ML19208D065
| ML19208D065 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Crystal River  |
| Issue date: | 06/08/1979 |
| From: | Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML19208D064 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 7909270807 | |
| Download: ML19208D065 (32) | |
Text
.
ATTAClfl!ENT 1 EVALUATION OF MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE SHIFT SIZE JUNE 8, 1979
< s us azo @o 7 1042 170
EVALUATION OF MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE SHIFT SIZE Table of Contents I.
Introduction II.
Background
III.
Discussion A. Defense-in-Depth Principle B. Fire Brigade Performance Objective C. Fire Brigade Actions D. Typical Response to a Postulated Fire in a Nuclear Plant IV.
Conclusion Appendix A - Staff Response to Licensee's Arguments
- 1. Historical Fires
- 2. Offsite Personnel
- 3. Availability of 0nsite Personnel 1042 171
EVALUATION OF MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE SHIFT SIZE I.
INTRODUCTION.
Criterion 3 of the General Cesign Criteria (GDC) for Nuclear Power Plants ( Appendix A to 10 CFR 50) reads as follows:
" Fire orotection.
Structur as, systems and components important to safety shall be designed and located to minimize, consistent with other safety requirements, the probability and effect of fires and explosions.
Noncm1bustible and heat resistant materials shall be used wheraver pra.ctical throughout the unit.
particularly in locations such as the containment and control room.
Fire detection and fighting systems of appropriate capacity and capability shall be provided and designed to minimize the adverse effects of fires on structures, systems and components important to safety.
Fire fighting systems shall be designed to assure that their rupture or inadvertent operation does not significantly impair the safety capability of these structums, systems, and components."
The above mentioned fire fighting systems consist of both automatic part of the manual fire fighting system (gade shift is an essential and manual systems. The minimum fire bri i.e., detectors, portable extinguishers, hose stations and fire brigade) which must function to
" minimize the adverse effects of fires on structures, systems and components important to safety."
This evaluation summarizes the staff's and its consultant's evaluation of the factors that establish the minimum fire brigade shift size.
We have concluded that all operating plant sites should have an onsite fire brigade shift of at least five members appropriately trained for fire f'ghting. The fire brigade shift should be capable of performing a spectrum of actions that may be necessary to cope with a variety of fire situations. One member should be assigned as fire brigade leader to assess the situation and direct fire fighting activities.
Four members should be available to transport equipment to the fire, operate suppression equipment, or perform rescue work as remJired by the specific fire.
II. BACKGROUND The need for and the role of the fire biigade as part of the fire protection program for operating plants has been under evaluation by the staff since the Brown's Ferry Fire in March 1975.
Following its study of the 3rcwn's Ferry Fire, the Nuclear Regulatory Comission's Special Review Group Report, dated February 1975, stated the need for nn adequate fire brigade:
MI E 1042 172
P00R~0RIN.
.E.
"In addition to adequate equipment design, success fm fire fighting requires testing and maintenance of the ecuipment and training and practice as teams under realistic conditions for
.the onsite and offsite personnel who must fight the fire. Onsite and offsite equipment should be compatible. Emergency plans should recognize the need for fire fighting concurrent with other activities.
They should provide for division of available personnel into preassigned, trained teams responsible for the various activities needed with proper utilization of offsite fire-fighters." (NUREG-0050 p.6).
"While the Review Grouc believes that sach basic training is a necessary element in effective preoaration for fire fighting, such training alone does not assure smooth operaticn of fire fighting personnel during a fire. Emergency plans should recognize the need for fire fighting concurrent with other activities. There must be a clear understanding of the duties of the onsite personnel, with preassigned and trained teams for each needed function. The degree of dependency upon trained onsite fire fighting personnel must be related to the availability of suoport personnel from professional fire fighting units (city or county fire decartments, military fire control units, etc.) or trained personnel in the licer.see's organization who are available for such emergency service.
In general, the onsite personnel should have sufficient training and practice to handle all small fires, and to contain larger fires until the offsite units arrive. When it is deemed prudent to call in the offsite units, their capabilities should be used to the greatest extent possible.
Periodic drills, involving all onsite and offsite organizations which may be expected to respond to a fire, should be held to enable the groups to train as a team, permit the offsite personnel to become failar with the plant layout, and to permit evaluation of the effectiveness of communication among all those involved. These drills should include operations personnel, those specifically assigned to fire fighting, any offsite emergency control centers involved in the plan, and all those other organizations that would nomally respond to such emergencies."
(NUREG-0050 p.27).
At Brown's Ferry Nuclear Station, a five man site fire Brigade was established to fight fires in any of the three units on this site. To assure the presence of this fire brigade at all times, a requirement for such a fire brigade organization was incorporated into the Fire Protectico Program for these units.
Subsequently, in furtherance of the objective of GDC.3 the NRC reflectad this need at all plants for an adequate fire brigade in all guidelines issued on fire protection (i.e., Branch Technical Position (BTP) 9.5-1, Appendix A to BTP 9.5-1 and Regulatory Guide (R.G.
1.120.)
These NRC guidelines gave criteria for detemining the size of the fire brigade:
yc 1042 173
. "The plant should be self-sufficient with respect to fire fighting activities and rely on public response only for supplemental or backup capability" (Appendix A p.7).
"/.oidance is contained in the following publications :... National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 27 - Private Fire Brigades" (Appendix A p.4).
(egarding the size of the fire brigade, NFPA 27 states:
"The equipment that must be put into service at a fire will determine the number of men required for each operating unit or company into whicn the brigade is organized and the total number needed in the brigade.
Each company should have a leader and each brigade should have a chief." (NFPA p.27-3, Vol.12) (Note that the site fire brigade on each shift corresponds to the company of NFPA 27; the organization of all shift fire brigades corresponds to the brigade of NFPA 27.)
In November 1977, the NRC issued additional guidance indicating that the fire brigade size should be detemined by the functions the fire brigade must perform after consideration of several factors:
(1) plant geometry and size; (2) quantity and quality of detection and suppression systems; (3) fire fighting strategies for postulated fires; (4) fire brigade training; (5) fire brigade equipment; and (6) fire brigade supplements by plant personnel and local fire depart-ments. At that time, the staff established an interim fire brigade size of five persons until a site specific review could be completed.
In November 1977, the NRC sent licensees of operating facilities proposed interim Technical Specifications for fire protection which included the requirement for a five man fire brigade.
The NRC position on Minimum Fire Brigade Shift Size was included with the Safety Evaluation supporting this requirement.
The licensees' response on the requirement for a five man fire brigade was divided. Of 70 operating facilities, 51 accepted a five man brigade and 19 presented arguments for a smaller fire brigade shift size.
To effect expeditious implementation of interim Technical Specifications requirements for fire protection, license amendments were issued which added Fire Protection Technical Specifications requiring the minimum fire brigade shift size as proposed by the licensees.
Where the licensee procosed a fire brigade of fewer than five persons, the amendments contained the condition that the staff's evaluation of the licensee's basis for the smaller fire brigade size would be included in the site specific review of the licensee's fire protection pregram.
In April 1978, the NRC issued additional guidance regarding the sharing of personnel required onsite for the purpose of p1' ant operation, industrial security and fire fighting.
These guidelines recognized that:
(1) the plant requires a minimum number of personnel to be on the site to coce witn either an operating, security or fire emergency; (2) the probability of an event which requires entire minimum shift of each discipline during the first 30 minutes of the event is low; and (3) the shift supervisor should be able to use available site personne' c \\ i
'00 !
1042 174 as the specif ac emergency demands.
Since October 22, 1976, the NRC fire protection review teams have visited all operating facilities.
At each site, the staff evaluated the factors identified in its November 1977 guidance.*
III.
DISC *uSSION We found that variations in plant geometry and size were not a determining factor for minimum fire brigade shift size because at all of the plants we found combinations of hazards, conditions of access, and physical arrangement of safety related equipment that would require immediate actions by at least five persons.
In all but a few plants, the detection and suppression systems and fire brigade strategies, training, equipment, and supolementation by off-shift personnel are about equal because they met or committed ta meet staff guidelines.
In some cases, our site evaluation concluded that more than five persons were required for each shift; however, in these cases, prompt modifications were made by licensees to reduce the need for the additional manpower.
None of the plants had support from local fire departments which was adequate to reduce the size of the fire brigade below five persons. All' of the plants had sufficient support from local fire department and off shift personnel such that the minimum fire brigade shif t size need not be increased above five.
We also found that the -'ajor f actors in detemining the shif t size of the fire bricMe were (1) the need for leadersnip of the brigade by a person who is risatively free of other duties, including actively fignting the fire; (2) the equipment to be obtained and used for fighting the fire; and (3) the actions to be performed by the fire brigade for a variety of fire situations.
A.
Defense-In-Death The concept of " defense-in-depth" which has been utilized throughout the site specific evaluations contains three major areas of protection, i.e.,
prevention, detection and suppression.
First, administrative controls are required to limit the quantity of combus'tible and potential ignition sources.
Second, detection systems are required to inforn the plant staff in the event of a fire. Third, suppression systems, automatic and manual, are required to extinguish the fire rapidly and successfully. Functions pertaining to each of these areas requires a minimum level of perfomance to be accepted, e.g., the fire brigade must have a minimum acceptable size to be given credit for being able to perform its function under a broad spectrum of conditions.
The fire brigade is bu't one element of the" defense-in-depth" fire protec-tion program which contributes to the adequacy of the fire protection that assures that the public health and safety is not endangered due to potential consequences of fire at an operating facility. To consider this issue in perspective, it is necessary to remember that if a severe fire occurs, the plant conditions which lead to or result from the fire cannot be
- Some of the licensees' arguments for a smaller shift size are discussed in Appendix A.
1042 175
5-precisely defined and that no single echelon of fire protection can be perfect or complete in itself.
The demands on the manual fire fighting capability and resources will vary depending on their degree of involvement:
- 1. If the automatic detection and suppression system functions as designed, the combustibles involved in the fire are limited to those evaluated in the design, and all other conditions for the f are the same as for the design evaluation, the fire will probably controlled and possibly extinguished by the installed system.
The fire brigade will be needed to enter the involved area to conduct final " mop-up" actions and inspection to ens'ure the fire is completely extinguished.
- 2. If the fire is of a larger magnitude than the design assumption of the automatic systems or the fire spreads beyond the coverage of the automatic system because of the deterioration of design conditions, the fire brigade will be required to assist in the extinguishment operation and possibly in the protection of adjacent safety related equipment wnich may be jeopardized by the fire.
- 3. If the automatic systems do not actuate, the fire brigade will be required to independently contain and extir :uish the fire in the involved zone.
Similar action is required
=11 areas that do not have automatic suppression systems.
When detemining the minimum fire brigade size,each of the above three levels of performance must be considered and evaluated, with the third level bounding the brigade size since it places the largest burden on the team.
Further, the specific fire brigade actions that will be required will vary from area to area within the plant, and with the conetruction, maintenance or normal operation activities that may be ongoing at the time of the fire.
Because the specific fire brigade actions cannot be precisely defined, the fire brigade must be capable of a spectrum of actions that may be required.
The minimum fire brigade and the available manual equipment is the only fire suppression system in many areas of the plant.
Thus, the brigade and their equipment must satisfy the requirements of tne General Cesign Criteria to minimize the adverse effects of fire on systems impor-tant to safety for these areas as well as provide its contribution to the defense-in-depth features in other areas which also have tutomatic suppression systems.
The fire brigade offers the flexibility to perform actions to mitigate the consequences of fires for the event that may exceed the limits of fixed fire crotection systems and, with early warnino fire detection, to extinguish fires before automatic systems actuate.
Even though the fire brigade is only one aspect of the " defense-in-depth",
it requires a minimum operating size to successfully fulfill its perfor-mance objectives as defined in the following section of this document.
To reduce the si:e below the needed level will result in the loss of brigade flexibility and the potential that all performance objectives will not be achieved.
<o m.w 1042 176 v:
. B. Fire Brigade Performance Objectives The performance objectives of the fire brigade at a nuclear power plant are the same 'as those in any fire situation. There are three major perfomance objectives:
(1) rescue; (2) extinguish; and (3) confine, control and extinguish. Which of these objectives are to be performed depends upon the specific factors that are present at the fire; however, the orderof performance of these objectives never changes. Where there is no need for rescue, the first objective can be " extinguish".
In all cases, even the most extreme, the final objective always is to extinguish the fire. This is true even where it is first necessary to confine the fire, then bring it under contrcl and finally extinguish it.
In extremely rare and unusual circumstances, a fire may be allowed to burn itself out as a last resort. We have not endorsed this alternative as the design conditicn because of the potential deleterious effects on plant operation associated with the toxic and corrosive effects of the smoke and additional system failures that may occur.
To achieve any one, or all of the major objectives, the fire brigade must perform several functions.
Some of these are:
(a) locate tne fire and ascertain its potential, (b) localize the fire, alleviate smoke and heat conditions, improve visibility, and facilitate the advance of hose lines; (c) Extinguish the fire by application of a sufficient amount of the correct extinguishing medium; (d) Minimize damage by the judicious use of water or other extinguishing agent;
- (e) Protect personnel, provide ventilation, self-contained breathiV equipment and protective backup capability;
- (f) Coordinate activities through adequate supervision and comunication.
To ascertain the potential of each specific fire, and to determine the required functions, there are certain primary factors that must be evaluated by the fire brigade leader at that time.
Some of these primary factors are: life hazard for occupants and for personnel, location of fire, extent of fire on arrival, shutdown equipment and fixed suppression systems in the fire building, construction of fire building, construction of exposures, area of exposures, proximity of exposures, structural collapse of fire building, heat conditions, smoke conditions, visibility, exposure hazard, and class of fire.
'These are objectives from the beginning to the er ] of every fire suppression operation.
6i U'
0042 177
e Some of these factors interact and the combination of effects of such factors also require the consideration of the fire brigade leader.
C.
' Fire Bricade Actions The actions required of the fire brigade to achieve the performance objectives depend largely on the complexity of the fire; however, the shif t fire brigade should be capable of perfoming a spectrum of actions for any fire.
If a fire alarm sounds for any area of the plant the following actions she,uld be taken by the fire brigade:
(a) The fire brigade leader and all brigade members should immediately respond to the fire area.
.(b) The brigade leader should respond directly to the fire area, with an extinguisher that he obtains on the way, and with adequate equipment for communications and a portable handlignt.
(c) The other brigade members should respond to the fire area with a personal self-contained breathing apparatus and a portable extinguisher.
If on arrival at the fire area, an incipient fire is in progress, the following actions should be taken by the fire brigade:
(a) An immediate attack shculd be made on the fire in an attempt 1.c 9xtinguish.
(b) Additional extinguishers should be obtained from the imediate area.
(c) A hose line should be stretched to the fire area as a precaution.
(d) Additional self-contained breathing apparatus and spare cylinders should be obtained imediately to be ready for use if necessary.
If the fire is not extinguished in its incipient stage, the 'ollowing actions may be required:
(a) Place the necessary calls for off-site assistance.
(b)
If ladders are required to reach the fire, fire ladders should be obtained.
(c)
If the fire involves electrical equipment, the equioment should be de-energized. This action requires coordination with operating personnel to assure it will not affect the continued safe operation of the plant.
NI SAuf 104217g
8 (d)
If smoke conditions are such that visibility is impaired, ventilation may be required either in the form of activation of fixed systems or by the use of portable smoke ejectors.
(e)
If it becomes necessary to use water fog, precautions should be taken to prevent water damage to electrical equipment not involved in the fire.
This may require the use of protective water shielding.
(f)
If it becomes necessary to use water fog, a second nose line, from a 3tandpipe or exterior hose station should be prepared to serve as a back up to the initial hose line.
(g)
If the fire area is one that contains a special hazard such as a flammable or combustible liquids, some of the brigade members should ob.tain and prepare the special equipment necessary for that type of operation, i.e., foam in 5 gallon cans, pick up tube, foam applicator and hose lines.
(h)
If the fire is in a confined space and its exact location cannot readily be determined, the fire brigade leader may commit all his personnel to the attempt to locate the fire, but snould do so only af ter all other required preparatory actions have been carried out.
(i)
If any of the brigade members, who are actively extinguishing the fire or attempting to locate the fire, become trapped or incapacitated.
in anyway, other brigade members would be required to rescue. If the injury were such that the injured party were overcome by smoke or severely injured, at least one of the other members would be required to attend the injured to attempt to safe his life.
(j)
If the fire has not been extinguished when offsite assistance arrives at the fire location, the offsite people should be divided into teams to assist the fire fighting operation with each team having a member of the plant brigade assigned as leader.
For any given area or fire, the initial actions of the brigade require sufficient personnel to extinguish the incipient fire and to prepare for the fire that may occur if the incipient fire is not extinguished.
Therefore, the brigade should be adequately staffed so that the above a*.tions can be performed if required by a particular fire.
Table 1 indicates how these required actions would be carried out by a five member fire brigade.
Not all actions assigned to each member will necessarily be carried out for every fire; however, for the spectrum of fires that may reasonably be expected to occur, the brigade should be capable of performing the actions as shown. The five member fire brigade is the minimum complement that can provide sufficient personnel so that these actions may be carried out.
p 1042 179
?00RBRIBM
_g D.
Tyoical Response to a Postulated Fire in a Nuclear Plant The following. outline describes how a brigade would respond to a postulated fire and-carry out the actions discussed in the previous sections.
The outline illustrates the need for some actions simultaneously and sorce sequentially.
It also illustrates that the specific circumstances that determines the ::ourse of the fire will determine tr.e specific actions required.
The actions being performed by the tire brigade leader and the fire brigade members are summarized in Table 1.
1.
The Nre brigade leader and all brigade members should initiate their response to the announced fire area.
2.
The fire brigade leader should resoond directly to the announced fire area witn portable C0mmunication equipment. He evaluates the situation, and advises the control room and formulates an action plan.
3.
Eacn member of the fire brigade including the fire brigade leader obtains a fire ec tinguisher from a location along the way and brinc it to the fire a ea.
These shculd be brought from a remote location to assure that se?ficient extinguishers will be available.
Those in the irrrnediate fi r 3 area may have been used by the discoverer of the fire.
4.
Each member of t: a fire brigade should also bring a self-contained breathing apparatus for use by the brigade members.
5.
If conditions are such that self-contained breathing apparatus masks will have to be worn by the brigade members, no member should enter the fire area without a mask.
If necessary one or mom, depending on the need, brigade members should be sent to obtain additional self-contained breathing apparatus in sufficient number so that each brigade member and the fire brigade leader will have a unit.
At least one man should be sent to obtain spare air cylinders, at leist one per self-contained breathing apparatus being used.
(NOTE:
riecent tests at Syracuse Fire Cept. Training Academy showed tnat the 1/2 hour rated mask, pressure demand type, was breathed down in as little as 7 to 15 minutes during fire fighting activities).
6.
If the brigade members will pass by the oersonnel protective c'othing storage area, they should obtain their fire fignting gear and bring it to the fire scene.
If such clothing is needed but is not brought to the scene, at least one man should be sent to obtain such clothing.
IS' 90:
1042 180-
. 7.
If the source of the fire or smoke can be readily determined, the brigade leader should order the following simultaneous actions:
(a)
At least two (2) man to begin a direct attack on the fire with suitable extinguishers and, (b) the remaining two (2) men to prepare to assist with additional extinguishers and/or to stretch at least one 1-1/2" standpipe hose line to be used as a back up to the extinguishers.
If the fire is readily extinguished by the initial extinguisher application, the brigade leader should make a careful examina-tion of the fire area to insure that the fire has been completely extinguished and to try to determine the point of origin and the cause of the fire. He would be assisted by at least one brigade member. Consideration should be given for the need for a fire watch in the area for a period of up to 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />.
The remaining brigade members would be directed to return the fire fighting equipment brought to the fire location to its proper storage area ensuring that it is in proper working order and in readiness for another fire.
A critique of the fire fighting operation should be held immediately after the fire to evaluate the pre-fire strategies for the fire area and to determine the efficiency of the fire brigade and the effectiveness of the operation.
8.
If the smoke conditions are such that the location of the source of tne fire and smoke cannot readily be detemined, the brigade leader should order the following simultaneous actions:
(a) The control room to notify the off-site fire department and plant on-call personnel.
(b)
Two brigade members and the leader to put on self-contained breathing apparatus, take suitable extinguishers and enter the fire area to attempt to locate the fire.
(c)
The remaining brigade members to put on self-contained breathing apparatus and stretch a 1-1/2" hose line from the closest standpipe location and assure that the hose has sufficient length to effectively reach the fire area.
(d) After the hose line is stretched and ready to be operated, at least one member should remain with the line while the other(s) go to obtain additional equipment usch as smoke ejectors, ladders if necessary, spare air cylinders, protective covers for water sensitive equipment, and any other items that would br: of need in the fire and damage control effort.
(e)
If while the above activity is going on-the fire source is located by the leader and the two brigade members, they would immediately attempt to extinguish the fire with their extinguishers, (If successful,.the steps subsequent to extinguish-ment outlined in 7 above would be followed).
1042 181 m
. 9.
If the fire is not readily extinguished by the use of extinguishers, the following actions should be undertaken by the fire brigade as ordered by the fire brigade leader.
(a) the 1-1/2" hose line that has been stretched as a pre-cauthionary measure should be advanced into the fire area by at least two brigade members and; (b) The remaining brigade members should simultaneously stretch an additional 1-1/2" hose line from the closest available standoipe location to the area immediately outside or adjacent to the fire area and be prepared to use this line to provide protective spray and/or as a backuo attack line i f the fire severity demands.
(NOTE:
It is likely that the second 1-1/2" hose line will have to have additional nose added to rmh the f4 re area).
(c)
Once the sicond. % is readied for use and if its imediate use is not required, the fire brigade leader may direct one or more of the back uo men to take steos to pro-vide protection for electrical equipment or to set uo cortable ventilation ecui; ment to evacuate smoke and heat, or to obtain additional soecial equipment that may be recuired if the fire is not controlled and extinguished in a short time.
(d)
If the brigade leader and the men attacking the fire with the 1-1/2" hose line are successful in extinguishing the fire, the steps subsequent to extinguishment contained in 7 above should be followed.
10.
If the fire is not extinguished by the attack with 1-1/2" hose lines, the area may become untenable as a result of either heat or smoke or both.
In this situation the fire brigade leader should order the following actions by the fire brigade.
(a) All personnel should back out of the fire area and take positions where they can either keep the fire contained by the use of the hose '.ines from the cerimeter ocenings or (b) The area should be sealed off, if possible, by closing the fire doors and the hose lines should be used by brigade members to attempt to keep the fire from passing througn any enetrations or ducts or fire doors or the exterior walls by scraying water on the potentially dangerous areas to keep it cooled down.
(c)
If the situation develops to this extent in a relatively short time period (less than 15-20 minutes) it may be necessary for the brigade leader to direct that one individual hold the 1-1/2" hose line from a suitable braced position wnile tne otner members are sept for additional back uo hose lines, additional air suoply, and to check surrounding areas and floors above the fire for possible extension of the fire.
1042 182 E81 UDI (d) The fire fighting objective would now become a matter of confine, control c,d extinguish (or allow to burn out). When this occurs there will be a very serious problem of smoke and heat removal which will require the efforts of all available personnel as they arrive from off-site.
(e) Decisions will nave to be made regarding the direction the smoke and heat is to be routed with serious consideration given to the possible damage the smoke and/or heat might cause to equipment that is relatively remote from the fire.
IV. CONCLUSION On the basis of its onsite evaluations of the fire protection program for 70 operating facilities, the NRC staff has found that:
1.
The specific actions for the control and extinguishment of potential fires vary greatly from area to area within a given plant; 2.
The specific actions which the fire brigade may be required cannot be precisely defined prior to the fire; 3.
Although the fi ra fighting actions as described previously in this report may not be applicable to each and every plant area, all plants contain areas important to plant safety which require consideration of these fire fighting actions.
4.
Abnormal events cannot be precluded for each and every potential fire situation, some margin in brigade size is warranted to comoensate for the potential unanticipated events such as:
a.
Failure of detection systems to promptly alert clant personnel of the onset of a fire condition.
b.
Failure of automatic suppression systems to actuate.to limit fi re damage.
c.
Personnel injury in the act of fire fighting.
d.
Failure of administrative controls of combustible materials in situations wh,ich could impact systems important to safety.
5.
The minimum fire brigade shift size cannot be based only upon the potential fire consequences and their apparent impact on the capability to safely shutdown because this is contradictory to both the philosophy of defense-in-depth and the general design criterion requirement to minimize the adverse effects of fi res.
Based on the above, we conclude that:
1.
All operating plant sites should have an onsite fire briagde shif t complement of at least five trained persons.
u e
1042 183
. 2.
One member should be assigned as fire brigade leader and at the time of the fire, he should be free of all duties so that h5 can devote his attention to assessment of the fire situation and direction of fire fighting activities.
3.
Four members should be capable of acting individually or as teams to perform the spectrum of basic fire fighting action which may be required e.g., locating the fire, operation of portable extinguisher or hose lines, transporting equipment to the fire scene, or rescue work.
O 1042 184
,y TABLE 1 MANPOWER REQUIRED FOR FIRE FIGITING ACT'ONS W
T-FIRST & SECOND BRIGADE TillRD & FOURTil BRIGADE C3
_L E_A_Df R M_E M_B_E R__S_
H_EM_B_E R__S_
A.
ACIl0NS REQUIRED FOR FIRE NOT EXIINGUISilED BY PERSON (s) Wil0 DISCOVERED FIRE.
Respond to fire with portable Respond to fire with portable fire Respond to fire with portabi-fire extinguisher ex tinguishers.
fire extinguishers.
Respond to fire with self-Respond to fire with se1f-Respond to fire with self-contained breating apparatus.
contained breathing appara tus, co9tained breathing apparatt..
Locate fire or source of smoke Locate fire or source of smoke.
Locate fire or source of smoe.
Evaluate the fire situation and Operate fim extinguishers on the Operate fim extinguishers o the the area involved to determine the fire (if fire location is deter-fire (if fire location is dctr-effective actions to be taken and mined).
mined).
maintain consnunication with control room.
(Required for all fms.
Stretch at least one 1-1/2' hose line to be used as bacup Direct fim fighting activities to extinguishers.
by the fire brigade members.
W b
N D
TABLE 1 (cont.)
B.
ADDITIONAL ACTIONS REQUIRED FOR FIRE NOT EXTINGUISilED WITil PORTABLE EXTINGUISilERS At the scene of the fire, continuously Extend and prepare Obtain fire fighting protective evaluate the fire condition as it to operate a 1-1/2" hose line or a clothing for fire brigade develops.
Direct the activities of single 2-1/2" hose line from an members.
(if not brought on the other members and observe the fire exterior hose house.
Is t res,ponse).
fighting operation and judge its ef fectiveness and safety. Consider Attempt fire extinguishnent as a Obtain special equipmer.t for fire
<lternative actions that may be two person team using one fira hose, fighting operations - ladder.
equired as a result of changing foam, ventilation, breathing air.
conditions. Consider the consequences of actions being taken in regard to Take steps to cover electrical their impact on the overall safe shutdown equipment to prevent water damage.
capability of the plant.
When necessary, extend and The fire team leader should not be-prepare to operate a 1-1/2" hose come involved in the actual fire line or a single 2-1/2' hose fightinj process to the extent that line from an exterior hose house.
he is unable to carry out the
~
responsibilities of continuous Perform relief and rescue duties evaluation and decision making.
as required.
Coranunicate with control room regarding fire status, equiparent that may become disabled, need for of f-si te assistance, etc.
D
.O=
tr>
TABLE I (cont.)
C.
ADDITI0flAL ACT10fiS REQUIRED FOR FIRE TilAT DEMANDS ASSISTANCE BY Off -SITE PERS0fitlEL All actions required in B:
Be prepared to provide rescue of en-Be prepared to provide rescue of en-Be prepared to provide rescue dangered personnel or fire brigade danigered personnel or fire brigade of endangered personnel or fire meubers if necessary.
inenbers if necessary.
brigade nembers if necessary.
Provide of f-site fire fighting with Serve as guide, coordinator and Serve as guide, toordinator and suf ficient information so they under-control person for off-site fire control person for off-site fire stand tne situation as it exists on department.
department.
their arrival, the objective of the operati;n, the actions being taken to Isolate and confine fire.
Isolate and confine fire.
achieve the objective, advice and supervision of their actions in use hoses to cool and protect Use hoses to cool and protect coordination with the fire brigade.
- barriers, barriers.
Survey barriers for possible Survey barriers for possible break through and extention of fire break through and extention of fire.
FOOTNOTES: Operations in fire areas should always be a team ef fort of at least two If these two members are not nenbers for the purpose of improved operation and pen sonal safety.
fully trained fire brigade members, they would be replaced by the off-shif t personnel
~,
when they arrive.
M"
-#L*
- lO m
b'
APPCNDIX A STAFF RESPONSE TO SELECTED LICENSEE'S ARGUMEBUS 1.
Historical Fires Some licensees argue that the majority of historical fires in nuclear power plants were either self-extinguished or were extinguished by a small response force.
Further, a large number of these fires occurred during the construction phase of the plants.
The NRC does not deem the size of historical fires a significant factor in determining the size of the minimum fire brigade.
The small fires that self-extinguish or the fires that are easily extinguished present little, if any, threat to public health and s afe ty.
Further, the circumstances that lead to fires in the construction phase are not precluded after the plant goes into operation. New construction at the site, major plant modifications and maintenance activities produce similar circumstances at an oper,ating plant.
It is the fires that do not self-extinguish because of "off-design" conditions or are not promptly extinguished at operating plant sites which may present a tnreat to the clants capability to achieve and maintain safe shutdown conditions.
For example, a temporary breakdown in the administrative controls over the use of combustibles and ignition source, a failure to detect a fire early, or adverse unanticipated events whi:h either delay promot extinguishment or lead to rapid fire development may lead toward the development of a severe fire.
Because of the possibility of these fires, the staff deems it prudent to maintain a site fire brigade which can promptly extinguish such fires in safety related areas with sufficient margin in size to account for adverse conditions and events.
2.
Offsite Assistance Some licensees argue that the minimum fire brigade may be less than five persons because of substantial offsite assistance.
The NRC concludes that the delay in prompt fire extinguishment incurred by reliance upon support from offsite fire deoartments or the call back of plant personnel does not provide an acceptable alternative to meeting the minimum manpower requirements for an onsite fire brigade.
Offsite fire departments could be committed to fighting fire elsewhere when a call goes out for their assistance.
In many areas weather conditions could delay the response of offsite fire departments as well as operating personnel called back for additional assistance. While the NRC recognizes the importance of a preplanned utilization of offsite fire departments and call back personnel, such assistance does not justify a reduction of an adequate onsite fire brigade to provide an immediate initial attack on a fi re.
p:
n >n b' t 1042 188 3.
Availability of Onsite Personnel Some licensees argue that the potential for fire is greater during times when there is more than the minimum complement of plant operating personnel, on onsite.
In general, this is the period from about 8 to 5 on normal work days.
It is during these periods during which normal maintenance operations are performed.
While the NRC recognizes the greater potential for fire during such time, this does not alleviate the need for an adequate fire brigade on the other shifts.
It appears that there are sufficient personnel on site on all shifts to provide a five man fire brigade.
In i ts position paper on " Manpower Requirements for Operating Reactors" the NRC addressed the sharing of available onsite personnel such as the security forces as a means of meeting the manpower require-ments for a five man fire brigade. The issue is not the availability of onsite personnel who could be utilized to combat fires; but rather the effective utilization of manpower resources to establish a trained team that responds to a fire and effectively performs those action which are essential to fire fighting.
1042 189 ig
ATTACHMENT 2 STAFF POSITION MINIMUM FIRE BRIGADE TRAINING CONCERN During our evaluation of the training given to fire brigade members, the issue of whether all members of a five man fire brigade need be given identical training has been considered.
In several instances licensees These have proposed two levels of training for fire brigade members.
evaluations have established the minimum acceptable level of training.
STAFF POSIT'ON We prefer that all fire brigade mmbers receive training in accordance with the staff guidelines set forth in " Nuclear Plant Fire Protection Functional Responsibilities, Administrative Controls and Quality Assurance," June 14, 1977:.
Fire Protection Organization.
Fire Brigade Training.
Fire Fignting Procedures (Note: Copies of these attachments are enclosed)
Where the five man fire brigade has two levels of training, at least three members shall have training which fully conforms to the staff guidelines; however, two members may be excepted from the training require-ments listed below:
- 1. :
1.0a (6) The direction and coordination of the fire fighting activiti es.
1.0a (9) Detailed review of fire fighting procedures and procedure changes.*
1.0a (10) Review of latest plant modifications and changes in fire
-fighting plans.
The excepted personnel should have generai training in these subjects.
- The only portion of this 1 tem excepted is that associated with the fire fighting strategies which have been developed to conform with attachment 5, item d. "The strategies established for fighting fires in all safety-related areas and areas presenting a hazard to safety-related equip-ment."
for 90i 1042 190
~
Excerpts froin:
" Nuclear Plant Fire Protection Functional Responsibilities, Administrative Controls, and Quality Assurance" (June 14, 1977)..
Fire Protection Organization.
Fire Brigade Training.
Fire Fighting Procedures
\\
1042 19%
S P00R ORIG H Attachment No. l FIRE PROTECTION ORGANIZAT!ON 1.0 The organizational res:ensibilities and lines c' communicatien per-taining to fire cro:ection should be defined between the various
- ositions througn :ne use of organizational charts and functional des:-i::4:ns of eac9 Ocsition's res:ensibili:1es. As a minimum the Ocsitions/crgani:a:icns res:ensi:le for :ne follcwing snoulc ce des'gnate::
a.
The u::e-level of's':e manage en: ::siti:n wnich nas manage en res:ensi:ility for ne formulatt:n. i. lemen atien, and assess-en: of :ne effe::iveness Of :ne nuclea plant fire Or::e::icn Or: gram.
3.
fne c'fsi:e manage en: positien(s) dire::ly res;cnsibie for (1) f:rmulating, im:lementing, and e-iccically assessing ne efde::ivea.ess Of :ne ' ire Or *e::: n Or: gram f;r the licensee's nuclear :cwer :lant inclucing fire crills and training c:n-cuctec Oy ne fire trigadE anc :lant :ersennel. The results of nese assessments sm:ul: be re: rtec to the u :er level msnage en :esitien res;cnsi:le for fire rotection witn rec:mmenca:icns for improvements er c:rrective actions as ceemed necessary.
(2) Using :ne following NF3 Publica icns for guidance :: dev-el:: :ne fire protection program:
"Cesaniza:icn for Fire Services" No. 4 "Organi:ation of a Fire Oe:artment" No. 4A
" Industrial Fire Less Preventien" No. 5
" Management of Fire Emergencies" No. 7 "Yanagement Res:ensibilities f:r Effects of Mc. 3 Fire en 0:erations*
"P;ivate Fire Brigaces" No. 27
- . The ensite marage en ;osition res:ensible for the overall acministration of :ne plant c;eratiens and emergency plans which include one fire protection and preventien cogram and wnich provides a single point of c:ntrol and c:ntact for all contingencies.
U! t 90 i 1042 192
A 2
d.
The cesite ;cs m :ritT7'ahich:
(1) implements periodic ins;ections to: minimize the amount of ccm ustibies in safety related areas; determine the ef#ectiveness of housekeeping practices; assure the avail-ability and ac:estable condition of all fire protection systems / equi; ent, emergency breathing apoaratus, emergency lignting, c:rrunicati:n equi; ment, fire st cs, ;ene: ration seals anc fire retardant coatings; and assures prompt and effective correc:1ve actions are taken to correct conditians acverse to fire ;rotection and preclude their recurrence.
(2) is res;0nsible f:r the fire fighting training for ccerating plan: :ers:nnel and the plant's fire brigade; cesign and selecticn cf ecui: ment; periodic ins:ec:::n and testing of fire pro:ee:i:n s., stems and ecui: ment in accordance with
?stablisned peccedures and evaluate test results and deter-nine :ne ac:e::acility Of the sys: ems uncer test.
(3) assists in tre :ritique of all fire drills to determine hcw well the training objectives have been cet.
(4) reviews and evaluates pec osed work activities to identify potential transient fire loads.
(5) imclements a program for ind ctrinatien of all plant c:ntractor personnel in ap;rcoriate administrative pro-cedures which imclement the fire protection program, and the emergency procedures relative to fire protection.
(6) imoiements a program for instruction of personnel en the pre:er handling of accidental events such as leaks or spills of flar.mable materials that are reiated to fire p ro tec ti on.
l e.
The ensite ;csition responsible for fire protection quality assurance.
4 This position shculd be rescensible for assuring the effective implementation of the fire protecticn program by planned in-spections and scheduled audits. He should assure and verify that results of these inspecticns or audi s are promptly re-ported to c:gni: ant management persennel.
1 f
s y);
1042 193
P00R ]RML 3
f.
The : siti:ng w in are part of the plan: fire brigade (1) The lant firt brigade positions snould :e res:ensible for fign 1mg fires. The autner:ty and res; nsibility of each fire baigade Ocsition rehtive to fire protection shculd be clearly defined.
(2) Ine res:ensibilities of each fire brigade position sh:uld corres:cnc witn :ne actions requirec :y ne fire fignting proce:ures.
(3) Ine res: nsibilities Of ne fire brigade members uncer ncemal plant conci:icns, sh uld not conflict witn :neir res:ensibilities during a fire emergency.
(*; the - nin.um num:e-Of trained fire brigade mem:ers avail-3:le Onsite f r eacn 0:erating snif snould be c nsistent wi*n :ne activities re;uired : ::?:30 One m0s: significan:
fire.
The si:e of ne ' ire triga:e sh uld be based u:en
- Me functions re uired t fign; fires with acequate all0w-ance for injuries.
(5) The rec: renda: ices for organi:stien, training, and equip-men: cf "PR;'.' ATE r:RE SR!GA2E5* as s;e:ified in NF:A No. 27-1975, incluting :ne a::licable N :A ;ublicatiens listec in :ne Ac:er dix to NF:A No. 27, are considered a::r :riate criteria for organi:ing, training, and operating a :lant fire brigada.
2.0 Cuali fica tions a.
Tne ;csiticn res;cnsible for kr-ulation and imolementation Of ne Fire Fre ection program snould nave, within his cegan-i:a icn, Or as a c:nsultant, a Fire :rotection Engineer is a g acua a of an engineering curriculum of ac:e::ec standing and snail nave c:::ietec not less Man six years of engineering attainment indicative of gr:w:n in engineering c:mpetency and acr.ievement, three of whien shall have been in res;:nsicle charge of fire protecticn engineering work. These requirements art na eligibility rt:uirements as a Mem er in the Scciety of Fire Protection Engineers.
def 90f 1042 194
[3 132 J
b.
The ' ice bei ace e-eas cualifications secule inclu'je satis-fac;ory cer; etten o' a :nysical examina:1cn for perfoming stre9ucus activity, and of :ne fire brigade taining descrired in Attacncent No. 2.
The :e-s:nnel res;cns1:le for the maintenance and testing of the c.
Fire Protection Syster.s seculd be qualified by training and ex:erience (ce suen werk.
d.
The eersonnel res:ensi:'e f:r the training of the fire brigade 5n0u1: e.Cualifisc by training and expertence for sucn wort.
O O
e g
10!2 195
.r.o
6 Attach. ant No. 2 FIRE SR;"J i TR.AINING The tra'ntng :r:;-a$ shcule assare na the. ca:atili ty :: fign: :::er ti al fires is esta:I'sne: anc maintaine. The :r:gran sneuid consist of an initial classe:cm instruction program follcwe: Oy Periodic classrecm instruction, prac:tce in fire fignting anc fire crills:
1.0 Cl ass-::- Ins tructier a.
The initial classe:ce instruction sncule incluce:
(1) Icentifica,ticn of the fire ha: arts and associated ;y es of fires :na: could occur in :ne :lant, and an icenti-fica:ica of :ne 1:ca:icn of saca ha: arcs.
(2)
I enti'ica:icn of :ne loca:icn Of fire fighting ecu'i:-
ment f r eacn fire area, anc fa 'liari:stien with layou-Of :ne :lan-inclucing access anc egress c:u:es :: eacn area.
( T, The Ort:e-use
- availa le fire fighting e ui: rent, and One cor-ect me:nec cf f1gnting eacn ty:e Of fi re.
The ty:es of fires covered sneuld include electrical fires, fires in ca:les an ca:le trays, hycrogen fires, flam-ma:ie licuic, waste /de:ris fires, and rec:r file fires.
(c)
Inc:c rination of ne plant fire fighting :lan wit 3 sDecific c:verage cf eacn individual's res:cnsibili-ies.
(5) The :r::er use of c:nnunica:icn, lignting, ventilation anc emergency breathing equi; ment.
(5) The directicn and c:cedination of the fire fignting activities (fire Origade leaders only).
(7) The : xic cnaracteristics of expecte: ;r: ducts Of C:F ustion.
(S) The :rece-me: nod f or figh:ing fires insice buildings anc tunnels.
(3) Cetafied review of fire fightf ag pr:cedures and Or:cedure Cnanges.
(10) Review Of latest plant modifications anc changes in fire fign:ing plans.
1Pi !A0f 1042 196
2 Ine in) ruction snould te previcec by cualified individuals 3.
kn:wle geacle, ex:eatenced, an: suita:iy trained in fign ing Ene ty:es of fires tna could oc:ur in :ne plan; and in using tnt types of equipment availacie in the nuclear pc er plant.
. e?.:ers of the " fire protection Staff" and Fire 3Mgade Leaders W
- ay ::ncuct this training.
c.
Instruction snould be provided te all fire brigade memeers and fire briga:e leaders.
d.
Re;ular planned *ettings hel: every 3 mentns should re:ea:
- ne :lasse::m instruction program dver a two year peri::.
2.0 D't *' t 8-acitet sessions shculd be hele f:r fire trigade eer:e-s en :ne pr :e* etec: of fignting various ty:es Of fires. of similar mag-nitude, c:m:lexity, and difficulty as tnese =nicn c:uld Oc:ar in a nuclear : wer : Tant. These sessions sneul: provide tri; ace tembers witn ex e-ien:e in actual fire extinguis.- en and the use of em-ergency tres:ntng a;caratus under strenu;us conditions. These
- ractice sessi
- ns snould be previded a'. regular intervals bu: not to excesc 1 year for eacn fire 'Jrigace mem:er.
3.0 Ceills Fire brigade drills should be performed in the plant so that the fire origade can prac: ice as a team. Orills should incluts the foilewing:
a.
Assess. ent of fire alar-t effe::iveness, ties required to actify and assem:ly fire brigace, and sele::icn, placemen; anc use of e:ui;eent.
b.
Assess eacn brigace tem:er's kncwlecge of his role in the fire fignting strategy for the area assu e o c:ntain :ne fire-Assess ne brigace mem ers confor ance with establisned plant fire fignting procedures and use of fire fignting equipment, including self-contained emergency breathing a;;aratus, c:rmuni-caticn e ui; ment, and ventilation ecuipment, to the extent practicaole.
1042 197 a
P0011 OMSINL 3
c.
Ine simulated use Of 'f re fignting e:ui: ment re:uired := c::e alth tre sd:gatt:n an ty:e of fire selected for the drill.
The area are ty:e f ' ire en sen fer :ne drill snculd be varied sucn :na Origa:e mem:ers are trainec in fignting fires in ali safety. relate: areas c:ntaining significant fire ha: ares. The situati:n selected snculd simulate the size and arrangement f a # ire amicn c ulo reasona:iy cc:gr in the area seit::ed, allcaing for fire evel: en due t: :ne time requirec :: re-s: cec :: :::ain esat: ent, and organi:e for ne fire, assuming less Of au::ma:ic su::ressi:n ca:a:ility, c.
Assess en: cf triga:e leacer's direction :/ :ne ' ire 'ighting e " Ort, as :: :nce:ag-ress, ac:uracy, and effe::iveness, e.
The ceills sncui: Se :erformed 3: requiar intervais tu: no:
- ex:ee: 3 men:ns for en:n fi re trigace. At less: One cr111
- e yea-59 ulc te :e-f:rmed :n a "back snif t* for ea:n fire Origate. A suf'icient num:er of these dr1115. net less than :ne
':- es:3 # ire :riga:e :er year, shall be unanrcunce: :: de-te-mtee :re fire rea:1ress Of the :lan: fire Origace lea:er, trigade, fire :r :e::icn systems anc equi ment.
~he drilis sm:ui: :e re-;ianned t: esta:lisn :ne training
- f e::ives of :ne crill.
crills snoulc te criticuec.::
~"
- ete-mine 9 w aeli :Pe training Obje :ives have been met.
Unannounced drills snculd nave Oneir critiques ;er'Ormec y em:ers of tne manage-en: s:sf' res:ensi le for :lant safety anc security. At :nree year intervals, drills snould te critiqued
- y cualifie: incividuals indecencent of the utility's staff.
4.0 c e": -0 5 Re::r:s ;f training revided :: eacn fire brigade tem:er including cetil criti:ves sneuld be aintained := assure na ea:n em:er rece4ves training in all : arts of :ne training :-: gram. These re::r:s f training sncu!.c :e ava.ila:le for review.
p 1042 198
P00RORSINa Atta:P.T.en *..*te. 5 P.s-P.ar,.hG P..........sww;..m:3
" e fi;-ti ; :*::::.res s : ': te esta:lisne: :: ::ver sucs itses -as nett'i:at :n f a fire, fi e e e ;e :y : ::ec rts, an: ::;rcinati:9 of
'i e fig t'
- a
- ivities wits of fsite fire ce: Art. tents.
Int fire fignt-ing r::e:.res ss:.!: icentifj:
E.
A: i: s :: :e tace- :y incivi:va! dis::ve-'s; tne fiae, sven as, n:-i'ica; :n O' ::nte:I r::.5, attae:: := axtinguisa fire, are a :.4.i:n f i::a' dire sr.::ressi n systems.
A:ics:: :a tace- :y ;?e ::nt :I P :n :e at:r at: :ne-ee:
': :r ;a:a ass sta :a.::n re::-: c' a fi e :P rect :
c' i
a'a-
- n ::r: :' r::s a-.n:'at:
arei, s. 3 as:
anncuncing I::a: : :" 'i e :ve- :a systa=, s:;n:fr; 'fre : lams an:
no::';. ; tre ss *: s.:e viser a-: :ne 'i e Ori: 1:e lea:er Of
- ne t :e, s :e, an: i::2 tion Of ne fire.
A::i:ns :: :e tace :y na fire tri; ace af ts-oc tification'by ne ::r: ret r: 5 ::e-at:r c' a fire, in:1weing:
10:2 ica t:
assat:'e; ci e::1:ss given :y fire Origate lea:t : an: res:ensi-Oilities " :riga:e me.:ers s;.:n as se's: ico :: fire fignting e:.i:Se-as
.ans: r*.a.icn to fire locati n, selecti:n of pr::a::ive ecui :e.:, use of fire su::ressi:n systems ::e ating inst. ::ic s, an:.se :" re:lanne: s.na:egies fer fignting fi ts in s e: 'i: areas..
c.
TPe strata;'es esta:ifsne for fignting fires in all sa'ety-eiste: areas ar: 4 eas resanting a na:3-: *: sa'ety-reia:e e:u': eet.
As a mini: = :ne faile.ing su:je::s sacul: De
- vara::
(?)
- (*ti'i:at':n O' :: :wsti:?es in ea n :ia-2:ne : vert:
ty ne s::::f': fi e fig.ti.n; ;r::ecurts.
(2) Fire extinguissants :est suited fer ::ntr:Iling tne fires ass::iata.itn :ne ::::usti le lea:ings in 34 2:ne anc tne nearest i::a.i:n of tnese extinguissants.
(2) M:s f avera:!e dire::f n fee. wnien t: atta:t a 'f re in ea:n ares, in d ew f :ne ventilati:n ci e::icn, a :ess hai' ays, stai s anc :::rs.nien are ::s. iikety :: :e "fre ' te, an: :n.e :es; s a i:n er eieva:':n f:P fi;9 ing n e e.
A s:aci'f: ice-ifi:ation sysia.1 534 1 :est; ata 4II Mai'.ays, stai s, :::Ps, fire e:ui: en; an: systa.
- .9%. :1 1: 2 ': s, anc ::ner ita.es ces.-':e: in tne fire fi;ntir.; ;r::a:.res.
Inis icenti'itatien secui: te use 005 90 1042 199
pj g n e 'dd n9 Qtw in tne Or::ecures anc the ::r es:encing ;! ant items should be Or:..tnentij ma sec s: that they can te re::;ni:e: in cim lignt. All a::ess an: eg ess -tutes Mat involve Icetec c:ces sn:al: be s:e:ifically identified in tne
- r:: :are with *.re a::r::eiste :Pt:3ati:ns an: meta :s f:e ac:ess s:eci'ie:.
(C Oesig ati:n :" iaat syste.s that secui: be managec t:
recu:e tne :a-age ::tential :gri g a 10:a1 fire; 10:stien
"" ic:si an: re.cte ::ntr:15 f r sw n caragement (e.g.,
acy n):Pa;I : cc electrical systees in tne :-ne ::vtrec by tne s:e:#fi: 'i e figrting Or:cecu' e inat ::ui in: Pease tne ":a:a :s in tne area beca;se Of ever;res-suri:ation :r el e:.ricai na:a.-:s).
(O Cesi; ati:n e' F ta' ' cat-se sitive system :::::ne-ts
..a snowl: :e (e:: :::1. nile fi;nting a 1::31 fi re.
- -'tical e:ui: e-t.ni:n a e :trt :;iar'y na:ar :us
- e:wsti:le s:w :es sa:ui te :esignata: :: receive
- ling.
(O Cegami:sti:e :' fi e figrting bri;ades anc the assignment of s:ecial cat es a:::rcing t: j:: title so that all fire fignting functions are ::verec Oy acy ::m:lete shift :e--
sonnel c:::Iement. Inese duties sneute incluce c:::anc c:nte:1 of tne Or gace, fire nose laying, a::1ying the extirguissant t: the fire, advancing su:::rt sue:ifes to tre fire scene. :: munication with tne ::ntr:1 recs,
- rcination =ita cutsi:e fire ce: art:ents.
(7) Ice-tificati:n ra:iclogical and ::xic na: arts in fire
- nes.
(O Ve-tilati:n system ::erati:n that assures casired iant ressure : stri:uti:n wman the ventilati:n ficw is mecifisc for fire ::ntai,. ment or s:cke clearing ::erations.
(9) C:erations requiring ::ntr:1 recs and snitt engineer c:cccination Or autneri:ation.
(10)
Instruct':ns for ;iant :; erat:rs anc general plant per-s nnel :aring fire.
e.
The vaticity Of t?e ;recianning strategies sneul he tested y a::r::riate fuli-cress cri'ls : check ne 1cgi: of the strate;y, tne a:e va:y of the e:ui:. tent, pers nnel unce--
stancing, ar.: :: an::ver unfereseen pr::lems.
1042 200 a
n, t,
5 l
,1 Y );
$getriattoctF. 3 r =d
'51 5 S t &,,, & *a -
a*
f.
A C *. 4 CPS M, M I ' )* t a
$t?.P*If W3I.I
' n C *.
OIS IO
^
- C f di n a t I,',',' f4 gggng gggjy(*,it5
,3,.t,.gggn that wiii j ng l ygi ng,.
jfigg.jgn gf Ac'*3F5 4.g a t 4,,... t r.,. 3
,,,Si*t 1..3 3.n ge,,
,.3).,,,
gn et5..FS.*t'f0f IIIIIIi 9 4
in ivi
.4,i Cw.5'.*t
- 1*t $8*I = 8 " t gangt weto M4408e-iCt9*ifi"I*iOO a
I f i "5 t i f
- 3 *"iV4 tie $
" t I, 25n will diftCI IiPI a
i d Cn1 f0P OI "
= a 8 fift fiSD~S 8$
' " in fi"! O*iSICI f,,f '
I',."[# #
aa 5 *. E fiP8 fiS '
s k "3
- 5 10? *
- I i F' i ~' S
~*
-'5
, v at,atti..
.f,,
.gr vaar; aE*
' jn *asic el.4 4 4.n' *arin~*;Itl.
w
- ;g *.Sent CtP50008
- 'e 4.,
C,, 5,. 8,..-4,e =, a:
,5.
gng etC36,....$
33 tantS in &
.j...;;.s.,,C,;.;
.he....
3
..2n..
s.....cica::i<t m a i..t.r y,,1,4,'. tet:a ee r '5 ri i
f4et
,- ts:-i:t t
ti.t.y
..t
,,,itt,i t
- t:. t5 ets:-:n*:i.!.5f..?'*;',;s.i,di,,t1:
s
== 5*"0"-
t :..= t.
e e
e 1042 201