ML21300A285
| ML21300A285 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Issue date: | 10/31/2021 |
| From: | Couret I Office of Public Affairs |
| To: | |
| Malone, Tina | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML21300A234 | List:
|
| References | |
| NUREG-1350, Volume 33 | |
| Download: ML21300A285 (6) | |
Text
2 NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE U.S. AND WORLDWIDE
WORLDWIDE ELECTRICITY GENERATED BY COMMERCIAL NUCLEAR POWER Nuclear reactor technology was first developed in the 1940s, initially for producing weapons, but President Dwight D. Eisenhowers Atoms for Peace program shifted the focus to power generation, scientific research, and the production of medical and industrial isotopes. Today, nuclear technology is global, and nuclear-generated power is a part of the worldwide energy portfolio.
As of June 2021, there were 444 operating reactors in 30 countries with a total net capacity of 394,229 megawatts electric (MWe). In addition, 51 reactors were under construction. Based on data from 2020, France had the highest portion (70.6 percent) of total domestic energy generated by nuclear power. Share of Electricity Generated by Country Nuclear Figure 8. Nuclear Share of Electricity Generated by Country.
France Slovakia Ukraine Hungary Bulgaria Belgium Slovenia Czech Rep.
70.6% 53.1% 51.2% 48% 40.8% 39.1% 37.8% 37.3%
Armenia Finland Switzerland Sweden Rep. Korea Spain Russia Romania 34.5% 33.9% 32.9% 29.8% 29.6% 22.2% 20.6% 19.9%
U.S.A. Canada United Kingdom Germany Argentina Pakistan S. Africa Japan 19.7% 14.6% 14.5% 11.3% 7.5% 7.1% 5.9% 5.1%
China Mexico India Netherlands Brazil Iran UAE 4.9% 5.9% 3.3% 3.2% 2.1% 1.7% 1.7%
In addition to generating electricity, nuclear materials and technology are used worldwide for many Note: Each countrys short-form name is used.
other peaceful Source: IAEA, purposes, such Power as theInformation Reactor following: System database, as of June 2021 for 2020
Radioactive isotopes help diagnose and treat medical conditions
Irradiation makes food safer and last longer, and assists in making pest-resistant seed varieties with higher yields
Nuclear gauges maintain quality control in industry
Radioactive isotopes date objects and identify elements The NRC engages in international activities to exchange regulatory information to enhance the safe and secure civilian use of nuclear materials and technologies.
See Appendix R for the number of nuclear power reactor units by nation; Appendix S for nuclear power reactor units by reactor type, worldwide; and Appendices X, Y, and Z for lists of international activities, including conventions and treaties, bilateral information exchange and cooperation agreements, multilateral organizations in which the NRC participates, and list of export and import licenses.
16 l NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE U.S. AND WORLDWIDE
INTERNATIONAL STRATEGY 2021-2025 The NRC is well-respected internationally in nuclear safety and security regulation. The agencys International Strategy builds directly on the Commissions 2014 International Policy Statement and has two primary aims:
Leverage this reputation to positively influence the development of new, and maintenance of existing, nuclear safety and security regimes around the world; and
Target the staffs international engagement to opportunities that will directly inform the agencys domestic mission objectives.
The strategy consists of five objectives to guide the agencys international engagement and ensure that the agencys activities positively influence global nuclear safety and security, align with U.S. Government policy priorities, and promote strong cooperation with international regulatory partners. The objectives are as follows:
EXCEL Maintain excellence in executing the NRCs statutory and legally mandated activities.
Successfully execute the U.S. Governments export and import mandate for nuclear equipment, components, and materials and contribute to meeting U.S. obligations under nuclear safety, security, and nonproliferation conventions, treaties, and U.S.
Government commitments.
INTEGRATE Integrate the agencys international activities with broader U.S. Government foreign policy and national security objectives.
Frequent engagement with the Executive Branch about how the NRC can complement U.S. foreign policy or national security objectives, recognizing the NRCs nonpromotional status and independence and areas where policy restrictions may influence the direction of the agencys work.
PARTNER Build and maintain partnerships in specific regions of strategic importance to the United States that will support governmentwide objectives and enable the agency to learn from its counterparts and advance its domestic mission.
Establish and maintain strategic global partnerships in all regions in targeted ways; promote domestic and global nuclear safety and security by creating and taking advantage of opportunities to increase cooperation; and gain valuable information to use as a benchmark for the agencys domestic activities.
LEAD Demonstrate leadership in the international community through involvement in key bilateral and multilateral forums in areas of strategic importance to the NRC and U.S. Government.
Positively influence the global nuclear safety and security regime to develop regulatory frameworks that emphasize safety and security as a foremost objective, in a manner that promotes or is consistent with the NRCs domestic regulatory approach.
ASSIST Advance nuclear safety and security worldwide by providing regulatory assistance to countries with emerging regulatory programs, with a focus on countries of strategic importance to the broader U.S. Government.
Countries receiving NRC capacity-building support will make advances in developing a sound, independent, technically competent, adequately resourced nuclear safety and security regulatory infrastructure that mirrors key tenets of the NRCs regulatory infrastructure and approach.
NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE U.S. AND WORLDWIDE l 17
INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES The NRCs international activities support the agencys domestic mission, as well as broader U.S.
domestic and international interests. The wide-ranging activities include the following:
convention and treaty implementation
nuclear nonproliferation
export and import licensing for nuclear materials and equipment
international nuclear safety, security, and safeguards cooperation and assistance
cooperative safety research The NRC works with multinational organizations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the Nuclear Energy Agency of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD/NEA), and bilaterally with regulators in other countries through cooperation and research agreements. These interactions allow the NRC to share and acquire regulatory safety and security best practices. In addition, joint research projects give the NRC access to research facilities not available in the United States.
Conventions and Treaties All countries that ratify nuclear-related conventions and treaties must take actions to implement them. Their actions help ensure high levels of safety and security. For example, the NRC actively participates in and provides leadership for the implementation of the Convention on Nuclear Safety.
The objectives of the Convention are to maintain a high level of nuclear safety worldwide, to prevent accidents with radiological consequences, and to mitigate such consequences should they occur.
In addition, the NRCs international cooperation and assistance activities, as well as import and export licensing of nuclear materials and equipment, fulfill U.S. obligations undertaken under the treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, which says that all parties to the Treaty have the right to participate in the fullest possible exchange of equipment, materials, and scientific and technological information for the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, provided that they meet their nonproliferation obligations. The NRC therefore participates in review meetings and associated activities under this treaty.
The NRC also actively participates in meetings and activities for the following conventions:
Joint Convention on the Safety of Spent Fuel Management and on the Safety of Radioactive Waste Management
Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Its Amendment
Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident
Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency Export and Import Licensing The NRC reviews applications to license exports and imports of nuclear materials and equipment to ensure that such exports and imports will not be inimical to the safety and security of the United States and will be consistent with applicable agreements for the peaceful use of nuclear materials.
The NRCs export and import regulations are found in Title 10 of the Code of Federal Regulations Part 110, Export and import of nuclear equipment and material.
The NRC participates in meetings of the Nuclear Suppliers Group and the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources (see the Web Link Index for the Code of Conduct) to ensure that U.S. export and import controls are appropriate.
Bilateral Cooperation and Assistance The NRC has information-sharing agreements with more than 45 countries, as well as Taiwan and the European Atomic Energy Community (see Appendix X for the list of the NRCs bilateral information exchange and cooperation agreements).
18 l NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE U.S. AND WORLDWIDE
Cooperation The NRC participates in a wide range of programs that enhance the safety and security of peaceful nuclear activities worldwide. With countries that have mature nuclear power or radioactive materials programs, the NRC focuses on sharing information and best practices.
Some of the benefits of consulting with mature regulatory programs include the following:
awareness of reactor construction activities that could apply to new reactors being built in the United States
prompt notification to foreign partners of U.S. safety issues and vice versa
sharing of safety and security information Assistance The NRC provides bilateral and regional capacity-building support, training, workshops, and peer reviews to assist countries as they develop or enhance their national nuclear regulatory infrastructures and programs.
Foreign Assignee Program The NRC provides long-term, on-the-job assignments to foreign regulators at the NRC through its Foreign Assignee Program. This helps both organizations better understand each others regulatory programs, capabilities, and commitments. It also helps to enhance the expertise of both foreign assignees and the NRC staff. The program also fosters relationships between the NRC and key officials in other countries. Since the programs inception in 1975, the NRC has hosted more than 400 foreign assignees.
Foreign Trainee Program The NRC provides opportunities for engineers, scientists, and regulatory personnel from other countries to attend NRC training courses at the Technical Training Center and Professional Development Center.
Multilateral Cooperation and Assistance The NRC plays an active role in the different programs and committee work of multilateral organizations. The agency works with multiple regulatory counterparts through the IAEA, OECD/NEA, and other multilateral organizations on issues related to
safety research and development of standards
radiation protection
risk assessment
waste management
transportation
safeguards, physical protection, and security
training, communications, and public outreach International Cooperative Research The NRC participates in international cooperative research programs to share U.S. operating experience and to learn from the experiences of other countries. This helps leverage access to foreign research data and test facilities otherwise unavailable to the United States.
NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE U.S. AND WORLDWIDE l 19