ML19329C285
| ML19329C285 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Davis Besse  |
| Issue date: | 02/28/1979 |
| From: | Reutter J OHIO STATE UNIV., COLUMBUS, OH |
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| References | |
| 103, NUDOCS 8002120993 | |
| Download: ML19329C285 (23) | |
Text
.
CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.103
~
FISH IMPINGEMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION DURING 1978
('
Environmental Technical Specifications j
Sec. 3.1.2.a.6 Fish I mpingement i
Prepared by Jeffrey M. Reutter Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio l
THE CHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO 8002120fi3 February 1979 a
3.1. 2. a. 6 Fish Impingement Procedures Between 1 January and 31 December 1978 the traveling screens at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station were operated 221 times.
The date, time, and duration of each screen operation were recorded and keypunched, even when the impinged fish were not collected (Table 1). Collections of impinged fish were made by Toledo Edison personnel during 144 of the 221 screen operations by placin mesh) g a screen having the same mesh size as the traveling screens ( -inch bar in the sluiceway through which the backwashed material passed.
Fish collected in this manner were placed in plastic bags, labeled vith the date and time of screen operation, and frozen. The samples were pickra up by personnel of The Ohio State University Center for Lake Erie Area Research (CLEAR) weekly.
All specimens in all samples were identified (Trautman,1957) and enumerated.
All specimens, or a representative number thereof, were also weighed and measured.
In addition to the information pertinent to traveling screen operation, the total number and total weight of each species and the length and weight of each individual fish were also keypunched.
All these data were stored on magnetic tape at The Ohio State University for use with the Statistical Analysis System: SAS (Barr et al., 1976) on an IBM 370 computer.
Since the time and duration of every screen operation was known, it was possible to determine the number of hours represented by each collection. From this a concentration, fish impinged / hour, was developed and used to estimate impingement on days when samples were not collected.
Results A total of 6,607 fish representing 20 species was impinged on the traveling screens at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station from 1 January through 31 December 1978 (Table 2).
Goldfish was the dominant species impinged representing 49.9 percent of the total. Only 6 other species represented more than 1 percent of the total: yellow perch, T' percent; emerald shiner, 15.0 percent; gizzard shad, 5.9 percent; black crappie, 1.2 percent; freshwater drum, 1.2 percent; and rainbow smelt, 1.0 percent.
Impingement was also computed on a monthly basis (Table 3).
Most of the impingement occurred during April (43.5 percent) and December (35.3 percent).
Of the 2,875 fish estimated to have been impinged during April, 834 (29.0 percent) were emerald shiners, 799(27.8 percent) were goldfish, and 1,098 (38.2 percent) were yellow perch. Of the 2,330 fish estimated to have been impinged during December, 1,870 (80.3 percent) were goldfish and 360 (15.5 percent') were gizzard shad.
---n, n--
TABLE 1 TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-8 ESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 2 January 1978 22.09 2!.41 Y
46.41 4
21.30 22.00 Y
47.59 5
16.15 17.05 N
19.05 6
16.39 17.17 Y
24.12 8
16.01 16.37 Y
47.20 12 16.45 17.15 N
96.73 14 17.50 18.30 N
49.15 20 20.15 20.45 Y
146.15 22 17.30 18.00 Y
45.55 24 17.00 18.24 Y
48.24 28 18.00 19.30 Y
97.06 30 20.30 21.00 Y
49.70 1 February 1978 20.45 21.15 N
48,15 3
20.55 21.25 Y
48.10 5
16.45 17.15 Y
43.91 7
17.30 18.00 Y
48.84 9
21.00 21.30 Y
51.30 11 17.40 18.15 Y
44.85 l
13 20.00 20.40 Y
50.25 17 17.00 17.30 Y
92.90 19 17.12 17.45 Y
48,15 21 20.30 21.20 N
51.75 22 18.40 17.20 N
20.00 23 19.55 20.50 N
27.30 25 20.57 21.40 N
48.90 27 18.10 19.40 Y
46.00 1 March 1978 23.00 23.40 N
52.00 2
16.30 17.10 N
17.70 3
18.00 18.35 Y
25.25 5
20.30 21.00 Y
50.65 6
21.30 22.00 N
25.00 7
20.15 20.50 Y
22.50 10 19.40 20.10 Y
71.60 11 19.10 19.45 Y
23.]5 12 17.20 17.50 N
22.05 13 17.30 18.00 N
24.50 17.50 18.22 Y
48.22
'?
18.50 19.20 Y
48.98 19 20.40 21.12 Y
49.92 21 19.58 20.28 N
47.16 23 20.50 21.26 Y
48.98 25 22.40 23.10 Y
49.84 26 18.00 18.30 N
19.20 27 20.00 21.05 N
26.75 29 21.19 21.56 Y
48.51 l
l
, l
TABLE I (Con't.)
TRAVELING SCREEN CPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF yES/NO OPERATION 2 April 1978 19.06 19.40 y
93.84 3
20.15 20.50 N
25.10 4.
20.00 20.30 N
23.80 7
19.40 20.40 N
72.10 8
20.30 21.00 y
24.60 9
20.10 20.40 N
23.40 10 21.00 22.00 y
25.60 12 20.50 21.20 y
47.20 13 20.30 21.00 N
23.80 14 20.30 21.00 y
24.00 15 17.00 17.45 N
20.45 16 16.58 17.36 y
23.91 17 16.30 17.45 N
24.09 18 17.25 17.55 y
24.10 19 16.20 17.00 N
23.45 20 16.37 17.13 y
24.13 22 18.00 18.35 y
49.22 24 17.32 18.05 y
47.70 26 17.15 17.45 y
47.40 28 18.00 18.30 y
48.85 30 23.20 23.50 y
53.20 1 May 1978 18.30 19.00 N
19.50 2
18.45 19.15 y
24.15 5
10.30 11.00 N
63.85 6
21.15 21.45 y
34.45 8
20.25 20.55 y
47.10 10 16.55 17.25 y
44.70 12 22.00 22.30 y
53.05 14 16.30 17.00 y
42.70 16 16.35 17.05 y
48.05 18 16.10 16.40 y
47.35 20 17.00 17.30 N
48.90 22 19.00 20.30 y
51.00 24 16.32.
17.04 y
44.74 26 14.40 15.10 y
46.06 28 18.03 18.33 y
51.23 30 15.45 16.15 y
45.82 1 June 1978 16.25 17.00 y
48.85 3
14.50 15.20 y
46.20 5
18.55 19.35 y
52.15 6
18.30 19.15 N
23.80 7
21.05 21.35 y
26.20 9
21.36 22.06 y
48.71 10 16.15 16.36' N
18.3C 11 17.55 18.30 y
25.94 j
TABLE 1 (Con't.)
TRAVEcING SCREEN.' OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 12 June 1978 17.00 17.30 N
23.00 13 16.35 17.05 Y
23.75 a
15 12.52 13.24 Y
44.19 16 18.40 19.10 N
29.86 17 13.39 14.10 Y
19.00 a
19 18.45 19.25 N
53.15 a
3 20 16.25 16.55 N
21.30 21 16.07, 16.37 Y
23.82 a
23 14.25 14.55 Y
46.18 a
25 16.10 16.50 Y
49.95 a
27 20.30 21.15 N
52.65 a
28 17.25 17.50 N
20.35 a
29 15.50 16.20 Y
22.70 a
30 16.00 16.30 N
24.10 a
2 July 1978 18.00 18.30 Y
50.00 4
17.15 17.45 Y
47.15 a
6 16.20 16.55 Y
47.10 a
3 14.20 14.50 Y
45.95 a
g 18.20 18.50 N
28.00 a
10 18.40 19.20 Y
24.70 11 20.45 21.16 Y
25.96 13 21.15 21,45 N
48.29 14 18.45 19.15 Y
21.70 a
1 15 16.25 16.55 N
21.40 16 16.30 17.00 Y
24.45 17 19.20 19.50 Y
26.50 a
20 20.15 20.50 Y
73.00 22 19.25 19.55 Y
47.05 a
j 17.00 17.30 Y
45.75 24 25 20.45 21.20 Y
27.90 26 20.15 20.45 Y
23.25 27 16.55 17.25 N
20.80 a
28 18.25 19.00 Y
25.75 30 17.16 17.46 Y
46.46 1 August 1978 17.00 17.30 Y
47.84 2
16.20 16.50 N
23.20 a
3 16.35 17.05 Y
24.55 a
4 19.00 19.30 N
26.25 5
19.02 19.37 Y
24.07 a
16.45 17.15 Y
45.78 7
9 19.30 20.00 Y
50.85 a
11 16.20 16.50 Y
44.50
=
13 16.43 17.18 N
48.68 a
14 22.00 22.30 N
29.12 a
l 17 20.20
,21.30 N
71.00 a
l l l
TABLE 1 (Con't.)
TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-8 ESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 19 August 1978 18.55 19.29 Y
45.99 21 19.20 20.15 Y
48.86 23 20.15 20.45
~Y 48.30 25 18.35 19.10 Y
46.65 26 18.05 18.50 N
23.40 27 17.37 18.14 Y
23.64 29 16.45 17.15 Y
47.01 31 17.30 18.00 Y
48.85 1 September 19~8 16.38 17.08 N
23.08 3
16.13 16.43 Y
47.35 4
16.35 17.25 Y
24.82 6
16.52 17.23 Y
47.98 8
18.07 18.37 Y
49.14 10 17.20 18.00 Y
47.63 4
4 12 20.13 20.45 Y
50.45 14 19.15 19.50 Y
47.05 16 17.30 18.20 N
46.70 18 21.30 22.05 Y
51.85 19 22.15 22.50 N
24.45 20 20.00 20.30 Y
21.80 22 23.00 23.30 Y
51.00 6
24 17.20 18.05 N
42.75 25 20.35 21.05 N
27.00 28 19.00 19.35 Y
70.30 30 16.55 17.25 Y
45.90 2 October 1978 19.25 19.55 Y
50.30 3
18.20 18.40 N
22.85 4
17.45 18.15 Y
23,75 5
16.30 17.01 N
22.86 6
20.25 21.00 N
27.99 9
16.25 16.55 N
67.55 10 17.05 17.36 Y
24.81 4
l 11 15.05 15.35 N
21.99 12 18.43, 19.17 Y
27.82 13 16.40 17.10 N
21.93 14 21.34 22.04 Y
28.94 16 17.00 17.30 Y
43.26 20 17.20 17.50 Y
96,20 22 21.45 22.20 Y
52.70 25 18.20 18.50
'l 68.30 26' 16.30 17.00 Y
22.50 28 20.05 20.40 Y
51.40 30 21.10 21.45 Y
49.05 l....
TABLE 1 (Con't.)
TRAVELING SCREEN OPERATION AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION FROM 1 JANUARY TO 31 DECEMBER 1978 TIME OF SCREEN OPERATION FISH HOURS SINCE DATE COLLECTION LAST SCREEN ON OFF YES/NO OPERATION 1 November 1978 18.45 19.17 Y
45.72 3
20.45 21.18 Y
50.01 5
20.08 20.40 Y
47.22 6
16.25 16.55 N
20.15 7
16.48 17.12 Y
24.57 8
16.40 17.10 N
23.98 9
16.50 17.20 Y
24.10 11,
18.25 18.55 Y
49.35 12 17.05 17.35 N
22.80 13 18.15 18.35 Y
25.00 14 16.26 17.00 N
22.65 15 18.30 19.00 Y
26.00 17 20.05 20.57 N
49.57 20 19.45 20.30 N
71.73 21 20.50 21.20 N
24.90 23 16.15 16.45 Y
43.25 24 19.00 20.08 N
27.63 25 20.00 20.30 Y
24.22 27 20.30 21.00 Y
as,70 29 20.15 20.45 Y
47.45 1 December 1978 19.15 19.45 Y
47.00 5
16.00 17.08 Y
45.63 3
16.28 17.34 N
48.26 6
17.55 18.25 Y
24.91 9
17.55 18.25 N
72.00 10 19.46 20.23 N
26.98 11 16.30 17.00 N
20.77 12 17.45 18.15 N
25.15 13 18.04 18.34 Y
24.19 15 17.20 17.50 Y
47.16 17 16.45 19.15 Y
49.65 18 17.34 18.10 N
22.95 19 22.20 22.50 V
28.40 20 18.20 18.50 N
20.00 21 16.25 16.59 Y
22.09 23 19.45 20.15 Y
51.56 24 19.35 20.05 N
23.90 25 21.50 22.20 Y
26.15 27 17.30 18.00 N
43.80 28 19.37 20.07 N
26.07 29 20.20 20.50 Y
24.43 30 17.30 19.30 N
22.80 31 18.35 19.08 Y
23.78
" l l
TABLE 2 FISH SPECIES IMPINGED AT THE CAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION: 1 January through 31 December 1978 NUMBER IMPINGED WEIGHT (grams)
LENGTH (mm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 95% Confidence SPECIES Interval Interval Interval Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Estimate Bound Bound Bound Bot?d Bound Bound Alewi fe 4
1 9
4 0
8 75 39 110 Black Crappie 82 53 128 17 16 17 117 116 119 Blackside Darter 1
0.5 4
1 27 Bluegill Sunfish 5
3 9
10 9
10 68 67 68 25 Bluntnose Minnow 1
1 3
1
-a Carp 6
3 15 2
1 3
56 51 60 Channel Catfish 3
1 7
0.4 59 Emerald Shiner C91 636 1,545 1
1 1
60 60 61 Freshwater Drum 80 55 114 4
3 4
81 78 83 Gizzard Shad 391 201 758 7
6 8
88 87 90 Goldfish 3,299 2,435 4,468 5
5 6
72 71 73 Green Sunfish 5
3 11 12 9
16 58 48 68 Logperch Darter 12 8
21 2
1 2
63 60 67 Pumpkinseed Sunfish 9
3 24 11 9
13 82 77 87 Rainbow Smelt 69 45 107 1
1 1
60 59 61 Spottail Shiner 15 9
25 2
2 2
65 63 66 Stonecat Madtom 1
3 1
30 Trout-perch 29 20 11 4
4 5
80 77 82 White Crappie 22 15 1
8 8
8 88 85 91 Yellow Perch 1,582 1,082 c,s.e 5.
5 5
83 83 84 TOTAL 6,607 5,447 8,015 5
5 5
74 74 75
)
- Confidep <e intervals could not be computed when no more than one representative of a given species occurred.
i
TABLE 3 A
SUMMARY
OF MONTHLY FISH IMPINGEMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS: 1 January through 31 December 1978 NUMBER IMPINGED WEIGHT (grams)
LENGTH (mm) 95% Confidence 95% Confidence 951 Confidence MONTHS Interval Interval Interval L wer Upper Estimate liean Lower Upper Mean Lower Upper Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound Bound January 45 31 66 13 12 14 104 102 106 February 17 9
31 5
5 6
76 72 79 March 13 7
25 4
4 4
72 70 73 April 2,875 2,157 3,833 5
5 6
79 78 79 m
May 648 479 874 5
4 5
79 78 79 June 45 29 69 12 7
17 92 86 98 July 7
5 11 9
9 9
79 77 81 August 4
2 8
12 9
14 100 90 110 September 19 12 32 11 9
12 83 80 87 October 28 18 43 10 9
11 59 55 64 November 576 314 1,058 3
3 3
62 61 63 December 2,330 1,594 3,406 3
3 3
68 67 69 TOTAL 6,607 5,447 8,015 5
5 5
74 74 75
Analysis With the exception of the blackside darter and the bluntnose minnow, all species impinged at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station have been captured witnin the past 10 years at Locust Point (See Table 2, Section 3.1.2.a.3).
i However, both the blackside darter and bluntnose minnow have been reported from the island area of Lake Erie and most of the tributaries, including the Toussaint River and Turtle Creek near Locust Point (Trautman,1957).
With the except1on of goldfish and black and white crappies the impinged fish occurred in relative numbers which were not unusual for populations in Lake Erie at Locust Point.
These 3 species occurred in relative proportions well above that of the open lake. -This indicates probable use of the intake canal as a permanent residence for these species. Furthermore, due to the small sizes of these fish (they were young-of-the-year) and results from previous trawling efforts (Reutter and Herdendorf, 1975), it appears that these species are also spawning within the intake canal and, consequently, these losses should not be considered as a negative impact on lake populations of these species.
Impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station during 1978 were extremely low even when compared to other plants on the Western Basin with lower generating ccpacities (Reutter et al.,1978).
Tables 4-6 present sport and comercial fish landings from the Ohio waters of Lake Erie and comercial landings from all of Lake Erie. Although the fish impinged at Davis-Besse were primarily YOY (mear, length, 74 m) and, consequently, much more abundant than the adults taken by comercial and sport fishermen, the total number impinged (including gizzard shad which are not taken by sport fislermen) was only 0.04 percent of the number harvested by Ohio sport fishermen.
This figure oecomes ever, less significant when one realizes that the Ohio sport catch was only 83.4 percent of the Ohio 1978 comercial catch and only 15.9 percent of the 1978 commercial catch from all of Lake Erie (Tables 4-6).
The above comparisons make it obvious that impingement losses at the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power "ation have an insignificant effect of Lake Erie fish stocks and further fication of this is probably unnecessary. However, it should be noted that
,aough by number impingement losses were 0.04 percent of the Ohio sport fishing harvest, by weight impingement was less than 0.001 percent of the Ohio sport harvest.
Fdrthermore, based on the estimates of Patterson (1976) (See Section 3.1.2.a.5) the impingement of 1,582 young-of-the-1 year yellow perch, a species which is very important to sport and commercial fishermen, will result in the loss o,f only 28-75 adults which is from 0.0002 to 0.0007 percent of the number captured by Ohio sport fishermen in 1978.
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TABLE 4 ESTIMATED 1978 SPORT AND COMMERCIAL FISH HARVEST FROM THE OHIO WATERS OF LAKE ERIE' SPORT HARVEST C0tNERCIAL HARVEST TOTAL HARVEST SPECIES No. of Weight No. of Weight No. of Weight Individuals (Kilograms)
Individuals (Kilograms)
Individuals (Kilograms) b Yello:t Perch 11,483,000 1,116,386 9,178,000 890,294 20,661,000 2,006,680 i
Walleye 1,652,000 1,515,906 0
0 1,652,000 1,515,906 b
White Bass 1,533,000 334,825 3,380,000 736,842 4,913,000 1,071,667 b
Freshwater Drum 668,000 363,200 981,000 533,904 1,649,000 897,104 b
Channel Catfish 218,000 86,033 235,000 92,843 453,000 178,876 Smallmouth Bass 32,000 20,203 0
0 32.000 20,203 Others C
C d
1,867,983 8
1,867,983 TOTAL 15,586,000' 3,436,553e 4,121,866 l
7,648,419 a Scholl (1979)
Estimated based on mean weight of sport fish.
Data not available.
c Thirty-eight percent carp.
- Excludes weight of "Others" caught by sport fishermen.
TABLE 5
. COMMERCIAL FISH LANDINGS FROM THE OHIO WATER OF LAKE ERIE: 1974-1978*
SPECIES 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Buffalo 14,528 14,982 13,620 15,890 16,344 Bullhead 12,258 14,074 19,522 29,056 32,688 Carp 1,284,366 1,265,298 1,196,290 1,249,408 701,430 Channel Catfish 136,200 117,586 101,242 115,316 92,843 Freshwater Drum 307,812 340,500 432,208 361,838 533,904 Goldfish 29,510 23,608 60,836 250,154 343,678 Quillback/ Shad **
28,148 60,382 331,874 274,670 752,732 Ra:nbow Smelt 2,270 4,086 15,890 454 4,994 Sucker 39,952 24,516 28,602 14,982 14,982 White Bass 1,314,330 760,450 680,546 501,216 736,842 Yellow Perch 797,678 675,552 652,852 1,051,913 890,294 TOTAL 3,962,512 3,301,488 3,533,482 3,864,902 4,121,866 Scholl (1979). Data presented in kilograms.
This is primarily the quillback carpsucker (Carpiodes cyprinus), but occasionally some fishermen include gizzard shad (Do70 soma cepedianum). ;
TABLE 6 COMMERCIAL FISH LANDINGS FROM LAKE ERIE:
1975 - 1978a WEIGHT (Kilograms)
SPECIES 1975 1976 1977 1978 MEAN c
c Bowfin 15,000 12,000 13,500 Buffalo 30,000 43,000 34,000 25,000 33,000 Bullhead 69,000 64,000 77,000 54,000 66,000 Carp 1,491,000 1,444,000 1,439,000 871,000 1,311,250 Channel Catfish 197,000 155,000 160,000 148,000 165,000 Freshwater Drum W 000 619,000 538,000 692,000 596,750 Gizzard Shad 1,000 301,000 229,000 707,000 309,500 Goldfish 26,000 61,000 250,000 344,000 170,250 c
c Lake Whitefish 3,000 2,000 2,500 Quillback 60,000 58,000 47,000 47,000 53,000 Rainbow Smelt 7,688,000 7,845,000 9,700,000 11,002,000-9,058,750 c
c Rock Bass 19,000 10,000 14,500 Sucker 52,000 48,000 31,000 33,000 41,000 c
c Sunfish 33,000 23,000 28,000 b
Walleye 114,000 138,000 261,000 295,000 202,000 White Bass 1,932,000 1,162,000 948,000 1,590,000 1,408,000 Yellow Perch 4,597,000 2,903,000 4,801,000 4,918,000 4,304,750 Others 927,00 833,000 928,000 796,000 871,000 TOTAL 17,722,000 15,674,000 19,513,000 21,569,000 18,649,000 a
Personal communication, Dr. David Wolfert, USFWS, Sandusky, Ohio, b
Not taken commercially in Ohio and Michigan waters.
C Included with "Others" during this year-.
LITERATURE CITED Barr, J., J.H. Goodnight, J.P. Sall, and T. Helwig. 1976. A user's guide to SAS
/6. SAS Institute, Inc., Raleigh, N.C.
329 p.
Patterson, R.L.
1976. Analysis of losses in standing crop and fishery yields of yellow perch in the western basin of Lake Erie due to entrainment and impingement mortality at the Detroit Edison Monroe Power Plant, Large Lakes Research Station.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Grosse Ile, Mich.
l Reutter, J.M.
and C.E. Herdendorf.
1975.
Pre-operational aquatic ecology monitoring program for the Davis-Besse Nuclear Power Station, Unit 1.
Toledo Edison Co. Contract No. 1780.
123 p.
- Reutter, J.M.,
C.E.
Herdendorf and G.W.
Sturm.
1978.
Impingement and entrainment studies at the Bay Shore Power Station, Toledo Edison Company.
The Ohio State University CLEAR Tech. Rept. No. 78b.
Scholl,R.L. 1979. Status of Ohio's Lake Erie fisheries. Ohio Dept. Nat. Res.
Div. of Wildlife. Sandusky, Ohio.
19 p.
Trautman, M.B.
1957.
The Fishes of Ohio.
The Ohio-State University Press, Columt.us, Ohio. 683 p.
%r 4
XV SECIION 3.1.2.b.1 BIRD COLLISION I
e 4
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XVI SECIION 3.1.2.b.2 VEGETATION SURVEY
n 9
f XIX SECTION 4.2 s,
FISH IMPINGEMENT STUDY 1
4.2 Fish Impingement Study The fish impingement study is reported in Section 3.1.2.a.6.
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SECTION 4.3 CHLORINE T0XICITY STUDY l
Ds.
4.3 Chlorine Toxicity Study The chlorine toxicity study was not required for the year 1978.
4 9
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ANNUAL REPORT DAVIS-BESSE BIRD HAZARD MONITORING CONTRACT JANUARY 1979 Manfred Temme, William B. Jackson, and William A. Peterman Environmental Studies Center Dird mortality at the Davis-Besse site was monitored for the sixth consecutive spring and seventh fall migration season.
These data are summarized and compared with those from previous years.
Necropsy examinations were continued, and the results updated and integrated into data from the entire period. (1972 - 1978).
Relation-ships of meteorological conditions to bird strikes in both migration seasons also are considered.
The generating facility came on line, following an extended start-up program during the winter.
- However, a scheduled maintenance period resulted in the cooling tower not operating during most of the spring migratory period.
The fall re-presents the first period when observations could be made under normal operating conditions.
Mortality Monitoring Pattern During Both Migration Seasons:
During the spring migratory season daily surveys were conducted at the expected height of migration activities (April 30 to May 28).
Alternating days were monitored from April 3 to 28 and again on May 31 and June 7 to gain information on earlier and later migrating species.
Fall monitoring activities were commenced on September 2; they were continued on September 7, and on an alternating-day basis until Sept-
-ember 24.
Daily visits to the site were undertaken until October 15; two further. surveys on October 21 and on November 28 concluded the field collections.
800212097.[
As in previous years, the routine observations acre made around the base of the cooling tower and the area of the new microwave / met-eorological station. The perimeter of the Unit I structures and their roofs were not regularly accessible by us.
By special arrangements with the security personnel, it was possible to inspect this area on Sunday mornings when working activities were low and security escort readily available. Areas under major guy wires and transmission lines also were checked for bird strikes on Sundays only.
All surveys included the recording of current environmental con-ditions (estimations of previous weather, temperature, wind direction and speed, percentage of cloud cover, precipitation, and visibility),
numbers and species of birds and their locations. All birds were col-lected, identified to species, and frozen for later necropsy.
Twenty-nine birds in spring and 10 specimens in fall were re-trieved from the water basin in the cooling tower a few days after tt31r collision. They were badly decomposed and not examined in de-tail; identification was only possible by comparison with an extensive reference collection.
Results:
3 Spring: During the spring migration period a total of 78 bird specimens were found and collected (Table 1).
These were 30 birds more than during the same period in 1977 (Table 2).
As expected, the Warblers again comprised the greatest proportion of birds killed (69%).
Relatively high were the Vireos (14%), while Kinglets and Finches remained very low, with only 1 and 2%, respectively. This also was true for other families (Table 2).
A first-time occurrence, a female Golden-winged Warbler, was found en May 13, 1978. This species reportedly has become rarer in Ohio (Campbell, 1968).
It is, however, not an endangered species.
No major deviations from mortality patterns observed in previous springs were noted.
Since the power plant had been shut down for scheduled maintenance during most of this collection period and the base of the cooling tower drained, the dead birds inside the tower perimeter were picked up where they had dropped. This made it poss-ible,in contrast to fall season 1977, to evaluate the proportions of birds found in each of the four sectors.
As in all previous years, the most birds (55%) were found in the NE sector.
The number of birds retrieved from the NU sector (25%) exceeded the proportions taken there in previous years.
The SE sector ranked third (125), followed by the SW sector with 8% (Figs. 1, 2).
The average of the five-year period shows that bird mortalities during spring were recovered mainly in the NE sector of the cooling towers the second highest numbers, in the S.E.
sector (Fig. 2).
Although several night observations were carried out during the spring migration period, actual collisions were not observed.
Presum-ably, the migrants on their northerly heading collided with the cooling tower and were carried by strong drafts around the structure. Birds not killed on impact may have drifted, fluttering their wings until d;ath occurred. Occasionally birds were found still alive, sitting drowsily near the tower or in the drained base.
They may have been able to take to the air again. When the base is water-filled, such birds likely will drown.
Mortalities at the Unit I structures have steadily declined.
Six birds were recovered on the ground in the NW sector of the shield building,- while only two birds were found on roof four (Fig. 3).
Even if the roofs are inspected only once a week, all birds, even in a badly decomposed state, would remain, since no mammalian scavengers have access to the roofs.
On the ground, however, undefined losses may occur due to scavenging activities by foxes, skunks, and raccoons.
This has been indicated previously by security personnel.
Fall: Mortalities during the fall migration period were relative-ly low.
Only 65 specimens were found at the cooling tower and six birds on the ground in the NW sector of the Unit I structures (Figs. 3 and 4, Table 3).
The number was about half that of the previous fall (Table 4).
Warblers constituted most of the mortalities (61%); Kinglets and Finches, 10% and 4%, respectively. Gen'erally the proportion of Kinglets was higher, the seven-year average being 24% (Table 5).
As in previous fall seasons, the majority of birds were recovered in the SE sector (37%), followed by NE and SW sectors (both 26%), and the NW with 11%.
The five-year mean frequency of mortality by quad-rants of the tower shows a clear preponderance of the SE sector (Fig. 2).
This also can p robably be explained by the existing air currents at the tower, the heading angle at impact, and the drifting of fallinc and fluttering birds.
At the Unit I structure mammalian scavengers may have reduced the number of birds found around the perimeter of the building.
How-ever, no specimens were found on the roof where predators have no access. These data suggest that bird strikes at both structures were indeed less this fall than in previous years.
The number of mortalities at the Unit I structure is briefly summarized for the entire study period:
Season Year 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 Spring 4
11 16 8
6 8
Fall 5
47 53 15 22 20 6
. Necropsy Examination:
Necropsy examination included determinations of the extent of hematoma under the skull, presence or absence of bone fractures (humerus, ulna, radius, tibiotarsus, and tarsometatarsus), bill damage, and " broken" necks and skulls. Each bird collected during the fall was aged by determining the degree of skull ossification.
These data are summarized. and updated in Table 6.
Most frequent injuries were to the head and bill.
Weather and Bird Mortality:
Spring: Synoptic weather patterns were noted for 36 days in the spring, beginning on April 23rd and ending on May 28th.
Of these days, 12 had recorded bird mortalities, with the bulk of tnem occurring between May loth and May 14th.
On these five days there were 61 recorded raortalities. The total for the spring season was 77.
Each day was categorized as to the actual synoptic pattern, and the usual breakdown into seven synoptic types was made. The data for each category and the observed mortalities are given in Table 7.
As in past years, the highest mortalities were associated with weather patterns that favored migration.
In the spring this usually occurs with southerly flow in advance of an approaching cold front (synoptic category L-2).
Such weather occurred on only two days in the spring of 1978, but on both occasions there '.iere 13 mortalities.
The only other category with high mortality was L-1, which resulted in 28 mortalities on May 13th.
May 10th through the 14th presented a strong and somewhat unusual weather pattern. On the morning of May 10th a cold front passed
1 southwestward over Lake Erie and then stalled in western Pennsylvania.
On the 12th a low pressure system began forming over Lake Erie.
In-stead of moving, this low continued to deepen and remained stationary; extensive rain occurred throughout the Great Lakes region during the period. On the 15th the low moved into western Maryland, where it remained, weakening until it dissipated on the 19th.
It was during this period that 61 mortalities occurred, the highest being 28 on May 13th when the low was strongest.
Fall: The fall 1978. weather patterns in the Lake Eric region were somewhat nontypical for the season of year.
Normally the area is dominated by large, slowly moving, mostly polar high-pressure systems that bring cool, dry, " fall-like" weather to the area.
This year, particularly in September, there were no strong high-pressure systems, and the numbers of days for which high-and low-pressure patterns dominated were nearly equal for the two-month period.
Weather analyses were carried out for 50 consecutive evenings, beginning on September 2 (evening of the 1st, morning of the 2nd) and ending on October 21: during this period there were 27 days that were classified as high-pressure events and 23 as low-pressure events.
Past observations have shown that bird mortalities during the fall tend to be associated with the occurrence of high pressure in the spring, with low pressure systems. Thus mortality appears to be related to migratory movements, since the fall migration usually follows a cold frontpassage 6.id is associated with the northerly flow of air at the leading edge of a high pressure system.
In the spring the reverse is the case, with migration occurring on the trailing edge of highs in advance of an oncoming cold front.
Again fall 1978 was nontypical. Of the 78 recorded mortalities, 36 were found to be associated with high pressure systems, while 35 were found to be associated with low-pressure systems.
The date with the most mortalities (19) was, in fact, a low pressure event.
September 13th, the date with the 19 mortalities, was not a typical weather pattern for that time of. year.
In the 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> preceding 0700 hours0.0081 days <br />0.194 hours <br />0.00116 weeks <br />2.6635e-4 months <br /> on the 13tn, approximately.6 inch of rain had fallen over the western Lake Erie basin, and rainfall was extensive throughout the Midwest. On the preceding day a weak cold front lav over Lake Erie in an east-west direction. By the 13th this front had begun to reorganize as a warm front associated with a low-pressure system developing over the high plains. Thus during the evening of the 12th and morning of the 13th, cold air lay just north of Lake Erie, while the southern shore was the scene of a developing fro.stal pattern with warm frontal type precipitation.
Removal of September 13th from the analysis yields a more expected pattern. Of the eight days with the leading edge of a high over Lake Erie, six had recorded mortalities. No other weather conditions re-sulted in such a high percentage of days with mortalities.
In fact, there were 13 (or 36% of the high pressure days had a mortality re-co rded.
In Table 8 the breakdown of mottalities by synoptic weather patterns is shown.
Analysis of the data as they appear in the table verifies past observations that mortality is most likely to occur when migration is most expected, and that it can and does occur under ar.v synoptic weather condition.
Mortalities were most frequent when the leading edge of a high pressure system was over western Lake Erie and the i
mm. '
.g.
l 4
flow of air was northerly. Post-frontal low-pressure patterns (L-4)
Also appeared to result in relatively high mortality. This perhaps was predictable in that again the air flow was northerly, which en-couraged migration. Category L-4 is in effect a transition from low to high pressure, and the' difference between categories H-1 and L-4 is basically that the former has anti-cyclonic-flow, while the latter has cyclonic.
==
Conclusions:==
The fall 1978 patterns appear to be consistent with those of the past several years. Significant mortality occurred on one or j
two days, while it was low on most others. Patterns that encouraged migration were ones that showed slightly higher mortalities. Perhaps the intensity and duration of a " poor" weather event, like September 13th, determines the degree to which mortality occurs.
In any case, the observations have and continue to show that mortalities will occur, and that in the fall they are more likely to occur under certain synoptic conditions, particularly those supporting northerly air flow.
However, mortalities did not exceed 100 birds in any 24-hour period, thus indicating that the site was within specifications.
i
}
l 4
1
"ncciac recoverrd at Unvir -Oc c 'fuelenr l'ower 7t it.:en Table 1.
i cite during the nprinrj migrr. tory sn" con, 1973.
species A.C.U.*
CT ST Totals Virginia Rail 212 1
1 Rock Dove 313 1
1 Long-billed f.t.,rch "tren
?25 1
1 Catbird 704 1
1 Swainson's Thrush 758 1
1 Ruby-crowned Kinglot 749 1
1 7dhite-eyed Virco G31 1
1 Yt.llow-throntad Virca 628 1
1 Red-cyod Virca 624 7
3 10 Philadciphia Virco GPG 2
2 91rck and white W.trbler G3G 0
9 Gold.n-winged 'llarblrr G42 1
1 Olue_ winged ?!arbler Ed1 1
1 flashville 7'rbler C45 1
1 Yellow FJnrbler 650 1
1 f.iagnolia 'llarblcr 657 6
G Dlack-throated Blue 7/crblcr 654 1
1 Yellow-rumped Warbler CSS 3
3 Black-throated Green 71nrbler 667 2
?
Gleckburnian '?larbler G6P 2
2 Chestnut-sided'7qrbirr GSU C
^
i Bay-breacted 'il rbirr EGO 3
1 a
Ovenbird G74 2
2 Yellowthroct 601 19 1
13 Ynllow-breasted Chat G33 1
1 "lilson's '.7arbler 685 1
1 Am~rienn Radstert 007 3
3 Northern Oriolo 507 9
o Slote-colored Junco 067 1
1 Song Sparrow 581 1
1 Unidentified Flycntchrr 1
1 Total Birds 70 G
78
==
Table 2.
Families reprccented in birds recovered at Davis-Dc-ec iuclear rower 3t, tion site during the snring migratory scar.ons of 1C?? and 1578.
Figures in parentheses represent percent values.
S," ring 19??
Spring 1978 Family CT ST TL Total CT ST Total Kinglets (Regulidae) 3(8) 3(6) 1(1) 1(1)
Ylarblers (Paru1.idae) 15(30) 15(31) 51(73) 2(25) 53(69)
Finches (Fringillidae) 4(10) 1(50) S(11) 1(1) 1(13) 2(2)
!.timids (uimidae) 1(17) 1(2) 1(1) 1(1)
Others 7(17) S(83) 1(S0)13(27) 15(23)
S(62) 20(26)
Rails (Rallidae) 1 1
1 1
Pigeons (Columbidae) 1 1
1 1
Dr. Creeper (Corthidae) 1 1
2 lirens (Trod odytidae) 1 1
l Thrushes (Turdidae) 1 1
'/ircos (Virconidae)
S 4
9 11 3
14 Icterido(Icteridae) 2 2
Unidentified 11(27) 11(23) 1(1) 1(1)
Total birds 40(83)G(13)2(4)48(100) 70(90) 8(10) 78(100)
CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit I Gtructures TL = Tr,nsmirsion lines
Tabic 3.
Grecios reenvered at Onvis-Ocr.nc t!uclcSr f ourr "t, tion cito during the fall migr, tory sencon, 1978.
species A.O.U CT ST Totals Brown Creeper 726 1
1 Golden-crowned Kinglet 740 1
1 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 749 5
1 6
Red-eyed Vireo 624 4
1 S
PhiladcInhia Virco G26 1
1 2
Olack and white '.'larbler 633 1
1 t!achville flarbler 640 2
2 Parula 'larbler G48 1
1 Magnolia flarbler GS7 4
4 Black-throated Sluc 'llarbler 654 2
2 Yellow-rumped Vicrbler 655 2
2 01;ckburnian ".'arbler 66?
5 5
Chantnut-sided 'llnrbler 659 3
3 Day-bren trd nrbler CZ11 9
1 10 Oled poll "!arbler 661 4
1 S
Ovenbird 674 2
2 Yellowthroat 681 6
6 Canada '~lorbler 686 2
P An rican Redntert 6G7 2
2 Sh irp-tailed Sparrow S49 1
1 Swnno Sparrow SG4 1
1 Song Gonrrow S81 1
1 Unidentified birds 6
G Total Dirdr, G5 G
71
===r CT = Cooling Tower
- GT = Unit I Structures
i Tobic 4. Familien represented in birds recovered at Dav'.s-3c..cc fluclear Power l
Gtation site during the fall min. 7 tory scacons of 1C77 and 1978.
Figures in parenthcoco represnnt parcent values.
Fall 1977 Fall 1978 Family CT ST Total CT ST Total Kinglets (Regulidae) 17(13) 17(11) 6(10) 1(17) 7(10) flarblers (Parulidae) 8S(65)13(65) 98(65) 41(63) 2(33) 43(61)
Finches (Fringillidne) 8(6) 8(6) 3(4) 3(4)
Others 13(10) 2(10) 1S(10)
S(8) 3(50) 8(11)
Rails (Ra'.lidae) 1 1
Pigeons (Columbindac) 1 1
floodpeckers (Picidae) 1 1
2 Flycatchers (Tyranidae) 1 1
R.br.fluthatch (Sittidae) 2 2
Creepers (Certhiidae) 1 1
1 1
"!rens (Troglodytidae) 2 2
f *imids (f.11midae) 1 1
Vircos(Virconida2) 3 1
4 5
2 7
Icterids(Icteridae)
Unidentified 8(6) S(25)13(9) 10(15) 10(14)
Total birds 131(87)20(13)151(100) 6S(92)6(8) 71(100)
CT = Cooling Tower ST = Unit I Structures L
i I
I-
Table 5. Avian mortalitinn recovered at the Davio Bense citr durinq the migratory 'scasons (1972 - 1978) nummarized by families.
Figures in parenthosco rnpresent percrnt values.
Family Goring Fall Kinglets (Regulidae) 18 (3.8) 242 (24.0)
larblers (Parulidae) 269(56.9) 555(55.1)
Finches (Fringillidae) 47(9.9) 36(3.6) f.imids (711midae) 18(3.0) 2 (0.2)
Others 106(29.4) 122(12.1)
Unidentified 15(3.2) 50 (5.0)
Total Girds 473(100) 1007(100) e e
h l
I
Table 6 Summary of necropsy examinations of Davis Desce site avian mortalities fall 1972 - fall 1978 Site or type of injury FA"ILY lEt.tATCMA Ot! IEAD HZUATOMA CRUSHED FRACTUR23 SILL' iECK fK)
NO. DIR03*
light heavy on breast skull tibio-tarso-wing injury broken signs examined tarsus mota-tarsus
.\\rdeidae 1
1 Rallidae 7
1 1
1 2
2 1
8 Laridae 1
1 1
Columbidae 3
3 1
1 6
Ficidac 4
1 1
1 S
Tyr.tnnidae 7
1 1
1 2
11 Corvidae 1
1 Gittidac 1
2 1
3 Carthiidae 1
S 1
6 Troglodytidae 4
5 1
1 10 Uimidae 6
2 1
i 1
9 Turdidae 8
S 1
1 1
13 Reculidae li4 64 2
12 12 49 1
13 211 Sturnidae 1
1 1
Virconidae 38 34 2
4 8
3 2
3 4
??
Parulidac 37S 161 31 46 4
3C 110 0
23 SS9 Icteridae S
1 1
2 2
10 Thrau idau 1
1 Fringillidao 33 15 3
S 2
6 1
1 49 Ploccidae 1
1 2
Totals 609 318 9
41 77 4
S4 183 17 46 954 1
+ = a ningle W d may be cited in cno or more columns.
\\
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Table 7.
Summary of spring synoptic weather patterns Synoptic Categories Mortalities Average H-1 0,0,0,0,1,6,1 1.1 H-2 0,0,0,0,0,0,0 0.
H-3 2,0,0,3,0,0,0,2 0.9 L-l 0,1,0,28,4 6.6 L-2 13,13 13.0 L-3 0
0.
L-4 0,0,0,0,3,0 0.5
~
Table 8.
Summary of fall-synoptic weather patterns
-Synoptic Weather Categories individual Mortality Observations Average Daily Mortality H-l ' leading edge of a high pressure 0,2,0,2,4,2,l,4 1.9 system over western Lake Erie (northerly flow)
H-2 high pressure Center over western 0,0,3,0,0 0.6
~
Lake Erie (calm or variable flow)
H-3 trailing edge of a high pressure 2,0,4,0,0,0,3,1,0,6,2,0,0,0 1.3 system over western Lake Erie (southerly flow)
L-l low pressure center near or over 0
0.0 western Lake Erie L-2 warm sector with a cold f ront 0,0,0,2,0,0,0,2,0 0.4 immediately to the west or north-west of western Lake Eric L-3 warm f ront over or immediately 0,0,19,1,1,0,0,0 2.6 to the south of western Lake Erie L-4 post' frontal conditions with a 3,0,0,0,7 2.0 low to the east or northeast of wes1ern Lake Erie
s rig.l
. Dis ~ ibution of 65 mortalities recovered at the cooling tower during the 1978 spring migration period. Recovery O
locations indicated by Q.
d O
co O
oO O N
o o
O o
O 0g.
00 o
o 8
g o
8 O
o e
- O 9
e e M]
e 00 n = 16 (25%)
n = 36(55%)
o o
O o ;,_ s o
0o 8
9 s
o gN N
Oo sg s
la o
C Ds 3
_ OOLIN G TOW E R o
out - ta ke Spring 1978 e
o oo e
'n = 5 ( 8%), '
n=~8(12%)
- 0 -
o 0
o O
o
/*
JJ o
0 o
o 0 8 oO o
o S
o o
o o
o 0
10 20 30 40 50 m t
- - - -- - - - - 16usu:RL
~
r
.I j
Fig. 2.
A) !.iecn frcquency of bird mortalitirr by tc at cocling towcr fcr the caring pr:riodr.1974 - 1ET j
I
- 2) fican frcruency of bird nortalities by q
.ntr. ct cooling I
toner for thr. fcll prricdr 1E73 - 1073..... fall 1977 is excluded since the majority of birds wcre found floating in the to:cr br.nc.
J l
)
A)
B) i I
N N
l 1
i 13 %
54%
4%
0%
i i
1 4
i SPRING FALL l
l 12 %
21 %
15 %
52 %
j 1
l
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5 I
i
l Fig.3 oistribution or a mortalitics recovered during the 1973 spring O and e mortalitics recov6ced during the 1973 fall migratory periods at the Unit I str*!cture.
Fall recoveries indicated by $.
OO O
1 5
2 O
O** %
N y
UNIT I S T R U CT U R ES O = Spring 1978 O
S = Fall 1978 7
0 3
0 10 20 30 40 m
Fig. 4 Distribution of SS mortalities s
recot id at the cooling tower during
~
the 19/8 fall migration period.
Recovery locations indicated by e Q
q O
O O
I O
e O
0 N
0 2
~\\
e O
OeN e
6 - 's n= 7 (10.8 %)
n = 17 (26.2 %)
's s 3 0 e
's 10 0
8 COOLI N G TOWER Fall 1978 O
8 n = 17 (2 6.2 %)
n = 24 ( 3 6.9%)
~
5 c'v) y e
O 0
00 O
O e
c3 *OOO o
O 9
0 10 20 30 40 50 m t
f ROAD
CLEAR TECHNICAL REPORT NO.104 a#
FISH EGG AND LARVAE ENTRAINMENT AT THE DAVIS-BESSE NUCLEAR POWER STATION DURING 1978 Environmental Technical Specifications Sec. 3.1.2.a.5 Fish Egg and Larvae Entrainment l
Prepared by Jeffrey M. Reutter Prepared for Toledo Edison Company Toledo, Ohio l
~
THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR LAKE ERIE AREA RESEARCH COLUMBUS, OHIO 8002120fff February 1979
O M$
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SecTIoN 2.1 1 llAXIMUMTEMPERATUREblFFERENTIAL W
s 2.1.1 Temperature Differential, OF (Daily Averages) 1978 Minimum Maximum Average January 2
14 8
February 2
13 9
March 3
13 11 April 1
17 9
May
-4 5
1 June
-5' 3
1 July
-6 1
3 August
-7 0
2 September
-11 6
2 October
-5 10 2
November 2
16 9
December 3
18*
11
- Refer to LER NP-09-78-03 for December 9 and 10 when AT exceeded 200F for approximately one half hour each day.
8
,~
4 N
- N J
~ _ --- --
9 9
V II SEcTion 2 2 1
THIS SECTION is KESERVED l
2 i
~
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0 8
/
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III Cstoains.n 2,3,1 SecTro
.ontroarna
(
- 2. 3.~ 1 Blocides Chlorine was the only biocide used at Davis-Besse during the 1978 period.
Monitoring of chlorine residuals is. covered by the Station's NPDES Permit.
The limits of the permit were never exceeded, i
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IV SgcTron 2.3.2 PH Il0NITORING
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.-~
2.3.2 pH 1978 Minimum Maximum r
4 January 7.1 8.6 February 7.2 8.0 4
March 6.8 7.8 April 7.4 7.9 May 7.6 8.0 June 7.2 8.7
. July 7.6 7.9 August 7.9 8.6 September 8.0 8.5 i
October 7.2 8.3 November 7.1 8.5
- December 6.6 8.6 4
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4 4
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SECTION 2.3.3 SULFATES Il0NITORIN3 s
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2 H>
r-(f)
C 22<
m5 2
O m
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2.3.3 Sulfates 1973 Minumum Maximum Average
!6 Januan 100 125 114 February 125 250 164 March 115 220 160 April 120 220 160 May 80 160 140 June 150 180 162 July 100 150 114 August 100 150 119 September 100 150 117 October 80 125 98 November 95 120 112 December 75 175 141 a
l s
5
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a
VI SECTION 3.1.1.A.1 WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS a