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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-137: Essential Fish Habitat Source Document: Windowpane, Scophthalmus Aquosus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics
ML072070389
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Site: Oyster Creek
Issue date: 09/30/1999
From: Berrien P, Shihsing Chang, Dante Johnson, Morse W
US Dept of Commerce, National Marine Fisheries Service, US Dept of Commerce, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration
To:
Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation
Davis J NRR/DLR/REBB, 415-3835
References
NMFS-NE-137
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  • NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-137 Essential Fish HabitatSource Document:

Windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration National Marine Fisheries Service Northeast Region Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts September 1999

Recent Issues 105. Review of American Lobster (Homarusamericanus)Habitat Requirements and Responses to Contaminant Exposures.

By Renee Mercaldo-Allen and Catherine A. Kuropat. July 1994. v +52 p., 29 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB96-115555.

106. Selected Living Resources, Habitat Conditions, and Human Perturbations of the Gulf of Maine: Environmental and Ecological Considerations for Fishery Management. By Richard W. Langton, John B. Pearce, and Jon A. Gibson, eds.

August 1994. iv + 70 p., 2 figs., 6 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB95-270906.

107. Invertebrate Neoplasia: Initiation and Promotion Mechanisms -- Proceedings of an International Workshop, 23 June 1992, Washington, D.C. By A. Rosenfield, F.G. Kern, and B.J. Keller, comps. & eds. September 1994. v + 31 p., 8 figs.,

3 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB96-164801.

108. Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States for 1994. By Conservation and Utilization Division, Northeast Fisheries Science Center. January 1995. iv + 140 p., 71 figs., 75 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB95-263414.

109. Proceedings of the Symposium on the Potential for Development of Aquaculture in Massachusetts: 15-17 February 1995, Chatham/Edgartown/Dartmouth, Massachusetts. By Carlos A. Castro and Scott J. Soares, comps. & eds. January 1996.

v + 26 p., I fig., 2 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB97-103782.

110. Length-Length and Length-Weight Relationships for 13 Shark Species from the Western North Atlantic. By Nancy E.

Kohler, John G. Casey, Patricia A. Turner. May 1996. iv + 22 p., 4 figs., 15 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB97-135032.

1I1. Review and Evaluation of the 1994 Experimental Fishery in Closed Area 11 on Georges Bank. By Patricia A. Gerrior, Fredric M. Serchuk, Kathleen C. Mays, John F. Kenney, and Peter D. Colosi. October 1996. v + 52 p., 24 figs., 20 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB98-119159.

112. Data Description and Statistical Summary of the 1983-92 Cost-Earnings Data Base for Northeast U.S. Commercial Fishing Vessels: A Guide to Understanding and Use of the Data Base. By Amy B. Gautam and Andrew W. Kitts. December 1996. v + 21 p., I1 figs., 14 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB97-169320.

113. Individual Vessel Behavior in the Northeast Otter Trawl Fleet during 1982-92. By Barbara Pollard Rountree. August 1997.

v + 50 p., I fig., 40 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-169997.

114. U.S. Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Marine Mammal Stock Assessments -- 1996. By Gordon T. Waring, Debra L. Palka, Keith D. Mullin, James H.W. Hain, Larry J. Hansen, and Kathryn D. Bisack. October 1997. viii + 250 p., 42 figs., 47 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB98-I12345.

115. Status of Fishery Resources off the Northeastern United States for 1998. By Stephen H. Clark, ed. September 1998. vi

+ 149 p., 70 figs., 80 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-129694.

116. U.S. Atlantic Marine Mammal Stock Assessments -- 1998. By Gordon T. Waring, Debra L. Palka, Phillip J. Clapham, Steven Swartz, Marjorie C. Rossman, Timothy V.N. Cole, Kathryn D. Bisack, and Larry J. Hansen. February 1999. vii + 182 p., 16 figs., 56 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-134140.

117. Review of Distribution of the Long-finned Pilot Whale (Globicephalamelas) in the North Atlantic and Mediterranean.

By Alan A. Abend and Tim D. Smith. April 1999. vi + 22 p., 14 figs., 3 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-165029.

118. Tautog (Tautoga onitis)Life History and Habitat Requirements. By Frank W. Steimle and Patricia A. Shaheen. May 1999.

vi + 23 p., 1 fig., I table. NTIS Access. No. PB99-16501 1.

119. Data Needs for Economic Analysis of Fishery Management Regulations. By Andrew W. Kitts and Scott R. Steinback.

August 1999. iv + 48 p., 10 figs., 22 tables. NTIS Access. No. PB99-171456.

120. Marine Mammal Research Program of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center during 1990-95. By Janeen M. Quintal and Tim D. Smith. September 1999. v + 28 p., 4 tables, 4 app. NTIS Access. No. PB2000-100809.

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NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE-137 m This series represents a secondary level of scientifiic publishing. All issues employ QE thorough internal scientific review; some issues employ external scientific review.

I Reviews are -- by design -- transparent collegial reviews, not anonymous peer reviews.

All issues may be cited in formal scientific communications.

Essential Fish Habitat Source Document:

Windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus, Life History and Habitat Characteristics Sukwoo Chang, Peter L. Berrien, Donna L. Johnson, and Wallace W. Morse National Marine Fisheries Serv., James J. Howard Marine Sciences Lab., 74 Magruder Rd., Highlands, NJ 07732 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE William Daley, Secretary National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration D. James Baker, Administrator National Marine Fisheries Service Penelope D. Dalton, Assistant Administrator for Fisheries Northeast Region Northeast Fisheries Science Center Woods Hole, Massachusetts September 1999

Editorial Notes on Issues 122-152 in the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE Series Editorial Production For Issues 122-152, staff of the Northeast Fisheries Science Center's (NEFSC's) Ecosystems Processes Division have largely assumed the role of staff of the NEFSC's Editorial Office for technical and copy editing, type composition, and page layout. Other than the four covers (inside and outside, front and back) and first two preliminary pages, all preprinting editorial production has been performed by, and all credit for such production rightfully belongs to, the authors and acknowledgees of each issue, as well as those noted below in "Special Acknowledgments."

Special Acknowledgments David B. Packer, Sara J. Griesbach, and Luca M. Cargnelli coordinated virtually all aspects of the preprinting editorial production, as well as performed virtually all technical and copy editing, type composition, and page layout, of Issues 122-152. Rande R. Cross, Claire L. Steimle, and Judy D. Berrien conducted the literature searching, citation checking, and bibliographic styling for Issues 122-152. Joseph J. Vitaliano produced all of the food habits figures in Issues 122-152.

Internet Availability Issues 122-152 are being copublished, i.e., both as paper copies and as web postings. All web postings are, or will soon be, available at: www.nefsc.nmfs.gov/nefsc/habitat/ejh. Also, all web postings will be in "PDF" format.

Information Updating By federal regulation, all information specific to Issues 122-152 must be updated at least every five years. All official updateswill appear in the web postings. Paper copies will be reissued only when and if new information associated with Issues 122-152 is significant enough to warrant a reprinting of a given issue. All updated and/or reprinted issues will retain the original issue number, but bear a "Revised (Month Year)" label.

Species Names The NMFS Northeast Region's policy on the use of species names in all technical communications is generally to follow the American Fisheries Society's lists of scientific and common names for fishes (i. e., Robinsetal. 199 13), mollusks (i.e.,

Turgeon et al. 19981), and decapod crustaceans (i.e., Williams et al. 19891), and to follow the Society for Marine Mammalogy's guidance on scientific and common names for marine mammals (i.e., Rice 19 9 8d). Exceptions to this policy occur when there are subsequent compelling revisions in the classifications of species, resulting in changes in the names of species (e.g., Cooper and Chapleau 1998').

'Robins, C.R. (chair); Bailey, R.M.; Bond, C.E.; Brooker, J.R.; Lachner, E.A.; Lea, R.N.; Scott, W.B. 1991. Common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. 5th ed. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. 20; 183 p.

hTurgeon, D.D. (chair); Quinn, J.F., Jr.; Bogan, A.E.; Coan, E.V.; Hochberg, F.G.; Lyons, W.G.; Mikkelsen, P.M.; Neves, R.J.; Roper, C.F.E.;

Rosenberg, G.; Roth, B.; Scheltema, A.; Thompson, F.G.; Vecchione, M.; Williams, J.D. 1998. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: mollusks. 2nd ed. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. PubI. 26; 526 p.

cWilliams, A.B. (chair); Abele, L.G.; Felder, D.L.; Hobbs, H.H., Jr.; Manning, R.B.; McLaughlin, P.A.; Pdrez Farfante, I. 1989. Common and scientific names of aquatic invertebrates from the United States and Canada: decapod crustaceans. Amer. Fish. Soc. Spec. PubI. 17; 77 p.

dRice, D.W. 1998. Marine mammals of the world: systematics and distribution. Soc. Mar. Mammal. Spec. Publ. 4; 231 p.

'Cooper* J.A.; Chapleau, F. 1998. Monophyly and interrelationships of the family Pleuronectidae (Pleuronectiformes), with a revised classification.

Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 96:686-726.

Page iii FOREWORD One of the greatest long-term threats to the viability of independent data sets from NMFS and several coastal commercial and recreationalfisheries is the continuing states. The species reports are also the source for the loss of marine, estuarine, and other aquatichabitats. current EFH designations by the New England and Mid-Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Atlantic Fishery Management Councils, and have Management Act (October 11, 1996) understandably begun to be referred to as the "EFH source documents."

The long-term viability of living marine resources NMFS provided guidance to the regional fishery depends on protection of their habitat. management councils for identifying and describing EFH NMFS Strategic Plan for Fisheries of their managed species. Consistent with this guidance, Research (February 1998) the species reports present information on current and historic stock sizes, geographic range, and the period and The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and location of major life history stages. The habitats of Management Act (MSFCMA), which was reauthorized managed species are described by the physical, chemical, and amended by the Sustainable Fisheries Act (1996), and biological components of the ecosystem where the requires the eight regional fishery management councils to species occur. Information on the habitat requirements is describe and identify essential fish habitat (EFH) in their provided for each life history stage, and it includes, where respective regions, to specify actions to conserve and available, habitat and environmental variables that control enhance that EFH, and to minimize the adverse effects of or limit distribution, abundance, growth, reproduction, fishing on EFH. Congress defined EFH as "those waters mortality, and productivity.

and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, Identifying and describing EFH are the first steps in feeding or growth to maturity." The MSFCMA requires the process of protecting, conserving, and enhancing NMFS to assist the regional fishery management councils essential habitats of the managed species. Ultimately, in the implementation of EFH in their respective fishery NMFS, the regional fishery management councils, fishing management plans. participants, Federal and state agencies, and other NMFS has taken a broad view of habitat as the area organizations will have to cooperate to achieve the habitat used by fish throughout their life cycle. Fish use habitat goals established by the MSFCMA.

for spawning, feeding, nursery, migration, and shelter, but A historical note: the EFH species reports effectively most habitats provide only a subset of these functions. recommence a series of reports published by the NMFS Fish may change habitats with changes in life history Sandy Hook (New Jersey) Laboratory (now formally stage, seasonal and geographic distributions, abundance, known as the James J. Howard Marine Sciences and interactions with other species. The type of habitat, Laboratory) from 1977 to 1982. These reports, which as well as its attributes and functions, are important for were formally labeled as Sandy Hook Laboratory sustaining the production of managed species. Technical Series Reports, but informally known as "Sandy The Northeast Fisheries Science Center compiled the Hook Bluebooks," summarized biological and fisheries available information on the distribution, abundance, and data for 18 economically important species. The fact that habitat requirements for each of the species managed by the bluebooks continue to be used two decades after their the New England and Mid-Atlantic Fishery Management publication persuaded us to make their successors - the 30 Councils. That information is presented in this series of EFH source documents - available to the public through 30 EFH species reports (plus one consolidated methods publication in the NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-report). The EFH species reports comprise a survey of the NE series.

important literature as well as original analyses of fishery-JAMES J. HOWARD MARINE SCIENCES LABORATORY JEFFREY N. CROSS, CHIEF HIGHLANDS, NEW JERSEY ECOSYSTEMS PROCESSES DIvISION SEPTEMBER 1999 NORTHEAST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER

Page v Contents

  • Introduction................... . . . . . . . . . . I Life History .................................................................................. I Habitat Characteristics ........................................................................... 2 G eo grap hica l D istrib utio n ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Status of the Stocks ............................................................................. 4 Research Needs ............................................................................... 4 Ac kno w le dg m en ts ............................................................................................................  :........................................................................ 5 References Cited ............................................. ........................................... .................................. 5 Tables Table 1. Summary of the distribution and abundance of windowpane in North Atlantic and Mid-Atlantic estuaries ........................ 8 Table 2. Summary of life history and habitat parameters for windowpane ....................................................................................... 9 Figures Figure 1. The windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus (from Bigelow and Schroeder 1953) .............................................................. 10 Figure 2. Distribution and relative abundance of juvenile windowpane from NEFSC bottom trawl surveys ................................... II Figure 3. Distribution and relative abundance of adult windowpane from NEFSC bottom trawl surveys ...................................... 12 Figure 4. Abundance (percent occurrence) of the major prey items of windowpane collected during NEFSC trawl surveys .............. 13 Figure 5. Percentage of windowpane eggs in relation to water temperature and depth from MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys ...... 14 Figure 6. Percentage of windowpane larvae in relation to water temperature and depth from MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys ...15 Figure 7. Percentage of juvenile and adult windowpane in relation to water temperature and depth based on NEFSC surveys .......... 16 Figure 8. Distribution and relative abundance of juvenile and adult windowpane from Massachusetts inshore trawl surveys ............ 17 Figure 9. Percentage of juvenile and adult windowpane in relation to water temperature and depth from Massachusetts surveys ...... 18 Figure 10. Distribution and relative abundance of juvenile and adult windowpane from the Hudson-Raritan estuary ..................... 19 Figure 11. Percent frequency of windowpane in relation to bottom temperature, depth, DO, and salinity in the Hudson-Raritan ........ 21 Figure 12. Abundance and length frequency distributions of windowpane in Long Island Sound from Connecticut trawl surveys ...... 22 Figure 13. Distribution and abundance of windowpane from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras during 1975-1994 .......................... 23 Figure 14. Distribution and abundance of windowpane eggs collected during MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys ...................... 24 Figure 15. Distribution and abundance of windowpane larvae collected during MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys .................... 27 Figure 16. Commercial landings and NEFSC bottom trawl indices for windowpane from Gulf of Maine to Middle Atlantic Bight ....31 Figure 17. Distribution and abundance of juveniles and adults during low and high abundance periods from NEFSC surveys .......... 32

Page 1 INTRODUCTION is darkly pigmented over most of its length. As development proceeds, the body becomes deeper and The windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus, is an more laterally compressed. Fin ray formation is complete eurythemal, euryhaline, and fast-growing fish with a thin at about 11.5 mm TL. Details of larval development are body (Figure 1). It inhabits estuaries, near-shore waters' provided by Moore (1947).

and the continental shelf in the northwest Atlantic.

Windowpane is not a target of the commercial fishing industry, but is mainly caught as bycatch in bottom trawl JUVENILES fisheries. It is managed by the New England Fishery Management Council under the Multispecies Fishery The body is oval and wider (60-70% SL) than in Management Plan (NEFMC 1993). This Essential Fish other left-eyed flounders. The body and fins are heavily Habitat source document provides information on the life pigmented in larger young-of-the-year; smaller individuals history and habitat characteristics of windowpane. are characterized by broad alternating dark and light bands. The mouth is large, extending to the eye or beyond and the lateral line is arched over the pectoral fin (Figure LIFE HISTORY 1; Able and Fahay 1998). The growth patterns of young juveniles in estuaries and on the shelf vary with the timing The windowpane is a left-eyed flounder with a thin of spawning. Fish spawned in the spring grow quickly body and nearly round outline. It occurs from the Gulf of and reach sizes of 11-19 cm TL by September, about four Saint Lawrence to Florida (Scott and Scott 1988), but is months after spawning. By the following spring, most fish most abundant from Georges Bank to Chesapeake Bay of this cohort are larger than 16 cm TL. Fish spawned. in (Figures 2 and 3; Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; Dery and the autumn are 4-7 cm TL in December and reach 18-21 Livingstone 1982; Chang 1990). Windowpane generally cm TL by the following October (Morse and Able 1995; inhabit shallow waters (< 110 m) with sand to sand/silt or Able and Fahay 1998).

mud substrates; they are most abundant from depths of 1-2 m (Warfel and Merriman 1944) to depths < 56 m (Thorpe 1991). They occur in most of the bays and estuaries south ADULTS of Cape Cod, including Chesapeake Bay (Hildebrand and Schroeder 1928), Delaware Bay (de Sylva ei al. 1962), Windowpane attain a maximum total length of about Sandy Hook Bay (Wilk and Silverman 1976), Raritan Bay 46 cm (Scott and Scott 1988). Few age and growth (Wilk et al. 1996), Long Island Sound (Moore 1947; studies of windowpane have been 'conducted (Moore Gottschall et al., in review), and Narragansett Bay 1947; Shelton 1979; Thorpe, 1991). It is a fast growing.

(Jefferies and Johnson 1973). North of Cape Cod, species and spring and summer is the period of greatest windowpane inhabit nearshore waters, but their growth (Moore 1947).

occurrence in estuaries is not well documented. Table I presents a qualitative summary of the distribution and relative abundance of windowpane life history stages in REPRODUCTION estuaries from Maine to Virginia (Jury et al. 1994; Stone et al. 1994). Gonadal development indices (Wilk et al. 1990) and egg and larval distributions (Colton and St. Onge 1974; Smith et al. 1975; Colton et al. 1979; Morse et al. 1987)

EGGS indicate that spawning occurs throughout most of the year.

Spawning begins in February or March in inner shelf The eggs are buoyant and spherical, with a diameter waters, peaks in the Middle Atlantic Bight in May, and of 0.9-1.4 mm), and a single oil globule 0.2-0.3 mm in extends onto Georges Bank during the summer (Able and diameter (Wheatland 1956). At a typical spawning Fahay 1998). Spawning also occurs in the southern temperature of I I T, hatching occurs in eight days (Miller portion of the Middle Atlantic Bight in the autumn (Smith et al. 1991). et al. 1975). There is a split spawning season in the central Middle Atlantic Bight with peaks in the spring and autumn (Morse and Able 1995; Able and Fahay 1998).

LARVAE Evidence for a split spawning season is available for Virginia and North Carolina (Smith et al. 1975), for Long At hatching, windowpane larvae are approximately 2 Island Sound, New York (Wheatland 1956), and for Great mm long (Fahay 1983; Able and Fahay 1998). Flexion South Bay, New York (Dugay et al. 1989; Monteleone begins at about 5.5 mm TL (Fahay 1983); eye 1992). Gonad development indicated that split spawning transformation during metamorphosis begins at about 6.5 off New Jersey and New York peaks in May and in mm TL (Colton and Marak 1969; Fahay 1983). The body September (Wilk et al. 1990). However, neither

Page 2 Perlmutter (1939) nor Smith et al. (1975) found evidence bottom temperatures drop, and overwintering occurs in for a split spawning season in Long Island Sound or in deeper areas until late spring (Figure 2).

oceanic waters north of Virginia. Colton and St. Onge (1974) collected larvae on Georges Bank from July to November but found no indication of a split spawning STOCK STRUCTURE season.

Some spawning may -occur in the high salinity Fish stocks are generally defined as having a fixed portions of estuaries in the Middle Atlantic Bight, spawning ground, a definite spawning season, and a including Great South Bay, New York (Monteleone consistent migratory or movement pattern. Nonetheless, 1992), Sandy Hook Bay, New Jersey (Croker 1965), spawning in windowpane occurs throughout most of the inside Hereford Inlet, New Jersey (Allen et al. 1978), and year (April-December) and is closely linked to bottom in the coastal habitats of the Carolinas (Wenner and temperature (Colton and St. Onge 1974; Smith et al.

Sedberry 1989). Windowpane spawn in the evening or at 1975; Colton et al. 1979; Morse et al. 1987). Thus, stock night (Ferraro 1980) on or near bottom at temperatures structure of windowpane could not clearly be identified.

ranging from 6-2 1 C (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953; However, the species is managed as two stocks: a northern Wheatland 1956; Smith et al. 1975). Most spawning stock, Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region, and a southern (70%) was found at bottom water temperatures between stock, southern New England-Middle Atlantic Bight 8.5-13.5"C; spawning stopped off Virginia and North region.

Carolina when water temperatures exceeded 15'C (Smith et al. 1975).

Sexual maturity occurs at 3-4 years of age when about HABITAT CHARACTERISTICS 50% of females that are 22 cm TL are sexually mature.

Females grow larger and faster than males after sexual The habitat characteristics and preferences of maturity (O'Brien et al. 1993). windowpane are summarized in Table 2. The methods used to collect the fishery-independent survey data used in this characterization are summarized in Reid et al. (1999).

FOOD HABITS Juvenile and adult windowpane feed exclusively on EGGS mysid shrimps in Johns Bay, Maine (Hacunda 1981).

Stomach content data collected during Northeast Fisheries Windowpane eggs were collected at integrated water Science Center (NEFSC) bottom trawl surveys indicate column temperatures of 5-20TC. Most eggs were windowpane feed on small crustaceans (e.g., mysids and collected at 4-16'C in spring (March-May), 10-16'C in decapod shrimp) and various fish larvae including hakes summer (June-August) and 14-20°C in autumn and tomcod, as well as their own species (Langton and (September-November) in depths < 70 m (Figure 5).

Bowman 1981; Figure 4).

LARVAE PREDATION Larvae settle to the bottom at approximately 10 mm Spiny dogfish, thorny skate, goosefish, Atlantic cod, TL (Bigelow and Schroeder 1953). However, individuals black sea bass, weakfish and summer flounder are major collected on Georges Bank may be planktonic up to 20 predator of windowpane, primarily juveniles. mm (Morse and Able 1995). Based on collections from southern New Jersey, it appears that settlement of spring-spawned individuals occurs in estuaries and on the shelf, MIGRATION while settlement of autumn-spawned individuals occurs primarily on the shelf. Larvae are found throughout the Juveniles that settle in shallow inshore waters move polyhaline portion of estuaries in the spring, but primarily.

to deeper offshore waters as they grow (Klein-MacPhee, on the shelf in the autumn (Morse and Able 1995).

in prep.). Juveniles and adults may migrate to nearshore The maximum abundance of small larvae (< 5 mm or estuarine habitats in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight TL) occurred -from 15-19TC in areas south of Georges in the autumn (Figures 2 and 3), however, juveniles are Bank and at 14-15'C on Georges Bank. Windowpane probably not adequately sampled by standard Northeast larvae were collected during the NEFSC Marine Fisheries Science Center trawl gear (Morse and Able Resources Monitoring, Assessment and Prediction 1995). Juveniles inhabiting Georges Bank (< 60 m) (MARMAP) ichthyoplankton survey at integrated water undergo seasonal movements to deeper waters along the column temperatures of 5-20'C, but mostly at 3-14'C in southern flank of the Bank occur during late autumn, as spring, 10-17TC in summer, and 13-19TC in autumn in

Page 3 water < 70 m deep (Figure 6). all seasons with no apparent seasonal shift in abundance.

Adults preferred deeper waters (> 30 m) in cold bottom water temperature periods (1-8°C) and remained in a JUVENILES shallow water (< 30 m) in the warmer bottom water temperature periods (9-23'C).

Juveniles were collected on the continental shelf The bottom trawl survey in Long Island Sound found throughout the year during NEFSC bottom trawl surveys that juvenile and adult windowpane were most abundant (Figure 2) at a wide range of bottom temperatures (3- in spring (April-June) (Figure 12; Gottschall et al., in 25TC) and depths (5-125 m). Juveniles were most review). In spring, they were caught at bottom abundant at bottom temperatures of 4-7"C in spring and temperatures of 3-18"C, at salinities of 21-31 ppt, and at 14-16'C in autumn at depths < 50 m (Figure 7). depths < 60 m. The distribution pattern in autumn Juveniles inhabiting Massachusetts inshore waters (September-November) was similar to the pattern in (Figure 8) were most abundant at 5-12'C in spring and 12- spring, but abundance was reduced (Figure 12). In 19TC in autumn, and at depths < 20 m (Figure 9). autumn, windowpane adults were caught at. bottom Windowpane were common in the Rhode Island temperatures of.8-230 C, at salinities of 18-32 ppt, and at bottom trawl survey in Narragansett Bay; juveniles were depths < 50 m (Gottschall et al., in review).

caught throughout the bay in all seasons with no Adults were fairly evenly distributed throughout the indication of seasonal differences. Juveniles were Hudson-Raritan estuary, but they were more abundant in captured at most bottom depths but showed a preference deeper channels in the summer (Figure 10; Wilk et al.

for depths < 30 m in warmer bottom water temperature 1996). For all seasons combined, adults were collected at periods (9-25"C), and depths > 30 m in colder water bottom temperatures of 0-24°C, at depths < 25 m, at temperatures (1-8"C). They occurred at a wide range of salinities of 15-33 ppt, and DO levels of 2-13 mg/l (Figure bottom water temperatures: winter (1-8"C), spring (I- 11; Wilk etal. 1996).

15°C), summer (13-25"C), and autumn (10-2 1°C). Adult windowpane occur primarily on sand substrates The bottom trawl survey in the Hudson-Raritan off southern New England and the Middle Atlantic Bight, estuary showed that juveniles were fairly evenly but are, frequently caught on mud grounds in the Gulf of distributed throughout the estuary, but they were most Maine (Langton et al. 1994). Adults are euryhaline; they abundant in the deeper channels in winter and summer occur at salinities of 5.5-36.0 ppt (Tagatz 1967).

(Figure 10; Wilk et al. 1996). For all seasons combined, Windowpane are sensitive to hypoxic conditions; few juveniles were collected at bottom temperatures of 0- were. collected where DO concentrations were < 3 mg/l, 24'C, at depths < 25 m with salinities of 15-33 ppt, and presumably because they avoid such conditions (Howell dissolved oxygen (DO) levels of 2-13 mg/l (Figure 11; and Simpson 1994).

Wilk et al. 1996). Juvenile windowpane were most Adult windowpane may travel along the coast for abundant at bottom water temperatures of 5-23'C, at considerable distances; in one case, they moved 129 km in depths of 7-17 m, at salinities of 22-30 ppt, and DO levels three months (Moore 1947). These movements may play of 7-11 mg/I (Figure 11; Wilk et al. 1996). an important role in the intermingling of local populations (Klein-MacPhee, in prep.).

In a species association study using NEFSC ADULTS groundfish . survey bottom trawl data, windowpane commonly occurred with yellowtail flounder (Limanda The windowpane is a year-roundresident off southern ferruginea), ocean pout (Macrozoarces americanus), and New Jersey and probably in the Gulf of Maine (Klein- little skate (Raja erinacea) during spring (Colvocoresses MacPhee, in prep.). Adult windowpane tolerate a wide and Musick 1984). In autumn, windowpane were more range of temperatures (0-26.8'C) and temperature may widely distributed across the shelf and occurred with control the northern extent of the species as well as its yellowtail flounder, little skate, northern searobin local abundance (Moore 1947). In the Northeast Fisheries (Prionotus carolinus), and spiny dogfish (Squalus Science Center bottom trawl survey (Figure 3), adults acanthias).

were caught at bottom temperatures of 4-8'C and depths <

75 m in spring and at 12-18TC and depths < 50 m in autumn (Figure 7). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION Data from the Massachusetts inshore trawl survey (Figure 8) indicated that most adults were caught south of The windowpane is distributed from the Gulf of St.

Cape Cod during spring at bottom temperatures of 9-13TC Lawrence to Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, but it is most and at depths < 15 m. In autumn, adults were more common south of Nova Scotia (Figure 13). The largest widely distributed and were caught at bottom temperatures catches occur on Georges Bank.

of 9-19'C and depths < 30 m (Figure 9).

Adults were caught throughout Narragansett Bay in

Page 4 EGGS spring through autumn. Adults on Georges Bank also show seasonal movements to deeper waters from late Windowpane eggs have been collected in several autumn through spring similar to juveniles. Adults in the studies (Colton and St. Onge 1974; Smith et al. 1975; Gulf of Maine use nearshore waters during the spring and Colton et al. 1979; Morse et al. 1987; Berrien and autumn. The spring aggregation of adult windowpane in Sibunka 1999). Windowpane egg distributions from Nantucket Sound and on Nantucket Shoals is evident in NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys are the Massachusetts trawl survey (Figure 8). This summarized in Figure 14. Eggs were collected at 16% of aggregation suggests spawning or feeding activities; the stations sampled; primarily at depths < 40 m between however, there is no supporting information on the Georges Bank and Cape Hatteras. Eggs densities were densities of eggs, larvae, or prey organisms.

generally low in the Gulf of Maine. Eggs were collected in nearshore shelf waters in the Middle Atlantic Bight from February to November. Egg densities peaked in STATUS OF THE STOCKS May and October. Eggs were present on Georges Bank from April through October and density peaked during The NEFSC autumn bottom trawl survey has been July-August. used to estimate the relative abundance and biomass of windowpane (Hendrickson 1998). The abundance index for the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region generally LARVAE increased from the mid-1960s to a peak in 1984 and then declined (Figure 16). The abundance index for the The spatial distribution of windowpane larvae southern New England-Middle Atlantic Bight region collected in NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys declined sharply from 1963 to 1975 and has remained is summarized in Figure 15. More than 99% of the larvae relatively low since then (Figure 16).

collected were 2-10 mm TL. Peak densities of recently- The windowpane is managed by the New England spawned larvae (2-4 mm TL) occurred in the southern Fishery Management Council under the Multispecies Middle Atlantic Bight in May and November, and on Fishery Management Plan (NEFMC 1993). This plan Georges Bank in July-October (Morse and Able 1995; defines overfishing for windowpane when the 3-year Figure 15). The larval distribution mirrors that of the eggs moving average of the autumn stock abundance index falls in space and time. below the lowest quartile of the time series. Accordingly, windowpane stock in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank is considered to be fully exploited (Hendrickson 1998) while JUVENILES southern New England-Middle Atlantic Bight stock is overfished (National Marine Fisheries Service 1997; The spatial pattern of abundance for juvenile Hendrickson 1998).

windowpane on the continental shelf in the Middle The distributions of windowpane were compared Atlantic Bight is similar to the spatial pattern for larvae between a period of high abundance (1984-1988) and a (Morse and Able 1995). Juveniles occur nearshore in the period of low abundance (1992-1996) based on the Middle Atlantic Bight (< 40 m) and off southern New autumn Northeast Fisheries Science Center bottom trawl England (< 50 m) throughout the year (Figure 2). On survey (Figure 17). The spatial extent of adults and Georges Bank, the spatial distribution of densities of juveniles was similar between the two periods.

juveniles differs between spring and autumn (Wigley and Gabriel 1991), and adults migration is similar to juveniles.

Spatial distribution of juveniles in the Gulf of Maine RESEARCH NEEDS shows low densities in nearshore areas in spring and autumn.

  • Studies to determine if the windowpane population is In the Hudson-Raritan estuary, juveniles were fairly a unit stock or multiple stocks (e.g., genetics, otolith, evenly distributed throughout the estuary, but juveniles cohort analysis).

were most abundant in the deeper channels in winter and

  • Windowpane spawning times and locations, and summer (Figure 10; Wilk et al. 1996). spawning habitat requirements (e.g., high salinity).
  • Studies (tagging, more efficient gear to catch younger fish) to determine seasonal use of estuaries (residency ADULTS during colder months) and nearshore waters.
  • Habitat requirements for windowpane eggs, larvae, The spatial distribution of adults on the continental and juveniles.

shelf (Figure 3) is similar to the distribution of juveniles

  • Growth rate studies.

(Figure 2). Adults may migrate to nearshore or estuarine habitats in the southern Middle Atlantic Bight during

Page 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dery, L. and R. Livingstone, Jr. 1982. Windowpane. In M.D. Grosslein and T.R. Azarovitz eds. Fish This review was prepared with assistance from distribution. p. 114-116. MESA New York Bight members of the Essential Fish Habitat team. Jeffrey Cross, Atlas Monograph 15. N.Y. Sea Grant Institute, Luca Cargnelli, Michael Fahay, Sara Griesbach, Frank Albany, NY.

Steimle, Anne Studholme and Joseph Vitaliano provided de Sylva, D.P., F.A. Kalber, Jr., and C.N. Shuster. 1962.

valuable suggestions, reference materials, survey maps, Fishes and ecological conditions in the shore zone of histograms, food habit figures, and figures for fishery the Delaware River Estuary, with notes on other resources. Judy Berrien, Rande Ramsey-Cross, and Claire species collected in deeper water. University Steimle searched the reference literature. Special thanks to Delaware Mar. Lab. Inf. Ser. Publ. 5. 164 p.

Lisa Hendrickson and others at Woods Hole Laboratory, Duguay, L.E., D.M. Monteleone, and C.-E; Quaglietta.

and Michael Pentony and others at New England Fishery 1989. Abundance and distribution of zooplankton and Management Council, for providing critical reviews of an ichthyoplankton in Great South Bay, New York earlier version of this report. during the brown tide outbreaks of 1985 and 1986. In E. M. Cosper, V. M. Bricelj, and E. J. Carpenter. eds..

Novel phytoplankton blooms: causes and impacts of REFERENCES CITED recurrent brown tides and other unusual blooms. p.

599-623. Coastal and Estuarine Studies No. 35.

Able, K.W. and M.P. Fahay. 1998. The first year in the Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

life of estuarine fishes in the Middle Atlantic Bight. Fahay, M.P. 1983. Guide to the early stages of marine Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, NJ. 342 p. fishes occurring in the western North Atlantic Ocean, Allen, D.M., J.P. Clymer, III, and S.S. Herman. 1978. Cape Hatteras to the southern Scotian Shelf. J.

Fishes of the Hereford Inlet Estuary, southern New Northwest Atl. Fish. Sci. 4: 423 p.

Jersey. Lehigh University, Dep. Biology, Center for Ferraro, S.P. 1980. Daily time of spawning of 12 fishes in Marine and Environmental Studies and The Wetlands the Peconic Bays, New York. Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 78:

Institute. 138 p. 455-464.

Berrien, P. and J. Sibunka. 1999. Distribution patterns of Gottschall, K., M.W. Johnson, and D.G. Simpson. In fish eggs in the United States northeast continental review. The distribution and size composition of shelf ecosystem, 1977-1987. NOAA Tech. Rep. finfish, American lobster and long-finned squid in NMFS 145.310 p. Long Island Sound based on the Connecticut Bigelow, H.B. and W.C. Schroeder. 1953. Fishes of the Fisheries Division bottom trawl survey, 1984-1994.

Gulf of Maine. U.S. Fish Wild]. Serv. Fish. Bull., 53. NOAA Tech. Rep.

577 p. Hacunda, J.S. 1981. Trophic relationships among Chang, S. 1990. Seasonal distribution patterns of demersal fishes in a coastal area of the Gulf of Maine.

commercial landings of 45 species off the Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 79: 775-788.

northeastern United States during 1977-88. NOAA Hendrickson, L. 1998. Windowpane. In S.H. Clark ed.

Tech. Mem. NMFS-F/NEC-78. 130 p. Status of the fishery resources off the northeastern Colton, J.B., Jr. and R.R. Marak. 1969. Guide for United States for 1998. p. 85-87. NOAA Tech. Mem.

identifying the common planktonic fish eggs and NMFS-NE- 115.

larvae of continental shelf waters, Cape Sable to Hildebrand, S.F. and W.C. Schroeder. 1928. Fishes of Block Island. U.S. Nat]. Mar. Fish. Serv. Northeast Chesapeake Bay. Bull. U.S. Bur. Fish. 43(1): 366 p.

Fish. Cent. Woods Hole Lab. Ref. Doc. 69-9. 43 p. Howell, P. and D. Simpson. 1994. Abundance of marine Colton, J.B. and J.M. St. Onge. 1974. Distribution of fish resources in relation to dissolved oxygen in Long eggs and larvae in continental shelf waters, Nova Island Sound. Estuaries 17: 394-402.

Scotia to Long Island. Serial Atlas of the Marine Jeffries, H.P. and W.C. Johnson. 1973. Seasonal Environment, Folio 23. American Geographical distributions of bottom fishes in the Narragansett Bay Society, NY. area: seven-year variations in the abundance of winter Colton, J.B., W.G. Smith, A.W. Kendall, Jr., P.L. Berrien, flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus). J. Fish.

and M.P. Fahay. 1979. Principal spawning areas and Res. Board Can. 31: 1057-1066.

times of marine fishes, Cape Sable to Cape Hatteras. Jury, S.H., J.D. Field, S.L. Stone, D.M. Nelson, and M.E.

Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 76: 911-915. Monaco. 1994. Distribution and abundance of fishes Colvocoresses, J.A. and J.A. Musick. 1984. Species and invertebrates in North Atlantic estuaries. ELMR associations and community composition of Middle Rep No, 13. NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Atlantic Bight continental shelf demersal fishes. Fish. Assessment Division. Silver Spring, MD. 221 p.

Bull. (U.S.) 82: 295-313. Klein-MacPhee, G. In preparation. Windowpane Croker, R.A. 1965. Planktonic fish eggs and larvae of Scophthalmus aquosus (Mitchill 1814). In B.B.

Sandy Hook estuary. Chesapeake Sci. 6: 92-95. Collette and G. Klein-MacPhee eds. Bigelow and

Page 6 Schroeder's fishes of the Gulf of Maine. Smithsonian surveys, data sources, and methods. NOAA Tech.

Institution Press, Washington, DC. Mem. NMFS-NE-122. 39 p.

Langton, R.W. and R.E. Bowman. 1981. Food of eight Scott, W.B. and M.G. Scott. 1988. Atlantic fishes of northwest Atlantic pleuronectiform fishes. NOAA Canada. Can. Bull. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 219. 731 p.

NMFS SSRF-749. 16 p. Shelton, S.T. 1979. The age, growth and food habits of Langton, R.W., J.B. Pearce, and J.A. Gibson eds. 1994. the windowpane flounder, Scophthalmus aquosus Selected living resources, habitat conditions, and (Mitchill), in the lower Cape Fear River estuary and human perturbations of the Gulf of Maine: adjacent ocean. M.S. thesis, East Carolina University, Environmental and ecological considerations for Greenville, NC. 42 p.

fishery management. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-NE- Smith, W.G., J.D. Sibunka, and A. Wells. 1975. Seasonal 106. 70 p. distributions of larval flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes)

Miller, J.M., J.S. Burke, and G.R. Fitzhugh. 1991. Early on the continental shelf between Cape Cod, life history patterns of the Atlantic North American Massachusetts and Cape Lookout, North Carolina, flatfish: Likely (and unlikely) factors controlling 1965-1966. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS SSRF-691. 68 recruitment. Neth. J. Sea Res. 27: 261-275. p.

Monteleone, D.M. 1992. Seasonality and abundance of Stone, S.L., T.A. Lowery, J.D. Field, C.D. Williams, S.M.

ichthyoplankton in Great South Bay, New York. Nelson, S.H. Jury, and M.E. Monaco. 1994. Distri-Estuaries 15: 230-238. bution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Moore, E. 1947. Studies on the marine resources of Mid-Atlantic estuaries. ELMR Rep. No. 12.

southern New England. VI. The sand flounder, NOAA/NOS Strategic Environmental Assessment Lophopsetta aquosa (Mitchill); a general study of the Division, Silver Spring, MD. 280 p.

species with special emphasis on age determination Tagatz, M.E. 1967. Fishes of the St. Johns River, Florida.

by means of scales and otoliths. Bull. Bingham Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 30(1): 25-50.

Oceanogr. Collect. 11(3): 1-79. Thorpe, E.A. 1991. Aspects of the biology of windowpane Morse, W.W. and K.W. Able. 1995. Distribution and life flounder Scophthalmus aquosus, in the northwest history of windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus, off Atlantic Ocean. M.S. thesis, Univ. Massachusetts, the northeastern United States. Fish. Bull. (U.S.) 93: Amherst, MA. 101 p.

675-693. Warfel, H.E. and D. Merriman. 1944. Studies on the Morse, W.W., M.P. Fahay, and W.G. Smith. 1987. marine resources of southern New England. I. An MARMAP surveys of the continental shelf from Cape analysis of the fish population of the shore zone. Bull.

Hatteras, North Carolina to Cape Sable, Nova Scotia Bingham Oceanogr. Collect. 9(2): 1-91.

(1977-1984). Atlas No. 2. Annual distribution Wenner, C.A. and G.R. Sedberry. 1989. Species patterns of fish larvae. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS- composition, distribution and relative abundance of F/NEC-47.215 p. fishes in the coastal habitat off the southeastern National Marine Fisheries Service. 1997. Report to United States. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS-79. 49 p.

Congress. Status of the fisheries of the United States: Wheatland. S.B. 1956. Pelagic fish eggs and larvae. In Report on the status of fisheries of the United States. G.A Riley et al eds. Oceanography of Long Island September 1997. [Homepage of the National Marine Sound, 1952-1954. p. 234-314. Bull. Bingham Fisheries Service]. [Online]. Available: Oceanogr. Collect. 15.

http://www.nmfs.gov/sfa/Fstatus.html. Wigley, S.E. and W.L. Gabriel. 1991. Distribution of

[NEFMC] New England Fishery Management Council. sexually immature components of 10 northwest 1993. Final amendment #5 to the Northeast Atlantic groundfish species based on Northeast Multispecies Fishery Management Plan incorporating Fisheries Center bottom trawl surveys 1969-1986.

the supplemental environmental impact statement. NOAA Tech. Mem. NMFS-F/NEC-80. 17 p.

Vol. 1. September 1993. NEFMC. [Saugus, MA.] Wilk, S.J., E.M. MacHaffie, D.G. McMillan, A.L.

361 p. Pacheco, R.A. Pikanowski, and L.L. Stehlik. 1996.

O'Brien, L., J. Burnett, and R.K. Mayo. 1993. Maturation Fish, megainvertebrates, and associated hydrographic of nineteen species of finfish off the northeast coast observations collected in the Hudson-Raritan Estuary, of the U. S., 1985-1990. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS January 1992-December 1993. U.S. Natl. Mar. Fish.

113. 66 p. Serv., Northeast Fish. Sci. Cent. Ref. Doc. 96-14. 95 Perlmutter, A. 1939. A biological survey of the salt waters p.

of Long Island, 1938. An ecological survey of young Wilk, S.J., W.W. Morse, and L.L. Stehlik. 1990. Annual fish and eggs identified from tow-net collections. 28t. cycles of gonad-somatic indices as indicators of Ann. Rep. N.Y. State Cons. Dep., Suppl., Pt. II: 11- spawning activity for selected species of finfish

71. collected from the New York Bight. Fish. Bull. (U.S.)

Reid, R., F. Almeida, and C. Zetlin. 1999. Essential fish 88: 775-786.

habitat source document: Fishery independent Wilk, S.J. and M.J. Silverman. 1976. Summer benthic fish

Page 7 fauna of Sandy Hook Bay New Jersey. NOAA Tech.

Rep. NMFS SSRF-698. 16 p.

Page 8 Table 1. Summary of the distribution and abundance of windowpane in North Atlantic and Mid-Atlantic estuaries based on Jury et al. (1994) and Stone et al. (1994).

Estuary Adults Spawning Juveniles Larvae Eggs Adults T M S T M S T M S T M S T M S Passamaquoddy Bay c c c c c c c c C C Englishman/Machias Bays c c c c c c c c c c Narragaugus Bay c c c c c c c c c c Blue Hill Bay c c c c c c c c c c Penobscot Bay c a c a' c a c a c a Muscongus Bay c c c c c c c c c c Damariscotta Bay c c c c c c c C C C Sheepscot Bay c C C c c C C C C Kennebec/Androscoggin Rivers c c c c c c c c c c Casco Bay c c c c c c c c c c Saco Bay c c c c c c c c c c Wells Harbor nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c Great Bay r c r c r c r c r C Merrimack River r nz r nz r nz r nz r nz Massachusetts Bay nz nz g nz nz c nz nz c nz nz c nz nz c Boston Harbor nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c Cape Cod Bay nz a a nz c c nz a a nz c c nz c c Waquoit Bay nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c Buzzards Bay nz a a nz c c nz a a nz c c nz c c Narragansett Bay r a a c c r a a c c c c Long Island Sound r h h h h r h h c c h h Connecticut River h nz h nz h nz c nz h nz Gardiners Bay nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c Great South Bay nz a a nz a a nz a a nz c c nz a a Hudson River/Raritan Bay r c c r c r c c r c c r r c Barnegat Bay hh h h h h h h h h New Jersey Inland Bays h h h h h h h h h h Delaware Bay a a a a Delaware Inland Bays nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c nz c c Chincoteague Bay nz nz g nz nz nz nz c nz nz nz nz Chesapeake Bay mainstream c c C C r Chester River nz nzz nz nz nz Choptank River nz nz nz nz nz Patuxent River nz nz nz nz nz Potomac River nz nz nz nz nz Tangier/Pocomoke Sounds nz c nz nz nz nz c nz nz nz nz nz Rappahannock River nz nz nz nz nz York River , nz nz r nz n.z nz James River r nz nz r nz nz nnz Relative Abundance Data Reliability for Life Stages Tidal Zones h = highly abundant, a = abundant, Highly Certain = Bold and Underlined Text T = Tidal Fresh 0.0-0.5 ppt c = common. r = rare, blank = not Moderately Certain = Bold Text M= Mixing Zone 0.5-25 ppt present, n = no data presented. Reasonable Inference = Normal Text S = Seawater Zone > 25 ppt

  • = no data available. nz = particular zone not present

Page 9 Table 2. Summary of life history and habitat parameters for windowpane.

Life Size and Geographic Time of Year Habitat Substrate Temperature, Prey/Predators Stage Growth Location Salinity and DO Eggs 0.9-1.4 mm Middle Atlantic Feb-July Planktonic; less than Not applicable Water column temp: Eaten by adults of Bight Sept-Nov 70 m 6-14'C spring own and other 10-16"C summer species.

14-20'C autumn Georges Bank May-Oct Larvae 2-10 mm Middle Atlantic Feb-July Planktonic; less than Not applicable Water column temp: Prey on copepods Bight Sept-Nov 70 m 3-14'C spring and other 10-1 7'C summer zooplankton.

13-19'C autumn Eaten by adults of Georges Bank May-Oct own and other species.

Juveniles < 22 cm TL Gulf of Maine June-Oct Nearshore bays and Muddy sediment in Bottom temp: Prey on polychaetes estuaries: less than the Gulf of Maine Offshore: and small 50 m 4-70C in spring; crustaceans, 14-16"C in autumn especially mysids.

Eaten by adults of Georges Bank June-Oct Less than 50 m Fine sandy Inshore off MA: own and other (summer/autumn); sediment in 5-12'C in spring species (spiny less than 75 m Georges Bank I 2-19'C in autumn dogfish, thorny (winter/spring) skate, goosefish, cod).

Middle Atlantic May-July Nearshore bays and Fine sandy Hudson-Raritan Bay Bight Oct-Nov estuaries; less than sediment in New 0-24"C 75 m England & Middle (15-33 ppt - Salinity)

Atlantic Bight (2-13 mg/1 - DO)

Adults >22 cm TL Gulf of Maine. Year-round Nearshore bays and Muddy sediment in Bottom temp: Prey on polychaetes, estuaries: less than the Gulf of Maine Offshore: small crustaceans 75 m 4-8'C in spring (mysids, decapod 12-18"C in autumn shrimp) various small fishes (hakes, Georges Bank Less than 50 m Fine sandy Inshore off MA tomcod).

(summer and sediment on 9-13'C in spring Eaten by adults of autumn); Georges Bank 9-19°C in autumn various fishes (spiny less than 75 m dogfish, thorny (winter and spring) skate, goosefish, Hudson-Raritan Bay cod).

Middle Atlantic Nearshore bays and Fine sandy 0-24'C Bight estuaries; less than sediment (15-33 ppt - Salinity) 75 m in New England (2-13 mg/I - DO) and Middle Atlantic Bight Colton and St. Onge (1974). Smith et al. (1975). Colton ei alt (1979). Morse et al. (1987), Berrien and Sibunka (1999) 2 Moore (1947), Colton and Marak (1969). Morse and Able (1995)

Moore (1947). Thorpe (1991). Morse and Able (1995). Wilk et al. (1996), Able and Fahay (1998), Klein-MacPhee (in prep.)

Colvocoresses and Musick (1984). Morse and Able (1995), Wilk et al. (1996), Able and Fahay (1998). Gottschall et al. (in review). Klein-MacPhee (in prep.)

Page 10 Figure 1. The windowpane, Scophthalmus aquosus (from Bigelow and Schroeder 1953).

Page 11 Windowpane NMFS Trawl Surveys Spring 1968 - 97 Juveniles (<22cm)

Number/Tow I 1o 10 S10 o 25

  • 25 lo 50
  • 50 :o 75
  • 75 i 100 Windowpane NMFS Trawl Surveys Autumn 1963 - 96 Juveniles (<22cm)

Number/Tow I I t, 25

  • 25 to 50
  • 50 to I(")

I I15)to 50)

  • 5(X)to 1079 Figure 2. Distribution and relative abundance of juvenile windowpane (< 22 cm) from NEFSC bottom trawl surveys, spring (1968-1997), summer (1963-1995), autumn (1963-1996), and winter (1964-1997). Densities are represented by dot size in spring and fall plots, while only presence and absence are represented in winter and summer plots [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 12 Windowpane Windowpane NMFS Trawl Surveys NMFS Trawl Surveys Spring 1968 - 97 Summer 1963 - 95 Adults (>=22cm) Adults (>="'m

/" ¢"**"-.L_

  • -* x Absent 0 Presen

.. ,..:.C

'r4 NumbefrTow

" I t 25 25 lo 50

  • 50 to (00 0 100 to 5M0
  • 5(X) to 1121 Windowpane Windowpane NMFS Trawl .

AAd tsn( >1 2Surveys 2c 'm96 .j -...* / _* " NMFS Trawl W inter 1964Surveys

- 97.

Adumlts(2m Adults (>=22cm)

Number/Tow j-

"*I 2 to 250" 4

  • 50(1(t 1133 Figure 3. Distribution and relative abundance of adult windowpane (_>22 cm) from NEFSC bottom trawl surveys, spring

( 1968-1997), summer ( 1963-1995), autumn (1963-1996), and winter (1 964-1997). Densities are represented by dot size in spring and fall plots, while only presence and absence are represented in winter and summer plots [see Reid et al.

(1999) for details].

Page 13 a) 1973-1980 1-20 cm 20-40 cm n= 134 n = 535 Al Other Prey 43%

Artlhropoda85.5%

Arthropoda 65.2% Anmelida 2.3%

- Platyhelminthes 2.7%

AlNOther Prey 3.3%

h Miscellaneonu3 .0%

IUnkmmrtwfinrrl Rerrroimo5.1%

Anelda 2.0%

Platyhelrninthes 2.6%

b) 1981-1990 1-20 cm 21-50 cm na 107 n = 816 Artlhropoda78.0% All Other Prey 1.8%

Chaetognatha 1.3%

Arthropoda 66.6% An ie al Re m ai n6s.5 %

Un k no wn Annelida 0.8%

Annelida 09%

UnkownArnirral Remains 10.1%

Fish 23.0%

Fish 6.4%

Cheetognatha 4.6%

Figure 4. Abundance (percent occurrence) of the major types of prey identified in the stomachs of juvenile and adult windowpane collected during NEFSC bottom trawl surveys during 1973-1980 and 1981-1990. Note that the use of 20 cm as the segregation size between juvenile and adults differs from the actual, size generally used (22 cm); this is an artifact of the diet database that summarizes results in 10 cm length intervals. The category "animal remains" refers to unidentifiable animal matter. Methods for sampling, processing, and analysis of samples differed between the time periods [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 14 910

, - I bruary 1

'I-100 if st,,,,

20 1

_A1 IEgg Caich 200 February* Son, 1~

40 100 20 0

March 20 March 30 20 I10

~ April 0

208J U ,I* - Jn 800 70 20 30 10 60 0 ~ May lo 50 3'

£

20) I June I10 U

I1 July

'em E631111L. 70 0 6 -l ~t'P"P Y-~-~-~-

2(l August August 2 ll)

(1 &a ¶a__

9 0'of.

20 0 ýLftAqwjnn September 3' BotmDph U mItrvlMdonSeptember 00 October Id Ji

[ October 203 November 2o JJ~ B0oM November 2 4 6 8 1 12 14 16 19 20 22 24 26 28 Water-Column Temperature (0-200m, C)

Figure 5. Percentage of windowpane eggs in relation to water column temperature (0-200 m, 'C) and bottom depth (m) from NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys, February to November, 1978-1987 (all years combined). Open bars represent the.proportion of all stations which were surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all standardized catches (number/l10 m 2 ).

Page 15 20 ~~January Sttin 6I0 Mm January ,

3 2

30 February 20 February 5 0-30 . March 40 330- March 2

1 30 20 April April 0

60 20 May 4 041. May 2

9 6

20 June 2 ° 1June C 40o , I July C 03 6 60 03 4 C- 03 0Oto July 2

0 20 iAugust 4 0

350 Flo J Ji g.l 2 1

0-I 0 DAugust 30-20 September 5

3 0 j'D September

'0" 30 O"9 211 o- - October* 3 2

0 October 20 November 40 November 2

2),0 30 i llt December 04 0 December 2

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 10 20 22 24 26 20 Water-Column Temperature (0-200m, C) Bottm Depth (in), Interval Midpoint Figure 6. Percentage of windowpane larvae in relation to water column temperature (0-200 m, °C) and bottom depth (m) from NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys, January to December, 1977-1987 (all years combined). Open bars represent the proportion of all stations which were surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all standardized catches (number/l10 M2 ).

Page 16 Windowpane nI Stations NMFS Bottom Trawl Surveys 0 Catches 40- Juveniles 25 Adults

30. Spring 205 Spring 30--

20" 1In" I 3 5 7 9 11 131517.1921 23252729 3 5 7 9 11131517192123252729 Bottom Temperature (C) Bottom Temperature (C) 25-20 20' 16-Autumn Autumn 15-5 4-50-I 3 5 7 9 11131517192123252729 1 3 5 7 9 11 131517 192123252729 Bottom Temperature (C) Bottom Temperature (C) 301 30-Spring Spring 201 20 Bottom Depth (in) Bottom Depth (m) 50- 40) 4[)- Autumn 30-Autumn 30 20 2n-In" 10-

) ()-i U0ý0F Bottom Depth (m) Bottom Depth (m)

Figure 7. Percentage of juvenile and adult windowpane in relation to bottom water temperature and depth, based on spring (1968-1997) and autumn (1963-1996) NEFSC bottom trawl surveys (all years combined). Open bars represent the proportion of all stations which were surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all standardized catches (number/10 m ).

Page 17 Windov Mass. Inshore a C ~~Spring 1978-19 Juveniles <22cm)

r/low
  • .* .n Is lo2
  • , mb.o10(1 tX.;........

i * ".'.* :-i..: .: i

-4 a.** .. . . *:*.q "

Windov Windowpane Mass, Inshore T1 Mass. Inshore Trawl Survey

- , :*:. "Spring 1978 Autumn 1978- 1996 Adults (>= Adults (>=22cm)

  • , I;Z. ---I o50
  • 50 to500 1 I .o25 1~ *25 to 501 J *~50C001
0) o 1661 100to 133 xf Y-,. W. .V V

4 ,

Figure 8. The distribution and relative abundance of juvenile and adult windowpane from Massachusetts inshore trawl surveys, spring and autumn 1978-1996 [see Reid et at. (1999) for details].

Page 18 Windowpane 3 Stations]

N Catches Aass. Inshore Trawl Surveys Juveniles Adults 20' 25' Spring 20' Spring AILhkI 16" 12' 9.

4.

1 3 5 7 9 I1 13 15 17 19 Bottom Temperature (C) 21 23 15' 10' 1

MU 3 5 qqqq 7 9 II L

13 u

15 17 19 21 Bottom Temperature (C) 23 30- 15-Autumn Autumn 12' 20" 9-6' 10" 3

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 Bottom Temperature (C) Bottom Temperature (C) 25 50' 20' Spring 40 Spring 15" 30 IO" 10' 20' 5" 10' L ~n n n n..

Bottom Depth (m) Bottom Depth (m) 50- 50' 40- Autumn 40 Autumn 301 30' 211 20' IH'

': PP P,P SL4 N k9 S(m) 5 Depth .ott Bottom Depth (m) Bottom Depth (in)

Figure 9. Percentage of juvenile and adult windowpane in relation to bottom water temperature and depth from the spring and autumn Massachusetts inshore bottom trawl surveys (spring and autumn 1978-1996) for all years combined.

Open bars represent the proportion of all-stations which were surveyed, while solid bars represent the proportion of the sum of all standardized catches (number/lO mi2 ).

Page 19

  • NEW Windowpane / r^

Hudsmn-Raritan 99 Estuary Spring Juveniles1 (<22 2- 1997 cm) " D . 9  ;

e Wn ial

  • 4.

NEW -0 10.24 JERSEY M09) lo Figure 10. Distribution and relative abundance of juvenile (< 22 cm) and adult (> 21 cm) windowpane collected during spring, summer, autumn andwinter in the Hudson-Raritan estuary from January 1992 to June 1997 [see Reid et al.

( 1999) for details].

Page 20 NEW Windowpane .noaeYORK Wnopn Windowpane Hudson-Raritan 1 Estuary 19996 992 Hudson-Raritan um o _Estuary Spring 9

  • Summer 1992 - 1996 Adults (>21 cm) .
  • Adults (>21 cm)

Staten .0Staiens

    • Islund , , o n .I.s.-v  ;.

t 0 I.NEW-- 0,24 oe *0-24 * ..

to--2 NEW~~~ 249NW02-9 JERSEY 3 0isJRE nm EWNEW WindowpaneK Windowpane Hudson-Raritan Estuary Hudson-Raritan Hud n-Ranitan Estuary Est 1 uary 7,

Fall 1992 - 1996 Adults (>21 Adlt cm) (21m)'

°e O*.

  • Winter 1992-1997 Adults (>21 cm) *

- S*.

. KoK" Statoen

  • I 0 . Stin Island 't Islandt e ° * .

0P

""* *.SO **" 0/024" 4FFN7T, No/Tos NEW -24 NEW 25 _49 JERSEY 50-10.5JERSEY .d n u Figure 10. cont'd.

Page 21 Juveniles (<22 cm) 16] 25 14' 20

-iCi 12 UCatches 10 15 (U

'Jr~1. F.hFI F1I 8 P.

6 10 4

5-2 I ml ml II t/

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 0 1 2 3 4 5 6- 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Temperature (C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/I) 14' 12' 10 8-

. 6 4

2 0*

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 15 17. 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 Depth (ft) Salinity (ppt)

Adults (>21 cm) 16" 40 35 14" El] Stations 12" 30

, Catches 1) 25 10" C-20" 4 6 4-2" I 1 24 0

H[Lk 6 DI m 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 m

15" 10 5.

0 1 2 3 4 mVLbrimFF1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Temperature (C) Dissolved Oxygen (mg/l) 35' 30 25 4) 4)

U I-.

20 U

4) 4) 15.

10' 5.

10 15 2025 30354045 5055 6065 7075 80 85 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 Depth (ft) Salinity (ppt)

Figure I1. Percent frequency of juvenile and adult windowpane in relation to bottom water temperature, depth, dissolved oxygen, and salinity in the Hudson-Raritan estuary, January 1992 to June 1997 (all years combined).

Page 22 Fisheries Division * * *i,"**,!*

Long Island Sound Trawl Survey , ,'* -.

SPRING 1992 - 1997  :, * ° * '_L I*00.

00 .I01.

1830 U

Ch I, State of Connecticut DEP LFinsheries Isa dSound Divisio Trawl Survey ",I*,,*,' *,  ;',, '

  • AUTUMN 1992- 1997 "

11.45o 2*

Wge2A4indowpane i IM .

9W U

CZ Figure 12. Abundance and length frequency distributions of windowpane in Long Island Sound during spring and autumn, from the Connecticut bottom trawl surveys, 1992-1997 [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 23 Figure 13. Distribution and abundance of windowpane from Newfoundland to Cape Hatteras during 1975-1994. Data are from the U.S. NOAA/Canada DFO East Coast of North America Strategic Assessment Project (http://www-orca.nos.

noaa.gov/projects/ecnasap/ecnasap-table 1.html).

Page 24

45. - 2 A_ I Windowpane Windowpane Eggs 44- Eggs MARMAP Icbthyoplankton Surveys ~/MARMAP Icbtbyoplankton Surveys 64-cm Bongo Ne; 0.505-mm mesh 43 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh February to November; 1978 to 987 February; 1978 9o 1987 Numwerof Tows 459; with eggs I 42- Numbero"T-ws 9476; witheggo 1341
  • 42-39-" */39 '

EgEs// IGm 17-*

  • 1 Ii<IO 37 "I o 10to M <I 000 36* 10001) <3890 36-76 75 74 73 72 71 7I70 69 61 7- 66 65 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 8 64 67 ý6 45 45 _______

Windowpane Windowpane 44,Eggs - 4.Eggs MARM AP lchthyoplankton Surveys ",. Eggs * "

  • /*¢* *', "*" . M.M, MARMAP Ichthyoplankton

]S Surveys 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm m.esh ,- 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505m . eh, March; 197810o1987 April; 197810o1987 Numr=of Tow., 853; with eggs :59 Numbe otTows 1020: with egg% 89 39-391 37-I gs/10 Eggts/ l10t Noneo None I0(otS100 0 tOtool<0

  • 1000to 137 0 1Ooto<1000 36- -
  • 1000to 1777 35 35 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 64 67 66 65 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 Figure 14. The distribution and abundance of windowpane eggs collected from February to November, 1978-1987 during NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 25 76 75 74 72 7n 70 45 Windowpane 44-

,Eggs MARMAP IchthyoplankEon Surveys 61-cm Bongo Net: 0.505-mm mesh 43-July: 1978 to 1987 NumberfT.....= 781: with eggs= ,73%x I 42-41-40-39 38-Eggs/ 1m0 None 37jý 1 ts-10(

0 t101-100 0 1C00t,739 36~

72 71 701 69 69 67 66 Figure 14. cont'd.

Page 26 45--. --.-- -* t t Windowpane 41ýtEggs MARMAP tchthyoplankton Surveys 4J 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh September: 197(8to 1987 41 Eggs/ 10m No.e Itionl0

  • tOIouM 1001,,88X3 75 74 73 72 S1 70 69 64 67 66 Windowpane 44

- Eggs MARMAP Ichthyoplankton Surveys 61-cm Bongo Net; 0.505-mm mesh 43-November; 1978 to 1987 Number of Tows =(915: with eggs = 13 42~

/7.1 Ees / 1m None 11-to10

  • 100 t, 650 74 73 72 7t 71 69 6 67 66 Figure 14. cont'd.

Page 27 45 ~ 245-Windowpane Flounder Nuamhe,of Tow, = 434. wih 1.rvae=6 44- MARMAP Ichthyoplankton Surveys 44-61-cm Bongo Net 0.505-mm mesh January - December (1977 to 1987) * -

4 Numhor,-fT-., 11439.woithI--u (106 42-1 42-41- 41-

40) 40-39- 3 38- Nue o L 10m2 3 Number of Larvae/IOm' Ito < 10 1 to5 37- I to < 100 37-1 (X) to 747 36- .36-76 75 74 73 72 71 701 69 68 67 66 65 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 65 45- ... t L-_ _ 52_4i .ii February (1977 to 197) March (1977 to 1987)

Number of Tows= 666.with 1-rvao = 3 ) Number of Tos = 103 1. with b-vae= 3 44- 44-43- 43:4 42- 42-A5 40: 40 VN.

39- -9 39- f Number of Larvae/

N, lin 38- Number of LarvaeI Om'lo 37 /

None oc)

< 10 (None 1 to6 37l010tol -5 37-36- - 36-35_:. _ f 35-76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 66 67 66 65 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 668 67 66 65 Figure 15. The distribution and abundance of windowpane larvae collected from January to December, 1977-1987 during NEFSC MARMAP ichthyoplankton surveys [see Reid et al. (1999) for details].

Page 28 75 74 73 72 71 70) 69 6* 67 66 45-1 ._ _ _._ _ _.

June (1977 to 1997)

Numhr o"I'T = . 93, 9, wilh 1-= 74 44-1 43-41-Number of Larvae 10mrn None

  • I to < l0 10 to 70(

74 7'3 2 71 70 69 6 67 66 Figure 15. cont'd.

Page 29 45-44-43

-1 42-41-401 37-36-j 35 I I " I 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 69 67 66 45 . . . -- - . . . .1 . _.

October (1977 to 1987)

N ujmbeo- ,fTow = 1147. wilh larva e=264 44.t 43-42-41-40":

.39-1 Number of Larvae / I 0mý None I 1 toO<10 37-j SOto< 100

  • 100 to 472 36-1, 35 7------7 4 7'73 7 7'6 7'5 74 72 7 1"7 70) ) 69 6 68 6 67 *7 66 Figure 15. cont'd.

/I Page 30 45- J1 1.. 1 U December (1977 to 1987)

Numbeeol Tows= 603. withlI-v-e = 24 44-43-I.- Number of Larvae / lOim None S I to < 10 37- S 10to 47 76 75 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 66 Figure 15. cont'd.

Page 31 Gulf of Maine - Georges Bank 3 .3

- Commercial landings (mt)

..... Survey index (kg)

- - Smoothed survey index (kg)

,20) 0 0

2 X

-0 C

cz 1-

_J 0 ... .. I1... 1 0 I0... 1I I9.... 0 11960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Southern New England - Middle Atlantic 2.5 2.5

- Commercial landincgs (mt)

..... Survey index (kg) 2.0 - - Smoothed survey inndex (kg) 2.0 ,a 80 0 0 0

-C X 1.5 1.5 Co C-CD)

0) A a) 1.0 1.0 E cz "D

-j 0.5 0.5 0.0 0.0 *H-1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year Figure 16. Commercial landings (mt), bottom trawl survey indices (stratified mean catch per tow), and smoothed survey indices (3 year moving average of first order autoregression model to compensate for inter-year variability) for windowpane in the Gulf of Maine-Georges Bank region and the southern New England-Middle Atlantic Bight region.

Page 32 Windowpane AWindowpane NMFS Trawl Surveys NMFS Trawl Surveys Autumn 1992 - 96 Autumn 1984 - 88 Adults (>=22cm) Adults (>=22cm)

Low Abundance High Abundance WA S. -

/ Number#Tow

  • I to <25 Number/Tow I to <25
  • 25 to <ý50 *25 to <50 o 50 to <10)0 6 50 to <100 10)0to <1200 *100 to <200)
  • /*200 to <233 is 200 to <1233 Windowpane . 1 Windowpane NMFS Trawl Surveys NMFS Trawl Surveys Autumn 1992-96 Autumn 1984-88 /4 Juveniles (<22cm) ,- Juveniles (<22cm)

Low Abundance fHigh Abundance Number/Tow .Number/Tow I1to <25 I to 25 t, <50 25 to <50

  • 50 wt<100 50 to <100

' 200 to <267

, S1 1 200to <200 200 to <2067 Figure 17. Distribution and abundance ofjuvenile (< 22 cm) and adult (> 22 cm) windowpane during a period of relatively low abundance (I 992-1996) and a period of relatively high abundance (1984-1988) from autumn NEFSC bottom trawl surveys.

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