), Apnl 23.1965. pubitshed by NOL. Silver Sprmg. Mary!snd.
"A Study of the Expicsion Limi 3 of Simple Ditlucr:mino Compounds and the inhibition thereof." J.B. Len.
J.W. Millst and E.T. McHale. Dird Sensit:vny Seminar on N.F Compounds. CPI A hoiication No. no. Sen 1965.
"Gasitic2 tion by Sublimation. Nuc!este Betling and Chemical Attsck in Osidizer Declag stion Waves." G. vint Elbe and E.T. McHale 2nd ICRPC Ombust:en Qnference. Novemeer 1o65 CPI A Publiestion No.105. p 417. May 1966.
" Analysis of Hydrazine - Ammoms Mixtures." 3.E. Knox and E.T. MeHale. Analytical Gemistry.13, 4x?
i!066).
"The Det12granen of Hydrazine Diperchlorate." E.T. McHale. SJ. Adams. G. van Elbe and J.B. Levy.
Combusnan and Rame. I1.14! (l967).
"Chemiesl.Kineuc and Physical Processes in Composite Solid Propellant Combustion." G. von Elbe. M.K.
King, E.T. McHale. snd A. Macek. NASA Contr:ctor Report No. 66307 January 1967.
"Brsnched. Chain Reactions in the Decomposition of Hydraz:ne-Based Oxidizers." G. vnn Elbe :nd E.T.
McHale, led ICRPG Ombustion Gn/erence. Octncer 1966; CP!A Publication No. I 33. p. 35. Feoruary !%7.
"Chionne (Ill) Onde. 2 New Chienne Cxide." E.T. McHale 2nd G. von Elbe. De Journal of the Amencan Gemrc:/ Soe:ety 39, 2795.(l967).
I "The Explesive Decompositio.n,of..Chlonne Dioxide," E.T. McHale and G. von Elbe. Defournalof Physical j
Gemisav 72. I849. (lo66).
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l, "The Extinguishment of Soiid Propelkn's by R:pid Depressurizat:en." G. von Elbe and E.T. EH:ie. AI.t.1 Journal. 6. IJl 7. ( l965).
" Composite Solid he-etlant Flame Microstructure Determmation." R. Fnedman.M. liert:ber;. E T EHale I
and G. von Elbe.NA3A CR 66o77. lune 1965.
"Survev of Vapor Phase Chemical Agents for Combustion Suppr:ssion." E.T. McHale. rev:ew arttde ni Fire Research Abstracts :nd Rmews. I1. 73 (l969).
"An Optical Bomo Study of the Combustion of Solid P-ope! bats m High Acceleration Fields." M.K. Kin.; and E.T. McHaic. 5th ICRPG Combustion Conference. October 19e. CP!A Public: tion No.19:. Voi II. p 4~
o Decemeer 1969.
"The Detlagration of Solid Prepcilant Ox:dizers." E.T. McH21e and G. von Elbe. O>":bustron Screme aml Technolop* :. ::7419701 I
" Flammability 1.inuts of H,/0,l Fluorocarbon Mixtures." E.T. McHaie. R.W. Geary. G. von Elbe. and t'.
i Huggett. Combust:on :nd F' me. l6.16 7( l971).
" Habitable Atmospneres Which Do Not Support Combustion." E.T. McHale. Eractedings of Si.rth IESIALAA!AST11 Space Simulanon Conference. NASA 5pec:11 Publicatim. May I97:.
"I.ife Support without Comoustion Hazards." E.T. McH2!e. presented at the 77th Annual Meer:ng of National Fire Prutection Assoc:ation. May 14.1973. St. Couts. Missoun. Published m Fire Ternnolup".10. l.t. ( M74).
" Sealing of Fire Extinguishment Dats." E.T. McHale. fire Technology. 9.157(1973).
"The Role of Seg2tive Halogen lens in Hydrocarbon Flame Inhibition." D. Spence and E.T. MeHale.
Combusrion and ??ame. :J. :)1 (l975).
"F12me inhibition by Potassium Compounds " E.T. McH21e. Cumbustron and Flame. :J.:77(1075).
I "Expenmental Evaluatioc of Chemic:1 Agents in Suppressmg Missile P!ume Afterburntng." E.T. Mellate.
pr:sented and published. I1th AI AA/SAE Propulsion Conference. September 1975.
" Chemical Interpretst:en of Suppression of Missile P!uts Afterburmng by Chemie:1 Age.7ts." E.T. McHalc.
J ANN AF 9th P!ume Technoiogy Meetmg;CPIA Publication 277. April 1976.
"lR Countermeasures via Solid Prope!! ant Technology " R. Naismith. E.T. McHale :nd J. Kitchens.14th IRIS Sympostum on Infrared Countermeasures. May 26.1976.
" Chemical Sup::ressten of Secondary Muz le Fhsh." E.T. McHale.14th JANN AF Combustion Meeune.
August 1977 "Halon Explosion Protection System Development." E.T. McHa!e, Nuclear Energy Agency - Symposium on the Safety of.Vuclear Ships. H:mburg. Germany. December.1977
" Sampling of Soot in Diffusion Flames " E.G. Skolntk and E.T. McHale. Combusnon and /?ame. to be published m i980.
" Development and Evaluation of Coal Sturr es." R.S. Scheffe and E.T. McHafe. The Second Intemari Sy mpesium on Coal. Oil Mixture Combustion. presented Novemcer 27.19^79. to be published 1980.
l Sumerous techme:1 reports on govemment snd industnal erogrsms.
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Professional Cualifications of BELA KARLOVITZ Business Address:
1016 Oliver Building, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15222 Education:
Mechanical Engineer, Technical University, Budapest, Hungary (1926)
Electrical Engineer, Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland (1928)
Activity:
1928-1938 - Electric Public Utility System, Budapest, Hungary - Section Engineer in technical ranagement.
1934-1938 - Originated concept magnetohydredynamic (MHD) power generation; designed and patented this system in collaboration with Dr. Denes Halass.
1938-1947 - Conducted experimental research on magneto-hydrodynamic power generation for Westing-house Electric Corporation in U.S.
1947-1953 - Chief of Flame Research Section of the U.S.
Bureau of Mines in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
1 Engaged in research on laminar and turbulent flame phenomena.
Developed theory of turbitlent flame propogation and originated the concept of
(
flame stretch and theory of flame generated turbulence.
1953-Present - Member of Combustion and Explosives Re-search, Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvenia.
Consultant for fundamental combustion problems for Government agencies, indus-tries, and research institutes.
This activity involved work on, among other things, safety of test facilities handling hydrogen, piloting of hydrogen flames and control of flame instabilities;'
originated and developed the~ electrically augmented flame.
Designed and patented a clean burning spark ignition engine based on fundamental turbulent flame theory.
Investi-I gated numerous industrial explosions, parti-i cipated in the safe design of chemical l
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process sytems.
Participated in the study of hydrogen explosion problems of the nuclear pcwer industry, participated in the study of the explosion hazards of the Saturn rockets and the Space Shuttle for NASA.
Publications:
Author of numerous publications relating to plasma phencmena, turbulent flames, flame stretch concept, ccmbustion insta-bility, and electrically augmented flames.
Holder of patents concerning industrial application of flames, electrically aug-mented flames, and emission control system for spark ignition engines.
Invited speaker at several International Scientific Symposia in subjects including flame phencmena.
Memberships:
American Physical Society: The Combustion Institute; and Registered Professional i
Engineer.
Awards:
The 1970 Sernard Lewis Gold Medal of the Cem-bustion Institute; Honary Pr(sident, Sixth l
International MHD Conference, Washington, D.C.,
1975.
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l Professional Qualifications of DAVI D K. GOESER Westinghouse Water Reactor Divisions Westinghouse Electic Corporation i
I My n&ne is David K. Goeser.
My business address is Westing-house Electric Corporation, P.O.
Box 355, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15230.
I am employed by Westinghouse Electric Corporation as the Manager, Risk Assessment Technology within the Nuclear Safety Department of the Nuclear Tech-nology Division.
I am responsible for the program manage-ment for integration of all Westinghouse activities address-ing the reduction of risk resulting from severe accidents including developing and implementing probabilistic risk assessment methods, models and analytical capabilities.
I attended the Illinois Institute of Technology frem 1963 to i
1966, received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Electrical Engineering in 1966 and received a Master of Science Degree i
from the University of Pittsburgh in 1968.
I joined the Westinghouse Electric Corporation in 1967 at the Acvanced Reactor Division wherein I held various manage-ment positions relating to protection and control, safety, licensing, reliability and systems integration associated with the Clinch River Breeder Reactor plant project.
I joined the Westinghouse Water Reactor Divisions in 1980 as the Manager, Risk Assessment Technology in the Nuclear Safety Department.
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i Professional Qualifications of WILLIAM H.
RASIN Design Engineer Duke Power Company My name is William H.
Rasin.
My business address is 442 i
South Church Street, Charlotte, North Carolina, 28242.
I am j
a Design Engineer in the Safety Review, Analysis, and Licensing Division, Design Engineering Department, Duke Power Company.
I graduated from the University of Virginia with a Bachelor of Science degree in Nuclear Engineering.
From June 1977 to the present, I have been employed by Duke Power Ccmpany in the Design Engineering Department.
I am currently head of the Integrated Systems Analysis Section.
Previous assignments with Duke have been as head of the Nuclear Group and supervisor of the Nuclear Fuels and Licensing subgroups.
I was a member of the initial contin-gent of Duke engineers which responded to the Three Mile Island accident and served on the Industry Advisory Group at the TMI site.
My major responsibility is currently to coordinate and direct Design Engineering's efforts to address the hydrogen issue.
Prior to my empicyment with Duke Power Company, I spent approximately 6 years at the University of Virginia Research Reactor Facility as Staff Reactor Engineer.
In this posi-tion, I held a Senior Reactor Operator License from.the Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
I also spent approximately eight years in the U. S. Naval Nuclear Power Program where I was qualified as a Reactor Operator and Engineering Officer of the Watch.
I am a member of the Safety and Analysis Task Force of the Electric Pcwer Research Institute, a member of the American Nuclear Society, and a registered Professional Engineer in North Carolina.
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