Text

Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides
	ML073240580
Person / Time
Site:	Vogtle
Issue date:	05/03/2007
From:	Aufdenkampe J; Southern Nuclear Operating Co
To:	Swanson S; Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Southern Nuclear Operating Co
References
	+reviewedcja, C062127201, FOIA/PA-2010-0209, NL-07-2097, PS-07-0897
	Download: ML073240580 (100)
	v • d • e

Intracompany Correspondence DATE:

May 3,2007 SOUTHERNA COMPANY Energy to Sertle 10IIrWor/J'"'

File:

C062127201 Log:

PS-07-0897 RE:

Vogtle Electric Generating Plant -

Units 1&2 Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides 1~

FROM:

J. G. Aufdenkampe f.2.

~et.J2.~'/'--

TO:

S. C. Swanson Request for Engineering Review (RER) C062127201 requested that Vogtle Plant Support (VPS) develop a groundwater monitoring plan for radionuclides, which included:

1.

Identify the design basis, commitments and criteria to evaluate potential groundwater contamination.

2.

Review industry regulations and commitments on identifying and reporting radioactive contamination in groundwater.

3.

Identify potential leakage or spill points for radionuclides.

4.

Develop groundwater monitoring strategy including well locations, monitoring plan and reporting schedules.

5.

Identify site specific issues.

6.

Install groundwater monitoring wells and monitor.

An Engineering Work Order Release (EWOR) was generated (No. V003CT) to allow SCG Earth Sciences & Environmental Engineering to perform the evaluation and provide VPS with the necessary documentation for RER C062127201 (Reference Attachment 1).

Items 1 & 2:

Reference section 1.0 thru 4.3 and section 7.0 of Attachment 1 Item 3:

Section 4.1 of Attachment 1 provides reference to the existing and proposed monitoring well network and their monitoring purpose (Ref. Table 4-1). Section 5.2 of Attachment 1 Identifies several source areas that are common at nuclear power plants for radionuclides (EPRI, 2005).

Item 4:

Section 4.0 (Groundwater Monitoring) of Attachment 1 identifies the existing and planned monitoring wells and their locations for the groundwater monitoring strategy. Section 6.0 (Sampling and Analysis) of Attachment 1 provides parameters, analytical methods, recommended collection, detection limits, frequency, duration, sampling equipment, sampling procedures, sample preservation, chain of custody, laboratory QAlQC, field documentation, water quality monitoring reporting and follow up.

Item 5:

Site specific issues are discussed in section 1.0 (Location), 2.0 (Geology), and 3.0 (Hydrogeology) of Attachment 1.

S:\\Workgroups\\SNC Southern NuciearlCorporate\\TechSupp\\Eng\\Producls\\RER REAWoglle Project\\C062127201\\PS*07-D897.doc Transmittal Format.doc, Rev. 0, 06/01/2004

S. C. Swanson May 3,2007 PAGE 2 File: RER C062127201 Log: PS-07-0897 Item 6:

This item will be covered in a later response to RER C062127201 This response has been discussed with Doug Tamplin and Mary Beth Lloyd and is a partial response to RER C062127201.

This response contains information that has not been verified in accordance with ANSI N45.2.11. Use of this information in a design change process requires verification per ANSI N45.2.11 and applicable site procedures.

If you have any questions, please contact Eric Higgins at extension 205-992-5455.

JGAlEDH/als Attachments: - Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides prepared by Southern Company Generation Earth Science and Environmental Engineering.

cc:

Southern Nuclear Operating Company B. L. Benoskie C. L. Buck D. L. Gambrell D. P. Hayes M. B. Lloyd R. L. Ponder N. J. Stringfellow D. E. Tamplin RTYPE: AA4.074 PS-07-0897 Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides By Southern Company Generation Earth Science and Environmental Engineering Total Pages for Attachment 1: 98

PLANT ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANT GROUNDWATER MONITORING PLAN FOR RADIONUCLIDES Prepared For Southern Nuclear Operating Company By Southern Company Generation Earth Science and Environmental Engineering April 2007 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc.

PLANT ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR GENERATING PLANT GROUNDWATER MONITORING PLAN FOR RADIONUCLIDES Prepared for Southern Nuclear Operating Company by Southern Company Generation Earth Science and Environmental Engineering Birmingham, Alabama April 2007 1.---- /' JJ~,',<

~

UQ..

Steven C Bearce Georgia P.G. No. 1268

~c.to~~

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 DISCLAIMER:

SOUTHERN COMPANY SERVICES (AND ITS PARENT AND AFFILIATES) MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES AS TO THE USE OF THE INFORMATION OTHER THAN FOR ITS INTENDED USE, INCLUDING NO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Any use ofthis report without the appropriate scientific, engineering and geological consulting review and advice is at the risk ofthe user.

Notwithstanding disclosure ofthis report required in its initial submittal, all materials are intended to be internal to Southern Company Services, Inc.,

its parent and affiliates, and are not intended for release to nonemployees of Southern Company Services, Inc., (and its parent and affiliates) or to other third parties without appropriate confidentiality restrictions and appropriate consulting scientific, engineering or geological advice.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, (VEGP), operated by Southern Nuclear Operating Company (SNC) is located in central Burke County located near Waynesboro in eastern Georgia near the South Carolina border. Radionuclide monitoring will be conducted at the existing VEGP under a voluntary implementation program.

This plan has been prepared using the VEGP Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR) as the design basis, but is supplemented with newer information contained in the site's Early Site Permit application package (SNC, 2006).

This groundwater monitoring plan is for a structurally and lithologically complex geologic terrane.

This plan will show that detection monitoring adjacent to potential radionuclide sources is appropriate for an aquifer called the Water Table aquifer and that breaching the underlying aquitard (called the Blue BluffMember or Marl) near potential sources is not necessary due to:

The Marl's proven ability to restrict vertical groundwater movement and that wells within the aquitard are dry, Its intact nature (no interconnected or aerially extensive stress relief fractures), and Breaching the aquitard in the area ofthe plant with a well that is exposed at the ground surface within the power block could create an avenue of very rapid transport for any spilled pollutants.

However, conditions in a deeper aquifer, called the Tertiary aquifer, directly under the Marl confining unit will be monitored to detect cross-river migration of radionuclides and to establish background conditions. Large capacity plant wells and a surface water location will also be monitored for the same reasons.

A total of 29 monitoring wells and one surface water location will be used in the radionuclide detection program.

Of the 29 wells, 21 will be monitoring wells in the Water Table aquifer using 13 existing wells and eight new wells (R-series).

The Tertiary aquifer will be monitored with eight ofthe existing monitoring wells, including four existing monitoring wells and the four existing makeup water wells.

Several potential source areas are common at nuclear power plants. These are:

Spent fuel pools, Refueling water storage tanks, Water treatment areas, Drains and tanks containing liquid waste from on-site analytical laboratories and other waste handling facilities, and Cooling water discharge areas from radionuclide leakage into cooling water system, which are diluted with circulating generator cooling water and discharged (this is called the dilution line at VEGP).

In addition to the above, other sources may include:

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Radioactive waste holding areas, and Radioactive waste solidification facilities.

The monitoring wells specified in this plan will be able to detect leaked radionuclides from any of the currently unmonitored facilities at VEGP.

The following table lists the groundwater radionuclide parameters to measure in the field and laboratory at VEGP.

Field Parameters Laboratory Parameters pH Tritium Sulfate Temperature Gross alpha Aluminum Specific conductivity Gross beta Calcium Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Gamma emitters Iron Oxidation/reduction Bicarbonate alkalinity Magnesium potential (ORP)

Chloride Potassium Turbidity Total phosphate Sodium Nitrates (total)

Silica USEPA/State of Georgia guidelines for sampling and documentation will be used.

The groundwater monitoring parameters should include a minimum number of cations, anions and field parameters to characterize the water chemistry of each aquifer in each monitoring well.

This will allow correlation of any positive radionuclide results to the proper source aquifer/surface water, or help determine mixing.

Both statistical and graphical analysis of the water chemistry results will be used to track monitoring results over time.

Examples of statistical and graphical presentations include relative charge balance diagrams called Stiff Diagrams or a percent of charge balance called a Piper Diagram.

The sampling interval will be quarterly for the first year with a statistical comparison of interwell and intrawell techniques to validate the best method for future use.

After the first year, sampling will be semi-annual with annual reporting.

SNC may change the sampling frequency to provide the appropriate level of monitoring.

There are also naturally occurring radionuclides that could present a source of false positives.

The most likely source of natural radionuclides may be the phosphorus compounds that occur in the Lisbon Formation.

However, several other sedimentary related radionuc1ides may be present.

Besides the naturally occurring radionuclides, there are known occurrences oftritium in Burke and Richmond Counties.

The tritium is attributed to activities at the Savannah River Site (Summerour, 1997).

Historical levels of tritium have been higher than 3,000 pCi/l, but are mostly below 300 pCi/1 at the present time.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 EXECUTIVE

SUMMARY

TABLE OF CONTENTS ii v

1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 4.0 4.1 4.2

4.3 INTRODUCTION

Location Objectives Conceptual Monitoring Plan GEOLOGY Summary of VEGP Subsurface Investigation Program Summary of Geology Site Geology 2.3.1 Site Physiography and Geomorphology 2.3.2 Site Lithology and Stratigraphy 2.3.3 Site Structural Geology Excavation and Backfill HYDROGEOLOGY Site Groundwater Groundwater Users in the Area Surrounding VEGP Post VEGP FSAR Tritium Studies in Burke County, Georgia GROUNDWATER MONITORING Monitoring Well Network and Potential Sources Geochemical Considerations - Sources of Tritium and Naturally Occurring Radionuclides Monitoring Well Design and Construction 4.3.1 Introduction 4.3.2 Drilling Method 4.3.3 Soil Sampling 4.3.4 Screened Interval 4.3.5 Well Casings and Screens 4.3.6 Well Intake Design 4.3.7 Annular Sealant 4.3.8 Cap and Protective Casing 4.3.9 Well Development 4.3.10 Documentation of Well Design and Construction 4.3. i i Wen Plugging and Abandonment iv Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc.

AU Rights Reserved.

1 1

1 2

3 3

3 4

4 5

10 12 13 13 15 22 24 24 25 27 27 27 28 28 28 30 30 30 31 31 32

Plant Alvin W. Vogde Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 5.0 TYPES OF RADIONUCLIDES AND SOURCE AREAS 5.1 Radionuclides 5.2 Source Areas 6.0 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Parameters and Analytical Methods 6.3 Frequency and Duration 6.4 Water Levels 6.5 Monitoring Well Sampling Equipment 6.6 Well Preparation, Purging and Sampling Procedures 6.7 Decontamination 6.8 Decontamination Procedures 6.9 Between-Well Decontamination 6.10 Sample Handling and Preservation 6.11 Chain of Custody 6.12 Field and Laboratory Quality Assurance/Quality Control 6.13 Field Documentation 6.14 Water Quality Monitoring Reporting, Analysis, and Follow-Up

7.0 REFERENCES

APPENDIX A A

Regional Geologic History and Rock Descriptions of Strata Composing the Aquifer System A.l Mesozoic Era A2 Cenozoic Era A3 Regional Structural Geology A3.1 Faulting A4.

Site Geologic History.

A5 Detailed Discussion of Lisbon Formation Observations in the Power Block Excavation v

32 32 32 33 33 33 35 35 36 36 39 40 40 41 41 42 42 43 45 51

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 TABLES Table 2.1 Table 3.1 Table 3.2 Table 3.3 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 4-1 Table 6-1 Table 6-2 Table 6-3 Figure 1-1 Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Stratigraphic Units in The Vicinity OfVEGP Summary of Site Permeability Data Georgia EPD Permitted Municipal and Industrial Groundwater Users Within 25 Miles ofthe VEGP Site Georgia EPD Permitted Agricultural Groundwater Users within 25 miles of the VEGP Site SDwrS Listed Public Water Systems Supplied from Groundwater within 25 miles of the VEGP Site Water-Supply Wells for the Existing VEGP Plant List of Radionuclide Monitoring Wells, Aquifer, Status and Monitoring Purpose Field and Laboratory Included in Radionuclide Monitoring Program Recommended Collection Containers, Preservatives, and Holding Times Analytical Methods and Detection Limits LIST OF FIGURES Plant Vogtle Location Map Physiographic Provinces of the Southeast Regional Geologic Map (200-Mile radius)

ESl537 Figure 2-7, sheet 2 Figure 2-8 Figure 2-9, Figure 2-10, sheet 1 Figure 2-10, sheet 2 Figure 2-10, sheet 3 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 3-9 Figure 3-10 Figure 4-1 Figure 4-2 Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides Description ofMarl Subunits Top of the Blue BluffMarl Bottom ofthe Blue BluffMarl Geologic Map Power Block Area Geologic Map Power Block Area Geologic Map Power Block Area Water Table Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for June 2005 Water Table Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for October 2005 Water Table Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for December 2005 Water Table Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block *.<\\rea for March 2006 Water Table Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for June 2006 Tertiary Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for June 2005 Tertiary Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for September 2005 Tertiary Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for December 2005 Tertiary Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for March 2006 Tertiary Aquifer Potentiometric Surface and Flow Directions in the Power Block Area for June 2006 Groundwater Monitoring Network Showing Existing and Planned Wells Conceptual Well Construction Details Vll Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Location Alvin W. Vogtle Electric Generating Plant, (VEGP), operated by Southern Nuclear Operating Company (SNC) is located in central Burke County located near Waynesboro in eastern Georgia near the South Carolina border (Figure 1-1).

VEGP is jointly owned by Georgia Power (45.7%), Oglethorpe Power Corporation (30%), Municipal Electric Authority of Georgia (22.7%) and the City of Dalton (1.6%).

Plant Vogtle's Unit 1 began commercial operation in May 1987. Unit 2 began commercial operation in May 1989.

Each unit is capable ofgenerating 1,215 megawatts (Mw) for a total capacity of2,430 Mw.

The plant is powered by pressurized water reactors (PWR) manufactured by Westinghouse.

VEGP is the only nuclear operating plant in eastern Georgia. There is a large nuclear materials processing and manufacturing plant (Savannah River Site, SRS) adjacent to VEGP, across the Savannah River.

The SRS is a heavily studied site with known local and regional radiological impacts to soil and groundwater (Summerour, 1997).

1.2 Objectives Southern Nuclear Operating Company's (SNC's) primary objectives ofthe groundwater monitoring program are to:

Detect radionuclides in groundwater, Distinguish source ofradionuclides on and off site, Present a conceptual model ofgroundwater flow, recharge, and discharge, and Establish groundwater 'fingerprint' types based on dissolved major ion associations for discerning areas with normal and anomalous geochemistry.

The plan will look at groundwater in a geologic mass called an aquifer system.

An aquifer system can consist of one to several aquifers (high yielding, water-bearing materials) with one or several intervening aquitards (low yield or non yielding geologic materials).

At VEGP there are three aquifer designations and several aquitards in the aquifer system directly under the plant.

At this time only two aquifers will have detection monitoring for radionuclides.

These are the Water Table aquifer and the Tertiary aquifer.

The Water Table aquifer will be the most heavily monitored as the first line of detection to the deeper aquifers.

Monitoring the next deeper aquifer with well pairs is not recommended at locations proximate to potential leak sources because of the potential for rapid, unintended migration of any pollutants to the next deeper aquifer through the well or borehole.

This groundwater monitoring plan closely follows the recommendations in the Manualfor Groundwater Monitoring, Georgia Department ofNatural Resources, Environmental Protection Division (EPD, 1991) and USEPA (2004).

Any deviations from the manual are clearly explained in this groundwater monitoring plan.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 1.3 Conceptual Monitoring Plan This groundwater monitoring plan is for a structurally and lithologically complex geologic terrane.

This plan will show that detection monitoring adjacent to potential radionuclide sources is appropriate for an aquifer called the Water Table aquifer and that breaching the underlying aquitard (called the Blue Bluff Member or marl) is not necessary due to:

The marl's proven ability to restrict vertical groundwater movement and that wells within the aquitard are dry, Its intact nature (no interconnected or aerially extensive stress relief fractures), and Breaching the aquitard in the area ofthe plant with a well that is exposed at the ground surface within the power block present an avenue of very rapid transport for any spilled pollutants.

However, conditions in a deeper aquifer directly under the Water Table aquifer's confining clay bottom will be monitored to detect cross-river migration of radionuclides from the SRS and to establish background conditions. Large capacity plant wells will also be monitored for the same reasons.

In order to evaluate the monitoring results at VEGP, fingerprinting parameters will allow discrimination of water derived from the:

Savannah River, The Water Table aquifer, The Tertiary aquifer, The Cretaceous aquifer, A combination of the Tertiary aquifer and the Cretaceous aquifer (from the makeup water wells), and Groundwater residing in the backfill area of the power the power block.

The plant's underlying geology varies greatly from one aquifer to another.

The geologic variation is described in great detail in the Final Safety Analysis Report (FSAR).

Pertinent content is transferred to this plan for supporting documentation ofundisturbed geologic conditions and man-made geologic conditions under the power block and after aquifer pumping.

In addition, important information discovered since the FSAR are considered in context of the existing plant.

All of the known factors (FSAR and new) contributing to the plant's geology, hydrogeology, and aqueous geochemistry are included in this plan.

The radionuclide monitoring list is designed to identify the presence of different types of radioactive emissions (alpha, beta, and gamma emitters) and tritium.

If significant radionuclide detection occurs, then SNC will prepare a plan to further characterize the source in the context of the aquifer system and fingerprinted water.

A discussion of the data collection, analysis, geochemical/statistical evaluation in the context of the site's hydrogeology for reporting is included.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 2.0 GEOLOGY The bases ofthis radionuclide groundwater monitoring plan are the investigations for the FSAR.

Pertinent geological and hydrogeologic characterizations are presented from the FSAR.

In addition, relevant data derived from an Early Site Permit (ESP) are included using correlative terminology ofthe FSAR.

The data in this plan are abbreviated to focus on the factors affecting the radionuclide detection monitoring.

Given the abbreviation, this plan should not be used for any other purpose.

2.1 Summary ofVEGP FSAR Subsurface Investigation Program Field investigations included geologic mapping, drilling, geophysical survey, and groundwater studies.

During the Preliminary Safety Analysis Report (PSAR) phase of the investigations, 474 holes were drilled for a total of 60,000 ft.

A total of 111 holes were drilled subsequent to the PSAR investigations.

The exploration program included electric logging, natural gamma, density, neutron, caliper, and three-dimensional velocity logs in selected drill holes.

Water pressure tests and Menard pressure meter tests were performed to determine in-situ properties of the marl stratum, which provides bearing for plant structures and Seismic Category 1 backfill.

Samples for fossil, mineral, or soluble carbonate analysis were taken in drill holes as required.

The geophysical survey provided a total of28,400 ft of shallow refraction seismic lines, 5000 ft of deep refraction lines, and cross-hole velocities in the upper 290 ft ofmaterials.

2.2 Summary of Geology The site is located in the Atlantic Coastal Plain physiographic province in central Georgia (Figure 2-1).

The portion ofthe Coastal Plain province in which the site occurs is known as the Tifton Upland, which is characterized by rolling hills ranging in elevation from 80 to 280 ft in the site vicinity (Cooke, 1936; Cooke, 1938; Fenneman, 1938; Smith, 1979).

Figure 2-2 presents a regional geologic map within a 200-mile radius ofVEGP.

The geology within a 25-mile radius of the site consists of Precambrian and Paleozoic igneous and metamorphic basement rocks (gneisses and granites of the Kiokee Belt and phyllites and greenstones of the Belair Belt) overlain locally by Triassic basin sediments (Dunbarton Basin (Figure 2-3). These are, in turn, overlain by Cretaceous through Miocene Coastal Plain (shallow marine) sediments.

Quaternary alluvial deposits occur along the Savannah River and its tributaries.

Virtually all tectonic activity occurred prior to the deposition of the Cretaceous and later sediments.

The geology within a 5-mile radius ofthe site reflects the geology of the region. The contact between the basement complex and Cretaceous sediments occurs more than 1000 ft below the surface.

As a resuit ofregionai elevation fluctuations fonowing the deposition ofthe 3

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 basal Cretaceous sediments (Tuscaloosa formation), overlying Paleocene through Miocene sediments represent marine transgressive and regressive sequences (Figure 2-4).

Strata include shallow marine sand, clay, gravel, limestone, and marl.

Quaternary deposits of sand, gravel, silt, and clay occur as flood plain deposits in the Savannah River valley and the larger tributaries to the river (Figures 2-4 and 2-5).

However, the Quaternary system is principally represented by erosion and weathering rather than deposition.

Figure 2-6 is a lithologic chart that quickly summarized the main distinguishing characteristics of each formation in the aquifer system.

Cretaceous and post-Cretaceous formations underlying the site are essentially flat lying or gently dipping to the southeast, reflecting a regional dip of about 30 ftlmi.

Localized solution features occur in a shallow formation stratigraphically above the marl.

In the area directly under the generating facilities, the solution forming materials have been physically removed and replaced with stable materials.

2.3 Site Geology 2.3.1 Site Physiography and Geomorphology The site is located near the boundary between two topographic subdivisions of the Atlantic Coastal Plain province.

These are the Tifton Upland to the southwest, upon which the site is located, and the older terraces to the northeast.

The nearly flat topography ofthe older terraces is separated from the moderately hilly Tifton Upland by an abrupt 70- to 100-ft-high bluff cut by the Savannah River, which flows along its base (Fenneman,1938).

Tifton Upland.

The plant is located on rolling hills at about E1.300 ft.

Elevations in the area range from 80 ft at the Savannah River to 280 ft at the crest of a knoll near the plant.

Surface drainage is primarily northeastward toward the river via a dendritic stream pattern which surrounds the property.

The solution and removal of carbonates from shallow underlying beds of calcareous sands and shells have resulted in the formation of local depressions, creating areas of internal drainage.

Since these soluble zones occur within nearly horizontal strata resting upon an essentially impervious, hard, clay marl, springs generally have emerged at the top of exposures ofthe marl, causing erosion along cliff bases and headward erosion of the overlying sands and clays and the formation ofamphitheaters and eventually ravines.

Where shell deposits are thick, small-scale cavernous conditions occur along preferred percolation paths.

The coalescing of the solution depressions or collapse ofthese small subterranean channels on the top of the clay marl results in ravines with apparently small drainage areas and with amphitheaters at the head (Cooke, 1936; Cooke, 1938; Fenneman, 1938; Smith, 1979).

Older Terraces.

The older terrace subdivision of the Atlantic Coastal Plain province is represented principally by the Savannah River alluvial plain, which in the site area is broad and flat and at an elevation of 80 to 90 ft.

The river valley is broad and mature and includes 4

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 low, dissected, old marine terraces as well as various river plain features, such as cutoff oxbows and natural levees (Cooke, 1936; Cooke, 1938; Fenneman, 1938; Smith, 1979).

2.3.3 Site Lithology and Stratigraphy The site lithology has been determined from the following:

Geologic and foundation exploration borings, Seismic refraction surveys, Correlations between holes using spontaneous potential, resistivity, and gamma logs, Geological mapping ofthe surface and foundation excavations for plant structures, and Millett fault study of 1982.

Surface distribution of geologic materials is shown on the site geologic map (Figure 2-5).

Subsurface geological conditions are shown on the geologic sections (Figure 2-6).

Pre-Tertiary.

Cretaceous sediments are known to underlie the site area and crop out a little more than 5 miles northeasterly from the site near the old town site of Ellenton.

Approximately 600 ft of Cretaceous sediments rest unconformably upon a truncated and peneplained lithologic complex of Triassic, Paleozoic, and Precambrian age composed of indurated sediments, intrusive and extrusive igneous rocks, and metamorphic rocks.

However, no materials identified as Cretaceous crop out within a radius of 5 miles of the site.

Tertiary System.

In the site area, all geologic exposures are sediments of Eocene through Miocene age, except for local alluvial cover.

Most exploratory drill hole intercepts include sediments of Eocene age and, where drilling started at higher ground surface elevations, sediments of Miocene age.

Deep borings, such as TW-l, encountered Paleocene and Cretaceous sediments.

The generalized lithology of the site, which is based in part on data obtained from exploratory drilling at the vicinity of the plant site, is presented in Table 2.1.

Eocene Series.

The Eocene series in the site area consists of two lithologic units.

The older is the Lisbon Formation, which includes the bearing unit for the plant structures; the younger is the Barnwell Group.

The local lithologic characteristics and stratigraphy ofthese formations are summarized in Table 2.1 and discussed above.

Lisbon Formation.

The Lisbon Formation of middle Eocene age is exposed only along the Georgia side ofthe Savannah River.

In general, the exposed lithologic unit ofthis formation is an approximately 60-ft-thick, greenish-gray, fossiliferous clay marl with intercalated limestone lenses. This clay marl unit, which is the bearing bed for the plant structures, is the Blue Bluff Member ofthe Lisbon Formation.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 TABLE 2.1 STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS IN THE VICINITY OF VEGP System Series Fonnation Description Quaternary Recent to Alluvium Alluvial fill and terrace deposits in stream Pleistocene valleys, consisting oftan to gray sand, clay, slit, and gravel.

Tertiary Miocene Hawthorne Fonnation Tan, red, and purple sandy clay, interbedded lenses of gravel, and numerous clastic dikes.

Tertiary Eocene Jackson Age Barnwell Group Red, brown, yellow, and buff. fine to coarse, massive to crossbedded sand and sandy clay.

Claiborne Age Lisbon Fonnation Yellow-brown to green, fine to coarse, glauconitic quartz sand, interbedded with green, red, yellow, and tan clay, sandy marl or limestone, and lenses of siliceous limestone.

Tertiary Paleocene HuberlEllenton Dark-gray to black, lignitic, micaceous clay Fonnation containing disseminated crystals ofgypsum.

Medium-to dark-gray coarse sand and white kaolin.

Cretaceous Upper Tuscaloosa Fonnation Tan, buff, red, and white cross-bedded micaceous quartzite and arkosic sand and gravel, interbedded with red, brown, and purple clay and white kaolin.

The lower portion ofthe Lisbon Formation, which is known in the site area only from exploration drilling, consists ofan unnamed, approximately 100-ft-thick bed offme-grained sand.

The lower contact of the Lisbon Formation with the Paleocene Huber and Ellenton Formations is not exposed in the mapping area.

Below the Lisbon Formation is the approximately 50-ft-thick lithologic unit comprised of interbedded clay, silty sand, and lignitic beds representing the Huber and Ellenton Formations.

The upper contact of the Lisbon Formation with the Barnwell Group is well exposed in the power block excavation for the VEGP and along the Savannah River in the vicinity of the plant.

The best natural exposures of the Lisbon Formation within the mapping area are at Blue Bluff. They are described in detail in the report of investigation of the marl (Bechtel Power Corporation, 1974).

Excellent exposure ofthe Lisbon Formation in the auxiliary building excavation for the VEGP was mapped and described in the reports of the power block excavations (Bechtel, 1978; Bechtel, 1979).

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 Numerous black shark teeth were found in the interval immediately below the marl, and microfossil analysis of a sample taken from hole 152 just below the base of the Blue Bluff Marl indicates an Eocene age for this material.

The Blue Bluff Marl is a distinct unit that is relatively constant in thickness over many square miles, although variable in lithology.

The marl has been eroded from much of the Savannah River flood plain and covered over in part by the higher river terraces.

It is completely eroded from the section in hole 36.

In hole 45, some 3 miles farther away, a facies change has occurred, with the marl becoming dense gray-green, silty sand and silty clay.

Parallel to the river, however, it is 50 ft thick at Shell Bluff, approximately 1.5 miles northwest of the site, and 65 ft thick at hole 156 on the Griffin Landing Road, nearly 5 miles to the southeast.

Lisbon Formation in the Power Block Excavation.

The upper Eocene Lisbon Formation is represented in the site area by the Blue Bluff Member marl, which is the foundation for structures in the power block area.

The marl has a total thickness of about 70 ft in the site area.

The upper approximately 25 ft of the marl were exposed in excavations and mapped in detail. A vertical section between E1.108.6 ft (final excavated grade) and E1.132 ft was exposed in the auxiliary building basement excavation.

Ten subunits of the marl were recognized and mapped in this vertical section.

The subunits, designated A through J are described on Figure 2-7, sheets 1, 2, and 3 and in detail in Appendix A.4.

The upper contact ofthe Lisbon Formation was exposed around the perimeter of the power block excavation, because it exists at an elevation higher than the top of the more localized auxiliary building excavation.

The top of the Lisbon Formation corresponds with the top of the Blue Bluff Marl.

This upper contact was examined in detail and surveyed. It varies in elevation from a high of 138.6 ft on the north side of the excavation to a low of 132.0 ft on the south side. The contact is erosional with very minor relief present.

The uppermost few feet of the marl are locally weathered to a greenish color, and bioturbations (disturbance of the sediment due to the activity of organisms) were noted locally.

Barnwell Group. Late Eocene beds ofthe Barnwell Group are present over much of the area within 5 miles of the site. The formation is primarily comprised of tan, yellow, red, and white sands and clayey sands, although exposures of claystone, shelly limestone, and reef deposits are common.

The Barnwell Group is comprised of four basic lithologic units which are listed below, from oldest to youngest:

Utley Limestone, Twiggs Clay Member, Irwinton Sand Member, and Tobacco Road Sand (Upper Sand).

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 The Barnwell Group rests unconformably upon an erosion surface at the top of the Lisbon Formation.

The Barnwell Group is shown as a single lithologic unit on the 5-mile-radius geologic map (Figure 2-5).

The oldest unit ofthe Barnwell Group is the Utley Limestone Member of the Clinchfield Formation.

The Utley Limestone is a white to light-gray fossiliferous limestone, which has been referred to as the shell zone.

The limestone was well exposed in the power block excavation for the VEGP and is locally exposed along the Georgia side ofthe Savannah River. This limestone layer, which is also thought to be of middle Eocene age, exhibits the effects of leaching.

Surface topography, losses ofdrilling fluids during the exploratory drilling, and direct visual observation in the excavation and natural exposures all indicate the presence of solution cavities.

The thickness of this unit varies from 0 to 100 ft.

In the western area of the former construction city, the Utley may become indistinguishable from the the McBean Limestone, which is the youngest member of the older Lisbon Formation.

Locally overlying the Utley Limestone of the Barnwell Group is the Late Eocene, Twiggs Clay Member.

The Twiggs Clay was exposed only in the power block excavation where it was a medium-gray, moderately hard, sandy claystone.

The upper 2 to 5 ft are weathered to greenish-gray, reflecting the unconformable relationship with the overlying sand units.

Unconformably overlying the Twiggs Clay is the Irwinton Sand Member.

The Irwinton Sand is present through much of the mapped area.

Although the Irwinton Sand was well exposed in the power block excavation, it apparently pinches out to the west.

The Irwinton Sand is typically represented by unconsolidated, tan, and white, medium-grained sand and clayey sand.

The sands are typically massive, although some cross-bedding is present. Tan clay seams and clayey zones along with scattered shell fragments and carbonaceous zones are present.

The upper few feet ofthis unit in the power block excavation are comprised of shell fragments in a matrix of clay with manganese staining, providing a relatively sharp contact with the overlying sands.

Overlying the Irwinton Sand is the Tobacco Road Sand unit ofthe Barnwell Group.

Tobacco Road Sand is typically red, although yellow, brown, tan, and mottled units are present.

The sand is typically medium grained and locally cross-bedded.

This sand unit is present throughout much of the mapping area and was particularly well exposed in the power block excavation and near the intersection of River Road and Little Beaver Dam Creek.

The upper portion ofthe Tobacco Road Sand locally contains lenses oflimestone orrelic features of limestone which have been leached.

This limestone is well exposed near the intersection of Brier Creek and Thomas Bridge Road and near the intersection ofthe railroad and Newberry Creek. It should be noted that sands of the upper Barnwell Group are affected by surface weathering, forming mottled clayey sands and in many road cuts.

The Barnwell group was also observed in the walls ofthe power block and auxiliary building excavation.

A detailed discussion ofthis mapping project is included as Appendix A.5.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 The Irwinton Sand ofthe Barnwell Group unconfonnably overlies the Twiggs Clay in the southeast portion of the power block and overlies the Utley Limestone elsewhere.

The Irwinton Sand consists of an approximately 50-ft-thick vertical sequence of sands, clays, and reef deposits.

This sand is fme to medium grained and very well sorted, and it exhibits extensive cross-bedding. It is extremely friable and tends to rapidly slump and ravel, assuming its angle of repose soon after excavation.

Above the white sand and reef deposits is a sequence oftan sand and clay.

The sand is generally fine to medium and moderately sorted, and it contains thin seams oftan clay having high plasticity.

Two continuous marker horizons are present within this sequence.

The first, a zone ofmanganese-straining and shell debris, occurs generally betweenEl.170 and 180 ft and was somewhat higher than this on the west side of the excavation.

This zone, called the shell hash horizon, varies in thickness from less than 1 in. to almost 6 ft and could be traced continuously around the excavation slopes.

A second shell hash horizon is locally present beneath the first one but is discontinuous.

The second marker horizon is a zone of abundant tan clay seams, which varies from approximately 1 to almost 6 ft in thickness, and was found betweenEl.180 and 200 ft.

This clay zone marks the top of the Irwinton sand.

Both of the marker horizons undulate along the strike, with flexures in the bedding reflecting underlying reefhighs as well as lows due to collapse ofcavities in the stratigraphically lower Utley Limestone.

Above the Irwinton Sand is the Tobacco Road Sand of the Barnwell Group.

This sand extended up to the top of the excavation slopes and consisted of a thick (up to 40 ft) zone of predominately red sand with zones oflavender, purple, mustard yellow, and orange sand.

The color changes are due to weathering effects and are not related to structure or lithology.

The sand consists of fine-to medium-quartz grains which are moderately to well sorted and angular to subrounded. Colors are imparted by clay coatings on the individual grains.

Differential weathering has produced mottled zones ofbright colors, which fonn an alligator-skin effect near the top of the unit.

The sand is dense, well consolidated, and completely uncemented.

At the top of the excavation slopes, recent deposits ofbuff-colored, alluvial and windblown sand were present locally.

These deposits fonn a thin veneer of fine-to medium-grained, angular to subangular, well-sorted quartz sand which is highly gradational with the underlying sand of the Barnwell Group.

Miocene Series.

The Hawthorne Formation of Miocene age caps the ridge and hills aboveE1.200 ft around the site area and lies unconfonnably upon the eroded surface of the upper sand member ofthe Eocene Barnwell Group.

The Hawthorne Fonnation is typically red to brown mottled sandy clay and clayey sand.

Lateral facies changes, however, result in significant lithologic variations including massive and cross-bedded lavender, purple, red, and brown medium-to coarse-grained sand.

Channel deposits and localized lithologic changes are wen iHustrated in the raiiroad cut just east of Daniel Grove Baptist Church.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 The contact between the Hawthorne Formation and the Barnwell Group is difficult to distinguish in the field.

In gross terms, all lithologies present in the upper Barnwell Group occur in the Hawthorne Formation.

The only unique distinguishing property ofthe Hawthorne Formation is the presence of siliceous gravel near the base ofthe formation.

Quaternary System.

The Quaternary sediments in the site area consist of sands, gravels, silts, and clays of Pleistocene and Holocene ages.

The Quaternary is largely represented by flood plain deposits in the Savannah River Valley and alluvial trains along the courses of larger streams tributary to the Savannah River.

At the plant site elevation, the Quaternary is principally represented by erosion and weathering rather than depositional processes, although deposits ofbuff-colored, windblown sand are seen on higher ground.

2.3.4 Site Structural Geology The formations underlying the site area are essentially flat lying or gently dipping to the southeast, reflecting the regional dip.

The site area structure is illustrated on Figure 2-8 and Figure 2-9, which show subsurface contours on the top and bottom ofthe marl.

The dip in the plant site area is about 30 ft/mi in a southeasterly direction.

This gentle homoclinal structure is unbroken in the area except for a gentle dip reversal, which is ofdepositional and differential compaction origin.

There is, however, a dip reversal of about 3 degrees to the northwest (Figures 2-8 and 2-9).

Solution depressions are apparent on the geologic map ofthe area (Figure 2-5).

These features, which have been investigated and found to be confined and related to lithologic units stratigraphically above the Blue BluffMember (Marl).

Faults and Lineaments No faults or lineaments have been found within 5 miles of the site, other than those associated with the Triassic Basin (discussed below).

These structures do not extend into the overlying Tertiary deposits.

Examination of sediments exposed in the walls ofthe power block excavation has shown no evidence of faulting.

This is particularly important to the groundwater radionuclide monitoring program because it shows major secondary permeability is not present in the most likely leak area.

The only fault found on site is the primary fault controlling the Dunbarton Basin formation, the Pen Branch fault, which bounds the northwest side of the basin (Figures 2-3 and 2-5).

ESP-related field activities found evidence of faulting near the western extent of the former construction city area ofVEGP.

This has been interpreted to be part of the Pen Branch Fault. Barnwell Group sediments are not offset by the fault which demonstrates its noncapable history since the early Tertiary time.

The fault appears to have been an earlier Paleozoic reverse fault that was re-activated as an extensional normal fault during Mesozoic continental rifting. The fauit was subsequently reactivated in the very early Cenozoic as a 10 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESI537 reverse fault or right-oblique slip fault (Price et aI., 1989; Snipes et al. 1993a; Stieve and Stephenson, 1995).

The Pen Branch fault dips to the southeast.

This structure does not extend into the younger Cenozoic sediments.

Detailed mapping ofthe Lisbon Formation in excavations at the plant site has demonstrated rapid lithologic changes laterally and rapid changes in the thickness ofmappable units within the formation.

The upper boundary ofthe bearing stratum, the Blue BluffMarl, is basically established by the contact between it and an overlying shell bed, the Utley Limestone.

The base is generally established by the presence of an underlying sand bed.

In the excavation and in investigative borings, similar lithologic sequences are repeated vertically.

The principal difference is one of scale. It can be shown within the excavation that thickness changes of 12 to 15 ft in a horizontal distance of less than 200 ft can occur in the Utley Limestone and in the Twiggs Clay, which is practically indistinguishable from the Blue Bluff Marl.

It seems that over a distance of 1000 ft, the magnitude of change ofthickness, the pinching out ofkey units, and the appearance of similar key units at lower elevations could create the appearance of a flexure.

Prior Earthquake Effects.

There is no evidence to suggest that surficial or subsurface materials have been affected by prior earthquake activity.

No evidence of texture faults were found from any of the site exploration borings or in the power block excavations.

Deformational Zones.

Examination ofoutcrops, excavation exposures, and subsurface samples have revealed that there are no deformational zones within the Blue Bluff Marl, which is the foundation material for the major plant structures.

Approximately 1000 ft northwest of the major structures, there is, however, a dip reversal of about 3 degrees to the northwest (Figures 2-8 and 2-9).

This gentle dip reversal in the otherwise very gently southeasterly dipping (approximately 30 ft/mi southeasterly) homocline of Tertiary sediments is of depositional origin and does not represent a structural (tectonic) deformation.

During the construction phase at VEGP, a comprehensive inspection program was carried out to continuously monitor and assess the condition and character of all excavated marl throughout the power block area.

A total of four joints were found in the uppermost strata of the marl.

Two were found during routine inspection ofthe exposed marl surface prior to backfilling, and two were found during inspection of the radioactive waste solidification building caisson foundation. Each joint was independently investigated and found to be of limited depth and aerial extent and ofnontectonic origin.

Evidence produced by the investigations suggests that the joints were formed either during or immediately following late-stage diagenesis ofthe marl. Depositional loading from overlying sediments may have been a contributing factor.

This is particularly important to the groundwater radionuclide monitoring program because it shows more minor secondary permeability is not present in the most likely leak area.

With the exception of the joints described above, no other fractures, partings, or anomalous features were found in the marl.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 2.4 EXCAVATION BACKFILL The natural ground surface in the plant area varied between elevation 200 and 230 ft MSL.

The power block area was excavated and graded to an elevation of approximately 130 to 135 feet MSL near the top ofthe marl bearing stratum which is the clayey marl ofthe Blue Bluff Member ofthe Lisbon Formation.

The excavation for the power block structures at the VEGP site is roughly square in shape; with three access ramps, one each in the northwest, southeast, and southwest comers of the excavation. It measures approximately 1400 ft on an edge at the top and 1000 ft on an edge at the toe.

The side slopes were cut at a gradient of two horizontal to one vertical.

The total excavated volume in the power block was approximately 5,000,000 yd3 including the access ramp.

Figures 2-10, sheets 1 through 3 present geologic maps ofthe excavation in 1977, before access roads were completed.

The dominant backfill material is sand with minor amounts of clay and silt.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 3.0 HYDROGEOLOGY 3.1 Site Ground Water The first groundwater body encountered beneath the VEGP site is the Water Table aquifer (unconfined) in the Barnwell sands and Utley limestone.

It overlies the Blue BluffMarl.

The site is on an interfluvial ridge that is nearly surrounded by streams that have cut down through the Barnwell sands and Utley limestone to the marl.

This has isolated the Water Table aquifer beneath the site from adjacent areas.

Groundwater discharges from the Water Table aquifer to the surrounding streams.

The streams discharge to the Savannah River.

Underlying the Water Table aquifer is the Blue Bluff Marl, the upper member ofthe Lisbon Formation.

The marl layer, approximately 70 ft thick, is a near-impermeable layer called an aquitard that effectively confines the underlying Tertiary and Cretaceous aquifers.

There are two confined aquifers beneath the site.

The overlying Tertiary aquifer is represented beneath the site by the "unnamed sands" member of the Lisbon Formation.

These Tertiary sands are the local, minor equivalent of the regional principal artesian aquifer, which consists primarily ofpermeable sands and limestones ofseveral Tertiary formations extending throughout the Atlantic Coastal Plain.

The Cretaceous aquifer is the lowermost, and it consists primarily ofthe sands and gravels of the Tuscaloosa formation.

It is often referred to as the Tuscaloosa aquifer.

The Cretaceous aquifer and Tertiary aquifer are believed to be hydraulically connected beneath the plant site.

The beds that normally separate the Tertiary aquifer from the underlying Cretaceous aquifer are somewhat more permeable than they are elsewhere.

Replenishment of the Water table Aquifer is by infiltration of precipitation.

After percolation to the water table, groundwater moves laterally to the bordering interceptor streams.

Potentiometric contours ofthe water table for 2005 and half of 2006 are shown in Figures 3-1 through 3-5. The water table is, in general, a subdued reflection of the ground surface, and movement is from the central portions of topographical highs (interfluve in FSAR) toward the bordering interceptor streams, which are topographically-low boundaries.

Power block structures are designed to accommodate groundwater levels ofEl.165 ft; hence, no permanent dewatering system is required.

Figures 3-1 through 3-5 show a finer contour interval in the power block area.

In the power block area, groundwater flow is moving to the north and northwest, except in its southeastern corner where groundwater flow is to the northeast toward the cooling towers.

Foundation design for the power-block facilities required excavation ofthe materials comprising the Water Table aquifer overlying the Blue Bluff Marl.

To construct and maintain the excavation, the materials were dewatered by a series of ditches oriented in an east-west direction.

They were connected by a north-south ditch, which drained to a sump in the southwest corner of the excavation.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides E81537 capacity of 500 gal/min each to remove inflows from groundwater.

Additional capacity was provided for the removal of inflows of storm water into the excavation.

Dewatering for construction was terminated, in March 1983, and the water levels and flow pattern of the Water Table aquifer have returned near the preconstruction pattern.

Upon completion of construction, recharge in the plant area returned more or less to the pre-construction levels with some change due to the structures, pavements, and surface drainage systems.

However, the future recharge conditions was not expected to rise as high as the preconstruction conditions.

Power block structures are designed to accommodate groundwater levels of El.l65 ft; hence, no permanent dewatering system is required.

At the VEGP site the potentiometric surface of the Tertiary aquifer, determined from observation wells set in the unnamed sands below the confining (marl) layer, slopes to the northeast toward the Savannah River (Figures 3-6 through 3-10).

The river has cut through the marl in the vicinity ofVEGP, and it is in hydraulic contact with the underlying Tertiary aquifer.

This allows the aquifer to discharge to the river in this area (especially well shown by Tertiary aquifer monitoring well number 27).

This is a relatively local condition, as downstream of the VEGP site, the confining layer is intact below the river.

Off the VEGP site, the confining layer allows the gross direction of groundwater movement to change in the confined aquifers to the southeast, the regional direction of migration of the aquifer.

Permeabilities of the aquifers and the confining layer were measured by field and laboratory methods for the PSAR, FSAR and the ESP.

Permeability ofBarnwell sands and clayey sands (Water Table aquifer) was measured in situ at two exploratory holes at the plant site and in the laboratory on three undisturbed samples.

The results ranged from 10 to 302 ftlyear (9.6 x 10-7 to 2.91 X 10-4 em/second).

SNC (2006) reported slug test results ranging from 27 to 96 feet per year (2.6 x 10-5 to 9.3 X 10-5 em/second) in wells screened 5 to 15 feet above the Blue Bluff Member (marl) but in the lower half of the Water Table aquifer.

One disturbed sample of Barnwell sands (considered for use as backfill) and two grab samples of backfill material were measured at different densities.

Their permeability results ranged from 430 to 20,000 ftlyear (4 x 10-4 to 1.9 X 10-2 em/second).

Two test wells, each with an array of 4 observation wells, were used to conduct field tests in the Utley limestone, which is at the base of Water Table aquifer.

Data from the tests indicated that the permeability ofthe Utley limestone varies considerably from place to place.

Calculated permeabilities range from 96 to 125,400 ftlyear (1.6 x 10-5 to 1.2 X 10-1 em/second).

In situ permeability tests in the Blue Bluff Member (the confining layer ofMarl) were conducted in 95 intervals at different depths in 28 exploratory holes.

In 90 percent of the intervals tested, no measurable water inflow occurred.

In only three holes was any inflow confirmed: two of these were in near-surface, weathered marl.

The range of laboratory permeability measurements is from 5.2 x 10-3 ftlyear to 8.8 ftlyear (5 x 10-6 to 8.5 X 10-6 em/second).

All of the permeability data are summarized in Table 3-1.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 b'Ut" d BI BI ffP

'fj fW t T bi T bi 3 1 S a

e -

ummarvo a er a

e aqUl er an ue u

ermea I

les Aquifer Test Type Ran2e Water Table aquifer In situ oto 302 ft/year (9.6 x 10-7 to 2.91 X 10-4 em/second)

Water Table aquifer Slug test 27 to 96 feet per year (2.6 x 10-' to 9.3 x 10-5 em/second)

Utley limestone Pumping test 96 to 125,400 ft/year 0.6 x 10-5 to 1.2 X 10-1 em/sec)

Blue BluffMember (Marl)

In situ 5.2 x 10-5 ft/year to 8.8 ft/year (5 x 1O-t> to 8.5 x 10-6 em/second)

A groundwater level monitoring program has been implemented at the VEGP.

This program has been designed to monitor potentiometric levels in the Water Table aquifer, the confined aquifers (Tertiary and Cretaceous), and hydrostatic pore pressure in the confining layer (marl).

The program consists ofvarious wells monitoring the unconfined aquifer, the Tertiary aquifer, the Cretaceous aquifer, and the confining layer.

3,2 Groundwater Users in the Area Surrounding VEGP Large quantities of groundwater are stored in the confined aquifers underlying the region of the VEGP site, and relatively small withdrawals have occurred to date.

Although many small communities derive water from wells, the draft on the aquifers is low because ofthe low population density, limited industrial development, abundant surface waters, and abundant rainfall (agricultural crops ofthe area do not require significant quantities of applied water).

Future use of groundwater for industrial and domestic use is expected to increase to some degree, but withdrawals from the confined aquifers are estimated to be small (Leeth et aI, 2005).

Permitted municipal and industrial wells within 25 miles ofVEGP are listed Table 3-2.

Permitted agricultural wells are listed in Table 3-3 (Lewis, 2006).

Permitted drinking water wells are listed in Table 3-4 (USEPA, 2006).

All non-Southern Nuclear-owned wells are hydraulically upgradient from VEGP.

The Savannah River forms a sink for groundwater on both sides ofthe river, although water may move from one side to the other (a relatively short distance) and in some areas, river water may actually recharge the underlying aquifers.

Table 3-4 lists all of the wells associated with VEGP.

Present groundwater uses within 25 mi of the VEGP site are primarily municipal, industrial, and agricultural.

Most ofthe groundwater wells withdraw water from the Cretaceous aquifer.

Apart from water withdrawals for VEGP Units I and 2, the immediate area near the VEGP site has mainly domestic users, with no other large users nearby.

The nearest domestic well is located west of the VEGP site across River Road.

The Georgia Environmental Protection Division (EPD) issues permits for wells having average daily withdrawals that exceed 100,000 gpd during any single month.

These data indicate the nearest permitted agricultural well (William Hatcher, A-28) to be about 3.4 mi northwest ofthe VEGP site, while the nearest permitted industrial well (International Paper, 15 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 1-1) is about 8.5 mi northwest of the site. The nearest municipal well (City ofWaynesboro, M-l) is about 14.5 mi west-southwest ofthe VEGP site. The nearest SDWIS-listed well (Dealigle Mobile Home Park, C-6) is about 4.9 mi southwest of the VEGP site. These wells are sufficiently distant from the VEGP site such that pumping these wells would have no effect on groundwater levels at the YEGP site. The recharge areas for the source aquifers for the nearest Georgia EPD-permitted wells are in their outcrop areas located up-gradient ofthe VEGP site and beyond the influence ofthe VEGP.

Regionally, projected overall water use is expected to increase through 2035 for Burke County. Surface water usage is increasing; however, it is increasing at a much slower rate than groundwater usage, approximately 5 percent versus 17 percent. Burke County's water usage, including both surface and groundwater, is projected as 100 to 120 mgpd for 2035 (Fanning et al. 2003).

Projections for Burke County total water use in 2050 are provided in the Comprehensive Water Supply Management Plan for Burke County and its Municipalities (Rutherford 2000).

Assuming the same water usage patterns, groundwater demand with the population increasing to 43,420 people is projected to be 10.94 mgpd for domestic use, 14.73 mgpd for industrial use, and 40.96 mgpd for agricultural use, which totals 66.63 mgpd (Rutherford 2000).

Local groundwater use includes domestic wells and wells supplying water to existing VEGP Units 1 and 2. Uses include makeup process water, utility water, potable water, and supply for the fire protection system (Table 3-5).

Current permitted withdrawal rates are a monthly average of 6 mgpd and an annual average of 5.5 mgpd, as permitted by the Georgia EPD.

Three of the wells are in the Cretaceous aquifer at depths varying from 851 to 884 ft, with design yields of 1,000 to 2,000 gpm.

These wells provide makeup water for the plant processes. The remaining six wells extend into the Tertiary aquifer, range in depth from 200 to 370 ft, and have design yields of20 to 150 gpm.

Average annual usage levels for 1999 to 2004 from all wells excluding SEC are from 0.79 to 1.44 mgpd (SNC 2005).

ESl537 Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides Table 3-2 Georgia EPD Permitted Municipal and Industrial Groundwater Users within 25 miles of the VEGP Site Permitted Permitted Average Well Permit Holder County Aquifer Year Monthly Annual Annual 10

Average, Average, Water Use, gpm (mgpd) gpm(mgpd) gpm (mgpd)

C-2 City of Sardis Burke Floridan 2004 278 (0.40) 278 (0..40) 63 (009) 2005 278 (0.40) 278 (040).

NA East Central 2004 347 (0.50) 278 (OAD:!

146 (0.21)

C-12 Regional Hospital-RictuTlood Cretaceous Gracellf'OOd Sand 2005 NA NA 76 <<(11)

Campus C-13 City of Hephzibah Richmond Cretaceous 2004 833 (1.20) 833 (1.20) 160 (0.23)

Sand 2005 NA NA 236 (0.34)

C-19 Olin Corporation Richmond Cretaceous 2004 847 (1.22) 847 (1.22) 514 (0.74)

Sand 2005 NA NA 486 (0.70)

Olin Corporation-Cretareous 2004 632 (0.91) 632 (0.91) 229 (0.33)

G-19 Corrective Action Richmond Wells Sand 2005 NA NA 250 (036) 1-1 International Paper Burke Cretaceous 2004 660(0.95) 660 (0.95) 181 (0.26)

Sand 2005 660(0.95) 660 (0.95) 35 (0.05) 1-2 Prayon, Inc Richmond Cretaceous 2004 292 (0.42) 264 (0.38) 35 (0.05)

Sand 2005 NA NA 63 (009) 1-3 Thermal Ceramics, Richmond Cretaceous 2004 625 (0.90) 625 (0.90) 313 (0.45)

Inc.

Sand 2005 NA NA 208 (0.30)

Procter & Gamble Cretaceous 2004 486 (0.70) 486 (0.70) 218 (0.40) 1-4 Manufacturing Richmond Sand 2005 NA NA 243 (0.35)

Company 1-5 Southern Wood Richmond Cretaceous 2004 451 (0.65) 451 (0.65) 188 (0.27)

Pie<lmont Company Sand 2005 NA NA 174 (0.25)

M-1 City of Waynesboro Burk.e Cretaceous 2004 2778 (4.00) 2431 (3.50)

NA Sand 2005 2778 (400) 2431 (3.50)

NA M-2 Augusta-Richmond Richmond Cretaceous 2004 12778 (18.40) 12083 (17.40) 8285 (11.93)

Utilitfes Department Sand 2005 NA NA 8.40 Southern Nuclear Burke Cretaceous 2004 4167 (6.00) 3819 (5.50) 556 (0.80)

Operating Go.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Table 3-3 Georgia EPD Permitted Agricultural Groundwater Users within 25 miles of the VEGP Site Well ID A-1 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-l1 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-1S A-IS A-17 A*18 A-19 A-20 A-21 A*22 A-23 A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28 A-29 A-3D A-31 A-32 A-33 A-34 A-35 A-36 A-37 A-38 A-39 A-40 A-41 A-43 A-44 Permit Holder ANDERSON JOHN BLANCHARD HENRY BLANCHARD HENRY BOLLWEEVIL PlANATION Chance Bill CHANDLER FARM Chandle.. Mtchael Chandler Randall COCHRAN IRBY COLLINS ROBERT COLLINS ROBERT COLLINS ROBERT COLLINS ROBERT Collins Robert DIXON CARL DIXON JAMES DIXON JAMES DIXON JOANNE DIXON PERCY DIXON PERCY DIXON PERCY DIXON PERCY DIXON PERCY DIXON PERCY DIXON PERCY DIXON PERCY GWR PartnershiP LLP Hatcher William HEATH CLJ\\.xTON HEATH CLAXTON HEATWOLE BYARD HOPKINS HENRY Horst Isaac MALLARD CLYDE MALLARD CLYDE MALLARD FARMS MALLAROJ.

McGregor Charles MOBLEY DANNY Moblev Dann" MOBLEY HERBERT MOBLEY HERBERT

.. MOBlEYJAMES F..

PENNINGTON FARM~ INC_

RAYMOND NEIL 18 County Bu~e Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Bu~e Bu~e Burke Burke Screven Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Bu~e Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Burke Depth 1ft) 363 500 450 300 500 580 556 579 420 430 530 480 440 490 600 210 200 640 560 560 350 350 550 350 575 550 360 300 300 400 325 363 260 320 210 200 430 396 424 465 500

... 512 240 430 Permit IQPm) 1500 1200 1400 190 450 1600 2400 2500 1350 1350 1200 1100 1100 1700 2000 400 200 1150 2000 2000 115 115 3400 200 2500 2500 200 500 150 250 200 350 250 400 250 150 350 350 650 1100 1250

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 Table 3-3 (Cant.) Georgia EPD Permitted Agricultural Groundwater Users within 25 miles of the VEGP Site Well 10 Permit Holder County Depth Permit (ft)

(opm)

A-45 Shepherd Joseph Burke 421 1500 A-46 SMART DARRELL Burke 300 350 A-47 SMART DARRELL Burke 300 350 A-48 SMART DARRELL Burke 300 350 A-49 SMART DARRELL Burke 300 400 A-50 MIMSJOHN Jenkins 445 1500 A-51 MIMSJOHN Jenkins 460 1500 A-52 MULKEY A.

Jenkins 300 1000 A-53 MULKEYA.

Jenkins 400 500 A-54 PARKER GEORGE Jenkins 450 700 A-55 PARKER GEORGE Jenkins 300 450 A-56 PARKER GEORGE Jenkins 300 450 A-57 Parker Geome Jenkins 450 450 A-58 POINTE SOUTH GOLF CLUB-INC.

Richmond 311 400 A-59 BRAGG SOL Screven 380 240 A-GO BRIAR CREEK COUNTRY CLUB Screven 180 300 A-Gl CAIN BRIAN Screven 390 600 A-62 Cain Brian Screven 493 HOO A-63 CLEMENT INVESTMENTS Screven 282 1250 A-64 FOREHAND FARMS Screven 160 250 A-65 Lee Mike Screven 480 1800 A-66 Mill Haven Company Inc.

Screven 600 1200 A-G7 MILLHAVEN CO.-INC.

Screven 553 1900 A-68 MILLHAVEN CO.- INC.

Screven 565 1400 A-69 NEWTON JAMES Screven 350 400 A-70 SOWELL CAROLYN Screven 275 300 A-71 STEPONGZI FRANK & PEARL Screven 225 300 A-72 THOMPSON JAMES Screven 475 750 A-73 THOMPSON ROGER Screven 500 1000 A-7t:.

WADE PLANTATION Screven 215 200 A-75 WADE PLANTATION Screven 250 190 A-76 WADE PLANTATION Screven 460 1200 A-77 WADE PLANTATION Screven 119 1000 A-78 WADE PLANTATION Screven 750 1800 A-79 WADE PLANTATION Screven 494 900 A-80 WADE PLANTATION Screven 475 1200 A-81 WADE PLANTATION Screven 672 1100 A-82 WADE PLANTATION Screven 475 1100 A-83 WADE PLANTATION Screven 525 1400 A-84 Wade Plantation Screven 467 1100 19 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Table 3-4 SDWIS Listed Public Water Systems Supplied from Groundwater within 25 miles of the VEGP Site Well Water Water Systern Name County Type System 10 System 10 Served Status C-1 GA0330000 Girard Burke Community Active C-2 GA0330002 Sardis Burke Community Active C-3 GA0330013 Mamie Joe Rhodes Hamson Burke Community Closed Subdivision C-4 GA0330006 Burke Academy Burke Non-Transient Non-Active Community C-5 GA0330022 Burke County Training Center Burke Non-Transient Non-Active Community C-6 GA0330020 Delaigle MobUe Home Park Burke Transient Non-Community Closed C-7 GA1650000 Millen Jenkins Community Active C-8 GA1650001 Perkins Water Authority Jenkins Community Active C-9 GA1650006 Jod<ey International, Inc.

Jenkins Non-Transient Non-Active Community C-10 GA165DOO5 DNR - Magnolia Springs State Jenkins Transient Non-Community Acllve Pic C-11 GA1650008 National Fish Hatchery Jenkins Transient Non-CommUnity Closed C-12 GA2450023 East Central ReglOOal Richmond Community Active Hoso<<al C-13 GA2450002 Hephzibah Richmond Community Active C-14 GA245D017 Hephzibah - oakridge Richmond Community Active C-15 GA2450014 Mars Trailer Park Richmond Community Active C-16 GA2450016 Mobile Home Country Club Richmond Community Active MHP C-17 GA2450004 Richmond County Richmond Community Closed C-18 GA2450159 Albion Kaolin Company Richmond Non-Transient Non-Closed Communitv C-19 GA2450152 Olin Chemicals Richmond Non-Transient Non-Closed Community C-20 GA2510000 Hiltonia Screven Community Active C-21 GA2510015 Buck Creek M.H.P Screven Community Closed C-22 GA2510052 Milltlaven Plantation Screven Community Closed C-23 GA2510011 DOT - Georgia Welcome Screven Transient Non-Communi!'!

Active Genter C-24 GA2510057 Savannah River Challenge Screven Transient Non-Community Active Prooram GA0330035 Southem Nuclear - Simulator Burke Non-Transient Non-Active Bid CommunitY GA0330017 Southern Nuclear - Vogtle Burke Non-Transient Non-ActIVe Makeup Community GA0330036 Southern NUclear - Vogtle Rec Burke Transient Non-Community Active 20 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 Table 3-5 Water-Supply Wells for the Existing VEGP Plant Water Well Design Supply Depth Aquifer Water Use Well No.

(ft)

Yield (gpm)

MU-1 851 Cretaceous 2000 Make-up water for plant use (nuclear service water system; make-up to the water treatment plant demineralizer, and potable water source).

MU-2A 884 Cretaceous 1000 Make-up water for plant use (nuclear service water system; make-up to the water treatment plant demineralizer, and potable water source).

TW-1 860 Cretaceous 1000 Back-up water for the production make-up well system.

SW-5 200 Tertiary 20 Water supply for old security tactical training area.

IW-4 370 Tertiary 120 Irrigation water for ornamental vegetation.

CW-3 220 Tertiary NA Water supply for nuclear operations garage.

REC 265 Tertiary 150 Potable water supply for recreation area.

S8 340 Tertiary 50 Potable water supply for simulator training building.

SEC 320 Tertiary

'10 Non-potable water for lavatory use at a new plant entrance security building Notes:

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides

£81537 3.3 Post VEGP FSAR Tritium Studies in Burke County, Georgia A consortium of investigators have re-examined the geology, hydrogeology, and occurrence oftritium in Burke County, Georgia (Summerour et aI, 1994; Huddleston & Summerour, 1996; Summerour, 1997; and Summerour et aI, 1998).

Their geologic and hydrogeologic analyses are similar enough to the VEGP FSAR and ESP to not warrant further discussion.

Tritium in the VEGP's Water Table aquifer wells, as well in surrounding Burke County, Georgia is attributed to atmospheric deposition of tritium from rain events.

However, Summerour et aI, 1998 put forth seven hypotheses (paraphrased below) regarding the mode of tritium occurrence in the deeper confined aquifers:

Downward leakage of tritium containing water from the Upper Three Runs aquifer (South Carolina correlative to VEGP Water Table aquifer) such as the more penneable McBean Limestone member or the Lisbon Fonnation sand, Leakage through the Pen Branch fault, Leakage through the grouted annular spaces ofmonitoring wells, Leakage from the Three Runs aquifer to lower aquifers during drilling, Tritium contaminated drilling muds used in monitoring wells, Tritium contaminated condensate may have fonned and traveled along the casing of wells in the deep aquifers, and Sample contact with atmospheric tritium.

Huddleston et al (1998) also identified two of these scenarios as being the most likely routes of occurrence -bullets 1 and 2. Both of these hypotheses are purely hydrogeologic and likely related to the brittle failure of then existent rocks during late Dunbarton Basin formation.

These movements have been shown to predate deposition of the Barnwell Group and younger sediments.

However, a salient point is that well drilling can present unintended consequences such as allowing leakage through fully confining layers.

Their study did not disprove the potential for leakage through cross aquifer wells.

Clarke and West (1997) characterized regional flow into areas of net downward flow and upward flow in addition to horizontal flow.

This included differential downward and upward flow near features like the Pen Branch Fault.

Areas where the Blue Bluff Marl have been eroded away by the Savannah River area also susceptible to vertical movement of shallow and deeper groundwater depending on the groundwater/river water head differentials.

VEGP's may have exposure to offsite radionuclides through the Pen Branch Fault or Quaternary alluvium/bedload from one or more of the following unproven path ways:

Natural gradients under flowing the Savannah River, Savannah River water loss through incised strata of Tertiary/Cretaceous age, or 22 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides

£81537 Induced cross river migration through the Pen Branch Fault from use of VEGP's larger capacity wells (MU-I, MW-2, MU-2A or TW-I) that are screened in multiple water-producing zones.

VEGP site data suggest groundwater flow may be downward from the Water Table aquifer, through brittle fractures related to the Pen Branch Fault, into the Tertiary aquifer.

This geologic feature is located sufficiently far from and upgradient from the existing VEGP Units I and 2 that tritium is not expected to migrate in to the deeper aquifer. The excellent confining characteristics of the Blue BluffMarl will also protect the deeper confined aquifers from potential leakage of radionuc1ide containing water.

Monitoring wells installed through the Blue Bluff Marl should be avoided in areas that have radionuc1ide leakage potential.

This will provide the best protection for the underlying aquifer from unintentional rapid transfer through the well as postulated as a pathway for radionuc1ide migration.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuc1ides ESl537 4.0 GROUNDWATER MONITORING A comprehensive groundwater level monitoring program is part of a VEGP site soil settlement monitoring.

This program has been designed to monitor potentiometric levels in the Water Table aquifer, the confined aquifers (Tertiary and Cretaceous), and hydrostatic pore pressure in the confining layer (marl).

The program consists ofvarious wells monitoring the unconfined aquifer, the Tertiary aquifer, the Cretaceous aquifer, and the confining layer.

SNC (2006) has also installed another additional 15 wells as part ofa Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Early Site Permit application program.

Groundwater monitoring for the VEGP site is also taking place through programs implemented for the existing units and as part ofthe ESP effort by SNC. Current groundwater monitoring programs for the existing units are addressed in VEGP Procedure Number 30l40-C, Revision 22 (VEGP, 2006).

The results ofthese existing programs are reported semi-annually.

To date, environmental monitoring for radionuclides in the monitoring wells has not been required.

The existing network has been examined with respect to the site geology, hydrogeology, and geochemistry.

This examination has identified several existing wells, which can be used for detection studies. These gaps in detection capability will be addressed with additional Water Table aquifer monitoring wells.

The objective of all monitoring wells, both upgradient and downgradient, is to monitor groundwater immediately beneath or as near to potential sources ofradionuclides as site conditions allow.

According to the Manualfor Groundwater Monitoring, Georgia EPD, September 1991:

"Upgradient monitoring wells provide background groundwater quality data.

Upgradient wells should be (1) located beyond the upgradient limit of potential sources so that they reflect backgroundwater quality, (2) screened at the same stratigraphic horizon(s) as the downgradient wells to ensure comparability of data, and (3) of sufficient number to account for natural variations in background groundwater quality.

Down gradient monitoring wells will be spaced to assure that contaminated leakage will be immediately detected."

4.1 Monitoring Well Network and Potential Sources Figures 3-1 through 3-10 show the locations for all of the existing monitoring wells at VEGP.

Figure 4-1 is an aerial photograph showing the proposed conceptual monitoring well network composed of existing and planned wells.

A total of 29 monitoring wells and one surface water location will be used in the radionuclide detection program. Ofthe 29 wells, 21 will be monitoring wells in the Water Table aquifer using 13 existing wells and 8 new wells (R-series).

The Tertiary aquifer will be monitored with eight of the existing monitoring wells, including four existing monitoring wells and the four existing makeup water wells.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 gradient, or cross gradient to potential migration paths.

The surface water location will be included for comparison to the groundwater geochemistry (it will coincide with an existing location of SNC's choosing).

Table 4-1 is a list of the monitoring wells for the radionuclide-detection groundwater-monitoring program.

In addition, plant supply wells and an upstream Savannah River sample are included in this list.

In addition, Table 4-1 identifies particular plant features that are potential sources.

The piping network, reactor vessel cooling water, and spent fuel pools are in interior areas with existing leak detection monitoring.

The monitoring wells will provide site background conditions using hydraulically upgradient wells in the Water Table aquifer and the Tertiary aquifer directly beneath the Blue Bluff Member (Marl).

Detection monitoring wells installed in the Water Table aquifer are near potential leak sources.

Wells installed into the Tertiary aquifer are not recommended in the Power Block area or other areas that could leak radionuclides because of the potential for rapid movement through wells installed through the Blue BluffMarl.

Two Tertiary aquifer monitoring wells are included to monitor aquifer conditions that could indicate intra-and trans-river leakage.

These are ofconcem because ofVEGP's high capacity wells could draw water from these areas, especially during times of drought.

4.2 Geochemical Considerations - Sources of Tritium and Naturally Occurring Radionuclides VEGP's groundwater occurs in several very distinct geologic formations containing one or more ofthe following major chemical components:

Silicate sand, Aluminosilicate clay/silt/sand, Carbonates, Phosphatic sand/silt/clay material, Lignitic mixtures, Ferruginous sands/clays, and Natural and manmade mixtures from backfill composed ofthe above.

In addition, due to plant operations, there can be intermingling of water chemistry due to irrigation, maintenance, cleaning operations, and/or leaking pipes.

However, most water will occur on site due to rainfall infiltration.

In the Water Table aquifer, there is an expectation that the groundwater chemistry will be different because of the absence of carbonate and phosphatic materials in the power block backfill consisting of:

Siliceous sand, Aluminosilicate sand/clay/silt mixtures, and Ferruginous sand.

ES1537 Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides dP rd M "t

W II A

"~

St t T bI 4 1 L" t fR d" a

e -

IS 0

a lonue I e om orm2 e s,

~qUl er, a us an urpose Well Aquifer Status Monitorin2 Purpose LT-IB Water Table Existing NSCW related tank LT-7A Water Table Existing NSCW related tank LT-12 Water Table Existing NSCW related tank LT-13 Water Table Existing NSCW related tank 802A Water Table Existing Southeastern radioactive waste leakage 803A Water Table Existing Upgradient to radioactive waste building 805A Water Table Existing Intennittently down gradient from radioactive waste building and NSCW related facilities.

806B Water Table Existing Dilution line 808 Water Table Existing Upgradient/leakage along Pen Branch Fault Rl Water Table To be NSCW related tank, western radioactive installed waste leakage R2 Water Table To be Southern radioactive waste leakage installed R3 Water Table To be Eastern radioactive waste leakage installed R4 Water Table To be Dilution line installed R5 Water Table To be Dilution line installed R6 Water Table To be Dilution line installed R7 Water Table To be Dilution line installed R8 Water Table To be Dilution line installed 1013 Water Table To be Low level radioactive waste storage installed 1014 Tertiary Existing Upgradient Tertiary well 1015 Water Table Existing Vertically upgradient to Tertiary well 1003 Tertiary Existing Upgradient Tertiary well 1004 Water Table Existing Vertically upgradient to Tertiary well 27 Tertiary Existing Down gradient Tertiary 29 Tertiary Existing Down gradient Tertiary MU-l Tertiary/Cretaceous Existing Facility Water Supply MU-2 Tertiary/Cretaceous Existing Facility Water Supply MU-2A Tertiary/Cretaceous Existing Facility Water Supply TW-1 Tertiary/Cretaceous Existing Facility Water Supply River NA NA Part of existing program for comparison NSCW - Nuclear service cooling water.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 The lower Lisbon Formation that forms the upper part of the Tertiary aquifer is mixed calcareous, phosphatic sand.

Its groundwater chemistry is expected to reflect the Lisbon Formation chemistry.

The formations composing the lower portion of the Tertiary aquifer and the whole Cretaceous aquifer system are mostly silica sands with interspersed aluminosilicate feldspars and clays.

Water in this aquifer is expected to be different from the upper portion ofthe Tertiary aquifer and the Water Table aquifer.

The groundwater monitoring parameters should include a minimum number of cations, anions and field parameters to characterize the water chemistry of each aquifer in each monitoring well.

This will allow correlation of any positive radionuclide results to the proper source aquifer/surface water, or help determine mixing.

Both statistical and graphical analysis of the water chemistry results will be used to track monitoring results over time.

Examples of statistical and graphical presentations include relative charge balance diagrams called Stiff Diagrams or a percent of charge balance called a Piper Diagram.

There are also naturally occurring radionuclides that could present a source offalse positives.

The most likely source of natural radionuclides may be the phosphorus compounds that occur in the Lisbon Formation.

However, several other sedimentary related radionuclides may be present.

Besides the naturally occurring radionuclides, there are known occurrences of tritium in Burke and Richmond Counties.

The tritium is attributed to activities at the Savannah River Site (Summerour, 1997).

Historical levels of tritium have been higher than 3,000 pCi/l, but are mostly below 300 pCi/1 at the present time.

4.3 Monitoring Well Design and Construction 4.3.1 Introduction Monitoring wells will be installed under the direction of a geologist or geotechnical engineer registered in the state ofGeorgia and who will certify to the EPD that the installation complies with the Manualfor Groundwater Monitoring, 1991.

A signed certification statement will be included with documentation for the construction of the monitoring wells within 30 days of installation.

4.3.2 Drilling Method Sonic, hollow-stem continuous auger drilling and/or rock coring can be used to advance borings.

Care will be taken so that the drilling methods minimize the disturbance of subsurface materials, and do not allow contamination of the groundwater.

Drilling equipment will be steam-cleaned between each well.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides

£81537 4.3.3 Soil Sampling Soil sampling will be performed using the best method available to the driller to help determine the soil stratigraphy and geology in the vicinity ofthe monitoring well.

Acceptable soil samples include continuous and split spoons.

Soil samples will be logged under the supervision of a geologist or geotechnical engineer registered in the state of Georgia.

Well installation documentation will be included as part ofthe first monitoring report.

Soil samples should be screened in at the time of collection with alpha, beta, and gamma radiation detector suitable for prospecting/health and safety purposes, whichever is more sensitive.

4.3.4 Screened Interval Reasonable efforts will be made to ensure that upgradient and downgradient wells are screened at the same water-bearing unit.

The Water Table aquifer monitoring wells to be installed for this detection program will be drilled to the top of the Blue BluffMember (Marl) and the screen bottom set five feet above the Blue Bluff Member (Marl).

A longer tail pipe may be used to facilitate this operation.

All other monitoring well locations will use existing screen intervals.

4.3.5 Well Casings and Screens Well construction materials are sufficiently durable to resist chemical and physical degradation and yet not interfere with the quality of groundwater samples.

Materials used for well casings, well screens, filter packs, and annular seals are discussed in this section.

Wells will be constructed as shown in Figure 4-2.

ASTM, NSF-rated, Schedule 40, 2-inch PVC will be used for casing pipe and for screens at the site.

Compounds which cause PVC to deteriorate will not be present in, or expected to be in the monitoring area.

If drilling activities find solvents to PVC or excessive heat, then alternative well materials will be necessary.

Plastic pipe sections are flush-threaded.

No solvents or glues will be used in well construction.

The casings and screens arrive pre-cleaned and packaged to prevent contamination. If wells are significantly deeper than 100 feet, then the well material wall thickness will be changed to Schedule 80.

Well centralizers are required to properly center the screen in the middle ofthe boring.

Two centralizers, one above and one below the screened interval will be permanently installed.

Centralizer materials shall be stainless steel in entirety.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 4.3.6 Well Intake Design The monitoring wells are designed and constructed to: (1) allow sufficient groundwater flow to the well for sampling; (2) minimize the passage of formation materials (turbidity) into the wells; and (3) ensure sufficient structural integrity to prevent the collapse of the intake structure.

Due to the extreme depth of the monitoring wells, centralizers will be required above and below the screened sections to allow adequate annular space for placement ofthe filter sand.

The annular space between the face ofthe formation and the screen or slotted casing will be filled to minimize passage of formation materials into the wells.

A filter pack of clean, well-rounded, quartz sand will be installed in each monitoring well.

In order to ensure discrete sample horizons, the filter pack will extend no more than two feet above the well screen.

4.3.6.1 Screen Slot Size A O.OI-inch slot size will be used for the well screens.

This screen size will retain 100% of size 20/30 filter sand.

4.3.6.2 Filter Pack The filter pack will be a well-graded, well-rounded 20/30-type quartz (silica) sand.

Fabric filters will not be used as a filter pack.

Volume of the annular space after drilling will be computed in the field, and sufficient filter material placed in the hole to ensure that no bridging occurs.

4.3.7 Annular Sealant The materials used to seal the annular space must prevent cross contamination between strata.

The materials used are chemically resistant to ensure seal integrity during the life of the monitoring well and chemically inert so they do not affect the quality ofthe groundwater samples.

A minimum of two feet of certified sodium bentonite will overly the filter pack.

A cement and bentonite grout will be used as the annular sealant in the vadose zone above the bentonite seal and below the frost line.

The cement and bentonite grout will be placed in the borehole using the tremie method.

A concrete seal will extend from a little below the frost line to the surface and blends into a sloping, cement-apron extending outward from the edge ofthe borehole to direct precipitation run-off away from the well.

The apron should be at least one-foot diameter if round or be at least two-feet per side if square.

4.3.8 Cap and Protective Casing The well riser will be fitted with a PVC cap and a protective stainless-steel or anodized aluminum cover and lock (Figure 4-2).

A one-quarter inch vent hole provides an avenue for the escape of gas and barometric equalization.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides

£81537 damage and the locking cover serves as a security device to prevent well tampering.

These construction details will be field verified.

Wells will be clearly marked with reflective tape and proper well identification number will be installed on the stand-up casing.

Access to the wells will need to be possible by vehicle outside the protected area.

4.3.9 Well Development After completion of construction of the monitoring wells, every effort is made to:

Restore the natural hydraulic conductivity of the formation, and Remove sediment to ensure turbidity-free groundwater samples.

These two items are accomplished by proper well development.

Existing wells will need redevelopment if they have not been pumped in the past 2 years.

Proper well development requires reversals or surges in flow to avoid bridging, which commonly occurs when flow is continuous in one direction.

In these wells, development will be accomplished by pumping and surging.

A visual comparative test to gauge turbidity will be performed to ensure that the well is fully developed.

All equipment will be decontaminated with laboratory grade soap wash externally and rinsed with site water prior to well development, and between wells.

All wells will be purged by the sampler(s) when the groundwater monitoring plan is implemented.

The sampler(s) will use a purging method approved by the USEPA.

Field turbidity will be recorded to ensure that the proper development has occurred.

In the event purging does not yield acceptable turbidity levels, field or laboratory filtering will be required using 0.45 micron disposable filter cartridges.

4.3.10 Documentation of Well Design and Construction Information on drilling, design, and construction of the monitoring wells will be compiled by a geologist or geotechnical engineer registered in Georgia, who is overseeing the operation in the field.

Such information typically includes the items shown in Table 4-1. All new holes should be drilled to identify the top ofthe Blue Bluff Member (Marl) and then the well screen top designed to occur approximately ten feet below the water table surface to allow for natural fluctuations without exposing the screen area to aerating conditions.

VEGP site water level monitoring shows that fluctuations are typically less than five feet.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Table 4-1 Typical Items To Document Well Construction Name of drillers, identification of drill rig Date and time of construction Drilling method Well location (+/-O.5 ft.)

Borehole diameter and well casing diameter Well depth (+/-O.l ft.)

Drilling and lithologic logs Casing materials Screen materials and design Casing and screen joint type Screen slot size and length Filter pack material and size Filter pack volume Filter pack placement method Sealant materials Sealant volume Sealant placement methods Surface seal design construction Well development procedure Type ofprotective well cap Ground surface elevation (+/-O.OI ft.)

Depth to top of screen Depth to bottom of screen Tailpipe section length Top of casing elevation (+/-O.OI ft.)

Detailed drawing of well (including dimensions) 4.3.11 Well Plugging and Abandonment Should it become necessary to abandon a monitoring well during this groundwater monitoring program, the well will be plugged and abandoned following the guidelines in the Georgia Water Well Standards Act of1985.

The well or wells will be plugged and abandoned under the direction of a geologist or geotechnical engineer registered in Georgia.

The basic abandonment procedure will be to tremie cementJbentonite grout into the borehole from the bottom to the ground surface with bentonite grout.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 5.0 TYPES OF RADIONUCLIDES AND SOURCE AREAS 5.1 Radionuclides The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI, 2005) and the NRC (2006) have compiled leak and detection scenarios for several nuclear power plants in the United States.

Detection methods in water usually look for types ofradiation emissions such as alpha, beta, and gamma.

These readings may be gross readings in the case of alpha and beta.

However, gamma emitters may be differentiated based on emission power.

5.2 Source Areas EPRI (2005) identified several source areas that are common at nuclear power plants. These are:

Spent fuel pools, Refueling water storage tanks, Water treatment areas, Drains and tanks containing liquid waste from on-site analytical laboratories and other waste handling facilities, and Cooling water discharge areas from radionuclide leakage into cooling water system, which are diluted with circulating generator cooling water and discharged (this is called the dilution line at VEGP).

In addition to the above, other sources may include:

Radioactive waste holding areas, and Radioactive waste solidification facilities.

The monitoring wells specified in Section 4 will be able to detect leaked radionuclides from any of the currently unmonitored facilities at VEGP.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 6.0 SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS 6.1 Introduction Southern Nuclear is conducting voluntary radionuclide monitoring at Plant Vogtle. A groundwater monitoring network to detect tritium and other radionuclides at Plant Vogtle has been designed to check likely pathways and differentiate water sources.

This plan will define the parameters for analysis, frequency of collection, procedures and techniques for sample collection, sample preservation and shipment, analytical procedures, chain-of-custody control, and statistical analysis of groundwater quality data.

This plan generally conforms to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Low-Flow (Minimal Drawdown) Ground-Water Sampling Procedures (EPA/540-S-95/504), and with Sample Collection Proceduresfor Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices (EPA/600/S-07/001).

If, during the detection monitoring phase, substantial levels of radionuclides are found in groundwater, the NRC will be notified immediately and a plan for assessing the potential effects will be developed in cooperation with the NRC.

Collection of groundwater samples requires the use of equipment and sample handling in the field that might increase the potential for inadvertent sample contamination if not performed properly.

Typically, the potential for field sampling error exceeds laboratory error.

Contamination from the ground surface can pass to hands, to the bottle, and to the sample.

Cleanliness and attention to detail will hold these errors to a minimum.

6.2 Parameters and Analytical Methods Table 6-1 lists all of the field and laboratory parameters to be measured as part of the radionuclide monitoring program.

Table 6-1 Field and Laboratory Included in Radionuclide Monitoring Program Field Parameters Laboratory Parameters pH Tritium Sulfate Temperature Gross alpha Aluminum Specific conductivity Gross beta Calcium Dissolved oxygen (DO)

Gamma emitters Iron Oxidation/reduction Bicarbonate alkalinity Magnesium potential (ORP)

Chloride Potassium Turbidity Total phosphate Sodium Nitrates (total)

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Temperature, specific conductance, pH, DO, ORP, and turbidity will be measured and recorded in the field during well evacuation procedures.

All other parameters will be analyzed by a certified laboratory.

The recommended collection containers, preservatives, and holding times are summarized in the Table 6-2 below.

Collection container type and size may vary depending upon the laboratory selected to perform sample analyses.

Table 6-2 Recommended Collection Containers, Preservatives, and Holding Times Analyte Collection Preservative Holding Time/

Containers/Amounts Temperature Gross alpha Plastic 2 L HN03 6 months Gross Beta Plastic 2 L HN03 6 months Tritium Glass or Plastic 2 L None 1 month Gamma emitters Plastic 2 L HN03 6 months Bicarbonate Alkalinity Plastic 100 mL None 28 days/4°C Chloride Plastic 100 mL None 28 days/4°C Total Phosphate Plastic 500 mL H2SO4 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br />s/4°C Aluminum Plastic 500 mL HN03 28 days/4°C Silica Plastic 500 mL HN03 28 days/4°C Calcium Plastic 500 mL HN03 28 days/4°C Nitrates (total)

Plastic 500 mL H2SO4 14 days/4°C Sulfate Plastic 250 mL None 28 days/4°C Iron Plastic 500 mL HN03 6 months/4°C Magnesium Plastic 500 mL HN03 6 months! 4°C Sodium Plastic 500 mL HN03 6 months/4°C Potassium Plastic 500 mL HN03 6 months/4°C According to EPA procedures, all lids should be lined with polytetrafluoroethylene (PFTE, commonly called Teflon).

Lids should not be able to absorb water, and should not contain glue or adhesives.

Once samples have been collected and delivered to the laboratory, the following analytical methods and detection limits will be utilized (Table 6-3).

Laboratory records of groundwater analyses will include the methods used (by number), the extraction date, and date of actual analysis.

Data from samples that are not analyzed within recommended holding times will be considered suspect.

Any deviation from an EPA approved method will be adequately tested to ensure that the quality ofthe results meets the performance specifications (e.g., detection limit, sensitivity, precision, accuracy) of the reference method.

A planned deviation will be justified and submitted for approval by the NRC prior to use.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Table 6-3 Analytical Methods and Detection Limits Analyte EPA Analytical Method Required Detection Limit*

Gross alpha 900.0 3 pCi/L Gross beta 900.0 4 pCi/L Tritium 906.0 1,000 pCiIL Gamma emitters 901.0,901.1, and/or 902.0 sample Bicarbonate alkalinity 2320B None Chloride' 325.3 250 mgIL Total phosphate 365.2 None Aluminum' 200.7 0.05 mgIL Silica 200.7 None Calcium 200.7 None Nitrates (total) 353.2 10 mg/L Sulfate I 9030B 250 mgIL Iron I 6010B 0.3 mg/L Magnesium 6010B None Sodium 60 lOB None Potassium 60lOB None

The required detection hmlt is equal to the dnnkmg water MCL as regulated by EPA. Ifthe drinking water MCL changes in the future, the required detection limit will change equal to the MCL.

1 These constituents are on the EPA list of secondary national drinking water regulations.

6.3 Frequency and Duration Sampling will commence once the plan has been approved, and will be performed at least quarterly for the first year of monitoring.

The quarterly sampling events will be performed to develop and establish a statistical base.

Background data will be determined from the upgradient wells and downgradient wells.

After the statistical base has been developed, sampling frequency will change to a semi-annual basis.

Reporting will be on an annual basis from the initiation of sampling.

Once a baseline has been established for all parameters, SNC may reduce the number or type ofparameters monitored.

6.4 Water Levels Water level elevations will be measured during each sampling event to determine if horizontal and vertical flow gradients have changed since initial site characterization.

A change in hydrologic conditions may require modification of the design of the groundwater monitoring system.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 Field measurements will include depth to standing water and total depth of the well.

The measurements will be taken to the nearest 0.0 I foot.

An electronic water level indicator will be used to collect the depths.

Each well will have a surveyed reference point, generally a notch cut in the casing, from which its water level measurement is taken, preferably the top of the casing.

The reference point elevation will be established in relation to a permanent benchmark and the survey will also note the well location.

Electronic water level equipment should be decontaminated between each well.

6.5 Monitoring Well Sampling Equipment In order to minimize the introduction ofcontamination into the well, positive pressure bladder pumps are recommended for purging wells.

Where these devices cannot be used, peristaltic pumps, or venturi pumps may be used.

Some of these pumps produce volatilization and high pressure differentials, causing variability in the analysis ofpH, specific conductance, metals, and volatile organic samples.

Using low-flow sampling techniques will minimize this variability.

When purging equipment must be reused, it will be decontaminated with a water wash and distilled de-ionized water rinse between wells.

Should purging equipment become heavily contaminated, it should be cleaned with a nonphosphate detergent wash followed by rinsing with isopropanol and de-ionized or distilled water.

Clean, powder-free Nitrile gloves will be worn over cotton gloves by the sampling personnel.

A clean pair ofnew, disposable gloves will be worn each time a different location is sampled and gloves should be donned immediately prior to sampling.

Gloves will be discarded after sampling one well and before sampling the next well.

Sampling equipment should be constructed of inert material.

Equipment with neoprene fittings, PVC, Tygon tubing, silicone rubber bladders, neoprene impellers, polyethylene, and Viton should be used with caution ifwells are known to have organic contaminants or if they will be decontaminated for reuse.

6.6 Well Preparation, Purging and Sampling Procedures The greatest source of inadvertent sample contamination is through incorrect handling by field personnel.

The levels of concern are minute, as compared to a waste sample, and extreme care is needed.

The necessary care will usually slow down the speed of sample collection, but the reliability of test results is increased proportionally.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Any item coming in contact with the inside of the well casing or the well water will be kept in a clean container and handled only with gloved hands.

Always start with the least contaminated well, or wells expected to be uncontaminated, such as upgradient wells.

Water standing in a well may not be a true representation of water quality in the aquifer.

Changes in temperature and pressure, contact with air, and prolonged contact with well casing materials can all affect the chemical quality of the water.

Wells will be purged until turbidity, pH, specific conductance, DO, ORP, and temperature stabilize.

The values for these field parameters will be recorded during the evacuation procedures.

Sampling personnel will follow this procedure to ensure that a representative sample is collected.

The recommended procedure for monitoring well sampling, using low flow sampling techniques, is described below:

Pre-Sampling Activities:

1.

Start at the well known or believed to have the least contaminated groundwater and proceed systematically to the well with the most contaminated groundwater.

Check the well, the lock, and the locking cap for damage or evidence of tampering.

Record observations.

2.

Ifnecessary to maintain cleanliness, layout sheet ofpolyethylene for placement of monitoring and sampling equipment.

3.

Remove well cap.

4.

If the well casing does not have a reference point (usually a V-cut or indelible mark in the well casing), make one. Note that the reference point should be surveyed for correction of groundwater elevations to the mean geodesic datum (MSL).

5.

Measure and record the depth to water (to 0.01 ft) in all wells to be sampled prior to purging.

The device used for water level measurements will be an electronic water level reader permanently marked in 0.01 of a foot.

The device will be cleaned between wells and gloves will be used during sampling.

Care should be taken to minimize disturbance in the water column and dislodging of any particulate matter attached to the sides or settled at the bottom of the well.

Sampling Procedures:

6.

Install Pump: Slowly lower the pump, safety cable, tubing and any lines into the well to the depth specified for that well approved by the hydrogeologist or project scientist.

These procedures will comply with Low-Flow (Minimal Drawdown) Ground-Water Sampling Procedures, EPA/540/S-95/504 (PuIs and Barcelona, 1996).

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 must be kept at least two (2) feet above the bottom ofthe well to prevent disturbance and re-suspension of any sediment.

Ifusing a peristaltic pump, slowly lower the tubing into the well to the specified depth.

7.

Measure Water Level: Before starting the pump, measure the water level again with the pump in the well.

Leave the water level measuring device in the well.

8.

Purge Well: Start pumping the well at 200 to 500 milliliters per minute (mLlmin).

The water level should be monitored every three to five minutes.

Ideally, a steady flow rate should be maintained that results in a stabilized water level (drawdown of 0.3 ft or less).

Pumping rates should, ifneeded, be reduced to the minimum capabilities of the pump to ensure stabilization ofthe water level.

As noted above, care should be taken to maintain pump suction and to avoid entrainment of air in the tubing.

Record each adjustment made to the pumping rate and the water level measured immediately after each adjustment.

9.

Monitor Indicator Parameters: During purging ofthe well, monitor and record the field indicator parameters (turbidity, temperature, specific conductivity, pH, ORP, and DO) every three to five minutes.

The well is considered stabilized and ready for sample collection when the indicator parameters have stabilized for three consecutive readings as follows:

+/-O.l forpH

+/-10% for specific conductance (conductivity)

+/-10 mv for redox potential, ORP

+/-10% for DO

<5 NTU ifpossible, or +/-10% if other parameters are stable, for turbidity Dissolved oxygen and turbidity usually require the longest time to achieve stabilization.

The pump must not be removed from the well between purging and sampling.

10. Collect Samples: Collect samples at a flow rate between 100 and 250 mllmin and such that drawdown of the water level within the well does not exceed the maximum allowable drawdown of 0.3 ft.

All sample containers should be filled with minimal turbulence by allowing the groundwater to flow from the tubing gently down the inside of the container.

11. Remove Pump and Tubing: After collection ofthe samples, the tubing, unless permanently installed, must be properly discarded or dedicated to the well for re-sampling by hanging the tubing inside the well.

12. Measure and record well depth.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESIS3?

13. All remaining sample bottles should nOW be carried to the ice chest where they are labeled, placed in Zip-Ioc bags, and iced down.

The labels can be filled out prior to beginning sampling to avoid delay at the site.

The label must include the following:

Name of facility Date and time of sampling Sample description (well id number)

Sampler's name The sample label should also contain information on: 1) whether or not the sample was filtered; 2) what preservatives were added; 3) how the sample should be stored prior to laboratory analysis (e.g., cool to 4° C); and 4) what analyses are to be performed for that particular sample bottle. Each sample bottle should also have a chain-of-custody label for the names of all persons handling the sample.

Additionally, mark each sample bottle with an identification number using a red glass-marking crayon which is resistant to water.

Bottle caps are good places to add identification. This is a precaution in case labels get wet or come off during transport.

14. The well cap is replaced and locked. Lock the protective well casing.

15. Proceed to the next well.

Repeat.

NOTE: It is good practice to take an extra set of sample bottles to the field in case of breakage or accidental contamination.

6.7 Decontamination Non-disposable sampling equipment, including the pump and support cable and electrical wires which contact the sample, must be decontaminated thoroughly each day before use, after each well is sampled, and at the end of each day.

Dedicated, in-place pumps and tubing should be certified clean prior to their initial use.

For submersible pumps, all non-disposable sampling equipment, including the pump and support cable and electrical wires in contact with sample water, will be decontaminated thoroughly each day before use, after each well is sampled, and at the end ofthe day.

When using peristaltic pumps, the tubing should be disposed of after each well, and the body ofthe pump decontaminated at the end of each day.

Water level indicators are cleaned and rinsed with deionized water between each well.

Any water or detritus from sampling and decontamination activities should be considered contaminated unless proved otherwise.

Dry waste may be stored in a heavy-duty plastic garbage bag.

Wet or damp waste must be drummed for disposal.

The plant site where sampling takes place will be responsible for disposal of all waste produced during sampling.

Before any equipment or supplies are removed from the site, all should be checked for radionuclide contamination before leaving a controlled area.

Items will be considered contaminated ifradiation is detected at 2x the background level in the area.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 registering 2x the background radiation level must be decontaminated thoroughly and rechecked before being removed from the site.

6.8 Decontamination Procedures At the beginning and end of each day, the following procedures should be used for decontamination.

A. Pre-rinse: Operate pump in a deep basin containing 8 to 10 gallons of potable water for 5 minutes and flush other equipment with potable water for 5 minutes.

B. Wash: Operate pump in a deep basin containing 8 to 10 gallons of a non-phosphate detergent solution, such as Alconox, for 5 minutes and flush other equipment with fresh detergent solution for 5 minutes.

Pre-packaged half-ounce packages of detergent are recommended to avoid over-use.

C. Rinse: Operate pump in a deep basin ofpotable water for 5 minutes and flush other equipment with potable water for 5 minutes.

D. Disassemble pump.

E. Wash pump parts: Place the disassembled parts of the pump into a deep basin containing 8 to 10 gallons of non-phosphate detergent solution.

Scrub all pump parts with a test tube brush or clean cloth, as appropriate.

F.

Rinse pump parts with distilled/deionized water.

G. Dry equipment with clean, dry paper towels.

6.9 Between-Well Decontamination A. Pre-rinse: Operate pump in a deep basin containing 8 to 10 gallons of potable water for 5 minutes and flush other equipment with potable water for 5 minutes.

B. Wash: Operate pump in a deep basin containing 8 to 10 gallons of a non-phosphate detergent solution, such as Alconox, for 5 minutes and flush other equipment with fresh detergent solution for 5 minutes. Use the detergent sparingly.

C. Rinse: Operate pump in a deep basin of potable water for 5 minutes and flush other equipment with potable water for 5 minutes.

D. Final Rinse: Operate pump in a deep basin of distilled/deionized water to pump out 1 to 2 gallons of this final rinse water.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides

£81537 6.10 Sample Handling and Preservation All sample bottles will be filled to the top, capped with a Teflon seal, and be placed on ice immediately after sampling except alpha, beta, and gamma containers.

Gross alpha and beta and gamma samples do not require cooling.

Following collection, all sample jars should be wiped with a clean, dry paper towel and placed in plastic bags.

Double-bagging samples will help prevent cross-contamination.

Potential cross contamination from shipping containers or other samples will be checked by analyzing trip blanks.

Sample delivery to the laboratory will be in the shortest possible time after collection. If delay is incurred, this will be entered in the field log book along with the time increment and reason for delay.

Sample transport by the collector or other individuals is prohibited.

A certified handler must take custody ofthe samples for delivery.

All samples should be considered radioactive until proven otherwise.

Therefore, sampling personnel should wear all relevant PPE while packing and loading samples for shipment.

Care should be taken to use the required type of shipping container; hard plastic coolers are appropriate for low-level radioactive samples.

Additionally, transport packaging must contain 3x the amount of absorbent material necessary to absorb all available fluid.

If appropriate, DOT and/or NRC labeling will be used on shipping containers.

6.11 Chain of Custody Custody and protection of samples is an important legal consideration.

As few people as possible should handle the samples.

The sampler is personally responsible for collected samples, and should be able to attest to the integrity of samples until transfer. Ifthe samples are placed in a vehicle, it will be kept locked.

Any ice chest will be locked, or located in a place which is locked, and having access only by responsible officials. Ifthe samples are to be shipped, they must be sealed such that any access to the shipping container will be obvious to the person receiving the container.

If appropriate, shipped sample containers must use the appropriate Department of Transportation (DOT) and/or Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) radioactive/radiation labels.

A chain-of-custody (COC) form will be used to document the handling of samples from the moment of collection until testing.

The ID number of each sampling point will be entered in a sampling log book along with a word description of the sample.

Note that several bottles collected for different parameters will have the same ID number ifthey come from one sampling point.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 The chain-of-custody form should contain the facility name, date of sampling, and name of the collector.

Each transfer of custody is recorded with an appropriate signature, date, and time.

Every cac shall be filled out in its entirety, with no information left blank.

6.12 Field and Laboratory Quality Assurance/Quality Control It is the responsibility of SNC to ensure the reliability of the analytical data being gathered during the monitoring program.

Quality control samples must be collected to determine if sample collection and handling procedures have adversely affected the quality ofthe groundwater samples.

The appropriate EPA Program Guidance should be consulted in preparing the field QC sample requirements.

All field quality control samples must be prepared exactly as regular investigation samples with regard to sample volume, containers, and preservation.

The following quality control samples should be collected during the sampling event:

Sample duplicates every 10 samples, Equipment blank (not necessary if equipment is dedicated to the well) each day per piece ofnon-dedicated sampling equipment, and Rinsate blank each day per piece of non-dedicated equipment.

As noted above, groundwater samples should be collected systematically from wells with the lowest level ofcontamination through to wells with highest level of contamination.

6.13 Field Documentation A field log book must be kept each time groundwater monitoring activities are conducted in the field.

The field log book should document the following:

Well identification number and physical condition, Well depth, Static water level depth, date, and time, Pumping rate, drawdown, indicator parameters values, and clock time, at three to five minute intervals, Total volume pumped, for the interval and the total amount, Number of samples collected and time of sample collection, Field observations of sampling event, Name of sampIe collector(s),

Weather conditions, and Make, model, and QA/QC (i.e. calibration) data for field instruments.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides E8l537 Ifcorrections are needed in the field book, incorrect information should be crossed out with a single line, initialed, and dated.

Correct information should be written as close as possible to the cross-out.

In selecting a laboratory to conduct analyses of groundwater samples, SNC will ensure that the laboratory of choice is exercising a proper QA/QC program as described in this sampling and analysis plan.

The approved EPA test methods contain requirements to run a spiked sample to determine percent recovery.

This will be a part of the lab report.

Additional quality control such as method blanks and duplicates are also described in the test method and will be included in the laboratory work agreement.

The laboratory QA program will be considered a part ofthis plan.

Quality assurance procedures are time-consuming and increase the cost oftesting, but the plant will be regulated based on the results.

Any field instruments that SNC or its contractors use will be calibrated prior to field use.

Field logs ofthe procedures will be maintained and included with the reporting.

6.14 Water Quality Monitoring Reporting, Analysis, and Follow-Up Water quality monitoring reports will be prepared annually.

The report will include:

Facility name sample collection dates and analysis dates, All analytical results, including peaks even ifbelow maximum contaminant levels, Identification number and designation of all surface water and groundwater monitoring points, Quality assurance, quality control notations, Method detection limits, Water levels recorded prior to evaluating wells or sample collection. Elevation reference will include the top ofwell casing and land surface at each well site at a precision ofplus or minus 0.01 foot (NGVD),

An updated groundwater table or potentiometric surface contour map (to be signed and sealed by a Georgia Professional Geologist or Geotechnical Engineer) with contours at no greater than one-foot intervals unless site-specific conditions dictate otherwise, which indicates groundwater elevations and flow direction, and Any appropriate discussion ofthe monitoring results.

In addition, the report, including contour maps, is to be signed and sealed by a Georgia Professional Geologist or Geotechnical Engineer with experience in hydrogeologic investigations.

The report will summarize and interpret the water quality monitoring results and water level measurements.

At the discretion of the Professional Geologist or Engineer, the report may contain the following information (ifmeaningful):

Tabular displays of any data which shows that a monitoring parameter has been detected, and graphical displays of any key indicator parameters (such as pH, specific 43 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 conductance, TDS, TOC, sulfate, chloride, sodium, iron, and possibly well hydrographs);

Trend analyses of any monitoring parameters consistently detected; Comparisons among each aquifer's wells; Comparisons between background water quality and water quality in detection and compliance wells; Correlations between related parameters, for example, total dissolved solids and specific conductance; Discussion of erratic and/or poorly correlated data; An interpretation of the groundwater contour maps, including an evaluation of groundwater flow rates; and An evaluation ofthe adequacy ofthe water quality monitoring frequency and sampling locations based upon site conditions (at least 3 years will be allowed for evaluation).

All field and laboratory records will be included as a paper or digital appendix.

A complete sampling record on appropriate forms will be provided with each well's characterization and quarterly analyses.

This record will include water level; total depth of the well; volume of water in the well; volume of water removed; stabilization documentation including pH, specific conductivity, dissolved oxygen, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), turbidity, temperature, time interval of purging; time sample is taken; and devices(s) used for purging (including discharge rate if available) and sampling.

Random exceedances ofgroundwater standards are common in large water quality data sets.

Predicting the appropriate statistical test prior to sampling can have unintended results.

SNC will use either the intrawell or interwell prediction limits (Gibbons, 1994) to minimize site-wide false positive rates while maintaining a low-level site-wide false negative rate.

Prediction limits compare the data of a certain well to its own and/or a group's history (for example, all of the Water Table aquifer wells or other geochemically derived subset), with the prediction limit itself coming from the background data.

So even if the distribution, mean, and variance of a down gradient well are different from that ofan upgradient or background well, it will only trigger an exceedance if it is significantly different from that of an upgradient or background well and from its own history.

This significantly lowers the false negative rate for the site, because only one well is considered (and that one well's history) at a time, instead of considering all the data at once.

The first annual report will contain a statistical summary of the intrawell versus the interwell comparison.

An integral part of refuting or accepting beyond-limit results is a re-sampling program, where affected wells are re-sampled according to the process discussed in this plan.

In the event that groundwater sample results show an exceedance of the prediction limits, SNC will arrange for a confirmation re-sampling within 30 days ofreceipt oflaboratory results.

If the re-sampling and additional testing confirm the exceedance, SNC will prepare an appropriate assessment plan for NRC approval.

Plant Alvin W. Vogt1e Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides

£81537

7.0 REFERENCES

Applin, P. L., "Preliminary Report on Buried Pre-Mesozoic Rocks in Florida and Adjacent States," United States Geological Survey Circular 91, p 28, 1951.

Bechtel Power Corporation, "Report ofMarl Investigation," Vogtle Nuclear Plant, December 1974.

Bechtel Power Corporation, "Report on Stratigraphic Irregularities in the Auxiliary Building Excavation." Vogtle Nuclear Plant, February 1978.

Bechtel Power Corporation, Report on Backfill Material Investigations, Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Project, Addendum No.1, October 1978.

Bechtel Power Corporation, "Report ofGeology and Foundation Conditions, Power Block Area," Vogtle Nuclear Plant, September, 1979.

Bechtel Power Corporation, Report on Backfill Material Investigations, Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Project, Addendum No.2, November 1979.

Bechtel Power Corporation, "Studies of Postulated Millett Fault," Unpublished Report for Georgia Power Company, Atlanta, Georgia, 1982.

Behrendt, J. C., Hamilton, R. M., Ackermann, H. D., and Henry, V. J., "Cenozoic Faulting in the Vicinity of the Charleston, South Carolina, 1886 Earthquake," Geology, Vol 9, No.3, pp 117-122, 1981.

Buie, B. F., "The Huber Formation ofEastern Central Georgia," in Short Contributions to the Geology of Georgia., P.A. Platt, ed., 1978, 104 p.

Chowns, T. M., and Williams, C. T., "Pre-Cretaceous Rocks Beneath the Georgia Coastal Plain--Regional Implications," in Gohn, G. S., ed, "Studies Related to the Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake of 1886--Tectonics and Seismicity," United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1313, pp L1-L42, 1983.

Clarke, J.S. and West, C.T., 1997, Ground-water levels, predevelopment ground-waterflow, and stream-aquifer relations in the vicinity ofthe Savannah River Site, Georgia and South Carolina, Water-Resource Investigaitons Report 97-4197, U.S. Geological Survey prepared in cooperation with the Department ofEnvironmental Protection Division Georgia Geologic Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy.

120 pp., 1 plate.

Cook, F. A., et aI., "COCORP Seismic Profiling of the Appalachian Orogen Beneath the Coastal Plain of Georgia," Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, Vol 92, No. 10, pp 738-748, 1981.

Cook, F. A., et aI., "The COCORP Seismic Reflection Traverse Across the Southern Appalachians," American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Studies in Geology, No. 14, 1983.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 Cooke, C. W., "Geology ofthe Coastal Plain of Georgia," u.s. Geological Survey Bulletin 941, p 121, 1943.

Cooke, C. W., "Geology ofthe Coastal Plain of South Carolina," u.s. Geological Survey Bulletin 867, p 196, 1936.

Cox, J., "Paleoseismology Studies in South Carolina," University of South Carolina Masters Thesis, 1984.

Cramer, H. R., "Structural Features ofthe Coastal Plain of Georgia," Southeastern Geology, Vol 10, No.2, pp 111-123, 1969.

Cramer, H. R., and Arden, D. D., "Subsurface Cretaceous and Paleogene Geology of the Coastal Plain ofGeorgia," Georgia Geological Survey Open-File Report 80-8, p 184, 1980.

Daniels, D. L., Zietz, Isidore, and Popenoe, Peter, "Distribution of Subsurface Lower Mesozoic Rocks in the Southeastern United States, as Interpreted from Regional Aeromagnetic and Gravity Maps," in Gohn, G. S., ed., "Studies Related to the Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake of 1886--Tectonics and Seismicity," United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1313, pp K1-K24, 1983.

Electric Power Research Institute, September 2005. Groundwater Monitoring Guidance for Nuclear Power Plants. EPRI Report 1011730.

Fanning, J.L., P. Isley, and J. Hill, Projected Water Use in the CoastalArea of Georgia, 2000-2050 in Leeth, D.C., J.S. Clarke, C.J. Wipperfurth, and S.D. Craig, Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in Georgia, 2002-2003, US Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5065,2003.

Fenneman, N. M., Physiography ofEastern United States, McGraw-Hill Book Co., p 714, 1938.

Gibbons, R.D., Statistical Methods for Groundwater Monitoring, Wiley-Prentice, p 286, 1994.

Gohn, G. S., et aI., "Preliminary Cross-Sections of Cretaceous Sediments Along South Carolina Coastal Margin," United States Geological Survey Field Studies Map MF-1015A, 2 sheets, 1978.

Gohn, G. S., et aI., "Regional Implications ofTriassic or Jurassic Age for Basalt and Sedimentary Red Beds in the South Carolina Coastal Plain," Science, Vol 202, No. 4370, pp 887-890, 1978.

Gohn, G. S., et aI., "A Stratigraphic Framework for Cretaceous and Paleogene Margins Along the South Carolina and Georgia Coastal Sediments," in Arden, D. D., Beck, B.F., and 46 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Morrow, E., eds, Second Symposium on the Geology of the Southeastern Coastal Plain, pp 64-74, 1982.

Hack, 1. T., "Rock Control and Tectonism--Their Importance in Shaping the Appalachian Highlands," United States Geological Survey Professional Paper l126-B, 1979.

Herrick, S. M., and Vorhis, R. C., "Subsurface Geology ofthe Georgia Coastal Plain,"

Georgia Geological Survey Information Circular 25, p 80, 1963.

Huddleston, P.F., and Summerour, J.H., "The lithostratigraphic framework ofthe uppermost Cretaceous and Lower Tertiary of eastern Burke County, Georgia", Bulletin 127, Georgia Department ofEnvironmental Protection Division Georgia Geologic Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy.

94 pp, 1 plate, 1996.

Klitgord, K. D., and Behrendt, J. c., "Basin Structure ofthe U.S. Atlantic Margin," in Watkins,1. S., Montadert, Lucien, and Dickerson, P. W., eds., "Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins," American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 29, pp 85-112, 1979.

Leeth, D.C., 1.S. Clarke, C.J. Wipperfurth, and S.D. Craig, Ground-Water Conditions and Studies in Georgia, 2002-03, US Geological Survey, Scientific Investigations Report 2005-5065, 2005.

Lewis, C., Letter, Environmental Protection Division, Georgia Department of Natural Resources, May 2006.

LeGrand, H. E., Summary of Geology of Atlantic Coastal Plain; American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, vol 45, No.9, pp 1557-1571, 1961.

Manspeizer, W., Puffer, J. H., and Cousminer, H. L., "Separation of Morocco and Eastern North American: A Triassic-Liassic Stratigraphic Record," Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, Vol 89, No.6, pp 901-920, 1978.

Manualfor Groundwater Monitoring, Georgia Department ofNatural Resources, Environmental Protection Division, September 1991.

Marine, I. W., and Siple, G. E., "Buried Triassic Basin in the Central Savannah River Area, South Carolina and Georgia," Geological Society ofAmerica Bulletin, Vol 85, No.2, pp 311-320,1974.

Marine, I. W., "Structural Model ofthe Buried Dunbarton Triassic Basin in South Carolina and Georgia," Presented at the Annual Meeting ofthe Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs, Vol 8, No.2, p 225, 1976.

James A. Miller, 1990, Ground Water Atlas ofthe United States, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, and South Caroiina, HA 730-G, U.S. Geological Survey.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 Mixon, R. B., and Newell, W. L., "Stafford Fault System: Structures Documenting Cretaceous and Tertiary Deformation Along the Fall Line in Northeastern Virginia,"

Geology, Vol 5, No.7, pp 437-440, 1977.

Murray, G. E., "Geology of the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Provinces ofNorth America,"

Harper Bros., New York, 692 p, 1961.

Olsen, P. E., and Galton, P. M., "Triassic-Jurassic Tetrapod Extinctions: Are They Real?,"

Science, Vol 197, No. 4307, pp 983-986, 1977.

Pressler, E. D., "Geology and Occurrence of Oil in Florida," Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geology, pp 1851-1862, 1947.

Prowell, D. C, O'Connor, B. J., and Rubin, M., "Preliminary Evidence for Holocene Movement Along the Belair Fault Zone near Augusta, Georgia," United States Geological Survey Open-File Report 75-680, p 8, 1975.

Prowell, D. C., and O'Connor, B. 1., "Belair Fault Zones: Evidence of Tertiary Fault Displacement in Eastern Georgia," Geology, Vol 6, No. 11, pp 681-684, 1978.

Prowell, D. C., "Index of Faults of Cretaceous and Cenozoic Age in the Eastern U.S.,"

United States Geological Survey Map MF-1269, 1983.

PuIs, Robert W., and Michael Barcelona, Low-Flow (Minimal Drawdown) Ground-Water Sampling Procedures, EPAl540/S-95/504, April 1996.

Rankin, D. F., ed, "Studies Related to the Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake of 1886-A Preliminary Report," United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1028, p 204, 1977.

Region II Ground Water Sampling Procedure for Low Stress (Low Flow) Purging and Sampling, Environmental Protection Agency, 1998.

Rutherford & Associates, Comprehensive Water Supply Management Plan,Burke County and Municipalities: Girard, Keysville, Midville, Sardis, Vidette, Waynesboro, 2000.

Siple, G. E., "Geology and Ground Water ofthe Savannah River Plant and Vicinity, South Carolina," United States Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 1841, p 113, 1967.

Smith, C. W., III, "Stratigraphy of the Aiken County Coastal Plain," South Carolina Geological Survey Open-File Report 19, p 34, 1979.

Southern Nuclear Operating Company (SNC), Application for a Permit to Use Groundwater, dated October 2005, in Letter with Attachments, Groundwater Use Permit No. 017-0003 Permit RenewailModification, 2005.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 SNC (Southern Nuclear Operating Company), 2006, Early Site Permit Application for the Vogtle Electric Generating Plant.

Summerour, 1997; Results ofannual tritium project baseflow studies, Burke County, Georgia, 1991-1995, Project Report 29, Georgia Department of Environmental Protection Division Georgia Geologic Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy.

69 pp.

Summerour, J.H., Shapiro, E.A., and Huddlestun, P.F., 1998, An investigation oftritium in the Gordon and other aquifers in Burke County, Georgia Phase II, Information Circular 102, Georgia Department of Environmental Protection Division Georgia Geologic Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy.

72 pp, 1 plate.

Summerour, Shapiro, E.A, Lineback, J.A, Huddlestun, P.F.,and Hughes,AC., 1994; An investigation oftritium in the Gordon and other aquifers in Burke County, Georgia, Georgia Department ofEnvironmental Protection Division Georgia Geologic Survey in cooperation with the U.S. Department ofEnergy.

93 pp.

Toulmin, L. D., "Cenozoic Geology of Southeastern Alabama, Florida, and Georgia,"

Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geology, Vol 39, No.2, pp 207-235, 1955.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. Final Methods Rulefor Radionuclides, 62 FR 10168, March 5,1997.

Ibid.

National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Radionuclides; Final Rule, 65 FR 76708, December 7, 2000.

Ibid.

Sample Collection Procedures for Radiochemical Analytes in Environmental Matrices.

EPA/600/S-071001. December 2006.

Ibid.

Test Methodsfor Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/Chemical Properties, (SW846).

Most recent revision available for each test method (1984 - 2007).

Ibid.

Handbook ofGroundwater Protection and Cleanup Policies for RCRA Corrective Action, for Facilities Subject to Corrective Actio Under Subtitle C ofthe Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, EPA530-R-04-030, April 2004 Ibid Safe Drinking Water Information System (SDWIS), US Environmental Protection Agency Web site: http://oaspub.epa.gov/enviro/sdwjorm.create---'page?state_abbr=GA, accessed July 7, 2006.

United States Code ofFederal Regulations, 40 CFR Parts 9, 141, and 142.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 Vail, P. R., and Mitchum, R. M., Jr., "Global Cycles of Relative Changes of Sea Level from Seismic Stratigraphy," in Geological and Geophysical Investigations of Continental Margins, Watkins, J. S., Montadert, Lucien, and Dickerson, P. W., eds, American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir 29, pp 469-472, 1979.

Van Houten, F. R, "Triassic-Jurassic Deposits of Morocco and Eastern North America:

Comparison," American Association of Petroleum Geologist Bulletin, Vol 61, No.1, pp 79-99,1977.

Wentworth, C. M., and Mergner-Keefer, M., "Reverse Faulting Along the Eastern Seaboard and the Potential for Large Earthquakes," in Beavers, J. E., ed, Earthquakes and Earthquake-Engineering, Eastern U.S., Vol 1, pp 109-128, 1981.

Wentworth, C. M., and Mergner-Keefer, M., "Regenerate Faults of Small Cenozoic Offset:

Probable Earthquake Sources in the Southeastern United States," in Studies Related to the Charleston, South Carolina, Earthquake of 1886: Tectonics and Seismicity, G. S. Gohn, ed, United States Geological Survey Professional Paper 1313, pp SI-S20, 1983.

Winterkorn, H. F., and Fang, H. Y, ed, Foundation Engineering Handbook, Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, pp 181-185, New York, 1975.

Winker, C. D., and Howard, 1. D., "Correlation of Tectonically Deformed Shorelines on the Southern Atlantic Coastal Plain," Geology, Vol 5, No.2, pp 123-127, 1977.

York, J. E., and Oliver, J. E., "Cretaceous and Cenozoic Faulting in Eastern North America," Geological Society of America Bulletin, Vol 87, No.8, pp 1105-1114, 1976.

ES153?

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides APPENDIX REGIONAL GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND ROCK DESCRIPTIONS OF STRATA COMPOSING THE AQUIFER SYSTEM 51 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESI537 A.

REGIONAL GEOLOGIC HISTORY AND ROCK DESCRIPTION OF STRATA COMPOSING AQUIFER SYSTEM Usually geologic history is not pertinent to groundwater monitoring programs.

However, there are important events which will affect the correct conclusions of the groundwater monitoring program.

The events that formed and deformed the materials comprising the all inclusive aquifer system at VEGP are presented.

Figure 2-2 presents a regional geologic area within a 200-mile radius ofVEGP.

A.I.]

Mesozoic Era A.i.i.i Triassic andJurassic Periods - The tectonic model which best explains the stratigraphic distribution oflower Mesozoic rocks on the eastern coast ofNorth America includes the following sequence: (1) Permian to Late Triassic uplift and crustal thinning along the axis of the future Atlantic Ocean, (2) Middle to Late Triassic strike-slip faulting and volcanism along east-trending fracture zones, and (3) Late Triassic rifting along the axis ofthe proto-Atlantic Ocean and shearing along east-west fracture zones (Manspeizer and others, 1978).

On the eastern seaboard of the United States many ofthe Triassic basins are exposed at the surface in the Piedmont province (Wentworth and Mergner-Keefer, 1981).

Most, however, are covered by Coastal Plain sediments and have been delineated on the basis of core holes and wells (Plate 1 of Chowns and Williams, 1983), aeromagnetic and gravity anomalies, (Daniels and others, 1983; Behrendt et aI, 1983; Klitgord and Behrendt, 1979) and seismic reflection and refraction studies (Cook et aI, 1981; Cook et aI, 1983).

Triassic basins occur along the eastern seaboard from Connecticut south to Florida.

Basins north of South Carolina are exposed in Piedmont crystalline rocks, while those south of North Carolina are overlain by Cretaceous and Cenozoic sediments. The sediments within these basins have been tentatively correlated with the Newark Supergroup of Late Triassic through Early Jurassic age (Manspeizer and others, 1978; Siple, 1967; Olsen and Galton, 1977; Van Houten, 1977; Gohn et aI, 1978). It is difficult to obtain an accurate age for the sedimentary rocks within these basins due to their time-transgressive nature (Manspeizer and others, 1978).

The plant site is underlain by the buried Dunbarton Triassic Basin.

The sediments within this basin have been identified as Triassic, based on stratigraphic position and lithology.

Marine and Siple (1974) have presented a complete lithologic description ofthe Triassic rocks of the Dunbarton Basin based on drill cores.

In the central northwest portion of the basin, sediments consist of red-brown breccias in a matrix of claystone and siltstone.

The central part ofthe basin is composed of alternating layers of sandstone and mudstone.

Rocks from what may be the southeastern part of the basin include siltstones, claystones, and fine-grained sandstones which contain calcareous nodules.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 The primary fault controlling basin formation, the Pen Branch fault, bounds the northwest side of the basin. The fault appears to have been an earlier Paleozoic reverse fault that was reactivated as an extensional normal fault during Mesozoic continental rifting. The fault was subsequently reactivated in the Cenozoic as a reverse fault or right-oblique slip fault (Price et ai. 1989; Snipes et aI., 1993a; Stieve and Stephenson 1995).

The Pen Branch fault dips to the southeast. The master fault to the Riddleville Basin in Georgia also dips to the southeast (Peterson et ai. 1984).

The southeast boundary ofthe basin is poorly constrained but is interpreted as fault bounded (Faye and Prowell 1982; Snipes et aI., 1993b).

A.i.i.2 Cretaceous Period - Both Cretaceous and Tertiary sediments ofthe Coastal Plain Province accumulated on the trailing eastern margin ofthe continent.

The composition of these sediments and their gentle dip away from the Appalachian Mountains implies that the Appalachians have stood as an eroding structural high for over 200 million years (Hack, 1979).

Following a period ofuplift and erosion during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, there was a transgression ofLate Cretaceous seas over part of the Coastal Plain (Vail and Mitchum, 1979).

The basal clastic formation in the vicinity of the plant site is the subaerial Tuscaloosa Formation.

Rocks deposited during the close of the Cretaceous are not present in Georgia or South Carolina (Cramer and Arden, 1980; Gohn et aI, 1982; Rankin, 1977). The Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary is marked by an erosional surface which would be due, in part, to a fall in sea level (Vail and Mitchum, 1979).

The Upper Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation consists of fluvial and estuarine deposits of cross-bedded arkosic sand and minor gravel intercalated with lenses ofvariegated white, pink, red, brown, and purple silt and clay (Cramer and Arden, 1980; Gohn et aI., 1982; Siple, 1967). Coarse and fine sediments are interbedded in an irregular sequence and grade laterally into one another or pinch out within short distances.

Abundant kaolin is present along with other clay minerals.

A.I.2 Cenozoic Era A.i.2.i Tertiary Period Paleocene Epoch - Sediments deposited during the early Paleocene are thickest in the southwest, indicating that seas transgressed from that direction.

No upper Paleocene sediments are interpreted to exist in the plant site area.

The lower Paleocene series in the vicinity ofthe site consists of the Ellenton and the Huber Formations.

The Ellenton Formation is a dark-gray to black sandy lignitic micaceous clay interbedded with medium-to coarse-grained quartz sand.

Authigenic gypsum is commonly associated.

The lower part of the Ellenton is sandy lignitic clay with the sand portion becoming very coarse and gravelly.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Tuscaloosa Formation.

The contact is characterized by a change in the color of the clay and in the composition of the sand.

The Ellenton grades into the overlying Huber Formation in the vicinity of the plant site (Bechtel Power Corporation, 1982).

The Huber Formation lies between the top of the Ellenton Formation and base ofthe overlying sands and limestones of middle Eocene age.

The lithology of the Huber Formation is diverse, ranging from beds of multicolored clays, high-purity and sandy kaolin, to thick cross-bedded members of coarse, pebbly sand and conglomerate composed of boulders ofpisolitic kaolin (Buie, 1978).

In drill cores the uppermost part of the Huber Formation shows signs ofweathering and chemical reduction.

Eocene Epoch - Following a period of erosion during the early Eocene, the sea again transgressed over the Georgia Coastal Plain during the middle Eocene.

The bulk ofthe middle Eocene sediments are carbonates, with up to 10 percent chert and evaporite.

Toward the Fall Line all of the carbonate rocks become coarser and grade into calcareous sands, indicating a higher energy environment.

Following the transgression ofthe middle Eocene seas, regression again occurred and erosion of the middle Eocene deposits began.

Late Eocene deposition is a relatively thin, uniform blanket ofshelf limestones and calcareous sands, which unconformably overlie deposits of middle Eocene age.

Northeastward along the Fall Line the fluctuating strandline of the middle Eocene sea is apparent in the inter-tonguing of carbonate and clastic formations.

A period of regression is apparent, and deposits of late Eocene age are overlain by upper Oligocene deposits.

The Eocene series consists of the middle Eocene Lisbon Formation and the upper Eocene Barnwell Group.

The Lisbon Formation occurs between the top ofthe Huber Formation and an unconformity at the base ofthe Barnwell Group.

In east-central Georgia the Lisbon Formation is subdivided into three members: an unnamed basal sand and limestone member, the Blue Bluff Member, and the McBean Limestone Member.

The lowermost portion consists of quartz sand which grades both up section and downdip into calcareous sand.

Overlying these sands is a limestone.

The Blue BluffMember is a greenish-to bluish-gray, moderately hard calcareous siltstone or marl.

In core-holes drilled near the plant site, the marl is thinly interbedded to laminated with isolated limestone nodules and shell fragments (Bechtel Power Corporation, 1982).

Updip, the McBean Limestone Member is composed of soft, gray limestone and calcareous sand. Downdip, the Blue Bluff Member interfingers with an unnamed gray calcareous sand and fossiliferous limestone.

At the plant site, the Blue BluffMember is a bluish-gray marl. This marl forms the foundation for critical plant structures and structural backfill.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Clinchfield Formation which contains the Utley Limestone Member, a sandy, glauconitic slightly argillaceous and locally cavernous limestone (Huddleston and Hetrick, 1979)

Dry Branch Formation which contains:

o the Irwinton Sand, a distinctly bedded sand o

Griffins Landing, a indistinctly to massively bedded, calcareous fossiliferous sand, and o

Twiggs Clay Member, a montmorillonite clay.

Tobacco Road Sand which is predominantly a massively bedded and bioturbated quartz sand (Huddleston and Hetrick, 1979; Huddleston and Hetrick, 1978).

Oligocene Epoch.

~ At least two transgression/regression cycles occurred during the Oligocene.

Only the late Oligocene transgression deposited material in the site area.

The Suwannee rocks that remain are shelfdeposits, with none of the updip clastic facies preserved.

The basal part of the Suwannee consists of a sandy limestone that contains few fossils.

Above this is a layer of predominately cream-colored, relatively soft, somewhat chalky, fossiliferous limestone.

The upper part is a light-gray to cream color, dense nodular, cherty, and somewhat sandy limestone (Cramer and Arden, 1980).

This unit is absent on the VEGP site due to down-cutting ofthe Savannah River (Miller, 1990).

Miocene Epoch - The deposits of Miocene age appear to be a sequence ofpredominantly clastic sediments deposited during and following the regression ofthe coastline. In some places (VEGP site included) erosion has continued from the Miocene to the present.

The Miocene Hawthorne Formation has been assigned to earliest Miocene, 25 to 23 million years before present (Huddleston, 1982).

Hawthorne sediments include poorly sorted clayey sands and gravels, containing cross-bedded stringers of limonite-goethite pebbles. The sediments are variegated, orange through violet, with mottled or alligator-skin appearance due to weathering.

The Hawthorne Formation has been removed from much of the site as part of the building activities (SNC, 2006).

Exposures of Hawthorne and Barnwell Formation sediments in the region commonly contain patterned weathering structures.

The weathering has produced an upper zone, commonly 2 to 3 ft thick, of mottled blotches and horizontal planes ofoff white bleached zones within the deep red sediments.

Below this zone a series of vertical weathered fractures is found.

The vertical features normally taper downward and pinch out within 10 ft of the upper Tertiary sediment surface.

These features have been described as clastic dikes by various authors.

The occurrence of clastic dikes in Coastal Plain sediments has resulted primarily from alteration along near vertical fractures during a paleosol development.

The material within the dikes consists of the same material as the host sediments, with some dikes containing high proportions of clay.

Large exposures ofdikes show polygon development associated with desiccation.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 reverse faults.

These thrust faults are interpreted to result from later settlement and collapse, although the timing and exact relationship is unknown.

The geographic distribution of clastic dikes is the result of the paleoenvironment, which caused the desiccation and alteration.

The grain size and conduit geometry of the liquefaction feature studied by Cox (1984) is very different from the clastic dikes found in the site area.

It is concluded that clastic dikes near the site cannot be attributed to tectonic activity.

A.i.2.2 Quaternary Period Pleistocene Epoch - During Pleistocene time the sea transgressed over the eastern part of the Coastal Plain several times.

Each transgression/regression cycle left a distinct terrace as evidence of its occurrence.

Surface uplift and subsidence ofthe Coastal Plain of Georgia and surrounding states continued through the Pleistocene (Winker and Howard, 1977).

Sediments have accumulated and related geomorphic features such as erosional scarps, and terraces have continued to develop over the last 1.8 million years.

The Quaternary system is represented by alluvial deposits consisting of coarse gravel and poorly sorted sand, which occur irregularly and discontinuously in the tributary and main channels of the Savannah River.

A.2 Regional Structural Geology Major structural and tectonic features in Georgia and South Carolina are shown on drawing Figure 2-3.

The major structural trend affecting the region is the pre-Mesozoic southern Appalachian Mountain system, exposed west of the Fall Line.

Virtually all compressional tectonic activity occurred prior to the deposition of the Cretaceous sediments east ofthe Fall Line. The complex folding, faulting, and shear structures that developed in the Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Valley and Ridge Fold belts originated in the Precambrian and Paleozoic eras during one or more ofthe orogenic episodes associated with the development of the southern Appalachians.

The crystalline basement underlying the Georgia Coastal Plain dips toward the southeast at approximately 36 ft/mi.

This regional dip is interrupted by several local structures.

A.2.1 Tectonic Framework ofthe Georgia Coastal Plain Triassic Features - The Dunbarton Basin is one of several elongated basins filled with Triassic (and in some other cases Jurassic) rocks found buried beneath the Cretaceous and Cenozoic age sediments of the Georgia Coastal Plain.

The most probable origin of the Dunbarton Basin is the formation of a graben by normal faulting.

Early evidence of a northwestern border fault ofunknown displacement, and hypothesized faulting for the southeastern margin are discussed by Marine (1976). Substantial evidence for a southeastern 56 Copyright © 2007, Southern Company Services, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 border fault is lacking, however, and the nature and extent ofthis margin of the Dunbarton Basin is derived from gravity and aeromagnetic surveys (Marine, 1976; Marine and Siple, 1974).

The basin is oriented northeast-southwest and is about 31 miles long and 6 miles wide based on an aeromagnetic survey.

FSAR era geophysical studies indicate the possibility of intrabasinal faulting, but an attempt to verify this by analyzing drill cores was inconclusive (Marine, 1976; Marine and Siple, 1974). Because of stratigraphic thickness and the nature of the gravity and magnetic data, faulting is a likely explanation for the southeastern boundary of the Dunbarton Basin.

The VEGP ESP (2006) presented additional information including 4 additional government studies conducted in the mid to late 1990's (Summerour et aI, 1994; Huddleston &

Summerour, 1996; Summerour, 1997; and Summerour et aI, 1998) and additional site information was observed during the installation ofsome exploratory water level observation wells (OW-lOOlA, lOOlB, and lOOlC; SNC, 2006).

Cretaceous and Cenozoic Features - The dominant structural features ofthe Georgia Coastal Plain are two large sedimentary basins.

The southeast Georgia Embayment (Toulmin, 1955) includes an area of downwarping and sediment thickening which formed during Cretaceous and Cenozoic time (Cramer and Arden, 1980; Cramer, 1969).

A second sedimentary basin, the Appalachicola Embayment, is an area ofthickened Tertiary sediments into the southwest comer of Georgia.

Between these two embayments is a positive feature called the Central Georgia Uplift (Pressler, 1947) which is defined as a southeast-northwest striking upwarped feature between the two flanking downwarped areas.

The southern extension of the Central Georgia Uplift is the Peninsular Arch (Applin, 1951) which also forms the spine of Florida.

The Yamacraw Ridge is a basement feature trending parallel to the coastlines of Georgia and South Carolina which may have had some influence on Upper Cretaceous sedimentation (Cramer, 1969).

A.2.2 Faulting During the Cretaceous Period and continuing into the Cenozoic Era, structural deformations in the form of mild regional warping and faulting, or reactivation of older faults, occurred.

The Southeast Georgia Embayment ofToulmin (1955) includes an area of down warping and sediment thickening which formed during Cretaceous and Cenozoic time (Cramer and Arden,1980; Cramer, 1969).

This feature has also been called the Okefenokee Embayment (Pressler, 1947) and the Atlantic Embayment of Georgia (Herrick and Vorhis, 1963). A second sedimentary basin, the Appalachicola Embayment, is an area of thickened Tertiary sediments extending into the southwest comer of Georgia.

This feature has also been called the Southwest Georgia Basin (LeGrand, 1961; Murray, 1961).

Between these two embayments is a positive feature called the Central Georgia Uplift which is defined as a southeast-northwest striking upwarped feature between the two flanking down warped areas (Pressler, 1947).

The southern extension ofthe Central Georgia Uplift is the Peninsula Arch which also forms the spine ofFlorida (Applin, 1951).

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Faults with minor displacement of Cretaceous and Cenozoic deposits are present in the southeastern United States (York and Oliver, 1976).

Detailed work has indicated that northeast-trending faults with Later Cretaceous and Cenozoic displacements such as the Belair, Cooke, and Stafford fault zones exist in the Atlantic Coastal Plain and Piedmont (Behrendt and others, 1981; Mixon and Newell, 1977; Prowell and O'Conner, 1978).

Wentworth and Mergner-Keefer(1983) propose that many of these faults may be reactivated Mesozoic and older high angle normal faults. Other isolated instances of Cretaceous and Cenozoic faulting in the coastal plain region have been listed by Prowell (1983).

One ofthese faults is the old inactive and noncapable Pen Branch Fault (Figure 2-4). It is located on site, but not under the generating facilities.

The age of the fault's activity is not entirely known but it does cross cut Mesozoic and Early Cenozoic strata and may be related to a mild warping of carbonate clays and rocks ofthe Lisbon Formation while not affecting younger strata at all (ESP, 2006).

Belair Fault Zone - The Belair fault zone is a structural feature extending along the inner margin ofthe Atlantic Coastal Plain.

This fault is located a few miles west of Augusta and extends for about 29 miles from Fort Gordon Military Reservation on the south to a quarry just west ofthe Savannah River on the north (O'Conner and Prowell, 1976; Prowell and O'Conner, 1978; Prowell and others, 1975).

The most recent documentable movement along the Belair fault zone occurred about 40 million years ago (Wentworth and Mergener-Keefer, 1981; Wentworth and Mergener-Keefer, 1983).

A.3 Site Geologic History The site area is located upon a seaward-thickening wedge of sediments 950 ft thick at the plant, deposited upon the truncated and peneplained roots of the ancestral southern Appalachian Mountain system.

Igneous and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian through Paleozoic age and early Mesozoic Triassic sediments comprise the basement rock at the site.

These deformed and faulted basement rocks reflect the complex geologic history ofthe Appalachian Mountain system, which has been essentially quiescent since the late Mesozoic.

This period of tectonic stability during and following deposition of the sediments is evidenced by their nearly flat-lying and relatively undeformed nature.

The seaward thickening ofthe sedimentary mantle indicates a progressive downwarping of the continental margin.

Regional uplift of the Coastal Plain is the latest and current stage of the geologic history ofthe site area.

The stratigraphic and structural relationships of the lithologic units at the site reflect the geologic history of the region.

The site area was relatively stable following the deposition of the nonmarine Cretaceous Tuscaloosa Formation and the overlying Ellenton Formation of Early Paleocene age.

Unconformably overlying the Ellenton Formation in the site area are the Lisbon Formation and Barnwell Group of Eocene age, which are in turn unconformably overlain by the Hawthorne Formation of Miocene age.

The Hawthorne Formation is the youngest deposit of formation status exposed in the site area.

These formations are also shown on the site geologic map as presented in Figure 2-4.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES1537 The Tertiary shallow marine deposits represent periods of marine transgressions and regressions from Eocene through Miocene times, most likely the result of periods of minor regional uplift and subsidence.

For example, the Barnwell Group includes lithologic units varying from coarse sand to clay and marl, zones of weathering and variations in fossil abundances indicative ofvariable near-shore and tidal conditions.

The current stage of regional uplift is evidenced in the site area by exposures of the Miocene marine Hawthorne Formation at elevations above 250 ft.

The mature geomorphic expression and deep weathering of the Hawthorne Formation and exposures of the underlying Barnwell Group indicate an extended period of orderly erosion on a stable surface of emergence.

A.4 Detailed Discussion of Lisbon Formation Observations in the Power Block Excavation Unit A, near the top of the excavation walls, is generally above 128 ft to the upper contact of the marl with the Utley Limestone Member of the Barnwell Group.

It consists of dark-gray, silty to clayey marl with very fine light-gray to white, fine, sandy laminations, which are undulatory and discontinuous.

Scattered shell fragments and well-cemented lenses of sand up to 0.1 ft thick are present locally.

The laminations are oriented parallel to the lower contact of the unit, and parting along the laminations is common.

Unit A is dense and well consolidated.

Surfaces exposed to the atmosphere tend to desiccate rapidly.

Unit A interfingers with the underlying unit B.

The contact with unit B is everywhere gradational.

Unit B, directly beneath unit A, was continuous around the auxiliary building-basement excavation walls and varies from 1 to over 4 ft in thickness. It consists of massive to faintly laminated gray, sandy marl. It has a sugary texture and does not tend to desiccate as readily as does unit A.

This property provides an easy means for differentiating the units after exposure to the atmosphere.

Unit B is dense but poorly cemented and contains widely scattered shell fragments.

A subunit of B, designated B1, has been identified and is present locally within B.

This subunit consists of laminated sandy marl that is locally fossiliferous.

The contacts between Band B1 are highly gradational.

Unit B is in tum underlain by a thin, relatively discontinuous but laterally extensive limestone, designated as unit C.

This limestone is light gray and well indurated, and it exhibits conchoidal fracturing.

It averaged about 1 ft in thickness and dipped slightly to the east, being present at about El.l27 to 128 ft at the west end of the auxiliary building and 125 ft at the east end.

The irregularity of portions of unit C led to a special study to determine whether the irregularities could be related to fault offset.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ES153?

limestone occurring at slightly different elevations might have been offset from one another.

As both excavation and mapping of stratigraphically lower units progressed, it became very evident that the irregularities of unit C were due to processes other than faulting.

The continuity ofthe lower units in the areas of interest precluded the possibility of fault offset.

A report prepared by Bechtel (1978) concluded that the only plausible explanation for the observed irregularities was a combination of erosional and depositional processes.

Underlying the limestone of unit C is medium-gray, highly fossiliferous, sandy to silty marl, designated as unit D.

This zone, averaging 8 ft in thickness, was continuous around the walls of the auxiliary building excavation.

The lithology of unit D is very uniform, and its upper and lower contacts are quite sharp.

An abundance ofpelecypods retaining both valves characterizes this unit.

Near the base, a number of very hard, lime-cemented pods and lenses are present at roughly equivalent elevations and have highly gradational contacts with the surrounding marl.

These pods and lenses are believed to represent accumulations of calcium carbonate cement leached from the surrounding fossiliferous marl.

They are collectively considered to be a subunit ofD, designated D1.

Unit E underlies D and is thin, relatively continuous, impure limestone.

It is light gray, very well indurated, and fossiliferous.

It averages 1 ft in thickness and varies in elevation from 121 ft in the northwest corner ofthe auxiliary building to 116 ft in the southeast corner.

Locally, unit E is difficult to distinguish from D1.

In these cases, unit E is arbitrarily selected as the unit displaying the sharpest contacts with surrounding units and the one stratigraphically between the overlying unit D and underlying unit F.

The similarity between portions of E and D1 suggests that both may be cemented deposits resulting from leaching and redeposition of calcium carbonate from the overlying fossiliferous deposits.

The relative continuity of E indicates a basic permeability change occurring at the horizon in the geologic past.

This is a basis for differentiating the overlying unit D and underlying unit F.

Unit F, like D, is a fossiliferous marl which was seen to be continuous around the basement excavation walls. It is medium gray and sandy to silty; it varies in thickness from 1 to 4 ft.

It is dense and well consolidated but poorly cemented and tends to desiccate upon exposure to the atmosphere.

Unit F includes some cemented limey pods similar to D1.

These have gradational contacts with surrounding material and appear to be secondary in origin.

Unit Gis light-to-dark gray laminated marl, which is present locally as lenses interfingering with units F and H.

It was present in portions of the west and north walls and was absent in the east wall.

The unit is characterized by very fine, sinuous, and discontinuous sandy laminations; scattered shell fragments; and small, lenticular clay pods. It contains scattered carbonaceous lenses and is well consolidated.

Unit H underlies G and consists ofmassive gray marl which was continuous around the excavation.

It is dense, well consolidated, and poorly cemented.

Shell fragments are sparse in the upper part ofthe unit but become increasingly abundant toward the base.

Unit H varies in thickness from 1 to 6 ft.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Unit I underlies H and is very similar to unit E.

It is a thin, relatively continuous, light-gray, impure limestone which is generally less than 1 ft thick. It was continuous around the excavation walls, with the exception ofthe east wall between station 0+79 and the south end ofthe wall, where it was absent.

Unit J, the deepest marl unit exposed in the auxiliary building excavation, consists of medium gray, massive, fossiliferous marl similar to the stratigraphically higher units D and F.

It was continuous around the excavation walls, with the exception of the east end of the excavation, where the upper contact ofthe unit dipped beneath the base ofthe excavation.

From the preceding descriptions, it is seen that the portion ofthe marl section exposed in the auxiliary building excavation represents cycles of fossil abundance and absence, interspersed with periods of formation of secondary limestone pods and lenses as a result of leaching of calcium carbonate from fossiliferous zones.

Erosional and depositional processes have combined to create some of the interfingering of units as well as the irregularity of some of the limestone layers.

A.5 Barnwell Group in the Power Block Excavation All ofthe sediments that were exposed in the sidewalls of the power block excavation are of Eocene age. Above the Blue Bluff Marl of the Lisbon Formation, the exposures were comprised entirely of sedimentary beds of the Barnwell Group.

Although examined and described in detail, the deposits between the top of the Blue Bluff Marl and approximately El.l70 ft could not be mapped in detail.

This was due to extensive slumping of the slopes when excavation and dewatering were suspended during the period between September 1974 and June 1976.

Extensive regrading obscured the contacts between units in this zone.

Several portions ofthe slopes were covered with riprap in order to control seepage and improve stability, further obscuring contacts.

Since seepage from the slopes was creating local stability problems, it was decided not to excavate back into the slopes to expose contacts and risk large slope stability problems.

Detailed mapping of the units above and below this zone demonstrated the continuity ofthe strata and the absence of faulting.

The lowermost exposed unit within the Barnwell Group in the power block excavation is the Utley Limestone.

The lower part of the limestone is grayish yellow, well indurated, and fossiliferous, grading locally into coquina.

It was continuous around the power block excavation and varies in thickness from 0.5 to 3 ft.

The upper part of the limestone is white to light gray and varies from 0 to 12 ft in thickness, present only in the north and northwest portions ofthe power block excavations.

Although well indurated, this thicker limestone has been subjected to extensive leaching, producing a honeycomb network of cavities.

Some individual cavities had mean diameters of several feet before being removed by excavation or filled in place. Within the cavities, the limestone typically displayed a weathered and soft zone immediately adjacent to the cavity walls, which graded within a few inches to hard, unweathered limestone.

Locally, extensive leaching ofthe limestone had left a residue of silt and clay impurities forming a soft mottled blackish material.

Plant Alvin W. Vogtle Nuclear Generating Plant Groundwater Monitoring Plan for Radionuclides ESl537 Limestone is a highly fossiliferous clay deposit, which varies in color from tan to dark gray.

The difference in colors appears to be due primarily to weathering effects.

Prior to its removal, this clay was present mainly in the northwest portion of the power block excavation.

Unconformably overlying the Utley Limestone is the Twiggs Clay. This consists primarily ofmedium-gray, moderately indurated, laminated sandy claystone, which is quite similar to the underlying Blue Bluff Marl of the Lisbon Formation.

The Twiggs Clay was exposed only in the southeast portion of the power block excavation and varies in thickness from 0 to 13 ft. The upper 2 to 5 ft are weathered to a distinctive greenish-yellow color.

The Twiggs Clay has alternating thin and thick beds (from less than 1 in. to greater than 1 ft), with gradational contacts between beds.

No joints, fractures, or discontinuities were observed in the clay.

Southern Nuclear ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT LOCATION Wi' FIGURE 1-1 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR a.w-.. e--.r s.no-a...

~CoI:¥'\\W 10)1.~~~ In!;.... __ ~

nIla~~~

tt'lMI'ftOII............... f,IIlN tlPoII~~OI"

_~""l....._

orwry

"'~~_

_.... ~

~~~\\IIII C1llCl7""O~01 oI....,....,__.prcJ'eIIIII Itlal/tic

()CI!(fll 8

N N

~

Gi~

~~L...-.

I._N_ON_E--L._---I-_E_S1_5_3_7_S_1-_1"""'--.....I..._..L..-~

ES1537S2-1 PAO.I 1.0.

ALVIN W. VOGTlE NUCLEAR PLANT PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF THE SO\\JTHEAST SCALE: IN lltlL.E'

_0 10 'OM""'

REFERENCE:

VOGTLE FSAR EXPLANATION:

FIGURE 2-1 Southern Nuclear Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FDA NONE

~~ ServicM,lr"&

C*~ 'lOO1.~Cor-lpa"Js.--,lI'ICMA

,.".~car-.~.CIQI'IIdefIIIII,IMIor......... lnI!IfooodOr>c1 d'nl~~.

d..",...lt*......,..,b_ooo*rby....-,-vJ.~II1JolnlI~d,

~~"~'"

~ lInNhot!bdlJOl---..lIM.d~.~~.O'"dIdDItJ.. d"".,~.......~

___I-

-r-..-

---l~y--*-~r-----T

.o' r

... ---h~.,I.UWW.-~~~_+_

s N

cO I

/

...8

.oO N

N t

N

~

l iii

~'"*

'C./,..

l

~

'O' 8

~

",l~

i

~

t,-

t' Q../§ (3

Q.

",0

~~

to' 1ll:j

~13

./

~~

~

d:)~

iii 'i

~.!i

ES1537S2-2 Southern Nuclear FIGURE 2-2 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT REGIO~ GEOLOGIC II#'

(200

~ILE IW>tUS)

Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOIl NONE

~~~~

C~ZIlU7"""~"""'ft.""'~

..,;JJlIII fJI

~.

O"'¥.,

~_

~~......... _

OQl¥lt........-....or d..,~twwI........

IO~

I IIfr I

/

.A N

OK lj~

explanation 8

N

~

N

'"*"N I

N III.-,.,

oil Vi.../"

"./.-..,

oil in-r:

0 0

~"1

/"

E

~

T

..../

I!?u...a lr...

lr

<QO

~i T

Ill:!

~~

'C

~~

'-0

-c:

cD ~

in.~

~o

c EXPLANATION

.",rrM", Boundary ot TrlOnl(

b",~n

.n frrrl'd 'tom o.rotnOQnffl(

onomoli** t ~lty and o....~n.

'96~J Boundary of Tru)....t DOIo,n at. in,.,pr.ttd from lifi,mic and o-tomognetic d4ta IMor,,,. and Sipt@,1974 i Petty and olhen,I96S; Siple,I961)

Oeep rO(1I borin; peo....trat-in; Tria..i( roctl o

2 4

6 8

SCALE IN MILES

","00' REFERENCE UFSM SECT10N 2.5.1 REF.28,32,57,80

'0' n-oo"-+-----

TrlaMic,oell***rlG'. by l.D... Cr**ouout depOI.lh.

REfERENCE UFSM SEC110II :L5.1 REF.32 VIC Trla..)c rDcl.. overla)n b, Upp.r (r.'oe**u. deposita.

it ~~~::ic'~::'i;:~IDI"b, o

'Nell p.".,ro""'O Trlo**ic rCM;:b, o

~

100 I!lO SCALE IN MILES 4

3 2

50' 8.-1$'

-t

>Ii

/

SOUTH CAROLINA /

D D

c nqJND6RlD QE Df£ mASSg IIJNBARJJII! BASIN SOuhm ComPMr' serw:-. me.

C CoprrIghl2007, Southem ComPIIfIY Servu., Inc. All RIIt'Ila ~

11'IIlo~ClOI*Q~,~.MdIbr I............. r;I.............

gfThl8ol.llllM~otr:l tdpda... ~fDr'*onI~~~oI.111' UhortzId~oI r:lb~~.~~.

u** dilIlrtluIIlln.~.d~lII'dIIcIoelnrl..,.,prdm'I

.........~

ES1537S2-3 ANSI C: 22x17

_II.

B FIGURE 2-3 Southern Nuclear Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR 1--------------iA ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT REGIO~ STRUClUR.6L GEOLOGY LoB 10 60 80 100 SCALE IN MILES t.ppROXlMtiIf I J)CADQNS Of BELAIR FAULT ltItf AND tU"f 'IROlJQi RErolENCE UFSM SECTION 2.5.1 REF.20.41.4e,ll2 Drawln9......, T:\\ESEE MAJOR PRO.lEClS\\PRO.lECTS\\VogtIe\\2001\\ESI531\\cIwv\\ESI537S2-3.dwg I(W 30.

2007 -

1:08pm

~204060~

SCALE IN MILES B!SFYfNT EUllJRf:S CGRAA CQ6STAI IUIJ REFEIlENCE UFSM SECT10N 2.5.1 REF.20

7-.-'------~

~

'~

~

.ATLANTA

'\\.

AUGUST A

B

....g N

N ffi l:l..

UNIT DIESCRIPTION i

i "

ill c

li~'.

ALLUVIUM Al'.U"'I"'t. FILL AND lEllRACf OE,oOSITS IN STREAM VAllEYS CONSISTING 01' T....N TO 6.....V SAI'jO, nAY 51\\.T MD GRA\\lEL

~

!'OOIH.Y &all TED CLAYEY SAND.....0 GR......EL. rAN. RED AND 11

~

HA\\llTHORN (A"T........HAI FORMA.TION I'UIIP\\.[ IN CO\\.OR CONTAINS SOME CRaSS-BEDDED STRINGERS OF i

L,"')IljITfGOf Tl-ilTE PEeBLES

r 5I SU......NNEE:

UllllESTON~

LIG~lT-CiR"'Y TQ CRE..... CQlOII.. FOSSlllflfll.QUS LIMESTONE BA.SAL LAYEA IS SAIIIOY T08"'I.CCO ROAD SA~

fOCMUI.-GU

{;IWS"Al F.

RIVER Fl,l i

w!ltI!CCQ fllOAP SMD FIN[-GRArNED A.NO WfLL SORTED TO

'-~/ ~

~

CO....RSE AND fI'OORlY*SORTEO SAND

~

FOIl"''IIFERAL "AltLAND LIMESTONE SAND MIA IIISf!

~

I'M COARSE, FOSSILIFEROUS UMESTONE

~

F'NE-TO MtOIU"GRA'!'l[O QUARTZ SAND

~

~ o GIIIFFINSl....NDING CAREOUSSAND

~

MUIl8ER

/

i Y SILTY 5oIlI\\ID F[RO\\JSSANOY LIMESTONE

~

MBA SANDY. GLAUCONITIC. FOSSlllHROUS Cll"K:HI-IE...D FM,UTLET LtMESTQftE MIP.

~

NOTE:

"1

~H"ESTDNE

~~

GREENISH TO 8LUISH-GRAT MARL

""<BEAN lAtaE""'" U"'UTONE MIR son. GRAY SANDY LlfiltESTUNE WITH FORMATION AGES ARE GIVEN ON DRAWING o

UMeSTOWE SLUt BLUH filtEIoIO[1I SOII~ SHELL FAAGIlIENTS 8

~

M["BHI

~~EDLlIlIESIOH~ GIIAY. FOSSILI"~IIOUSLlfiltESTON[

AX6DD339 AND IN UFSAR SECTION 2.5.1 TEXT i

~L%t6WI~!iTO~tFlTl SAND, CALCAREOUS I

uNNAMED SANDS AND UIIIESTDNE Z

HUBER FORIoIATION ------

HUBEII ffilt IlIUlTI-CO\\.OfHO ClAY, CONTAINS BEDS OF SANDY

REFERENCES:

u'NTIi'TOCOAIISE BEaDED SAND

~

~lQf!..tliI DAIIK-GRAY TO BLACK SANDY L1GNITIC MICACEOUS

~ I-"

ELLENTON FORMATION A

,MEOIUM*TO DAAI(*GRAY COARSf SAND

VEGP, FSAR I 5 TAN. IIIJ"". LIGIoIT-GIIAY AND WHITE (;AOSSBIEOOEO MICACEOUS TUSCA~UOSA FOR"AliON OUARnlTE AND AAKOSIC SAND AND GRAVEL. INTER\\l.f.OOEO W\\T1t FlED, BRowN ANDPURPI E CLAY AND WHITE KAOLIN 5

FIGURE 2-4 U

Southem COmpany Se<'o'lC8t,Irn; I ~

NEWARI( l'J SJPERGRDUP GRAY. DARK IIAOWN ANO aRICIC REO SANOSTONE, 51LTHONE "'0 o Copyright 1llO7, Southorn COrnp.,)' 5efvlces, Inc. All Rights Re&el'Ved ClA,YSTC....f Wlnl SECTIONS OF CONGLOMERATE ANa FAN Tl'lil doeumentlXlnlaln8 proprietary. lXl"flderrdel, endlOt" lrede 88Cl'eIlnformolian c~!he 8ubaj(jt1iei rJ ThOi! Soulnem C<lmplllny Of GLOMEAAH aftltlm~, \\1 1& \\rtlItr.cMollf'l,)t_ only by.-nplay..e at, Ontult1ortl:ed con~"ctcnaf, In. 8Ub11dllrlil' aflhe Solllt>em ComPllI'Y UniulnOfiZlld p::l&888l11an. '-88, <!1,ll1bullof1, CClP'Ilng, dl-.onllllon, o,rjledOsuN<:t8ny \\'lOrtll:><' ~16prl)~d Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services

~~

FOR

0 BASEMENT RDeI( OF T:-I~ I(rOlCfE BELT GRANITE, GNEISS. P'IlYL.LlTE AAO GREENSTONE

~w AlIIO !.El-AIABEL T

~:

Southern Nuclear f

ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT LITHOLOGIC CHART SCAL£ I PROJ 1.0. I DRAWING NUMBER I

SH I CONT'O I NONE I IES1537S2-4 I 1 IFINALI

Southern Nuclear FIGURE 2-5 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCL£AR PLANT SfI[ G(CUlClC IW' Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services

~

PEN BRANCH FAULT INSET NOT TO SCALE

REFERENCE:

SHe. 2006

~-_._-_...._-

.,/~

/,

_hr..

~... ---

+" ----

CO * '.n

_.'M__._....__.

-~_.__.._

,.*~

~~

f

~"""'=~"'"'i:t\\iIi""'~ ~~ti:~t

~ ~:;;.

1"

~

)

~j

~

I+~-,.'.~<~:z~_,*'":~---.l.,,-t=';1~?2~ifftj,~~~~t~,~i7,"'::o,.:::""'~$~~~~"'"~~~-§*'¥;::"'.'.c~~"

'\\ /"

-:~/:I'/,~~

~

f;~'t~---

d

~~

/*

~--

B _.- =-::.-::=

=

~ --, :::.=:::~

~l

.'~.---

':::~

L.J--

a;*~l

~:~r~*~*~'i~-~*:'~*~':*~"~*:'

~C>~~-=~-=~

l=~~~~j~-~~..~'t~~-TI~-~~~d~~~t-~~t=j u

'"..:o.,::::r ES1537S2,5

4 J

2 B

c D

ES1537S2~

FIGURE 2-6

- ::::::.:::.=::::--=--=

I*

VCPt "NADON

_'{---'-""__L:--

-- -...-"'=

"FDH

.-f;--:"-.--'r qm CW; m:mN E-r MIl £:f

-'r-----=---=

mn?"O -mew D::A

-t~*~.~

A B

c D

NC NUOlllER o

Southern Nuclear ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT GEOLOGIC SECTION

! G t.\\AAI. SUBUNITS FIGURE 2-7 Sh.1 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR w

W 1owIwn~~h::

C~2OO1~~~_

M 1_.........,....~.............._........._

fIln.

~"

~

iWu' I

1 0'"

0...

O' 0

_.=~-:.._-=_-_-__-=_;..">----------~r.-.::::---~----~

--~.~y ~

I U'"1@

1"0 14.0

'.0 L 0 ** '

... 41 Upp.r

'111011, - So_'h

..10'

~--~,.-------.--,

0.70 0...

uoo I----~---~~

NOTES:

FOR EXPLANATION OF GEOLOGIC UNITS SEE FIGURE 2-7.

Sh.2.

2.

STATIONING KEY AND SECTION LOCATION SHOWN ON DRAWING AX6DD374 3.

SECTION CONSISTS OF UPPER AND LOWER WELLS SEPARATED BY HORIZONTAL BENCH AT ELEVATION

'19 ft.

(SEE DRAWING AX6DD374).

(..,t i

I i

I:;

H 0

-,to

~§

~;

WJ, *

~.

=

E 0.

If)

N

'"*'"'i....

....oo N

'"'"'"'"~*

~

~o

~§

~

/g a

0<

C-O<

",0

~~

"'8t1.'t;

~~

Q- "

mg-iii'~

ES1537S2-7

~OL-

-I.

-I.__..L..

.....J..........l.._.....JI.--J

UNIT @ :t1AItL - Silty to clayey dark gray url; thin light grBy la"inlltio!\\5,.:hic:h are discontinuous and undulatingj parting along lamlnatlon~ CCHII"b)nj laminations are conformable with overall attitude of unit; scattered shell fragme:lts j cemented or indurated lenses of sand (up to 0.1 1 thick) occur locally; appears dessicated at surfaceo after exposure to the atmosphere.

UNIT p INDURATED MARL - Indurated light,;ray sandy marl, mtlsslve, conchoidal fracture, few foss1l fragments, moderately hard (can be scratched "'ith 8 knife); contacts

~radat1onal.

feY dessication cracks develop on exposure to atmosphere, small mica flakes observed

~lthout aid of magnification device.

7hickness var1es from 0.0 to 0.5 1

UNIT SANOY MARL.. Very fine-grained sand and silt with Widely scattered shell fragments, typically massive although faintly laminated %ones are prc~ent, sugary texture, des.. ication cracks poorly developea.. moderately soft. medium gray to dark gn~y.

UNIT e LAMINATED KARL - Dark gray to ".mite alternating discontinuous bands of clay and very fine-grained sand and mixtures of the above; the bands are lenticular and undulatory; fev fossils present. locally well indurated, dessication cracks appear upon exposure to 3t'lQOsphere, gradational contacts except with Unit ; typically moderately soft.

csn be deformed under finger pressure but hardens upon drying.

up to l.O-foot thick. shat'p contacts.

UNIT FOSSILIFEROUS MARL - Medium gray (Ughtens upon drying), highly fossiliferous, sandy (very fine-grained) to silty, massive, uniform lithology throughout auxiUary huilding foundation, many pelecypod fossils retaln both valves, discontinuous limestone-like indurated seams occur in the upper portion, large lime-cemented nodules and seams occlir near the base of the unit which have gradational contacts with the surrounding material. unit varies from Tm)derately hard to moderately

~oft.

uNiT y LIMESTONE PODS -

Impure limestone to \\lell-c.emented llarl, diseontlnuous highly irregular pods and lefUlies, generally at the a.Ame elevatlon, highly g["adational contacts.

resf'mbles caliche-like deposit in places, light gray, hard, fossiliferous, s11t~ massive, no jointing or fractures.

UNIT 0 FOSSILIFEROUS MARL - Medium gray. massive fossiliferous silty, marl, scattered shell fragments, numerous limestone pods occur about 3' below the top of the unit; a thin indurated zone is present about l' below the top of the unit; moderately hard.

UNIT MASSIVE KAJU.

.. Massive, aLlty, firm, unceTDented,well consolidated,upper portion of this unit has only sparse fossil. but fossils become: IKtre: numerous near the base, no bedding jointR or fractures, medium gray to light gray when dry, moderately sofe. cannot be deformed by finger pressure.

UNIT @

IMPURE LIMESTONE -

Fo**lllferou8, massive, 5ilty 11meRtone. locally discontinuous, hard, light gray to white, locally interbedded wit.h Unit. small carbonaceous inclusions

UNIT IMPURE LIMESTONE.* Gray, lmpure liClleetone appears to be indurated or lime-cemented marl material, fossiliferous, hard. sharp to highly gradational I'U"ld uneven contacts.

UNIT 0 FOSSILIFEROUS MARL.. Very similar to Unit ; medium gray, highly fossiliferous sandy (very fine-grained) to silty, massive ftradatlonal contacts 1n places with both overlying and underlying units, moderately soft. unit forrM dessication cracks upon exposure to the atmo9phere~

UNIT @ LAMlNATg}) KARL - Laminated. dark gray to light gray. unit is characterized by sinuous, undulatory, discontinuous laminations, silty to extremely Hne sand. scAttered shell fragments, small lenticular clay pods, well consolidated, moderately soft (cannot be deformed by finger pressure). no joints or bedding planes, scattered carbonaceous tenRE's

DRAWING NUtr.lBrn Southern Nuclear PROJ 1.0.

ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT DESCRIPTION OF MARL SUEUNITS FIGURE 2-7 Sh.2 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR So.I........ ~ s-.-c-. IrIl:

C'Copyr1ghC 2007.~CompB"y~.Irw::.

N.R~R--..cl ThII.clDcuTwW~~ ~

~.'Drtrtode~~tf_a.obIiIdlI;... d-n.Saut>em~OI oI\\f1lrd...... 111l~ftr.....,(ltI'"1b'f~'o'O1l~eo"Il~oI~1t.It*ll""'oI"$OIMlam

~ u~_._.".. ".-....~.OOPY'""I C'S..,..... ~/II*_

(Jd_~<jI...,por!Jo7>'-toI'.prllN~

REFERENCE:

VEGP, FSAR NOTE:

FOR GEOLOGIC SECTIONS SEE DRAWINGS AX6DD364 THRU AX6DD369.

~..,.

N1 I....

I N

~;

~..,.

8

~

EI

~

c..

~

a.

~

8~

'g~

.'i13

~

C mg-

~lL...-

---J._NO_NE---lI__..L.=.IES=-1:..:;;5.=..37;.,;;S;,;;;2-.;,-7..J1_2-JILFI_NA_LL..-J1

COt1'OU' 111"00\\1

~ II Olld 251t DRAWINC NUltAB£R EXPLANATION ES1537S2-8 SEISMIC SURVEY HOLE GROUND WATER OBSERVATION HOLE

.'7 EXPLORATION HOLE Southern Nuclear FIGURE 2-8 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT TOP OF TfjE BLUE BLUFF MARL MO~CO(' Lond.no PrOIICllOPoQ'lPft,e map prl'

""ad 0, (Iydt N. Ellirlclq. &.. iol s",..,t,F.O 2~/71 (l)T'1 MAKE-UP WELL

~

SURF ACE DEPRESSION 1,0..... CONTOURS OF THE TOP OF

,/

THE BEARING HORIZON IN FEET A80VE SEA LEVEL Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR NONE

REFERENCE:

.....,,~

.h:

c~ JOG7. ~~s.w:....-c

"'fIgIWIRMIrwO n........ (CIIIlIrnI~............... ~"*""-'u

~,.,.~~..

UI!'H.... **...-....:1.. _..,Dy...-.-d~

~

~~........... ~~

NNCllII.......

tOt~~OI 00."'....'1: <&10. 4H

-z;.:/

.t_

(r

~'l. +.,

E C-OO N

~

<....,.,.,

in

~'"*

'0.,,-

....n.,

~.,,-

"-8 N/'

vI

~....

~ia ll.

",0

~~

~9-

~
c mg'
~a
DRAWING NUMBER Mo"eoca Londlno Pro,_ct,oPoQropt\\ic map pr.-
fO'eG Oy Clyde H.EI6t1dtjl A.,ial $v,nYI,Flb2,/11 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT BOlTOI.! OF THE BLUE BLur, lAARL Southern Nuclear
.17 EXPLORAT c:lN HOLE
,I~.
SEISMIC SURVEY HOLE GROUND WATER OBSERVATION HOLE C>
SU F ACE DEPRESSION
-CO TOURS OF THE TOP OF 1C THE BEARING HORIZON IN
/
FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL Contou' 1"1.'.... 0 I
S If ond 25 It.
MAKE-UP WELL EXPLAI\\4ATION FIGURE 2-9
REFERENCE:
Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR
.....,,~s.-.n:
c:~ XI)',~~""""""='
M"'~
~~"""""""''-:'''''''''''''''''_'''''Tht~~
.._...,..,........,..r1
..-..fI
~
~.........".."........
.,.,oyfllCll'*'l
~
E 0-
~
N
....8 N
mF
~1L....-
---1_N_ON_E---I.._...l....;;.E.:,.S1.:..:5:..:3..;..7.:,.S2::.-.:,.9..L.......J..._.l--J
~I
-, -f )
I
!!~~ :' I.'
Southern Nuclear
)
ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT GEOLOGIC IAAP POWER BLOCK AREA FIGURE 2-10, Sh.1 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR
~e--r.,- SorW:M. ~
,...__:=-..=:...s..:=;::::.-=:..:::::::.=;...................."t-_SCAU f-'-I""""='-';;:.o;;..+_
'_,-ORAW1==NC;..;;NU;;:";;:9EJl;;;.;.__+
l.;s,-"_,,",-lc:;ONT";.;.:..D~II-_~
...=.=;:.-=:--:.....**::.:=::==....-::::.:;=.:::-.=...
NONE I IE8153782-10I 1 I 2 I Fu:rr.Ft~NCEt
VEGP, F"SAR
¢I-to *
.0:1-.....
os*..
8:.
T URSINE B
DG NOTESI 1.SIDE SLOPES
.Aft£. 2 MOI:tIZONTAL.
TO 1 VERTICAL..
2,Al..L.
ZONES t.A~PED CONSIST or SAND EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED.
SEE DRAWINO AXeOD3~2 AND TEXT
~OR DET.AJLt:O DESCRIPTIONS Of" STRATIGRAPHY.
FOR EXAMPLE "YELLOW" REFERS TO YELLOW SAND.
3.eOTTON OF EXCAVATtON..130.00 ft.* EXCEPT AUXILl,ARY BUILDING WHICH IS
~LEV,loe.7' it
TME APP.-.R£NT
.~RECULARITY OF T~ UPPER CONTACT OF" THE LIBSON' F'OR...."TION JitEFLECTS THE IRRECULAR CONFICURATION or THE
[)(CAVATtON AT THE TIt,Af 0'-
MAPPIf'oIG
'-lD IS NOT RE1.ATED TO STRUCTURE IN TH(
hlAAL.
SEE DRAWINGS AXSOO372
/IIH)
AXl50C373 FOf' DET.AA..I[O SUAVCY 4Nf"Of'MATION ON THIS CDNTACT.
eo*..
MAT C Ii LIN E (FOR CONTINUATION SEE SHEET 2>
~
~
~
Ilo,.
rf~
~
u
~
SEE D~"WING AX80D3!52 AND 't£XT F'OR OETAfL.S OF" STR..TtGR~HY 8
CORE HOLE F'OR SAMPL.ING AND TESTINC MARL EXPLANATION CLAY SEAM LOCAl...
SE£PAGE-VARI£S F"~OM OBSERVED DAMPNESS TO
....ODERATE TRiCKLE SEEFl'AGE ZONE-SEEPAGE OCCURING OYER A
L.ARGER AREA THAN l SHELL F'RA,C....ENTS 11 ), IL'-.,
1 1"1\\ ~
l : \\'.!
~
A\\\\
T-
.llP,/l
~ ~ BARNWEI.I.
GROUP t.:
~ B LIBSON F"QRMATION
"0 E
C-N N
§ N
N
MAT C H LIN E (F 0 r c.& n tin U 0 tiD n
e.
h ** t 3)
E$1537$2-10 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANl GEOLOGIC
~AP POWER BLOCK AREA Southern Nuclear FIGURE 2-10, Sh.2 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR NONE n
R 5
SCALE IN FEET
....._.:1-.'
e coco
~~hMM.!l'C.
n..~~==~~=~";'ge=:C;':~Tllt~~BP t-_;.SCAl.E;..;;;;..-_t-...;.;..-~ __D;.""_W1_NG;...N.;.U";;BER;;;,;_...;.~;;..+-;;;,;:;,.:;,+_~
oIllWdl*Nl 1l.~b*~Yb'f~oI.~~(j,"~ot
... Soo.J'
~~~-........... ~~w....... vt..,.pIlI1U1t...u.~
~.....-..-
..o r!~':";"- -....~ ~_
~_h_....:;r
~_.
........".--",-=--
~..,...
,--..;~
',=",,-"'-'~
_.5"::..,
co..
4.THE
,.trP~ARENT II'tR£GULAAITy 01""
THE uPFtER CONTACT OF THE LIBSON FORMATION REFLECTS THE IRREGULAR CONrlGURATION OF" THE E:XCAVATIO'"
AT THE TIME OF' MAP~ING AND IS NOT RELATED 'to STRUCTURE IN THE MARL.
SEE DRAWINGS AX&ODJ72 AND AX8DD.373 F'OR DET.AJLEO SURVEY INFORMATION ON THIS CONiACi.
A:EFERENCE.
VEGP,
~SAR NOTE,!'
1,StOE SLOPES ARE 2
HORIZONTAL.
TO 1 VERTICAL..
2.AL..L ZONES MAPPED CONSiST OF" SAND EXCEPT WHERE OTH£~WIS!: N01'£O.
SEE OFtAWtNG AXe003!52 AND T~)(T F"OA:
DE:TAILED CESCRI~TK)NS oF" STRATIC;:R:APHY.
F"O~
EXAMPLE "YELLOW" REFERS TO YELL-OW S"-NO.
AUX LIMY 8LD
....~
..3.BOTTOM OF E)(CAVATION-130.00 ft.,
EXCEI='T
"'-JXILLAAY BUILDtNG WHICH
'S ELEv.m8.7e ft.
CORE:
HOLE:
FO~ SAMPllNC AND TESTI~G MARL LOCAl..
SEEPAGE-VARIES FROM OBS£RVED D.AIoPNESS TO
"'OOE~ATE TRICKLE CLAY SI::'AM EXPLANATION SEEPAGE ZONE-SEEPAGE OCCU~ING OVER A.
LARGER
.AREA THAN T SHE:LL FAAGMENTS N 15.00 w{~
}
Z
~ BA.CtNWELL GROUP W
s~1::
DA'AWING Ax8003e2 AND TEXl t>
r::::l FOR CET AILS OF STRATIG~A.PHY
~ ~ UBSI)N FORMA.TION
EXPLANATION CLAY SEAM DRAWING NU~B£R BARNWELL GROUP
}
SEE DRAWING AX6DD352 AND TEXT F DET AILS OF STRATIGRAPHY LIBSON FOR~ATION SEEPAGE ZONE-SEEF'AGE OCCURING OVER A
LARGER AREA THAN !
ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT GEOLOGIC
~AP POWER BLOCK AREA 4.TH APPARENT IRRECULA'liTY OF THE UPPER CONTACT OF THE LJ8S0N FORNATtON REFLECTS THE IRREGULAR CONFIGURATION OF THE EXCAVATION AT THE TIME OF MAPPING AND IS NOT RELATED TO STRUCT RE IN THE MARL.
SEE DRAWINGS AX6DD372 AND AXeDD373 FOR DETAILED SURVEY INFORMATION ON THIS CONTACT.
So.'lnl~'fS--.ce... lnc C'~ 2001.Stkltne"'~rvy~.Inc; AlRIgMItR~
T'""'doc.unenloon..... prvpr>e"'a..,..~_.-c1'or..,t~".",.."..~o'_~QIITh1SuL-.nc::ornp..yDt oIlNrd~ rt.. __d..,......... 'yll'f.-.c:~~ onlV'!'10"l"Koont-::tenoJ 1t>eL'M~~"~
c.ornp.nyl>~..:I~MUlOrI.lIW.d..Mtlo..ll'o'\\CJllP'I1"Q_lIt........ "llt\\oo'l(Jt~ar(tl'lyp(lf'1lO'l~l'IptOhll.-cl FIGURE 2-10, Sh.3 REFERENCE'
VEGP, FSAR Southem Nuclear LOCAL SEEPAGE-VARIES FROM OBSERVED DAMPNESS TO MODERATE TRICKLE Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR 3.80TTOM OF EXCAVATION-130.00 ft..
EXCEPT AUXILLARY BUILDING WHICH IS ELEV.108.75 ft.
NOTES' 1.SIDE SLOPES ARE 2
HOR1Z0Nl'AL TO 1
VERTICAL 2.AJLl-ZONES MAPPED CONSIST OF SAND EXCEPT WHERE OTHERWISE NOTED.
SEE DRAWING AX6DD352 AND TEXT FOR DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS OF STf'~ATIGRAPHY. FOR EXAMPLE "YELLOW" REFERS TO YELLOW SAND
<~~t SHELL FRAGMENTS
e5-13 CORE HOLE FOR SAMPLING AND TESTING MARL z
ow SCALE IN FEET
't.
~ rt>"C:'Q'rp...~'"
~
~
~
~oo EI Cl.
If)
'"N ci)F
~I"--
L...-N_O_NE----IL....---I_E_S_1_53_7_S_2_-1_0....L..-.....L..._...L.-....I
FIGURE 3-1 Southern Nuclear ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT WATER TABLE AOUfER POIDIOOMETllIC SURFACE AND FLOW DIRECTIONS IN THE POWER (lOCK AREA FOR JU E 2005 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOIl
.....-n~
1lnc.
c~ 1OG1 ~eor..,.s-w:. h:.. RI;tII~
"*~.....~....... ""*"
...."....,_..............."'--..-~...
dN'd,,- ** ~t:r...,."..,.
oorftC:Inrl,.......".d...."..".
~~.-................... ~ ~.__ CIIl.,.,.....__ lII~
Watr evels' Aquifer, Jun Note~ All qashed conto~rsare estimat~
~ ~
0 c
mg-0; 'i
~OL-
...J.
-1..__l..-
...L.---JL...-_..l---I
FIGURE 3-2 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT WATER TABLE AOU FER POTEN1IOI,IETRIC SURfACE NlD flOW DIRECTIONS I THE POWER BLOCK AREA fOR OCTOBER 2005 Southern Nuclear Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR
.........,.~s.-."'
eC'.oowW'l20t7.~~~,ft
",~~
n..
~ ~.........__.....-...
dr..
~fII
.......................,Ilr......,..d~
d 01........,
~~....-._~
Of
.-r¥ICWIIClt'....".".......
I e Water er2G05 Water evels in.t Aquifer, Oct Note: AI dashed contol,lrs are estimated.
~
'"'"N I
....8 N..
N Q:i~
~5 L.....--
-l.__-.L._....L..:~..:..:.;:....:.:...::...L..._.L...____l.____J
Southern Nuclear FIGURE 3-3 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR ALVIN W. VOGTlE NUCLEAR PLANT WATER TABl.E AOUFER POTENllOl.lETRIC SURFACE AND flOW DIRECTlONS IN THE POWER BLOCK AREA FOR DECE~BER 2005 1ouIIIfn~~k.
eCC!PY'9l2G01.SOue'Wft~~
__ AI nfI~
~""'"
dn.~eo--..~
d...,,~It.~__.......,
_......,.........,,~
~
ea-.,..........-... ~"""""'~*....,.d""t 1IIMCIII ~
"8 N
Water Levels in too Wate Aquifer. Dece e 2005 0:
~~
lltl
~~./
~
0
-c li:i~
in ~
NONE ES153783-3
~OL-
--L
--L__...L..';;;"';;
"";;""";;;;';;'I-....J.__I-..--J
Ofl,\\IlINC NUIIllEIl Southern Nuclear ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT WATER TABLE AQUIFER POTENTIOt.tETRJC SURFACE AND now DIRECTIONS IN THE POWER BlOCK ARfA FOR t.tARCH 2006 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOIl C Cc!Pr9'C 2001 ~~s.rw:w Mt AI ~~
n.
~
f/I,.. ~~.,
.....-fJl
~~~_
.....-.ao Water Levels In the Wat r Ta1>Ie Aquifer, March 2006
-0..
I..,
'"~
~
-0
~
rl
~
~./
Gg.
..8
~i
~
Q.
a:
...,0
~~
~lj
~~
(
~
~ 2
';;g' iii ~
ES1537S3-4
~o~
L-
.L-_--..JI.-
--..JI.-...L__. L - ~
Southern Nuclear FIGURE 3-5 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT WATER A81.E AOlP.FER POmmOMEiRlC SURFACE AND n.ow DIRECTIONS IN THE POWER BLOCK AREA FOR JUNE 2006 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services fOR
~~~w.
C~)QQ1.~~....-..e-.rneAll'bplo~
ntIo
~........................... d dThlo~c:o.._oror dIWGe--.
'-'Ob'
~.,,~lIf~""""r:I dh3cdWPl
~ ~
_~~-......,.or of'*t."..... __.. CIfOI'ItIIIIO E"-
~
N Water levels in th Aquifer, June....v,JU-Note: All dashed con oUfSlere estimated.
'"8j N
'Btj
.'il:],,-
~ ~
..J
~ g
..Y.
m ~,
Vi -~
ES1537S3-5
~ 0 L-
-l.
....L_....J....:::...::...:...::....:..:....::"':"".=-..iL-....L_...J.._.J
Southern Nuclear ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT TERnARY AQUIFER POTENTlOMrnoc SURFACE AND flOW DIRECTlOHS IN THE POWER BLOCK AREA FOR JUNE 2005 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOIl so..e-on~""""_ft:.
CCcDJl'lIN *,..........eor...,......... 1II:.
~
T-.~
~ --...
iIIICNII~eI flno.~~OI' tor_..,"".....,..rtI~
1II.
fJI
~~
_~~.......--...
rtI-.rOOJl"'lal'l.......,
Piezometric Co our Map for the Te iary Aquif r, JUrT~ 2005
Nokl: All dashed ~ontours a e es\\lma\\e~
I 8
N eng' iii "&
NONE ES1537S3-6
~
~
L
....L
....L__...l..
L-....L__L-....J
Southern Nuclear Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT 1ERllARY A:lUIf[R POTEN11~EJRlC SURFACE AND FlOW DIlECllONS IN lliE POW£R BLOCK,&.REA FOR SEPTEMBER 2005 S
C I
l h
m
~ __.
~
c~
7~~s.w:.Inc.AI~~
r..~~.......-,...........-........,.~d_.......,.._n.~eo.......,.,
_...........-..fDr""'.... ~~fl/~~fJI........... I/I...~
~~---~~~.* ---gt...,.~,..".~
m~
~~L...-

JL..-N_ON_E--I_--L_E_S_1_5_37_S_3_-7--..L.--I_--L..--I

FIG~RE 3-8 Southern Nuclear Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR ALVIN W. VOGT E NUCLEAR PLANT mmARY AOUlrER POTENTIOlAEIRlC SURFACE AAD FLOW OIRtCOONS IN THE POWER BlOO< AREA FOR O£CEl.tBER 2005
~~-..-.......
C:~ 2001
~..... nt
... 1b;tI~
f
~~
-...-... _~."..
ct,..~eo-.r-tar d
I"
~~"..,.._~'CIDIIftCIInd rJft~
~ ~__ ~ ~ ~ ~
~~IIV'IUn
,,~
Piezome rc Conto ap for tbe Tertiary Aquifer, D camber 200q Note: ~) d~hed contours au! fStil'natel:i.
_I N
....g N
d:i~
iii.~
NONE E8153783-8
~5'--
.....IL-
.L.._.....II.-.:..:.....:..:....:..:..:-:....JI.-...J..__.L..----I
FIGURE 3-9 Southern Nuclear ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT TERTW!Y AQUIFER POl£NT101lEIRIC SURfACE AND flOW DIRECI1(J1S N lME POWER BLOCK AREA f~ MAACH 2006 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR
~~a.w-1IK CO;qtvN."XI1.~~~'n; AlRJgNir;~
".~~......,,~
~"~ __ '''d'~~.
d....,.... ** _b'_~"",,-,-d~~r:I"""""ClI""~
~~"""""_~ClIIP¥"V~Ill'-""-r:iJ
..""""'.~
Piezometric Conto4f Map-lor the Tertia
quifer,
'llr h 2006
"'ote: All dashed contours ar~ es lTlC\\ted.
~
~
,__.~.~"'' t I
I ci:ig' v;~
NONE ES1537S3-9
~aL-
---'_....l..__....---'
OIlA"'NC NUWllER Southern Nuclear FIGURE 3-10 ALVIN W. VOGTLE NUCLEAR PLANT TERllARY AQUIFER POTENTJ()tjErRIC SURFACE AND flOW DlREcnOtfi IN THE POWER BLOCK AREA FOR JUNE 2006 Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR SCliIIIIrn~~~
e~ 200)' ~~:e-........ M~~
n.......~~~~... ~~CIl
~OI' rtlMd--,.........,b.....,lIy..,....1I,'III ~~~
_ ~
~~~_~~~G
_.,.".lIO"'IOft....,..~
~
"0 c:
cD~
~] L..-
--L_NO_N_E --.L_--l...::E:..:S:....;.1..:..53:...:7-=S:...:.3.....:-1:...:.0...l-....L_l.-..J
Southern Nuclear FIGURE 4-1 ES1537S4-1 ALVIN W. VOGTLr NUCLEAR PLANT GROUNDWATER lIONITORlNC WEll. NETWORK SHOWING EXISTlNG AND PlANNED wru.s Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR
........ ~~-..
C:~2IIJ1
~~w. AI~~
T1'IIfIl
~..-....-
~
__ "n..~~fI1 It*...-.o
.,-,or.....,..d ~
d
~~
_-..-..IDlIIIJtI"lt.........",
d..,.~.....,.........
Explanation Proposed new radionuclide monitoring wells Existing ESP Water Table aquifer wells Existing FSAR Water Table aquifer wells Existing ESP Tertiary aquifer wells Existing FSAR Tertiary aquifer wells Make Up Water Wells Inaetive/noncapable Pen 8ranch Fault Trace E8 8
1'IIOoILD.
Southern Nuclear FIGURE 4-2 AlVIH W. VOGTL£ NUCLEAR PLANT CONCEPl1.IAl. WEll C'lJQRUCTlON DETAIlS Southern Company Generation Engineering and Construction Services FOR
.......~ -
0_-.
1NI
~~
__..........,tII
_n.aa.e.n~..
tI
IIlf, e..-.
.-n.
...--..0l
..,,mIDft CONCRETE STEEL RAIL PROTECTIVE BUMPER GRAVEL FIll BE1WEEN COVER AND CASING BENTONITE CENTRALIZER SCREEN CENTRALIZER FILTER PACK LOCKABLE HINGED STAINLESS STEEL OR ANODIZED ALUMINUM COVER NOT TO SCALE 2" NO SCHEDULE 40 PVC WEll MATERIALS USE SCHEDULE 80 PVC IF BORING IS MORE THAN 100'+/-
MINIMUM 4'x4'x4" CONCRETE PAD SLOPING FROM CENTER TO EDGES N01E: ". WEEP HOLE Will BE INSTAlLED AT ENE OF COVER AND ". VENT HOt.[ WIll BE INSTAI..LED AT TOP OF G+SlNG.
~
~..
-c m~
~.~
NONE ES1537S4-2
<OL-L
..L...
L.::::.:.:=.:~..:..:=_L........l_::...=L__.J

ML073240580

Contents

Text

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

4.3 INTRODUCTION

7.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

7.0 REFERENCES

REFERENCE:

REFERENCES:

REFERENCE:

REFERENCE:

REFERENCE:

REFERENCE:

Navigation menu

ML073240580

Text

SUMMARY

SUMMARY

4.3 INTRODUCTION

7.0 REFERENCES

1.0 INTRODUCTION

7.0 REFERENCES

REFERENCE:

REFERENCES:

REFERENCE:

REFERENCE:

REFERENCE:

REFERENCE:

Navigation menu

Search