ML12089A652
| ML12089A652 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Indian Point  |
| Issue date: | 11/30/2009 |
| From: | Sinnott T J, Skinner L State of NY, Dept of Environmental Conservation |
| To: | Atomic Safety and Licensing Board Panel |
| SECY RAS | |
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| RAS 22135, 50-247-LR, 50-286-LR, ASLBP 07-858-03-LR-BD01 | |
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Measurementof strontium-90 (90Sr)and other radionuclides in edible tissues and bone/carapaceof fish and blue crabsfrom the lower Hudson River, New YorkLawrence C. SkinnerTimothy J. SinnottNew York State Department of Environmental ConservationDivision of Fish, Wildlife and Marine Resources625 BroadwayAlbany, New York 12233November2009 ENT000321 Submitted: March 29, 2012 1Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................2METHODS.....................................................................................................................................2RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................4DISCUSSION.................................................................................................................................5CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................................................8ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..............................................................................................................8 REFERENCES CITED...................................................................................................................9 Table 1:
90 Sr concentrations in edible tissues of fish taken fromthe lower Hudson River in 2006
.......................................................................................................................................................11 Table 2:
90Sr and other radionuclide concentrations in edible tissues of fish and blue crab from three locations on the lower Hudson River in June 2007.............................................................12 Table 3:
90Sr and other radionuclide concentrations in bone of fish and carapace of blue crab from three locations onthe lower Hudson River in June 2007.....................................................13Table 4: Radionuclide concentrations measured in bone of fish from three locations on the lower Hudson River in June 2007...........................................................................................................14 Table 5: Comparison of 90 Sr concentrations in bone and edible flesh of fish..............................15 Figure 1.........................................................................................................................................16 2INTRODUCTIONIn 2005, EntergyNuclear Operations, Inc.(Entergy), the owner of the Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant located at Buchanan, NYon the Hudson River, discovered a spent fuel poolwater leak to groundwaterwhile installing a new crane to facilitate transfer of Unit 2 spent fuel to dry cask storage.This leak was determined to have generated a groundwater plume of tritium (3 H). During efforts to track the 3 H plume, 90Sr was discovered in a downgradient portion of the plume and traced back to a leak in the Unit 1 spent fuel pool.Because site groundwater flows to the Hudson River, the 2006 Radiological Environmental Monitoring Program (REMP) conducted by Entergy was modified to include 90Sr as an analyte in fish samples.
90Sr wasdetected in four of 10 samples of fish taken from the river in the vicinity of the power plant, and in three of five samples from an upstream reference locationnear the Roseton Generating Stationin Newburgh, NY (Table 1). The tissues analyzed were composites of edible flesh from fish representing several species. The data was reviewed by Entergy andcomparedwith data forother facilities and historical information. Entergy concluded that the 90Sr levels were low and may be indistinguishable from background levelsfrom fallout from nuclear weapons testing in the 1950's and 1960's(Entergy 2007). The New York State Departments of Health (NYSDOH) and Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC) (the Agencies) concurred. However, the Agencieswere concerned that the home ranges of several sampled species, and all striped bass, may overlap at the two sampling sites. In order to assure independence of sampling sites, the Agencies initiated this one time enhanced radiological surveillance for 2007.The objectives of the enhanced radiological monitoringeffort were to:gain information about the levels, impacts, and possible 90Srsourcesat the reference locations and the indicator station, determine if significant spatial differencesin 90Sr concentrations were present, to assesswhether or not 90Sr concentrations in the bones and fleshof fish signify heightened risk either to aquatic life in the Hudson River, and provide information for an independent assessment of potential public health impacts.METHODS Part of Entergy's REMPrequirements is to conduct routine radiological surveillance using composite samples ofedible tissues of fish twoor moreimportant commercial and/or recreational fish or invertebrate species. Possible target species include striped bass (Morone saxatilis), white perch (Morone americana), American eel (Anguilla rostrata
), white catfish (Ictalurus catus) or channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), sunfishes including pumpkinseed (Lepomis gibbosus), bluegill (L. macrochirus) or redbreast sunfish (L. auritus), and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus).Sampling occurs in spring and fall of each year at two locations, i.e., in 3the vicinity of Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant (approximately river mile 42) and the vicinity of Roseton Generating Station (the traditional reference station at approximate river mile 65). One composite sampleof each species is collected ateach locationandis analyzed for a host of radionuclides.Samplingis conducted by Normandeau Associates, Inc. under contract with Entergy, and samples consist of by-catch of fish or blue crabs taken as a consequence of sampling for other purposes. All samples were collected in June 2007 and were frozen (-20º C) in a locked freezer until prepared for shipment for chemical analyses. Theprepared samplemassis a minimum of 1600 gand a maximum of 2000 g. This sample mass is splitthree ways. The first split of 1000 g wenttoEntergy's contract laboratory, AREVA, Inc.The second split of 300 to 500 g wenttotheNuclear Regulatory Commission for analysis at the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE). The third split(300 to 500 g) was senttothe NYSDOH Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research.Collection records and chain of custody are maintained for all samples(Appendix A).The one-time design modifications for the 2007 effort included: the addition of carp (Cyprinus carpio) -a benthic feeder -to the target species list; adding 90Sr to the list of radionuclide analytes; analysis of fish bone or crab carapace;and sampling fish at a third location,i.e., the Catskill Region between river miles 107 and 125 (Figure 1). This upstream location assuresappropriate separation of fish populations that are resident to the river, and, consequently, assures isolationofresident fish populations from the potential influence of the Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant. Normandeau Associates,Inc. prepared the samples of edible portionsof fish and blue crabs.Skinless filetswere excised from each specimen, composites by species were made, and each composite was thoroughly ground and homogenized. Subsamples were developedfor each laboratory. These weredouble packaged in food grade plastic bags,labeled, frozen, and shipped to each participating laboratory.Theremaining carcasses of thefish and blue crabs were provided to the NYSDEC's laboratory at the Hale Creek Field Station, Gloversville, NYwhere they werepreparedfor radiologicalanalysesby the NYSDOH Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research.In additionto the required species, samples of other fish species were provided to Hale Creek including yellow perch (Perca flavescens), rock bass (Ambloplites rupestris), smallmouth bass(Micropterus dolomieui
), largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), black crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus
), and brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus
).Preparation ofboneand carapace samples was conducted in several steps. First, the samples were cleaned to remove as much muscle, skin, scalesor other tissuesas possible.The resulting bone samples were placed in a fume hood and air dried for 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br />, then each sample wasindividually bagged, labeled and stored in a lockedfreezeruntil they were sent for further cleaning by dermestid beetlesmaintained by the New York State Museumat their Rensselaer Technology Park officesin Troy, NY.Each bone sample wasmaintained inanindividual labeled sample container while undergoing dermestid cleaning. Following this process,each sample was frozen to kill the dermestids, rethawed, and the frass (dermestid larval carcasses and 4fecal material) wasremoved from the bone. Finally, theskeletal and cranialbones (fins were excluded)were placed in food grade plastic bags, labeled and submitted to the NYSDOH Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research. Continuing chain of custody was maintained throughout the process(Appendix B).Analysis of radionuclides were conducted by NYSDOH using twomethods:
90Sr analyses of fish bone were conducted byUSEPAMethod 905.0 (Krieger and Whittaker 1980b). Steps in this method include isolation of strontium, measurement of total strontium, hold the strontium fordecayto allow time for the ingrowth of the yttrium-90daughter, isolate andmeasure yttrium-90.Common indicator radionuclides (134 Cs, 137 Cs, 60 Co, and 40K) were analyzed using USEPA Method 901.1 (Krieger and Whittaker 1980a).Concentrations reported in Tables are the value for the sample +/- the analytical standard error. For example, a value of 8 +/- 2 pCi/kg would mean the best estimate concentration is 8 pCi/kg although the concentration may be as little as 6 pCi/kg or as much as 10 pCi/kg.Statistical tests for spatial differences in concentrations employed the Kruskal-Wallis testwhen there were three comparisons.The Mann-Whitney test was used when there were only two comparisons(Conover 1980). These non-parametric tests were chosen because of theirability to reduce the influence of outlier data. A difference was considered significant when the probability was less than 0.05 (P<0.05).RESULTS Edible Tissue Samples 90Sr was detected in only one sample of edible tissues, i.e., 8 +/- 3 pCi/kg in blue crab taken from the vicinity of the Indian Point facility. Detection limits ranged between 3 and6pCi/kg(Table 2).Only the determinations made by the NYSDOH Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research are reported since their analytical methodswere the most sensitive of the three laboratories conducting the analyses. No detectable radionuclides were reported by the othertwo laboratories.Bone and Carapace Samples 90Sr concentrations in bone of fish or the carapace of blue crabs are shownin Table 3.
90Sr concentrations are relativelyconsistent among all fish species, including striped bass,withinlocations. Mean and standard deviation concentrations for all fish at the three locations were:
5Location n 90Sr Concentration (pCi/kg)Indian Point10199 +/- 58Roseton10222 +/- 67 Catskill10271 +/- 69The single blue crab sample, taken from the Roseton area,had 760pCi/kg of 90Srin the carapace. This is the highest 90Sr concentration reported,and twice the highest fish concentration of360pCi/kg in yellow perch from the Catskill area.Among other radionuclides analyzed, 134 Cs, 137Cs, 58 Co and 60Co were not detected in bone or carapaceof any sample. Detection limitsranged from 0.2 to 80 pCi/kg for 134 Cs, 137 Cs and 60 Co, and an order of magnitude greater for 58 Co. 40K was present in nearly all samples within a limited range of concentrations and with mean and standard concentrations by area in fish as
follows:Location n 40K Concentration (pCi/kg)Indian Point92840 +/- 678Roseton103540+/- 978 Catskill102740+/- 614Table 4 presents concentrations of other radionuclides thatwere detectedin bonesof fish.DISCUSSION 90 Sr in bone versus edible tissuesWhicker et al. (1990) compared 90Sr concentrationsin bone and edible flesh of fish taken from a cooling water pond at the USDOE Savannah Rivernuclear power plant. Similarcomparisons were made for fish in waters downstream of the Nuclear Fuels Services Inc. nuclear waste treatment plant in West Valley, NY,and in Lake Ontario (NYSDEC 1971)(Table 5).In these studies the ratio of 90Sr in bone to that in edible fish tissue (90Sr bone:flesh ratio)rangedfrom less than one to 1198. The highest value is considered an outlier. Themean 90 Sr bone:flesh ratio, excluding the outlier,wasabout 35. (The mean must be viewed with caution since the West Valley study did not indicate whether the 90Srquantification method was the same as that used in the Savannah River study; wet weight versus dry mass in flesh, or originalmass versus ash weight of bone. If the methods used are not the same the ratios may not be comparable.)If it is assumed that the two studies are comparable,and we applythis ratio to bone in the present study, the 90Sr concentration in edible tissues would very nearor below the detection limit. This tends to confirm the reported lack of detection of 90Sr inedible flesh of fish from the lower Hudson River(Tables 2 and5) in 2007.
6Spatial differencesThere were no significant differences (P= 0.096) in 90Sr concentrations between the three locationsfor resident fish. Looking at reference stations only, there wasno significant difference in 90Sr at Catskill and Roseton.Inclusion of striped bass, a migratory fish species, would not have changed the overall conclusion because of thesimilarity of 90Sr concentrations.In contrast, 40Kwas statistically greater (P= 0.018) at the Roseton station than at either Indian Point or Catskill(which were equivalent) despite the small difference in average 40 K concentrations.Inclusion of striped basswould not have changed the finding.
40K is a naturally occurring "primordial" radionuclide (Copplestone et al. 2001) which is expected to be found at these concentrations in fish and is not associated with nuclear waste for power production or fallout from weapons testing (Eisler 1994). The differing levels, albeit they are small differences, have no known significance.Lastly, there were no differences between stations for 224Ra. There were insufficient datato assess spatial differencesfor other radionuclides.Relationship to criteriaThe U.S. Department of Energy (USDOE) developed ecological standards for the protection of terrestrial animals, terrestrial plants, and aquatic animals based on published literature reviews of the effects of ionizing radiation on biota (NCRP 1991; IAEA 1992; UNSCEAR 1996). The standard for the protection of aquatic animals is: "The absorbed dose to aquatic animals should not exceed 1 rad/day (10 mGy/day or 400 µGy/hr
- 1) from exposure to radiation or radioactive material releases into the aquatic environment." This dose is specified in DOE Order 5400.5 (USDOE 2002). This standard is designed to protect populations of aquatic organisms, not individuals. At absorbed dose rates below the standard, populations will be maintained but some individual animals can suffer adverse impacts.USDOE (2002) provides dose conversion factors (DCF) which can be used to estimate the absorbed dose from the internal abundance/activity of a radionuclide accumulated by an aquatic organism. The DCF calculations are conservative in that they assume all of the energies of radioactive decay are retained in the tissue of the organism, and that the radionuclides were presumed to be homogenously distributed in tissue. They are expressed in units of Rad/day per pCi/g wet weight. Using the DCFs it is possible to estimate the absorbed dose from the internal radionuclide concentration. Additional conversions were employed to express the total dose in 1 A Gray (Gy) is a standard international unit of absorbed dose of radiation adopted by the International Commission on Radiological Protection in 1977. 1 Rad = 0.01Gy; conversely, 1 Gy = 100 Rads.
7the Standard International (SI) units for chronic absorbed dose rates of µGy/hr.USDOE (2002) didnot report DCFs for 224 Ra and 40 K.The highest tissue/bone concentrationsofradionuclides listed in Tables 1 -4 arethe upper bound concentrations(i.e., measured concentration plus the 95% confidence interval) of 809pCi/kg of 90Sr from blue crab carapace (Table 3), 370 pCi/kg of 238Uand 320 pCi/kg 232 Th measured in the bones of striped bass (Table 4). All three samples were collected from the Roseton Generating Station (River Mile 65). Usingthe DCFs from (USDOE 2002), theseconcentrationscan be converted to an internal dose rates:809 pCi/kg of 90Sr would result in an estimated internal dose rate of 0.02 µGy/hr;370 pCi/kg of 238U would result in an estimated internal dose rate of 0.7 µGy/hr; and320 pCi/kg of 232Th would result in an estimated internal dose rate of 5.5 µGy/hr.All of thesedose ratesrange from abouttwoto fiveorders of magnitude below the USDOE (2002) standard of protection for aquatic animals. While the highest internal dose to striped bass from a single radionuclide was from 232Th. However, to estimate the total internal dose, the internal dosesfrom all radionuclides present must be summed. Using the upper bound concentrations for 226Ra,232 Th, and 238U with theDCFs from (USDOE 2002), the total internal dose to stripedbass collected at the Roseton Power Generating Station can be estimated to be 8.4µGy/hr. A DCF for 224Ra is not available, probably because this is a short-lived radionuclide with a half-life of only 3.7 days (Eisler 1994).
224Ra disintegrates rapidly througha series of seven daughter radionuclidesto the stable nuclide 208Pb with a total half-life for the whole seriesof about 65 minutes (Nebergall et al.1968). The standards of protection published in USDOE (2002) were derived from a qualitative evaluation of radiological effects data.The European Union (EU) took a more quantitative approach to deriving ecological standards. EUassembled a large database of the impacts of ionizing radiation to biota and evaluated the studies to identify criticaltoxicity endpoints. Once the critical toxicity endpoints were determined, they were used w ith standard EU risk assessment protocols to derive a chronic Predicted-No-Effect-Dose Rates (PNEDR) screening value of 10 µGy/hr for freshwater, terrestrial, and marine/estuarine ecosystems (Garnier-Laplace and Gilbin 2006). The total absorbed dose from the internal concentration of 232 Th, 226 Ra, and 238 U in striped bass is less than the chronic screening no effects dose rate derived by the EU. The internal dose rate conversion factorsfrom USDOE (2002) are conservative, but they donot take into account absorbed doses received from external sources, such as radionuclides in the water and sediment. There is no way to estimate those dose rates without measurements. USDOE (2002) provides a method for estimating the total absorbed dose to biota from both external and internal sources. This approach uses Biota Concentration Guides (BCG)s which are concentrations of 23 different radionuclides in water, soil, and sediment.If the BCG concentrations arenot exceeded, thetotal absorbed dose will not exceedthe USDOE (2002) standards of protection. In order to utilize this method, simultaneous samples of water and sediment must be collected and analyzed in the immediate vicinity of suspected unregulated releases of radioactive materials into the Hudson River.
8No excursions aboveecological standards for the protection of aquatic animals appear to have occurred. However, the current monitoring effort does not allow for the full assessment of risks to aquatic animals. To fully evaluate the risks, the concentrations of the full range of 23 radionuclides listed in USDOE (2002) in both water and sediment samples collected from the same location simultaneously should be sampled. This would allow for the full use of the "Graded Approach for Evaluating Radiation Doses to Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota" as described in USDOE (2002) to be employed to evaluate and assess risks to aquatic biota.The 23 radionuclides which should be sampled include: 241 Am, 144Ce, 135Cs, 137 Cs, 60 Co, 154 Eu, 155 Eu, 3 H, 129I, 131I, 239Pu, 226Ra, 228Ra, 125 Sb, 90Sr, 99 Tc, 232 Th, 233 U, 234 U, 235 U, 238 U, 65Zn, and 95Zr. CONCLUSIONS Twoconclusions can be made.1.There are no apparent excursions abovecriteria for the protection of biota based on the radionuclide data available. The levels of radionuclides -including 90Sr -were two to five orders of magnitude lower than criteria established for protection of freshwater ecosystems. 2.Therewere no spatial differences in concentrations of 90 Sr and 224 Ra in resident fish from the three locations sampled in the lower Hudson River (i.e., Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant, and the reference sites at the Roseton Generating Station and at Catskill). In
contrast, 40K levels were somewhat greater in the vicinity of Roseton Generating Station,but the differing concentrations have no known significance.ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance and cooperation of a number of people during the conduct of this study. These include: Michael Ritchie and his staff at Normandeau Associates Inc. who provided the carcasses of fish and blue crabs used in this study; Anthony Gudlewski, Brian Buanno and John Finn at the NYSDEC's Hale Creek Field Station who conducted the initial cleaning and drying of carcass samples; and Joseph Bopp of the NYS Museum who maintained and oversaw use of the dermestid beetle colony. Helpful comments on manuscript were provided by Larry Rosenman (NYSDEC),Anthony Forti, Edward Horn, Robert Snyder and Stephen Gavitt(NYSDOH), and Kathleen Skinner (Russell Sage College).
9REFERENCES CITED Conover, W. J.1980.Practical Nonparametric Statistics, secondedition.John Wiley and Sons, New York.Copplestone, D., S. Bielby, S. R. Jones, D. Patton, P. Daniel, and I. Gize.2001. Impact Assessment of Ionizing Radiation on Wildlife. R&D Publication 128. Environment Agency, Bristol, UK. Updated March 2003. ISBN: 1 85705590 X. 222 pp.Eisler, R. 1994. Radiation hazards to fish, wildlife and invertebrates: A synoptic review. Biological Rep. 29, National Biological Service, US Department of the Interior, Washington, DC. 124 p.Entergy. 2007. Annual Radiological Environmental Operating Report. January 1 -December 31, 2006. Entergy, Indian Point Energy Center, Buchanan, NY.Garnier-Laplace, J., and Gilbin R. (Eds), 2006. ERICA Deliverable 5: Derivation of Predicted-No-Effect-Dose-Rate values for ecosystems (and their sub-organizational levels) exposed to radioactive substances. ERICA contract number FI6R-CT-2004-508847, date of issue: 28 2006, Project Coordinator: Swedish Radiation Protection Authority.IAEA, 1992. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Plants and Animals at Levels Implied by Current Radiation Protection Standards. International Atomic Energy Agency Technical Reports Series No. 332, Vienna, 1992.Joshi, S. R.1991. Radioactivityin the Great Lakes. The Science of the Total Environment 100:61-104.Krieger, H. L., and E. L. Whittaker. 1980a.
Prescribed procedures for measurement of radioactivity in water. Section 4. Gamma emitting radionuclides in drinking water. Method 901.1. EPA-600/4-80-032. US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.Krieger, H.L., and E. L. Whittaker. 1980b.
Prescribed procedures for measurement of radioactivity in water. Section 9. Radioactive strontium in drinking water. Method 905.0. EPA-600/4-80-032. US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH.NCRP. 1991. Effects of Ionizing Radiation on Aquatic Organisms.National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) Report No. 109, NCRP, Bethesda, Md.
10Nebergall, W.H., F.C. Schmidt, and H.F. Holtzclaw, Jr., 1968. General Chemistry, Third Edition. D.C. Heath and Company, Lexington, Massachusetts.Neel, J. W., and K. H. Larson. 1963. Biological availability of stron tium-90 to small native animals in fallout patterns from the Nevada test site. Pp. 45-49.
In: V. Schultz and A. W. Klement, Jr. (eds.), Radioecology. Reinhold, NY.NYSDEC. 1971. 1970 Annual report of environmental radiation in New York State. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, Albany, NY.58 p.USDOE, 2002. A Graded Approach for Evaluating Radiation Doses to Aquatic and Terrestrial Biota. U.S. Department of Energy, DOE-STD-1153-2002, July 2002.UNSCEAR, 1996. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation,UNSCEAR 1996 Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annex. United Nations, New York, 1996.Whicker, F. W., W. C. Nelson, and A. F. Gallegos. 1972. Fallout 137Cs and 90 Sr in trout from mountain lakes in Colorado. Health Physics 23:519-527.Whicker, F. W., E. Pinder III, J. W. Bowling, J. J. Alberts, and I. L. Brisbin, Jr. 1990. Distribution of long-lived radionuclides in an abandoned reactor cooling reservoir. Ecological Monographs 60:471-496.Wrenn, M. E., J. E. Lentsch, M. Eisenbud, G. J. Lauer, and G. P. Howells. 1971. Radiocesium distribution in water, sediment, and biota in the Hudson River estuary from 1964 through 1970.
Pp. 334-343.
In: D. J. Nelson (ed.), Radionuclides in ecosystems. Volume 1. Proceedings of the Third National Symposium on Radioecology, 10-12 May 1971, Oak Ridge, TN.
11Table 1:
90Sr concentrations in edible tissues of fish taken from the lower Hudson River in 2006.LocationSpecies 90Sr concentration (pCi/kg wet weight)Measured detection limit (DL)Sample 1Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant (indicator site)Striped bass8.5<DLBlue crab5.7<DLAmerican eel7.1<DLCatfish6.4<DLSunfish15<DLWhite perch9.018.8Roseton Generating Station (reference site)Striped bass4.2<DLBlue crab11.013.6American eel4.3<DLCatfish7.6<DLSunfish9.617.1White perch8.724.5 1Analyses by Entergy Nuclear Operations, Inc. contract laboratory, i.e., AREVA, Inc.
Table 2:
90Sr and other radionuclide concentrations in edible tissues of fish and blue crab from threelocations on the lower Hudson River in June 2007 1.LocationSpecies No. in sampleConcentration (pCi/kg wet weight) 2 90 Sr134 Cs137 Cs 58 Co 60 Co 40 KIndian Point Nuclear Power Plant(RM 42)3Blue crab628+/- 3<3<3<3<42510 +/- 180Striped bass7<4<1.9<2<2<22400 +/- 150White perch57<3<2<3<3<32750 +/- 170Catfish15<4<1.9<2<3<22580 +/- 150American eel19<4<2<3<3<22320 +/- 150Carp2<5<1.7<2<3<1.82590 +/- 150Sunfishes79<6<2<2<3<22660 +/- 170Roseton Generating Station (RM 65)Striped bass1NA 4NANANANANAWhite perch116<5<2<3<3<22440 +/- 160Catfish45<3<1.8<2<2<1.82620 +/- 150American eel15<4<2<3<3<22490 +/- 160Carp4<4<1.7<1.9<3<1.82480 +/- 150Sunfishes30<3<3<3<3<32590 +/- 170Catskill Region (RM 107 -125)White perch108<4<26 +/- 3<3<22390 +/- 160Catfish18<3<1.99 +/- 3<3<1.92640 +/- 160American eel15<4<2<3<3<22000 +/- 140Carp2<4<2<2<3<22450 +/- 150Sunfishes18<4<2<3<3<22620 +/- 170 1All analyses by the New York State Department of Health's Wadsworth Center for Labs and Research.
2A less than (<) value indicates the concentration is less than the specified detection limit for the sample.
3RM= Approximate location inriver mile(s).
4NA = Not analyzed.Analyses by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission's laboratory, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education [ORISE], reported 90Sr at <4 pCi/kg, and 134 Cs, 137 Cs, 58 Co and 60Co as<10 pCi/kg each; no analyses wereconducted of 40 K.
13Table 3: 90Sr and other radionuclide concentrations in bone of fish and carapace of blue crab from three locations on the lower Hudson Riv er in June2007.LocationSpecies No. in sampleConcentration (pCi/kg wet weight) 1 90 Sr134 Cs137 Cs 58 Co 60 Co 40 KIndian Point Nuclear Power Plant(River Mile 42)Striped bass796+/- 89<4<4<21<42710+/- 190White perch28190+/- 34<5<4<21<32240+/- 170Yellow perch27240+/- 50<7<6<30<62600+/- 200Brown bullhead8220+/- 62<7<6<30<64100+/- 300Channel catfish1230+/- 48ndndndndndWhite catfish7160+/- 46<5<4<20<53000+/- 200American eel21150+/- 31<9<9<41<83200+/- 300Carp2290+/- 62<3<3<17<31670+/- 130Pumpkinseed5250+/-58<20<16<100<192800+/- 400Sunfishes35160+/- 32<7<6<30<63200+/- 300Roseton Generating Station (River Mile 65)Blue crab6760+/- 49<11<9<90<93800+/- 300Striped bass1140+/- 57<7<5<60<62030+/- 160White perch55270+/- 62<9<7<80<83100+/- 300White perch70270+/- 39<8<8<70<83000+/- 300Brown bullhead6250+/- 72<5<4<40<43110+/- 180Brown bullhead33220+/- 63<6<6<60<53400+/- 300Channel catfish5130+/- 79<6<6<60<64900+/- 300American eel15140+/- 78<10<9<90<103500+/- 300Perch9260+/- 42<12<10<100<103100+/- 300Sunfishes26210+/- 66<10<10<90<83900+/- 400Rock bass1330+/- 310<80<60<600<805400+/- 100Catskill Region (River Miles 107 -125)White perch74310+/- 46<8<6<70<62300+/- 200Brown bullhead6300+/- 50<10<7<90<82700+/- 200Channel catfish11220+/- 83<4<4<60<42800+/- 200American eel16120+/- 77<11<8<90<93300+/- 300Sunfishes23290+/- 95<10<8<90<104000+/- 400Carp2260+/- 31<4<4<40<32050+/- 180Largemouth bass6220+/- 38<3<2<40<22530+/- 130Smallmouth bass2330+/- 45<10<13<170<152800+/- 300Black crappie1300+/- 120<30<20<200<203000+/- 400Perch17360+/- 41<12<9<140<101900+/- 200 1A less than (<) value indicates the concentration is less than the specified detection limit for the sample.nd = not determined
.
14Table 4: Radionuclide concentrations measured in bone of fish from three locations on the lower Hudson River in June2007.LocationSpecies No. in sampleConcentration (pCi/kg wet weight)224 Ra226 Ra232 Th238 UIndian Point Nuclear Power Plant (River Mile 42)Striped bass726+/- 9.021+/- 9.047+/- 15White perch2833+/- 9.025+/- 9.0Yellow perch2731+/- 1330+/- 14Brown bullhead823+/- 1022+/- 12White catfish717+/- 8.0Roseton Generating Station (River Mile 65)Striped bass1105+/- 14153+/- 19290+/- 30290+/- 80White perch5531+/- 1728+/- 17White perch7047+/- 16Brown bullhead3324+/- 1150+/- 20Perch959+/- 1734+/- 18Catskill Region (River Miles 107 -125)White perch7440+/- 20Brown bullhead660+/- 20Sunfishes2348+/- 18Carp216+/- 7.019+/- 9.0Perch1721+/- 18<2050+/- 30 15 Table 5:Comparison of 90Sr concentrations in bone and edible flesh of fish.State/SiteLocationSpeciesn Concentration Ratiobone:flesh ReferenceBoneEdible fleshSouth Carolina/USDOE Savannah River PlantPond BLargemouth bassYellow bullhead 28 28~ 14.5Bq/g ash
~ 130.47 Bq/g dm 1 0.086 31 151Whicker et al.1990New York/Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc.Cattaraugus Cr.-Rt. 16 bridge-Springville Dam-mouth (Sunset Bay)SuckersSuckersSuckersRainbow troutCarpSuckersSalmon nr 2 nr nr nr nr nr nr228 pCi/kg1049131000 127 606 9587 17382 pCi/kg 1679 500 3 23 8 246 2.8 6.2 62 42 26 1198 0.7NYSDEC 1971New York/Nuclear Fuel Services, Inc.Buttermilk Cr. -at Bond RoadTroutSuckers Suckers nr nr nr320,000 pCi/kg620,00089,5375400 pCi/kg12,000 14,456 59 52 6.2NYSDEC 1971New YorkLake Ontario -at Brockwood (Wayne County)Bass BluegillBullheadSunfish Perch Sucker Black crappie PerchLargemouth bassRock bass Silver bass Carp nr nr nr nr nr nr nr nr nr nr nr nr1410 pCi/kg 312 330 89 3516 497 671 271 408 270 485 898<DL62 pCi/kg 24 17 40 15<DL 3 29 10 25 13 15 nc 4 5.0 14 5.3 88 33 nc 9.3 41 11 37 60NYSDEC 1971New York/Indian Point Nuclear Power PlantHudson River5 species5204<6This studyNew York/Roseton Generating StationHudson River4 species5204<5This studyNew YorkHudson River-at Catskill5 species5240<4This study 1dm = dry mass.
2nr = Not reported.
3DL = Detection limit.
4nc = Not calculated; detection limit not reported.
16 Figure 1 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30