ML20009B836

Annual Rept,Bailly Nuclear-1 Site Encompassing Apr 1980-Mar 1981.

ML20009B836
Person / Time
Site:	Bailly
Issue date:	05/31/1981
From:	TEXAS INSTRUMENTS, INC.
To:
References
NUDOCS 8107170228
Download: ML20009B836 (400)

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i 1980-1981 ANNUAL REPORT f BAILLY NUCLEAR-1 SITE J f

ENCOMPASSING t-APRIL 1980 - MARCH 1981 4

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MAY 1981 f I

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j Prepared for

! NORTHERN INDIANA .i PUBLIC SERVICE COMPANY  !

5265 Hohman Avenue i Ha:mnond, Indiana 46325 [.

by TEXAS INSTRUMENTS. INCORPORATED ,

ECOLOGICAL SERVICES P.O. Box 225621  ;

- Dallas, Texas 75265  ;

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S1'MMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Terrestrial The 1980 terrestrial supling on the Bailly study area was accomplished on schedule in May, July, and October. Soil conductivity, vegetation stress symp-toms, and large mammals were surveyed in each of these months. Vegetation and insects were surveyed in July. Small mammals and birds were surveyed in May and October, and roadside surveys specifically for rabbits, pheasants, and doves were conducted in May and July. Reptiles and amphibians were surveyed in May and July.

In addition to regularly scheduled sampling, a comprehensive survey to record present land use/ land cover and vegetation stress in the Bailly study area and vicinity was conducted in August 1980. The results of this survey were pre-sented in a separate report. Generally, this survey showed most land use/ land cover changes since 1974 had occurred in wet locations, and most vegetation

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stress was related either to moisture deficiency or excess, consistent with the change from dry to wet cover or vice versa.

! Regular vegetation sampling showed no major changes in species composition, density, dominance, or other parameters. Succession was most pronounced in the Transmission Corridor, following fire and herbicide treatment. The Emer-gent Macrophyte Community showed mortality of aquatic species as Pond B dried as a result of living the NIPSCo fly ash ponds.

4 Soil conductivity values for May, July, and October 1980 were well below those potentially detrimental to plants and were generally consistent with those of _

l past years.

l Mammal surveys revealed the presence of the deer mouse, which has not been re-corded recently from the vicinity of the study area and is newly recorded on the site. Large catches of the meadow vole and greater numbers of observations of the muskrat and white-tailed deer indicated a probable peak in the cyclic meadow vole population and an increase in populations of the other two species.

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o Bird surveys revealed bird usage of most habitats was consistent with that of the past. The disturbances in ponds A and B reduced usage of those locations by waterfowl and other aquatic species, as expected. Yearly comparisons of bird presence in Cowles Bog Woods showed that species composition is changing as the habitat matures, with the number of newly recorJed species approximat-ing that of species no longer utilizing the location. The Short-billed Marsh Wren, a Blue Listed species that was sighted in previous years, was also observed in 1980.

Reptile and amphibian surveys revealed one newly recorded species (the spotted turtle), which is a potential candidate for the Indiana Endangered and Threatened List, and two species sporadically recorded (the hognose snake and northern brown snake). These observations indicate that significant decline in herptofaunal species on the study area probably has not occurred as pre-viously believed. However, loss of pond habitat will cause a decline in numbers of individuals, if not species removal.

Insect sa=pling during 1980 reflected warmest nighttime temperatures in 3 years, with lighttrap surveys producing several taxa not observed previously. Total insect families and distribution were consistent with past results.

Aquatic Aquatic sa=pling was conducted during April, June, August, and November 1980 and January 1981. Phytoplankton, periphyton, zooplankton, benthos, macrophytes, fishery, water quality, and sediment particle size samples were collected and analyzed. Sampling in Pond B could not be accomplished after June 1980 as it was dry. This drying corresponded with lining of the ash-settling ponds.

Aquatic Flora. Mean phytoplankton density was significantly higher (2= 0.05),

in Lake Michigan in 1980 than in prior years. Phytoplankton biovolume gener-l ally followed the changes in density, although not at the saec fast rate, im-plying species ccmpositional change over years. Blue-green algae were numer-ically dominant throughout 1980 sampling. Phytoplankton density at the dis-charge was not significantly higher than the mean of all other stations.

Mean phytoplankton densities in the interdunal ponds were comparable to those recorded for previous years, with no apparent consistent change in density over time. The biovolume peak observed in August 1980 was second only to the one ty services group

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V which occurred in 1979 and resulted primarily from a large-celled dino-flagellate phytoplankton.

Comparing dominant algal forms with dominant forms from previous years indi-cated annual continuity, although considerable variability was evident among less common forms and the similarity between 1980 and 1979 was lower for both l

the lake and the pond samples. Eutrophication indices denote a change in Lake Michigan flora to more tolerant forms; however, no major changes in eutrophi-cation indices were cbserved in the interdunal ponds.

Phytoplankton chlorophyll a,and productivity levels did not correspond well to biovolume fluctuations iuccessional changes throughout the sampling year and l between years affect chlorophyll and productivity values. )

l As in previous years, 1980 periphyton data revealed similar abundances among  ;

stations. Periphyton distribution was only marginally affected by the presence of heated water. The presence of the thermointolerant taxon Rhoicosphenia curvata defined the effective extent of plume influence. The genera Eunctia, Svnedra, and Navicula, which were collected primarily in the interdunal ponds, may be considered eurytopic or eutrophic indicators.

Zooplankton. Changes observed in the zooplankton community over the past 5 years were due primarily to pcriodic occurrences of uncommon species, princi-pally of cladocerans and copepods. Seasonal density distributions in 1980, compared with previous years, indicated essentially unimodal patterns from year to year. Density maxima were higher in 1980 than in 1979 but similar to abundance in 1976. Seasonal succession patterns in 1979 Lake Michigan zoo-plankton, similar to previous years, are displayed by the shared dominance of calanoid copepodids and diaptomid copepods in the spring, cyclopoid copepodids and bosminid cladocerans in the summer and bosminid cladocerans and cyclopoid

,copepodids in November. As in previous years, the relatively stable community structure in the lake suggests none or only negligible influence frem plant operation on Lake Michigan's major zooplankton components.

Zooplankton communities in the ponds over the past 5 years reflect the more unstable conditions prevalent within this system; densities have been variable since 1974, Periods of peak bosminid occurrence have decreased compared to previous years; concurrently, relative abundances of cyclopoid copepods and chydorid cladocerans have steadily increased since 1974, while calanoid copepod v servlees group

O relative abundance, although never very high, declined noticeably between 1974 Such trends are lll and 1979. During 1980, calenoid numbers were up slightly.

described in the literature as indicative of increased eutrophication. As in previous years, 1980 pond zooplankton abundance was higher than that recorded in the lake; abundance peaked in August with low abundances in April and November.

The degree to which plant operation may influence pond community dynamics could not be assessed. However, trends similar to those described above have been found in the literature, suggesting that the major community component shifts may be a natural lienological process. During 1981, sampling should reveal if there has been detrimental effects from ash-settling pond seepage. Unfortu-nacely, the most potentially effected pond, Pond B, has become dry.

Benthos. Benthic density in Lake Michigan increased to peak abundances in June with a small decline through August and November. Depth-related density vari-ations were also observed in 1980 in that density generally increased with depth, primarily due to the abundance of tubificids. Little or no difference in seasonal density distribution was indicated between nearfield and farfield stations although, as in most previous years, densities at Station 10 (dis-charge) were considerably lower than at other stations. The overall density pattern during 1980 was very similar to that observed in previous years; how-ever, total abundance along the 50-foot depth contour was not as high as ob-served in 1979 and 1978. The seasonal succession pattern in the lake was characterized by dominance of tubificids throughout the year with chironomids abundant in all month except June, amphipods in April and June, and naldids abundant in August. The basic community components and successional patterns of 1980 were consistent with those of previous years. Data indicated that while plant operation may exert a negative influence in the immediate vicinity of the discharge, no discernible deleterious effects of plant operation on Lake Michigan outside the area of the discharge are obvious.

Density of benthos in nearshore ponds was characterized by relatively uniforu total densities from April through November. Cowles Bog generally displayed the lowest densities within this pond system, which has not been the case in previous years. Total _ densities have been relatively similar since 1976.

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(_) Pond benthic fauna during 1977 was dominated throughout the year by tubificid worms, which was not the case during 1978 or 1979. However, tubif_eids were again dominant in 1980. Chironomids and naidids were dominant in 1978 and 1979.

A comparison of all data from 1974-1979 indicates a general similarity of ben-thos communities except in 1977 when the relative abundnace of naidids was atypically low and relative abundance of tubificids was atypically high.

Aquatic Macrophytes. Composition of aquatic macrophyte communities sampled in June 1980 was generally similar to that of previous years. The dominant and/or common species were bullhead lily, coontail, arrow arum (Cowles Bog), and pond-weed. Areas along the edges of ponds B and C and throughout Cowles Bog were characterized, as in previous years, by a predominance of emergent species.

Some factor other than natural variation may be influencing the dominant rac-rophyte species in Pond B, since the dominant macrophyte in the pond has usu-ally been different each year of the study. Influence in Pond B during 1980 was due in part to the lowering of water levels prior to sampling.

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Fisheries. The 1980 yield in fisheries sampling was distributed among 11 species. Alewife and lake trout were abundant in gill net samples, while spot-tail shiner and yellow perch were dominant in samples collected by beach seine.

Electrofishing in Pond B yielded 8 black bullheads and 12 green sunfish. Icn-thyoplankton collections were comprised of alewife and cyprinid eggs, and ale-wife and spottail shiner larvae. All species collected in 1980 have been re-ported in previous collections except spottail shiner larvae and no major change in fish species composition was found in samples from the Bailly study area. Spawning in the area apparently is confined primarily to alewives, smelt, and cyprinids. Condition of the collected fish was normal, and no external parasites were noted on salmonids collected during 1980. No potential dis-turbance of rare or endangered species was noted and none were collected.

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Water Quality. Water quality values in both Lake Michigan and the interdunal

_s ponds were similar to those from previous years. Virtually all values in

( Lake Michigan were well within applicable Indiana Stream Pollution Control

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O Board (ISPCB) standards. One exception was pH, which was slightly more alka-lll line than ISPCB standards for Lake Michigan, but was well within normal toler-ance limits for resident biota. There was more variability of water quality values in the nearshore ponds than in Lake Michigan, as was the case in pre-vious years. Highest variability and concentrations were generally in ash-settling ponds. Pond B values were usually higher than those of the ash ponds and appeared to reflect some seepage or accumulation from the ash ponds, al-though the relationship is not clear. Pond B dried and was not sampled after June. A trend of increasing sulfate concentrations since 1974 was noted in the ponds. Although some indication of increasing sulfate levels was also observed in the ash-settling ponds, the relationship between concentrations in the natural and artifical ponds is not clear; sulfate concentrations were high-er in Pond B than in the ash-settling ponds during 1979. However, 1980 levels in Pond B cire decreasing through June and increasing in the ash-settling ponds. Silica levels in Lake Michigan have been observed to be decreasing slightly over time, a condition also noted in other portions of Lake Michigan.

The 1980 values appear similar to 1979, indicating a stabilizing of the over-all values. h An examination of 1979 phytoplankton data indicates that this depletion may be one factor in the shift from a diatom-dominant fall population to a green / blue-green dominant fall population. In general, observatiens of silica, phosphorus, and nitrogen indicate that even with the lower silica levels, the lake supports a diverse planktonic community.

Trace elements in both water and sediment, and indicators of industrial or or-ganic contamination were monitored only in the ash-settling and interdunal ponds. Trace element surveys revealed no consistent trends, but rather con-stant fluctuations of all values. Cadmium, iron, manganese, and mercury ex-ceeded the ISPCB standard during one or more of the sampling periods. The ob-served high and low values, considering the scattered nature of the high val-ues, may indicate a normal pond cycle. High iron levels in all the ponds observed during 1976 and 1977 and 1979 but net observed during 1978 were found again in 1980. The source of these high concentrations of iron has not been determined.

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Total and fecal coliform levels in the ponds were also examined and values found quite variable. Highest values in natural ponds were found during August 1980 (Cowles Bog) and appear correlated with warm-water temperatures. Bio-chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and chemical oxygen demand levels were reasonably low, with variations during the study apparently seasonally related to plant and animal successions. The remaining parameters (hexane-soluble materials, phenols,and methylene-blue active substances) were low.

Pharals were above ISPCB standards in the ponds only during April; however the standards for Lake Michigan do not necessarily apply to the ponds. The source of these phenols is not known.

From the composite data, it appears that the biota and chemical parameters in the Bailly study area show natural variability from year to year.

With the exception of Pond B, into which some seepage may have been occurring, and Station 10, which is influenced by the discharge, there was no indication that Bailly Station operation has a significant effect on area biota or water q quality.

'V Su= mary of Construction Activities, Bailly Generating Station April 1980 - March 1981 The construction of Bailly N-1 was suspended pending completion of the review and concurrence of the pile design by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission. This release was received on March 6, 1981.

I The new precipitator and balance draft conversion for Units #7 and #8 has been completed.

l The sealing of the ash ponds by stations 14 and 15 has been completed, return-( ing the ponds to operation. The remaining ash ponda will be sealed in summer l

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l The Waste Water Treat =ent Facility has been completed and is operating.

Dredging operation on the intake structure was completed in the fall of 1980.

Construction on the Coal Dust Elimination System for the Crusher House was com-l pleted.

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y) TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Title Page

SUMMARY

AND CONCLUSIONS 111

• l-1 1 TERRESTRIAL

1.1 INTRODUCTION

AND STATUS 1-1 1.2 VEGETATION 1-4 1.2.l' QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 1-10 1.2.1.1 Beachgrass Community 1-10 1.2.1.2 Foredune Community 1-11 1.2.1.3 Immature Oak Forest Comunity 1-22 1.2.1.4 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Dry) Community 1-24 1.2.1.5 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Wet) Community 1-25 1.2.1.6 Cowles Bog (0 pen) Community 1-27 1.2.1.7 Maple Forest Comunity 1-29 1.2.1.8 Emergent Macrophyte Community 1-30 1.2.1.9 Transmission Corridor Community 1-31 1.2.2 QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS 1-32 1.2.2.1 Sedge Meadev Community 1-32 1.2.2.2 Imature Oak Comunity 1-33 1.2.2.3 Wetland Meadow Community 1-33 ht 1.2.2.4 1.2.2.5 Foliar Effects Soil Conductivity 1-34 1-35 1.3 MAMMALS 1-37 1.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

1-37 1.3.2 RESULTS 1-37 1.3.2.1 Beachgrass Community 1-37 1.3.2.2 Foredune Community 1-39 1.3.2.3 Immature Oak Forest Comunity 1-39 l.3.2.4 Cowles Bog (Wooded) Community 1-40 1.3.2.5 Cowles Bog (0 pen) Community 1-40 1.3.2.6 Maple Forest Community 1-41 1.3.2.7 Emergent Macrophyte Community 1-41 1.3.2.8 Transmission Corridor 1-41 1.3.2.9 Road Route 1-42 1.3.2.10 Yearly Comparison 1-43 1.3.2.11 Disease and Parasites 1-46 1.4 AVIFAUNA 1-46' l.4.1 INTRODUCTI0h 1-46 1.4.2 RESULTS 1-46 1.4.2.1 Be vra,3s Community 1-46 1.4.2.2 .n ere Oak Forest Comunity 1-46 1.4.2.' av i , Bog (Wooded) Community 1-47 1.4.2. .3 Log (0 pen) Co=munity 1-48

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Section Title Page 1 1.4.2.6 Transmission Corridor Community 1-50 1.4.2.7 Road-Route Census 1-50 1.4.2.8 Aquatic Sampling Location 1-33 1.4.2.9 Yearly Comparison 4 1-53 1.5 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 1-56 1.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

1-56 1.5.2 RESULTS 1-56 1.5.2.1 Lakefront Communities 1-56 1.5.2.2 Cowles Bog (Wooded) Community 1-57 1.5.2.3 Cowles Bog (0 pen) Community 1-57 1.5.2.4 Maple Forest Community 1-57 1.5.2.5 Emergent Macrophyte Community 1-57 1.5.2.6 Transmission Corridor Community 1-58 1.5.2.7 Annual Comparisons 1-58 1.6 INVERTEBRATES 1-59 1.6.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND CONDITIONS 1-59 1.6.2 RESULTS 1-59 1.6.2.1 1.6.2.2 Beachgrass Community Foredune Community 1-65 1-66 lll 1.6.2.3 Immature Oc'- Forest Community 1-f 1.6.2.4 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Dry) Community 1-67 1.6.?.5 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Wet) Ccemunity 1-68 1.6.2.5 Dunes Creek Community 1-69 1.6.2.7 Maple Woods Commun.'.ty 1-69

1. 6 . 2 . 8 Emergent Macrophyte Community 1-70 1.6.2.9 Transmission Corridor Community 1-70 1.6.3

SUMMARY

l-71 1.7 TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES CITED 1-73 2 AQUATIC ECOLOGY 2-1

2.0 INTRODUCTION

AND STATUS 2-1 2.1 AQUATIC FLORA 2-4 2.1.1 METHODOLOGY 2-4 2.1.2 RESULTS 2-7 2.1.3 DISCUSSION 2-7 2.1.3.1 Phytoplankton Density and Biovolume 2-7 2.1.3.2 Phytoplankton Chlorophyll a and 2-37 Productivity 2.1.3.3 Phytoplackton Statistical Analysis 2-39 2.1.3.4 Periphyton Sumerical Abundance and 2-41 Composition 2.1.3.5 Periphyton Chlorophyll a 2-62 2.1.3.6 Periphyton Statistical Analvsis 2-62 xii services group

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Section Title Page 2 2.2 ZOOPLANKTON 2-64 2.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2-64 2.2.2 METHODOLOGY 2-64 2.2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2-65 2.2.3.1 Introduction 2-65 2.2.3.2 Zooplankton Occurrence 2-65 2.2.3.3 Numerical Abundance 2-73 2.2.3.4 Percent Composition 2-75 2.2.3.5 Trophic Relationships 2-82 2.2.3.6 Statistical Analysis 2-86 2.3 BENTH0S 2-88 2.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

2-88 2.3.2 METHODOLOGY 2-89 2.3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2-91 2.3.3.1 Numerical Abundance 2-91 2.3.3.2 Species Composition 2-95 2.3.3.3 Zonation 2-111 2.3.3.4 Benthic Indicator Organisms 2-115 2.3.3.5 Benthic Statistical Analysis 2-120

) 2.4 AQUATIC MACROPHYTON 2-123 2.4.1 METHODOLOGY 2-123 2.4.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2-124 2.5 FISHERIES STUDIES 2-128 2.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

2-128 2.5.2 METHODOLOGY 2-129 l

l 2.5.2.1 Experimental Gill Nets 2-129 2.5.2.2 Beach Seine 2-130 2.5.2.3 Electrofishing Unit 2-130 2.5.2.4 Benthic Pump 2-130 2.5.2.5 Hoop Net 2-130 2.5.2.6 Food Habits 2-131 2.5.2.7 Data Analysis 2-131 l

2.5.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2-132

( 2-132 2.5.3.1 Species Composition 2.5.3.2 Gill Net Sampling 2-134

. 2.5.3.3 Beach Seine Sampling 2-135 l 2.5.3.4 Electrofishing 2-139 2.5. 3.5 Ichthyoplankton 2-139 1

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Section Title Page 2 2.5.4 SPECIES DISCUSSION 2-143 2.5.4.1 Alewife 2-145 2.5.4.2 Yellow Perch 2-149 2.5.4.3 Spottail Shiner 2-153 2.5.4.4 Salmon and Trout (Salmonidae) 2-156 2.5.4.5 other Species 2-164 2.5.5 COMMERCIAL AND SPORT FISHING 2-164 2.5.6 POTENTIAL DISRUPTION OF RARE AND ENDANGERED 2-165 SPECIES 2.6 WATER QUALITY 2-166 2.

6.1 INTRODUCTION

2-166 2.6.2 METHODOLOGY 2-167 2.6.3 RESULTS 2-170 2.6.4 DISCUSSION 2-170 2.6.4.1 General Water Quality Parameters 2-170 2.6.4.2 Aquatic Nutrients 2-181 2.6.4.3 Trace Elements in Water 2-192 2.6.4.4 Indicators of Industrial and organic 2-198 2.6.4.5 Contamination Trace Elements in Sediments 2-200 g

2.7 AQUATIC REFERENCES CITED 2-202 APPENDIXES Appendix Title A ANNOTATED LIST OF MMDML SPECIES REPORTED FROM BAILLY STUDY AREA, MAY, JULY, AND OCTOBER 1980 B 1974-1980 CHECKLIST AND ANNOTATED LIST OF BIRD SPECIES OBSERVED IN THE BAILLY STUDY AREA, MAY, JULY AND OCTOBER 1980 C ANNOTATED LIST OF AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SPECIES OBSERVED AT THE BAILLY STUDY AREA, 1980 D CHECKLIST OF ARTHROPOD FACIA COLLECTED IN THE BAILLY STUDY AREA, 1974-1980 E WATER-QUALITY F DATA CORRECTIONS FOR 1980 QUARTERLY REPORTS: APRIL PHYTOPLANKTON, JUNE AND NOVEMBER ZOOPLANKTON, AND APRIL A'iD JUNE BENTHIC MACR 0 INVERTEBRATES xiv services group

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TABLES Table Title Page 1-1 Terrestrial Ecology Sampling Schedule and Personnel for 1-1 Spring, Summer, and Fall Seasons, 1980 1-2 Occurrence of Plant Taxa, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-6 and Previously 1-3 Herbaceous Stratum Taxa Laportant for at Least One Sampling 1-12 Year, Sampling Locations 1-8, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 1-4 Yearly Importance Values for All Shrub Stratum Taxa, Sampling 1-13 Locations 2-6, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 1-5 Yearly Importance Values for All Tree Stratum Taxa, Sampling 1-14 Locations 2-4, and 6, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 1-6 Total Basal Area of Tree Stratum Species, Sampling Locations 1-14 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and 6, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 1-7 Density, Dominzace, Frequency, and Importance Values for 1-19 Beachgrass Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980

() 1-8 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Foredune Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-22 1-9 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance values for 1-23 Immature Oak Forest Connunity Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-10 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for 1-24 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Dry) Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-11 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for 1-26 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Wet) Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-12 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for 1-28 Ccwles Bog 'Open) Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-13 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for 1-29 Maple Forest Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-14 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for 1-31 Emergent Macrophyte Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 O

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Table Title Page 1-15 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for 1-32 Transmission Corridor Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-16 Plants Observed in Sedge Meadow Community, Bailly Study Area, 1-32 July 1980 1-17 Plants Observed in Immature Oak Co=munity, Bailly Study Area, 1-33 July 1980 1-18 Plants Observed in Wetland Meadow Community, Bailly Study 1-34 Area, July 1980 1-19 Mean Soil Conductivities, Bailly Study Area, May, July, and 1-36 October 1974-1980 1-20 Sightings of Mammals or Mammal Signs, Bailly Study Area, 1980 1-37 1-21 Abundances of Small Mammals Collected by Trapping, Bailly 1-38 Study Area, May and October 1980 1-22 Cottontail Rabbit Sightings along 22-Mile Road Route near 1-42 g Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 W 1-23 Population Fluctuations of Four Specier of Mammals As 1-43 Determined f rom Tot al Sightings, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 1-24 Catch per 100 Trap-Nights of Three Small Mammals in Dif ferent 1-44 Communities, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 1.25 Bird Abundances in Beach Grass and Immature Oak Forest 1-47 Communities, Bailly Study Area, 1980 1-26 Bird Abundances in Cowles Bog Wooded and Open Communities, 1-48 Bailly Study Area, 1980 1-27 Bird Abundances along Cowles Bog Trail, Bailly Study Area, 1-49 1980 1-28 Bird Abundances in Maple Forest and Transmission Corridor 1-50 Communities, Bailly Study Area, 1980 1-29 Numbers and Occurrences of Birds along a 22-Mile Road Route, 1-51 Bailly Study Area, 1980 l l

1-30 Maximum Numbers of Waterfowl and Shore Birds observed in 1-52 Aquatic Bird Surveys, Bailly Study Area, 1980 l

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Table Title Page 1-31 Numbers of Bird Species Common to Each Year of Study, 1-54 Cowles Bog Irail, Bailly Study Area 1-32 Proportion of Bird Species Common to Each Year of Study, 1-54 Cowles Bog Trail, Bailly Study Area 1-33 Total Species Count and Number of New Species Seen on 1-55 Cowles Bog Transect Surveys, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1930 1-34 Abundances of Amphibians and Reptiles, Bailly Study Area, 1980 1-56 1-35 Occurrence of Arthropod Taxa, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 1-60 2-1 Aquatic Ecology Sampling Frequency, Bailly Study Area, 2-2 April 1980-March 1981 2-2 Scheduled Dates and Purposes of All Aquatic Field Trips, 2-3 Bailly Study Area 2-3 Phytoplankton Occurrence, Bailly Study Area,1980 2-8

) 2-4 Annual Occurrence of Phytoplankton, Lake Michigan and 2-11 Nearshore Ponds,1974 through 1980, Bailly Study Area 2-5 Mean Phytoplankton Density and Biovolume, Bailly Study Area, 2-25 1980 2-6 Percent Composition of Major Phytoplankton Groups, Bailly 2-26

Study Area, 1980 2-7 Phytoplankton ANOVA Results, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-40 2-8 Annual Occurrence of Periphyton, Lake Michigan and Nearshore 2-42 l

Ponds,1974 through 1980, Bailly Study Area  ;

I 2-9 Percent Composition of Major Periphyton Groups, Bailly 2-58 Study Area, 1980 2-10 Percent Composition of Dominant Periphyton Diatoms in 2-60 Lake Michigan, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-11 Percent Composition of Dominant Periphyton Diatoms, 2-61 l

Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-12 Zooplankton Occurrence, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-66 2-13 Zooplankton Occurrence, Lake Michigan and Nearshore Ponds, 2-68

' Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 f

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TABIES (CONTD)

Table Title Page 2-14 Zooplankton D'ensity for Lake Michigan Stations 1-10 and 2-73 Interdunal Pond Sta tions 17-11, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-15 Percent Composition of Ma jor Zooplankton Forms in Lake 2-81 Michigan and Interdunal Ponds, Bailly Study Area,1980 2-16 Benthic Invertebrate Density, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-91 2-17 Percent Composition of Abundant Benthic Organisns, 2-96 Bailly Study Area,1980 2-18 Benthic Organisms in Lake Michigan and Nearshore Ponds, 2-97 Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-19 Benthic Invertebrate Occurrence, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-108 2-20 Mean Sediment Particle Size, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-112 2-21 Food, Habitats, and Tolerance Limits of Common Groups of 2-116 Benthic Invertebrates 2-22 1975-1980 across-Year ANOVA Results for Lake Michigan 2-121 h Benthic Macroinvertebrate Total Densities 2-23 1980 ANOVA Results for Lake Michigan Benthic Macroinvertebrate 2- 122 Total Densities 2-24 1980 ANOVA Results for Nearshore Ponds Benthic 2-122 Macroinvertebrate Total Densities 2-25 1975-1980 across-Year ANOVA Results for Nearshore Ponds 2-123 Benthic Macroinvertebrate Total Densities 2-26 Macrophyte Composition, Bailly Study Area, June 1980 2-125

' 27 Generalized Key to Common Nearshore Pond Macrophyte Flora 2-127 Collected in Bailly Study Area 2-28 Cc= mon and Scientific Names of Fish Collected in Bailly 2-133 Study Area, 1974-1980 2-29 Number and Percent Composition of Fish C silected by Gill Net 2-134 Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-30 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Catch Collected 2-136 by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-31 Number and Percent Composition of Fish Collected by Beach 2-137 0

Seine, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 services group xviii

O r

(,s) TABLES (CONTD)

Table Title Page 2-32 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Catch Collected 2-138 by Beach Seine, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-33 Na,aber and Percent Composition of Fish Collected by 2-139 Electrofishing, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-34 Mean Densities of Fish Eggs Collected by Vertical Tows, 2-140 Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-35 Mean Densities of Fish Larvae Collected by Vertical Net Tows, 2-141 Bailly Study Area, 1974-19 80 2-36 Mean Densities of Fish Eggs Collected by Benthic Pump, Bailly 2-142 Study Area, 1974-1980 2-37 Mean Densities of Fish Larvae Collected by Benthic Pump, Bailly 2-142 Study Area, 1974-1980 2-38 Incidental Ichthyoplankton Observations from Ponar Grab 2-143 Samples, Brilly Study Area,1980 I~) 2-39 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of 2-144

\ Alewives Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-40 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of Alewives 2-146 Collected by Beach Seine, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-41 Food Habits of Adult Alewife, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-147 2-42 Food Habits of Juvenile Alewife, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-148 2-43 Condition Factors of Fish Collected in Bailly Station 2-148 Vicinity, 1974-1980, Plus Values Obtained from Relevant Literature 2-44 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of Yellow 2-150 Perch Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-45 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths sua Weights of Yellow 2-15 1 Perch Collected by Beach Seine, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-46 Food Habits of Adult Yellow Perch, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-152 i

2-47 Food Habits of Juvenile Yellow Perch, Bailly Study Area, 1980 2-152 2-48 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of 2- 154

) Spottail Shiners Collected by Beach Seine, Bailly Study i (l

'- Area, 1974-1980 xix services group l

TABLES (CONTD)

Table Title Page 2-49 Food Habits of Adult Spottail Shiners, Bailly Study Area,1980 2-155 2-50 Food Habits of Juvenile Spottail Shiner, Bailly Study Area, 2-155 1980 2-51 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of 2-158 Chinook Salmon Collectea by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-52 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of Lake 2- 159 Trout Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-53 Catch per Unit Ef fort and Mean Lengths and Weights of Brown 2-160 Trout Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-54 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of 2-161 Steelhead Trout Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-55 Catch per Unit Effort and Mean Lengths and Weights of Coho 2-162 Salmen Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-56 Food Habits of Adult Salmonids, Bailly Study Area,1980 2-163 2-57 Lake Michigan Commercial Fishery Reported Catch in Founds 2-164 2-58 Rare, Endangered, or Threatened Fish Species in Indiana 2-166 2-59 Water Quality Values Defined by the Indiana Stream Pollutica 2-168 Centrol Board, or USEPA and Applicable to Lake Michigan in the NIPSCo Bailly Study Area 2-60 Water Quality Parameters Measured in Bailly Study Area 2-169 2-61 Concentrations of Ammonia, Nitrate, Nitrite, and Organic 2-190 Nitrogen, Lake Michigan Control Station 95 and Nearshore Pond Stations 17-21, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-62 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards , 2-194 Bailly Study Area, April 1980-March 1981 2-63 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, 2-194 Bailly Study Area, April 1979-March 1980 2-64 Trace lement Concentrations Exceeding Indiana S tandards , 2-195 3ailly Study Area, April 1978-March 1979 services group

O

() TABLES (CONTD)

Table Title Page 2-65 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, 2-195 Bailly Study Area, April 1977-March 1978 2-66 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, 2- 196 Beilly Study Area, January 1976-March 1977 2-67 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, 2-196 Bailly Study Area, April 1975-March 1976 2-68 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, 2-197 Bailly Study Area, May 1974-February 1975 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Description Page 1-1 Terrestrial Sampling Locations in Vicinity of Bailly Study 1-2 Area 1-2 f,'I u

\ 1-2 22-Mile Road Route in Vicinity of Bailly Study Area l-3 Aquatic Habitats Se' pled for Water Birds in the Bailly 1-3 Study Area,1980 1-4 Cumulative and Yearly Species Totals, Sampling Locations 1-8, 1-15 Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 1-5 Yearly and 7-Year Mean Percent Ground Cover for Sampling 1-20 Locations 1-6 and 8, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1480 1-6 Relationship of Vegetation Communities, Meon Soil Conductivity,1-36 Soil Structure / Composition, and Soil Moisture, Bailly Study Area 1-7 Numbers of Mammal Species Encountered, Bailly Study Area, 1980 1-38 2-1 Aquatic Sampling Stations, NIPSco Bailly Nuclear-1 Plant Site 2-1 2-2 Mean Phytoplankton Density and Biovolume, Lake Michigan, 2-27 Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-3 Mean Phytoplankton Density and Lievolume, Nearshore Ponds, 2-28 Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-4 Phytoplankton Density, Lake Michigan Stations, Bailly Study 2-30

(~)

'- Area, 1975-190' i

l services group xxi i

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\

f ILLUSTRATIONS (CONTD) h Figure Description Page 2-5 Mean Phytoplankton Density at Lake Michigan Stations, 2-31 Bailly Study Area Summed over 1975-1980 2-6 Mean Phytoplankton Biovolume at Lake Michigan Stations, 2-31 Bailly Study Area Summed over 1975-1980 2-7 Phytoplankton Biovolume, Lake Michigan, Bailly Study Area, 2-32 1975-1980 2-8 Phytoplankton Biovolume, Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 2-34 1975-1980 2-9 Mean Phytoplanktor. Biovolume, Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study 2-35 Area, Su=med over 1975-1980 2-10 Mean Phytoplankton Density, Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Studv 2-35 Area, Summed over 1975-1980 2-11 Phytoplankton Density, Nearshore Ponds , Bailly S tudy Area, 2-36 1975-1980 2-12 Mean Phyteplankton Density at Nearshore Pond Stations, Bailly Study Area Summed over 1975-1980 2-37 lll 2-13 Phytoplankton Chlorophyll a Concentrations, Bailly Study 2-38 Area, 1974-1980 2-14 Phytoplankton Productivity Levels, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-28 2-15 Periphyton Chlorophyll a Concentrations, Bailly Study Area, 2-63 1976-1980 2-16 Index of Similarity for Zooplankton Communities, Bailly 2-72 Study Area, 1974-1980 2-1/ Zooplankton Density, Lake Michigan Stations, Bailly Study 2-74 Area, 1975-1980 2-18 Zooplankten Density, Bailly Study Area, 1975-1980 2-19 Zooplankton Density, Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 2-77 1975-1980 2-20 Average Zooplankton Density, Lake Michigan and Nearshore 2-73 Pond Stations, Bailly Study Area, Summed over 19'5-1980 2-21 Percentage Composition of Important Zooplankten Forms, Lake 2-79 gg Michigan, Bailly S tudy Area, 1974-1980 xxii services group

o ILLUSTRATIONS (CONTD)

Figure Description Page 2-22 Percentage Composition of Important Zooplankton Forms, 2-80 Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-23 Comparison of Phytoplankton Density and Zooplankton Density, 2-84 Lake Michigan, Bailly Study Area, IS 7 F-1980 2-24 Comparison of Phytoplankton Density and Zooplankton Density, 2-85 Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1975-1980 2-25 Benthic Invertebrate Density, Lake Michigan Stations, 2-92 Bailly Study Area, 1975-1980 2-26 Benthic Invertebrate Density, Bailly Study Area, 1975-1980 2-93 2-27 -ithic Invertebrate Density, Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study 2-94

.rea, 1975-1980 2-28 Percentage Composition of Abundant Benthic Organisms, Laka 2-107 Michigan, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-29 Percentage Composition of Abundant Benthic Organisms, 2-110

() Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-30 Sediment Particle Size Distribution, Bailly Study Area, 2-114 1974-1980 2-31 Some Common Macrophytes Found in Pond Areas, Bailly Study Area 2-126 2-32 Temperatures Measured at Lake Michigan Control Station 9S, 2-171 Discharge Station 105, and Mean Pond Temperature for Stations 17S-21S, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-33 Alkalinity at Lake Michigan Station 9S, Settling Ponds 13-16, 2-175 Ponds B and C, and Cowles Bog, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-34 Total Dissol'ed Solids Concentrations, Lake Michigan, Bailly 2-176 Study Area, 1974-1980 2-35 Total Dissolved Solids Concentration for Interdunal Pond 2-173 Samples, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-36 Sulfate Concentrations, Pond B and Ash-Settling Pond Stations 2-180 14 and 15, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-37 The Downward Trend in Silic.:ce Concentrations in Lake Michigan 2-184

,s durirg the Period 1962- 1975

'"' 2-38 Mean Silica Concentrations, Lake Michigan Stations, Bailly 2-1S5 Study Area, 1974-1980 xxiii services group

o ILLUSTRATIONS (CONTD) 9 Figure Description Page 2-39 Silica Concentrations , Nearshore Ponds, Bailly S. udy Area, 2-186 1974-1980 i

2-40 Orthephosphate Concentrations, Lake Michigan Control station 2-188 9S and Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 2-41 Nitrate Nitrogen Concentrations at Lake Michigan Control 2- 19 1 Station 9S and Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 0

1 l

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services group xxiv

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b) g SECTION 1 TERRESTRIAL

1.1 INTRODUCTION

AND STATUS The objectives of this seventh annual report on terrestrial monitoring activ- ,

ities in the Bailly study area ere to document existing environmental condi-tions and to indicate changes : n the terrestrial b'ota relative to construction of Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSco) Bailly Nuclear-1 Generating Station.

Monitoring of the terrestrial biota in the study area has continued since 1974 through a sampling program that encompasses vegetation, soil conductivity, mam-r2als , birds , reptiles and amphibians, and arthropods. The terrestrial sampling program and investigators for 1980 are outlined on Table 1-1. Sampling loca-tions for the various sampling activities are shown on Figures 1-1, 1-2, and

, 1-3. Sanpling methods followed the procedures defined in the Standard Operating Procedures previously prepared for NIPSco (Texas Instruments 1978a) .

Table 1-1 Terrestrial Ecology Eampling Schedule and Personnel for Spring, Summer, and Fall Seasons,1930 Sasseling spring Swmer Fall' Saseline activity location

• May 1-16 Jul 2-31 ?t2-15

1. Vegetation and soils

a. Vegeta lon analysis e Quantitative 1-8 x e Qualitative 9-11 x

b. Folf ar effects 1-11 x x

c. Soil conductivity analysis 1-6. 8-10 x x x

2. Maamals

a. Small mammel trapping 1.3.4.6.3 x

b. Large mammal observations 1-11 x x a

c. Roadstoe counts (rabbits) 22-ei route x x

3. Avif auna

a. Transect counts 1. 3-6. 8 x a Caeles Sog Trail

b. Roadside counts 22-mi route s x (pheasants and doves)

c. Aquatic bird survey A-J x a

4. Rest 11es and amphibians 1-8 s a

5. Entomology 18 x PER50'*EL Roy Greer Roy Greer Roy Greer John Cunningham Scott Ziesents Audrey James 5ee Figures 1-1, 1-2. and 1-3.

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1.2 VECETATION The general botanical history of the Bailly study area was described, vegeta-tien types and land-use categories were mapped, and distinguishing character-istics of each mapped unit were discussed in the first annual report (Texas in-struments 1975). Color infrared aerial photography was taken in August 1980 and ground-truthed in September to document land use/ land cover changes occurring since 1974, as well as to record vegetation stress present during 1980 in the vicinity of the Bailly Nuclear-1 site. A discussion of land cover changes and vegetation stress was presented in a separate report (Texas Instruments 1980) .

Vegetation sampling during 1980 was conducted at the 11 established locations (Figure 1-1). The vegetational stratigraphy (herbs, shrubs, and trees) in each permanent sampling plot in locations 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 5, 6, and 8 was quanti-tatively sampled in July 1980, as was that in the Emergent Macrophyte Community in Pond B. Locations 9, 10, and 11 were qualitatively investigated. These sampling data were used to characterize conditions of existing plant communi-ties, with emphasis again placed on the dominant and important species. These data also were compared with those collected in September 1974 and July 1975, 1976,1977,1978, and 1979, to describe community dynamics and to indicate differences and similarities in vegetation over the seven years.

Data collected during 1980 vegetation sampling were generally consistent with those of previous years, indicating no major changes in species composition, density, dominance, or other parameters. The Transmission Corridor (8) showed changes associated with succession following herbicide treatmenc in 1978 and fire in early 1979. The Emergent Macrophyte Community (7) showed mortality of aquatic species resulting from decreased seepage from NIPSCo fly ash ponds.

At other sampling locations notable changes were consistent with expected plant cccmunity dynamics and succession.

Sixteen plant species were newly recorded in 1980, bringing the 7-year total from the Bailly study area to 337 species. Two species , Euphorbia coro11ata and Viburnum cassinoides, are listed as endangered en A Preliminary List of Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Vascular Plants in Indiana (Bacone 1978) . The majority of species newly recorded since the first vegetation survey in 1974 llh are forbs and grasses; based on quantitative data collected to date, they are ainor components of the Bailly study area vegetation.

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O' Soil conductivity values for May, July, and October 1980, were well below those potentially detrimental to plants and were generally consistent with data from previous years.

Vegetation stress within the Bailly study area was attributable primarily to either insufficient or excess soil moisture and was most extensive in the in-terdunal area north of NIPSCo fly ash ponds and at scattered locations within the wooded swamp.

Tables 1-2 through 1-6 and 1-19 and Figures 1-4 and 1-5 summarize selected data collected yearly since 1974. An annotated list of plant species observed in the Bailly study area during the 7-year monitoring is presented in Table 1-2.

Importance values recorded yearly since 1974 are shown in Tables 1-3 (herbs),

1-4 (shrubs) and 1-5 (trees) . Figure 1-4 depicts the number of species iden-tified from 1974-1980 in each stratum at each location quantitatively sampled.

Ground cover composition data for each year of the monitoring program are shown in Figure 1-5. Table 1-6 summarizes tree growth as indicated by change in tree

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tb basal area for all applicable sampling locations. Tables 1-7 through 1-18 pre-x_ ;

sent quantitative and qualitative sampling data collected in July 1980. Soil conductivity values for 1980 and previous years are presented in Table 1-19.

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Table 1-2 Occurrence of Plant Taxa, Ba.'lly ':cudy Area, July 1980 and Previously (Page 1 of 5)

Smeling Latattens*

Scientific tase tsumme game 1 2 3 as at 5 6 7 4 e 10 11 Acereceae  % ele family Acer P11P J Eed EAelf gi mc S 4 a. Sii.ee m..i.

I e e e e E a 41roecees Carpetwees famtTy

%If verticillata Carpetweee a a Al maceae dater-clantate fastly Alisma 01eatato-eovatica mater plantaja a e 5

An.11gth trap 4ae Arreussed acariaceae Cashew fastly 4 Airs emmetica Fragrant sent e

coe s i l i ae singed some a a s Llaoce Smootn same e M radiceas Poison ivy e e a a e W tyrmiaa %iry seec J vee *3 8etsen seec e a e Annoaac e_ae Costare-apple fastly astetaa *P4 toes rammes e Apoc yanaceae Dognes.e rastly A hglhane sadresamifeIhm~

M eseiJ 3ogeene a a a a Aracese '"~ Arum family 8eltaaera eirgia*ca arrow arum 5*oioca-pus Setidos Skuna caneege a Asc;eoledgese Wiltteed fastly ascIactes ' ace ~ eta $=ame at tkweee a e a sC ' t al gur9un sws PurelmH4 Ec ,co as tube-me Butterflyw s a e e a asclepias veettcmata shoried stitueee a esismiamese !aucn*-aot fanity *

!spettees am ore Jeweiweed e e e a e setulaceae Bfecn f amily ai%s 9acane Saeckles alder a Petea lug.1 velim 4iren e a a leM pe,o,re+ *ere Pacee litren 5 Ess , m a.a :rw od e airt ranceee sareerry fanity actee ruwe see - , e FTopa'lT'E v pettatum  %,apole a Beresinaceae forget-me-not family t*taosW carsitaease L1!%spee==m cruee wing's succoon a e e giry succoon a Cactaceae Cactus fatir htie campevis, Prictly peer e CamoenuTaceae serveelt f amily C aau t eetuad f r 1 e *e aareeell a e Cais5 o aceae a cneysuctie family a 39ecettla teatte-a mortasen tuse-moneysuctie imicere dioca Clientag noneysucale Viceeg tatarica fatartan noneysucale i >eowas ceaecea tideeeerry FW Gr ' s,s easie.4,e,og ,%, .e v' eur=== ot r aci m nortnern wild-Passie e viourw sentata ar- e t_ibuca is l*tago gennyeerry a Caryco TyTTaceae Pina fetly Ae=a4** a se. Sand ert 7eetsm vulgate mouse-ear entctueee t - a l.h tweeta, tycnnis

d. ee M-cucue.eus- siadoer en.oien Feci anc.iPe e signt f'o==etag catchffy a Celastraceae Staff-tree f amily Celestw1 scanoens 8 t ttersueet e Genopod f aceae Goose *cet fastly Cneaopa fue alDiews isosefoot bom'e so. "seesafoot shim steadfeveaum a a a a Caretopay Ideae Ceestspey11m esserse Caetail

• CameEauem SSteerwurt fmIIy

'esopscaatia riceesis** !steermort e o e e e Chanositae $eflemer family acut f ee si tiefp eum ferren a act 'aome*3 altWTelf a Impresia a weistis if stagstas a s e f- ragweed R Isrros e p7ostac ya a 84 g***#

anteamerie so. Nshtnes 8 Tstee duneses isshy estee 8 IW45 s t a c areeJs er*

ecmsone a a aster ifnerTTTelius 5ttff aster s IstF 53 Aster E e Chserved in sempitag location 14 1980, a Dserved te lase 1%g location erwtously.

Junerted species are recoreed fece the study area.

• 1

• Seacngress 6 * %sle Forest 2

• Foroeune 7

• Ear 9 eat %cmo*yte 3 = lmetar* hk Forest 8

• Transetssion Coretace sa Camles Sog ivoosee-Ory) e = Seege %ede as Celes 6eg isonese-met) 30 = lmeture 0am Forest {!aterousal]

$ = Cow'es Sag icosap 11

• eetiane Neoom Presteusly recerend as 'remecaptie ve rve' ape.

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Tabla 1-2 (Page 2 of 5)

$4mitag Lacattent

$ctestific tame Ccumans ame 1 2 3 aA at 5 6 7 4 9 YO 11 Casesttae (contd) ssses c2mosa seggar-stets s e a Ildeas sp. Beggar-ticks Canteuree %Ma a Knaammed Cetauree % Enaomeed

@ ys ea t hephen eeucaetheuns GE-eye saf ty a Csesium arvease Cmde t.ustle  : e

p re canaceasts Horsenised

.r 1eren pai'edelphtCus CdgmOn fleasane

/49qron FEinosus 3atsy fleabane a edg eren striessus Datsy flea 6ene e estorle auculatum spotted Joe-eye used C estor's per*eI1ste rurgte poneset 3, 1 E e

.aSat4ria pur purW joe-eye amee feirects caeesense Orange howEmmed a

'4miracf m so. Meusweed  : e a a dei f eat'qus divericatus uGodlane sunflouer e a delient*us giqenteus Tall sunflaner a Hellent%s niceoceoeales $wnfleer a a nellentaus moHis Jummy soflouer a delianthus petiolaris Prairie sunflance a dtid lettuce tactuca canecensis f atrij aAs es Blaatag star a a Q.ra biflore 3harf danoelian a e ur' te vieCaica Smerf daneellast g a sp. 3 serf Geneelton a tafeiis eupatoriefdes False boneset I s5enecio u dbectieso.

3 Blaca-eyed susan tagwort e a a 5olida altissime Tall goldenrod a se os caesia Blue-stammme goldenrod caneesasis Canada goldenrod a a e Fremi a4 *o T i s sarrtus-leaved goleenros e a e dago bso'da Matry goldanrod a Solidago Golanerge ToTTTage_ so.oe'oeasts soleenrod a a  : a e sancmut eteeecaus som twistle

.aranace o*ncieale 3anceiten e a Tregopogon arateasis Loatsaeerd s a Eaia eissarica 3rwoond's ironused Canuelvulaceae alormag-qtory family nb/

Cevolvutus arveasts Covelvulus seoive Cecute zronovit Ipa Durpures Carancese Field $1neumos 4 edge tinsumed Dossee agrning1 1ory Soguend *asily a

a e a

e E

a Carcus alterai*olia alternate-leaved dogwood a Ceaus - Stity dogwood  :

Car'uss FT&Tia Flamaring dogmoed e Caraus recamse Grey dogscos l Carmes stoiantrera ese-estee agmand a e i Crucifereae %stard feity arsais lyrsta Lyre-leaved rockcress a a a leesarea velaris utnter cross Cabile coentale Sea rocket caream'ae tvSosa Soring cross a a 3rnne so. eitime cross a a

'asspecis metronal's 3ame's rocket a L idle, acetale Peppergrass a es

• e viesia$ce stId peopergrass C7euraceae Seege *amily Buitostylis castliaris aulbostylis e Cerem munleaeert's Sand seege l GMs posesyivanica Pennsylvania seege e e e e e Sesos e a o e. e 4 e Caces so.

I"Etheris smal11f Seite rusa kirous arttus Su1 rust 9 5sirpus iMus lut rusa Elangneceae 01eester family h4is schsecoceroe Loosestrife Espisetaceae- 4orsetatt family feuiseem aevease Field 9ersetail Eewisets hymele $caurtne rusa &

fricaceae deatn Family W!sstapPylos eve-wrst Beeroerry e eintergreen a a Eeultwie arwooens Sease laurel a Ea'sie so.

Waccinie pamsylvenics Loweuse bluecerry e e o e Emplorbiaceae Sourge f amily apnareia corollate Flouering scurge a a e

'esnort's meistrsta 441r7 sorteding spurge nanortie ooivooeifolis 5ee-side spurge e

'Fogscese BeecM family e e e e

apreus a3 ette oas i

vercas euere Red ont e a e e i

iuercus voluttaa llect oat e e Garaniaceae Geronie family s maculatum ut14 geranium o a

Geran's Go-ea e wiaman wre geranium e

• l Eeeanium so. sente trusleese "erass family

_ trocavceul m 51eader onestress ps stu eine eee tso e Isr=wni .4W,419 mIata e e l

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ymo_n wea+

4aerican teachgrass sig stuestem e a e e e 4- scoeeries Little bluestem o a

CafesqMtis ceasemasis live-jetnt reengress a a a emtis se. ases press e e e e Tame = > e weiv 19e e sed reeeress i

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Table 1-2 (Page 3 of 3)

$asoling Locattans 5ctanttfie Omso Commun game 1 2 3 44 44 $ 6 7 8 9 10 11 Gram 1aees (conte)

D'titarte saa'ruiaaI4 Creegrass Eregeest'c rect'asces Nrple tevegrass Feste octoi tre fescue leersia orvroides Elce cutgrass e e e a e Let.rs 'a W1 ai'a 6 C.tgrass Leotolse cwate fall witchgrass e a Pea +cs claneestum Corn grass a Paaica ticotvem Pante gross - s Panics aauc*us ae fonts grass . a a e Feniue vienetm #esic grass Panicue so, Panic grass e a e Pweettes emts

• amen reed e a e he restansis tantucky eluegress a W se. Bluegress a e a a a a a isnTa'ragaceae mater-ettfett fami;p emserv+aaca pafestr93 neces t e-eeed 4mmamelidaceae attch-nazel f ully wasmsm3ee*rq*=t ene sitch aatel a e a a e frf3icise !rts family tris v tcetoe fets a e ITUr aca m7. Blue-eyed grass a Juglunsaceae Sutteraut fastly Jut lans ciaerea autternet Jecame tusa family Juncus ef5sut tush a Juncus milit ar's Baronet rust Laniatae mint fastly Collusonia caneocasts erse-ea te Elec'wsme aeoerecea 3111 over-the-ground e

' yropus aser*canus 9991e need gys, e tM'a8cas Sugle **ed maataa arveasts dild stat a me athe so. # int a n

e ceria '9stulo_si dild hergamot a a s a Monarda guactate 'torse tint a a a Ltea catar's Cat n's a a EseDe a vuT2aris Self aeal a Pytnaethesem vi9tniseem alouAtain eint e kutellaria 3alericuieta CJaploA skulICas g ItacP ase t tua dedge-nettle ta b ys 5094 # elf e Mqeanettle a IIic*gi 3 paiustris moge-aettle a 5tacars te*vPolia Saoetm hooge-nettle rever's canaoerse wreenaer a deceae Laurel f amily Liaceeg beato+n Spice bush a e e 5assafresWem !assafres e e e e e e Le,7ss aeseee Leoupe fastly ap*es tunersg Scound eut n

[ aTtyeus pa Nstr*5 fetchling s t upi%s De apis k dotne e a Micato lupellas IISCk 2*Gf e Ecouse osewoosocia Staca locast e "coccos t a vie 1 a saca 4

inat's rue e e e M4He duni a uttie see clever

'ed 9f 11 m hyer90s alsike CIower A E I_tS j_a so. Vetch 3 Lassiaceae Ductiseed 'asily Leere sf ace Ducaweed e LantIEu~l ariaceae Stadaewt fastly ver*cuier4a sur; urea Nro' nieseer. ort e Uliaceae Lily 'amily allium canadeese elfd garlic Loavailaria eaM11 Lily-of-the-valley L u i, sup.e5 m Nre's cao Illy a iTaTt iwssmTacao se site 111 7-of-the-valley a e a Pol wa t m ci or's Solomon's $eal a a "m i x %s -ecemosa False solamon's seal e e e s a Wec*aa stentta Starry false Solomon's seal e e e o e

%7 W-exes CatDr'er a a a e bI'as retret iolta Roune-leaf catbrier a

'FT'Trum e,curvete pestrie trt11 tim a uvular +a traadi f ' ers Large flaiewed nelt ert Loneliaceae LooeHa 'astly tocelia sy*19t'ca tiee f acolta Lycocodiaceae aroupeniae f astly tropo3dobtevam iroundetae a Lythraceae Loosestrt'e 'asily h rartte4"au  !.aso toosestetfe a e e na t aeaceae Ponommed fastly 9a'ai sp. 4a 9ad 87F~aioptan alcae* eonowned a RassyH s'T~ Naawees e Ramonetca so. Pope =*se s@eae estee Illy fas11r tresea's scar *eae1 water sn'e'.d e 9e1 soo lates asie**can lotus 4.paar Fedets lulthese Illy e Ma teerosa syssuaae ette water:117 ium 'asily e

e ena sriettica stace sus 9

1-8 services group

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Table 1-2 (Page 4 of 5)

Sammitag Locattens 5stemetfte esme Cammme name 1 2 3 a4 48 5 6 7 8 9 10 It Onagrocese Evening prierosa fastly Cirraea tuadriswicatsaa* Enceanter's angntsaade e GI'3iiTe so. F i rtueed a Lemigio spaaerecerse 8alse lossestrtfe Dacthere 6. easts twentag prierese e Oenothere eur*ceta sorthern s entag prirose a Coactk ere so. Prisrose e Osasinaceae Royal fern fastly Osmimaa ctanamene. Ctananen fern e a sea ecoal's towel fern e Gaelidaceae moe-scrrei family Oval 11 stricta mood sorrel e Phyteleccaceae Potenses family P*rtef acce americana Poteused a Pinaceae Pine family Larts facicias asertcan Tarch W ETaKa Jack sine 6 e e Jaws troews entte pine Paleonteceae Phlea fastly Phf0s IPf Na RTii divariceta t!ae pelos ATii so. Phles a pet;siTuese eithors faatty Pel mal seneutaea Purple ellhort PoTygonaceae Sucrwneet fastly Pel amp *9bte sette smertweed o qo Tear-tlhas e Fel ep]rian ne cocciaow irif oIIe Summe smar*wed 8elroone sagittatum areew.la - a tear.tfuse s e e Folvgces so. Smartamos a Iars J acetoselig Sheee sorrel a a Esmil crispus Curly dock a aveen vert'cillatus mater aoca e e Pblypodf aceae Polypoey fastly Crstanter9s frag 11's Bladese fern e s JeaastseetIa puncttletuie day-scented fece s Decleo sensibilis Sensitive Fern e e a Woe"Tessa ,wIl ate ader's tegue ferer P'eria 'e eeuTlima greemen fern e e e Nicoter's palvstris anarsn Fern a e e e-Ponteneriaceae Ptekerel-weed family Pontecerta cometa Pickerel-=eed

• Primulaceae Pr* arose fatty Lysienc9se citiefe Fringee foosestrife

/% I L eaW' g'entelis h

t er*es tr's Sorealis loosestrife l r Starflamer

\

V

/ Crowfoot fastly tanunculaceae an-one cea oese Canaan anammie Esseni rWFW ch feeleased Emellees ?*isasis Columniae a Ce1%g selvstris marse eerigold tevncvTvs esortaivua -

stoney leaf nuttercue a eoe11er s vel1av ester buttercup n'aawacuius aavac.in peasrivenicus FT settercus sarwcvTes iceteesta Carsed settertvo a Balictre noiroone Rue e Rosaceae aose fanity

- a 1ennia 2rIPol*2ata agraseny I

' eacTer caaedeaTTs Seeviceeerry ree:eecnier Taevis sevicemerry a l Irania arsutTfsTT4 ase cnomeeerry tra taem cruswa11f toucastle thornapple a e a rrToi..a .T,Tia.eae diid stra.oerry n a e GPm caneoease ehtte avons a e Uim verOaieaue avons E a 75tintme ceaedease Dwarf cincuefett Foteatille recta Cinouefell ForsWeiTeiiTen Commen cineefett potentiif e so. a e unus seestina 31xt cherry e e e a a e e reus virWiene chose cheery e e e e l Es so. Cherry e

! sosa niaade stid rose e e e e o e e I ii so. ease e a a sich attewa<e sis stacinerry a s e foe.s r eq, iter,s os.eerry e a has *isp'dus se*stly osmeerry *

'sTrie alba~

teneam-smeet a e 3pirea tematose Steeele besa e tusiaceae Beestre. Famii, connaient=us occidental's Suttoneuse e i Gile la acine ledstrew a a a e i

LTTJ treFiTTe Fragrant nedstraw s LTFe so. Beestraw e a a 4.~an tue fastly Ptelee trifat tata money tree

. Salicaceae Willer family Ivs isItei4es Cottanamoe

• re no ' 1ea t e ta Sig-tootned aseen s t e== vie' :es henfag aseen fiTIUnv ie was mesen-leaf oillow e F2Ta A e lleca sillow a e e fiTIE so. s

• 5.siiTh ese senaat=me ferify f- g Cammmert seevo te aestero-emenfles a a 8 *

(-

i Pro,tausly neeree as Ctecame sie'ae.

1-9 services group

O Table 1-2 (Page 5 of 5?

5meltne Locattens scientifte same Lamen see 1 2 1 4A at t 4 F 4 9 TO 11 Secrecentaceae Pf tcher slant fastly Saraccate m Pitcmer elaat Sama rreguese 5astfrage f astty flhei _w=c*caave at1s elect cweeant v 5aaneregaa fanor scree,n iertues.

au r eier4e pos e

cyl g ye.gi,,, ,

be . r < arn, et sveie e ,reeierte te* v er a v ici sma hy falso foagleve

% rte ceaeoecs's

^-

Blue toes ftaa

%lesefrm Idaeere Cow maeat

• %j3s eleM Shere-winged annaey floser Isajt_ amen hi-19tv1 Secretap*4 a I epotend so, teoretangse krtmastaria taaseelets Ffemort (ersenc e toys 3g nu e s ten a d-ce sneeTe eae Dea =yroya l a ,

• • ce scutellata Mrse soeemsell e Soleaecese fanate festly Sole ='an eersticene me aettle a a a

'JIiT4 eulcamsee gigatsnece o e e se&Wasce.e s r-coes f astir spernast a so. . Sor-wees TH Iassee Liaoen f astly 711*a amortcaae Basswoes e a Cattati fastly Wome.a 3 it"-o. ime ie.f cattati e e agae at FoMa' Cattail e , ,

Ulmecoes 11_ s eareeceae american ole v s n_f. a 5 ioner, eie e e ime.TTiforse persley ' anti, t eu t teen sa'eraeoloce

~e Sv:bos e 88erateger af sectag e

, g c'erW  !=eet cicely a a F ca set .e wild parsate e a 4 cu i~tMTTata Blace saaneenet e me wree- moisen alemanner a 4ettie family Jrtica.ese,e ow .c ernaer*ca f alse aettle o e PU.e :npue tiearweed e a a e Ma 43a, 5ttaging aettle a gm Small stingtag aettie e a set'ca so. tettle e e feetmanese v-e estata ver.

n ate.er.a f astl..y . e v.1 ue.e veie.t ste sa.ny voic e.ta rei ysrea, f.

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vc - w..< a e,eru,,e,eeee. ,ase e e a se, erse. . . . a =

l.2.1 QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS 1.2.1.1 Ber.hy ass Community. American beachgrass (Ammophila breviligulata) was the only :pm ies sampled in 1980 at this location (Table 1-7). The single individu'. , ' v v h horsetail (Equisetum hvmale) recorded in 1979 did not sur-vive, 4 3 might be expected. Comparison of 1979 values with those of 1980 shor.c '

a decrease in density and an increase in dominance for American beachgrass.

These changes are within normal fluctuation for this species (Laing 1954) . <

O 1-10 * * I"*

• 9 '0 " P

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1.2.1.2, Foredune Community. Vegetation in this community was similar to that recorded in 1979 and previously (Table 1-8) . Little bluestem (Andropogon sco-parious) was again the predominant member of the herbaceous stratum, having the highest importance value recorded of any species. Sand reedgrass (Calamovilfa longifolia) and poison ivy (Rhus radicans) were also important components of this stratum. _

~

Throughout the 7-year monitoring program, beachgrass generally decreased in importance (Table 1-3) . Densities and areal coverage of this species typi-cally decrease with dune stabilization (Olson 1958) . Poison ivy has steadily increased in importance (Table 1-3) during the monitoring program, also indi-cating stabilization of the foredune. A single individual of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) was observed for the first time in the sample plots.

This introduced weed is locally abundant in old pastures, lawns, and disturbed places, but is not typically found on foredune slopes (Swink and Wilhelm 1970) .

()

v Total ground cover recorded for 1980 at this exposed location was again the lowest of all quantitatively sampled locations (Figure 1-5) .

In 1980, black oak (Quercus velutina) and basswood (Tilia americana) were again the most important species in the shrub stratum (Table 1-8). Although one jack pine (Pinus banksiana) reached shrub size, total shrub density decreased slightly primarily due to the loss of three basswood.

In 1980, basswood was the predominant species in the tree class. The total ba-sal area of trees of this location remained approximately the same as that for 1979 due to the gain of one basswood and loss of one jack pine and one black oak.

/m k_-)

1-11 services group

O Table 1-3 g Herbaceous S tratum Taxa Important (Importance Value 220) for at Least One Sampling Year, Sampling Locations 1-8, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 Sase11aq Location Tama 19.4* 1979 1976 1977 1978 1979 19510 (1) 8eachgrass amophile breviliquieta 300 300 300 300 300 290 300 (2) Foreoum invynila breviliquista 41 28 28 9 5 7 11 ETroeogon scoparius 94 91 125 159 127 120 158 u s amovi t Ta loc 2ifolia - 40 21 22 26 34 24 Celestrus scanoens 29 35 25 10 22 18 5 Fenicus vir94tJe 38 - - - - - -

Ehus radicans 7 11 12 13 20 24 32 ToTTdaqo so. 36 36 39 30 23 34 12 (3) laanature Cat Forest Carvu peansylvanica/Caron so. 1 34 92 63 114 73 77 85 aamamiis vieniciana~-- 5 6 15 15 11 16 29 Foa so. 9 2 21 18 26 10 4 Pteridi se acut tinus 23 70 21 24 52 65 63 Aus eaoicans 19 19 38 21 20 10 23 Gia blandaiaosa sa. 16 11 12 9 6 7 21 TeTTacina soGS. racemosa. 5. stellata) 18 16 19 11 16 25 4 (4A) Celes Sog. farve peansylvanica/ Cares sp. 10J 97 73 91 96 85 100 wooded Ory Yiiiifras sibf ews ~'"~- 22 3 24 13 3 23 22 5milacina spp. (5. raceese. 5. stellata) 11 49 21 17 17 23 17 Waccintwo pennsyTwaniemivaccTatum so. 100 72 101 11 3 92 1C5 93 (48) Caeles tog. Caren so. 15 31 32 33 17 8 37 eoceed-set Es stolopfera 28 27 17 5 12 6 11 Imaticas binera 30 18 33 25 29 26 23 Leersia cryzoides 33 27 16 34 30 56 54

• aiuntnemum c anaoense - 36 9 9 12 25 18 anoc!,a seasibilis 25 18 12 13 16 10 15 Osanos cinnamonea 66 49 50 22 19 20 22 Parthenocissus quinquifolia 10 6 6 12 4 4 9 pnea peila 14 6 30 - - 11 22 Wocarpus feetidos 51 31 37 10 25 64 53 brtica spp. - - 2 11 45 42 7 (5) Caeles 809. Open** Caren spp. 9 9 9 - - - 13

• cocon vertici11stus - - - - - - 31 gl atiens binera 10 42 32 59 61 5 -

Leersia oryroides 3 49 55 58 60 58 61 brepites corinunis 14 19 21 - - - 17 Pilee petia 19 - 6 37 29 5 29 Poa sp. 70 54 62 - - - -

F5Tyqone spp. 25 24 24 19 38 - -

Itacays palustris - 7 - 10 27 - -

'ha li c t rum um 9 20 19 - - - -

Thelyp teris@ca .us t el s - 8 7 - - - 7 h spp. Q. angustifolta, T. latifolia) 25 11 18 38 43 176 99

'(6) maple Forest aree cuervn 4 3 20 21 12 47 27 UEsea guadristicata - - 31 25 3 41 52

-arainiwa maculaten 8 28 14 8 - - -

Me 500. IG. cana1 ease. G. viesinianum) 12 - - 15 19 24 7

~

38 66 36 43 6

@tiens b7fbra 21 7 L'aoere bearoin 25 35 21 21 24 10 10 TiTtaenocissus quiaquifolia !0 29 22 33 27 35 14 Deunus spo. (P. virginiana. ~P. serotina) 64 53 49 72 75 54 til Rosa so./ResaTlacca 16 12 12 24 18 23 22 fisiafratWidJe 21 10 10 - - 12 10 (7) Energent macroonyte** 411sma plenta90-acuatica - - 24 - - - -

BWoeWie schreeers - - - - - 24 11 sucher variegatum R6 164 185 173 261 218 199 Fiaea tut >ecesa - - - - - - la o y? cam ceccinew - 23 21 - - - -

PeateneeTa cordata - - 32 - - - 44 Detw9eton soc. 92 114 24 126 39 58 22 Freserpiaaea palustris 23 - - - - - -

.ypea atWiia 65 - 16 - - - 10 (8) 7ransmissian Corridor 49 enstis alba - - - - - - 20 Accrerogon}ceedii 4 10 7 56 95 108 108 Care s spp. . ipeansylvanica ) 81 32 30 23 7 3 I7 Leeeva cryroT'iii - 35 37 39 41 41 43

'JTaTTs t ri c ts - - 5 - - 22 7 Poa so. 24 16 11 12 6 a8 35 E mateevn virginises - - 1 2 ?8 25 19 Ceus spo. (4 a l lepe4teasi s , 47 43 33 47 29 6 3 Tflaaellirigi Sit <pter's palustris - 24 22 13 26 - 3 ITortance value

• I re'ative values (.1eas t ty, dominance , 'eeq wacy) .

e 1974 values calculated trem secteatee Jata Locatie of sanele plots not identical for all years.

- Species act reCor1e4.

1-12 services group

C o.

f Table 1-4 Yearly Importance Values for All Shrub Stratum Taxa, Sampling Locations 2-6, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 Sampline location M 1974* 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 '980 (2)Foredune Gelastrus scandens - - - - - 43 53 Pinus banksiana - - - - - -

35 Prunus _ virginiana - - - - - - 24 Quercus velutina 128 125 127 211 102 116 113 T' ilia americana 172 175 173 89 199 108 68 (3) ~x .turt Oak Forest Masramelis virginiana 138 138 134 123 160 170 134 gwercus velutina 72 78 78 68 44 49 91 Sassafras aloidum 91 84 88 108 97 74 76 Vitis sp. - - - - -

6 -

(4A) Camles Sog. Acer ruorum 31 - 73 34 83 53 74 Wooded-Ory TrGius serotina 92 18 129 167 124 172 106 Quercus alba 63 29 26 - 74 21 61 Quercus Etina 114 253 77 99 19 54 61 (48) Cowles Sog, Wooded-Weg Acer rubrum 31 - 73 34 83 53 42 E s icana - - - 34 17 - -

Cor9us spp. (C. ansons. C. stolonifera) 130 164 163 95 94 185 70 Linaera benreiT 60 43 41 40 85 55 67 Parthenocissus hinquifolia - - - - - 18 14 Rnus radicans - - - 14 17 - -

E vernix - - - - 30 - 34 UTTm nigri - - - 14 21 - -

u%s runra - -

15 - - 22 20 diournum cassinoides - - - - - - 33 Vitis sp. - - - - - - 14 (5) Cawles Sog, Open Leonalanthus occidentalis 3

u) 300 300 300 - - - -

(6) Maple Forest Acer ruorum 138 126 172 184 117 81 124 E us flor.da -

26 - - - - -

Cornus stolentfera - - - - 49 - -

Cretaaeus sp. 10 -

10 - - - -

Peunus vir119tana - - - - - - 49 Prunus serotina 40 91 40 116 158 202 126 Quercus alba 11 - 11 - - 18 -

Rooinfa 3ieudo-acacia 55 - 53 - - - -

Sassafras albidum Il 39 11 - - 18 -

• 1974 values calculated from Septester data.

Importance value = I relative values (density doeinance, frequency).

- Species not recorded.

feo shrubs recorded from sampling locations 1. 7, and 8 during monitoring prograe.

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services group 1-13

_ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ . - ~ . __ . . _ . _ . _ _ _ . _ ._ _ _ _ . . .-. - _ . . -_ _

Table 1-5 Yearly importance Values for All Tree Stratum Taxa, Sampling Locations 2-4, and 6, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 saneline tocati m g 1974

• 19q m 19n 197q 1979q 1980 (2) Foredune Dieus banksiana 72 73 73 74 75 78 75 Populus ceitoices 49 49 50 53 54 48 51 Juercus velutica 34 34 35 34 36 56 48 TTTTa ~ americana 145 144 143 140 137 118 126 (3) :cmature Cat Forest Quercus alba 14 14 14 15 13 12 13 Quercus Etiaa 286 286 256 285 238 289 288 (4A) Cawles Bo9. Wlanc9ier erecrea** - - - 13 12 13 ?0 1soooed-Ory Prunus serotina 20 18 19 18 20 21 21 Quercus aioa 32 29 29 18 32 29 31

uercus WTutina 249 252 253 250 .236 237 239 (46) Cowles 809, acer ruerum 145 145 144 143 158 160 143 dooded-=et U Ela lutea 49 47 43 45 50 50 74 Nussa sylvatica 13 11 11 14 15 15 13 Prunus semtina 21 11 12 11 12 12 12 UTTi amy;caloides*** 43 62 63 66 22 21 25 GUTras albidum 28 24 24 23 25 25 23 ulmus ruera - - - - 19 20 11 (6) Maple Forest Acer merum 174 173 177 173 184 179 183 ffetaccus so. 10 9 10 46 10 10 1 Prunus se mtina 40 47 40 25 38 36 36 Cw rus aIIa 11 10 11 39 10 10 10 Eooinia W udoacacia 55 50 53 9 49 49 48 Eassafras aioicum 11 10 11 10 to 17 14 N Walues alcalateo fras May data.

• • Previously recorded as Linoers benrein.

• • • 9reviously recoroed as 5411: niera.

- Species not recorded.

Importance Value = I relative values (density. Sainanca. fremancy).

% trams recorded from locations 1. 5. 7. and 8 mring annitoring program.

l l

l Table 1-6 Total Basal Area (Ft2 / Acre) of Tree Stratum Species, Sampling Locations 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and 6, Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980

%t 3ange Sameltag 1.ocatica 1974* 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1974 1980 (2) Foredune 5.6 5.7 6.4 6.9 7.1 7.9 7.5 +1.9 (3) Imature osa 33.1 35.3 34.9 36.0 28.5 43.6 57.7 +14.6 (4A) Cowles Bog. wooded-d - 52.0 83.1 37.7 91.4 99.5 91.9 95.6 +13.5 (at) Cawles 509 ecoceo- 48.6 50.8 54.2 56.9 49.2 42.2 39 .3 -9.3 (6) %ple forest 17.9 81.2 85.1 89.1 94.3 97.1 98.0 _20.1 1

• i 1974 values calculated *rm Septemer data.

+ - 8asal area in scuare feet per acre calculated frm abh awasurecurts taken frm ten 100-scuare-arW placs for locations 2. 3. and 6, fra seven plots at locations 4A and a8.

l l

r y_y4 ServlCOS group

O (1) BEACHGRASS 50 7-YEAR TOTAL 0

YEARLY TOTAL (ALL STRATA) g C SPECIES NOT RECORDED PREVIOUSLY 5 30 -

O SPECIES RECORDED PREVIOUSLY 5

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a b ll h .. I RRRRRR88 RRRRRR88 RRRRRR88 RRRRRRES HERB STRATUM R SHRUB STRATlN R TREE STRATUM R ALL STRATA R m

Figure 1-4. Cumulative and Yearly Species Totals, Sampling Locations 1-8, l

Bailly Study Area, July 1974-1980 (1974 values calculated frem September data.) (Page 1 of 3) services group 1-15

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I 1_g services group i __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ . _

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E Nd 10 5 NO TREES OR SHRUBS RECORDED 0

gggggggg FROM SAMPLING PLOTS 1974-1980 g gggg E d

__5 HERB STRATUM ALL STRATA Figure 1-4. (Page 5 of 5)

Table 1-7 Density, Dcminance, Frequency, and Importance Values

_ for Beachgrass Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1380 41stive blative blative !ssortance Tanen Sensity* Sensity Dominance

• Deinance FeNueacy* Fesquency value

• hch15e trev11%f ata 685.761 1.0C.0 14.454 100.0 100 100.3 300.3 i

• Denstty is expresseo as nweer of indivichais per acrs, daitinence as areal coverage in square feet per acre, and f*tquenCf al percent Of Saf"ple plot 519 untCfl a SGeCiel Occurred. Importance value i$ *.fle sum of the three relative vaiw s.

l services group l-19

@ VEGETATION O LITTER (1) BEACHGRASS (2) FOREDUNE 100 - -

90 - - - -

80 - -

$ 70 o

c 60 - -- -

8 50 - - - -

5 g 40

$ 30 w

k -

20 - -

l l2 lil

>:- l 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 74-80 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 74-80 100 -

(3) IMMATURE 0AK FOREST (4A) C0WLES B0G (WOODED-DRY) g 90 - - - - -

80 -

x 5

c 70 -

u g 60 - -

! 50 - -

g 40 - -

l

$ 30 7 P 20 -

7 h 7 h

h h, i h l

~

l

~

l c 3 E h l 74 75 75 77 78 79 80 74-80 h - , . .

l 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 74-80 Percent is average based on estimated values for herbaceous (1 m2 )

sartpling plots.

Figure 1-5. Yearly and 7-Year Mean Percent

• Ground Cover (Vegetation, Litter, I

Total) for Sampling Locations 1-6 and 8, Bailly Study Area, j 1974-1980 (Page 1 of 2)

ServlCOS group

0 1

(48) C0WLES B0G (WOODED-WET) (5) C0WLES 80G (OPEN) 100 - -

90 - - - - - - -

80 - - -

l 70 - -- -

l9l e 60 - - -

50 -

7 r 7 g 7 r 0

74 75 76 77 78 79 80 74-80 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 74-80

, (6) MAPLE FOREST (8) TRANSMISSION CORRIDOR

! 100 - - - -

90 - - -- -

80 -- -

70 - -

60 - -

g 50 l g 40 - -

30 20 -

7 g 0

@ 'J - " ' ; 'j 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 74-80 74 75 76 77 78 79 20 74-80 l O Figure 1-5. (Page 2 of 2) 1-21 senices group

,o Table 1-8 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Foredune Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Relative blatuve Relative Incortance Taxon Density

• Density Ominance* Dominaace F%ency* Frequ ency Valve Hertts Anemophila brevilitulata 4.407 0.8 1%.0 1.0 40 9.3 11.1 acropogon sceparius 448.393 81.3 8.059.0 58.5 80 18.6 158.4 Calamvtif a longfolia 43.210 7.8 60.0 0.4 70 16.3 24.5 calastrus scancens aC9 0.1 63.0 0.4 20 4.7 5.2 Euonorsia [carollata) 8.452 1.5 198.0 1.4 30 7.0 9.9 alium so. 309 0.1 40.0 0.3 10 2.3 2.7 inetrere so. 909 0.1 44.0 0.3 10 2.3 2.7 parteenocissus quincuefe11a 2.428 0.4 218.0 1.6 to 2.3 4.3

@ercas velutina~ 1.619 0.3 479.0 3.5 20 4.7 8.5

+vs recicaes 26.709 4. 8 2.331.0 20.5 30 7.0 32.3 W [51andal 2.023 0.4 219.0 1.6 10 2.3 4.3 Ecs t a h_irta 809 0.1 48.0 0.3 20 4.7 5.1 Sen lactna stellata 404 1.5 44.0 0.3 10 2.3 4.1 5)lica90 (graminifolia) 8.094 0.1 344.0 2.5 40 9.3 11.9 TarasacJa of +1ctanale 405 0.1 44.0 0.6 10 2.3 3.0 Tracescantie virginiana 405 0.1 87.0 0.6 10 2.3 3.0 vitis sp. 1.619 0.3 871.0 6.3 10 2.3 8. 9 Total 551.414 Shrubs celastrus scandens 121 27.2 436.0 6.1 10 16.7 53.3 pinus canesiana 41 9.2 436.0 6.1 10 16.7 35.3

%nus o r9tniana 41 9.2 348.0 4.9 10 16.7 24.1 le m s velutina 121 27.2 3703.0 52.1 20 33.3 112.6 Tilia arericana 121 27.2 2178.0 30.7 10 16.7 67.9 Total 445 Trees Pinus Sanesiana 8 18.1 2.0 23.2 20 33.3 74.6 76v7us deltoides 4 9.1 2.1 26.9 10 16.7 52.7 Nercus, veivtina 4 9.1 0.3 3.9 10 16.7 29.7

.iiia ame Hcana 28 63.7 3.6 46.0 20 33.3 143.0 Total 44

' Density exprissed as nunu>er of individuals per acre, dominance as areal covera 9e (herbs and shrubs) and basal area (trees) in smare feet per acre, and frecuancy as percent of smole plots in nich a species occurred.

Importance value is the sum of the three relative values.

Parentneses indicate tentative identification.

This table has been corrected from the sumaner 1940 report.

1.2.1.3 Immature Oak Forest Community. Although both total density and total number of species were lower in the herbaceous stratum in 1980 than in 1979, im-portant species were consistent with previous years (Table 1-3) . The high den-sity of Pennsylvanica sedge (Carex pennsylvanica) again gave this species the highest importance value for the herb class (Table 1-9) . The high importance

~

value of bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum) , whIch was approximately the same as in 1979, was due to the greatest areal coverage of this herb species. Other important hera species (those having importance values greater than 20) were false Solcmen's seal (Smilacina racemosa) , witch-hazel (Ha=mamelis virginiana) ,

O l-22 services group

0

\

U

~

poison ivy (Rhus radicans) , and pale rose (Rosa blanda) . Fragrant sumac (Rhus aromatica) was recorded for the first time from the sample plots. This woody species is a characteristic member of Indiana foredunes (Swink and Wilhelm 1979) and occurs comronly in both the foredune and open interdunal areas with-in the Bailly Study area.

Table 1-9 Density. Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Immature Oak Forest Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Enlatuve Relative Relative !aportance Taxon Density

• Dansnty Dominance

• Dominance Frequency

• Frequency value_

Hert>s Caron >ennsylvanica 125.495 70.5 309 4.2 30 10.0 84.7 emanamelis virvatana 4,407 2.5 741 10.1 50 16.7 29.3 wiiantnus aivicatus 809 0.5 131 1.8 10 3.3 5.6 Panicum (haucnucael 2.833 1.6 44 0.6 10 3.3 5.5 Pea sp. 809 0.5 44 0.6 10 3.3 4.4 TeUnus viminiana 809 0.5 44 0.6 10 3.3 4.4 Fteridium equilinum 24,686 13.9 2.396 32.5 50 16.7 63.1

'thus aromatica 405 0.2 4 0.1 10 3.3 3.6 EUs radicans 4.856 2.7 1.002 13.6 20 6.7 23.0 Toia bianca 3.237 1.8 915 12.4 20 6.7 20.9 l Woecnia nieta 405 0.2 1 0.0 10 3.3 3.5 5milac:naiTeTTata 9.308 5.2 1.742 23.6 70 23.3 52.1 Total 178.059 O M amelis vi miniana 930 50.5 26.4 500. 39.7 31.0 40 40 33.3 33.3 135.5 90.7

'Q Sassafras a!aiou.s Quercus veluttaa 405 2::2 13.2 390.

370. 29.4 40 33.3 75.9 Total 1.537 Trees Owercus alba 4 2.1 0.4 0.8 10 10.0 12.9 Quertus veTutina 194 97.9 47.3 99.2 90 90.0 287.1 Total 198

• Density expressed as nJuner of individuals per acre, dominance as areal coverage (hertis and shrubs) and basal area (trees) in souare feet per acre. and frequency as percent of sample plots in which a species occurred.

Importance value is the :um of the three relative values.

Parentheses indicate tantative identification.

This table has been cerfected from the summer 1900 report.

Shrub vegetation was, in general, similar to that recorded in previous years, with importance values and recorded species shewing little change (Table 1-3).

Witch-hazel was again the major ccmponent of this stratum in 1980, having the highest density, dominance, and frequency values recorded (Table 1-9). The shrui, class as a whole exhibited a decrease in density and dominance primarily due to relocation of two sampling plots. Also contributing to the decrease was the death of the wild grape recorded in 1979.

O. The tree canopy in the Immature Oak Forest Community continued to be dominated b by black oak (Quercus velutina) in 1980, with a single white oak (Quercus alba) l the only other species present in the plots. Ovet all, the basal area of the tree class increased by 5.2 square feet per acre over 1979, reflecting annual 1-23 services group

l

[

growth and the addition of four black oak individuals to the tree class. Total' basal area has increased 14.6 square feet per acre since 1974 (Table 1-6), with an average increase of 2.1 square feet per acre per year. Comparison of aerial photographs taken in 1980 with those of 1974 shows a conspicuous increase in canopy cover in the vicinity of this sampling location (Texas Instruments 1980).

1.2.1.4 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Drv) Communitv. Analysis of 1980 sampling data for this location revealed little change in species composition from previous years (Table 1-3) . Lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium pennsylvanicum) and Pennsyl-vania sedge were again the most important species, recording the highest dom-inance and density values, respectively (Table 1-10) . Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) and starry false Solomon's seal (Smilacina stellata) were the only other species with relatively high importance values. A total of six herb species was identified, with one species, serviceberry (Amelanchier arborea) ,

recorded for the first time. The 7-year species total of 31 is the lowest of any location except that of the Beachgrass Community.

Table 1-10 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Cowles Bog (Wooded-Dry) h Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Relative Ae14tive Relative Iseortance Taman Densite Density Dominaace* Doet aance Frequency

• Frequeecy falwe wrbs acer ruerus 1,734 0.6 933 4.0 29 6.3 10.9 LTancu ee areorea 1,734 0.6 187 3.3 14 3.1 4.5 Caram pennsylvanica 230.093 69.4 4.978 21.1 43 9.4 99.9 G tTJa virginiana 578 3.2 62 3.3 14 3.1 3. 6 Nn= cum sp. 2.312 3.6 6 3.3 14 3.1 3.7 Partnecoctssus rainquefolia 1,734 3.5 311 1.3 14 3.1 4.9 Pter'aium aquilinum 578 0.2 124 3.5 14 3.1 3.8

'* anus serotina 4.347 1.2 622 2.6 29 6.3 10.1 7 unus vero niana 578 0.2 62 3.3 14 3.1 3.6 Quercas veiutina 578 3.2 124 3.5 14 3.1 3.3 aosa iblansai 2.312 0.7 436 1.3 29 6.3 8.8 Iia ~ssafras alo11a 2.312 0.6 2,3C0 11.9 43 9.4 21.9

%ilacina rac mesa 1,156 0.3 187 0.3 29 6.3 7.4

%ilacina s tenata 5,781 1.7 560 2.4 57 12.5 16.6 4:ncosia virginiana 578 0.2 62 0.3 14 3.1 3.5 eac:inium ::enasrivan+csm 75,734 22.8 12.135 51.4 86 18.7 92.9 Total 331,339 Saruts acer rubese 299 27.3 343 20.3 43 25.0 73.6 M us serotina 299 27.3 872 52.3 43 25.0 105.6 heros alba 231 22.2 213 13.2 43 II .3 60.4 mra,s ventina 231 22.2 218 13.2 43 25.C SC.4 79tal 1,344 7rees Anelanceee artocea 6 0.5 0.1 J.1 14 3.9 9.5 Peunus serotina la 3. 9 2.7 2.9 14 8.9 20.7 1ercas alta la 8.9 3.1 3.2 29 18.5 30.6 juercas7eTrina 156 31.7 39.7 93.8 100 63.7 239.2 Total 198

'Mnsity esoressed as necer of individuals per acre, dominance as areal coverage (herts and shruts) and basal area (trees) to soware feet per acre, and frequency as percent of sample picts la entch a species occarred.

Importance value is the sue of the three relative values.

Parentheses indicate tentative taentificatton.

1-24 services group

O a

I) ,

Shrub stratum data for 1980 also showed little change from those of previous years (Table 1-3) . Total density increased because of the addition of one red maple (Acer rubrum), four white oak, and three black oak. Although two black cherry (Prunus serotina) were lost, it remained the shrub stratum spe-cies with the highest importance value.

Basal area of trees in this community increased by 4.1 square feet per acre, resulting in a total increase over 7 years of 14.6 square feet per acre (Table 1-6). Overall there was a slight increase in tree density in 1980, although one black oak was lost as a result of wind-throw damage. One individual pre-viously recorded as spicebush (Lindera benzoin) was identified as serviceberry (Amelanchiar arborea) . Serviceberry is reported common in high dunes of Porter County, Indiana (3 wink and Wilhelm 1979) .

1.2.1.5 Cowles Bog (Wooded 'w'et) Cocmunity. Total number of species identi-fied from sampling plots since 1974 (Figure 1-4) indicates this community has the greatest species richness of any location quantitatively sampled except

('i the Transmission Corridor. The total number of species recorded from shrub

\J

~

and tree strata respectively (Figure 1-4) are the highest of any location; the herb stratum total is also high relative to other com= unities sampled.

No single species has predominated the herb stratum of this community, with 11 species recording importance values greater than 20 in the past 7 years (Table 1-3) . This represents the greatest number of '.mportant species for any community sampled. Skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus) and cutgrass (Leersia cryzoides) recorded the highest valuev in 1980 and consistently have recorded high values in past years (Table 1-3) . Other important species in 1980 were cinnamon fern (Osmunda cinnamonea), jewelweed (Impatiens biflora),

and sedge (Carex sp.). The three members of the nettle family (Urticaceae) present on the plots had a ecmbined importance value of 37.0; false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) was recorded for the first time. Duckweed (Lemna minor),

which was not observed in 1979, was present in 57 percent of the plots. Duck-weed is a minute, floating aquatic plant that requires stagnant water. It is an ecologically important species and a good indicator of changes in water 1evels. It is not technically a member of the herb stratum, although placed

{J~}

1-25 servh=es group

Y Y

as such in data accounts. Coverage estimates, as given in Table 1-11. are more precise as well as more meaningful than density estimates of this minute h

species.

Table 1-11 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Cowles Bog (Wooded-Wet) Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Relative Relative Relative Imortance Taxon Densi t y

• Density Dominance

• _ Dominance Frecuency* Frequency Valee Herbs Boenmeria cylindrica 2.891 0.8 498 1.8 43 6.8 9.4 Carex sp. 81.516 21.7 1.742 6.4 57 9.1 37.2 Cornus stolonifera 5.781 1.5 1.245 4.6 29 4.6 10.7 Cystopteris fragilis 1.156 0.3 6 0.0 14 2.2 2.5 Impatiens biflora 19.078 5.0 1.867 6.8 71 11.3 23.1 Leersia orvzoices 142.797 38.1 3.111 11.4 29 4.6 54.1 Lecina minor a - -

42.525 -

57 9.1 -

Natantnemuni canadense 35.844 9.6 1.556 5.7 14 2.2 17.5 Onoclea sensibilis 8.094 2.2 2.178 8.0 29 4.6 14.8 Osmunda cinnamonea 10.984 2.9 3.423 'i.5 43 6.8 22.2 Partnenocissus quinquefolia 2.891 0.8 249 0.9 43 6.8 8.3 Pilea pumila 40.469 10.8 1.058 3.9 43 6.8 21.5 ToTyTonum (arifolium) 1.734 0.5 311 1.2 14 2.2 3.9 solanum (dulca, era) 1.536 0.4 436 1.6 29 4.6 6.6 symolocarpus foetidus 9.250 2.5 9.334 34.2 100 14.9 52.6 Thelypteris palustris 1.734 0.5 62 0.2 14 2.2 2.9 Urtica sp. 5.781 1.5 87 0.7 29 4.6 6.8 Viola sp. 3.469 0.9 68 0.3 29 4.6 5.8 Tota! 375.005 Shrubs Ac r rubrum 173 7.7 280 14.3 25 20.3 42.3

'CErTus stolonifera 925 41.0 373 19.1 14 9.9 70.0 Lincera eenzoin 520 23.1 467 23.8 25 20.3 67.2 Partnenocissus auinquefolia 58 2.6 31 1.6 14 9.9 14.1 Rhus vernix 173 7. 7 311 15.9 14 9.9 33.5 Ulmus ruera 58 2.6 156 7.9 14 9.9 20.4 vibumum cassinoides 289 12 7 311 15.9 14 9.9 38.5 Vitis sp. 58 2.6 31 1.6 14 9.9 14.1 Total 2.254 Trees Acer rubrum 75 49.6 19.5 49.6 86 43.2 142.4 Betula lutes 35 23.2 11.4 29.1 43 21.3 73.6 nyssa sylvatica 6 4.0 0.7 1.8 14 7.1 12.9 Prunus serotina 6 4.0 0.4 1.0 14 7.1 12.1 541tx amygodi.T? ides 6 4.0 5.3 13.5 14 7.1 24.6 Sassafras albidum 17 11.3 1.9 4.8 14 7.1 23.2 Ulmus ruera 6 4.0 0.1 0.3 14 7.1 11.4 Totaf 151

• Density is expressed as nunter of individuals per acre, dominace as areal coverage (heds and shrubs and basal area (trees) in square feet per acre, and frequency as percent of sample plots in which a esecies occurred.

Importance value is the sum of the three relative values.

• • 0nly dominance was reacrded for this species (see text).

Parentheses inf'ute tentative identification.

1-26 services aroup

O

.w <

O)

(_ All shrubs observed in the wet woods plots in 1979 were recorded in 1980, nd -

two other species, northern wild raisin (Viburnum cassinoides) and wild grm ,a (Vitis sp.), were observed for the first time. Northern wild raisin is re-l ported to be quite rare in this area (Swink and Wilhe:m 1979) . It is listed as endangered on: A Preliminary List of Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Plant Species in Indiana (Bacone 1978) . Red-osier dogwood (Cornus stoloni-fera) was again the predominant shrub species , although spicebush (Lindera benzoin) was nearly as important (Table 1-11) .

The tree class exhibited several changes in 1980, primarily due to tree growth and tree mortality, although relocation of one sampling plot contributed to data variation. For the second consecutive year, total basal area for the tree class decreased, resulting in a net loss of 9.3 square feet per acre since 1974 (Table 1-6) . The addition of one red maple (Acer rubrum) and one yellow birch (Betula lutea) were offset by the mortality of four individuals -- two sassafras and two red maples. High water levels, apparently present for an extended period of time in the past year, probably caused the sassafras mor-() tality. This species is intolerant of flooding and the dead trees were lo-cated at the margin of the swamp where flooding generally is not prolonged or excessive. The red maples appeared to have suffered root damage, but whether water caused the death of this flood-tolerant species s uncertain. A swamp is typically a habitat of great natural disturbance. Fluctuating water levels i may stress trees adapted to the swamp environment. Further, shallow root sys-tems cocmon to many swamp species render them highly susceptible to wind-throw damage.

1. 2 .1. 6 _Cowles Bog (0 pen) Community. Yearly data from 1974 through 1978 show a general decrease in species richness (Fit :re 1-4) and an increase in I importance of cattail species (Typha angustifolia, T. latifolia) at this sam-pling location (Table 1-3). Twice as many species were recorded at this loca-tion in 1980 than in 1979, although this total was still considerably less than the totals for the first 3 years of sampling (Figure 1-4). As mentioned in past reports, the dense vegetation and unstable substrates of this marsh com-munity make it virtually impossible to maintain permanent sampling plots. Re-location of ;iats makes comparison of yearly values difficult and undoubtedly 1-27 services group

2 accounts for some of the observed data variation. However, a general increase in cattail populations in recent years has been reported by other investigators l (Cook and Jackson 1978,t..thelm 1980). Further, comparison of recent aerial l 1

photographs (Texas Instruments 1980) also indicate an increase in areal cov-erage of cattail species at a number or locations withi, the Bailly study area, ,

1 including parts of the open bog. Cattails are well adapted to vet, disturbed l environments, especially where water levels fluctuate frequently. Once estab-lished, cattails exclude establishment or reproduction of other species.

Cutgrass was also an important species campled in 1980 (Table 1-12), 'nhabit-ing areas where cattail is not yet established. Cutgrass is the only species in this co=munity having consistently high yearly importance values (Table 1- P . Swamp loosestrife (Decodon verticillatus) was recorded for the first time and was a significant component of the sampled vegetation with c impor-tance value of 31.2. This species forms large vegetative colonies, as do the great majority of dominant marsh species. Although no shrubs or trees were present on sample plots , scattered shrubs (poisen-sumac, red-oshier dogwood, spirea) and a few small trees (various species of willow) are present through- h out the carsh.

Table 1-12 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Cowles Bog (0 pen) Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 19 Relative Relative Relative Incortance Taman Density

• Density Dceinance* Gaminance Frecuency* Frecuency valu,*

• 1ertis Bce*reria cylindeica 1,214 0.6 218 1.1 20 4.7 6.4 Caren sp. 10,522 5.5 174 0.9 30 7. 0 13.4

'ecodon vertic111atas 3,237 1.7 4,574 22.5 30 7. 0 31.2 Espatorie me:aiatum 1.214 0.6 251 1.3 20 4. 7 6.6 Qanrium per'oiiatum 405 0.2 87 0.4 10 2.3 2.9 ter .ia oryzoices 70.820 36. 8 3,049 15.0 40 9.3 51.1 3r w ee sensitilis 1,214 0.6 305 1.5 20 4.7 6.3

s w nce regalis 4C5 0.2 44 0.2 10 2.3 2.7 h ea w tes carinunis 10,927 5.7 915 4.5 30 7.0 17.2 Files p siia 27,923 14.5 1,006 4.9 40 9.3 2'.7 M us [acutus} 1,214 0.6 1 0.0 10 2.3 2.9 5cattelaria gaj,e*4culata 405 0.2 Te 0.0 10 2.3 2.5 Solana Juicarwra 2,023 1.1 305 1.5 a0 9.3 11.9

• e e rpteeis palustris 2,023 1.1 305 1.5 20 4.7 7.3 Tn na angustifolia 35.422 10.9 5,184 25.5 70 16.3 60.7 h iatir ita c 22,258 11.6 3,920 19.3 30 7.0 37.9 Total 192,225

• ensity a2 pressed as mseer of individuals per acre, sominance as areal coverage in square feet per acre, and frecuency as percent of sancte plots in = trich a species occareed. :mpertance value is the sum of thr=ce relative values.

Parenthese indicate tentative icentification.

Tr

• trace.

1-28 services group

O 1.2.1.7 Maple Forest Communitv. Species composition in this community gen-erally remained similar to that of previous years, although densities for all strata were lower than in 1979 (Table 1-13) .

Table 1-13 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Maple Forest Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Relative Aelative Relative Isiportance fasen Dens ity* Density Omninance* Dominance Frequenev* Frwuency value' Morts acer rubrse 10.927 12.5 180 1.2 70 13.5 27.2 ETriaea quadrisulcata 28.32s 32.4 2.047 13.6 30 4.8 41.8 rau florida 1.619 1.9 261 1.7 20 3.8 7.4 (a e acarine 405 0.5 Tr 0.0 10 1.9 2.4 1.619 1.9 218 1.5 20 3.8 7.2 4ecanacense Liecnana neoeraces 1.214 1.4 1 0.0 20 3.8 5.2 Mieracium sp. 405 0.5 Tr 0.0 10 1.9 2.4 impatiens biflora 809 1.0 13 '. 0. e- 20 3.8 5.7 Ltaaera benzoin .'.542 4.2 697 4.6 50 9.6 18.4 Partnenocissus g 'nouefolia 4.452 5.1 436 2.9 30 5.8 13.8 Pevous vi rginir** 7.284 8.3 1.438 9.6 40 7.7 25.6 E nus serotina 16.997 19.4 7.857 52.3 40 13.5 85.2 Rosa (blanoa) 5.666 6.5 611 4.1 60 11.5 22.1 E cula trifoliata 405 0.5 44 0.3 10 1.9 2.7 5assafras albidum 1.619 1.9 871 4.8 10 1.9 9.6 wiiacina racemosa 1.214 1.4 88 0.6 30 4.8 7.8 5 milan nortacea 405 0.4 Tr 0.0 10 1.9 2.4 NTTctrum (polycone) 405 0.5 131 0.9 'O 1.9 3.3 Total 87.415 Shrsts 52.7 33.3 124.8 d acer rubrum F Jus virginiana 231 81 38.8 13.7 1970.

1740. 18.9 20 10 16.7 49.3 47.6 2610. 28.4 50.0 125.0 Ps serotina 283 30 Total 595 Tmes acer rubrum 186 72.1 63.8 65.1 90 45.J 182.2 EMtaceus crus-ca111 8 3.! 1.0 1.1 10 4.0 9.2 Prunus serotina 24 9.3 16.7 17.0 20 10.3 36.3 4ercus alba 8 3.1 1.8 1.8 10 5.0 9.9 anotnia psiidoacacia 24 9.3 13.4 13.7 50 25.0 48.0 5assafras albioun 8 3.1 1.3 1.3 2'; 10.0 14.4 Total 258

)

l

• Density expressed as nunter of individuals per acre, dominance as areal covirage (heres and shrubs) and basal ares (trees) in square feet per acre and frequency as percent of sample plots in which a species occurced.

l

importance value is the sum of the three relative values.

l Parentheses indicate tentative identification.

l Tr = trace.

l This table Ns been corrected from the sisumer 1940 report.

I _

t Total density and areal coverage of herbaceous species was the lowest of all l

locations sampled. The consistently low ground cover values and herb densities recorded for this community are the result of low light penetration through the dense canopy present at the time of July sampling. Periodic sping flooding is I a likely factor contributing to low ground cover also. As in most previous sam-plings, black cherry again recorded the highest importance value in the herb i

i 1-29 services group

iO stratum in 1980 (Table 1-3) . Enchanter's nightshade (Circaea cuadrisulcata) remained an important species in spite of widespread leaf miner damage. Jewei-weed, an important species in previcus samplings until 1979, again was present in the plots in small numbers (Table 1-3) . Yearly variation, shown in Table 1-3, is not unusual for many annual plants, including jewelweed, that require a specific microenvironment for seed germination. The large yearly fluctua-tion in the importance of tree seedlings (e.g. , Acer rubrum) is likely due to variation of annual seed crop as well as microenvironment factors mentioned ab ove .

Mortality occurred in both the shrub and tree stra in the past year. Sev-eral black cherry and one sassafras were lost from the shrub stratum. The cause of the mortality was 'incertain although shading out by the overs ~.ory was one contrn.buting factor. Three red maples in the tree stratum died, re-sulting in basal area remaining approximately the same as in 1979 (Table 1-6) .

Both insect damage (wood borer) and fungus infection were observed, although the primary cause of mortality could not be determined. Many of the second growth red maples at this location are trees which developed from stump sprouts.

Sprouting trees, when young, are exceptionally fast growing due to established root systems, but they also are highly susceptible to many plant pathogens (Fowells 1965). Reflectir.g the rapid growth and high importance of red maple at this location, tree basal area has increased 20 square feet per acre since 1974, the greatest of any location sampled (Table 1-6) .

1.2.1.8 Emergent Macrophvte Ccmmunitv. The habitat at this location has been drastically altered due to changes in drainage patterns associated with sealing of NIPSCo ash ponds south of the access road. At the July 1980 sam-pling, approximately 60 percent of Pond B was dry, including the area sampled for emergent aquatic plants in past ye is. All previously submerged vegeta-tion had died, and although most of the emergent macrophytes were still living at the time of sampling, they showed sy=ptoms of severe stress.

Sampling for 1980 was conducted in an area of Pond B where standing water was still present (north and east of the area sampled in past years). Species composition was similar to previous years (Table 1-3) , although white water h 1-30 services group

O <

l l

d lily (Nvmphaea tuberosa) was recorded for the first time on the study area et 1

this new sampling location (Table 1-14) . It is reported to be a common spe- l i

cies of shallow waters (Swink and Wilhelm 1979) . Species density and frequency  !

did not differ significantly from previous years.

Table 1-14 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Emergent Macrophyte Community Vegetation, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 h1stive blative Re16tive Importance Tggiig Density

• Density Dominence* *Josinance Frequency

• Freamag value*

Brasonia scarecert 162 2.7 22 1.4 10 ',1 11.2

!ausnar var,eosta 4.695 78.4 1.092 70.9 70 50.0 199.3

%smer.aea tucerosa 162 2.7 64 4.2 10 7.1 14.0 Pontederia Corcata 484 8.1 323 21.3 20 14.3 43.7 Fcamaceton vasert 324 5.4 34 2.2 20 14.3 21.9 m lattiolia 162 2.7 Tr 0.0 10 7.1 9.8 Total 5.989

'Dunsity is empressed as nuseer of individuals per acre. dominance as areal coverage in square feet per acre, and frequency as percent of sample plots in unich a species occurred. Importance value is the s a of the three relative values.

Tr = trace.

Por.d B and other ponds north of NIPSCo ash ponds are likely to experience con-tinued lowering of water levels in the future (Texas Instruments 1980). Vege-tation changes that are expected because of the hydrological change will be monitored closely.

1.2.1.9 Transmission Corridor Community. Sampling data for 1980 show that i monocot species continue to dominate this managed and disturbed location (Table l

1-15). Big blue stem (Andropogon gerardii), cutgrass and bluegrass (Poa sp.)

recorded a combined importance value greater than all other species together.

Red top (Agrostis alba) showed a significant increase over 1979, especially in the plots burned by fire in spring 1979 (Texas Instruments 1979) . As ex-

! pected, the pioneer species wood sorrel (Osalis stricta) was out-competed by l

l grasses and sedges and decreased in importance from 1979. One individual of 1

I common evening primrose (0enethera biensis) was recorded for the first time at this sampling location, raising the 7-year herb stratum species total to 57, the greatest of any location quantitatively saapled. The primrose is a l

l common weedy species in this area (Swink and Wilhelm 1979) .

1 1

Tt i vr t this location has been consistently the highest of any location.

l (j" Yearly ground cover values (Figure 1-5) reflect effects of fire in su=mer 1979, and general recovery of herbaceous species in :_980.

1-31 services group

a A,

) -

fiole 1-15 Density, Dominance, Frequency, and Importance Values for Transmission Corridor Vegetation. Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Relative nelative Relative Importance Tason Densit y* Density Drmit nance _* 30minance Freovency* Frequency value*

Hefts Acrostis a15e 63.941 7.9 1,525 5.5 20 5.3 18.7 371J01 45.9 12.197 44.1 70 18.4 108.4 AnorooogonT{rarett aulbestylis capi 1Taris) 405 3.1 Tr 3.0 10 2.6 3.2 Caiemetrostis (boieroeri) 405 0.1 44 0.2 10 2.6 2.9 Cares sp. 27.519 3.4 784 2.8 40 10.5 16.8 Ce nium arvense 4,452 0.5 261 1.0 10 2.6 4.1 Cascuta (smvanit) 405 0.1 Tr 0.0 10 2.6 2.7 Iris versicolor 11,736 1.4 1.089 3.9 10 2.6 7.9 U cus so. 2.428 0.3 44 0.2 20 5.3 5.8 Lee nia oryrotoes 153.781 19.0 5,924 21.4 10 2.6 43.0

[enethera piensis 809 0.1 87 0.3 10 2.6 3.0

'hans stricta 12.950 1.6 741 2.8 10 2.6 7.0 Panicum sp. 15,/83 1.9 348 1.3 30 7.9 11.1 phie m pretensis 2,023 0.2 Tr 0.0 10 2.6 2.8 Pea sp. 108.051 13.3 1612 60 15.8 34.9 Fy7eanthemum vir71ntanum 30,352 3. 7 2.831 10.2 20 5.3 19.2 L ovs allegneniensis 1,214 0.1 131 0.5 10 2.6 1.2 Escantia vimintara 1.214 0.1 44 0.2 10 2.6 2.9 ThelyoterispiT@tr+s 405 0.1 Tr 0.0 10 2.6 L7 Total

~

• Density is expressed as nuseer of individuals per acre, dominance as areal covera 9e in square feet per acre, and freouency as percert of sasiple plots in which a species occurred. Importance value is the sum of the three relative values.

Parentheses indicate tentative identification.

Tr = trece.

This table has been corrected from the saammer 1980 report.

1.2.2 QUALITA1J'IE ANALYSIS 1.2.2.1 Sedge Meadow Community. A total of 26 species was observed at this location (Table 1-16) . Most common species recorded in previous years were again present in l'3 80 . Bristly dewberry (Rubus hispidus) was recorded for the first time in this community. It is locally common in acid woods and boggy areas (Swink Wilhem 1979) .

Table 1-16 Plants Observed in Sedge Meadow Community, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Scientific stame Common %me Acer re ru. med mapie

@ egia esas *nsis Coltsubine Asc;esias twemsa Bu tte r11y-weed Caren pennsylvanica Woodland sedge EpErtna cero11sta Flowering spurge i.a!i a sp. Sa is traw Kricia Stflora %4rf dandelton Lupinus, perennis Lapine a sylvatica Black gum ic e navc % 2c Panic grass Pinus banestana Jack pine E sp. Bluegrass Enus serotica Slack cherry Prunus virginiara Choke cherry Pter 11am aquilinum Bracken fern Wels U elutina Black Oak Rosa slanca Pale rose E s einegaentensis Blackberry boas %fspicus Dewbe r*y 5assafras aioidum Sassafras int acina racemosa False Solomon's seal

'mGacina stellata Starry f alse Solcmien's seal Tol tsago bramintTolia) Grass-leaved goldenrod Teperosia virginiana Scat's rue Tracescaatie virginiana Sof den ort vaccinium peansslesnic e Lcne-bush plveberry ditis {riparia } Riverbena grape Parentheses indicate tentative identif tCation.

1-32 services group

t LJ 1.2.2.2 Immature Oak (Interdunal) Communitv. This community recorded the greatest number of species (40) of any of the qualitatively sampled locations (Table 1-17) . A number of taxa were newly recorded, including harebell (Camp-anula rotundifolia), seaside spurge (Euphorbia polygonifolia), and bristly cat-brier (Smilax tamnoides) . All these plants are characteristic of the Indiana dunes (Swink and Wilhelm 1979) . Seaside spurge is listed as endangered on A Preliminary List of Endangered, Threatened, and Rare Vascular Plant Species in Indiana (Bacone 1978) .

Table 1-17 Plants Observed in Immature Oak (Interdunal) Community, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 Scientific Name Canon Name amelancnier arsorea -

serviceberry Ancrepogon scocarius Little bluestem Asclepias tueerosa Butterfly-weed Campan'uTa" entuncifolia Harebell Cares pennsylvanica Woodland sedge Oceancra umbellata Bastard toad-flax irigeron str1gosus Daisy flea-bane Eupnorcia corcilata Flowering spurge

[wonoreiapoly1onifolia Spurge ersgaria virginiana Strawterry

[ + Hamaman <1rginiana Witen-hazel

(~ gliantnus divaricatus ' oooland sunficnver n

Krigia Diflora Narf dandelion Litnospemum carolinense Puccoon uatantnemum canacense Wild lily-of-the-valley Opuntia compressa Prickly pear Panicum so. Panic grass Partnerecissus quinquifolia Virginia creeper Pinus canssiana Jack pine Poa 50. Bluegrass Epulus tremuloides Trembling aspen hnus serotina Black enerry P ua 2s virginian _a_ Croke cherry Pteriaturt ,.quilinum Bracken fern Wercus alba Site oak Quercus Etina Black oak Rh s aromatica Fragrant sumac E olabra Smooth sumac E racicans Poison Ivy E Dianca Pale rose E s alieqnemiensis Blackberry Rudbecnia nirta Black-eyed susan Sassafras albid s Sassafras smilacina stei7ata Starry false Solomon's seal Smilan retuac1 f ol i a G eenertar Similax tamnoices Bristly catbrier Solicago graminifolia Grass-leaved goldenrod Teperosia virginiana Goat's rue Tracescantia crioensis Spidenecrt Vaccinium pennsylvanictri Low-bush blueberry Vitis g aria Riverbana grape i

r 1.2.2.3 Wetland Meadow Community. Communities of this type exist sporadi-cally throughout the marsh where cattails are not established. A total of 27 species was observed in this location, including six newly recorded species 1-33 services group

o

• \

/

(Table 1-18). Cattail appears to be increasing in this community at the ex-O pense of many of the herb species recorded this year and in the past. As men-tiened previously (subsection 1.2.1.8), comparison of CIR photographa also indicate an increase in cattail for a number of locations within the Bailly study area including this sampling location.

Table 1-18 Plants Observed in Wetland Meadow Community, Sailly Study Area, July 1980 Scientific Ma_n_e Ccenmon Name Altsma plantago-equatt:a maatar plantian Asclepias incamata 5= amp milkwetd Boenneria cylinorica False nettle Caren stricta Sedge i EUU so. Sed ge Cepealanthus occidentalis ButtonDush Cornus stolonifere Red-oshier dogwood Cuscuta grovenit Dodder Decodon vertictlistas Swamp loosestrife tieocnaris sp. Spikerush Cupatori 6 Mefolfstum Boneset mpatteas biflore h elweed Leersia cryroices Cutgrass hi ee pumila Clearweed PoIiion.snsaaittatan Te a rthumo Rhus vernt s Poison sumac G orticulatas mater Jock faTTu nigra 81ack willow 53TT sp. Willow saneucus cana *ns1_2 E13erterry Scirpus (acutus) Bullrush

%elypteris palustris Marsh fern g snqustifolia  % arrow-leaved cattati ypea latifol f e Cattall Ltricularia purpurea Bladderwor de eena nestata Blue verwatn wercnica scatellata Marsh speesnell Parentheses indicate tentative identification.

1.2.2.4 Foliar Effects. In summer 1980, observed foliar sy=ptoms indicating phyciological stress were most obvious a=ong vegetation occupying the inter-dunal area north of the NIFSCo fl'/-ash settling ponds. Color infrared photog-raphy taken in August 1980 also revealed stress in this area and among trees growing in the wooded swamp (Cowles Bog, Wooded-Wet) . Although a variety of biotic and abiotic stress-causing agents were identified, water (excess or de-ficiency) appeared to be the most important stress factor. A more detailed account of vegetation stress recorded in the vicinity of Bailly Nuclear-1 site appears in a separate report (Texas Instruments 1980) .

O 1-34 services group

I

, I

() Vegetation stress present in the interdunal area north of the NIPSCo fly-ash settling ponds was caused primarily by insufficient soil moisture, although foliar symptoms indicating mineral imbalances and air pollution damage also were evident. The general drying of this area in 1980 is largely attributable to decreased seepage from the NIPSCo fly-ash ponds (Texas Instruments 1980) .

Cottonwood (Populus deltoides) was the most highly stress species at this lo-

, cation, with approximately 20 trees defoliated and apparently dead. Other woody species exhibiting stress symptoms included black oak, black gum (Nyssa sylvatica), trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) and red-oshier dogwood. As previously mentioned (subsection 1.2.1.8) , aquatic vegetation located in Pond B exhibited extensive stress and mortality.

Although aerial color infrared photographs indicated widespread stress in the wooded swamp, the stress generally was not severe enough to show externally.

Symptoms of physiological stress due to excessive moisture were exhibited by scattered individuals of several lowland hardwood species, including red maple, the predominant swamp tree species. Cottony maple scale (Pulvinaria innumera-() bilis) also contributed to red maple stress at this location, and several other insects caused minor damage to vegetation throughout the study area (Texas In-struments 1980).

1.2.2.5 Soil Conductivity. As recorded for most previous years, mean soil conductivity values for May, July, and October 1980 (Table 1-19) were well be-low values (2000 to 4000 micro =hos per centimeter) reported to have detrimen-

~

tal effects to salt-sensitive plant species (Richards 1954). The highest mean values recorded in 1980 were 1127 micromhos per centimeter from the Cowles Bog (0 pen) (5) sampling location and 1098 from the Maple Forest (6) sampling loca-tion. These two locations also showed the greatest month-to-month variation in values. In general, year-to-year (1980 versus 1979) variation was greater than seasonal variation for most locations. These results are consistent with data collected since 1974. They reflect expected relationships of soil con-ductivities to soil types (Figure 1-6) and topographical orientation (Texas

. Instruments 1978b, 1979).

)

1-35 services group

to Table 1-19 g Mean Soil Conductivities (p=hos/cm), Bailly Study Area, May, July, and October 1974-1980 Samp11n9

%nts same11ae location 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1974-19R0 May (1) 8eachgrass 70 50 50 219 228 207 283 218 (2) Foredune 90 50 50 250 755 255 251 215 (3) Imature oak forest 151 56 63 97 242 417 392 181 (44) Cowles Bog, wooded-dry 94 97 111 300 301 32 6 208 192 (48) Cowles 90g. wooded-wet 894 990 1623 1211 390 626 315 737 (5) Cowles Bog, open 589 1237 1500 1000 41 8 - 1127 979 (6) Maple forest 22 7 165 311 625 631 535 474 391 (8) 7tansmission corridor 152 119 135 258 387 464 451 281 (9) Sedge weaccm 98 81 71 - 251 - 355 171 (10) Imature oak forest. interdunal 278 108 98 165 377 411 230 245 July (1) Beachgrass 73 50 50 73 149 341 169 130 (2) Foredce 79 50 62 65 1% 643 333 204 (3) Imature oaa forest 131 56 89 76 177 303 260 150 (4A) Cowles Bog, vocoed-dry 106 97 100 129 210 667 210 217 (48) Cowles Bog, wooded-wet 2221 990 1r43 314 267 1010 573 1046 (5) Cowles Bog, open 2082 1237 1642 224 36 9 - 330 961 (6) Maple forest iB8 165 243 379 339 1332 364 430 (8) Transmission corridor 122 119 130 68 189 857 181 238 (9) Sedge meadcm 950 81 55 288 152 - 100 2 71 (10) 1 mature oak interdunal 60 108 62 128 165 469 115 158 Ortober (1) Beachgrass 65 58 59 84 125 312 203 129 (2) Foredune 01 58 59 36 150 421 32 6 166 (3) Imature oak forest 91 49 91 124 160 6C8 446 224 (44) Cowles 8o9 wooded-dry 168 71 149 159 79 281 456 2%

(48) Cowles Bog, wooded-wet 1400 961 1372 136 483 1321 518 885

'5) Cceles Bog, open 1046 1378 1169 223 695 2095 528 1019 l 6) Maple vorest 210 358 1 71 251 410 1011 1098 824

8) Transmission corridor 124 129 111 121 237 537 459 245 (9) Sedge readow 1812 53 52 96 71 264 291 468 (10) Immature oaa, inteceunal 96 46 51 110 336 226 392 180 0

COWUNITIES (SAMPLING LOCATIONS) RANKED BY MEAN SOIL CONCUCT!VITY SOIL STRUCTURE / COMPOSITION ( C "*U $ "'

BEACHGRASS (1)

$ ^e FORECUNE (2)

IWATURE CAK FOREST (3)

IMMATURE OM =0 REST (INTERCLNAL) (10)

CC6LES BOG (WOCCED-CRY) (Ja)

TRANSMISSICN CORRIDCR (8) $

SEDGE MEADCW (9) $

E

• SPLE FOREST (6)

M

• CCWLES 30G (WCCCED-WET) (4b) 5

• COWLES B0G (OPEN) (5) g o e S0IL %STURE Figure 1-6. Relationship of Vegetation Communities, Mean Soil Conductivity, Soil Structure / Composition, and Soil Moisture, Bailly Study Area 1-36 services group

o 1.3 MAMMALS 1.

3.1 INTRODUCTION

. Eighteen mnmmal species were observed in the Bailly study area during 1980. One, the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) , was ob-served for the first time during the monitoring program. An annotated check-list of common and scientific names of these species is presented in Appendix A. Larger mammc1 sightings and signs are summarized in Table 1-20. Small mammal live-trapping data along transecto in five sampling locations are pre-sented in Table 1-21. Figure 1-7 shows the number of mammal species recorded in each sampling location and sampling period during 1980. Table 1-22 pre-sents the results of cottontail surveys from 1974 through 1980. Tables 1-23 and 1-24 describe population fluctuations of selected mnmmal species from 1974 through 1980.

Table 1-20 Sightings of Mammnis or Mammal Signs, Bailly Study Area,1980 m e. _ 5Zt _ '"d".E' **?I*' .i. mse 4%. ' O 'U" O -- ------------------------

s_

Eastem unle

• * * * * * * * * * *

• 1 tecom 1 qad few

• 131Iw4 gned soutml 1 (astam cnismea 5 14 to 7 7 4 Womecauce

• 1

• 1 tad sealmt 1 1 3 1 4 2 2 1 Fon soutml 1 1 2 3 6 1

• 3 1 austrat medan jumping muse fastam cettetail * * * * *

• 1 9 9 4 4 3 5 T 4 4 3 3 4 5 4 Thtal species 5 3 3 4 4 3 4 6 4 9 a 4,t*,s .< si,. .ir.

1.3.2 RESULTS 1.3.2.1 Beachgrass Community. Eight species of mammals were observed in the Beachgrass Community in 1980 (Figure 1-7) . Five of the species were detected bv signs or sightings (Table 1-20) and three species were caught in Sherman live-traps (Table 1-21) . The white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus),

O eastern cottontail rabbit (Sylvilagus floridanus), raccoon (Procyon lotor),

d 1-37 services group

, _ . - _ . . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ ~ . . . _ .~ .

1 1

3 '

1 and opossum (Didelphis virginianus) commonly use the Beachgrass Community.

In May, a 13-lined ground squirrel (Spermophilus tridecemlineatus) was seen in the Beachgrass Community; it was previously unrecorded in this community.

Table 1-21 Abundances (No./100 Trap-nights) of Small Mammals Collected by Trapping, Bailly Study Area, May and October 1980 Cowles Bog Maple Transmission Beachgrass Oak Forest (Wooded) Forest Corridor Species g g g g g g g g g g Short-tailed shrew 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 Masked shrew 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eastern chipmunk 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13-lined ground squirrel 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 Deer nouse 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 White-footed mouse 0.0 1.0 2.0 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.3 3.3 0.7 0.3 Meadow vole 13.7 10.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Meadow junging mouse 1.3 15.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.7 T5 -

14 - v #f

, _ O=- _

, OCTCEER -

• ~

10 h TOTE p -

er V -

3 3 - - NN; - -k:

y -:: -

{s g - i --

g - --

k  : I

~

k

~

4g 7- - j j 7- 7 g i g -

g -s y --

c

i

, -4  :

r a: @ & $

hs:

{h k ,

kACbGAA5s FCFI;XDE' I MAD,PI CAA CJsLE5 BCG CJsLE5 80G* QPLE "KJiCW T IE ' I AANMI531M ie000ED) (OPEM) FCP1;T CCRRIDCA e :n u. woma. Tw9tas.

Figure 1-7. Numbers of Mammal Species Encountered, Bailly Study Area, 1980 0

1-38 services group

() . The three species trapped in the Beachgrass Community (Table 1-21) were the meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) , white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leuco-pus), and masked shrew (Sorex cinereus). The masked shrew was first observed in the Beachgrass Community in 1979 and appears to be maintaining its popula-tion there. Both the white-footed mouse and meadow vole have maintained popu-lations in this co=munity since the study began.

Meadow vole populations are known to be eruptive with a peak in numbers at approximately 3 to 5 year intervals (Krebs and Myers 1974). The meadow vole population in the Beachgrass Co=munity appeared to be at the peak of the cycle in May of 1980 (13.7 voles per 100 trap-nights) . Population numbers were high in October 1979 (6.7 voles per 100 trap-nights) and increased over the winter of 1979-1980 indicating high over-w1nter survival and winter breeding that is characteristic of meadow vole populations during the increase and peak neriod.

The catch in October was slightly less than in May, indicating that pr,ulation is decreasing. Peak populations of meadow voles are seldom maintained for more than a year (Krebs and Myers 1974). ,

1.3.2.2 Foredune Community. Partly because small mammal trapping is not con-ducted .in this community, the total number of species observed (4) is lower than in the two adjoining sampling locales (Figure 1-7) . Small mammals util-izing the community likely are similar to those in adjacent communities. Be-cause the Foredune Community has a greater variety of browse, the white-tailed deer may tae it more than the Beachgrass Community.

l I

1.3.2 3 Immature Oak Forest Community. Ten species of mammals were observed in this community (Figure 1-7) . Four of these species were collected in Sherman live-traps (Table 1-21); seven were detected by sightings or signs, with the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus) observed in both efforts.

In May, the short-tailed shrew (Blarina brevicauda) and white-footed mouse were caught in Sherman live-traps. The short-tailed shrew has been caught in this community only sporadically in the past, but the white-footed mouse is a con-

! sistent observation.

1-39 services group

9 f

In October, the eastern chipmunk, white-footed mouse, and deer mouse (Peromvs-cus maniculatus) were caught in the Sherman live-traps. The deer mouse has not been recorded in the Beachgrass and Immature Oak Communities since the study began. Trapping efforts in 1970 (NIPSCo 1971) and in 1974 (R.E. Mumford per-sonal com=unication) failed to record the species. However, in 1922 the spe-cies was common in beachgrass in the general vicinity of the study area (Lyon 1923).

Small animals of ten appear in an area for a short while, but fail to establish a viable population. The house mouse (Mus musculus) for instance, appeared in the Beachgrass Community in 1976 and 1977 af ter a fire, but failed to main-tain a population there. Future trappings will determine if the deer mouse is established in the area.

The six other species recorded during the larger ma= mal surveys in the Immature Oak Forest Community (Table 1-20) commonly have been recorded in the past. Wood-chuck (Marmota menax) dens were noted in several locations, especially near the sedge meadows that occur sporadically in this forest. Although woodchucks com-menly appear in wooded habitats on the site, they feed almost exclusively on grasses and other herbaceous vegetation (Martin et al.1951) .

lll 1.3.2.4 Cowles Bog (Wooded) Community. In 1980, 11 species of enemnis were detected in this co=munity. Two were live-trapped (Table 1-21); the remainder were detected from signs and sightings.

All of the ma=mals observed in this community have been recorded often in the past except the red fox (Vulpes fulva), which has not been observed on the study area since 1976. The fox seat found on Coules Bog trail was assumed to be that of red fox, because it is the more common of the two fox species in northern Indiana (Mumford 1969) .

1.3.2.5. Cowles Boe (0 pen) Ccemunity. Of the six species of mammals observed using this community, all but the muskrat (Ondatra zibethica) were seen on the dike that runs along the southern border of the beg. White-tailed deer, racoon, and eastern cottontail rabbit signs were common in this area. Several tunnels characteristic of the eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus) were noted. Opossum signs were noted in two of the three sampling periods.

1-40 services group

. . _ = . - - . - -.

C 4

Fresh signs of muskrat were found in May and July, but not in October. This valuable furbearer was common during the early years of the study but has de-creased in numbers until only occasional sightings now occur. The species has not been seen in the open oog since 1977, but was sighted in the Emergent Macro-phyte Community in May and July 1980.

1.3.2.6 Maple Forest Community. Eleven species of mammals were observed in the Maple Forest Community in 1980 (Figure 1-7) . Virtually all the inhabitants of the wooded Fortion of the study area were observed during at least one of l the sampling periods. The raccoon and red squirrel (Tamiasciurius hudsonicus) were observed during all sampling periods.

The deer mouse, trapped in the Immature Oak Forest Community, also was trapped in the Maple Forest Community (Table 1-21) . This species is reported to pre-fer open, dry areas such as the Immature Oak Forest edge where the other in-dividual was caught. The single deer mouse caught in the Maple Forest may have been a migrant or temporary resident rather than part of an established popu-() lation.

1.3.2.7 Emergent Macrophyte Community. The number of mammal species ob-served in this community (4) (Figure 1-7, Table 1-20) was equal to that seen in the Foredune Community. The opossum, raccoon, and white-tailed deer for-age for food here, while the muskrat, which was seen in May and July but not in October, inhabits the community. Absence of fall observations is not un-usual and more muskrats have been recorded in the spring and summer during the monitoring period.

1 1.3.2.8 Transmission Corridor. Eleven species of mammals were observed in the Transmission Corridor (Figure 1-7). Only the woodchuck is newly recorded in this cover type; its signs were observed along the periphery of the corri-dor in October. Five of the species observed in the Transmission Corridor were collected in the Sherman live-traps (Table 1-21) .

O 1-41 services group

D'Ep The meadow vole population in the Transmissic.. Corridor reached high densities h in 1930, similar to the 3eachgrass population. However, meadow vole numbers were lcwer in the spring and peaked in the fall on the Transmission Corridor, whereas spring population numbers were higher in the Beachgrass.

1.3.2.9 Road Route. Numbers of eastern cottontail rabbits seen on the road route were highest since 1976 (Table 1-22) . This increase in numbers in-dicates good reproducticn and recruitment. Significant variations in eastern cottontail rabbit populations are common (Preno and Labinski 1971) .

Table 1-22 Cottontail Rabbit Sightings along 22-Mile Road Route near Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Month of Observation 1974 1975 1976 1977 1979 1979 1980 Stop lun, M MM &M &M & hl &M &M 1

2 2 0

3 3 1 4 4 2 3 3 1 4 5 5 1 1 2 6 3 3 2 2 1 6 4 1 2 1 2 7 4 2 2 2 7 5 2 1 3 3 7 1 1 1 1 2 8 4 1 1 3 1 1 2 9 2 1 1 5 1 2 1 10 3 1 1 2 1 11 12 2 1 2 1 1 3 3 1 2 1 1 13 1

14 1 15 1 3 2 1 16 1 1 1 2 17 1 1 la 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 1

19 1 1 1 4 1 1

20 2 1 21 3 5 22 2 1 Total 24 13 6 19 15 34 18 12 7 7 5 16 11 22 h ervations/ Mile 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.9 0.7 1.5 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.7 0.5 1.0 O

(

l-42 services group

1.3.2.10. Yearly Comparison. Since the beginning of the study in 1974, sev-U eral changes in the mammalian fauna have been detected. The gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) may have disappeared from the study area, consistent with its status in the vicinity (Mumford 1969). The deer mouse may be reestablishing in the area.

Fluctuations in population numbers are ccused by many interacting factors, most of which cannot be isolated. Generally, fluctuations in population density may be either regular or random (Krebs 1972) . Cycles (e.g., a 4-year cycle in the abundance of meadow voles) have been the source of much controversy and study in an attempt to determine causal mechanisms (Krebs and Myers 1974) .

-~ __----. _ - - .

=_ . . -. -

Changes in manmuilian fauna are described using two analyses. For the larger mammal species listed in Table 1-23, the total number of individuals of a spe-cies that <:ere sighted during the year (all 3 sample periods ccabined) was cel-culated. Because these species were noted by observation only, the basic as-sumption of this analysis was *. hat an approximately equal amount of effort was expended each year in sighting individuals. The assumption holds except during 1974 when transects and plots were initially established resulting in more time spent in the fielc and more sightings. Years 1975 through 1980 are years of approximately equal affort.

Table 1-23 Population Fluctuations of Four Species of Mammals As Determined from Total Sightings. Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Species 1974* 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Red squirrel 28 9 13 18 12 10 15 Gray squirrel 18 3 1 1 0 0 0 Fox squirrel 29 16 16 25 li i3 14 Muskrat 23 21 21 12 1 2 4 Because of the greater field effort during 1974, the data for that year are not as comparable as the other years.

^

The second analysis was conducted on three small mammals that have been trapped (v) in two or more communities on the study area (Table 1-24) . For these species, 1-43 services group

t a  !

population fluctuations in a variety of communities were described. The two quantitative analyses are followed by a qualitative description of the fluctu-ations of several species of m =mnis.

Table 1-24 Catch per 100 Trap 4 1ghts of Three Small Mammals in Dif ferent Communities, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 1974 1971 1976 1977 '979 1919 1990 g 5 mc

• et C aunq,a t ty* Atceer  % ktaber J g itmer ma j ma 1r tsee ms g Ottmee sje Set abec y Ogr e_ee a.ge Wort-telled %rew 1 1.0 0.0 0.0 0. 0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0. 0 0.3 0. 0 1. 0 0. 0 0.0 02 3 1.3 0.3 0.4 0.0 3. 0 0.0 0. 0 3.0 0. 3 0.0 0. 0 3. 3 0.3 01 4 1.7 0. 0 0.0 0. 3 0.0 0.0 3. 3 0.0 0. 7 0. 0 1.7 00 0.0 0. 3 6 1.0 0. 0 3.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 1.0 3.0 3. 3 0.0 0. 3 0.0 0. 0 0.2 8 4.0 0.J 2.7 3. 7 43 0.7 4.3 0. 3  ?.3 0. 3 1.7 0. 0 4.0 2.6 Study arts eiere9e 1.s 0.1 0.5 3. 8 0.9 0.1 1.2 0.1 2. 3 0.1 0.9 3.1 0. 5 asnta footed %wse 1 3.0 2.7 5.0 3.7 3.0 0.0 9.0 0.0 0. 7 0.0 1.3 0.0 1. 0 23 3 4. 3 2. 7 2. 3 2.3 6.J 5.0 5. 3 0. 0 1.3 0.0 5.7 2. 0 0.2 2.9 4 6. 7 1.3 2.7 2.3 3. 7 5.3 11.7 0. 3 1.3 1. 0 4.7 1.0 3.3 3. 3 4 6.7 f.7 5.3 2.0 6.3 5.3 10.0 2. 3 6. 7 f.3 5.3 1.3 3.3 a,4 4 0. 7 0. 3 1. 7 0.0 0. 7 0.0 9.J 3.0 1.7 0.3 3. 0 0.2 0. 3 1.4 5td, eree evere9e 4. 3 1.7 3.J l.5 3. 9 3.1 9.0 0. 5 2.3 0. 5 4.0 0. 9 1.2

%eeas vele 1 6.3 0.0 2.7 5.0 *O 2. 7 4.3 0. 0 1. 7 0. 0 6.7 13.7 10.0 4.4 8 14.3 0. 3 1.7 2.0 10. . 2.0 8.3 0. 7 3.0 0. 0 6.3 1.3 15.3 5.1 Study erse everage 13.3 0.2 2.2 3.5 7.4 2. 4 6.2 0. 4 2. 4 00 6.5 7. 5 12.7 i = teecess; 3 . gemature esa forest; 4

• helet leg. ' weeded; 6

• anele forest; 8

• tresumssten care 9 doc.

Among the larger mammals, the red and fox squirrel populations appear to be latively stable (Table 1-23). Somewhat more sightings occurred in 1977, per-haps because of increased activity related to a year of good fruit and nut g

production, which is the major food source for both species. In contrast, sightings of gray squirrel decreased steadily from 1974 to 1977, when it was las t seen. Considered rare to absent in northern Indiana for several decades

[Lyons 1923, Mumford 1969), the species was reintroduced in th? area based on

~

~

the assumption that it once (before settlement) was common. Apparently, however, the species is unable to maintain a viable population in the study area.

Sightings of the muskrat on the study area exhibited a distinct decline, reach-ing a low in 1978 and apparently now increasing. Muskrat populations fluctu-ate widely and have been shown to have a regular cycle of about 10 years (Bul-mer 1974). If this periodicity is characteristic of the muskrat population of the Indiana dunes, then the peak apparently occurred in 1974, or before.

With the exception of the gray squirrel, these species appeared to be manifest-ing characteristic fluctuations in numbers (either random or periodic), al-though poaching was previously mentioned as a possibility in the decline of the muskrat. The gray squirrel apparently has become locally extinct.

1-44 services group

O f

() The small mammal / habitat quantitative analysis (Table 1-24) showed that the short-tailed shrew reaches highest density and is most consistent in the Trans-mission Corridor (Table 1-24) . In 1974 and 1978, it was fcund in all the areas sampled, but its presence in areas other than the Transmission Corridor has been erratic. The population on tha study area was highest in 1978. Lower catches in May than in October were recorded in all years, reflecting the results: o.f summer breeding and high winter mortality. ,

The white-footed. mouse prefers wooded communities and highest densities occur in the maple woods (Table 1-24). As in th; short-tailed shrew pop-ulation, densities of white-footed mice are greater in the fall than in the spring. Greatest densities on the study area were reached in 1977.

The meadow vole has been captured only in the two grassy habitats (Table 1-24) .

This species exhibits a 3- to 5-year cycle in numbers (Krebs and Meyer 1974) .

The Transmission Corridor population has demonstrated this cycle better than the Beachgrass population. Because population size before 1974 is unknown, s October 1976 can be assumed to have been the first clear peak in numbers of

' meadow voles in the Transmissicn Corridor. Density was slightly lower the following October, followed by 2 years of relative scarcity. In October 1980, the population was large again, 4 years after the initial peak.

In the Beachgrass meadow vole population, a clear peak was not noticeable in October 1976. although a fire in July 1976 may have altered the cycle of abun-dance there. As in the Transmission Corridor, October 1977 density was simi-lar to that of October 1976. The Beachgrass population apparently bred over the winter of 1979-1980, which is characterist.ic of the increased phase of the population cycle, and reached the highest population density recorded in the location in May 1980. Although the Transmission Corridor population did not indicate over-winter breeding, it too reached highest population densitics re-corded in 1980 (October) .

These three small mnmmal populations appear to be fluctuating in numbers (either randomly or with a distinct periodicity) around an average density that is char-acteristic for the community. Disappearances from some communities (the

() short-tailed shrew) appear to be followed by repopulation. High densities (the meadow vole) are followed by years of low densities.

services group 1-45

,o The white-tailad deer often is sighted on the study area. Sightings apparently g have increased in recent years. Many were sightt ' in 1974, consistent with the greater effort in that year. However, few sightings occurred in 1975 and none in 1976. Observations of tracks in 1976 indicated that the species was still present in the study area. In 1977 and 1978, a white-tailed deer was sighted in each year. Sightings increased to five in 1979 and nine in 1980. Although the reason for the scarcity of the white-tailed deer sightings from 1976 to 1978 is obscure, recent sightings indicate the species may be increasing in numbers.

1.3.2.11 Disease and Parasites. No occurrences of disease were encountered during the 1980 sampling. A previous report (Texas Instruments 1975) described sources and vectors of disease likely to occur in wildlife populations in the Bailly study area.

1.4 AVIFAUNA (BIRDS) 1.

4.1 INTRODUCTION

. Transect counts of birds were taken in sampling lo-cations 1, 3 through 6, 8, and along Cowles Bog Trail (Figure 1-1) during May and October (Tables 1-25 through 1-28) . Roadisde surveys (Figure 1-2) for Ringed-necked Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) and Mourning Dove (Zenaida mac-roura) were performed during May and July. Table 1-29 lists all bird species recorded during road routes conducted in 1980. Birds inhabiting aquatic areas (Figure 1-3) were censused during May and October (Table 1-30) A checklist of all species seen in the Bailly study area since 1974 and an annotated checlist of 1980 sightings are presented in Appendix B.

1.4.2 RESULTS 1.4.2.1 Beachgrass Community. Only three bird species were reported in the Beachgrass Cormiunity during 1980 (Table 1-25), a reflection of the limited usage of this location by birds. These same species have been observed during past years in this community.

1.4.2.2 Immature Oak Forest Ccemuraity. During 1980, seven species of birds were o'; served along transects in the Immature Oak Forest Community (Table 1-25) .

1-46 services group

a h The Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) was observed most frequently. The Pine Warbler (Dendroica pinus) previously was unrecorded on the study area.

Table 1-25 Bird Abundances (No./100 Acres) in Beachgrass and Immature Oak Forest Communities, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Beachgrass Irraisture Oak Forest May October May October Species Transect A B A B A B A B Blue Jay 58 58 116 232 American Crow 58 White-breasted Nuthatch 58 Red-breasted Nuthatch 58 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 116 Pine Warbler 116 116 Palm Warbler 58 232 American Goldfinch 58 Savann:h Sparrow 58 58 Song Sparrow 58 Total Abundance 0 58 116 58 174 232 174 522 No. Species 3 7 b

v 1.4.2.3' Cowles Bog (Wooded) Community. Only three of the 17 species seen in this community during 1980 were observed in both May and October surveys (Table 1-26) . These species were the Blue Jay, American Robin (Turdus migra-Lorius) , and White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). The White-throated Sparrow was numerous in October.

Several species with limited geographic distributions were observed in the wooded bog. The Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaria), for instance, reportedly common in Indiana only in northeastern woodlands (Webster 1% 5), has occurred

! commonly in the Bailly study area each year. The Veery (Catharus fuscesens),

listed as threatened in Illinois (Illinois Department of Conservation 1979),

nests annually in the wooded bog.

I i

Forty species of birds were observed in the Cowles Bog Trail transects (Table 1-27). As in the past, the most species of birds were seen on Transect 4. The White-throated Sparrow and Blue Jay commonly were sighted. Brewer's Blackbird (Euphagus cyenocephalus) was recorded for the first time in the study area on

[]

v Transect 1 in October 1980.

1-47 services group

o I

i Table 1-26 Bird Abundances (No./100 Acres) in Cowles Bog Wooded and Open Co=munities, Bailly Study Area,1980 Cowles Bog, Wooded Cowles Bog, Open May October May October Soecies A* B* A B A B A B Sora 58 Comon Flicker 58 Red-headed Woodpecker 58 58 58 Tree Swallow 116 Blue Jay 58 58 116 116 Comon Crow 116 Black-capped Chickadee 58 58 White-breasted Nuthatch 116 Brown Creeper 58 Long-billed Marsh Wren 58 Short-billed Marsh Wren 116 American Robin 116 116 Wood Thrush 58 Hermit Thrush 174 Golden-crowned Kinglet 58 116 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 116 58 European Starling 58 Yellow-throated Vireo 58 Red-eyed Vireo 116 Yellow-rumped Warbler 116 Palm Warbler 116 116 Yellow Warbler 116 Kentucky Warbler 58 Comon Yellowthroat 58 Red-winged Blackbird 290 116 232 116 Ccmon Grackle 58

_. Brown-headed Cowbird 58 American Goldfinch 116 116 Northem Junco 232 White-throated Sparrow 116 %64 116 Fox Sparrow 116 116 Swamp Sparrow 232 58 Song Sparrow 58 116 White-crowned Sparrow 58 Total Abundance [4 406 1218 406 1044 812 606 696 Total No. Species 17 23 Transects 1.4.2.4 Cowles Bog (0 pen) Community. Twenty-three species of birds were observed using this ccamunity in 1980 (Table 1-26), more than in any other year of the study. Fourteen of these 'pecies seen in this community (61%) were ob-served in May. The Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) was recorded in 1-48 services group

O

{J 1arge numbers during both May and October transect sampling.

Marsh Wren (Cistothocus plantensis) is a " Blue Listed" species (Arbib 1979)

The Short-billed that has nested in the open bog each year.

Table 1-27 Bird Abundances (No./100 Acres) along Cowles Bog Trail, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Transect 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Species M 0gl  !!ay, a 951 M,,ay, Oc,1 & Qgi fi!y, p,c1 !!ay, 0,,c1  !!ay, Oc1 lay, gel Mallard 58 Comon Flicker 58 58 1M Red-beaded Woodpecker 58 58 Yellow-bellied Sapsucker 48 Downy Woodpecker 58 58 81ue Jay 116 232 116 232 58 116 58 58 232 232 116 58 58 Slack-capped Chickadee 174 Tufted Titmouse 116 White-breasted Nuthatch 116 58 116 58 116 Brown Creeper 58 58 Gray Catbird 58 116 58 knerican Robin 58 58 116 58 Wood Thrush 58 58 58 Hermit Thrush 58 174 116 Gray-cheeked Thrush 58 Veery 58 58 Goloen-crowned Kinglet 58 Ruby-crowned Kinglet 174 58 116 174

/~3 Yellow-throated Vireo 58

( ,/ Red-eyed Vireo 116 Waroling Vireo 58 58 81ack-and-white Warbler 58 58 Tennessee Warbler 116 58 Nashville Warbler 116 Yellow Warbler 116 Cerulean Warbler 58

'bestnut-sided Wartler 116 Oveneird 58 Kentucky Warbler 116 116 Cormion Yellowthroat 58 knerican Redstart 116 Red-winged Blackbird 232 58 Brewer's Blackbird 58 Comon Grackle 116 116 Northern Cardinal 58 58 Rufous-sided Towhee 116 White-throated Sparrow 58 580 232 174 174 116 116 290 232 Fox Scarrow 116 Swamp Sparrow 116 116 Song Sparrow 116 116 58 Total Abundance 406 986 406 1102 348 638 580 812 348 522 290 870 406 870 406 754 No. Species 3 6 5 8 4 6 8 8 6 6 2 7 5 7 5 7 Total No. of Species 7 13 9 15 10 8 12 11 1.4.2.5 Maple Forest Community. Thirteen species of birds were observed in this cot::munity during 1980 (Table 1-28) . The Blue Jay and American Robin were the most frequently sighted species. The species observed here were a mixture of woodland (e.g., Hermit Thrush) and ecotonal inhabitants (e.g., White-throated Sparrow).

1-49 services group l

O

(

')

Table 1-28 31rd Abundances (No./100 Acres) in Maple Forest and g

Transmission Corrido' Communities, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Maple Forest Transmission Corridor May October May October Species 's* B* A B A B A B Red-headed Wcodpecker 58 Downy Woodpecker 58 58 Eastem Phoebe 174 Blue Jay 58 116 116 116 American Crow 58 White-breasted Nuthatch 58 American Robin 48 174 116 58-Hermit Thrush 116 Swainson's Thrush 116 Gray-cheeked Thrush 58 Red-eyed Vireo 116 Wartling Vireo 58 116 Red-winged Blackbird 116 Connon Grackle 116 58 American Goldfinch 116 116 Northern Junco 58 American Tree Sparrow 58 116 White-throated Sparrow Song Sparrow 58 Total Abundance Total No. Species 348 464 348 754 174 232 174 232 g 13 7 Trsnsects

~~

1.4.2.6 Transmission Corridor Community. Seven species of birds were sighted in this locale during transect surveys (Table 1-28) . The American Goldfinch (Carduelis tristis) was abundant in May and October. All species observed were common open-field inhabitants.

1.4.2.7 Road-Route Census. The May and July road-route surveys yielded no sightings of Ring-necked Pheasants, but several of the Mourning Dove (Table 1-29). In the farm belt regions, the absence of suitable cover causes many phea-sants to die during the severe winters; however, protective cover is ample in the Bailly study area. Mourning Dove counts were highest since the study began and were approximately four times greater than those in 1979. Other species com-monly observed around the road route included the Ring-billed Gull (Larus dela-warensis), Herring Gull (Larus aggentatus), Blue Jay, American Robin, European h 1-50 services group

d o

r Starling (Sturnus vulgaris), House Sparrow (Passer domesticus), Red-winged Blackbird, and Connon Grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) (Table 1-29). Most of these species were common in the Bailly study area in 1980.

Table 1-29 Numbers and Occurrences of Birds along a 22-Mile Road Route, Bailly Study Area,1980 May July No. '90.

Consnon Name Observed Occurmnces Observed Occurrences Green Heron 1 1 1 1 Great Blue Heron 1 1 1 1 Cosenon %rganser 14 2 0 0 Mallard 1 1 0 0 Wood Duck 1 1 2 1 Broad-wingtd Hawk 0 0 1 1 American Kestml 0 0 1 1 Killdeer  ? 1 5 4 Herring Gull 37 1 10 1 Ring-billed Gull 51 1 14 1 Rock cove 3 2 9 6 Mourning Dove 12 6 24 11 Yellow-billed Cuckoo 0 0 1 1 Chimney Swift 0 0 2 2 Copenon F11cker 2 2 3 3 i Red-bellied Woodpecker 1 1 1 1 I Red-headed Woodpecker 0 0 3 3 Hairy Woodpecker 2 2 0 0 Downy Woodcecker 3 3 1 1 Easterst Kingbird 0 0 2 2 Eastern Phoebe 1 1 0 0 V Least Flycatcher 0 0 < 1 1 Barn Swallow 3 1 18 5 Tree Swallow 5 2 20 7 Purple Martin 0 0 1 1 Blue Jay 19 8 12 9 Comenon Crow 4 2 10 5 Black-capped Chickadee 1 1 3 2

[

Tufted Titmouse 1 1 1 1 White-breasted Nuthatch 3 2 4 2 House Wren 2 2 0 0 Gray Catbird 4 3 2 2 Brown Thrasher 2 1 4 3 knerican Acbin 41 13 15 9 Wood Thrush 2 2 2 2 Hermit Thrush 0 0 1 1 European Starling 23 7 20 11 White-eyed Vireo 0 0 1 1 Red-eyed Vireo 2 1 3 3 Pals Warbler 4 2 0 0 Northern Parula Warbler 1 1 0 0 Yella Warbler 1 1 0 0 Magnolla Warbler 1 1 0 0 Chestnut-sided Warbler 1 1 0 0 Ovenbird 1 1 0 0 Louisiana Waterthrush 1 1 0 0 Consnon Yellowthroat 0 0 2 2 House Sparrow 25 7 18 9 Eastern Meadalark 3 2 4 2 Red-winged Blackbird 22 5 31 11 Commor Grackle 46 10 33 11 Northe w Cardinal 14 6 8 5 Rose-breasted Grosbeak 1 1 0 0 Indigo Bunting 0 0 8 6 American Goldfinch 4 2 8 5 Savannah Sparrow 0 0 2 2 White-throated Sparrow 7 2 0 0 Chipping Sparrow 3 3 1 1 Field Sparrow

[]

\'j Swas Sparrcw 3

4 2

2 5

2 4

2 song Sparrow 2 1 1 American Tree Sparm 4 3 3 2 1-51 ** C** FW l

I Y,)

Table 1-30 Maximum Numbers of Waterfowl and Shore Birds Observed in Aquatic Bird Surveys, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Sampling Locations A B C 0 E F G H I J Species Mg Oct May Oct Mg Oct, M_ay Oct_ M Oct M_ay cOct M Oc_tt M Oct Mg Oct & Ocj Common Loon 2 Pied-billed Grebe 1 1 1 9 Great Blue Heron 1 3 3 1 Great Egret 2 2 Green Heron I g Mute Swan 1 1 e Canada Goose 23 3 7 M Mallard 5 2 1 2 14 Gadwall 4 Green-winged leal 4 2 9 6 Blue-winged Teal 6 8 4 Wood Duck 6 2 2 56 2 Ringed-necked Duck 4 Cocinon Merganser . 2 American Coot 10 4 2 4 20 23 teast Sandpiper 6 Herring Gull 15 1 Ring-billed Guli 29 89 Belted Kingfisher 1 1 Killdeer i Total No. Observations 0 1 2 48 9 10 0 14 2 10 16 0 35 109 0 2 0 6 48 92 No. of Species 0 1 2 8 4 3 0 2 1 4 4 0 5 6 0 1 0 1 5 4 Total No. of Species 1 8 6 2 4 4 8 1 1 6 0

2 iT O

O o

C 13 O O O

@ Aquatic Sampling Location.

1 1.4.2.8 Sightings of waterfowl on the onsite

~

aquatic areas were reduced from 32 species in 1979 to 20 species in 1980 (Table 1-30). By October 1980, ponds A and B had little water, causing some of the reduction in waterfowl species. The Black Duck (Anas rubripes), which was seen in decreasing numbers during 1977 to 1979 (25 were seen in 1977,10 in 1978 and 5 in 1979), was not observed in 1980. Similar decline has been reported nation-wide due to habitat decline (Arbib 1979) .

The major reduction in the species of birds seen, however, was in the shore birds utilizing Area J (Bailly Discharge Area) . In 1979, 14 species of birds were in this area, but in 1980 only six species were seen. Similar year-to-year variations have occurred in the past.

As expected from the lower overall amount of water in the ponds (especially A and B), there were fewer individuals of waterfowl species in 1980 than in 1979.

The American Coot (Fulica americana) and Wood Duck (Aix sponsa) were the most frequently sighted species; they were observed in four of the ten aquatic areas.

The Mute Swan (Cygnus olor) , which was seen on Pond B in 1980, was previously unrecorded.

1.4.2.9 Yearly Comparisons. The richness of the avian fauna on the Bailly study are.a permitted an analysis of fluctuations in species composition. Fluct-uations in species composition may be caused by a variety of factors. Yearly fluctuations in weather may cause spring and fall species lists to be different by alternating the rate and timing of migration (Lincoln and Peters 1979). Plant succession will cause an associated change in bird species composition (Odum 1971). Changes in vegetation and land use on the wintering ground and migra-tion routes may also change the species observed in a study area.

Fluctuations in species composition on the Bailly study area were analyzed using data from the Cowles Bog Trail Transect Survey conducted during May and October.

This data base was selected because of a long species list. May and October data were combined to increase the species list.

Analysis of yearly species lists was conducted with a modification of a tech-4 nique developed by Hendrickson (1978), which involves constructing a matrix with years as rows and columns. Each cell has the number of species common to t

i 1-53 services group

each pair of years. The diagonal represents the number of species a year has llh in common with itself, or the total species count for that year. Table 1-31 is a matrix with the yearly bird species lists from the Cowles Bog Trail tran-sects.

Table 1-31 Numbers

• of Bird Species Common to Each Year of Study (1974-1980),

Cowles Bog Trail, Bailly Study Area 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1974 49 29 30 25 20 25 23 1975 35 24 19 13 23 18 1976 42 21- 13 24 22 1977 34 17 15 21 1978 36 18 20 1979 37 24 1980 38

• May and October observations combined.

Hendrickson's technique was developed to determine dif ferences between species h coenosition of impacted and concrol areas rather than change over time. To de-tect changes over time, the percent of the species that a given year had in common with the initial year of study (1974) was calculated (Table 1-32) .

Table 1-32 Proportion

• of Bird Species Common to Each Year of Study (1974-1980),

Cowles Bog Trail, Bailly Study Area 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1974 1.00 0.83 0.71 0.74 0.56 0.68 0.61 1975 1.00 0.52 0.56 0.36 0.62 0.47 1976 1.00 0.62 0.36 0.65 0.58 1977 1.00 0.47 0.41 0.55 1978 1.00 0.49 0.53 1979 1.00 9.64 1980 1.00

• May and October cbservations combined.

O SerVICOS group

o 6

() The species list for 1975 had the highest percentage of species in common with 1974 (83%) and the species list for 1978 had the least in common (56%) (Table 1-32). The general trend of decreasing similarity of yearly species lists with that from 1974 was tested for significance using a modification of standard re-gression procedures developed for proportions (Snedecor and Cochran 1967) . This test demonstrated a significant decreasing trend in proportion of the species of each year's list that are in common with those observed in 1974 (Z = 2.19, P = 0.029).

The gradual succession in the species composition of Cowles Bog Trail demon-strated in Table 1-32 does not mean that some species no longer exist in the area. Many of the species not seen in the Cowles Bog survey since 1974 were common in the area in 1980 (e.g., American Crow). The actual number of species did not decline consistently over the time of study and birds new to the study were seen every year (Table 1-33).

Table 1-33 s Total Species Count

• and Number of New Species Seen on 7

(,/ Cowles Bog Transect Surveys, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Year Species Count No. New Species 1974 49 49 1975 35 6 1976 42 9 1977 34 10 1978 36 11 1979 37 2 1980 38 5 May and October cbservations combined.

Examination of the vegetation data base for sampling locations 4A and 4B demon-strated no changes that correlate with the succession of bird species composition.

Puring the course of the study, no changes in the vegetation community were de-tected except for a small increase in basal area in the dry portion of Cowles Beg (wooded) , and a small decrease in the wet portion (Table 1-6) . The increase in basal area resulted from normal tree growth associated with aging, while the decrease in basal area occurred when trees blew over. Neither of these changes services group 1-55

.+ )

Y appeared large enough to produce the observed changes in the avian fauna. Like tree growth, the changes in the avian con:= unity may reflect the consequences of h

aging of the community in general.

1.5 AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES 1.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

. Thirteen species of reptiles and amphibf ans were observed during scheduled sampling in May md July 1980, and three othcr spe-cies were observed incidentally (Table 1-34). Altnough water levels were low and morning temperatures cool in May,12 of the species were observed at that time. Nine of these species were observed in July, along with three others.

One species, the spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), was newly recorded on the study area. Appendix C provides an annotated checklist of the reptile and am-phibian observations.

Table 1-34 Abundances of Amphibians and Reptiles, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Celes Sog. Ca les Bog. Emergent Transmission Seacheress Foreduce Osa Forest Wooded %ea Maple Forest Macropnyte Corr 9 dor SD'CS May, M ma y, du,l M_ay, M u ay, M

• al iul M Jul Mav Jul "av iul Ameeican toad U A Crictet frog C C C Spring peecer A A A Gray treefrog C J C Bullfrog C C Green frog C C C C U C C dood frog C U fastern box turtle U U C Spotted turtle U Painted turtle A A 4crthern water snake U U Eastern garter snake U U Blue racer U U U U No. Abundance 1 0 0 ti 1 0 6 5 a 3 0 2 8 3 7 1 ao. Species 1 0 1 6 5 2 8 2 9ecorded fr a greenbelt.

4 = numrous individuals seen or award. C = several, and Y = cnly one or two seseevations.

Additioca s Observations:

Eastern hog ose scane - ore coserved in imature can forest in July.

Six-lined racarwmer - one oeserved in MIP5Co's greentelt in July Northern brasi saate - se ceserved on Cales Sog Trail in Octd>er.

1.5.2 RESULTS 1.5.2.1 Lakefrcnt Cor:mun it ies . The American toad (Bufo americanus) and blue racer (Coluber constrictor) ware in the lakefront communities in May.

1-36 services group

o

() The eastern hognose snake (Heterodon platyrhinos) was observed there in July (Table 1-34) . The latter is a well-known inhabitant of the Indiana dunes, but apparently one that is becoming less common as development continues.

1.5.2.2 Cowles Bog (Wooded) Community. Six species of reptiles and amphi-bians were observed in this community during May and July 1980 (Table 1-34),

including four species of frogs, the eastern box turtle (Tereapene carolina),

and the blue racer. All species have been found in this community in the past.

In addition to the six species observed during May and July, one northern brown snake (Storeria dek3 ;i) was seen on the Cowles Bog Trail in October.

This species is generally secretive, but suns itself in open areas on warm, fall afternoons. This was the first sighting of this species on the study area since 1974 It was also seen in the fall at that time, in the Maple Forest Community.

1.5.2.3 Cowles Bog (0 pen) Community. Five species were observed in this l

/"] community. The only reptile was the spotted turtle, a secretive inhabitant of the marsh that is a potential candidate for the Indiana endangered and threatened list (Indiana Department of Natural Resources 1978). This is the first observation of the spotted turtle on the study area.

The four frogs observed in the open bog were all commonly observed in past sam-pling. The spring peeper (Hyla crucifer) was present in large numbers in May l calling from the vegetation along the dike at the southern edge of the bog.

l l The bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) is typical of open marsh such as Cowles Bog.

The green frog (Rana clamitans) and cricket frog (Acris crepitans) also are typical inhabitants of an open bog.

i 1.5.2.4 Maple Forest Community. Sampling in the Maple Forest Ccamunity l

yielded no species 'a May and the green frog and blue racer in July. Both

( species were observed in a variety of communities in 1980.

i 1.5.2.5 Emergent Macrophyte Community. As often in the past, the sampling in the Emergent Macrophyte Community yielded more species of reptiles and am-phibians (eight) than any other sampling location. Two species, the green frog l

l l

l-57 services group l

_- . . _ _ _ _-__ __ _ _ __ __ _ _. _ . _ . _ _ ~_ - . _ _ _ - .. .

and the northern water snake (Natrix sipedon), were ooserved during both May and July sampling efforts.

g The green frog, which appeared to be abundant during May and July, is an aquatic species that prefers clear, permanent water in or adjacent to wooded locations (Minton 1966); it is a consistent component of this community. The painted turtle (Chrvsemvs picta) has been the reptile most consistently recorded in this community during the monitoring period; it generally is observed basking on appropriate objects in or near the pond. The northern water snake also has been a consistent inhabitant for this locale. Although the habitat affinities of this species are broad, including practically all moist habitats and a vari-ety of dry habitats (Conant 1975), it is rarely observed on the Bailly study area in locations other than the Emergent Macrophyte Community.

1.5.2.6 Transmission Corridor Community. The eastern garter snake (Tham-i nophis sirtalis) was the only reptile and the cricket frog the only amphibian that were observed in this community. The eastern garter snake prefers edge habitat (Smith 1961) and consistently has been recorded in the Transmission Corridor since the study began.

1.5.2.7 Annual Comparisons. The number of herpetofauna1 species observed in 1980 (16) was greater than that ob'arved in 1979 (10) and more censistent with numbers observed during previous years of the monitoring program. The eastern hognose snake again was observed on the study area, for the third ob-servation during the monitoring period. The northern brown snake was observed for the first time since 1974. These sporadic observations , among others , are indicative of the difficulty _1 observing many herpetofauna1 species and assess-ing their populations in general.

O l-58 services group I

l 1

o s

b

%J 1.6 INVERTEBRATES 1.6.1 SAMPLING LOCATIONS AND CONDITIONS. Invertebrate samples collected in July 1980 included sweepnet and litter samples from locations 1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, 6, and 8; dipnet samples from locations 2, 5, 6, 7, and 8; and lightrap samples from 1, 2, 3, 4B, 6, and 8 (Figure 1-1). The dipnet sample scheduled for 4B was not taken because the location was dry. This locatica had been dry the previous summer and in 1977.

Since July 1979, changes had occurred in dipnet sampling locations 2 and 7 (the shallow-pool cattail habitat near the Bailly plant outfall and Pond B).

Insect communities associated with Pond B will change as de-watering continues and vegetation changes. Some de-watering also had occurred in the cattail /

shallow-pool location, along with additional removal or decline of cattail and some accumulation of materials waste.

1.6.2 RESULTS. Arthropod taxa identified during July 1980 sampling on

,. the Bailly study area are listed in Table 1-35. The number of insect families

's

\ >) identified in the collections (148) was consistent with numbers observed dur-ing previcus warm summers. Most of the taxa and abundances also were con-sistent with those of past sampling periods, although four insect families and several species were newly )bserved on the study area. The beachgrass sample, which reflects a monoculture-like habitat, contained the fewest insect families of the sweepnet collections. The numbers of insect families in the other sweepnet collections were approximately equal. The greatest number of in-dividuals was collected from the Transmission Corridor reflecting the density of herbaceous vegetation in that location.

Lighttrap activity was generally good because of we rn nighttime temperatures throughout the sampling period. It was most intense at the station on Cowles Bog Trail adjacent to the wooded bog. Despite low water and essentially dry conditions next to the trail, several species of predaceous diving beetles and water scavenger beetles flew to the lighttr ,. Some species of water scavenger beetles were represented by 100 or mere individuals. Other intense activity occurred at the Immature Oak For es t Community lighttrap where, cen-l sistent with past results, mosquito activity was most significant.

1-59 services group

,o Table 1-35 Occurrence of Arthropod Taxa, Bailly Study Area, July 1980 (Page 1 of 4) h

!austare Comies Bog CJoles 809 Junes %cie 'reatei ss i on Ta son 9eacnoress rne,eune Oau Forest f 3ry..ooose) f eet.soooec t C rees eacos Psee B Corrt ior Orne Ca11escola (sar+agtails)

Docur* dae a a a

!$ctGe14ae a e a u Entcpobry16ae a a a Oreer fo*esecestees (capeliesi Caenisse Caea's 50s. a n laet cae C e ll'baett1 10. 4 Ordee Mata iaP890Rfliel, amuselfitet)

SeS9'itdee i dragceflies )

Af tC**e we't* C el '1 4 U3e s lue Idee g Gr890pf1'eS) e a E *y'98*+1 59. u a

. ' Oe ; ' ' e SD. E b 8485 8 E 5_mDe t egPt v l C ' M t JI 5 C0ene(#5on1 Gee ( 3apSeIfl1eS)

East iaana 500. m a

! $ ca " r t SCO. 4 8 8 4 8

%@ad I e*I** G 10. 4 Lentidee 514Rhd I fliel)

Le5'e1 S0 , a Oroer srtnooteca 'grassaconers, entraits, reacaes, etc.!

ACP*didae ( gr45SMoDDert ) e a M150S!e'en Car 919 a t ( Carol t94 Sr451900DePI' a

'ettt @0Rii2Ae i.atjgf at) u w a a "28boce?*a ' .S 10. a e 4*0C 9*0ce0*41 Ja J. a e s Jecaeaun sa.

• Soode** e ' meta u

'aryi hdae s cr'(tets)

%<aatau s so. * *

• 8%atmet14ee f eelt'eq%ticBS)

Diagttem % a a NperitPiedsvters (staiefites)'

- :taieflies)

Me ' aci da 3r*Ier sS.

• 19 toc t es ) g Pi ot161* . '11 e u a Order we= . . . ,.ag t l Cor'sidae ' este* Scat.auen]

9 040C 3st 120 s t e 40tenectt:4e iaactsu' vers '

40t0aerta 50. e 8'et4ae i;'et d setee $6g5l 4800'et StP9014 s detr* Gee se Iset mater buq%) e e e Sa' di Cae #$ecrT 0 91s s kreidae 'wate* Str'de*S i "s* *** 1 10. t u

• a

%prC4tel TD.

s 9 5cre i ' ' ade I we te

• M e dePS )

'Ip S1ve l i g 50 r a

'i r 3ee7act 345) a CerttSCRD%$ '4 test #

%*91 17A sQ . e s

%eW S 4a5 10 s

• • • c ty : .5 53.

8 f *?!] T S * #41 e v 1

w' Mad!* oosa s1 -e.os -

)  !!e%ete

• e'sc ' aa op e gew77,3 e.,3 y eg "e a t e "14 '* $ e 4aE 'dae iceMel D J9S I

• 1P t 50. s i a wm eem.....oe os s . c ssass a. .

r=e. so. ,

m;i. .

.st=.e t a . ms ,

%t. io. . .

n aton.e, ,- o ne.sw

• • u: n ; ? tete's t

[e! ! T "i Fig. ,. 5m- s e. , a 3

1, e ue -seee 34s

$g t$g **ve90'eQS C#1'tr% 339, ,

. sc .. ,m .,

X5M 58 a mann's sc n

$_4% 45t r*viat.5 a 9eryt ' Jam (it' t N95 e

w so. .

e .u t ., e.e,a,i . e w,, , . . . . .

i<-c.- s .

t% e c.i,e. . . .

%er=x.*coe sers ei n is s m in .

om,,,. t .. i

s. m,.e,... .. ,

~ , ..ae. . ,2,4  ! . ,,1 mse.ie s = u w f= ui.t4 e.r4.,setriesia eeim ,.ot.

1-60 services group i

o

/m

\v\/ Table 1-35 (Page 2 of 4)

mati.re Cowles 809 Cowles Iog Disies minole Transasssten fasen Beacncress Forveiste Sea Forest (;r,-eoasee p feet-anosed) Creet --doces Pens 8 Corrieor 3roer *osectera (Roopers, achf as)

Meactose (troonoppers)

Cyrt31oeg sp. s a 39mitem sp. s a a eda NIus E R St x n W'ctocepaa's Pena 50. bunalus m Cicadel.idae (leafhoscers) s a a a a a Agalhopsts 50. a u

' hieratettiv 50 s I

".el toceoEs 53. a DreecuTacecaela sp. m Ekr>asca 53. s a n a a Maremeure 50. a j me-3 so. = a paoceonale sp. n a a s.cocaea 50. a a a 4 2'ocens 52. s

'essus sp. M E E (i 7tett' t 50. t

"*C rSste ;*s 500, a a a 5ctLn010eus sD. 8

'ylotyps 5idus a j fercCOt 3de (5Citt;eOugs) a a a a a a a

{ ".ettaactaae (delonects plentwoopees) a e a Ciss taae (ctstid plaat9ecueesi n s Acntlicae f acMilid plantaoppees) s a Scales a j Achtdtdee f acetas) e a a a a a Secer Colecotera . beetles)

]-

Carabidae (ground beetles)

• arpa Js so.

MitvEs so.

7+c* vs sp. a dai'0 6 :dae ( crawling eater beet'es) 8eltedytes duecec'acuncte*us s a a Optisct3de iDrecaceous Jiving teetles)

Ace *us OJMf'*is a NgQesWache's

"cr' 71 st Js sp.

a 3

ycrocorus 500 t /A l b. csa sioitis E 4

.a' 4

[,g i*ydrom, m ~7a 'iare sda,e,i. atee sc,anagee seet!es) .

%. E. r 'et ri at t I

• oc"FJs c ctJs I E E. g_h'a%s a i dirab' as is.

dy'$rM*us scaDettss i a

"- suot P**us #

I t'ac <*us sp.' 8 8 ett H ine (*entwrwmoed teetles) p* 4rene so, a itaMNdae f rive beet les) E 4 A actatetdae laattite rimee eeetles)

Aata*cas so. m

_ 4c t anws 50. R 5 Cae tmaricae isols'ee beetles) l Chather's sa. 4 8 f C . ** t as EMa5r.as SDO. 8 8 Lamoyr:aae i f'r**1 tes!

I ac110ta Dv e ctita 8 Pac? avs sp. u a s b*dM T*aesfjlca 1 E C?e*icae , c*ecte es seet:es)

TecQttles s0. s a

lea 41 Mcera 53.

. l cO*eaus Dal l' Dea * 's t h* Ji7asFit as P. a flate-idae (c'.ica deet'es) etensce-e so. n Nescidae ;tarascia beetlesi e

!.cweidae ( fsise c' f c= o*et'es : e 3 .

Bacresttsae i.va!!': =coecreesi Ac*te*0cera DU'cmel'f A F ic*rs 3vatus a aclaatcai Ntsiss deetiest a a a u M'ay ss.

- aaevocoa so. =

ice tes 10. E s e a AnicF'lae (acocos se+ ties; .

• • alacrtsae t s9teine fungus acet'es) 8*eaaccus so. e a MDMD .

~

x et IQldae (sao eeat'es! =

9e** ms netw=**a t 's Cec e.3 idee f O ai Tert bee

• es , a Coccia*11 t'tae i'e a teet'es )

Cro**14 sa*1ryn s

• • ct~mf a. c,orvaejeas (ceaver seat !acy meet ?e) s e

% aa-t,ses ,

\ " erMa's /d4'ata e u -

g ,_ -tu.,act us 2 ni t 's = , e 8e4p1514e PaTUdetI she fl mer Seet'es) iteevope' pus, so. s e i a l

l 1-61 services group

- - . - -r , . - - . ~,,e , - . - . . - - - . ~ . , . . . . , . . . , - , , . _ , _ _ . . ~ . . - , - _ _ - _ - . - , - - , - , . - - . _ . . ._,c -.-----,y,_. .-_.-.m,., , - - - . -

i ime Table 1-35 (Page 3 of 4) h

t.re . . . . . , . . . . . >-, 49,e 1r. .. .

BeetfMirass Foredusse Set F ores t [ 3ry-seeded ) f eet-ecoced)mOr*et woods 8"ind 6 Corridor Yemen ~~

Oroer Celecctera (Cantal s yrocaanseae ('f reCelocee neetles) . ,

%*dro

%rME' del 50.te itAling fictuer beetlel)

~

%rcel'a 40. 8 # "

We~ceTTIsteng $cg.

aifecolt aae ureel e4 deetles) ,

I se=' et Se** cet

%lendrytCat g 'tige jartling beetle 5) g

$fe y_r; sa. ,

tacenios, f stag e,eties) .

$eraatyC164e i }0Rgmcened teetleg) 34 tjj e'9A Sv' are 'e Vatn n c t ? mc ryet ta SCG74be de $Ler4D$ j at e**

• us 500.  : ,

1 j g airyw+ ia BP08'f e :eo 4beettes) 11*9C 4 50. ,

>ser'$ne_ ansta a ID. t 3 3 b + 8 550.*'U' S

.'50 i a

'a p'f r e I' % $3 q he 't E

%&10pC t g t.G . 4 1 % SD. A Et* #P74{"Tsa.

NWeW e U i .- i&. E ib'4e, e at3 a a g

.4FCd s 108'dde . seeVIIlj 8 e s ACt M 50 . 4 4 a

$ CC 44 . I. D 4 rt Deet leS I E

'rter is arecter9 ' en teceutmgs. 20050pfI'es, etc. )

tory 1a11:ee i sonso.tliv$. m,5 ) , ,

Mey1cg'1ee ' gereg ' ac ewsa gg l t e e 988'WP*$ 1 ' 14eI D e iuH ' t(eis t ag1 ) 4 3 "V'"W ie#Jp t

• dee . '88t tl 1085 % ) 4

• fder %C00 tert t SC *rct stelift)

/

1. 380799344 ' 5C0r$ M888? *es) di serte 10 g If t*4C104e 15CCF990P8I !e1 )

3 9 t t 9C%5 10 u Oeier rEdptera ' ;4d.'41fl ieg t dy1*9Ct 11

• dae ceddi t'liet i e

• ydrCS acht 2de

" eraC1 gche ig. g n (et tXer

• CJe

%c*t* s sa. s

'e' 4e*Mp5 10 3 P*rfkdNe' ide j* 19 s een g ; g_ t,g 1 ? nt g ,

. t t w s sa.

L ' *e'e oe s . :a

• e n Orde- Lepticore*e : h ttee81 *es. mtms )

83c t epi tee - Sw4!l*ta'l ht'er811et )

Peo s ' ae l' esc a ' .ye* s. ell = tat i ) =

3 slatt ==4 D wt ai s i e e a e ir' ma.se'ue w res , se1 *arv 711

• t5 y % ' P! ' " e < ; TFW'e % J l #4P S I er' 5 L v" 'd ' . e 5 )u !*e rg ; stt e pwor9 s t 8

• t.'4e . '*Q.r'.e4 C Act4 Pworp) N 4 2484 ' id m' '% seed $Jt*e*# 1 ' ell

'I4*8d (%D9 . *tCRecr9 tutte*#' .e i 8 1,*ce 4 + 2 ae 'r .sa* e eo sottev e' *es,

{ 40P vdr41 yea **'y ' 34? t W re t t

-=er';.1e s am vuemyi a F,"~va*.s 7 4 n ' rea-' c resceat ) s per e ge creat v.uans'e4 v .a, u . . . . s s , w r n

• e't:11ery; e l $4tf e' Ode i4 f v e 3' et ter* I 19% )

IJff* ' a 'f9P3 ' t t

• ecod 14 t y r 5 d(e f J'g e ve1 3r'isp ' e e t s yt +.* 2 0.. es . n.cwes . e4 rs trei e

?_j _Q*.?.1% ' e45ter9 It' 'ed 31 se ' s e Lg3_*9_,3.(* 1 teT 1'q 3Detag stare !

s

• 557P'JD . 4

• r eev 71^'JS #1C8 0r7 '941 ri treda l a 4t he'i ' lhe

• Cok E 9 W N

.maceae sce're ,otes i 8a da ' 41 *vD1 SPel'evei Spe19t ? g Arttimae ,.4** *

• intas '

'*dl 'ei te ' t ri t pale tassock gth) e a g

"*M' NO4 i ' 4cI,U' ti e a e 1oc t s ' cee a et,v t=s . ,cderwings:

ty g n . g g.c e < g 3 ,3 ,

Dya g +4, 3 73, 3 sgg ggg , ,

(1 ,f 3

• ,e.w e 74.2[4 :ee mt ' _74 s -etw T 4 Sei

• WOC 4 ' e4# *SI ' er! a s r% 4 'Sn% g : P l c ra 4 ,v' g e' g e e a

'Th " f'M4a' 1 ' i hit a Se's e 4c , 4. - ? e ',e .

' ,Hc s t-,c iT' 4 e'G tra G'^ .

C N . LM S E e 4 a 8 s s a t .e v e. . t. .e . e .v . . . . . . . .

t i

1 1-62 services group

o a

\

, (,. ) Table 1-35 (Page 4 of 4)

%/

Cowle Sog

,a non teacnoress so,,oun, 3.!=susta,re,

.ser , 7,,,,,,s,,,,, Du,nes

{ y, ogCaeles l,,, c , ,, *Lae,,le,

,, ,  ?*aassi

, , , , , y,, ss,i y on Greer Dietera (fttesl a Tipultdee (crane flies) a a a a a Ptycnootertaae (r,eaatos c* ace flies)

Stetaceseeena clavtpes a a a =

1. syceaaidae Wtn flies)  : a Chaoberthe (phantom midt.es) n e a a a Chiromantdee (etdges) m e a a r a a a a a e Culicidae (mosavitoes) m a mycetapailidae (fJRghs ghats) E Sciartsse (darewtaged funous gaats) s a e Cec *diosytidae (gall midges) a a a e Ceratooogomdae (bittag stages) a a a a a a 5trattapytidae (soldtee flies) n a a a s

9esietetus sa Sisi elta ss. =

• asan t ae (a ysees cuctus e

c. vittatut = s a

'aban s te medatus m a 4 era'dae ist111etiP19es) s Ithagiantase (satpe flies)  :

Dialysts so. m Astlicae (robber flies) t**er$ s a!b'barts a Lept ogaster so. =

Semylsidae (bee flies)

(revoidae (dance fliest n n

Che'tooda so. = =

s so A u a

%ecarcera. so. s Douchopodidae (long; egged flies)

Areveg sp, g Chev13tJs 500, a s a e a s a

.oacy 4 0 stylus sp. s u a

.41 ' < aopus sp. s ete-avs 50. * *

• aQ'9a*9r'Js s#. t Capus 50 t a  :

N oDEll a E Lanocoteru'ss sD.se (sneerwinoed *19esi LorC9o9taca se. s

! Dh , 'tdat t iumpeacted flies) i

~

t a a Pf pu n culidae (DigeetceG flies) 4110pevr a 53 u i \ ' frDMdab#Iw* flies) e e u a

$ Platystiradidae (pleftstTatid flies) d at, uta so.

otiewee (ot, tid f1'esi a

e

?oppetttfee (fruit flies) i seasidae (blaca sca**aec flies)

Sees 11 to , a Levsacticae (f avaanted flies) n

, Cytopessooe11e i *maae-a sa. a ,

I ;epropyre ss. s s e a a e n i ChMemy t idae f caamaemvild 'Ites) s

' a =

Picons!tiae I sa+poer *1*es) s Sohatecteridae (aung 'f tes) l Leptoce-a so. n s u Epa r ecidae Isnore f1'es)

}

F Pt* Torv a so. =

CresocaMT'Jae (etnegar flies)

=

cavianevra so.

SUo Ma ss.

• Chlaccoisse (c*lo aoto fives)

Chiaeecs so. 1 Ectecepnata so. .

sso iclusiid f1fes)  :

C1E,yridae age (lee *=tner ' lies) , n tali ta*ortsee sbian f1'es)

• uscthe f auscid 'lis) a s e e a

1. usta dreestita (h s

?aota dae TtDTat s' flies) use fly) s e oreer pr.'eaoote a aa.f14es. .asos. ants , msi

'est*redinidae (s a.f t ies ) s . .

e e tracontdae (bracoa'ds) e a (C*Peuruletdae licPreJmors1 4 4 e a t e i Chrysididae s carysidissi =

f Ce*eceronedae Icecaperse$esi =

Ptecomalidae Internes 14ds)

CPatc*dfdee (cmalcidiss) e a Cyangtdee (gall easDs) e s g

DeesIsansdag (pertlamotes) e a FC '*1tidae ( sets) m a s e a StaPriidee ( JtaDetIds) s F t 11 tidae , ( f i gi tids ) e 199eCTdae (Sud d4abers) a a E 3pdtvet $4e (andr9eid beest Coltettgae (yeDas'aceg Jees! e e*altetidae i s. eat tees, e <

AoIda# ibees) 1955 mellt**rg (hceep tee J s e e a Perstme so. i e e I 'Mona vt'itatte (lar Je Carcenter gee; I M'9e r 'IDOCa ssc# 1 a e a t

! 3ccce 8*aleag'ea sbaevestreal e s i e e e i d orne- ac

-,ari wes;

. nema r so,de.1) a

>1e* IsG9664 IIsGeodsI a a C? ass }19100004 mi l l t pedes ) e e a Or9 e C'ie l gpetp i da T gsevensc9rgi ops l a 1-63 services group

o The variety of aquatic insect taxa was diminished somewhat from that of pre-vious years, primarily because of the changes in Pond B. In the past, this location supported larvae of aquatic toths and marsh beetles in greater abun-dance than any other sampling station. Soldier fly larvae and fishfly larvae also were among the regular components of samples from Pond B. Although these groups have been collected occasionally from other aquatic locations, they are not prominent members of those aquatic communities. Aquatic moths are asso-ciated especially with water lily.

Butterfly activity during July 1980 reflected typical summer weather conditions as did the sweepnet collections. Rather large aggregations of the imported cabbageworm (Pieris rapae) and the checkered white (Pieris protodice) were noted along the pond dikes. The viceroy (Licenitis archippus), pearl crescent (Phyci<<ies tharos), and eyed brown (Lethe eurvdice) were frequently encountered in the Transmission Corridor, and the little wood satyr (Euptychia cymela) and eastern tailed blue (Everes comvntas) ware frequently encountered in Cowles Bog woods.

Conspicuous pests during the sampling period were primarily blood-sucking species, with no widespread plant pests noted. As in the past, mosquito act-ivity was most notable in the wooded locations, especially the Immature Oak Forest and Maple Woods co=munities. The deer fly Chrysops vittatus was again abundant along Cowles Bog Trail, and horse flies (Tabanus spp.), although not abundant, were observed in this location and in the Transmission Corridor Community. For the first time, an abundance of stable flies (Stomoxvs cal-citrans) was observed on the study area. This medium-sized fly, which resembles i.h e house fly, was most active along the Lake Michigan beach but was present in the Foredune and I= mature Oak Forest communities as well.

Except for shore bugs (Hemiptera: Sa ' i.idae ) , a of the insect families newly recorded for the study area belong to the order Hymemoptera: Colletidae (yellowf aced bees), Chrysididae (cuc'.oo wasps ), and Figitidae (figitids).

The three hvmenopteran f amilies occur in a variety of terrestrial habitat types, including wooded and open areas. Yellowfaced bees nest in the ground or in crevices and cavities in plant stems. The larvae of cuckoo wasps and figitids 1-64 services group

o n

are both parasites on other insects. Cucke wr_sps are external parasites of wasps and bees, while figitids parasitize the pupae of various flies or lace-wings, depending upon the species. Shore bugs inhabit shores of streams, ponds, and other water bodies. They generally hunt prey on or near the ground and fly only short distances. The shallow-pool cattail habitat is the most suitable one for these species on the study area. It is the only location where toad bugs (Gelastocoridae), another hemipteran group with habits similar to shore bugs, have been found.

1.6.2.1 Beachgrass Community. Delphacid planthoppers were again the most abundant component of the beachgrass sweepnet sample, as they had been in July of 1976,1978, and 1979. False antlike flower beetles also were characterist-ically abundant. Longlegged flies were the most abundant predaceous insects swept from vegetation, although the convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia conver-gens) was frequently observed on the beach at the edge of the Beachgrass Communi ty .

Several false antlike flower beetles were collected at the beachgrass light-trap also. Midges and other flies, including phantom midges and crane flies, were the most abundant species at the lightrap. Hydropsychid caddisflies and antlions were prominent along with the flower beetles. Leaf beetles and leafhoppers were lesser components of the lightrap simple as they were in the sweepnet sample.

One of two newly recorded stink bugs was collected from the beachgrass: Chlo r-ochroa persimilis; the other, Coenus delius , was taken in the Transmission Corridor. Both of these are f(fespread in eastern United States. C. persimilis apparently feeds on a wider variety of plants, although both are associated with grasses (Furth 1974), which predominate in these communities.

The Beachgrass Community litter and soil sample contained several more taxa and many more individuals than usual. Soil mites, as might be expected, were the most numerous individuals (315), and mesostigmatid mites also were abund-ant. Two springtail families and rove beetles were among the other groups present.

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v 1-63 services group

O 1.6.2.2 Foredune Community. Leafhoppers and ants were the most abundant insects in the foredune sweepnet collection. Three fly groups - muscid flies, skipper flies, and small dung flies - and one colapteran group, shining fungus beetles, were nearly as abundant as the leafhoppers and ants. Other prominent and characteristic groups in this location were treehoppers, longlegged flies, and spittlebugs.

Treehoppers, which consistently are prominent components of the Foredune Com-munity sweepnet sample and frequently so in sweepnet samples from the Immature Oak Forest and Maple Forest communities, were represented by five species, Sailia camelus, a widely ranging treehopper over eastern United States, was newly recorded on the study area. A feeder on oak leaves and stems, this species appropriately was found in the Immature Oak Forest as well as the Foredune.

The longhorned beetle Batyleoma suturale, also newly observed on the study area and swept from vegetation in the foredune, reportedly breeds in dead branches of oak and hickory 0"aull 1946) . This species also is widely dis- h tributed in the eas tern deciduous f orest.

The July 1980 lightcrap sample included another species associated with bass-wood, which is a dominant plant in the community. In *.he pas t, the basswood borer (Saperda vestita), among other basswood feeders, was collected f rom the location, and in 1980 the basswood leaf roller (Pantographa limata) was col-lected. The caterpillar of this pyralid moth also feeds on oak foliage. It i is a common species in wooded habitats east of the Great Plains. Midges were the most abundant species at the lightrap and Ataenius spp. , a group of small scarab beetles that consistently are collected in this location, were second-most abundant.

The litter and soil samples frcm the Foredune Community contained the fewest individuals of the 1980 ground-arthropod samples. Soil sites were the only abundant species in the samplz, and the other groups, including entomobryid and ostomid springtails, were represented by single individuals.

O l-66 services group

o 1

O Despite continued disturbance in the shallow-pool cattail habitat near the Bsilly plant outfall structure, many aquatic insects associated with pools and small ponds were abundant in the location. Coenagrionid damselflies in the genus Ischnura, velvet water bugs (Hebrus spp.), and water treaders were abun-dant in the 1980 dipnet sample from this area as they were in the past. Other prominent groups also were consistent with those of the past, including caenid and baetid mayflies, libellulid dragonflies, crrwling water beetles, and water b oa tmen.

1.6.2.3 Immature Oak Forest Community. Once again, midges were the domi-nant component of the immature Oak Forest Community sweepnet sample, with ants the second-mos t prominent group. Two homopteran groups, spittlebugs and tree-hoppers, also were abundant. The treehoppers were represented by fewer species but greater numbers of individuals than in the Foredune Community sweepnet sample. Additional groups characteristically associated with vegetation in this community and collected in 1980 were gall wasps, katydids, longlegged flies,

()

ichneumons, braconids, and dance flies. Two species frequently collected in this location, the lace bug Corythuca marmorata and the stink bug Cosmopepla bimaculata, also were preminent in the 1980 sample.

l At,the lighttrap, mosquitoes were more abundant than midges and both out-numbef'ed all other groups. Small dung flies, which occasionally have made up f

l a significant portion of the sweepnet collection in this community, were com-mon at the lighttrap as were crane flies and micromoths.

I j

The number of individuals in the litter and soil sample from this location was second-greatest in the 1980 collections. Taxa in the sample included oribatid and mesostigmatid mites, three springtail families, millipedes, click beetle larvae, dipteran larvae, rove beetles, and caterpillars.

1.6.2.4 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Dry) Community. Several groups were abundant in the 1980 sweepnet sample from the high side of Cowles Bog woods: longlegged flies, lauxaniid flies , mosquitoes, aphids , spittlebugs , and ants . Less abun-dant but characteristic groups in this location included assasin bugs, f alse

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1-67 services group

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darkling beetles, plant bugs, muscid flies, and tenthredinid sawflies. A single individual of the combclawed beetle Isomira sericea, wnich has been observed previously in this location and others toward Lake Michigan, also was collected.

The litter and soil sample from the dry woods contained snipe fly, syrphid fly, and flat bark beetle larvae in addition to numerous mites and a few millipedes.

Only one springtail was cbserved in the sample.

1.6.2.5 Cowles Bog (Wooded-Wet) Community. In the sweepnet sample from the wet part of Cowles Bog woods, flies and leafhoppers predominated again. Import-ant fly groups included crane flies, mosquitoes, deer flies, longlegged flies, lauxaniid flies, small dung flies, black scavenger flies, and muscid flies.

Fly groups of somewhat less abundance included darkwinged fungus gnats, gall midges, dance flies, and snipe flies. Moth flies, which are distributed in the maple woods as well, were observed only in this location during 1980 sampling.

Other abundant species besides flies and leafhoppers were srittlebugs and plant bugs. g At least five species of war:r scavenger beetles comprised the intense water beetle activity at the Cowles Bog woods lightrap. The mos t abundant were Enochrus ochraceus and Hydrochara ob tusata. Cymbiodyta fimbriata and Paracymus sp. were cc= mon, and Enochrus cinctus was least abundant. Predaceous diving beetles made up considerably less of the water beetle activity, but captures at this lightrap were the only 1980 observations cf Agabus confinis and Cybister fimariolatus. Other abundant groups at the lightrap included ground beetles, phantom midges, crane flies, mosquitoes, and midges.

Moths observed at the Caeles Bog wooded lighttrap included the pearly wood nymph (Etthisanctia unto), one of relatively few brightly colored noctuid moths. This was the first observation on the study area of the pearly wood nymph, which is a ucemon species that ranges wes tward to the Rocky Mountains . Kncwn food plants of the caterpillar include members of the primrose and loosestrife families (Kimball 1965).

O l-68 services group

O N

O V Taxa present in the soil and litter sample from the wet woods included spiders, mites, springtails, millipedes, featherwinged beetles, and pseudoscorpions.

The springtails, all ostomids, were nearly as abundant as soil mites. The occurrences of pseudoscorpions and featherwinged beetles in the sample were the only observation of those groups during the 1980 sampling period.

1.6.2.6 Dunes Creek Community. Insects collected from Dunes Creek were con-sistent with past samples. The predaceous diving beetle Hydroporous consimilis was by f ar the most abundant component. Other abundant taxa included water striders and midges. Characteristically less abundant groups included phantom crane fly and soldier fly larvae.

1.6.2.7 Maple Woods Community. Ants, spittlebugs, leafhoppers, and dance i flies were the most abundant insect groups in the Maple Woods Community sweep-net sample. Lauxaniid flies, scorpionflies, mosquitoes, and longlegged flies were common in the sample. Several beetle groups, including checkered beetles, tumbling flower beetles, leaf beetles, anobiid beetles, and f alse click beetles also were important. Consistent with past results, the greatest number of harvestmen were found in this sample, and this year the sample contained the greatest number of spiders as well.

Two caddisfly families, several genera of leafhoppers, and several species of geometrid moths were taken at the 1980 Maple Woods community lighttrap. Midges were the most abundant insects at the light and crane flies were second-most abundan t . Marsh beetles, which were collected over the study area as in the past, were most common at this lightcrap.

Two groups of springtails, podurids and eutomobryids, were the most numerous arthropods in the soil and litter sample from the Maple Woods Community. Soil mites and a beetle larva were the only other taxa present.

Midges and amphipods were the dominant groups in the dipnet sample from the Maple Woods Community tributary to Dunes Creek. Others present included water striders, which were abundant, and velvet water bugs, isopods, water scavenger

() beetles, predaceous diving beetles, and crawling water beetles.

1-69 services group

_ _ - . _ . .__ _-= , -.. - -_...__ _ _ _ _ - . - - _ , - , . _

aa 1.6.2.8 Emergent Macrophyte Community. Pools remaining in Pond B contained water boatmen, coenagrionid damselflies, and caenid mayflies.

1.6.2.9 Transmission Corridor Community. Consistent with past results, the seed bug Ischnodemus f alicus and the plant bug Trigonotylus tarsalis were the most abundant insects in the sweepnet sample from the Traasmission Corridor Community. Another seed bug, the chinch bug (Blissus leucopterus), which is a widespread pest on corn and grass crops, also was' abundant. Another, less hust-restrictive pest, the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica), was present though not abundant in the sample. The plant bug Ceratccapsus luteus was a predominant insect in the sample, as were two groups of spiders - jumping spiders and longjawed spiders.

The 1980 observation of the Japanese beetle was the first on the study area, although this well known pest species has recently been of concern in the vicinity (Yaeger, personal communication 1980) . Japanese beetles are reported to feed on ovc: 250 dif ferent plant species, but are especially fond of roses, grapes , smartweed, soybeans, and corn. In areas of heavy infestation, larvae lh may seriously damage lawns by feeding on roots, and adults can cause consider-able damage to foliage, flowers, and fruits (Baker 1972) .

Activity at the Transmission Corridor Community lighttrap was the least in-tense of any during the sam;. ling period, although midges were abundant as usual.

Leptocerid caddisflies, leafhoppers, crane flies, and pedilid be . .les were among the other insects present.

Ants and mites were the aost abundant arthropod components in the soil and litter sample frcm this location. No springtails were extracted from the sample. Thrips, scales, and beetle larvae made up the remainder of the species.

The dipnet sample f rem the chcnnel adjacent to part of the Transmission Corri-dor contained water mites, pleid water bugs, caenid mayflies, coenagrionid damselflies, libellulid dragonflies, and velvet water bugs in abundance.

Crawling water beetles, water boatmen, water striders, amphipods, and predacecus diving beetles were common. The single observation of corydalid larva during 1980 occurred in this location.

l l

l-70 services group l l

- - -- .= _-- . . .

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1.6.3 SUNMARY l Much of the insect and other arthropod data collected during the 7-year mon-itoring pregram on the Bailly study area reflects the type of habitats avail-able. Approximately 240 insect f amilies have been identified from sweepnet, lighttrap, litter and water samples from the study area. Distribution of some families apparently is limited to certain components of the study area's habitat mosaic, and several species / habitat relationships have been noted.  :

Insect fauna of the Lake Michigan beach /Beachgrass Community edge is char-terized by a variety of ground-inhabiting beetles, especially ground beetles (Carabidae) . There are large populations of at least two species of tiger beetles, Cicindela repanda and C. hirticollis, and of several species of the scarabaeid genus Ataenius. Periodic eccurrences, such as extensive deposits of dead fish on the beach, will produce large populations of opportunisitic j species. These have included blow flies (Calliphoridae) breeding in the decaying fish and the , table fly (Stomoxys calcitrans) apparently breeding in decaying algal masses. Windswept clumps of the western corn rootworm (Diabro-tica virgifera) and other species periodically abundant on the beachgrass have been observed.

Insect fauna associated with the beachgrass is much like that of a typical monoculture: relatively large populations and few species. Among the abun-

dant species observed during the past 7 years were the western corn rootworm, the flea beetle Chaetocnema minuta, the striped cucumber beetle (Acalymma vit-tata), the southern corn rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata), the convergent lady beetle (Hippodamia convergens), and a delphacid planthopper.

In the Foredune Community, the variety of insects associated with vegetation generally is greater than that associated with the beachgrass and populations are smaller. As mentioned in subsection 1.6.2.2, basswood feeders are among the insects that are distinctive of this habitat. Oak feeders also are found t frequently in the Foredune Community but are most conaonly associated with the Lunature Oak Forest and Cowles Rog dry woods. These include the metallic wood i borer Brachys evatus, the combelawed beetle Hymenorus niger, the darkling beetle lO I

l 1-71 services group

g Xylopinus saperdiodes, and the p- ralid moth Herculia himonalis. Dry, rather sparsely vegetated sites in the Beachgrass/Foredune interface provide the most suitable habitat on the study area for antlions, which have been consis tent components of lighttrap sanples in the two locations.

The predominance of oak in the Immature Oak I irest also accounts for the f re-quency and abundance of gall wasps (Cynipidae: Cynipinae) in the community.

Many species in this large subf amily feed on oak tissue. The distribution of certain lace bugs (Tingidaet Corythuca) on the study area is also related to plant distribution: C_. contracta, which is associated with several tree species in the north central states, occurs in all wooded communities; C. arcuata, found on white oak in this area, is infrequent on the study area and primarily assoc-iated with Cowles Bog dry woods; L Marmorata, associated with goldenrod, is most abundant in the Foredune Co=munity.

Cowles Bog trail, like the beach and other exposed ground, has a variety of ground beetles and the tiger beetle Cicindela scutellaris, which reportedly prefers more stabilized sandy areas than the two species pror:iinent on the beach (Knisley 1980). Anothar species characteristic of the trail is the deer fly Chrysops vittatus . This is Indiana's most common deer fly (Burton 1975) and like other tabanids , it frequently rests on paths (Pechuman 1972).

The Maple Forest supports a variety of moths that reflect available host plants.

These include the grapevine looper (Lvgris diversilineata), which feeds on Virginia creeper as well as grape, the blockberry looper (Chlorochlamys chloroleucaria), and the twinspot sphinx (Smerinthus jalmaicensis) and eastern tent caterpillar (Malacasema americana), whose principal food is black cherry.

Consis tent with herbaceous vegetation diversity and density in the Transmission Corridor, the grestest variety of insects and total number of individuals of-ten are collected there. Frequently collected species with suitable host plants are the leaf beetle Iema collaris, which favors spiderwort, the goldsmith beetle (Chrysochus auratus), which is particularly associated with m' is ,

the seed bug Ischnodemus f alicus, which feeds on grasses and sedges, at. 2 plant bugs Trigonotylus ruficornis and T. tarsalis, which feed on grasses.

1-72 services group

- .. __. - - _ ~ - _ - _= _ - - _ -

0

() Aquatic species of the study area are characteristic of lentic habitats. These-include several species of dragonflies, damselflies, water scavenger beetles, predacious diving beetles, marsh beetles, midges, and aquatic Hemiptera.

1 Caddisflies and mayflies also are represented in most habitats. The only aquatic habitat apparently remaining on the study area that can support lotic species is the senti maple woods tributary to Dunes Creek, as evidenced by the occurrence of Oligos tomis ocelligera, one of the few phryganeid caddisflies that live only in lotic waters.

1.7 TERRESTRIAL REFERENCES CITED i

Arbib, R. 1979. The blue list for 1980. Amer. Birds 33:830-841.

Bacone, John A. 1978. A preliminary list of endangered, threatened, and rare vascular plant species in Indiana. Div. Nature Preserves, Indiana Dept.

Natural Resources. Indianapolis, Indiana. 11 p.

Baker, W.L. 1972. Eastern forest insects. USDA Forest Service. Misc.

Publication No. 1175. 642 p.

f-wg Borror, D.J., and R.E. White. 1970. A field guide to the insects of America (ms/ north of Mexico. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston.

2 Bulmer, M.G. 1974. A statistical analysis of the ten-year cycle in Canada.

J. Anim Ecol. 43;701-718.

Burton, J.J.S. 1975. The deer flies of Indiana. Great Lakes Entomol.

! 8:1-29.

Conant, R. 1975. A field guide to rentiles and amphibians of eastern and central North America. Houghton P.iffin Co., Boston. 429 p.

! Cook, G.S. , and R.S. Jackson. 1978. The Bailly area of Porter County, Indi-

, ana. Robert Jackset. et Associates, Evanston, IL. 110 p.

1 Fowells, H.A. 1965. Silvics of forest trees of the United States. USDA Agric. Handbook No. 271. 762 p.

Furth, D.G. 1974. The st U 5gs of Ohio (Hemiptera: Peutatomidae). Bull.

Ohio Biol. Surv. 5, new series. 60 p.

Hendrickson, J.A.. Jr. 1978. Statistical analysis of the presence-absence component of species composition data. In: Biological data in water pollution assessment: Quantititive and statistical an. lysis, ASTM STP 652, K.L. Dickson, John Cairns, Jr. , and R.J. Livingstcn, Eds. Amer.

Soc. Testing Materials: 113-124.

) Illinois Department of Conservation. 1979. Endangered and threatened wild-life. Ill. Dept. Cons. April 1979.

I 1-73 services group

3 Indiana Department of Natt? 11 Resources. 1978. Non-game and endangered llh species conservation, a preliminary report. 9 p.

Kimball, C.P. 1965. Arthropods of Florida and neighboring land areas, vol.1:

the L.pidopters of Florida. Fla. Dept. Agric. Div. Plant Ind. 363 p.

Knisley, C.B. 1980. Distribution and seasonality of tiger beetles (Cicindelidae) in the Indiana Dunes Region. Ind. Acad. Sci. 90:209-217.

Knull, J.N. 1946. The long-horned beetles of Ohio (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae).

Ohio Bio. Sur. Bull. 7:133-354.

Krebs, C.J. 1972. Ecology: The experimental analysis of the distribution and abundance of animals. Harper and Row, N.Y. 694 p.

Krebs, C.J., and J.H. Myers. 1974. Population cycle in small mammals. Adv.

Ecol. Res. 8:267-399.

Laing, L.L. 1954. The ecological life history of the Ammophila breviligulata commaaity of Lake Michigan dunes. University of Chicago. 108 p.

Lincoln, F.C. , and S.R. Peterson. 1979. Migration of birds. Fish and Wild-life circular. 16:119.

Lyon, M.W. 1923. Notes on the mammals of the dune region of Porter County Indiana. Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. 32:209-221.

ll)

Martin, A.C., H.S. Zim, and A.L. Nelson. 1951. American wildlife and plants, guide to wildlife food habits. Dove Pub. N.Y. 500 p.

Minton, S.A. 1966. Amphibians and reptiles. In: Natural features of Indi-ana Acad. Sci. 597 p.

Mumford, R.E. 1969. Distribution of mammals in Indiana. Mono. No. 1, Ind.

Acac. Sci, p 1-114.

Mumford, R.D. 1980. Unpublished data (unt.cled). Purdue Univ. Lafayette, IN.

Northern Indiana Public Service Company. 1971. Bailly Generating Station Nuclear - 1 environmental report. Section 5.3, Terrestrial Ecology.

Odum, E.P. 1971. Fundamentals of ecology. W.B. Saunders Company, 3d editien.

374 p.

Olson, J.S. 1958. Rates of succession and soil changes on southern Lake Michigan sand dunes. Botanical Gazette: Vol. 119 (No. 3). p. 125-137.

Pechuman, L.L. 1972. The horse flies and deer flies of New York (Diptera:

Tabanidae). Cornell Agr. Exp. Sta. Entomol. (Ithaca) 6:71.

Preno, D.L., and R.F. Labisky. 1971. Abundance and harvest of doves, g pheasants, bobwhites, squirrels, and cottontails in Illinois, 1956-1969.

Ill. Dept. Cons. Tech. Bull. 4.75 p.

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o Richards, L.A. (editor) 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of seline and alkalai soils USDA Handbook No. 60 U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 153 p.

Smith, P.W. 1961. Reptiles and amphibians of Illinois. Illinois National History Survey 23: Article 1, 298 p.

Snedicor, G.W., and W.G. Cochran. 1967. Stacistical mcthods. 6th edition.

The Ivva St. Univ. Press. 593 p.

Swink, F., and G. Wilhelm. 1979. Plants of the Chicago region. The Morton Arboretum, Lisle, IL. 922 p.

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1975, 1974-1975 Annual report, Bailly Nuclear-1 site, encompassing April 1974-February 1975.

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 9h8a. Standard operating procedures, quality control and quality assurance manual (terrestrial). Prepared for Northern Indiana Public Service Company.

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1978b. 1977-1978 annual report, Bailly Nuc-lear - 1 Site, encompassing March 1977~- March 1978. Prepared for Northern Indiana Public Service Company.

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1979. 1978-1979 annual report, Bailly Nuc-O- lear - Site, encompassing March 1978 - March 1979. Prepared for Northern Indiana Public Service Company.

Texas Instruments Incorporated. 1980. Bailly Nuclear - 1: remote sensing and ground truth program. Prepared for Northern Indiana Public Service Company.

Webster, J.D. 1966. The birds. In: Natural features of Indiana. Ind.

Acad. Sci. 597 p.

Wilhelm, G.S. 1980. Report on the special vegetation of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. (Unpublished draft). Lisle, IL. 180 p.

Yaeger, Dave. 1980. Personal communication. U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Portage, IN.

O-1-75 sonicos gmup

)

i i2,'

,O SECTION 2 AQUATIC ECOLOGY

2.0 INTRODUCTION

AND STATUS Sapling during the 1980-1981 sampling year (April 1980 - March 1981) was sched-uled for April, June, August, and November 1980 and January 1981 at the stations shown in Figure 2-1 and as scheduled in Table 2-1. Samples were collected on the dates and by the personnel shown in Table 2-2.

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O 2-1 services group l

e Table 2-1 -

Aquatic Ecology Sampling Frequency, Bailly Study Area, April 1980-March 1981*

1980 1981 Parameter Sampling Stations Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan feb Ha e, Phytoplankton Identification, enumeration 1-10, 17-21 X X X X Productivity 1-10, 17-21 X X X X Chlorophyll a_ 1-10, 17-21 x X X X looplankton Identification, enunerat ion 1-10, 17-21 X X X X Periphyton Identi fication, enuiieration 1,10,11,12,25,17,19,21 X X X X Chlorophyll a_ 1,10,11,12,25,17,19,21 X X X X Benthos 1-10, 17-21 X X X X Fish (gill netting) 4,7 X X X X fish (beach seining) 23,24,28i X X X X Fish (electrofishing) 18 X X Fish food habits 4,7,23,24,25 = 300 fish per year =

Ichthyoplankton 1-10 " X X X

Water quality General water quality 1-22 X X X X Ailuatic nutrie.its 1-22 X X X X Trace elenents 13-21 X X X X Indicators of industrial and 13-21 X X X X organic contamination Sediments, trace elements 13-20 X X X X Sedinents, particle sizing 1-10, 17-21 X R,

1 Aqua t ic mac rophytes 17-21 X 9>

(

• Specific sairipling dates are listed in Table 2.2.

A **l-10 with zooplankton; 4 and 7 also collected with punp.

C 11 O O O

Table 2-2 Scheduled Dates and Purposes of All Aquatic Field Trips, Bailly Study Area Date Personnel Parameters Sampled 17 March Ray Wronkiewiez Periphyton (Samplers set) 14-70 April Kendall Brown Phytoplankton Ralph Feeny Zooplankton Jim Krueger Periphyton Benthos Fish Ichthyoplankton Water quality 15 May Ralph Feeny Periphyton (Samplers set) 9-17 June Kendall Brown Phytoplankton Joe Strube Zooplankton Ralph Feeny Periphyton Dave Mueller Benthos Fish

! [') Ichthyoplankton V Water quality Aquatic macrophytes 16 July Dave Mueller Periphyton (Samplers set)

Stever Garbarino 18-25 August Kendall Brown Phytoplankton Joe Strube Zooplankton Steve Garbarino Periphyton Benthos Fish Ichthyoplankton Water quality Sediments 20 October Steve Garbarino Periphyton (Samplers set) 15-22 November Joe Strube Phytoplankton Steve Garbarino Zooplankton David Ward Periphyton Benthos Fish Ichthyoplankton l Water quality A

U 30 January 1981 Joe Saga Sediments, trace elements David Ward 2-3 **I*** 9'*U P

N Dt Dredging activities were being conducted in the area of the intake and dis- lh charge during both June and August, which caused a noticeable discoloration of the water in this area out to a der'.h of about 30 feet. No samples were taken from pond stations 14 and 15 during either June or August or from pond stations 14,15,16,17, and 18 during November because they were dry. Pond B water levels during June were noticeably lower than in April, resulting in about 10 to 15 feet of exposed shoreline and a drop of about 1 to 1.5 feet on the poud's emergent macrophytes. Pond B , viewed 16 July 1980, was dry in the area of stations 17 and 18 and contained only 2 to 4 inches of water in the northern portion. Pond B remained dry in August and November, so again no samples were taken at stations 17 and 18.

Sediment samples collected frem pond stations 15 and 16 in January contained only large rocks and could not be appropriately analyzed.

2.1 AQUATIC FLORA 2.1.1 METHODOLCGY. Duplicate 2-liter samples were collected utilizing a 6-liter Van Dorn bottle at Lake Michigan stations 1 through 10 and inter-dunal pond stations 17 through 21 (Figure 2-1) . Samples were collected quar-terly during April, June, August, and November 1980. With the lowered water levels of Pond B after June, no sa=ples were collected at stations 17 and 18.

All samples were collected 1 meter below the surface. Prior to sampling, each 2-liter sa=ple container was prepared with 20 milliliters of acid-Lugol's solution, a narcotizing, settling, and staining agent. After sampling, each container was supplemented with buffered for=alin to a final concentration of 4 percent, and 3 to 5 drops of liquid detergent were added to facilitate sedi-

=entation. Before processing, each sample was allowed to settle for 48 hours5.555556e-4 days <br />0.0133 hours <br />7.936508e-5 weeks <br />1.8264e-5 months <br />, l

at which point 1800 milliliters of supernatant were siphoned off with a membrane-covered siphon. The remaining 200 milliliters were spun on a laboratory centrifuge at 2000 rpm for 15 minutes to further concentrate the organisms. The supernatant was then filtered off and the " bead" of phytoplankton transferred to 12-dram vials.

l In the laboratory, concentrated phytoplankton samples (10 milliliters) were thoroughly mixed, and three subsa=ples were placed in Palmer cells. The algae in 12 fields (four per subsample) were identified, enumerated, and measured at 3_4 services group

o k

f

() 400X magnification. In certain instances, scarcity of organisms in a sample necessitsted extending the total field count to 24 fields. Biovolume (micro-liters per liter) was determined by attributing to the algae geometric shapes best suiting their morphology and calculating their appropriate volumes (Nau-werck 1963: Rodhe, Vollenweider, and Nauwerck 1958; Strickland 1960). Instead of developing an average volume per species based on a few representative or-I ganisms, dimensions of each organism enumerated were measured.

Phytoplankton productivity samples were taken at the same locations and at the same frequency as samples collected for identification, enumeration, and bio-volume measurements. Duplicate samples were collected f rom 1 meter below the surface at each station using a 6-liter Van Dorn bottle. After all samples were collected, each was strained through a 333-micron mesh Nitex net to re-move zooplankters and detrital materials that could be labeled by the carbon-14 material. The strained water of each sample was placed into a 2-liter fla.

to which four 1-milliliter ampules of 10 pCi NaH14C03 were added and thoroughly mixed. Time-zero samples consisting of one 0.5-milliliter subsample per sample j were measured and placed into scintillation vials along with one drop of 6N So-dium hydroxide. One 30-milliliter subsample per sample was removed and strained through knatman GF/C filters at minimum vacuum pressure (<50 millimeters Hg dif-

! ferential across the filter) and the filters placed in scintillation vials to i

provide an estimate of background counts. Duplicate clear and darkened 300-l milliliter BOD bottles were filled with the remaining sample. When all sam-l ples were prepared, they were suspended 1 meter below the surface at their sta-tions for 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br />. Following incubation, the bottles were retrieved and the contents of each preserved by adding 12 milliliters of buffered formaldehyde.

,Subsamples of 50 nilliliters were removed ' rom each bottle, filtered as pre-l viously described, and each was placed in a scintillation vial with enough tis-sue solubilizer to cover the filter pad. Activit~ counts were made using a liquid scintillation counter.

Phytoplankton productivity in milligrams of carbon fixed per liter was calcu-laced for each replicate sample from the scintillation counts using the formula:

mg carbon fixed /t = (counting rate / total activity) x total sample

()

volume /subsample volume) x alkalinity (mg/1) x 0.95 x 12 x 1.064 2-5 services group

.o where g Total activity = amount of potentially available carbon-14 at time zero Counting rate = clear bottle minus darkened bottle counts Total sample volume = 300 milliliters Subsample volume = 50 milliliters 1.064 = correction for the isotope effect Phytoplankton chlorophyll a, samples were collected from the same water sample from which regular phytoplankton samples were extracted (stations 1 through 10 and 17 through 21) . To prepare phytcplankton samples for analysis, a measured volume of water was filtered through a 0.45-micron filter pad stabilized with magnesium carbonate. The filter pad was then frozen for shipment to the cen-tral laboratory, where it was extracted for 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> with acetone, ground for 30 seconds with a tissue grinder, centrifuged, and measured ;n a carrow-band spectrophotometer at 665- and 750-millimicron wavelengths before and after sample acidification. Periphyton samples were similarly processed, except that scrapings from natural (as available) or artificial substrates were used.

All concentrations were calculated using the equation:

Chlorophyll a_ (pg per sample) =b(D ~ a) [R/(R- 1)] (V/1) (103 /ac) which equals 11.9 x [2.43 (D3 - D,) ] (V/2) for these samples, where D = optical density of sample after acidification = D -D 3 665 750 (acidified)

D b " (ptical density of sample before acidification = D665 - 750 unacidified) a = specific absorption coerficient for chlorophyll a_ (in gra .

per centimeter)

V = volume of solvent used to extract the sample (milliliters) 2-6 services group

o l

"\

1 = path length (centimeters)

R = Db /Da for pure chlorophyll a = 84 according to Talling and Driver (1963)

To convert to micrograms per liter or micrograms per square centimeter, the above chlorophyll a, value was divided by number of liters filtered or number of square centimeters scraped.

During this survey, periphyton samples were collected at five stations (1, 10, 11,12, and 25) in Lake Michigan and at three pond stations (17,19, and 21) .

Fond samples were collected using a modification of an artificial substrate sampler described by Patrick, Hohn, and Wallace (1954) . This sampler suspends two racks of five glass slides each, with a surface area of 37.5 square centi-meters per slide, just below the surface as a substrate for periphyton coloni-zation. Colonization generally takes plaea in 2 to 4 weeks; thus the "incu-bation" time per sampler was 1 month. Qualitative lake samples were scraped from natural substrates found at each sampling station. When samples were col-lected, the slides (both sides) and substrate scrapings were placed into 8-dram vials and preserved with 6-3-l* solution. Two replicate slides were quantita-tively analyzed per sample. Counts were made as described for the regular phyto-plankton samples. Biovolume estimates were also generated for these data in the

=anner described fro phytoplankton.

2.1.2 RESULTS. Results for numerical abundance, biovolume, chlorophyll a, and productivity of phytoplankton and periphyton sampling in 1980 have been included in relevant quarterly reports (Texas Instruments 1980b, 1980c, 1981a, 1981b). Tables 2-3 through 2-11 and Figures 2-2 through 2-16 summarize that data and provide comparisons with previous years' data, i

2.1.3 DISCUSSION 2.1.3.1 Phytoplankton Density and Biovolume. In 1980, as in the previous

! sampling years (1974-1979), a multitude of phytoplankton taxa were collected g in the Bailly study area (Table 2-3) . This table shows species occurrence for

• 6 parts water, 3 parts ethanol, cnd 1 part formalin.

l 2-7 services group

Y Table 2-3 Va Phytoplankton Occurrence, Bailly Study Area, 1980 LAKE (1.2) POND 5(3.4.5) LAKE (1.2) PONDS (3.4.5)

SPR SUM FAL SPR SUN fat LS TAXA 12343 12345 12345 L5 TAXA 0 CHODAIELLA LONGI 5 ETA 12445 12345 12345 2 0 UNIDENIIFIED ALOAE 0 PSEUDOCHLDRELLA (LPIL) 12 0 CYANOPHYTA 8 GENINELLA INTERRUPIA 3 0 CHR00 COCCUS (LPIL)  ! 1234 12 0 DEDOGONIUM (LPIL) 35 0 AGNENELLUM (LPIL) 4 0 MOUGEOTIA (LPIL) 3 4 0 NICROCYSTIS (LPIL) 2 123 2 0 $PIROGYRA (LPIL) 5 0 GOMPHOSPNAERIA LACUSIRIS 12 123 12 0 CLOSTERIUM NON!LifERON 3 4 0 APHANOIHECE (LPIL) 12 12 0 CLOSIERIUN (LPIL) 5 1234 0 CHAMAESIPHON (LPIL) 5 0 CO5MARIUN (LPIL) 13 1 4 0 PLEUROCAP5A ttPIL) 2 0 EUA51 RUM (LPll) 4 0 05CILLATORIA LIMNETICA 2 12 0 STAURA51RUN (LPIL) 3 4 4 0 05CILLATORIA AMPHISIA 12 0 EUGLEHOPHfiA 0 05CILLAIORIA (LPIL) 135 123 12 0 EUGLENA (LPIL) 34 0 LYNG0YA CCNTORIA 1 0 PHACUS LONGICAUDA 1 0 LYH00YA LINNETICA 2 0 PHACUS (LPIL) 1 0 05CItLATORIA;EAE (LPIL)  !

O INACHELOMONAS VOLVOCINA 4 0 ANASAENA (L PIL ) 345 1 5 0 IRACHELOMONA5 (LPIL) 345 1 345 3 RAPHIDIOPSIS CURVATA 5 5

'O 0 XANTHOPHYTA B CHLOROPHYTA 8 HETEROCOCCALES (LPIL) 2 0 CHLAMYDOMONAS (LPIL) 12 4 12 45 2 45 o 0 5IIPITOCOCCUS (LPIL) 1 1 0 PANCORINA MORUM 4 0 CHRYSOPHYTA 0 IETRASPORA (LPIL) 1 0 NALLONONAS P5EUD0 CORONATA 2 0 ELAKAIOTHRIX (tPIL) 12 12 24 0 MALLAMON45 (LPIL) 1 123 0 SPHAEROCYSTIS SCHROEIERI 1 13 1 0 CHRY50 COCCUS (LPIL) 12345 0 SPHAEROCYSTIS (LPIL) 5 0 SYNCRYPIA (LPIL) 4 0 ANKISTRODESMUS CONVOLJiUS 1 O SYHUMA (LPIL) 1 24 0 ANKI5fkODESMUS FALCATUS 12 4 12 4 4 0 DIN 00RYON SERTULARIA 34 4 0 CLOSIERIOPSIS LONGISSIMA 1 0 DIN 0BRYON DIVERGENS 4 12 4 12 4 0 KIR5CHNERIELLA CONIORTA 9 0 DINOBRYON SOCIALE 12 12 0 KIR5CHNERIELLA SUO50LliARIA 1 0 DINOBRYOH (LPIt) 4 1 4 12 0 KIR5CNNERIEttA (LPIL) 3 0 OCHNOMONAS (LPIL) 4 12 8. 00Cf5 TIS (LPIL) 3 12 12 5 0 EPIPYX!5 UTRICULUS 34 0 MICRACTINIUM PUSILLUM 2 0 KEPNfRION (LPIL) 34 0 DICTYOSPHAERIUN PULCHELLUM 12 1 0 CHRYSOMONADALES (LPIL) 12 0 MON 051GA (LPIL) 12 0 SIEttx0MONAS DICHOTOMA 12 0 DACILLANIOPHYTA-CENIRIC 0 MELOSIRA GRANULATA h 5 0 MEtOSIRA VARIANS 5 4 MELO51RA DISTANS I (egend---

0 MELOSIRA (LPIL) 12 5 12 0 CYCt0lELLA MENfGHINIANA 12 SPR = April Sampling 0 CYCLOIELLA (LPIL) 12 1 SUN

• June and August Sanpling

[]

0 0

SIEPHAN0 DISCUS DINDERAHA

$1EPHAN00!5CUS ASTRAEA 12 1

(AL

• Noveshtr Sampling 8 SIEPHAN0 DISCUS NIAGARAE 12 12 I- 0 SIEPHAH0 DISCUS (LPIL) 12 2 Location 1 = Nearfield stations 1-6 and 10 0 0 EUP0015CALES (LPIL) 12 12 5 Location 2

• Farfield stations 1-9 I () L0:stian 3 Pond 8 O

location 4 = Pond C

[]N location 5 = Cowles Bog

[

1 C i 'd t

O O O

o V Ow O Table 2-3 (Contd) i I LAKE (1.2) POND 5(3.4.5) LAKE (1.2) POND 5(3.4.5) i SPR SUN FAL SPR sum FAL L5 TAXA 12345 12345 12345 L5 TAXA 0 SCtNEDESMUS ACbMINAluS 12345 12345 12345 123 e PYRRHOPHYIA-DINOPHYCEAE 8 SCENEDESMUS ACU1U5 4 0 GYP.NOOINIuM (LPil) 2 8 SCENEDESMUS QUADRICAUuA 1 34 1 34 2 0 PEkIDINIUM GAIUNEM5E 345 0 SCENEDE5NUS CARINATUS 1 0 0 SCLHEDE5MUS ECORNIS 34 24 PERIDINIUM INCON5PICUUM .2 45 24 0 SCENEDESMUS SPINOSUS t PERIGINIUM CINCTUM 4 4 3 4 4 0 PERIDINIUM (LPIL) 4 SCENEDE5MUS ARMAIUS 1 4 2345 4 4

8 PEDIA 5tkUM DUPLEX 0 CENATIUM HIRCUS 4 3 23 0 CERATIUM HIRUNOINELLA 0 PEDIA 51Rutt TEIRAS 1 34 4 CRYP10PHYTA 8 PEDI A51 RUM BORYANUM 4 8 CR)PIONONAS MAR $50 Nil  ! 12 45

$ TEIRAEDRON CAUDATUN 3 4 4 CRYPIOMONAS REFLEXA 12 3 TEIRAEDRON MINIMUM 4 0 CRYPIOMONAS EROSA g CRUCIGENIA QUADRATA 2 2 g CRUCIGENIA APICULATA 8 CRYP10MONAS (LPIL) 1234 12345 12 45 2 4 RHODOMONA5 MINUTA 8 COLLA 51 RUM NICROPORUN 8 123 123 12 4 9 RNIZDSOLENIA ERIENSIS 12 II' 4 CHR00MONAS (LPIL) 1234 1 4 4 8 BACILLARIOPHYTA-PENNATE 8 CYANOMONAS (LPIL)  !

e A51ER10NELLA FORMOSA 12 12 12 0 ASTERIONEL L A (LPIL) L

$ DIA10MA TENUE 12 12 j g FRAGILARIA CROTONENSIS 12 5 12 12 s

' 0 FRAGILAKIA CAPUCINA 1

'J O FR AGII ARI A VAUCHERIAE 1 FRAGILARIA (LPIL) 12345 5 j) 0 e SYNEDRA ULNA 12 5 I' s SVNEDWA (LPIL) 5 123 4 O TABELLARIA FENE5iRATA 12 12 4

' 4 1ABELLARIA FLOCCULO5A 234 1 5 L

s FN AGIL A11 ALE % (LPIL ) I g EUNOTIA FLExuoSA 4 g ACHNANTHES MINUTI551MA 3 1 1

8 #CHNANTHES (LPIL) 3 35 1 g COCCONEIS (LPIL) 13 4

0 NAVICULA (LPIL) IL 5 1 5 e HEIDIUM (LPIL) 35 0 PINNULARIA (LPIL) 12 5 4 0 GOMPHONEMA (LPIL) 5 4L 0 AMPHURA (LPIL) 5 0 CYMBELLA (LPIL) 1 0 EPITHEMIA (LPIL) 5 0 RNOPOLODIA GIB8A 5 4 NIT 25 CHIA ACICULARIS S

.I O HITZSCNIA LONGI 55IMA 5 O HIIzCHIA (LP!L) 1234 12345 0 CYHATOPLEURA SOLEA 1 0 SUNIRELLA (LPll) 3 (5

O 9

=

CA O

C 40

()

C 13

'i

'l Lake Michigan stations 1 through 6 and 10, lake stations 7 through 9, and pond stations 17 through 21. Table 2-4 shows the taxa collected during each of the seven years (1974-1980). A total of 127 taxa (including unidentified forms) were collected in Lake Michigan and nearshore interdunal ponds in 1980, and to date a total of 371 taxa has been collected in seven years of study (Table 2-4).

Mean numerical abundance and biovolume of total phytoplankton by statien are listed in Table 2-5. Table 2-6 indicates the percent composition of the major phytoplankton groups. Figures 2-2 and 2-3 surraari::e lake and pond changes in density and biovolume from April 1974 through November 1980.

In 1980, densities increased throughout the year (Figure 2-2) . This increase was due to blue-green algae. The algae predominating during the 4 months of sampling were:

April June Blue-green Blue-green Gomphosphaeria lacustris Comphosphaaria lacustris (26%)

Diatom Oscillatoria ampt ibia (11%)

Asterionella formosa Fragillaria crotonensis (10%)

Cryptophyte Rhodomonas minuta August November Blue-green Blue-green Comphosphaeria lacustris (21%) Comphosphaeria lacustris (20%)

Aphanothece sp. (68% Aphanothece sp.(68%)

(See Tables 2-4 and 2-6.)

Average phytoplankton densities in Lake Michigan have generally increased through time (1973-1980, Figure 2-2) . Over the first 3 years of the study, the phytoplankten abundance was relatively uniform. In November 1977 and 1978, August 1979, and in June, August, and November 1980, large densities re-sulted f rem high abundances of blue-green algae. A summary of the average density trends for all Lake Michigan stations shown in Figure 2-2 reveals this general increase in phytoplankton density through time. A similar increase in blue-green algae for Lake Michigan has been attributed to depletion of silica in the epilimnion (Schelske 1977) . Water quality data show that silica deple-tien has been ongoing in Lake Michigan (see Figure 2-38) and thus, since bio-volume has not increased significantly, the fall increases in density of blue-green algae may not represent any change in the trophic status of Lake Michigan.

services group 2-10

O G O)

\~ 0)w 4

o Table 2-4 a

Annual Occurrence of Phytoplankton, Lake !!ichigan pnd Nearshore Ponds, 1974 through 1980, Bailly Study Area ivs :iv, p,is om I'm

}vt fear 4 gger $ y,g I*8F I Iter I ISSF I peu. 6a.niai, i es,... ta. ntai pe 5 .toi, p ...ts.,,,, , ....,t,1,., ,,,,,

f . *. 6.ie ni .e.

(,.m ,i.

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a. e.e 5 f , ,

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5* $* 5 5 f $ f 5* ,.

a ,.., n , s, . 5 7 5p 5 5p 5 5 5p g A anotapse sp. f* t' 5 # Sp* ** f

• 5* 5p+ 5. f

• 3

! A Asnothecf sp. 5p 5 5 5p 5p 5 F F 5p 5f g, g g 5* f u S f Sp f Sp i f root u t s so.

5

f. irescott!,

f II.it(i.

f g i fuelesphiailum so. 5 ta ua f* 5, 5 f 5 5p F 5* $

O*d2 IOCot10Pl!l sp 5 f*

Cforothe(e sp. Sp a

&gfespheerte sp. 5 i f $* F

[ F F 5 5

, C nee 2alI**um f fa t

C. sponina 5 f Se #* Sp 1'f* 1 C. la< wstrig 5p 5* Sp S* F 5p 5 F F 5p 5* f

• 5* Sp* 5 f* s 1- Retros ystig sp. F 5p 5 f* 5,* f f*

RheLJo3rema sp. I (hemsesIplumesese g C hanees t phe pleuros opsaceae 5 F unideettfled pleurataosaceae 5 5

us(tilatetta(eee Sp* S* f 5 5 untJenttited Ostilletertaasee 5 6 u* 5 5p* 5* I 5p* S u* 5p* i* F 5 f Sp* 5* f 5p na f

• 59' 5* f 5p 5 f Sp* 5* f $p 5*

, FJ osstilaterte sp. Sp* 5" f u*

5

, g 6 ang6(f,le g

" O pr e vp sa Ne idiu i sp . 5 5* f 5 5* to sp g lhh4 sp.

hos t oc at e.e $*

Unidentified hostmateeg S Sp* 5 f 5p Anebeene sp. S* f Sp f $p F S5 . 5p 1* I 5* f Sf 5

• na f 5 f*

i Filhlaell 5* f g* f f

A Flei:eq 4,t f Apbenf am.eaan sp.

3*

$p*

! !!oefen 5*

(gi tadrospermum sp.

bodula~rla sp'.' Sp 5

)bekMIU111 mms sp. i Chloroph,t a 5p $* S f Sp 5 f $

untasetitled Chlorophyte se  %* f u 5* u Sp 5* 5* f 5p $* #

Cheetophorales 5 5 un taent t t ted (heetophorales 5 5p 5 Chlorosergtne sp. f 5

Es'Mhfl## .loli!) sp-Chlorocuteles 5 f 5, 5* Sp 5 f sp* 5 7 5 f 5 5 Se* 5 unidentified (nloratocceles ',p 5* f u 5, la t* u se 5 7 1, 5 f F

a( t t . strum sp.

Sp 5 Sp nf 5, 5 5 f Sp S 5, Antistrodesmus sp. $ # u Sp* $ f Sp* 5* f 5p 5 5 f Sp 5 5 sp 5 f Sp 5 5 5 A. csikot.iv y p 5p $p 5p 5 f 5p 5 Sp 5 5 5p 5 e $p 5 t 5p 5 i sp 5 A faldt;g 5p 5p 4 8 ii!h!h I 5 a

.s t. ..

1 ,p .1sp,,.5. , . s_. f . f. , . . u . .t.e u

}

Q L

r O s

t$

C I

%)

i J

1

Table 2-4 (Contd) vor 7 (IMo)

, [g a g , Ltd #' chit ** Poads c,.saph,te iniidentified Cyanophyta (hrao6 0s cat ese uatuattfied thronuse6eee Se l a?_at.!!c E na spasp. sp.

14 hengthert sp. 5* F*

fhroocxus sp. 5p 5 F 1 Ufieiist ti

f. Theitlig f.wisGkleilus sp.

f*! fat 5xsyping 39 CT eat %ce sp.

EsVs^hierte sp.

Fea-- Tia4

. sp. as

d. TeTilita Sp* 5* f

• 5*

A *r %riilfsp. 5p 5 5*

haik.siie sp.

Chameeil3bisese P tOe.t*ee ta, 5 rusosa s ';aene unisentified Pi..rocapsatese ple arp a $

osiiliat&pse laie sp se UnlJentified Oscillatorlatese 5p 5 f* Sp 5*

Ch< llistarte sp 5*

6 s y^ f li.li- 5p 5 la 5 11 .et iia I 6 pr H Pnure!.< ,g s24 se to ttja. conto fji sp. te 5,

b II'5!Il*

liostoc eseee 5 5p $

unidentified hostustese saetsene sp.

I3 ilicioat ta II'ffdE o

fp4*Tawm.!4 so.

A f les -o w a s f ylindrgspermum sp.

El;Tarig ip--~~ Sp 5 RQlD.ntit sp.

a. curvete celokhsta untaentif ved Chlorophyte CheetoAreles untantified Cheetaphorsies Chlorosarcina sp.

Isew3ead21oigjji sp.

thf aroioccafes unsaatifled Chlorwacales As t tnast rue sp.

Eilsii6.lesmos sp.

I'~i i.LT;iL{

A FalciiW 59 5 59 5

• gg I splialis f) e 5 Duetaant taas aC

. 5, . sertag. 5 ii =er, e . fall, u . eieter Yb

()

O to 9

(1 C

U O O O

N

. . . . . .. L 3

.' 2 s s 2 as %

t

- i:

2 . . . . . . . .

j ... . . .. .. .. . . .... . . .

I 3 .2 3 kk 3 &

s . L 8 . . . . .

. 2 2  :

e

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. _1

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=.

3 2 2  :

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• 3 6

~

31 3

=.

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m ea 9

s . . .

u .a . . . . .

) s -t  ;

6 k 3' 2 3 3 22 V m e

e . . . . . . .

G E . . . .. . . . . . . . .

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2

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s .

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t u .mr.rp:

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,!j,L.j = A.c2:3k Ji.a..!c,e .q ...ccuisL.3.!36 d...I=hJo JPascalhJ _-

2-u 2-13 services group

-. . ,. . - . . _ _ - , ~ , . _ - . - . . . - . _ - . . _ - _ - - . -- . _ . _ _. , .. , - ~- --

Table 2-4 (Contd)

+

veer 7 (13ae) h (ese %> Ige _= P on3 i

Chlerwhi te f(enta)

Chierotoueles (ContJ)

W l &# .

~

f b'iseteo ' *5**'l 5

t. Fe% Git, Enierifli~ ~

~.

foelestra sp.

5 or e 5 al<7eg~iai-inelit rJi-'Afa sp.

p f ~fr!Olete 5

-. que3rs 1T!'959 ta 5

f. tiir~eielis E. reTfing';1ert Ocsatlis t.a-DTiTeff i airsa m.

g 8~g]re44T O p hile h 1 D'4to(25.!h Tr easele sp.

N i rr kl_ f.ite t eM I*!! 6P.

g LiiM14U i t s no.

p ITriNiiTg1_'i se. 1 e cont orta 5 L

a. ~ lr#f'.h es I s;Iidnt. .e Bee feit fa(Esp .

il1TE 4me;Tii- 5 ITroGite 30 Or 13 se f* Se P g e.ntt'or** s ani Pe4TiiiFM se.

7 XiUQ 1*

D. e .~ $ So 5*

7 i Te.

P t it rei- 5 5

9,e3aTore,lij

DrT fi i

~ib etit

• eni3eii!i sp.

f a:aaTaoig 1  %

. acetus 50 3

5 i.!Eild

~ t .s 5

5 I se~rhetos O 5. isthei;s

() 5. ifrGG;s f 3c a lfaTilas q

< f 4T4r M -~

5 es .- e

- 1 w5 U I . Iit e =4J ews

() I spolleels!i~

Q } melrT<e de 5p 5 F 50 $

(D 9

Yb C

13 i

i O O O

F O O

- o Table 2-4 (Contd)

)$14 1915 1916 1977 ,1313 9 979 veer 2 foer 3 gee, a year g v ar a veer I Late al6hleen tends Lee utsatsen Pends Lehe uschsgen pende Lehe etchtges Pends Lee nestigen ponds Tese tese nichlase Pende ChloropAm (Contd)

Chiareteveles (Centd) 5 F 5 0 5 i

5. sflaws.s 5 5 f 5 Sp 5 le f 5 5 5 5p 5 Tchree4e. rie s.n. 7 T'!fasstrum sp. Sp 3 f

I BrM!If 5 I 5

[ eja.tm so estre sp 7 5 5 f 5 5 f 5* 5 f 5 se 5 5 f* 5p 5 T/.gthroeter ferihtet 5 # l' 5e felref dron sp. S f 5

f. coudete 5

i. L. lii 5 t tilp.ua se

f. eint.i f f 5 5 i sf 3 5 i g $,

sp 5 5 fetrostre so. u S fred.ilg sp. #

5 Wstelli sp.

OrdoMieles

' N ' 5 f 13 f Sp 5e f Sp Sp 5

[M y m.a s,.

Cle'Weles 3 Cl Teir!*yhort asporalessp. 5 5 tJ unidenttised tetrasporales 5 f b $* f 5e 5 Sp S 5 I esterocauut sp. 5 5 5 ' '

5 H f1stel&Isr(e sp. I '

u t ria s "~ Sp 5* SP 5 8 SP 5 t 5 ' 5 5 8 5 itij~&Ht3I se. si Sp 5 f 5 t Sp 5 8

' F

l. 5'f'ait .e

.iet.f'utes-- ,

5 untaentif ted uletettheles 1 i u 5 f Se f f i g M!**.f 59- y oNb, I 5 fial fifue s p. 5, 5 i f 5, 5f a5 F u5 f 5 =5 5

• velwatoleI..

u. t..t i s. ..ie s , 5, 5 7 . 5, 5, 5, 5 f 5, 5 f 5e 5 45 5* 5 t 45 4 5 ' 5*  !!

5 f NE"lE.'Iei s,. I f 5, 5 Se [$ f- eiisi..s,. a 3, 3 5 5 5 Con

f. aerf ue..sp

                   . s, ..                                          5,                                                        5p feJiaaske so.                                                                                  5               5     4 st9eeo                                                                                                                              5
         %=lvom Vo            sp. nti r+

Issoasteles Sp 5 f untaentitled lygnemetales f 5p 5 5 b e fe ' f af f 5 f 5 f 5 5 5' o b I'll ! t 5 O,

t. L;;Tf k.r.t e f 5 c.s vice r , I gg g f 4 federle josart.se 5 fat *erle spi ~ Sy 5 F $ f 5 f 5p 5 5 8 57 3 g

{  ! h!r23 t () 0 4 ,0 f$ C 1J

Table 2-4 (Contd) Y

                                                                           ,e.F rt,m te.e                       to n e pi t aigan          poc as (nloreen,te (conta)

(sterwwales (tects) ip 1 I 1 L t.urceJerie tactat so. [ r TT,

                             ,...t.

Gia rWsp. Ydifiint!s

                             ,                  se.                                                  s

• IE%t Sp if S Te i r.eas ro!!d.

I 59 TIi*e.3? T. tic eM T. tifise T iT4TW ~ g Tetiistrue se Tifle7Ifip. GesieYle sp. GeQ nieles oe t' ..a t e sp. 59

                                 -L f&? tt sp.

(ledosGr!*les e (La lefra@si+reles@rq so. unta..tified tetrosporeles Alt erter fK g w} *.p. N "fileGIEris sp. hy b I I i ' 7_ .,7 Ts~ g ,

                                          -g as                     ($.2g a so.

c Tee,.%. e , s. s viot r h hates ur.iaentities ut,tricseles GemineIle b 5 I 1"Nff,.ui tg sp. a.<

                              $5e   ,espOs9 Ba3G71To. sp.

sulkilii-Ur tJentifies Wolmsles (arterte so IbIap'yMeness sp. I9 I I I I T , der ice sp.

                              $&e ens Laid]ioT GEse.4 se .

p s,f' - $. I ?Macaca *1 so-berse toro 1,Tsim gnene t e n e , se_.pgitt sp. ur.lJentifled lype.atales Ert tert

• se. s9-ITn.hf?#1M 5 Sp 5

               #                   f)$         to y               e . ~ n i ,er, t sete. es s, >

fos o;is comt. rossle i-- 5 f sI

              ,Ol              L k32ni G

ta s () C 13 O O O

O V s

                                                                                                            /

0 d l Table 2-4 (Contd) im 'S'$ m. . ius isie i ,im

i s.. t. . niai po.ds t.s. mas p ds t. nios ps s t . aia p t lat ,s ,e,,,

te e ,,tas,e, Chlorophyta (Cente) lyipenstales (Costa)

                      )*l(19 sp.                                                                I                 I*

v $ 0 skri It S f itrie si. 3 EmetelJ  % Sp , C sti s,20"' EP - 5 1 5 4 *l.19thys's so. g 4 aut os t I lestrettertas sp. 5 Il 'skien6erj,^, I* N t runnte K.yot ij 's,. 5* 5* I f 5p 5 9 5 5p $ p 5 5p* $ # 5p 5 5p f* 4 5 5 fleuroteente sp. W $ W Ir ^re so? 4*5 f se f 5* I I* ' Sp I poa os te sp . 5 taur.i risp. 5 t u 5 t if 50 f 5* f 5 f 5p 5* 1 5 f 1:'erii 'si on I

5. Jid it- S 5

f. eega tm.

j 1. pare own

                                     -~

i 1. riJIeaf- , 5 N feaMistrTo J-~ I* I, 1 1 5~ H 1. jaimiinIt r,fitoife S 5 8 5

,                s . iey,ht r e< e.                                                          5                    5

] i.gsenuphyli~ ~

l Un6deatafled togteaupnyte 1 1 togien.ies unidentitled tugtenatea S f $ f f 5p 5p i Ea I f 5p 1 f 5p S Sp* $ Sp 1 59 5 I 5 I

'                f.glead sp.1                                       5                                                                                                                                         8 4                    .

et 3.p =ir ur. 5 + epoc ik fl # 5 $ Phasss se:isp. F 5e , f 5 $ Sp 5 SP $ Tret.Nienn sp. Sp f 5p 5 1 Sp 5 f 5, 5 5, 5 5 i j to t hophy t a tmtdeettfled s thophyta f u heaeatortdelen Unidentified Amtsothloridales S d 5tt f amouws sp. $ t 5p 5 5p 5 5 5 i !  !**.!I !EIUil 4* hetereroueles 1 so-Unidentitled noterscotteles f f 5 Sp nyb 6et t ie sp. g Peron elle 'sp. 5* I Hetereirkhiles 1 tr 66 cens sp. 5 1 f: ~a ffla 5 te inlm dmoebieet () ImtJentif ted Entmenuet,eles Sp 5p 9 I (

       ~

i 43 O Gb to

       -9 C

j 13 i l 1

t. s o Table 2-4 (Contd) tear 7 oom 3.g ieie_ Pu h %ea Pga,$

thlorophyte (Contd)

                       !spometales (Cunta) uese'dtm sp.

ek 0 55t'll!! fuas tre sp. S WeifsG9aa sp. Ics# e I0f beh sp. sw r.se Rtdisiertes sp. U 3.'hfLMkN I N t ron< st e Lu}ftif sp. 58 5 PTe.rr,Feens. sp. Yt IFo'ir't 50- S' fg< eda l oste se, 3 t ole e s Guin'sp. 59 5 I f~ erit hl% 5 Jiillii~

1. *tesenthe 5 ereE.e f.gvi!Tesi~-

IteLiisirm "L" T JohAs56Ti t4 1. grTilerfe e h

           .(I.            5. e t rir'ie w i.,ii      iaae unseent1 fled Euglenophyte E.gieneles t>tdeptifled Eaglenstes f 331 ees sp.                                     5 I   e< vs T. sjiiop[re I f1NIlil     ' 5P-thecus se                            5 P 'Th                               5 Tr ei 6.1 u ..oefc s ~sp.             5       5p 5 T.~ioGG Tee                                   SP tenthuphyte up.taenttf ted Innthuphyta ahtsnniorteeles untaentified Rhlamhtortdeles 5     ttot ortus sp.                 5 I Bd11iffil Asi  a sp.

noteroc ac efes uns,senetfied metermacenes 5 ghtetytte sp. reF6a tefle se. metidirlikeles t r itn cas sp. T-. imni thfor ami= Lines n j ., miaentified Chiers-uebeles 9 aC O Q to 9 f) C

             'J O                                                                    O        O

0 Y' (G O Table 2-4 (Contd) 0574 1975 1970 18979 64979 897! turi teor 2 toer 3 tear 4 teor 5 teor 4 1..e tone senttee punas tote skatpen pones tese stunteen Peaes tete Rkatsee penas te6e skasone ownes Lane putteen p.ma s Ent ys@yt e untaentthee Chrysopas te Sp 5 f u 5p 5* f le 5 5p 5 Sp 5 f 5e 5 5 5 5p thrysamuneseles untemattfied thrasessmeJeles 5 f u 5* f u* Sp 5"** 5,* 5* f

• 5, 5 0 5p 5 i Sp 1 f Sp* f 5 5 f 5 5p 5 a.t am.a g 5p Namilla,spsp. . 5 $* Sp 5, IIrstahgmit, ttag sp. Sp* Se $p 5p to 5p 5 f 5 I.Learve 5, no (nr riseu.g sp. t u 5p 1 Sp 5* f 5p I Sp 5 Sp* 5 5p 5 5, 5 f alideals~se. Sp* e 5p F 5p 5 5, Sim.bryo 'se. Sa f u f wa sp* 5* f Sp* 5 Sp 5 f 5,* 5 f se* 5p* f 5p* 5 Sp* f 5 5p B

B . F.. . orla m fre 5 7 5, 5, 5

6. ele. re 5 f 5 8 5p i Se f 5 f 5 f* 5, 5 t 5, 5 e.

O pediforme 5 8 se'r e lerig le 1 F 50 1e f 5p 1s F 5p* 5 5p' f* Se e

p. ioitele~ 5 t i f Sp 5 Sp* 5p* f sp* 5 f f* 5e snArs fisp. 5, 5 5p 5 I f 5p 5 f sp i f 5p 5 t 5,* 5 5, 5 t its1Tm,4es ig se: sp. la f 5p i 5 evene 4 h 6 M3 sp . 5p 5p Fse Mer&f~ rtea sp. 5, I to 5 5tylobryon $ 50 g nuaesleales i steh. _eg 4s Atume u 4 5p i Sp i Se f e %113e 5 8 f

@ )stygsigt eging33 5 Cnrysmessein therwepe sp. # 59' IsesheisIJeleo unseentified tamarystaeln 5 se an t a.c u,s iaein untanattfied antaa hrysteeles 5 8 Se f 5p 5 f f ID'JMJ 8 89 be- I le lua sp. 5 5 le f ag=hing sp. # 5 bye myile sp. 5 styleisiist sp. 5 facillarlophyte Centretes uniaeatthed teatrein 5 u Sp 5 5 5 &f 5 0 5 Sp 5 f $p 5 f attne e seinerget i fosii,nihilsivi 5 fjfetillfsp. Sp* S* f na 5, 5 f 5p* 5 f* 5, Sp 5 f* 5 i se 5 Sp 5 5p 5 8 Sp 5 5 c .~t hee tecer e 5, E **?*kk C. Ele ==ry*te'g I1*2 5p 5 sp . Sp 5 t a f Sp 5 f l' 5p* $* Sp 5 f 5 5, f 5* f

• 5,* 5 5*

lerlesIreo Cislei tie $p 5,* 5 se sicleai - 5 5 5 4 5 N Itallia 5,* 1 laeletaceae potaanq f 5, f sp 5 f sp 5 O Sh8 sesoleale erleasig 5,* f u Sp 5p 5 f Se f 5p 5 f O I'i .Ioail I sp. 5e!5 5 M 5 u Sp* ip 5 4 fie 1 f u  % f 5* f 5, 5 5e $* f 5p 5 5p

  -       1. yhen       aum sp.

en t rees 5p 5p 5 f 5p* f se Sb O O e m

 $$)

C 13

Table 2-4 (Contd) Y-eeer , nom h t ete souh' nea cua ds caersopa,te Waldeattfled Chryseges te Sp 5 F $3 1* ChrysJRuaedales untder.ttfled thrysemuesdales I f $* t ' aulomuees sp, brMIIma sp I%)Ijxa_mw13 sp. rEhrtern Sv is Ob. f one ig sp. 41M L.k u) sp - 4r,~oa sp- 5 p g

                     .ael e D

6cTII4 f um t I r2 '1 5 t Sp S f I b ljf tut"%W.. ? "lle e $p go

            > s I;ie                          s.,  5 fri~ =li ~ wt rn( utus                            ;p lei. 2'  eg Wsp                                   Sp hel <==eas sp.                      5p i                5 H ei,h.s                                 5 1.Sjf tj d.                                       sp 5 **t'f sp
          .I                                  5,   5              5 5 eveIIe Os hromones sp.                         1        Ss

• It?MfikIr!'S sp.

5ta ls4t ryon se nuaosiam ies ta 1tglesamuneg et(Ntom,e 5, I menga sp i tJ Astresty redtete O (m'r ,Wapse l e s c ar, .y e sp. Isodiir,slJales uatoenttfied Isanrystdales an t aub ys tseles UntJentif ted At.tauhrystdales (tr219f12!! sp-In a t.m sp. Se faW*tra sp. A,thli'sp. na c< t s sp Sec il r i^My o te tea t r a les unideattfled Centrates hi_ty3t regagjgsj c inoalgios foielfe sp.  % f

                .Mif toi ergy

[ if wer e t e t seby.Ta fene 5 8erlos ite sp. N I N C I 1eid1 tt e

            ?    inr!ss'                                    s*
             =    ti.it< a N ar ea=let a                          5             5 h Iisie. i -                          S O          isefetcaeme pratemus O,         Dirablesie erle ilsl r!i%

E sp . ia et li-p*em.d'it1h s6 1, 5 tj 1 estrees  % si b (O f) C

'O O                                                                               O        O

c ' O t o Table 2-4 (Contd) 1914 191s t 1976  ; 1978 1974 439i9 v,i v.., e u., s u., e i,s ..., e

i. to. ma.p p t . niai p.a. t . mas e t mai p 6 . mai p t ma. p t

9.cc.t.il., u.i.lee.nIc .i4i (Ca.L4)

                     .m         r                                       w*                    s,* s e                                                          sa                      s,    y                                e
                     - h.iat11<3                                                                                                                                  F
            ."..M.
               =is ,!, 9.. ,i . ,    .

se s e

           N"eie                     4 e .i.               se s, s e e          s,se=

se s**s f se* s e* se s a w s s* sea wse se s e se st

               .a                 . .                                                se                          se      e     is               sp    i       s            se 5 e         s            se s e                           vsi
               ,t@G!.;'...                                                                                                             ,                   s, Mal **,'t                                                                                '                                                                             I#

b evale.t!!bilfi S

                                  ~ ^ 9I treg                                                                                                                                                                                                   s
              .!.t.h,s.erTs.f                                                                                                      s I

I ? feree,s L .. se s* f

• u* F sp* s f se' s* f
• se F sp*s i se se* s 8 s se* s 8* I f.donei lifts.e sp . t 8

p 4 t sf ses se se

                   . iif.i g .e.                                    p 8

se $ $ se sp 4114 sp.

                         -                                   se     r         sea s t u                                  F                                    s                 s     se                  s BT.t anf.p .                                                                    5,  $                                $                          5                 s                                   se s

5. ~t%Ge ., elm.tw. se 5 f se se* s* s se if se s s se #

8. i, $p 5 se se N 8Ip 613r t t iwel.i.p.

                                                                                        ?                                      se* s 8

N Ga.t T. 'i,.

p. sp 1 f*e se s e e.

s* 8 se se se

                                                                                                                                                      #*   Sp 5 f ys                          y s                              3,     s, g

se s F se f* se 5 f s sp 58 se s* f

• se s#

H Fs.if F. c p.crt. ia. f f se se 4* s sp 5 f* c ri*iith se s* f

• e e se* s f
• 5 sp* s' #
• 9 56* s f se f sp* s f
• se se s* f
• se f F. E..I**tti w herig 8 f* f se FaiQTg is. I i row n.e t s ik.gET.i

                       ...ie ip.                             se s7            se s F u                           s.* s* f

• 8 se s i se 5 se 5 e s w e a .. c , se e i s C .ga I_a.{i. 3. son.gte f C .t se rik1i resi 9 cuac.7.-as
• titetn'.n s s*

s s h.'. 3

                            .6 4.I.*p, II.atpiti.m' rig!*.It
                     .                                                        se se         se s
              !** It y1 ip                                  se                                                       s                          se            5 f                     se               se $* f     se                  5,          g as ide[ fruit                                                                                                                                                                                            s O

nita.i< ni. . . F u se # 5 se s a se se sa se s se 1 s se s y se s7 s, s se s F W F sp* s* se $ se se i sp i se sF se s f se 5 f E (di.T.eitf steri,a s d I lsi nl .- ' se E f se E {o.s.ig[ 1. i Int F sp se se $p sp p I ._dT,rg! gg b iseu t s sa O s Pt J.T.r f.~se. = F sp s O 5 f 9 Dack.e,ir.da's e5 r t. it. s t 5, se 4 s ,,.1.ari e s, g7 8~ s,iW se s O- fi.. $ei, ., i sa e G U.d.rt.t l . e1s it!!s!h 3, k!.'t!!! a e,gg fee - *p-1 * *t*sp. spa s e a se e sf a spa s' e se s f s,* s e s, #* s,* s a sp 5i se5 s s se s y s se* 5 pg se s,e se g { 'latu.. - ,8 s se 5 e se $ se* r I w

I o W ; O

   ^
   -J
    .a c

C U v 4 i N

   ."J 3

1 Ed

                                                                              ~

{s

           .l
                               ,                         s                a       +            e                    * ** *                                          *

• 2:2 2 2 2 22 2 2 2 22 t

        . 1                                           -                               -

g' , , a se + +k + * * *

• 2 2 2 2

          =

2 22 t 22 2 2 2 1 1 1

                                                                                                   $l ['                                                                                     l
                         " *                %                          41                          b.

tl l 7 .7 2 p .. 21 J{. .

                                                                                                                                                        -].,

t 1 -! ?' r.i's  ; h" r g :: e.a::3.!,. s .E- . - 't 9- s 4:e -a

                                         . L,:f'-'si. . . , . .;...   --
                                                                          .       3

w.:y.g ee ,.i :. erst

. r p '2 I

                                                                                                                                                            ,  .. e E c):r.1         r:    .

re;. esp,w.. u r . : r!! r _Et 43eo ..- - r at: E.:g !L.J :s..e.  :: ..m.. .. .. g D !,m.... .,%+*'r-s: .n q::l a : _

                                                                                                                                                 .x

• I7~q .F7  %%!L.g.g; -

a; 7.lJy. ' O r[r u *. k.w; m$',ir.'.E E'!' r .7.':f'4.m*l

• f, .z[. b. 5.ukm{e.eer:;j#;

u{yC ['$. m. :: J, e r4:es. na 4

2. :dmJ y ,. . ; ,moos.* L,Yu, a- *'c;)f 5rr. r. ;. 2Me. G =' = = == = * ";;= =,= .:.n'**g**g. ~.

5.f,*w.ene:in,Ji-].f7'.[a%

              ~
                      . 5,h4,.EEm$

i . m a,.s . i . . 3.4 -.k det b.m on mia i1 uum s

                                                                                                                                                                                             \

2 l

                                                                            ,-2.,

services group

. m O V i Table 2-4 (ContJ) 1 1

                                                              .i,,..                           i,fs.                          iii.                        . i,n                     i t+9                       i isis
                                                              ,ee, i                          ie., ,                         .ea                          weee e                   .,5                       see, .

p.d. e p. d. p ad. ione anm** p=aa a e. aumw p.ad. e.d. is ies. pumi ins ni..t ta. annive- is.. en.ites.

         . .nerieu,.te pea sie         . usato
                              .i u                                e                                                    sp* s*             s         s                           a 1.t.fene,tr t     n er t i,.p

s. . sp 5 sp 5 5

                 . Iwi.is;                             s* pa u*      sp* s e        sp* s' e

• sp i se i e' e sp* s* 9 sp 5 e* s, e* s, s i s, s e Identified prestlerte eee ip 5* f Sp 5p 19 Sp 5 t 5 5 i sp se unteentif 6ed Athmentnelen I untemattfied me.t(elete. 5p Sp f se f sp 1 5 5 (r.-pt perte Unteent ttted (typtophyte Sp I u $ f*

Cr yp t umeneJe les unterat t fled (ryptesumedelet i f

• 4e $* f
• u* Sp S f Sp* 5 f* Sp $ sp $ 1 8 Sp & f Sp 5 5 5 (I.emssmeet to f* f* 5p 5 f S f* 5 Sp 5 f Se $ f $p S f 59 5 Sp 5 $
• Sp 1 i fe So f
• u 5,* 5* f u* Sp S f* Sp* f* 5e na F* 5p* $* f a Sp 5 9 Sp 1 f 5p $* f
• Se 1 # 4 5 f f.jptieunes

                   .ers'v algme.                                                                                                                                                       5p $ f i              i      S f                    $p               to

f. evete ip  % 5p $* f la

' f. refle., f 5p In am. 's e sp. S* p es sp s* 5,* S f* 5,* 5* f a 5,* $* f

• 5, 5f 5p 5 5

e Teau,a s* f

• si se* s, se s, se f *

3. bg 5 s G. miavte S $* 9 Se $ f 5p 5 f* Sp 5 f S f 4 y hwat pyrewhyte 5

• g unidentified p y rrepa r te u $* u 5, 5 5e

 ,  N       Gymsedtateien i

y leilJeettfled Gpsusedletalet 5 I ] 6,=modistus sp. # $ f f $ ip $ Sp 5 7 5p S hp F 5 peeldlaisles untaent ef ted perldtatelee t i 5 t u Sp sp 5, 5 5p S 5 sp 1 5 j teret ten sp $a i (1 kirundtaelle i e 5 5 5*  %* 1 ! Clededialwa~np! $* Sp Sp* 5 i e*1ea sp. f f 5 fej.JIa.le op. t 5 f* Sp b* Sp* 5 f Sp 5 5,* 5* 1 f f I. (E*(te g

'              I.

I.ya(***fd!I Mv 5 s P. getvagast 1 5 5  % SP 5 Sp 1 f

p. stetatt 5 $*

f Dinaerieles (J$Lof t!L** *p 5 unidenteftee Alpe 5p 5 t i sp $p 5 i Sp 5 1 0 , O . M 4 1 l' W O 4 O e9 i

      $4 C

U

o Tab 1e 2-4 (Contd) -

                                                    ,es, , o m 31                      t oo, #4bt een M

Sulltertophyte (Cont.s fem.eles (Contd) f atellerte sp. TPMisfiete 5 F f* T 71oiG15G Sp 5 5e # Dat3eellf fiff ragt lertet ese tmtdeetIfled Ashnenthales Unteentifled Rest 4=leles Cr39t oph y te

              'intdentified Cryptophyte C ri s t aar .e ae l e s is ideelt f eed Cryptomunodeles te rpon ny sp.                    59 5         58 5 I Gyptoarmen sp                     50 i         hp 5  f*

f. ecose 5

                . esisont m            t              5p 1             5 f
                . g=eTo
                . refTine                      $p IhoTMei sp.

1 TicTiUts R Tea t

5. einute 5&* 5 5p 5 F r le efropr. ryes,t.

tmiaentif ted Pyrrophyte Grumod tatales untdeastf ted GMinteles to GruJinte sp. 5 i PertdInieles ta untaeatttted Perfdtatales & feret te sp U El.rus 5

f. EiiJJine11g 5 Rte; JTWL ip.

Ta siJirip. Fivljinio sp. 5 5F P. hp 5

              ) . g.ia@m uJin     te iasTiE=.              58 5          58 5
              !'. .ptaan c2g P-ein l't?a't ou eTes testo;tatue sp.

Untdentified Al dee O () at O O d2

   -i Q

C 13 O O O

o Table 2-5 Mean Phytoplankton Density (No./mt) and Biovolume (ul/7.), Bailly Study Area,1980 Station & Jun Aug Nov Lake 1 D* 9,397 8,646 40,421 12,359 B 7.89 5.26 6.44 7.81 2 D 6,083 4,771 141,042 5,571 B 7.48 4.63 7.19 2.80 3 0 4 .4 31 7.133 53,872 67,767 3 2.82 4.15 6.30 5.15 4 0 8,255 18,292 88,654 46,301 B 2.92 14.32 7.53 12.11 5 D 3,187 5,736 39.8 % 15,940 B 3.19 7.44 8.43 11.90 6 0 5.047 5,546 34,739 21,730 B 4.36 4.20 5.98 3.40 7 0 3,108 26.057 447,122 28,178 , B 3.22 11.49 39.88 5.95 8 D 3.739 16,655 49,121 25,190 B 3.64 8.67 6.57 3.96 9 0 8,712 8,451 37,986 93.214 8 3.03 8.93 5.61 20.62

 '#                  10                        D       4,601            46,537          19,654 9.957 8       6.64    5.63     6.52            6.87 Nearfield I (1-6,10)      D       5,578   8,888    59,804          41,343 B       5.40    6.35     6.83            7.09 Farfield i (7-9)          D       5.186   17.054   178,076         48,861

_ B 3.30 9.70 17.35 10.17 Pond 17 0 4,559 28,918 ** ** B 3.93 47. 0', 18 0 9,415 16,972 " ** B 6.14 7.75 i 19 0 13,468 1,866 8,228 1,573 8 9.66 29.78 20.52 11.97 20 D 26,513 4,985 7,834 1,755 B 8.50 66.5' 93.83 5.42 Cowles Bog 21 . D 6.339 3,406 479 765 B 37.73 8.12 0.79 0.45 4 Pond B i (17,18) D 6,987 22,945 ** " B 5.03 27.42 Pond C i (19, 20) 0 19,990 3,425 8.031 1,664 3 9.08 48.15 57.17 8.70 O

 %)

D = Density; B = Biovolum2. Pond B was dry; no sa g les collected.

                                                                                            **   **9 2-25

(3 Table 2-6 h Percent Composition of Major Phytoplankton Groups, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Ar_ ie. ^si _ 21 Sta tion ' anon Density Stovol m Density Stovolume ceasity Slovolume Consity Siovolume Lake (1-10) Cyanconyta 33.7 1.2 58.4 10.0 94.1 22.5 94.5 14.5 Chloroonyta 7.5 17.3 6.0 4.2 3.9 11.3 0.6 2.5 Bac111artoonyta-Centric 18.0 25.0 2.5 8.4 3.7 10.1 0 0.3 Sac 111artoonyta-Pennete 23.0 42.9 23.1 62.8 1.0 53.3 4.5 81.0 Total 1 S2.2 86.4 90.3 35.4 99.7 97.2 99.6 98.4

                         %. Taxa                  43        43        61       51     47        47      24        24 Pond (17-21) Cyanoonyta                 9.7       0.2      46.0      0.2    3.9       0.4     0         0 cnicroonyta               12.6     25.6       37.3      5.3   40.6       7.5    41.1      55.9 Sac 111artoonyta-Centric   0.6       J. 5      1.6      0.4    0         0       3         0 Bacillariocnyta Pennate   12.1     !4.2        3.4      2.9    1.5       0.3    35.5      30.9 Total                   34.0     78.5       93.3      3.3   46.0       8.7    76.6      36.S
                         %. Tasa                  51        51        47       a7     25        25      18        18 Density continued to exhibit seasonal changes without apparent consistent trends within the nearshore ponds (Figure 2-3) . However, through 1979 there had been a trend of increas ing densities each year.                         During 1980, densities in the ponds were lorer 9an during 1979 and ended the trend toward increasing density. Highest density and biovolume were observed in April and August, re-spectively. The ponds contained mostly green algae (33 percent) , while the biovolume was comprised primarily of green algae and pennate diatoms.

The density and biovolume peaks during 1974,1975, and 1976 coincided quite well; however, Cladophora sp. in Pond C caused larger biovolume in relation to cell density in August 1977. In April 1978, large desmids and diatoms caused the same disparity, whereas the inverse (high cell densities with low biovolume) occurred in August 1978 due to a bloom of the blue-green algae Microcystis sp. and Aphanothece sp. During 1980, the biovolume-density disparities in June and August were due to an abundance of the large dinoflagellates Peridinium gatu-nense and Ceratium hirundinella (June) and Peridinium cinctum and Ceratium hircus, (August) . No association between these abundance or blevolume varic - tions and plant operation is suspected. During April the chrysophyte, Ochromonas sp. made up 47 percent c f the density but was only present in Pond C. In June, Gomphosphaeria lacustris and Micro-cystis sp. made up 21 percent and 22 percent, respectively, of the pond den-sitics but these were present only in Pond B. August samples showed large 2-26 services group

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2-27 services group

2 ON f dersities of Pediastrum borvanum (22 percent) and Dinobryon sertularia (38 per-cent) but these only occurred in Pond C (Pond B was dry) . Tabellaria fenes-g trata (26 percent) and Crvptomonas sp. (16 percent) were the predominant or-ganisms, occurring almost solely in Pond C. These data indicate that each poni (bog), althoug:1 sharing geographic proximity, functions as an individual systen. 100.300 - - 130.a 90.]Oc - - an.0 30.30C - 10 . 3

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O O) (_ Average densities at each depth contour within Lake Michigan indicate small and variable differences among the 15 , 30 , and 50-foot depth contours from 1975 through 1979 (Figure 2-4). In 1980, marked differences were noted with the nearshore samples generally having higher densities except in November when offshore densities were higher. Phytoplankton density increased through time, marked by autumn peaks of increasing magnitude in 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1980. During 1980, highest abundance occurred in August. The dominant group of or-ganisms contributing to this August peak were the blue-green algae. In August 1980 there was a large bloom of blue-green algae (Table 2-6) , com-posed of Aphanothece sp. and Comphosphaeria lacustris as was the case in 1979. The 15-f t contour had a higher density (192 million cells per liter) than the 30- and 50-ft contours. This occurrence may be due to a correlation between abiotic and biotic factors, although the data do not provide suf ficient infor-mation to define such a correlation. Density and biovolume for depth contours averaged over six years are pre-f-- sented in Figures 2-5 and 2-6. There are no apparent density differences with distance from shore even though differences are quite apparent during 1980. ' Overall average density in August 1978 is decreased relative to the 1977 summary, reflecting slightly decreased density of blue-green algae in August 1978; blue-green algae densities increased in August 1979 and again in August 1980. The six-year senmary data (Figure 2-5) also indicate an overall density increase in November at the two offshore stations. Phytoplankton biovolume (Figures 2-6 and 2-7) reflects the limiting effect of available nutrients. While densities fluctuated greatly with changes in cell size of dominant species, the seasonally averaged phytoplankton biomass for the monitoring period,1975 to 1980 (Figure 2-6), showed only slight fall and spring increases. The spring increase may be attributed in part to replenish-ment of epilimnion nutrients during winter mixing. During stratification

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o () This annual cycle is seen in Figure 2-7, where slight increases are apparent each April, and somewhat larger peaks occurred in the fall of 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980. Stations along the nearshore contour (1, 4, and 7) generally had yielded higher biovolume concentrations during late summer and fall than the stations along the 50-f t contour. This was true for August 1980 but during November, the large diatom Tabe11 aria fenestrata was relatively abundant at the deep water contour and very scarce near shore. Tabellaria fenestrata com-prised a large part of the November biovolume. Phytoplankton biovolume in the ponds was highly variable (Figure 2-8). The highest peak for 1980 occurred during August on Pond C and was due to large specier of dinoflagellates. Cowles Bog had a high biovolume (37.73 ui/1) in April due to large amounts of Spirogvra sp. and Pinnularia sp. , a green algae and a diatom, respectively. Peaks recorded in ponds B and C during 1976 and 1977 (Figure 2-8) were the re-sult of algal clumps which did not disperse homogeneously. These individual 7-sg results are reflected in the 7-year summary (Figure 2-9) as biovolume peaks \I for ponds B and C in August, even though high densities for these stations oc-curred in April and August (Figures 2-10 and 2-11) . Over the 7-year monitor-ing period, Cowles Bog showed the highest peaks overall in August for both mean density (Figures 2-10 and 2-12) and mean biovolume (Figure 2-10) . An organic pollution index was devised by Palmer (1969) based on a rating of pollution-tolerant algae. The scheme wcs synthesized by Palmer from 269 re-ports by 165 authors. An index was established for the top 20 genera and/or species thus identified. An organism is called "present" in a sample if there are 50 or more individuals per milliliter. A total of 20 points (out of 44 possible if all 20 genera are found or 51 if all 20 species are found) or more for a sample is interpreted as evidence of high " organic loading," and 15 to 19 points is probable evidence of considerable " organic loading." In August 1980, the Palmer index was 18 for Lake Michigan and 27 for the inter-dunal ponds. The score for Lake Michigan was higher than in 1979 and resulted from nearshore species dominance. O V 2-32 services group

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O () %J 10 - _9 vs 58 - d E7 - K6 - 5 Y 5 - it E4 0 3 - CONTINUOUS NATURE OF CONNECTING LINES DOES NOT INFER DATA CONTINUITY THROUGH NONSAMPLING MONTHS. 2 - i e i i i i i APR JUN AUG NOV Figure 2-12. Mean Phytoplankton Density at Nearshore Pond Suations, Bailly Study Area Summed over 1975-1980 2.1.3.2 Phytoplankton Chlorophyll a and Productivity. Chlorophyll a_ and productivity levels are shown for sampling years 1-6 in Figure 2-13 and 2-14.

  )   Primary production and levels of chlorophyll a_ vere lower than those observed in 1979. Lake Michigan had peak levels of chlorophyll a in November 1980 and lowest levels in June.       Chlorophyll a degradation was noted in some of the lake samples which may be the reason for the overall low values.

The ponds exhibited highest chlorophyll a_ concentrations in April 1980 and low-est in August (Figure 2-13) . The values are among the lowest for the 6-year period of study. The loss of Pond B samples as a rasult of low water after June and the overall low rainfall year may have been a factor in the species composition changes and relatively low quantity of chlorophyll a_ extracted. During 1980, the Lake Michigan primary production was also very low, similar to the levels noted in 1974 (Figure 2-14). Highest productivity, much lower than the 1979 peak, was in April with lowest phytoplankton primary production in August (Figure 2-14). The ponds exhibited somewhat higher production than did Lake Michigan during April and June with lc; west in August (Figure 2-14). No consistent seasonal trends in primary production have been observed from /O 1974-1980 in the ponds; hewever, Lake Michigan had exhibited high production k) in November during four of the prior 6 study years (Figure 2-14); this did not occur in 1980. 2-37 services group

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o () 2.1.3.3 Phytoplankton Statistical Analysis 2.1.3.3.1 Methodology. The following statistical methodology was applied not only to phytoplankton density and biovolume but also to zooplankton den-sity and benthos density. For all samples, the analysis of variance procedure (ANOVA) was used to determine differences between factors of interest. Sig-nificant effects were further analyzed using Newman-Keuls multiple range tests (Winer 1971) . The analysis was performed on log-transformed data. Zero val-ues were adjusted to the minimum detectable levels. These levels were zoo-plankton density (1), benthos density (1), phytoplankton density (19), and phytoplankton biomass (0.01) . Two ANOVA models were used. The first compared data from the 1980 sampling season only. The second considered data from 1975 through 1979 as well.* Month and year effects were considered to be random while station effects were treated as fixed, the effects tested, and the error terms used as shown below. 1980 Only 1975-1980 ("]%

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Month Year Station Month Station 10 vs rest Station Row (linear) Year x month Row (quadratic) Year x station Column Month x station Row (linear) x column Month x station x year Row (quadratic) x column Replication (residual) Station x month Replication (residual) The two factors, year x station and month x station, were tested. When one proved nonsignificant, it was possible to use the other as the denominator for the F-test of station ef fects. 2.1.3.3.2 ANOVA Results and Discussion. ANOVA results are shown in Table I 2.7. For Lake Michigan, monthly densities were significantly different during 1980 and among years. Biovolume did not show significant monthly dif ferences [) 1974 phytoplankton, zooplankton, or benthos data wera not corsidered because of the lack of April data in that year. 2-39 services group i

                                                                                                                \

,o in 1980 but differences were noted for the month-station interaction, indi-catf.ng that station dif ferences were not consistent from month to month. The significant year-month interaction of density and biovolume over all years re-flects the nonparallel changes in density and biovolume during like months in different years. Station densities and biovolumes were not significantly dif-ferent when averaged over years. Table 2-7 Phytoplankton ANOVA Results, 3ailly Study Area, 1980 Phytoplankton Density Phytoolanata Biovolume Degrees of Freedom Sum of Souares F-Value Sum of Souares F-Value 1980 Single Year Comparisons Lake Stations Month 3 66.4454 21.57* 2.5522 1.84 Station 9 10.5144 1.14 4.7654 1.14 10 vs rest 1 0.1341 0.13 0.1699 0.04 Row (linear) 1 1.9595 1.31 '.6856 3.64 Row (quadratic) 1 0.2415 0.24 J.0115 0.02 Column 2 3.5899 1.75 1.1014 1.19 Row (linear) x column 2 2.8200 1.38 0.4144 0.45 Row (quadratic) x colunn 2 1.7695 0.86 1.5355 1.66 Month x station 27 27.6604 1.32 12.5051 1.76* Residual 40 31.1141 10.4972 Pond and Bog Stations Month 3 18.6662 3.57 15.2239 1.70 Station 4 10.9721 1.57 26.1305 2.19 Pond vs bog 1 9.8097 5.62* 7.6335 2.56 Pond B 1 0.0208 0.01 2.8675 0.96 Pond C 1 0.8502 0.49 0.3832 0.13 B vs C 1 0.0762 0.04 9.4308 3.16 Month x Station 8 13.9626 4.80* 23.9010 3.47* Residual 16 5.3124 13.7904 1975-1980 W itiyear Comparisons Lake Stations Year 5 292.6276 4.68* 208.9305 6.12* Month 3 62.5436 1.67 99.6659 3.52 Year x Month 15 187.5751 13.62* 141.5792 12.JP Station 9 10.2371 0.83 14.0412 1.42 Year x Station 45 60.5205 1.23 49.1994 0.39 Month x Station 27 30.1876 1.02 18,4233 0.62 Year x Month x Station 135 148.0050 1.19 148.5151 1.45* Residual 230 211.1964 174.3341 Pond and Bog Stations Year 5 43.1141 2.73 166.8958 4.80* Month 3 53.5293 5.65* 50.3147 2.44 year x Morth 15 47.3748 4.47 104.3114 6.56* Station 2 3.7937 0.35 22.1657 4.64* Year x Station 10 3.2577 0.87 19.4140 0.81 Month x Station 6 32.9708 5.14* 25.2556 1.76 Year x Mcnth x Station 30 32.078 1.51 71.6336 2.25* Residual 60 43.0043 72.0719 Significant at e 1 0.05 2-40 **'"i ** 9' "N

O w ( ,) t During 1980, Station 10 did not have significantly different density or bio-volume than the mean of til other stations. No monthly density differences were noted for the ponds during 1980, but all densities in Cowles Bog were significantly different from the ponds (Table 2-7) . As with Lake Michigan the significant month-station interaction indicated inconsistent station differ-ences. Comparison of yearly mean densities and biovolumes yielded significant differences among the pond staticns for biovolume only. Differences were ob-served in the station means; in the time of year (month) when peak values were observed and where (station) peak values occurred as indicated by the signifi-cant month and month x station for density; and significant year x month, sta-tion, and year x month x station interactions for biovolume. l The yearly mean biovolume for 1980 was significantly higher than the mean bio-volume observed during past years; hcwever, the densities were not significantly different. This increase in phytoplankton biovolume probably is not related to power plant influences, but more likely was dee to natural yearly variations in type and number of organisms. Peak or high density /biovolume populations may have been missed during some years because of the seasonal sampling schedule. (v) 2.1.3.4 Periphvton Numerical Abundance and Composition. Most of the mate-rial discussed in the previous subsections (particularly 2.1.3.1) deal solely with phytoplankton studies. Any periphytic algae mentioned are mainly tycho-planktonic (i.e., forms of the littoral community occurring accidentally in the plankton) and usually are not important components of the phytoplankton. Examples of algae which usually are strictly periphytic are the genera Caamae-siphon, Cladophora, S tigeoclonium, and Navicula. These genera and all other taxa collected on artificial and natural substrate by season in the NIPSCo Bailly Station study area are su=marized in Table 2-8. Dominant taxa (24 per-cent of either density or biovolume) are designated by an asterisk. Samples were collected from natural substrates at the Lake Michigan stations and from artificial substrates at the pond stations. The reader is referred to Texas Instruments quarterly reports for numerical abundance data. O r 2-41 services group

O Table 2-8 _L.g Annual Occurrence of Per*qhyton, Lake Michigan and Nearshore Ponds, 1974 through 1980, Bailly Study Area fear 2 (194) tear 3 (1976) Veer 4 (1977) Tear 5 (1978) tear 6 (1979) t ake L ane Le a r late t ese fase Mic hl9am Peds Mkh tgen Pondg Mich . Pods Mtc htgen Poads Michigan Ponds (yeaophyta (hmee s t onesa le s un tJ C hoses t pheet ese 5* (hemeestphon sp 5 5* I (hfodr oic elei~ A waellee sp 5 f 5 A kaaitl6Ee f f lorigThei se i 5_ $ F Chroor mi's i no 5 5 f 5 F 5p 5 throworcus var tes 5 flet t ocucqsli k F C' _biMairli f acestm 5 Mer va 5 141cr&2stifsp geMa se 5 F so" 5 f F F 1 5p f* thald Tt sromacales 1 5p 5p Pleurocaps ceae f heout oc(ogs t} 59 STeuror e se 5p Dereoisipe ei 5 f* ( en=4 st t s se g tsalf winnatarpmese F f Osc illa ter t ales 1 agt a sp 5 f* 5* f* 5* f f* 1*

                                                                                                                        &   $*     5p'    5*  f*  5p 5     f* 5p'    5*  f*  5p*   5*
                          * *P 2*Jt }!1                                                                        5                   ip 10                   [ limetece                                                                              5 t e er t eni fia.                                                                       5                  Sp*

i A 111 stofij ~ia. 5* f* Sa f* Sp* 5* Sp Sa k f* 5= f* f* 5* 56' $* f* 5p Sp" 5 8 5p 5* 0 ~ma.sai' ~ 5 tJ 5 swhibte 5 0 spleaJide sa f PhoreidlWie sa 1* 5p* 5* kEle ihHe se Spa la F loi' a'ip . Sp* f* I ~ 0hilletariales 5, 5* 50* s i..ier t ales ( eiot hes e sp. p 5 to Se a 5 5* f* DaiJ Eleriales 5e mostoc atene Anat,eene so. 5 F 5 5, 7 Sp F Aphniamaan fles-agee 5 Estor sp 5p Chlorophyt e volont ales (htemp.saumes se f 5 8 5 5p 5 F CdYa taa' ele ens $* 5&* F* 5 55***N un o85.E td voien iessp. 5 f 5e 5 F r 5 Tetrosporales , f leb e f ot hr t s sp 1 { C16ehi stifse 5p 5 5 So F 5 Gald' etrosporales 5 5 thlorot ac ales Aas tstrmiesang sp. 5 5 5 5 58 A ~2af,51=iug ha 5 O A feTiitss' 5 F 5p () ft eric ideeigue 5p 5 F

      *t fe..elii.ti.sh'si ~
                        . ..                                             5                          5*                         F
                     *0uminent tese

() 19

• Aprtl

() 5

• June and/or A pgt f
• no . .r

      -i

() C 13 O O O

e 3 s i I i i o ii Table 2-8 (Contd) i t i 1 1 }, veer 7 (I mol 1 i s. . .,t..

                                                                       <..                  . es
                           - c, m , .

c. , esi...s.ies..m ca msi. D*meesernen op. i tarom ac celes

 !                                          aellem sp.                                                                                                             l l

e.orers, sp 5e emothere so.

                                     . Aris16ei sp.

kseesj sp.

                                    ;hre egsgeg gerhg                                                                             .

I e< ( la et<qil sp .

                                      ~~ ~ ~ Es7eert g ,m ystrtg                               g I* .**teJie.sp.

lib rampl is so. g bl4 Caroosateles 9 Ple rmesses.

• Chronotacir9}11 se a i Ple.rmejse se. Se e j eermuide,eles i

ae.m sitt so. t l uniCNeemertuees out ila tert eles l g J se* n' * *

e 19Ie so-e *t P2t'it 4

p ,. s taaell(9 Se* 1* F Se* r te.91 , , w t lleter!3 i sp. Se $ t* f* 4 ymee. I ogkl6te

                                          ' alead ide 3                                          s ef fie 1-                             5                     s'
                                          ;3. rum                        i

• MerJTEs,.

5 hliotsels se } teia se. r

                                            .'Ostilleteriales S t ewler s ales I                                  coletaria se.                   sp* sa     t*

4 0 44: Sie.ierteles ! m.si cete.e 1 a..t. e.. .. . s, sa 3 46*iliNaa" !.lat;tet i bloc sp. 1- Lateisehrte

'                              Welemales i                                    Chies immmes sp.                      1 I

i [* der *9"el'2*ts l i Ir.erstf u ie. u9490f.gi.meiosso. I le ts enpor ales I' t en etot ar te se. i g 1<*si!!i se. Id Tetrosporales 7

;               p j                q              Calero6eueles i                gg
                =

fnesm.t gtrgess.3 i sp. 5 i I O I f**fel'?t ff r*(le *t vh1

• L l 0 LelilLre @w_ine.

4 o - to m O

C h 3

ho

                                                                                                                                                                                      .\ '

Table 2-8 (Contd) fear 2 (1975) seer 3 (1976) tear 4 (1977) tear 5 (197e) veer 6 (1919) t one L ese t ese t on e tehe lose M1thigen punds M tc h tgen ponds M t( h lgen pones Ml(hlgea ponds filt h t gan ponds chierophyte (tanten Chlorosucu ero (Conte) oel 5 g5.g'girw N tPspel cprus i!uelt 5 ses U @NI f*r*ecyt.lt sp. 4 Sp 5 uneris 5 E. steis- 5 Mic rec tinium pusiiles Sp keyk ioistfasi sp:~~~ 5

              %2}t19 sp.                                                                                  F        5                      5p                                  5 knt!s bory                                                                                                                                               5p fedlestre bor!r eae                                                         F          5                                    5p FiJiesfrile 3,;pi cs--                                                                                                                           5 Pedleitis letfii                           5p                                                                           F guedelfulf sp.                                                     sp steaedesaus sp.                    5       Sp 3     5p 5           5p 5 F                   t   5p       F                                       5 5 etuniastus                                                                           5        Sp 5
              $ entus                                         5*                                                                          Sp 5                 5

{. ect uetus 5

5. iresiE ' 5 t EidQitus 5 T. Ea~riaii si' sp 5p

                 !!*Efs5i I erora                                                                               5              5              5 7                          5       5,    5 F f

p f.. waoso wtorhouds 5 5 5 e 5 5 e W 5 5 59* 5 7 5 5 5 5p 5 F Sp 5 8 p $glenentreg  !; f {[artsfra

                  . *traf 2581 so.

_thicM.21E'l libroetert 5 5 F* Teireedron sp. f f 5 T eFafeGii 5 t 5p legiil.sr.rJ ste ,onie, i. unid' TkTorolaciales to sp 5p F* CleJophorale s (1eduphure op 5* f* 5* f* 5* 1 f f this,wlinie sp. 5 5p 5 (hiethkiralis t hee t ophore 5p (hettospbeir141gm 5

               ' gf obosuo protsdiemi sp.                                                                                                                                           50 Miyoifoisum sp.             sp* i*                        5 F                                                           f                        5*     5p        F*

foleoi keete- # 6&lJ Jfkiilophors tes f* f 5 F f tudogan t e l es s.,it.oi neete sp. f*

• M5fonTFip. 5,* 5 a,* 5* f* 5,* 5* f* 5e 5 7 4 5 f*

Fundulenn 5 5 5 Trenteph alliles ua 54 Treatsphoa lie < eae F ulotr it heles O cyli orm e se p..aeise- ~ ~ 5 O temihille if f f 5 9 aC Ce Insili totermte kor lJi4 spT'

                                       --                                                                                                                                     5 5,*
 =

Microspore sp. 5 4J t hTEw.crTg sp. f* O Clot hV sp. Sp* 5* F 5 f 5* in f* 5p 5 8 5p 5 f Q 5'f eaere t e 5 0 *errucose 5 40 0 aonetg 9 5* 5* 5,* f 5p 5 0, chime se 5 64 OniCDietrichesies 5,* 5, 5* 5p C 13 O O O

   . _ - .   .__                               .         . _                 - . . _ . ~ ..      ,  __  -. . . , . ..   .-. - . .

N 4

!                                                                                                                                          i i

Ag o l Table 2-8 (Contd) f l fear F (19sel i s.e lait 81111989 ET.8.A ! Caloee6Aste (Coatd) l Calermucales (Custo) 5 {91!gilr* r g. Je*?{gj. . gg gg rytitj 5 4 e sp.

• leise IIsr efie ree:{lh sp.

I l~Ilirfj i ii,es, l' 1 EsJe tin 6 e.gtm ~ ? 8*NW51T* sp. i &4ystig so. d b nit 6 ra 6 Pedies'rwa *be?rion. j PeJIislrue Jw 147~ 5

.                                  =    ii
                         < eaedes==s     e,.

} ". ii.t eimleif e s- ~s 5 3 ir?O.f*t erat s I I!(i=Jetal e er i..i.. diasies t 3 5 5 I'

                            ?!Fa'1                                  1,    5 125*fthey83 5

g f6?t 1 g t!?*et Lrs

,    p                 9 91I ru" t     u                        ff 8.5D8't 6p-
                            *eroenti t gewteet 5

redree sp.

                            . Tai :s tepiitrum 1'                      E siisisi intyr.i ilmiJ.~ Thim meueTo:t CleJoenur eles 1                       tieaophore se                 sp 5 i                       Shiiorbim sp.

Cnielkimieles i ( nee t ophe.r, 1 hspf seriets s 5 0lmsema j pr ider.i sp. I amloals 69 c gJisete Se 5 4 i Eerisir ~ F*

0=TUtLit horetes

 !                   on -       inies 1                       De tw heete sp-                                   5

+ OiEsai a se- 5, 5, $* f 4 5 v aJolet Trintephon11eles 5 i unta. treatophontlasse Wletr Sc heles j 9 O Mfjf,*y* 8'*Mll

      '                Besi.illi s.tgerweta                               se j                       Rei=TJi;& ip "-                                                                                                     '

, 1 g Niiipipore so L Ele.neris sp 5, 1" 01ath li ii g 5 I 8 0 Tea' ret?*!ir **9 ). sai 8 Oro .r9'et, f

                              .e.e e, s'

I' 3 g Dmir Oncer taa.1.s E i D l l 1 1 4

Tabic 2-8 (Coutti)

                -                                              ieer : oSm                   vee, a imo                 ,eee . oom                  ,ee, 5 o,m                ,,e,  a n ,,,,

t e,e t .a. i ..e t e.e t as e lese p hniges Punds Rtchi,aa Ponds Pit ni gen Pones nic ni,ea P mies n et nigen Ponds Chierwarte (Cuate) I, aematales lef twA so . 5p 5p 5 Ftilant e

                             . msTTireiG.                                                                                            5 fosaer la ip~~                                Sp                                    f         5            5                         5                      is 5 f bes*Idlum so.                                      5 F;istiu. se.                                                                                                5 f 5e                 5        5p 5 f Anjioile sp.                          5       5p*  5 f                    Sp*  5*   f         1    f* 1s* 5     f*                         f ffediisease sp.                               See
                                                                                                         $*                     5p 5                                                        5 QleMe 'as'i                                        1 5                                                      5                           5 i 5tei restrue so.

NJrisiiE d e let at e 5 0414 fesmidlelesi- 5 5 untd. Jypeasteles 5p 5 f Unid. Chieroomyte $p 5 f Sp* 5 59 5* 5* 19 E g leanph,t e unta. f eele ese 50 5p 5 f r e< he Ian i .p . 5 5 5p Fugleae sp ~ Fhec;s se 5 sentkophite Meterotr tsheles unte. frtbaneseteceae 1 t hry soph yt e y the ytanoneJeles 5p 5p Se g t heyssoc( s sp. 5 p Bere jiii 55 i q, Biao ejd sa f 50 e is i 5 5p B ~diveriens f

5. iert;Terie f 50 f*

f ipi. I~s ip-- F Ippi i triculus f Sp 50 i Psei.Ji6 se edjrl' Ice sp.d sp. f (in . (Er,sese.edeles 5p 50 f* Sp f f un t a Ahtsoshrysteeles Se un t d . t hr ysog.byt e 59 un ta Chrom 1 :neles 5p 5p us ed Chrysotspseles 5p 8ec tilerioper te Centreles A t in '(yc les normanit 5 5p GiinMliius fi:sstiis 5 to q Esi143mus sp. 5 fEf 5telfi'sp. 5p 5 7 sp f 5, 5 i 50 5 7 se 5 t 5p 5 i 5 5p 5 f 5 f . ai.As- 5 f 5 5 5 i

f. badanise 5 f

f. ic ensli f*

f 5p 5 e 5 f f i iat i-f gNe a t e 5  % 50 5 7 Sp* 5 f 5* f satriajliae 5 5 7 5 i Sp 5 I f f f meae h!aiah 5 5 7 5 f 5 f 5 f $ f Sp 5 i f a el see 5 f 5 7 5 5 5 f') I he'imillie 5 o f pro st r a te 5

y. f 4 g I. e6destillisere St?1 TT,er e 5 sp 5p 5 5 f strisi. Sp

                            % i5siri'io                                                                           53 5                 5 f                             5s*         f          5 f gj                                                              5 f Sp 5         f*         5            5

[) er eefjue 5 5 5 g !M ilidefia. 5

                             - er eauleg                                                                                   5                   4     5 g
  *1 fa C

13 O O O

_ - _ . ~ -- . _ . . . . - - .. r [ . s i

!                                                                                                                          e Table 2-8 (Contd) i fear P (19e0)

Leme Ie .e nic htm Mag 4 (mteresmyta (Catal

ir ytales

) b$Nii$gI b k. hittifer~u. ? osikiEETp7 5 [s IJi~e sp. j, ' ilium sp. 9 Foils so. 1* 5, 5 a 3 i heorgineate ifosiri~ikT so. $ 5 ste restron sp. 1 I' TIiseiiIEdtletate 1 Oste Sesialecese i unte. typeaststes

 ;                            untJ. Chloropnyta sosieae,te

Unte. Eagleneceae l Irec helema T Twgleij~sp. g sp.

4 E.c s sp. Meiss arvice.de t l' seat @,ia' noterotr es ne nes I l#ntd. Irttkonemetatese l ChrysosAy ta [ 3 c hry s.o.e4.ies 1 (krysococc s sp. I N beojifi~ii. tiaole on sp. 4, ' p 8^ 3T.r.Fjeas so 6 ierff.,dg g

                                              .sp .                    5, *
                                   'P2,u!

Ip g .tric.I g

,                                  e.3o eyk jef-Wis.

Ei h is g -

                              %y =en   ir'Ihn sp~                      se i                               f.Purt                                          0 2

us ed. Chrt e.amAedetes

}                              unid. RhttochrystJeles usia chryseyte i                               unie. ch.an.11 eles IJ#ld. (hrysucapseles guttlersoon ste Centrales d

ac tIact v<lus normaati ! fisino31ic;i fiil=&ffiisi ip " TA.id i i f 214fi1Ti ip. i

                                  . 'i L.E 6odefi< a
!                             f iwsfi i                               t. ietk~~

i

 ?

f .iiwr.t. esti n isne i I EarU a_I5f oc e17.t. , O f. perposlii.  ; N f. grostista-9 f psMiesteniegere j 4

                     ~

f. siillijifi' -~

f. it'iiite ~

O IlelisTri's, l 0 er ablios e

<                    CD       a 6tia.s;a.

j g $ arpavlitg , 5

• 9 O

C . 13

Table 2-8 (Contd) Y tear I (1915) teer 3 (1976) Veer 4 (1977) tear 5 (1978) tear 4 (1979) t ehe t ake less t ake L ehe htchtgen prmds Moc htgen ponds lose Michtsee pundt Mtc htgea ponds Mtchigan pones tes tilartephyta (Coats)

                   ~

Centrales (Cor.84) It bergil 5 N fileadlig 5p 5 5 Sp 5 F 5 7 50 5 F f Sp* 5 5 N }{efigg 5, 5 F 5,, 5 5 f 5, 5 8 50 50 5 f 50 $ F 5 5 11 variens sp 5 5 5, F 5,

• 5 5p 5 F 5 F*

S t eMaa IIhes sp. 5p 5 f 5 So i 9 5p 5p 5 50* 5 5 5 es t r ae s 5p 5 f 5p 5p 5 F 5p Sp 5 F 5p f 5p 5 59 5* F T Eiaderaas 5

5. Ea~ a licEi1 5 5 sp* F 5p 5 5 la f 5.16v i l itifos 5

5. iTi F 5 5 F n .ias .!rai~S sir. ei..itet te r GnId~ Git r ales 59 5 F 5 5 is 5 f 5p f f f 5 pennales A. hcanthes sp. 50* 5 f* 5p* $* f* 5p 5 F 5p* Sa f* 5* F* SP 5* f 50 5 F 5p 5 I S&* 5* I 5p 1*

A. aFFinis 1 A 5 i A. eCent' s igu~i 5 5p 5 Fe 5 7 5* F 5 F 5 5 A hii.cliane 5p 5 F A. hunjarici 50 5 F F F 5* F A. E s t edl-' 5p A. Tiaisefste F 50* 5* 5p 5 i sp $* F f 5 F 5 F $ 5* f* A . 1 Taiir li ' 5p 5* f 50 5* 5p 1 f* Sp 5 F 5* f* 5' f* 50* 5 f 5 5p' 5 f* 5* A e ic roi'epha l e 5 5p 5. f is 1 A miistissiea7 5p 5* F 5p' 5* 5p 5 5 F 5 f* 59" 5* f* 5* f 59* 5* f Sp* $* f* 5p* 5* F* A ehir167e'sp. 5p 5 ta A pe11sil34 5 5 5 5p f 59 5 5p 59 f g A ru t iTins~ F t- Amphijsoie~ornata 5 f oo Aghore sp 5 5p 5 5 5 5p I 59 5 K. Fil."metic e 5 A. ToffeTTo~ rein 5p f A T3ke 5p F 5 F 5 A. odlli 5 f 5p p 5 i f 5p 5 5 5 5 F A peipus t ile 5 F An<moeceis sp. 5 5 f f 5p F siF iii.s 1 5* F 5 F F 5 F 5* F* A sl e r ea' A 5 59 $* 59 1* f 5 Se $* f f 5p 5' f 5 F* Sp 5* f* Asterionilla formosa 5p 5 5p 5 5p 5 f F 59 5 F 5p Bailllirif sp f Toa4Ts i,jer'eJoia ' f F sp 5 5 C:TafiTim ' F $ $

f. TNTilf C. Wit 7Tiose 5 f 5 faci 6acTi ip'

• F 5p 5 7 5p 5p 5 hp 5 7 5 F f f .~ d isielu s 50

f. [,312. Tis i F 5 F 5 5 f f 5 f 5 C. pisciatsia 5 59 5 5 F F 5 F $ f 5 f Le 5 F F 5 atocTe is se. 5 fr? e1Tlpt k a f F 5 f . iotee -~- 5 F 5 5p 5 ffella sp. 5p 5 F sp 5* F 5 F 5p 5 F 5p 5 f* 50 5 hp f 59 5 7 5p 5 F 5p 5 f C. iFiliis 5 F f 5 f* f is 5 5* F 5 l y5ho ephale is

f. Fl@oan se 5p O f asie e

() f. (sespitona 5 e 50 5 F

      ,                       f ilsi.1i--                                                                                                                       f f                 SP 5

( f Isida~ f elli iep~sia 59 59 f 5* f 50 f f 5p f ip* 5 f* 50 $* f O- f minsif ~ F 5p 5 7 5 5 5* I 5 F ()

                                      ~

f ne. lie l s e n e s 5 f 5p g C. prostrate 5p 5* f F 5p $ f 5p i sp 5 f 50 5 e F 5* f 5 C. sinusta 50 80, E ieG.iiotaff 5 f4 C V O O O

____.--______.-___m _ , _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - . , , , _ . - _ __.___m . -.,m<... . ..__m. - _ w... ,- . * . , . - . . + ,- -m- - - - - & - - - . ==., . _--t i i

,                                                                                                                                                \

4

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      ~ G Table 2-8 (Contd) 1 seee ! L1?*          A --

i te e i-l litt """'*" f2** i I t 5estilartopa r te (Conte) }! coetroles (CetJ) s a serm t s a E fili 43t{t E thlfis 5 1 8 sifisis p } LepEeaodIweg sp.

                                                 . esfree.
                                                 . Liader4a.

'l* ' Ee' a ik ki t

                                                 . Giiltitas
                                            - M*1*'*!

+, Thelg3 t omre fl .itells Md. featreIot i peaaeles 1 erhaeathes sp, $ $ 3 Fefffali ( A ilisil-l E.iMgi ' g I. E w .fene , K. LayerTri i I. Estin-I likeelste j X.1Miiii-i j II miistlisIda, offr&ii*el f 5p N Ei leEii~sp. 5 l 8 D . e.Tiaias D I c.t lTiai- , kiikoWornety , here se 5

                                                   . ii%t tc.

I iiffeifonis , I. 1pir e A ovelli l 3 ENfES'D* Ia i t K ?serieag Mat t 68-4 I iltrie 5* Istirfoielle formose 5p h,E' E 5 ! 76421T1o= l 16hir i i d'd@U'

f. Jhisius se s i, f. p.3Iis14s f glient.f.

l feetoileJie sp. # f~illiptIci l f. ssiee ~~~ , l f .illi so. 5 F 5p 4Fflies g3 - bikS*t!! n - f Mestere M9si 9 2 f. seespits,se 4 f. iiii.te-- 6 f. linefi-f *Ii O c, &I f.oO. rat!t t l f. Revl[ llf os ett q0 ff.glauste trestygt(- ~ 3 q

                    @                          $ 1E!L*!'60ft I                    e

! n

I a

                                                                                                                                                                                                                      .\ 'g Table 2-8 (Contd) tear 2 (1975)              tear 3 (1976)                tear 4 (1977)              Veer n (197a)               tear 6 (1979) t ese                      r ese                         i. e                       i.ie                       a i e.e                utve.              p on     mi ni...           p cs       pi<nt            eur.      -it ates.        e aan     nicsie ivea         po.as testllerlastyle (Cente) penneles (Cente)

c. posee 5 t t rjiJe 5 Sp 5p 5p 5

f. EintiT~ cost 5 5p 5 f 5 Sp 5 F 5 5p 5

r. ;i TrTTse e m *=-t e '~~

5 Siet. se ',p

• 5* f* is 5 f Sp 5 5p 5* Sp D. 4. rips 5* 5* 5 g - 1 5 5 5* F 5 F 5p 5 f 5p 5 5p 5* # 5p 5 F SF
• 5* 7 5p 5 f 5 tinui e e lega tum 5 5 Sp r 5 5 F* Sp f 59' 5 F 5, F 5,* 5 Fa Sp 5 f 50 5 7 5 F 5p* 5* F*

                                  ' f&e s,; eum ne Sp        ,                           ,                 5p 5 .                              5 0~ te64f(                                                                                                                                         '

Ospioniis sp. F 5 5 B ~ saithis 5 I fp i t heili~sp. . Se F ~ relihet t i 5 I

f. tui ldi-- 5* I f die $E 5 raire is. is 5 , Su- 5 F 5p 5- F 5 5p 5* '- + a 5 5 S 5 '

f Gr ete 50 5 8 59 5 F 5p 5 F sp 5 6 5p 5: F. diids' 5 I E ile2*85 5 58

               '                          e

r. view,e 5 5 5 Sp 5, 5e e 5

• 5p 5p 5 I

                                  $-nen   5"U@dif         e     T-og ryst il e                                                                                                       t
                                        #e               hlt                                1 5 F                    5p 5
                                    '.-                                                                           50 5

1. O'et JP ehr f . eie rs eyne ta~

5 50 9 e F 5 f l6 5 Sp 5

f. pec

f. Te@inalig

t. 5 5* F 5 F f F F

f. procrogti 5 5 f* 59 5 is 5* F 5,

T. rhim60tdes 5 f iepv4 6(5. ti f

f. fine 11 ~ g 5 5 se 5

f. EiTTJ- e 5p

f. iiakieritt 5 5 5 5 7 5p 5

                                                ~

Fr eg' Iter fo~ip. Sp* $ F 50* 5 f 5p 5 F is 5 P* Sp 5 F 5p* 5* f* Sp 5 F 5 F 5p* F 5p 5 Ubreelsir t et e 5 5p 5* 5 Sp F* 59 F. isuclai~ Sp 5p 5 in s 5, 5 f 5p F F. t aposlas e. mesel'Et_* 5 5* 58 5 8 F. constric te $ F. ionstrseni 5 f 59 59 5 5p F 5p F ir6to i.si, 50 5 # 5, 5 ** 5p 5 F 5p 5

• Sp 5 F* Sp* 5 p' 5,* 5 F 5, 5 f 5, 5*

F Spa F i fe j tosteuron F. einsiiniT.~. Sp 5 f 5 F is 5 F 5p F. eevi ilaaste F se 5 Sp 5 5p 5 5r

• her iee Sp* 5* f* 5 f* 5p' 5' f* 5p* 5* 5p* 5* Spa 5 O Fruit.11e se?

F f* t' 59" 5* f* Sp 5 f Sp* 1* F* 5p* F* 5 I') ihasedides e. 5 i

                 =s                ~ c roh rner f:e '

eC F . 'thimseldei e . 5 CJ

                                   ~ dionlie-" -

f . rh. 4bi.se. 5p 5* () Lephoneme'ip. 59 5 5 5p e F 7 is 5* F 5p 1* F F 5p* 5 F 59 5p 5 5* fa 5p 5 5 t Sp* 5 f Sp* 1 5p 5* I ( Q C ' e<~umin'itum Sp 5 is 5 5p 5 F f* 5 Sp F Sp 5 f* Sp* 5* Sp 5 5 f* l 40 { eteeleits v. 5p is 1 9 corsetT ~ y 6. . ~if- - fine

                                               - -     ~                                                                                               F                 50*

C 13 e G G

                                                                                           ._   __ _    _              _ ._ _ _ . . . . . ~ . . _ _ . .

d 1 1 .O i Table 2-8 (Contd) 1 l __!w F L13921_ e Lese j fe.e etcas283 '** d Sastilartapa rta (Cantd) Peaseles (Castd)

                   '1 telde 1                             t7 T3.

J. G frTT.sg ,' d! stag sp.ii*!.rRE19 T- 5512 9 anc eps ElemeTe (eeJe ' S 7 hI

                       ~

T  ! l 6Tjere Sp 3 F* 5 vvf 2*!1 Y- 2!i111 MM fist i i;s'*se. l I s asithis t { fpf . re*liktQTf se. 4 Iir~giJe j . diadon 1 '.aitis sp.

                       . car sta 9                       . 3IoJW T iis
                        . *e.*1pe.1 to                  FitTsi 1                 FTi Mse vi         '. F1siai v.

H TEE" . _li 1 . er.c o to 4 . w..st ei, j roase i - hels~ 14

                        .- e!sre*dM11 egel i                            ist faitt3 i                         . green.jti 4                        . rkistoldes l                        . sittiair tiaalis

, tenili. {

                         - M..w.i   t t                                                                                                                           i
                      'reilleria~is.                     1      Se 5 7 FT.reils.f F.         ps{T , rieta

, F. ppuc faa v. mesolesta t F. j f. toesteTcta cecifiMAi F. iroichissig r , n. ~=e F. jiaEiti Se i F. via her t.e $ i ' O Frviiilf a'se?  ! Cik5,4isees g. O ~ doisTiiili.

                          ~

j

                   ! d..N.he!dki't-s .

.t F. rM~IJss o g 5 7 se $ F

 \

O sL=mba*4 a t.t'is e. ! E 32M5td 3 i 40 1*roaf te ! q fl Efflat a C l D l 1 1

Table 2-8 (Contd) Y-[ veer 3 (1171) feee 3 (1974) seee 4 (1977) veer n (1975) veer 6 (1979) Lake l ate t e6e L ate Late fees utsnegen Ponda Rnnissa Ponds Mlttigen Peads RMhtgen Peads a l( h t yee Peads sestIIertophete (Ceau) Pea =eles tceau) taps t e ta= $ is S 5e 5 Se 5 f* f Se* F la le* I Se* $ IP* 1* l' g E!*5I'Ma* 8 SP S I C. are fTi~ s s # 5e p 5 C 1-seelTit t Se C. latiliith F Se S 50 C. 15aTii14t= 5 8  % C lia if 5 F 1 F Se S f 5e

                 ! Io*W'i'f S        5 ! 1&                           S

• t 1evate

n. soaiiam 5 C. elGec eitdje i C 51GseM Se* 1 f F to 5 F 5e $ se* 5 F Sp 5e $ f i F Le* 5* f* So C. erh1;o Se $ so S $ 5 F s Se 5 f Sp 5 f $ f 1*

C. np;kleistue $p 9 C i. bitte- $

                 & ti~aiTT;n                                                                                                                                        5*             1 C F.ac~eium                                                                                                    F                     S                            5 f CQ~ haails~betalesae
                                ~

f 1* C 5 f n 5 5 S C'rsed osi. se ~Lse s F U*ijijhXeapne osyg 1 be te n en so. 5 II~ cirisiere so S Le i se se 1 7 5e 5 Se* f to lied; li net 5e

• f 5e 5 i Se 5 f se i f 5e 5 f 5e 1 F Se 5 f 1 i Se' 5 f 5e S F i am. e s 7 s vi 81 iQ1(Te- Se ra Esc ill;. se s I {QIjiii 50 se 5 s t 5, f I

N L*P!.lgte tost tete g gefitet.g Se 5 ge* h ,rypt m ere le 5 5e 5e 5  % 5 F 5 Se 7 Sg,* 5 Ft- 5 5

                 ! .iTJPtJ!!!d81e        g                                         5            5 eae t e
                  # 'i*it'Idet.!                                                           Es                        $p                               5 i II ie(uss e s                                                                                                                                      5             $

e EstT@Kece 1 E iTaiaeasTi- F 5 F 5 e Tove 5 5 5 5 8 i tTlanasce s t ersilleWi r F So 5 p se p p 4 Ke15phT14- 5 5 h hembergii 5 8 5e 7 h 4Fleri- Se 5e $ 11 Inte./e- 5 le les.Tsis.e 5, s 8 154eolete 5, E lifeai ~~ s W liioaeas t s s a ei;1st i - 5 4 esals;ile. 5 m e6ike^~ f 5* ,

         '        4 eh t is i                                                                                                   F O

li aisicile 5e 4 aothe 5p 5 5

       *1         4 eMaiet e                                                                        f 4         R 551aage'                                                                                                                                 se G          E W1h h

U G. safi

                              $r Git-**'d ' '

me.D*;Ti e.'a i.ieise s F 5 f t<

      %           I ..*.,n 5           5 F               ' 58 5 f             5       Ns         a        s       4 s e                         k s f n           i                                      , ,          , ,          5 , 5e 5                                , f             ,              ,

5

                                                                                                                                                                                   ,e   ,

g E reer!F_*.!St

• t ***elli $ $

U O O O

O . i i  ! ! I I ( O I Table 2-8 (contd) s

                                                           ,,,<>r                                                                                                                                                                  i l

, v. 3 n.i< ni... , 33 2 [ i  ! , em m.<s.,nyt. n .) [

                                     . .. i
                             .. u.tetwo gag.                                                                                                                                                                                                     f s-n      u      %                                                                                                                                                                                        t r.fiHi..,                                                                                                                                                                                                ;

fairilita r..i..va. , l

                      '    i i.er I** t!tt 3 it                                                                                                                                                                                            }

4 l i t, tg 1' . een eam.s,a + . ,ivri..i< tt < j peisi.YE sp $ s, e i t

                                 .I[ll'!E i
                        . i_ra. r...                                                                                                                                                                                               !

.siws.n i

                    +IL:

I,t! i

                    .6 r.ii.w. re',1.

t rce,ce . ,, i l risii i,7 5 F S f s n F.!a==1a j W 8 i.h. .,.,,a. pI f.fi .. c.et t.t. t 8 iset.1.E.' i *'9 E friels.E*513

                     ! .i.rJ.P.L*L*.d t

E-i e 5 'i.eigi.g,g sv ssis

4. igsiiopsitj j E ei neasi 4 .. i;i g t E. gotTTia.Ir.

1 5 e,ii(T.13e 1 0 5.fip11. s~ 1 0 hi f e3II 8 he F1.<F s I, e rai.9;i~ k N*d esf5 E. ur r-E litO. E ex.1.i.'l j E kIA1w~f.3 [

 ,                   E et.f.

)i . 4 smakIci  ! e vi. fists d 8 k.ithi-- O E Jet t O I J 9 E 5 feji iii.e... i < 1 g3 I E e.!iIli@aerstt

                               *5*?:a j         O           Is.t!ait?.

pri Ata! o E un** , 'I G, E

s. cre.diett.1.

aros tea._us it C D i  !

v Table 2-8 (Coatti) ~ v.., a s ml> ..., a i mei ..., e i mi: ..., 5 imsi ..., e e mn - i .. . .,is..

                                         .s.                 %...

i

                                                                                       .t...

e-s e-s ..,,. es ..t...

                                                                                                                ....        e.

t

                                                                                                                                    . is ...          e.

s.t m.,..e.,t. e co.m e i.. sc m 5 E 3..f. r..eg-

                    ' . .r. te                                    5                         % e                   5                            e a m_en                                                                                                                                        5 e T                                                                5*                                             5 v
         !e sm..ni.i.
          . s.u .

i, ry.w i.t. 5 5, 5 S f 5 se 5 5 5 i e iirTJ.1I-he ilF 5 5 4 ~.Ffl.,ie he P f 5 F 5 5

                                                  $p     f                                                                   5 8 .jlivl.t e                                                                       5*

n h i s. t < . t. g MTV 5 a 4, . F

          "   Si?,'a                                                           5                       5                     5 F                   5e 5 ,

5 ac so. o W tt.ceasr*i. !! I l Se P F Se 1 f Se 5 f se 5 f* 5e 1* f to 5 F 5, 5 f Se 5 f 50* 1 F 4 5 5 5 F* ti ct 5e 5 s .c.i.!E'1 5e 5 f se Se F 5e F f 5, 5, 8 iTTisi, Se Se

          #   .=yETbi,                            se      F        5      Se 5 f                       5 F 4          I                                                                             5,              1          5 F Sp 5 F is 5 7 5

a t.rici 9.*,11 i se R .us.si Se 5 e " 5 E.T.is t.n fi Si, se 5 7 5 h d i s s ido.- h 4 3fiii p .t. 4 FifiFaint s Se* 5 f f f sp* 5 # 5e 1 5, 5 i Sp 5 F 5 6 5,* 5 f* 5 se 4 Foot liofi" 5 f f he 5 f se 5 5e 5 f 5 h f r.i t uhm 5 5e F P f* 1 F 5 5 Se W gr.s IW w f Se 5, Se f 5' 5e 5 5* 6 h.at zss fi a. F 4 i 4 6.gaiiii . ' ' 5 4 1.=zliigi t esT. t . . 5 5, 5 y se f g Sp Se 5 f Se 5 4 llacieli-~ F 5 8 Sp 5 7 5 5 4 el rw er- .l. t 5 E cbt.sf . A p.T e.' 5 F* Se 5 F Se 5 8 Sp 5 5 1* f* 5, Sp 5 f 4 p.TQ.e f 5 f* f 5e 5 f 5* 6 5 e re:t. F 4 r <si.A. Sp 5 f F 5 f 4 sif.ris e sly. " F f E iipec tde. 4 5 4 1 5 f 3 sub t il fs' 5

          & tTwNils                                    5              F                     5 E ir f                                          5 h+#.iLT1   . e._i'dcini, Piaa Terie se Se

• 5+ 5 Se 5 5 5

          #T.E jeasts                                  5                                                  i 5,          se      f         5       se 1 9   .t ros                                                                                                             S                     5 5 8 h [, phicii.           *                        '                                                                                            5 O

ta e 6 t.s g se 1 9 e 6e ;,Ir i 1 7 P 5 f 4 p 5ee N. os Ti&s.e.t. 5 7 ) atil s 5 5 g F

          ,     {ndf                                                                                                             F u         , ee , =,,                                                                                    5 g         P   ei h tros *t.oroae u' n.                   5                                                                                           Se 5 5                                               5 F 3         P Woy                                       5 (4        ! istL*f5                                    5 C

U e @ G

  '4 s

1 Tahic 2-8 (Contd) D i

  ,                                                        ve.r i gir.n_

t ea. i l* 1 M'29!! M*. P testlierteie r te Umge) i me .ies troie> w:80* lw*:ffilitT e, i

                               ,m_u
                                   !!IrNE                                                                                           '

i ifffee l i.e.litigtum

                                             .t..

I, nyi, u u-1 li m,us3c e s P.1!,. ., , ,

, B g

 !                                  01        l'11                     .

t Yve ef flit s

                                . setAlbie 1

o 3 Iu W5,r fats) 1s i Ee ste's

;                          Iu 6.Ihalsiike ij
;            y 4

g l Jiiilpite u u fillferets

• u la Fastlisle' Fri,if.1.e I

l f'.ri;illi-u aiysini. O. Tperiti' ~ j le I1E.!!iU' t tfl I Mt 8 miire< ghets E ikivse E piTei" O pelei E m!*ggg u reae j s<eleres e i1pi~ ! 9 jlenoedes i s Et11ts-lisMITs frib1TN11e hMi'**f,bl ierie s . s 77e64Jeisst

.                             P. iiris kierte
                                          ~
                                ,       eps 4

o p. 6 eetis i ' () q P brs il-P. breyfigsegte j ag I fl*24*11

               -              P yattles tb             W. 1*         we Q              F. ek ^ 7 Q              P. ee r v. puhje]Ig P. .tr restoron G               7.icene i               9              f 2.HEg b e

O S - 13 4

Table 2-8 (Contd) tear # (It%'- seer 3 (1975l tear 4 l1977) fee, 5 l19706 year 6 (1979) l ete t ote tete late fase Mtc htgen ponds t one mit h t gesi ponds Mtc htgen ponds Ric ht gen ponds Alt higem ponds tot!llertephyte {Cente) Peaseles ((ents) P g ut or 5 9 g eift s' 5 5 F to 5 8 F 5 Iom p.

9. s. gy!stic[efgm a 5 F F p iir fJis' 5 F 5p 1 SP 5 59 5 Pie 4sotfog'is Se Nic 664.e-f cur.et.  % 55 f* 5 7 Sp 5* f* 5 F 5p 5* F 4 5 5p 5 f* 5 F 5,*

Rhif il Tr egtn6e 5' f* 5 f Bhot e1LJie sp-~ w 5 F 5 F F 5 tteJ7eeIj sp 1 Sp 5 Se 5 t eisis T s 59 F 5 5 4

5. FT m ace f

1. phaecor!aterom Sp 5 5 I

1. nelepF~ Se SP 5 f liea ter ate sete =e.sie EJFEreTTi sp 4 5 5 Sp 5 7 8 5 7 i.ejdtete~~ 5 F 5 F

1. deste 5 F 5 Sp 1 5 Iypedr e~ sp. Sp 5 f 5p 5 5 e Sp* 5 F* 5p 5 5p 5 1 a. os f* f* SP 5 5p 5 F 4 5 F e=jh tt egT g F F 5e F F 5p 5 Sp 1 7 ig&g Hsi 7 F 1s 5 Se 1 tu s 5 5 ra syneare mjem 5, 5p 5 3 dellt et le eles 5 5 v, Joer sfes " - F 5e 1 5 5* f*

y 1. feuliele ra 5 se 5p* I fiu leviele v. ' 5 F t eln let e 5 Feu (<wlete v. ~ 5

                  ' t rwa (et e 5 gellion a l 1 Iat Isa                                                                              4              Sp f

1. per es it te s 5 5

1. & F

5. gols helle rett ess 5p 5 5p f* 4* 5 sp* f 5p 5p

5. rwapeas 5 5,p 5 5 9 's Sp 5p

5. leaere 5

1. fit iforms. 5 Sp freedre ulas 5 5p 5p 5 f' 5 Sp 1 f Sp 5 i 5p 5 F Sp 1 F Wietone e sp 5 5p* 5 Telellerie sp 5 5 5 5 4 5 5p 5 F

T Fenest re F 5p 5 Sp a 4 T. if as < mlose Sp 5 F f 5 5p 5 f % 5 i Sp 5 5 5p* 1 F* 5 f Sp* 5* F 4 5* I 5p* 5 I 5p 5 5 5p 5 F 5p HntJ A.haentneles 5* 8 Sp* 5* f* 5 un ed tritt.ee stes 5 th. Id fre 5 5p unto metcstlertales 5 is 5 Sp 5 F 5p 5 l* I u la tes  %, 5 f 5p 5 i Sp 5 F 5p 5 Unte pe meles F 5p 5 f* 4* 5 f* 5p' 5 7 5p 5* F 5p 5 f 5p f* ( t ypt ophy t e 8 9 5p 5 F 5p 5 f (r ypt resundeles t rypeaum,ne, sp. 5 Q Dh xtimones se f 4 5 f 5 0 5 (.

 .g' R elaut e                                                                                     5 f

5p lin 5

 ,     p,rr,.t tJ.    .,t.f r yg.t tmoedeles                                                                                 8 in.id. per taine ses                                                      5p fes et seen hitteemilnelle

()  % F g Per P i ldlel.a..se sp a w thr=tos hyte ig3 se tw ee, 3 me gtales (y us ed Alge, 5 Sp 5 f f C f 1 V e O 9

1 g u O Table 2-8 (Contd) _ Isid.ie=o

tae

{ lia! "Ji"'att fMS!! i sectis.tese,t. pe i s (t.tal nota) Iil"ein:C' P

9. spbstmetW3 edet I< a P sliiJfi' P 6ei satio'p~ e s ShoTreicheale cor333 is F Ihott lWtS thelodia sp.Id i

l sr. I!(w'**t.i 1 .c.t T. I. Mei.s

                                    %.1 e.
                                               *J ttf*

f-UIUliIE ''''' iE;il3' h II tacus eekbe- $ Sp 5 f I 19t *@itets'(eth!!! t- (*dat

.

Equal to or greater than 4 percent at any station. o 'h () =t i o e b EO e ( ') C 13 O O O O O O y o Table 2-11 Percent Composition of Dominant

• Periphyton Diatoms, Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Apr Ju.1 Ave how Tanon Md8 Pond C Cowles Bog Pond 8 Pond C Cowles Bog Pond B** Pond C Cowles Bog Pond 8** Pond C MiesBoe phiostra islandica 3.1 17.1 1.2 AchnantEei iTVuf 2.5 4.5 AcTwG6ihis Tisceolate 6.5 10.7 AcKniEO.e~i linearfi~ 4.7 0.6 2.0 AcTnanthes ofn~utlistaa 68.1 35.6 0.4 42.7 23.0 1.8 1.2 0.9 6.0 1.5 Xclinaithii ip. 6.5 0.4 Xi3snoeoneTs sertans 7.0 4.5 1.8 1.4 2.3 Knomeoneti siiria 2.0 1.4 19.0 88.0 0.5 0.5 Cp- hille microTeiE.1a 0.5 2.3 2.8 5.2 Diatoma tenue 1.0 9.0 0.2 fsnoiTa curvata 0.9 1.2 5.7 0.4 0.4 1.5 Fiigiliriacapucina 1.0 54.75 0.4 1.2 8.7 4.6 5.5 1.0 Fragl1 HTi crotonensis 8.5 14.5 4.5 1.0 Fri (1 Eta vaucWrii- 2.3 3.4 2.0 12.5 1.0 4.0 0.6 1.8 4.5 F -meni an2ustatum 4.3 16.0 11.0

& nema parvulsiii~ 2.2 1.8 Ciaphonema sp. 7.0 0.4 0.7 0.7 N 14fr13Tsii it rculare 8.5 1.3 0.9 0.5 1.5 16.0 17.5 i r Niviisli gracl16I3es Niilcsli puja_la 0.4 0.9 2.2 0.4 16.1 haviculi rhync5cep ~hala~ 0.4 7.6 NiiliGli liniuTi- 8.4 Nltisc6Ta oEtW a 4.0 0.5 NItishia palea 0.9 0.9 6.0 1.6 0.4 NiiiRhfi sf 1.9 1.6 1.3 14.4 2.5 0.5 fy~nidrs'3el ica t t ssima 10.3 1.7 1.4 1.0 1.0 12.5 5fedraradfins 4.7 2.7 3.3 1.4 ! Synedra rung 3.5 10.0 l KynidisiiTna 2.8 8.2 1.8 0.7 1.5 TabillirTT7enestrata 5.8 16.5 10.5 25.5 l 1.0 10.5 2.0

Tabillirli TT3ciG13ii 11.1 17.7 5.3 12.1 Equal to or greater than 4 percent at any station.

Pond 8 was dry; no samples c0llected. 19 O M . 4 47 i O s O < 40 () c V 4 o 2.1.3.5 Periphyton Chlorophyll a. Spring periphyton chlorophyll a values in Lake Michigan were higher than in 1979 but lower than in 1978 (Figure 2-15) . Highest values had occurred in August during all prior years but were highest in November 1980. Differences among years are probably due to natural varia-tion and because the seasonal samples collect algae from different gr owth phases each year. Pond chlorophyll a values were highest in Augus't as in 1979. In years prior to 1979, August had provided the lowest values. There is no ap-parent reason for this change, alt'ac gh the periphyton samples during August 1979 and 1980 were observed to have un.<sually large " clumps" of algae. 2.1.3.6 Periphyton Statistical Analysis. Due to the heterogeneity of the substrates at the lake stations, statistical comparisons between data cells were deemed invalid. Qualitative comparisons involving relative abundance and dominant taxa were discussed previously. Comparisons have also been made using a similarity index (Odum 1971), which is calculated as follows: 2C

s. A+B where S = similarity index A = number of species in sample A B = number of species in sample B C = number of species coemon to both samples The limits of the similarity index are O to 1, where 0 indicates complete dis-similarity and i equals equivalence.

The similarity index between 1979 and 1980 Lake Michigan species was 0.39. The similarity index for the ponds was 0.35. In both the lake and the ponds there were more species collected in both years than the number collected in only one year. The speciea that were collected in 1979 were generally those that were collected in low densities and because of bloom-like conditions encountered during the 1980 sampling the " rare" taxa were not enumerated. services group 2-62 4e 4 l _ m %u o a s i a 0 8 9 1 Lm 6 -I 7 9 1 l u a _ n e r s A u _ 3 y 1 9 d 8 u - t u S y . l . m l r i l a l kl f n e s n o i _ t - m a r 8 t 9 1 n a1 e c O m C n o a-l ll l y _ h = p - o r o _s l m h 1 C 19 1 n a o - t y h p i b 5 L' n i r e e l' _ J ls l l A 1$ h _ i.y . p = . 5 n uH l e e n . 1 h t . { i k O . 2 M H _m ts. . e h t k A t A s A t 16 ly a, r L h 9 a n - u 1

i. g

_ a a g i n in r u l' d t i,. ~ i* t e . A l s . i - - - - - - - le { _ ~ p , b g ) 2 6 1 0 ' a i e s 4 i * ' a e i. i 1 1 1 S o O $3 65yE8 . 1 . : $ " ~ _ o* te ,e,<.oem O9OCV E .ii .I .)  :)  :!i  ;! iif i a 2.2 ZOOPLANKTON 2.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

. The present survey represents the seventh year of bcseline data accumulation designed to determine and document existing eco-logical conditions at the site and in the immediate vicinity of the Bailly Gen-eratir.3 Station in order to assess any possible alterations in the zooplankton community. As early as the late 1800s, information describing this component of the Lake Michigan ecosystem was being compiled. In recent years, the quantity and qual-ity of this work has increased. Since 1966, synoptic sampling in Lake Michigan has intensified, producing more information on zooplankton distribution and abundance (Robertson 1966; Beeton 1970; Roth and Stewart 1973; Watson 1974; Beeton, Torke, Brooks, and Bowers 1975: Gannon 1974; and Evans and S tewart 1977). Much additional information describing zooplankton population dynamics and regulatory mechanisms affecting coruunity structure in Lake Michigan has been published (McNaught 1966, Norden 1968, Wells 1970, Patalas 1972, and Gan-non 1972) . h The following subsections present data describing seasonal and annual fluctua-tions in zooplankton abundance, composition, and species occurrence. Spatial distribution is also described for zooplankton at ten Lake Michigan stations (1-10) and five stations (17-21) located in nearshore, interdunal ponds (Pond B , Pond C, and Cowles Bog) . Pond B was dry and was not sampled after June 1980. 2.2.2 METHODOLOGY. Zooplankton were sampled regularly cnce durirg April, June, August, and November 1980, at each of ten lake stations and at each of five stations in three ponds (Table 2-1) . Lake samples were collected by the vertical haul of a No. 25 mesh, 0.5-meter-diameter plankton net and pond sam-ples were collected with a 6-liter Van Dorn sampler. During 1980, 240 zooplank-ton samples were collected. All samples were processed as previously described (Texas Instruments 1975) . In sum, four replicate samples per station were transferred from the net or the Van Dorn bottle to 1-liter polyethylene bottles, narcotized with a Lugol's rose g bengal dye solution, and subsequently fixed with buffered formalin.

                                                                      **'"I"** 9' "P 2-64

o () A minimum of 200 organisms (EPA 1973) was enumerated as representative of the sample. If 200 organisms were encountered midway through analysis of a sub-sample, the remaining subsample was completed. If zooplankten in a sample were sparse, the entire sample was analyzed. Reference keys and pertinent literature used in establishing field and labora-tory procedures and taxa identifications included Wile.on (1932), Pennak (1953, 1963, 1978) , Usinger (1956), Ward and Whipple (1959), Brooks (1957), and UNESCO (1968). Statistical analyses were performed on zooplankton data according to the meth-odology presented in subsection 2.1.3.3. 2.2.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 2.2.3.1 Introduction. The data presented and discussed in this report rep-resent parameters chosen to characterize the zooplankton community in the Sailly study area of Lake Michigan from April 1980 to November 1980. A checklist of () zooplankton occurrences seasonally during 1980 and annually from 1974 through 1980, as well as figurative and tabular data characterizing seasonal variations in the relative numerical abundance of zooplankton, appears in Tables 2-12 through 2-15 and Figures 2-17 through 2-24. 2.2.3.2 Zooplankton Occurrence. Through the three seasons [ spring (April), su==er (June and August) , and fall (November)] of 1980, 68 taxa were identified from Lake Michigan and 76 from the interdunal ponds (Table 2-12). Previous years (1974-1979) yielaed 69, 55, 49, 44, 50, and 63 taxa, respectively, for Lake Michigan stations (Table 2-13) . The interdunal ponds (Pond 3, Pond C, i Cowles Bog) yielded 96, 93, 87, 57, 69, and 73 taxa, respectively, for years 1974 through 1979 (Table 2-12) . During 1980, the most abundant organisms, the bossinid cladocerans and immature (copepodid) copepods, represented more than 50 percent of the population during all sampling periods in Lake Michigan (Table 2-13) . Diaptomid copepods represented 24 percent of the total during April. Thirteen taxa were greater than 2 percent abundant during one or more of the sampling periods in Lake Michigan. Seventeen taxa from the ponds at-tained greater than 2 percent relative abundance. l 2-65 services group 1

Table 2-12 Zooplankton Occurrence, Bailly Study Area, 1980 NET (LANE) 4 BOIILE (POND) Legend: LAKE (1,2) POND 5(3.4.5) SPR Sun FAL IS

• Iife Stage Ls TAXA 12345 12345 las') 0 = Sunrnary level 9 CNIDARIA (TOTAL) 1 = Adult 19 HYDRA (LPIL) 12 345 1 45 4 PLA11HELMIN1HES (TOTAL) 2 . Larva 0 N E f* A I O D A (IDIAt) 6
• l03NSIUIO

      $   t)L IGOCH A EI A (IGfAL) 1         CHAE10 GASTER (LPIL)              1 4                    4          13

• flymph

      !      NAIDI6AE (LPIL)                      12 45    1 45                      4

• Copepodie f HIRUDlHEA (10iAL)

O ANhtLIDA (TOIAL) 19 = Undetermined 0 1 GASTROPODA (10lAL) LYMHAEIDAE (LPIL) 5 20 = Hi d 0 ARACHNIDA (TOIAL) Spring = April $ampling Is UN!ICI!!NA!'$>' 12 345 SunIner = dune and Augu$t $ampling 8 CLADOCERA (IOTAL) 1 B05MIHA LOHGIROSIRIS 1234 1 12345 12 45 f all' = flovenber Sampling t aO5n:HIDat (trIL ) 1 A10HA

• Location 1 = flear-field Station $ l-6 and 10

      !         $tN"I $IIIU5 3
                                                           !2!*j

'h"  ! ALONA COSIAIA I3 5 Location 2 = far-field Stations 7 9 CP 1 ALONA QUAf,2 ANGULAR 15 1 location 3 = Pond 8 location 4 = Pond C

      !         $[0" IGE!"$                     1 4
                                                           ! 34 1 345 4

4 Location 5 = Lowle$ Bo9 1 ALOHA (LPIL) I CANPIOctRCUS RECTIROSIRIS 34 4 I CHYDORUS 1 CHYDORUS SPHAERICUS 2 I CHYDORUS (tPIL) 1 345 12345 45 1 EURZIA LAll55tNA 45 1 EURYCLRCUS LAMELLAIUS I 12 1 ALONEll A (LPIL) 1 3 1 GRAPIOLL8 TRIS IE51UDINARIA 3 1 LtYDIGIA QLADRANGULARIS 1 34 1 PLEUROXUS DtNIICULATUS 34 345 45 1 PLtuROXUS PROCURvUS 35 35 i Pi t uROXUS (LPIL ) 45 6 CHYDORIDAE (LPit) 13 1 1 DAPHHIA AMBIGUA 3 1 DAPHNIA GALEATA htHDotAE 12 12 1 DAPHNIA LONGIkLMUS 2 1 DAPHNIA REIROCUkVA 12 12 4 1 DAPHNIA PULEX 2 I DAPHNIA (LPIL) 123 123 12 n 6 1 SIN 0CEPHALUS (trit ) 345 45 (3 12 m 1 CER10 DAPHNIA LACUSIRIS 4 I CERIODAPHNIA (LPit) 1 345 SCAPHOLEBERIS EINGl 5 G 1 O O c'1 t's C T3 O O e

O O O O Table 2-12 (Contd) i SPR SUM FAL i LS TAXA 12345 12345 12345 I' 1 SCAPHOLESERIS (LPIL) 5 45 1 HOLOPEDIUM GIBBERUM Ti 12

,        I      LEPTODORA KINDTII                        I

. 1 ILYOCRYPTUS 50RDIDU5 1 4 l 1 IL)CRYPTUS SPINIFER 4 6 ILYOCR) PIUS (LPIL)  ! I MACROIHRIX ROSEA 4 6 MACR 0 THRIX (LPIL) 4 1 BUNDPS SERRICAUDATA 4 1 POLYPHEMUS PEDICULUS I 6 DIAPHAN050MA (LPil) 4 34 6 SIDIDAE (LPIL) 3 0 051RACODA (TOTAL) 2 0 COPEPODA (TOTAL) i 1 DIAPIOMUS OREGONENSIS 2 1 34 12 1 DIAPIONUS ASHLANDI 12 12 12 1 DIAPIDMuS CLAVIPES I I DI APIONUS SICIL OIDES 1 1 DIAPTOMUS PALLIDUS 13 34 1 1 1 DIAPIOMUS SIClLIS 12 12 12 i  ! DIAPIONUS MINUIUS 12 1 12 i I DIAPIONUS (LPIL) 1 4 .i

         !      EURYIEMORA AFFINIS                       12       1
   ,3    1      LIMHOCALANUS MACRURUS            12      1

I EPISCHURA LACUSIRIS 1 12 ch 14 CALANOIDA (LPIL, 1234 12345 12 4

   ~J    l      CYCLOP5 BICUSPIDATUS THOMASI     12 4    12       12

< 1 CYCLOPS VARICANS RUBELLU5 5 i  ! CYCLOPS VERNALIl 1 34 12345 45 I CYCLOPS BICUSPIDATUS 1 I CYCLOPS CAROLINIANUS 5 1 EUCYCLOPS AGILIS 1 345 45 I EUCYCLOPS PRIONOPHORUS 1 i  ! EUCYCLOPS SPERAIUS 1 4 4

1 MACROCYCLOPS ALBIDUS 4 45 1 NE50 CYCLOPS EDAX 1 34

.        1      NE50 CYCLOPS LEUKARTI                  4      4 1      PARACYCLOPS FIMBRIAIUS POPPEI                   5 1      TROP 0 CYCLOPS PRA5!HUS MEXICANA   2     13       12 14      LRGASILUS tLPIL)                         1 l         1      ORTHOCYC10P5 MODESTUS                                   5

, 1 ECIOCYCLOPS PHALERATUS 5 14 CYCLOPOIDA (LPIL) 12345 12345 12 45 1 LONGIPEDIA HLLGOLANDICA 3

.       14      MACRO 5LTEsta CRACILIS                   I 1   NARPACTICOIDA (LPIL)                12345   12345        45 0 AMPHIPODA (IDIAL) 1      P0HIOPORFIA r3  1      PONIOPOREIA AFPINIS              I O   e COLIEMBOLA (IDIAL)

"4 0 EPHEMEROPIERA (TOTAL)

!    C  13   CALN1DAE (LPIL)                         3      3 j     {"  0 DDONATA (IOTAL) l   g   0 COLEOPTLRA (IOTAL)

J g 0 TRICH 0PIERA (TOTAL) 0 DIPIERA NEMAf0CERA (TOTAL) W3 2 CLRATOPOGONIDAE (LPIL) 1 45 a' at 2 CHIRONOMIDAE (LPIL) 1 345 1 345 45 3 9 DIPTERA (TOTAL) i 13 i h i

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                                                                                               ._71                                                                  services group

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,o As in previous years, basic habitat dif f erences between lake and pend stations were manifest in the respective community structures. Certain littoral spe-cies of Macrothicidae cladocerans were strictly limited to the shallow, en-closed habitats of the pond stations. Also more prevalent in the weedy, shal-lower pond habitats were the various chydorid cladoccrans. The large 1imnetic copepod Limnocalanus macrurus was only found in the deeper, more open waters characteristic of the lake stations. The Index of Similarity (Odum 1971) is useful in comparing one community with another, either spatially or temporally; it makes maximum use of information contained in species occurrence data by comparing the number of taxa in com-munity A (A) with the number of taxa in cerm: unity B (B) and the number of taxa common to both (C) by the fcilowing relationship: S (similarity) = 1'CB The index ranges from 0 to 1, and any value greater than 0.5 indicates that the two communities were more similar than dissimilar. A comparison of Lake Michigan and nearshore pond ::coplankton communities of 1974 through 1980 is illustrated in Figure 2-16. d ~ Q w _ O  : e { _ y O r O O l 8z Oi& li,74 l lms l lin l l ?)77 l l 1973 l l M7)I I l'80 I O O O = O bO h 8 e e s l 8 o o l1974l twum run 3um Figure 2-16. Index of Similarity for Zooplankton Communities, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980

                                                                                    **'"i   **E' "E
                                                  ,-i,2

m The data suggest that the zooplankton communities are similar from year to year, but the degree of similarity fluctuates somewhat. A trend of decreas-ing similarity of the lake zooplankton community from 1974 to 1980 was evi-dent from similarity calculations on pond samples; however, similarity in-creased in the lake. The variation observed in the zooplankton communities is due primarily to the variable nature of collecting low abundance species, principally cladocerans and copepods.- Many of the less abundant taxa col-1ected intermittently are species associated with the bottom substrates, and therefore are not collected in abundance with plankton sampling techniques. No shif ts in major community components are apparent f tom 1974 to 1980. 2.2.3.3 Numerical Abundance. Zooplankton abundance in Lake Michigan re-flected different seasonal pattarns between nearfield stations (1-6 and 10) and farfield stations (7-9) (Tabla 2 214) . Zooplankton densities peaked in August at both the nearfield and farfield stations with bosminid cladocerans the most numerous. Density values ranged from a low of 464 per cubic meter at Station 1 in April to a high of 69,770 per cubic meter at Station 5 in August (Table 2-14) . This range is similar to that observed in most previous years but somewhat higher than in 19 79. The maximum observed density was 214,722 per cubic meter in 1978 (Texas Instruments 1979). Table 2-14 Zooplankton Density (No./m3) for Lake Michigan Stations 1-10 and Interdunal Pond Stations 17-21, Bailly Study Area, 1980

                                                           ~

station g lun_ .Ag g i 1 464 13,824 53.925 33,542

                                         .           2                 670    16,822    32,863 31,465 8           3                 646    13,642    22,342 18,470 4                 761    11,851    22,750 21.121 3

5 646 16,934 69.770 22,539 6 605 17,157 29,786 16,664 5 7 817 6,468 49,083 36,405 E' 8 787 15.071 27,710 27,146 . 6 9 764 12,861 22,523 24,490 E 10 2.967 17.520 34,115 13,623 e Nearfield i 1-6,10 966 15,393 37,979 22,489 jFarfieldi7-9 783 11,467 33,105 29,347 17 88 984 *

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• 2 19 135 502 102,093 2.210

                                        %           20                  68        160 108,236     5,302
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• jPondCi19-20 102 331 105,164 3,756 Ho samples collected because pond was dry.

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,             As in previous years, highest pond densities were significantly higher than d      lake zooplankton density and lowest pond densities were generally lower (Table 2-14, Figure 2-18).        Values ranged from a low of 5 per cubic meter in April in Cowles Bog to a high of 108,236 per cubic meter at Station 20 in August. Den-

[ sities in the ponds peaked in August (Figure 2-19) . Densities in Cowles Bog 4 were generally lower than those observed in ponds B or C as in previous years, although Pond B was dry and not sampled af ter June (Table 2-20) . Low densities in 1980 continued a trend begun in 1979. No biotic or abiotic condition, with the exception of low rainfall, was found which could have caused the low den-s it 4.a s . Average density evaluations over all years remained relatively un- , changed (Figure 2-20) . The short-term decrease in pond zooplankton may simply i be the result of slight changes in population peaks and seasonal and sampling relationships. Comparison of 1980 seasonal density distribution patterns in Lake Michigan with previous years indicated that peak densities usually occurred in August with varying annual intensities (Figure 2-18). Annual maximum density _ (lake mean) steadily declined f rom 1974 through 1977, increased considerably in 1978, and returned to levels similar to 1977 in 1979. A slight, but con-tinufag increase was noted also for 1980, with an August peak. The data in Figure 2-18 suggest a seasonal pattern characterized by a steady increase in density f rom April to August with a subsequent 'ecline in November. This trend is similar to that described for adjacent areas within Lake Michigan (Roth and Stewart 1973) . Temporal density variations in the ponds reflected much greater annual fluctu-ation than in Lake Michigan (Figure 2-19). Data collapsed over the past six years (Figure 2-20) indicate a seasonal pattern of increasing densities from April to June with relatively high densities through November. In 1980, pond mean densities followed a pettern similar to that noted in Lake Michigan, peak-ing in August and declining in November. i 2.2.3.4~ Percent Composition. Defining community structure and monitoring temporal variations in the community are essential in characterizing the eco-system. Figures 1-21 and 2-22 indicate temporal changes in relative (percent) abundance o.  : major taxa in Lake Michigan and nearshore ponds during this and previous studies in the Bailly study area. Table 2-15 presents relative abundance (percent) values for the maior taxa during 1980. 2_'- serv!ces group

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/ Zooplankton seasonal succession in Lake Michigan during 1980 generally dis-played a similar pattern to previous years with boninid cladocerans, and cyclopoid copepodids as the most numerous organisms. In previous years, diap-tomid copepods of ten had been quite numerous but in 1980 they represented a relatively small part of the population. Calanoid and cyclopoid copepodids dominated April and June 1980 fauna along with diaptomid copepods in April and bossinid cladocerans in June (Table 2-15). Bosminids, cyclopoid, and calanoid copepodids shared dominance during August and November. The pond zooplankten community also exhibited seasonal fluctuations in ecm-munity structure. Harpacticoid copepods dominated in April, followed by chy-dorid and bosminid cladocerans and Ceriedaphnia (Cladocera) in June. Ostra-cods, calanoid copepods, bosminids, and chydorids shared dominance in August, and chydorid cladocerans were dominant in November (Table 2-15; Figure 2-22). The most taxa were reported from the ponds in June. 500 - CCNTINUQUS NATURE OF CONNECTING LINES 005S NOT O 450 - INFER DATA UNTINUITY THROUGH NONSAttPLING P10NTHS. 400 - b\

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o p 1 Table 2-15 Percent Composition of Major Zooplankton Forms in Lake Michigan and Interdunal Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1980

                       -              Apr               Jun             Aug                       Nov Taxon           Lake     Ponds    Lake     Ponds Lake      Poncfs~       Lake        Ponds Chydoridae                1       22       <1       23       6      13            <1          51 Bosminidae                4       <l       24       30    35         0            28          <1 Cariodaphnia sp.          0        0        1       17    <1        22             0           0 Cyclopoid copepodids     25       22       51        7    30        <1            32          21 Calanoid copepodids      20        2       20        2    17        22            17          <1 Diaptomidae              24       <1       <1        1       5      <1            13           0 Harpacticoida             2       40       <1       <1       0       3             0           2 Ostracoda                 0        5       <1        1       0      11             0           2 Total %                  76       91       95       81    93        71            90          76 No. Taxa                 38       28       32       50    40        37            23          35 Compared with previous years, 1980 Lake Michigan zooplankton community dynamics were similar to seasonal succession patterns observed in prior years, being most like the 1976 sampling year since it exhibited high relative abundance of cyclopoid copepodids and somewhat lower abundance of bosminid cladocerans throughout the year (Figure 2-21) . As was observed in 1979, there was a slightly higher abundance of calanoid copepods than in most prior years (Fig-ure 2-21) . The seasonal succession pattern observed for this survey has been generally described for southern Lake Michigan by Roth and Stewart (1973).

Seasonsl succession patterns in the nearshore ponds may be indicative of changes in the trophic condition within these ponds. Comparisons of seasonal succession patterns over the past 7 years indicate several significant trends (Figure 2-22). Periods of peak bosminid dominance have decreased since 1975, no longer lasting until August as observed in 1974 and 1975. Concurrently, chydorid cladocerans have steadily increased in percent composition since 1974 with chydorids occurring most heavily after the bosminids' short summer peak. Calanoid copepod relative abundance had diminished noticeably from 1974 through 1979, but a population resurgence was noted this year. The relative abundance of cyclopoid copepodids generally has remained uniform since 1976. Gliwicz (1969) noted that smaller species are more abundant in Polish lakes since they feed on smaller food particles that are more prevalent in autrophic conditions. pgy services group

is The general trend in the nearshore ponds indicated increasing numbers of lh smaller forms , most notably the chydorid cladocerans. Gannon (1972) indi-cates that Chvdorus schaericus of ten appears as a common plankter in eutrophic waters accompanying blue-green algal blocms. It should be emphasized, however, that while shif ts in species composition of crustacean zooplankton may be in-dicative of changes in the degree of eutrophy, similar shif ts in species com-position, and especially size-related shifts, can also be attributable to size-selective fish predation. Gannon (1972) states that it would be difficult to separate shifts in species composition due to size-selective predation or eatrophication. However, more blue-green algae are present in the ponds than occurred in 1974 The more stable community structure observed in the lake suggests, as in pre-vious years, that plant operation has a negligible influence on the major zoo-plankton components in Lake Michigan. Zooplankton community dynamics in the nearshore ponds indicate that shifts in major community components are occur-ring that may reflect increased eutrophication and/or fish predation. The de-gree (if any) to which plant operation is influencing this trend cannot be g assessed at this time; however, similar trends observed in the literature sug-gest that this phenomenon is more related to natural limnological processes than plant operation. Lining of the ash-settling ponds and the subsequent cessation of seepage into Pond B and possibly into Pond C and Cowles Bog shou'1 d provide information as to what effects seepage has had. The 1981 studies should provide some of this information. 2.2.3.5 Trophic Relationships. Although other factors are often influen-tial, food availability is important in regulating zooplankten community struc-ture. In general, much information regarding the trophic interrelationships I of zooplankton can be gained by observing those of the phytoplankton; normally, zooplankton abundance depends almost entirely en phytoplankton levels and re-l acts accordingly, but the system can exist only when the zooplankton abundance is free to fluctuate greatly and is not rigorously limited by predation (O'Brien and deNoyelles 1974). In a study by Lane and McNaught (1970) involving a mathe-

    =atical analysis of Lake Michigan zcoplankton niches, food was considered the dcminant facter in niche separatien. While temperature centrols crustacean             lll l l

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O /~') \,,/ growth and hatching rates (Elster 1954; Eichhorn 1957, as cited in Patalas 1972), food availability affects the fertility of females (Edmondson 1965; Comita and Anderson 1959, as cited in Patalas 1971) . Trends described earlier for Lake Michigan zooplankton in which densities have decreased during the 1975-1977 period may be closely related to phytoplankton community dynamics rather than interactienc from higher trophic levels. Fig-ure 2-23 presents zooplankton and phytoplankton densities from 1975 through 1980 and indicates a st=ady increase in phytoplankton density concomitant with what appears to be relatively stable zooplankton abundance; however, zooplank-ton and pnytoplankton abundance increased in 1978 and again in 1980 indicating factors other than total phytoplankton abundance may be influencing zooplank-ton abundance. Levels of blue-green algae have increased steadily from 1974 through 1980 secounting for the major portion of the phytoplankton community during peak periods (see Phytoplankton, subsection 2.1.3.1) . Blue-greens are generally considered undesirable as a food source for invertebrates, especially cladocerans (Arnold 1971', but apparently chere is sufficient phytoplankton to

-,    support the zooplankton population since zoaplankton densities do not seem to

\/ have changed significantly since the beginning of the study. During 1980 the zooplankton and phytoplankton changed concomitantly with both reaching higher peaks taan during 1979. While size-selective predation on zooplankton by alewives has been indicated for Lake Michigan (Cannon 1974), predatory pressure from tertiary trophic levels does not appear to be a major mechanism affecting zooplankton caamunity dynam-ics in this area. In general, no major size-related shifts in the zooplankton community have been observed during the 6 years of study. l Phytoplankten-zooplankton relationships in the ponds during 1977 were more di-rect in that zooplankton density generally followed the pattern established by the phytoplankton (Figure 2-24). This was not entirely true during 1978, 1979 and 1980 although zooplankton community dynamics were more closely related to phenomena occurring in lower trophic le els than to any major predatory stress higher in the food chain. Zooplankton density was lower in 1980 than in pre-vious years. This was primarily a result of the drying of Pond B with no sam-O) ( ples collected after June when lining of the ash->ettling ponds was underway. l The densities in Pond B were typically high and the loss of these numbers de-creased the " pond mean." 2-83 services group I

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o [ 2.2.3.6 Statistical Analvsis 2.2.3.6.1 Lake Michigan. Total zooplankton densities of Lake Michigan were subjected to an analysis of variance. To stabilize variance, the data values were logarithmically transformed. Months (seasons) were considered as random effects and stations as fixed effects. A complete description of statistical analysis methodology is presented in subsection 2.1, Phytoplankton. The sun-marv analysis of variance can be tabulated as shown below, with significant F-statistics marked with an asterisk (a 5, 0.05). Degrees Source of Variation ,of Freedom Sum of Squares F-Value 1980 ANOVA Results, Lake Stations Month 3 347.9194 182.4*

           ' Station                          9                3.6283        0.63 10 vs rest                     1                1.4225        2.24 Row (linear)                   1                0.4109        0.65 Rcw (quadratic)                1                1.0040        1.58 Calumn                         2                0.0409        0.03 Row x coltar.n                 2                0.5424        0.43 Row x column                   2                0.2075        0.16 Month x station                  27               17.1667        7.24*

Residual 120 1975-1980 ANOVA Results across Years Year 3 224.1485 1.54 Montn 3 2309.8980 26.49* Year x month 15 436.0268 381.93* Station 9 13.5198 1.15 Year x station 45 58.6425 1.39 Month x statier. 27 22.9696 .91 Year x month x station 135 126.8979 12.35* Residual 720 54.7986 Significant at s0.05. As one would expect, the seasonal effect (months) for 1980 data was signifi-cant, with August density highest and April the lowest. Generally, stations 1-10 were fairly uniform in terms of density distribution with no significant differences in mean density (2 5 0.05). The contour (15 ft, 30 ft, and 50 f t) means wert not significantly different. The significant month x station factor indicates the spatial pattern of den-sities was not uniform across all months. The 35-foot centour stations ex- g hibited high densities relative to other stations during April and August, while during April and November the 35-foot contour stations had Icw-to-medium services group 2-86

G p densities relative to other stations. The abundance of zooplankton at Station V 10 (thermally influenced station) was similar to abundances at other nearshore stations. Across-year comparisons of zooplankton data indicate that while no significant year-to-year dif ferences were observed, seasonal (monthly) variations vere significant as observed in the 1980 ANOVA (a s 0.05) . Year x month and year x month x station interactions were also significant, indicating that there-were significant changes in the spatial pattern of zooplankton density across months and years. Although changes in spatial distributiens occurred through-out the 5-year period when averaged over time, the densities at each station were not different, nor were the yearly means different. This indicates na-tural variation in abundance but no apparent overall change in zooplank*.ca abundance. These evaluations were the same as noted during 1979. None of the variations in total zooplankton density appear to be related to NIPSCo Bailly Station influences. 2.2.3.6.2 Ponds and Bog. Analysis of variance was performed also on total () zooplankton densities in the ponds and bogs, and the density data were trans-formed logarithmically to help stabilize variances. In the analysis of vari-ance, =enths (seasons) were considered as random effects and stations as fixed effects. The station sum of squares was partitioned with orthogonal contrascs for specific tests. The summary analysis of variance can be tabulated as fol-lcws, with significant F-statistics marked with an asterisk (a s 0.05): De9rees Source of Variation of Freedom Sum of Squares F-Value 1980 ANOVA Results. Pond Stations Month 3 430.9690 22.60* Station 4 54.4490 2.14 Pond vs bog 1 50.5404 7.95* Pond B 1 2.6885 0.42 Pond C 1 0.0665 0.01 B vs C 1 0.5975 0.09 Ranth x station 8 50.4287 6.47* Residual 48 47.1661 1975-1980 ANOVA Results across Years Year 5 509.5529 0.83 Month 3 180.7516 0.49 Year x month 15 1833.0443 166.56* Station 2 127.5517 3.91* Year x station 10 46.9099 1.93 h 'd Month x station Year x month x station 6 30 84.3395 72.9089 5.78* 3.31* Resioual 216 158.4783

                *Significant at 50.05.

2-87 services group

-2 Seasonal (monthly) effects were found to be significant fcr zooplankton den-sity within the ponds, as would be expected. Highest zooplankton densities were found during August, followed by November, August, and June. Mean zoo-plankton densities in 1980 for all stations were found not to be significantly different. The abundance patterns among the stations changed from one month to another, causing significant conth x station interaction. The most evident changes were: 1) Cowles Bog exhibited lowest densities of all stations during all months except in April (as in 1979) when Cowles Bog had higher densities than all other stations, and 2) Pond C usually had highest zooplankton den-sities in August. Cowles 3og had significantly lower zooplankton densitie+ than the ponds. Compar4. sons across years for zooplankton pond density revealed that while an-nual density differences were not statistically different, year x month, month x station, and year x month x station interactions were significant. These significant interactions indicate seasonal abundance patterns among years and station abundance patterns among months are not always the same. Stations were also significantly different, probably as a result of the very low densities noted in Cowles Bog. Consideration of zooplankton densities for months across h years indicates April usually has the lowest density, while June, August, and November exhibit variably high densities. The .argest portion of the month x station interacticn was due to changes in densities relative to other pond stations. None of the significant variations in total zooplankton density appear to be related to NIPSCo Bailly Station influences. 2.3 BENTH0S 2.3.1 IN RODUCTION. Benthic studies of the open waters of the Great Lakes have largely emphasized nucerical distribution in relation to sediment characteristics and depth and the significance of particular organisns as in-dicators of water quality (2ggletun 1937, Powers and Alley 1967, Mozley and Garcia 1972, Mozley and Alley 1973, and Mozley and Winnell 1975) . A recent study by Mozley (1975) describes benthic coc:munity respcnses to pcwer plant

                                        -~

ef fluents in the Great Lakes. In addition, several studies have been con-ducted which concentrated upon specific major taxa groups such as amphipods (Alley 1964, Kidd 1970, and Mozley and Garcia 19 72), molluscs (Hensen and 2-88 services group

Herrington 1965), and oligochaetes (Stimpson et al 1975) . Several studies describing species associations of benthic macroinvertebrates in the Great Lakes have also been conducted (Cook and Powers 1964, Hiltunen 1967, Brink-hurst et al 1968, and Johnson and Brinkhurst 1971) . This survey of the benthic community was designed to characterize the spatial and temporal variation in composition and abundance in the Bailly study area. This report contains the mesults of the seventh year of continuous monitoring effort and also draws comparisons among the study years 1974-1980. A general discussion of certain groups as they function as organic pollution indicators is also provided for comparison with data collected in this study. 2.3.2 METHODOLOGY. Benthic macroinvertebrate samples were collected at ten lake stations (1-10) and five pond stations (17-21) during April and June 1980. In August and November 1980, all lake stations and three pond stations (19-21) were sampled. Pond stations 17 and 18 could not be sampled as Pond B was dry. Sediment-size analysis at all benthos lake and pond stations except Pond B (17 and 18) was scheduled and conducted during August 1980. Lake station samples consisted of duplicate quantitative samples collected with a 9-inch by 9-inch Ponar grab sampler. This particular sampler was chosen for its ability to sample a variety of suSatrates. The Ekman grab is better for sampling fine substrates at shallow depths, but the Ponar grab is more ef-fective on firm substrate samples in deeper water (Hudson 1970, Howmiller 1971, and Lewis 1972) such as are found in Lake Michigan. Ponar grab samples were taken at each station until duplicate valid samples were collected. A valid grab haul was defined as one containing substrate within the completely closed jaws of the sampler. Invalid haul contents were discarded. Replicate samples were placed in separate containers, labeled, and preserved to a final concentration of 4 percent buffered formalin. Ro se-b engal dye (0.5 percent solution) was added as a stain to aid in rapid detection of the organisms during separating processes. Each sample was washed through a No. 30 U.S. standard sieve and examined, us-ing white enamel pans and 10X illuminated magnifying lenses. The brightly U stained organisms were distinguished easily in the sediment-laden samples. Specimens were sorted by taxon, enumerated, and placed in appropriately labeled 2-89 services group

O vials containing 70 percent ethanol. Specimens were examined using dissection h and compound microscopes; principal reference keys used in identification in-cluded: Johannsen (1934,1935,1937); Ross (1944); Burks (1953); Wiggins (1977) ; Pennak (1953,1978); Usinger (1956); Roback (1957); Ward and Whipple (1959); Masoa (1973); Edmunds et al (1976); and Brinknurst and Jamieson (1971) . These references were supplemented as necessary with specific monographs. Benthic samples were collected in the ponds with a 9-inch by 9-inch Ekman dredge. This grab was chosen because of its ability to sample areas where the sediment is primarily silt, clay and detrital material (APHA 1971). Pond sam-ples were collected, preserved, and analyzed in the same manner as the lake sa=ples. Sediment grain-size analysis was performed on separate benthic samples col-lected concurrently with biotic analysis samples at lake stations 1-10 and pond stations 19-21 during August 1980. Pond stations 17 and 18 were not sam-pled as Pond B was dry. Subsamples were withdrawn from each sample, pooled for each station, and then wet-sieved through U.S. Standard sieve series com-prised of No. 3, 10, 18, 35, 60, 120, and 230. The fine sediments suspended in water which passed through the 230 sieve sere collected in a flask and dried to constant weight at 110*C to obtain a measure of the clay fraction con tribution. All other sediment fractions were removed directly from the sieves and dried to constant weight in glass crucibles at 110*C. The weight of each fraction then was used as the basis for calculating percentage compo-sition for each grain-size interval. Particle sizes were classified according to Wentworth scale as follows: Sediment Size (mm) Scale 14 Pebble 2-4 Cranule 1-2 V"cy coarse sand 0.500-1 coarse sand 0.250-0.500 Medium sand 0.125-0.250 Fine sand l 0.062-0.125 Silt

                       <0.062               Clay                                      l l

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• FM 2--90

3 2.3.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION v 2.3.3.1 Numerical Abundance. Density of benthic organisms in Lake Michigan varied widely across time and space during the 1980 sampling program (Table 2-16). The highest densities for the year were recorded at Station 3 in June (9289 organisms /m2) and at Station 6 in August (8029 organisms /m2 ) . In gen-eral, the 50-foot contour stations (3, 6, and 9) consistently displayed the highest values for the study area (Figure 2-25) . These high density values were all associated with the active reproduction and growth of tubificid oli-gochaete populations. Table 2-16 Benthic Invertebrate Density (No./m2), Bailly Study Area, 1980 Station Apr Jun, u M M

                   =            1                38       221       856       423 E            2               558       250    2,163        404
                   %            3            1,394     9,289     5,606     1,298 g            4              221        317       577        10 e            5              548        904    2,721          0 p                   g,           6            3,250     3,913     8,029 1,663 827 v                 .p             7               125    1,481 1,404 38 3             8              202                      10    558 x             9                29    1,817        712    1,567 j?           10              337        153           67 1,317 3 Nearfield i 1-6,10         907     2,150     2,860        611 Farfield i 7-9            119    1,567        795       721 g           17           14,990        385     *         *
                  .o           18            1,486     1,673      *         *
                  %            19            5.865     1,856     1,288     1,808 g            20            3,990     2,135    31,808     4,692
                  , Cowles Bog 21            6,231     8,856    12,490     6,663 8 Pond B i 17-18          8,418     1,209      *

• a- Pond C E 19-20 4,928 1,995 16,548 3,250 No samples collected; Pond B dry.

The increasing density with increasing depth phenomenon observed in previous years (Texas Instruments 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979) and also documented by other authors (Mozley and Garcia 1972, Ayers and Seible 1973, and Stimpson et al 1975) was again observed (Figure 2-26) . A comparison of nearfield stations (1 to 6 and 10) with farfield stctions (7 to 9) indicates that mean densities 2-91 services group

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tion 10 (discharge) were low as has been observed in the past. However, the comparability and overlap of density values within depth contor. s for each sampling period at_the nearfield and farfield stations, including the dis-charge station, indicate that plant operation may affect total densities or that variability may be due to natural factors (e.g., wave action). As with previous data, the nearshore ponds in 1980 generally yielded much higher average densities than observed in the lake (Table 2-16, Figure 2-26), although differences in sampling gear (Ponar vs Ekman grab) preclude a strict comparison between lake and pond densities. Cowles Bog (Station 21) displayed much higher densities in 1980 than 1979 due ta large increases in the number of tubificid oligochaetes. The highest density in the nearshore ponds was recorded in Pond C (Station 20) during August (31,S08 organisms /m 2 ) while the lowest den-sity was recorded in Pond B (Station 17) during June (385 organisms /m2 ), A pattern noted in past years has been the low total density in the ponds for

                ~he years 1976-1979 relative to the values reported for 1975 (Figure 2-26).

() The loss of water in Pond B exaggerated this trend in the 1980 results (Fig-ure 2-27) . Ccwles Bog returned to levels observed in 1976 and 1978 samples but did not approach the levels attained in sprinr; end fall 1975 samples. The variability exhibited in these cata may be attribu 'o fluctuating water levels accompanied by changes in water quality et v.ro s over the course of the program. The natural variability in abundance w.- t the ponds was also highlighted by the August 1980 results for Pond C. S t..cion 19 in the north-western arm of the pend yielded only 1288 organisms /m2 while Station 20 in the south central area produced 31,808 organisms /m ,2 2.3.3.2 Species Composition. Determining the temporal and spatial varia-tions in benthic species composition can provide information concerning the effects of subtle environmental changes not always discernible by instantane-aus physicochemical testing. Lake Michigan samples were dominated by tubificid worms throughout the year (Table 2-17; Figure 2-28) . The amphipod Pontoporeia af finis was also abundant followed by chironomids and naidid worms. Hydra, a

    -           freshwater coelenterate, was abundant in November collections at the discharge V

2-95 services group

l 0 l l l station (10). The highest relative abundance occurred in April for Chirono- l midae, June for Amphipoda, Augusc for Naididae, and June for Tubificidae 1 1 (Table 2-17) . l Ta.le 2-17 Percent Composition of Abundant Benthic Organisms, 3ailly Study Area, 1980 Station Taxon Apr Jun Aug Nov Lake (1-10) Amphipoda 17 22.0 7.2 6 Tubificidae 55 60.5 43.9 32 Chironomidae 22 8.0 19.6 15 Naididae 0 1.0 15.0 8 Bivalvia 4 2.0 8.4 8 Cnidaria 0.0 0.0 0.0 27 Hirudinea <1 3.3 2.4 2 Total % 98 96.5 96.5 99 No. Taxa 21 28 27 26 Pond (17-21)* Naididae 59 10.9 38.8 16 Tubificidae 19 69.7 35.7 52 Amphipoda <l <1 0.0 <1 Ephemeroptera Chironomidae

                                                <1 9
                                                        <1 12.7 1.2 16.5 0.0 24.0 g

Bivalvia 6 2.5 0.9 5.0 Nematoda 1.3 <1 1.3 <1 Isopoda <1 <1 <1 1 Trichoptera <1 0.0 <1 1 Total : 94.3 96.6 94.4 53

                             - No. Taxa         40      31      39      29 No samples collected from Pond 3 (17,18) during August and November because pond was dry.

The nearshore pond benthic fauna was dominated throughout the year by tubific td and naidid worms and chironomids (Table 2-17) . The prevalent chironomids in the ponds during 1980 were Chironomus sp. , Dicrotendipes sp. , and Tanytarsus sp. (IEble 2-18). Other commonly encountered d}though rot dominant taxa were Hyalellaazteca(Amphipoda[,Sphaeriumsp. (Bivalvia), Caenis sp. (Ephemer-optera), and Ablabesmyia sp. (Diptera: Chironomidae) (Tables 2-18 and 2-19). O 2-96 services group

    -++ - s. e  6.- + _  4m  4_a.                   s.- - +  r L  .

f) O v J' ( O Table 2-18 Benthic Organisms in Lake Michigan and Nearshore Ponds, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 t 1974 8975 8976 1973 197a 1979 t one tote Lake . Lane Lake t o.e Tee s Mi rh t g en pomts Mti ht I se pet

• MD htgen pondi M6t h tun pends M 9 thi g en ponde, mig h t q .- p podq Cuelenterste (nyoroids!

1 Hydre sp. 5 7 5 i W 5p i f 5p f 5p t f 5 f 5p I f f 5 f* 5p 5 f f Cordylog.hore 1st ustris i 59 f furt llerii (f'let sradf " nu9este sp. W t (mTd: Tert,ellerte w 5 sy s I f 5p 5 f Sp 5 i hematuse (Ruundworms) 5 f f* W* Sa f 5p 5* f $ f 5p 5 f 5p i f 5p 5 f 5p S* f 5p 5 i Sp 5 i Sp* 5 i he=er t es u 5 Sp f 5 5p i Bryozoa (Muss esimelteles) f t ophopod idae L opht=$elle sp. F 5 plimatelf f dee 5 i f redericelle suitece 5 5p (rlstatellide Cristotella sp. F 5 , $.'inu[edil ~ Sp 5

 ;                                 int e. Statut,lest                                                                                               5                                                                                                             f i                           Endopror t e urf,te!!, sr=3is                                                                                                                                                                                        5 i An.eItde 15e9.amted wori.s)                                                               $                            5 cit 9aneet ( Aquet tc           w.s)                                          u  Sp he l d i dee ontd. hetdidae                                      5      f*     $*   f*           $*    f*  5p    5*  f*       S*  f         5*  f* 5p 5 7 5p           5*  f  5p i*         f*   5p   5*   f* Sp     5*     f    59"    5*  f*

autog. hor us sp. 5 N theetogester sp. 5 5 I wa 5 5,* $ f* $ Sp 5 f 5 5 f* 5 5p 5 f i 1 heIs sp. u* Sp 5p* 5p' 5

             @                     Pristine sp.                                                      5 i w                       5p $ I                      Sp

, N 5ta lirli lerustr!! tueder k lJee 5 5p 5 hp 5p 5 t umter tt u l ldee u 5 t 5p* 5 7 5 Imbit ts idae f' tmtd. lubtf ic tdee 5* f* 5* wa Sp* .* f* 5p* 5* f* 5p* 5* Fa 5p* $* f* 5p' sa fa $p* 5* f* Spa se f* 5,* $* f* 5pa $* f* 5p 5* fa Peloscoles sp.

                                               ^

5 utraillJa'lt eibes) 5 5 f Eless tphunideo Glosstphonte sp. W 5p f f Helihlfesp.2nalts teolol,della ite -" 5 p f u 5p 5 f 5p s 5p 5 S f 9 5 I 5 SP $ I Sp 5 1 i 5p $* I f f 5p 5 i 5 i Plaiidwielle sp. 5 I unid. Classiphantdee W 5 f 5p Unid. IOrudence Sp 5 p t w k oi tdee ptsC itale sp. 5 SP 5 t rpo5de11tJee E rpoM .,lle sp. S 5p 5 5p 5 CleJote re W 59 t ept odor lJae 4 es,t odore t Iskit t t 5 f 5  % I 1 gossin{dee' ~~ ~ untd. sesmentdee** f Roseine sp. ** f* Sp Cafy3or ldee $ 5 5 Chgo.wus sp 5 i O f urvierv.s sp. 5 7 5 O f. lamellatus~ 5 9 Daphnidae' ^ f f 4 Daphnte sp. F W Sp p 5p b f Sp 5 f* I 5!=urejseluy s+. { O 5 i y **

                                *ikeetment teme g                    Ael Boysine and fyt. cst.eene species num classif ted usader Bosa 46dee.

g hote:

             $lf                  to temples in Lehe Mithtgen f ebru ary 1974. Stetten 21 dry; no samples taken August 1917 E                   5p a spring ( Aprtl); 5

• sieser (June, August); F
• fell (Ottober or loosenter); W = wtater (pet,euse y or Merth).

Y

                                                                                                                                 -o Table 2-18 (Contd) 19sio t ake
                            .1111.                 "' L".' Haa.          h*$

(velenterate (Mydreeds)

             $dra 30                                         f*       5p 5 Cardylghore le6ustri                 $p tertiillerie (Mit.6resig Ougesia sp.

Uni d " fus tie l l ar t e 5 I sp hematade (badwores) $p $ p $p 5 F tiesertes tryose. (nass ent.skoles) L es tJ.e tophgn=lella sp. piktelf f344' Freder h e' switane Celstate11(Je - ~ ~ ~ Ungd. Statoelest leduprac ts t*mateile grx ni weEhkin . toms 1 s Oltp4neeta ( Aquetic ums) F F as e didae unid. natJtdee $* f

• sp* S
• F
• Aulighoru} sp.

N*t!2Msttr sp. 5 Eels sp. FrGtene sp. t.Eil!Oie*" "I t o. r ts.i u.e fute t te ndee untd. tuatf tcidae V 5* t

• W 5* f
• P1'*Ecl** SP.

mirwinee (temnes) Eleastphosidae Glasstphonta sp. I lielubdelle ita S I EloMelli ip gnellt 5 F PixoLJe17 sp. sp

              %ea41s"~

unit. C1oss tphontd., 5 59 Plsc holidee Pts ( tr ola sp. t rpoLJe11lJ.e

                                                                           $ 7 itf.hte lla sp.hn J trout,Je n ad.e unt d. hirudinee                    $p %

CledeL ee s L evtodor (Joe l ef tstes k endt ti SusslalJ e usild. Sosetaldae Bo wles sp. ** Ch'dorIJew y (*rtorus sp. Eurlterius t i.ellitus sp. g o.pholdae ~ j* ., 0 9 hnte sp. Ilmoteanalus sp. nolupedidae

  'I
  ~

nologetim sp. aJ gTWrum U n crothri ida. O 11 O s Jdmryttus

                    .e          sp.

g unid. Stdtdee

  ,             ti tet 111L'!It O

C II O O O

O C O O P j Table 2-18 (Contd)

.." im im im m. im j iese . .. e .ese i.s e .... 5.se Tese M 4 A19 4n ponJs  % %t ten pon fs M et h t g en punds Mithlgen punJs likhteen Ponds MK&tgen punds CleJacer (Lentd)

 ,                      mulo,edtde.

4 Het two sp. I d C Lierum F F 3 Mesre liriciJee iise,m sp. 5 5 - S tJldee Unid. 5tdidae 5 5 Letone set tfere 5 , Cosepsfe " ~ ~ ~ ~ Sp 5 F

;                       ( yt lopoide                                                W

fy(Ines sp 5 f 5p 5 F 56* b i Sp 5p 5 I i telenelJe u 5p 5 sp te se I

Untd. Celenalde Dieptomas sp. # $ 5 l perpac tItolde 5 7 5 F* W Sp 5 f 5 5p 1 I sope.a. awllus sp. u 5 5p 5 Sp F 5p 5 5p F $ f A. laterwesttus 5 [ t rceus's pT~~ w,s ta --" nysvg relicte F Se F 1 Whipode i f el t trideo Pyellele af t 5 i W 5* Sp $* F $ Sp 5 F 5p 5 F* 5 hp 5 f

'I                      MeusturIldee _eSe pontuporete ef f tets            5*   F     5 7               56* $     f*                Sp*     5'   f Sp 5        f* Sp*    5* f*       5       5p'     5*     .            F    5p*   5* f*

! Gmunaridae 6esenerus sp. 5p 5 hp

• 5 sp 5 F l e

j g C. Fadletus # 5 f

.                       Cr engeny61dee I

g (t eoym Unid? Ans>ya hTMs by ( Sp 5 i omtrei ode ($nd shrine) fa u 5, 5 t f 5p f 4 Mydre6ertne (mater attes) $* f 5 F k 56 5 f Sp 5 7 5p 5 Sp 5 f 5p 5 5 Sp 5 f 5 5p 5 F ! unt4 Are6palde 5 5p Collemeola (Sprenstalls) untJ. Collentsule 5 Entunt,ryidae 5 g Entimterse sp. 5 5p Ephemeros, tere (m e yflies) { Unid. Ephemeruptere u Sp F 5 7 Seet ts sp, f I f feenij sp. 5* f* h Spa 5 F* f 5p* ** f* Sp 5 f Sp* 5 I 5p' 58 f 4 llearlocon sp. 5 I Odunate'(Dragon rites, danneltlles) i Unid. iktunate Sp 5 F 5 5 7 i Aest hn t dee i Aesi hne sp. 5 5

• tit,ellulIdae i tin to t it-Ilul edae W 5e, F $

t felf themts sp. Sp i furdulle su f fpherdulte sp. F . f rythemi s 'sp F j feelik ordus te sp. 5 d lidone so. ~ F j Woerminie sp. 5p 5p 5 F Sp 5 f $p 5 Q libellule sp. $p 5 f I i () Wiet r f e sp. 5 5p

g Pe< h ples sp. 5p i ag Plot is'sr. F F j - Polydli - 5, 5 t O %yogeteva sp. 5p O Iernetrue sp. 5p i

i Q Coeneplenidae unid. Coenegrountdee 5 F u 5p 1 f* 5p 5 F 5p 5 F SP 5 f f W f oenegrion sp. F '$ 9 fnellejne sp. f W 5p Sp 5p 5

!               (3         Idhpure sp.                                                                 Sp                                                                  F                                                              f j                g         (e.tes sp.                                                                                                         5 g       Cordule9e pel(upter. steredee t914.

5 W Unid. Pietapters 5

v Table 2-18 (Contd) ' He L ebe

1. .. Mo hig Ponds C.pepos.

Cyc1 14. C. .sek Sp

          .r u c. .w a.

D?.ptmaus sp. s.rpa titclas so I sayed. Aselles sp. 5 a5 l Matermedtog seysti.e ff!hl. i.iit,u.e net tet. .mg 5 sp 5 F me.si rlIJ.e Pqntopore t. is 1*#* Pontgerei. ^~ sp..ffM 5p* Gedrid.e 6.nm.rvs sp. F C~f.si f e ta s criago ,it3.i-Crea uni 3^ As geys sp. t Obtr sed. s.hipod. {5eed sheimo) Sp nyer.wrta. (m.ter estes) Ar.t hef ds N Prest e pet. I Y_y gs .r j eg 5 H Prosti to 5 O UIsO7 .[hn te. O c.iiee Unid.g.Collembol (spren9.tavis) tatumbry t Jee tatshry. sp. EphaeeToplers Unid. Ephemeropter (Mayfl.ies) Geettg sp. 5 fie41s sp. sp 5 F med15enn so. neJgiati tist,.tg Se f irifiI 5 m.on.6. i Tor.gon tii.s. 4 saientesi unu. osonet. 5 Asse.hatJ.e Aest hn. sp. t ibellu1IJ.e unto t abelleiu.e f f el t theet s sp. f3rdull.~ip. {pli r6 i, sp. rryth T4 sp. keb rJuli. sp. t ido... sp. leur o' rrat=1. sp. I11,411LT. sp. f y al.tk ri; sp. T. Puh Ipf.. sp. P1.t Ts se Folg41. ^ ~ _. wm. sp. g) 7.rnet r_ sp. p Coen grIonia e

  ,                           untd. Coen.grtantJ e                                            5p Core.jrton sp.

g fa.11ef.~sp. 9 Iy F o (es%r6p. en se. . g !arkl.9.sterte untd. V O O O

O  % r (O J Table 2-18 (Contd) D 1974 1975 89/6 1917 1978 1979 t.se t.se t.se t. e

t. e t .. .

ph higan Pomes a t< h tgen Ponds anchteaa funds mitatuen Funds mkhiesa Funds nuhtose Poses

s. .

hemiptore (sues) Delestanstidae selostume op. Corfildee - 5 5 pield.e W 5p i F plee 9triola 5 T@sglfss. 5 5 heeroptera (lla.at te sp. 5 CeiydelIJ4e t h+ alludes sp. Trich 6ptes a (fa4Jes files) untd. f rt< hoptere W hydropsyt h t dee 59 f I put avle eleve 5 I mydroptllidae " F 5p f f 5 a eytee sp. F le reptile sp. I F thotifthis sp. F 5p 5 F* 5p 5 f 5p 5 Nyethlefs). 5 i W 5p P4ragongs sp. 5 7 Lep(mertidae 1 f Sp* 5 f 5p 5 I teptotelle sp. (nettopf;ty Sp.) Mystuljes sp. t 5p 5 f 5 f 5p 5 f fleietTs sd. 5 D W 5p 5 f 5 fer~ailes sp. peld ent rdpidee 7 W 5 Sch Polytentrrtus sp. 19 f ., a Lionephlifdee Se i g L teeptles sp. Ef#0Fsf5 he sp. 5p H C Par re*** Id** 5p g tankstole seline (fsserf y Ayyynis sp.) 5p iP I Bar,Lsiele so. 5p I Airypnig sp. Ayypla oeststa 5p t hr enea sp. W 5p

              !*a *I*la tratig? (formerly phrJ2* a A.)                                                                   . 5,    5 7                 5p* 5 f                 $p Perdssylld4e nevrec lipsis                                           t                                                         5 anyei ophillJ.e 5

lihyhophile sp. $ j eerseidae Unid. BeraetJee 5 Lepidoptere (Aquatic cate ptilar) f 5p* 5 5 Uald, teptJoptera Unid. Pyreltdidae 5 5 Celeuptere (Poelles) Chr ysiee l tdse 5 5 (Reiec te sp. 5p 5 59 f 5' CurcwlIvoidee f Dernestidee 5p DytisclJae 5 f 5 1 49etnei sp . 5 t imTJae 5 hel tpitJee Sp 5 f 1 Sp Hel tples sp. f nebtIJee 5p O Hydroph 9 I tdee 5p 5 5 b sieroses 30, 9 Unid.^foleoptere f 4 Oteters (f)les, musquitues, et tges) Celt (tdee U (haotases sp. 5 5 7 u $p 57 f 5 f 5 O IendIpedldae (Chirunamider) 5p $ f 5p 5p 5 f 5p f 5p 5* O Ab t etnes. t o sp. I Sa la wa Sp* 5* t f Anel p a'sp. f E BrIl a sp. W 5p 9 felopw tra sp. 5* f3' f. werela 5* C feedloiledtes sp. 5 5p 5 f 5p 5 5p 1* 5p* 5* r 5p' 5 7 5p 5* - F 5 f hirei sp. Sa f 5 t* w* 5p* 5* fa 59* 5 .f 5p' 5* f 5p 5 f* f* f* Eu!I *.tanypgi sp. F 5 5 5 5p f

Table 2-18 (Contd) luo tasa 1111 M_" ' 19. Poad* Pelsopt ere unta. Plecoptere tientetere 4s.93) selostumatidae Belostume sp. Coria1Jee' ' s tie ndee flee str a olo fenegrele ~si. me= rop t er e (1 tas< es sp. larydaild5e Chaullodes sp. Yrkhopieri Ifeddts flies) un ta.1r ts hootere 19 5 p y dropsythleae pot e.it e flave < ur droitllidee-' 6 Ag eylee sp. roptIts sp. thetrf(kle s Sp % bhethIrk sh. p. Pereponvu so. t eriat er flJee leptotelle sp. (#ett9 Pw)3 sp.) flytte(Iles sp Metit ij. $p $ tJ ferallia sp. I tolh eat rop tdes H polp entrupus so. O tienephilidee N t innephs tus so. Pggg se he sp. ffnat um is sp. 6 Phryfene t Jee' Sann slote settaa ( Agrygt. sp.) Senblite sp. 6 Arg A ,jimIfsp.es t s to Eyypale rwygence sp. Bea6 stole gotQl (Phrypan A.) Nt154Innis sp. F PsyiWIIJee heur er I tes ts Rhyes'ophi1IJJ phyes 9p screelJee_tle sp. un ed ser ee ndee Lepidoptere (equatic seterpiller) Unid L eplJoptere Unid. PyrelldtJee (elegtere (Seetlev) ChrysomeIidee Dunx te sp. cure.1Ioa n dee Dereest idee g Dyt t uleee (,# Agehus sp. M kleidee' Ee l t p i ldee 4

  "          etal tplus sp.                                       5 MeloJIdee' k

(f) Hyitr oph t i ldee Berosos sp U G id ~~ fvleoptere 5 g Diptere (sites, mos%1tues, midwes) Col ocIJoe

  ]          theobarys sp.

C

  'J e                                                                        9           9

C Q

                 )/                                                                                                     (                                                                                                              V t

O , Table 2-18 (Contd) 1975 1916 1917 1918 3878 1914 Lebe t ake t ese t one Sete lese Mig htger pondh Ml6ht ge- ponds Mithtgen ponds fame Mtchtgen ponds Mtchtgen ponds Muhigen ponds

• Dipters (Flies. *ewettoes, atoges) (tuatd) lendtpedidee (Chironas,ldee) (Conte) s orynuneure sp. W 5p 5 5 SP i 5p 5 5p 5 F trl<ntopuise. t 5 h 5 5p 5 t 5p 5 F 5 5p 5 f 4 5 6 tryptoc hirowmnes sp. 5 f FW 59' 5* F 5p 5 V 5* ta 5 5p a 5* F* 5 7 sp
• 5* F 5 t 5p 5 i 5

< fryptiledrtelmi sp. 5p 5 Disaese sp. 5 5p 3 Birrotiestres sp. 5 to u Sp 5 F 59 5 f 5p 5 F 5 ip 5 t* 5p* 5' f* 1 i Finfeldfe so! f

                                                                                                                                                                                                          $ F                     5p 5 F i                         FnJ4hiran.mus s;.                                              u                            i'                         5                            5 F foliefer?eTTe~sp.                                               u ClypMenJfpe sp.                          5           5                             5,                              5p 5                5       5p                                 5        5p                   5 f

' Coeldishirems,n s sp. 5 Adaldhfe'sp.~ ' 5* 5 F 5 5p 5 sp 5 SP 5* 5 5 5 heterotrfisotteh sp 5 5 5p 5p 5p 5 5p 5 F kieFFireles sp w 5p

• L esterb5r nieug sp. F 5p

                             ~

Metrldneau e 5 5 F MI r6pi'itre e sp. 5 5* $9 5 F 5p 5 F MI ritendipet sp. I F W 5 f f 5p F 5 f GrAlamese sp. Sp 5 Sp 5 5 5p 5 5 Sp 5 F F 5p 5 hil6iagpei sp. n Ortin eediss sp. 5 5 Sp i Pereikir6mimmes sp. 5 5 5p 5 f $p 5 f 5 5p 5 5p 5 5p 5 5 Persili&filme ss. f Paralauterfernielle sp. 5 Paratendit es sp. 5p l' Penteneure sp. 5 PG ~ seitre sp. W 5p 5p N Poly- Ilha ip. 5 5 F W 5 5p 5 5 Sp 5 f 5 5 5 5p 5 f 5p 5 f I Pott eitle sp. 5p 59 F 5p M Procladi.i n. 5 F 5* Fa w* 5p 5 F y 5* a* 5p 5 F 5p 5 f 5p 5 i 5p 5 F 5p 5 F Sp 5 F Sp 5 f Sp* 5* f* O ProJtemeid a F W Psktrociedtes sp. 5 5 F W 5 Sp 5 5p 5 7 5 F 5 5p 5 F 5 5p 5 F Psectratinyp;i sp. 6 5 Pseuddhironuius sp. 5 f 5p 5 l Itke6tinyterws sp. F* Seet her ie sp'.' ' 5p 5 F Ten pui'ip. f 5p 5p F $ i Te tdses sp. 5 5 Wa Sp F 5p* 5* 1* F 5p* 5* F* 5 5p 5 f Sp* 5* f 5p F 5p* 5* f Te ipedinae 5 7 5 Tendipes 4 F W 5p Thienemaantelle sp. 5p 5 TrifwToi sp?" 5 W 5 5p Triiksledtes sp. 5 j Trliiscladius sp. 5 F ] selt tle 5p.'" Is I Stein kironaamas sp. W 5p 6 Ortheiledlinee~t.enus a 5p j untd. thirun etJee 5 f 5p 5 sp 5. f* 5 Sp 5 5 5 5 Sp 5 5p 5 5 5p 5 f untd. Tanypodinee $p 5 Sp 5 F j (eretopoguntdee Sp 5 f aiheuds.yte sp. 5 we 5p= 5* t* 5p 5* F 5 F Sp 5 i 5' Pai myle sp. 5 F= 1 Oul lt. opoJIJee 5p ( ph ydr idee y-6phyeJre sp. 5

!                        Un id . ' Iphydr ldae                                                              $p 5 N             Notophile sp.                                                                      5p 4          /)         SJoyridae M             5epedon sp.                                                                                                                                                                     $

( 4 Stre t I.anyt tdee f uperyphu) sp. 5p 5 f 5 5p

  ]         U""           Ptet thus sp.                                                                                                                                 sp i         O          taban1Je4 -

G t hrywes 5.p. 5 u 5p f sp 5 F 5p Iepul1Jee O 1 pol a sp. F 5 F F 5p

  '         9             Ti le sp.                                                                                                                 I f4            Tr elire sp.                                                                                                              F j           C         unlJ. Bis.lere                                                      u                 se 5 i      *d i

i - i

A-Table 2-18 (Contd) T '-)o 1960 L asa lana Mii higan, PeJ s Diptera (ContJa lendiveJiase s ch t r ono-t aa. ) amies,eegig sp.

                      ~

sp 5 Eslop~ynia hl11Ti's, sp. f tispsittrg so.

f. earef a ferdioclidius sp.

Chlie40mui sp. 5, 5 # 5p 5 r* feelotanypus sp. soryeoneurs sp. fil_sotopus sp. 5 F 59 fryptualioam s so. Sp* 5* f

• 59 fry c1.gtpiTdjgtlsi

s. sp. sp. F Slirofendepes sp. e 59 sa f

• Finreilli ~ ss.?

f4doihir&n.. .s sp. 59 5 F run tifer1elli'sp Cligf olendipes sp. L.e diihlionmus so. liainisihla sp. >> t 5 kereritriisotle ttes sp. kTeffeis1us sp. fiateibhralella sp. heiriainki sp. Niirojieitri sp. MIirotendi~ pes sp I hodiinisa'ip. 59 5 F pa kiloedyp' i sp. 5 g 5e tTJ<1adias sp. H Faisihironi==,s sp. 5 o Paisi14Jocel.i sp. 5p & Pirilauferlorniellt sp. PiratenJYm sp. 5p Pentaneura sp. Phaeibpieitre sp. 59 Poly kedilid sp. 5 50 f Pot t hiiiii sp. Piiwledfei so. 59 5 59 5 i PrhJIaavii sp. Piectrailadtus sp. 5 5p 5 Pssitr5iinyp;i sa PiesdoChirds p. Snealin,laissi~ip. faitherTa spT fani pui ~ ip. 5 fanreiiws sp 59 5*f* 7 biiM16.. 1.ndepes sp Tblecesion ella sp. 59 fr16elo5' 59" ~ fridoit.Jtui sp. 5p 5 5p frli'sidliIIss sp.

             %Iif fi'ip.~~

5tedixhtron6mmes sp. Or thdi.Jilsae f.enus A unto (htronantdae 5 F ',9 5 q- Unid. Ianypodinae I' g Cer at opogon t dee 5 4'5 F allaudo_s.eyta sp. PalpejT~ a sp.

  'k g

Dulit hopodIJae Ephrdr tdee E phgdra gg. IJaldIfphydrIdee b liotopht la sp. g k leyaidae 3 _5'E!d.S!! sp. O C 13 a e O O

1 i

)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     .o Table 2-18 (Contd)                                                                                                          1

• 1976 1977 1978 1979 1974 1975

t ame taae t ea. tane tae. t aae d

Tas4 Dichtgen ponds Mtthigan ponds M4higan ponds Michigan ponds Mic higan ponds Michigan ponds i wetsopoda (untd.) 5p 5 F 5 5p 5 F 5p 5 ! t,ansedidae ipna.5 sp. u 5 Sp 5

• r 5p F 5 F 5 F 5p 5, se F aew,11Jae terresta sp. 5 f u Sp 5 5 F 5p F

, anniiilidae . Anas ela sp. 5 F 5 59 5 5 f 5 7 5p 5 # 5p i J physidae ~ i pnj >e sp. F $ F W 5p 5 5p 5 5 7 5 Se a F 5 7 4 9Ianor6 idee 2 sp i s sp. 5 5 F u sp 5 F 5 t 5p 5 F 5* f 5p 5 F 5p 5 4 41154a sp 5 F u 5p F 5* f 5p $* F 5p 5* F f ! pranentes sp. FW 5p 5 F valvitidW , vatveta sp. 5 F 5 5p 5p 5 f Sp 5 f Oviparid.e deid. vivepartase 5 stvaleta (unted 5 i Sphaeriedae ptsidium sp. 5 F 5* f Sp . F ip 5 5p 5 F 5p 1* F Sp* 5 7 50* 5* 5 f SpEasrfum sp. 5 F 5* f* W 5p 5 F 5p* 5" f* 5p 5* I 5p $* f* Sp 5 F 5p* 5 7 5p 5 i Sp 5* f* 5 F untJentified ~tavertebrate 199: 5* f* 5p* 5 f 5 unidentified levertebrates 5 f fish (ggs $* 5 ! fish tarvae 5 5 i Aanelldae 8.eg 5p i N < 1 1 t-* O a vs t 1 i ) 3 4 1 o l 0, _4 u O j O a m O c I i i 1 1

-C3 g-

  ,/

O-n 2 w O v

       ?

N O d 5-i ,, I e . e e e e ee eeee 4 g. gl 3e 3 3? 32 It j ,{ _

               !$~
                                              #              e  e               e      ####

• 2 2??

                                                                            .        .           33 I     .                  4        4           3:

-- 4 ::.:

s. .- 2  :

i,

-s .4

                                  -     4, ss te: .: :.-

s 3.:s .e -a. ,3t . a.-2,- --

n -

s1ur.::.r4t.1.

4 : e.z-:

w4 ass.:3: :arq.-2 s:a c n:l:=!:.a z.-:

a, :::sin::G:83

e.a s:

pllp u::;2 u p qs.t Q2

                                                     =

J  ::: u-1_:u J

                                                                  =  i n::,ts p=

ec s:1assp8: _3_g ss-a 3_ s as::1 services group 2-106

          ;a i           a i i
             /

Y c o 1 O i 7 o I N

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s

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a v Table 2-19 lien tb ic Invertebrate Occurrence (l'resence/ Absence) , lia il ly S ttuly Area , 1980 LAKtti.23 PON05(3.4.5) SPN SUM IAL SPR SUN fat LS LAMA 12345 12345 12345 45 IAMA 12345 12345 12345 8 CN1DANIA (10lat ) O HLt18 P I L N A (10l At ) 1 HYDRA (tPIL1 3 34 1 10 CONIMIDAE (4PIL) 4 11 CORisVL OPHOR A LACUSINIS 1 0 Cull 0PIFRA ADLPHAGA (IQIAL)

      $   PL AIVHt'I MINIHC 5 (10lAL)                                                2      HA.IPLU5 (LPIL)                                                  45 I     IURblLLARIA-(LPIL)                           35     1           2       0 COLLOPIfpA (I0f4L) 9  NIMAIODA (10lAL)                                                           0 1 RICH 0PIERA d iOI AL )

0 OLIGOCHAFIA (IGIAL) 2 URlHOIRICHIA (L Pit ) 3 4 I CHALIOGASIER (LPil) 3 3 HVDROPIILIDAE (tPIL) 4 1 NAIDIDAE (tPIL) 345 12345 12 45 2 BANK 510LA (LPIL) 4 1 IU6IFICIDAE (L PIL ) 12345 12345 12 45 2 P13LOSTOMIS (tPIL) 5 4 HINUDlHLA (103AL) 2 GHOC OSM0t us (IPIt ) 5 1 Hit 05Dtit A 51AGNAL15 12 12 2 UECETIS (LPIt) 34 4 5 Hil 0BDLit A (LPit ) 12 1 8 DIPlfRA HLMAIOCERA (IGIAL) 1 GL U 55 I PHor(14 (L PIL ) 2 2 CERA10P0G0HIDAC (LPIL) 345 1 45 4 1 Gt055tPH0HIIO4E (LPIL) 4 1 2 CHIROHOMUS (LPll) 12345 12345 12 4 1 LRr0BDELLA (L Pil ) 4 5 2 CNfPIOCHIRON0ftu$ (LPIL) 123 12 12 1 ' At HOPIS 5 2 CRICOIDFUS (LPIL) 3 12 4 2 0 ANHr L II)A (IDIAL) 2 IAH1IAR$US (lPll) 345 345 4

       $  G A 51 R 0f' 0 U A (IGIAL)                                                 2      DIr#0llNDIPf5 (LPIL)                                  345       345 1 45 I    ANCVLIDAE (LPit )                                       3               2      Pol t PL DI1 Utl (tPIL)                               345    1 45       4 5    L)MHAEIDAE (tPIL)                                             1      5  2       ABtABl5MYIA (L Pil l                                  145      345 g                                                                                     2      MICROIENDIPLS (LPill                                             4      4 g       i        AllHICUL A (LPit)                               1 g        &       PHYSA (LPIL)                                       2              5  2       PROCLADIUS (LPIL)                                  1 345    12345      4 o       5     PHYSIDAF (LPIL)                                           4 ao       I       G1k AULUS (L PIL )                                     45 1       HttISONA (LPll)                                        4 i    PLANORBIDAE (LPIL)                                        45 1        V AL V AI A (LPIL)                                2         24 0 BIVALVIA (IGIAL)                                                                                       IS

• LIIe S t a ge*

5 SPHALRIUM (tPIL) 12345 12 45 12 5 1 P!51DIUM (L Pit ) 123 5 12345 12 L) = SummarI lxwe l 5 SPHALRilDAE (LPIL) 123 12 45 I O MOLLUSCA (TOTAL) I

• Adtalt 9 ARACHNIDA (10iAL) *-p I I

        !        HYLWACARINA (L Pil)                              !?

I PPOSI!CHAIA (L Pil ) 2 ') = l'up.ge 0 0$lkACODA (I0l AL ) S* Immat ing aa 4 CartPODA (IGI AL ) I CALANulDA (LPIL) 3 H = St ant otelisa t I HAkPACllCulDA (LPIL) 4 0 ISOPODA (IQI AL D ll

• CoIGHly 0
• I' ' I C I " ! "'* d 8 AMPH A I I L3 1 GAMMAkU5 (LPIL) 1 I PUH10PORLIA AfflHIS I 12 12 1 PONIOPOREIA (I P ll ) 12 Spf
• April SampISHg

                                                                                                                           ""       "       "E"       E "U 9  EPHt k0 TLRA              L) g   10      BAETIDAE (LPIL)                                         3                                        fee l -* Novembe r S.smp i ling g   18         EPHLMERLLLA (LPll)                                     4 q   18         C AENIS (LPIL 3                           345        34        4 18         HLMAGfMIA LIMBAIA                      1                                                      law.st j eni ! - Nearfielil Statio(is I - te asiil 10 eC I*'e t i.He 2 - l'arfield Stations 7-9 h   le         L Iptl         (tPIL)                                          4 O   le      LIBEttullDAE (LPIL)                                               4                              incation I

• Pennil in U le 15CHNuRA (t Plt ) 4 10 C0fMAGNIONIDAE (LPil) 3 I A H'a t i tMi k
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 ;                         C Tait >le 2-19 (Cointil) i i

i LAntti,23 PONDS (3.%,5) l SPN SUN FAL 15 JAXA 12345 12345 12345 1 2 PARACHINONOMUS (LPIL) 4 2 HARN15 CHIA (LPIL) 123% 1 2 PHAENDP5ECIRA (L Pit ) 4 2 tuulttfERIlltA (LPil) 4 2 IHIENLMANHillLA (LPil) 3 2 IAN1PU5 (LPIL) 4 2 P5LCIROCtADIUS (LPILI 345 1 4 2 PARAILNDIPIS (Lfil) 4 2 PARACLADOPEtNA (tPIL) 1 2 HtifR0lRIS$0CLA0lHS (LPil) 12 l 2 ENDOCHIRONOM*fL (LPil) 3 4 4 2 Nuh0DIAMESA (LPiti 1 12 12

;                           2      nit 0IANYPUS (trll)                                              3 1                            2      1RICHOCLADIUS (tPIL3                           13          I i                           2      CRTPIOCIADOPELMA (LPIL)                                                            4 2   CHIN 0HOMIDAE (IPil3                              1 345       12345               42 4                                                                                 .

t DIPIERA SNACHYCtha (10 fat) *,- 2 NLMOLtlUS 3 ,5 2 EUPARYPHUS S 2 CNNYSOPS (LPit) 34 4

• 2 LMPIDIDAL (L PIL ) 5 to e DIPltNA (10fALI I e LCTOPHOCIA (10lAL)

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2-110 services group

sq j['h [} Annual trends observed in the ponds (Figure 2-29) reflect the variable per-cent composition that has been characteristic of the pond and bog stations since the onset of field sampling in 1974. Tubificid worms displayed a lar-ger contribution to percent co= position in 1980, similar to that observed in 1977. This tubificid increase coincided with a marked decrease in Naididae ,

relative abundance from levels observed. at the end of 1979 and spring 1980.  ;

Chironomids generally exhibited lower relative abundance in 1980 than 1979. However, relative abundance was similar to that displayed during the summer 1 months in previous years (1975-1978) (Figure 2-29). l The predominant midges (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Lake Michigan were Crypto-chironomus sp. , Chi onomus sp. , and Harnischia sp. Tubificid relative abun-dance was similar to 1979 and dominated the majority of lake stations across the year. Pontoporeia affinis has displayed declining relative abundance val-ues since 1975 and 1976; however, since total invertebrate densities hcve also changed, the dcnsity of P,. affinis has been variable but not steadily declin- ! ing. P. affinis continued to be a dominant taxon in all seasons at both near-field and farfield stations (Table 2-18) . The relative abundance of chiro-

no= ids stabilized in 1980 relative to values observed in 1979 (Figure 2-23) .

i The predominance of the amphipod Pontoporeia af finis in the lake has been de-scribed previously by several authors. In a co=parative survey of the Lake Michigan benthos (Robertson and A? ley 1966), the structure of this community was compared with a prior description by Eggleton (1936,1937) . Both surveys indicated the abundance of Pontoporeia af finis and oligochaetes. In another survey by Mozley and Garcia (1972) Pontoporeia affinis was the dom-inant organism, occurring in greater densities at deeper stations. The occur-f rence of tubificids as a dominant taxon is also consistent with trends de-i scribed in the literature, as Mo: ley (1975) indicates that tubificids are the ! most numerous whenever the substrate is primarily silt av eand (as in south-eastern Lake Michigan. I Zonation 2.3.3.3 i i 2.3.3.3.1 Physical Zonation (Sediment Analysis) . A description of substrate [ composition is essential to identify accurately the distributional mechanisms i 2-111 services group _ _ ...__ _.- _.~ ~,_._ _ ..._ __.... _ ._.,.__.. _ ._ _ . _ .._.-._ ___ _ _ _.. _ .. _

                                                                                                                                                     .&l,
                                                                                                                                                      \ 'J Table 2-20 Hean Sediment Particle Size ( Pe rce n t.       Composi t ion) , lial lly St udy Area , 1980 Gravel  Very Coarse Sand     Coarse Sand   Medium Sand      Fine Sand    very Fine Sand      $11t          Clay
                                   >4 un         2-4 am           1-2 mm       0.5-1 an       0.25-0. 5 nun  0.125-0.25 nm  0.062-0.125 am *0.062 na location      S t a t i t. NT. 5*        No. 10           No. 18        No. 35          No. 60          No. 160        No. 230       No. 230 Lake             1           0.00          0.03              0.58          0.91            11.75          71.64           7.54         0.86 2           0.02          0.27              0.67          2.98            14.00          69.98           7.30         0.68 3           0.00          0.12              0.15          0.79             3.75          76.24          18.48         1.16 4           0.00          0.29              0.60         25.06            23.02          44.33           3.30          1.00 5           0.00          0.11              0.17          0.33             4.66          66.64          27.10         1.43 6           0.00          1.06              0.74          4.05            26.34          61.38           3.72          1.83 7           0.00          0.43              0.68          1.84             8.42          80.38           8.00         1.06 8          29.61         11.56              4.35          4.21             2.35            0.66          1.18        47.06 9          12.36         17.27              4.04          2.60             3.24            5.50**        2.79a*      44.90**

10 13.68 16.96 26.55 23.30 11.01 10.78 2.60 0.66 Lake snean 5.57 4.81 3.85 6.61 10.93 49.35 8.20 10.12 Shallow 1,4,7 0.00 0.25 0.62 9.27 14.40 67.45 6.28 0.97 Mid-lake 2.5,8 9.88 3.98 1.73 2.51 7.00 45.76 11.86 16.59

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Deep 3.6.9 4.12 6.15 1.64 2.48 11.11 47.11 8.33 15.96 Ponds 17 == No Sanples Collected *** +- 18 =c No Saaples Collected *** m-19**** 0.00 0.00 9.70 19,70 13.03 11.3 24.71 15.64 20**** 0.00** 0.87** 2.00** 3.00** 17.00** 57. 3 *

• 7.90** 11.40**

21 0.00 1.H- 15.46 13.38 15.06 41.58 7.70 H.62 U.S. 5tandard sieve n.esh number. Dsta tric lude on l'/ uvie replicate rather than two. Pond was dry. ASIM dry slave sethod 0 422-63 was used because the high organic content would not steve properly usin9 the wet sieve sethod. O is 9 1 o () o Q m () C U O O O

of the benthic co=munity inhabiting a particular area. The Wentworth pcrticle-sizing analysis conducted during August 1980 indicated that the predominant size fraction throughout the lake sediments was in the 0.062- to -0.25 milli-meter (silt and very tine sand) range (Table 2-20) which compares favorably with the predominant fraction described in the five previous yearly surveys (Figure 2-30). In ter=s of depth distribution, the shallow (15-foot) and mid-depth (30-foot) stations were dominated by silt to fine sand (0,062 to 0.5 millimeter) while the deepest (50-foot) stations were composed predominantly of a sand /very fine sand / silt / clay mixture. A comparison of previous years' data (Figure 2-30) indicates that the lake substratum is relatively stable i through time as the major sediment components (fine /very fine sand) have per-sisted with only moderate annual variations in percent composition. I In the ponds, substrate type was primarily of similar-sized material, although more coarse, and =edium sand substrates were also major components of each sta-tion in the ponds (Table 2-20). In comparison with Lake Michigan, the near-shore ponds have more variable substrate composition (Figure 2-30) and have higher amounts of or e, nic detritus. 2.3.3.3.2 Faunal Zonation. Senthic faunal distribution at the lake stations was closely related to both physical zonation (sediment characterization) and depth. The 50-foot contour represented by stations 3, 6, and 9 generally ex-

• hibited the highest density values in the study area during 1980, as it did in previous years. Sediment composition along this contour also displayed the highest percentages of very fine sand, silt, and clay; such a substrate condi-tion is particularly conducive to colonization and growth of dense Tubificidae i populations. Although shallow-water stations along the 15-foot conto"r also

{ exhibit finely divided substrate characteristics, it is probable that wave , action precludes the establishment of dense populations at this depth range l , in most instances. The stability of benthic faunal density distribution pat-l terns during 1974-1980 can be attributed to relatively stable substrate com-position at the various depth contours. j Distinct faunal zonation patterns among the ponds are not readily discernible. Similarities in substrate composition among the ponds have led to the estab-lishment of relatively similar distributions of benthic invertebrates in each of the ponds. 2-113' services group

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j 9 l 2-114 services group

m E 4 J eO 2.3.3.4 Benthic Indicator Organisms. Biological indicators of environmen- [) tal conditions are shown to be of great value in monitoring subtle changes in the aquatic ecosystem. To compare these data with some standard, Table 2-21 was prepared frco several sources (Borror and DeLong 1971, Pennak 1953 and 1978, Usinger 1971, EPA 1973, Merritt and Cummins 1978) . The table is de-signed to elucidate the trophic positions, habitats, and tolerances of some of the benthic organisms collected in the vicinity of Bailly Generating Station. The tolerance indications presented in Table 2-21 are those of EPA (1973), and caution should be taken in applying and interpreting this technique in de-scribing environmental conditions based on this indicator-organism scheme. (This scheme is si= ply based on an organism's tolerance or intolerance to or-ganic contamination based on descriptions found in the literature.) The three classifications used in this system are: e Tolerant, meaning frequently associated with higher levels of organic contamination e Facultative, meaning a vide range of tolerance fre-quently associated with moderate levels of organic l O contamination e Intolerant, meaning not found even at =oderate levels of organic contamination and generally intolerant of moderate reductions in dissolved oxygen (EPA 1973) i This tecualque is limited in that it can only provide positive evidene of

clean water, and then only when intolerant forms are collected (EPA 1973) .

In addition, the presence or absence of an organism may reflect qualities of the physical environ = eat other than contamination, including current or sub-strate type. Describing the faunal zonation with respect to substrate compo-sition has hopefully eliminated this problem. I I The identified organisms -- most of which are Chironomidae, Tubificidae, or Naididae -- are listed by the EPA (EPA 1973) as tolerant or faculative and are so classified here. These organisms reflected the broadest representation in the ponds during this survey and are indicative of a more nutrient-rich state i in the ponds than in the lake. Certain other taxa (i.e., Hydracarina, Hvallela I azteca, and some of the Ephemeroptera) are forms termed faculative to intol-erant of pollution. j 2-115 services group

                                                                                                                                                                   . o Tali t e 2-21 Fooil , llatil t a t s , aint Tolerance Limits of Coimuon Groups of llentitic Inver t el>ra t es AJult                                 lassat ur e Clammillaatlun     Common Name              Description                        Food            Description          Fuud      liabit a t      Toleranca Hydsozoa           Hydroids,           le ad iall y sys.mtrical;        Carnivore, lerding     Ausmuel           Same as  Sessile on rock,        F Jellyfish           main bodw in elongated           on metazoans i n-      budding           adults   plants, and debria!

cylinder wit h t is t ler cluding claJucerans, of tentacles on digi- copepoda, insects, t al enJ and peJat Jimk and annelida on psoulmal end

• Turbellaria Flatwoesm flungate with est er tur 186ually living usi Similar to Same am Under ob- F end difiesentiated to dead or crushed adults adulta jects or in s enesible " head", eye- animal matter in- debris spot usually present ciuding psutoauans, on caterior end rotifers, nematodes Nemat oda Roundwosme <

l cm long; body Detritus feeders tggs; insne - Sasie as In sand, mud, F ga slightly tapered and and herbivoruum and ture form aduttu debris, oc e I round with terminal carnivorous; carni- similar to vegetation e mouth voice prey on pro- edult

• turuana, oligothaetes, rotifers, and other nematodes Bryuzua Bryozuans tin t e of orgaulm*m Algae, prutusos, Bud (stato- p Same as colonies occur T more us le um c ylinJs i- micrometasua, blast) re-
• adulta on underside of F cal zooid or polypide leased to logs and stones y detritus simitas to hydra generate DT DR 8"l88 "Hd new colony cther objects where light is die ol i goc hae t a Aquatic Segmented worms with Batteria Cocoons; Same as Comanan in mud T worme length ranging from stellar to adults and debris or F 1 - 10 mun. Pr ust omium aJunts in masses of pro jec t s in root-llhe filamentous fashion above mouth; A**""*I algae must segment s have budding 4

   ]
   %                                            chttinoid metae ar-1                                            ranged in bundles O

O O til1

   -s D

C T3 O O O

Ot/ O (J O d , _ku

                                                                                                                                                                       \' 'b Table 2-21 (Contd) i i i AJult                                     Inn,,aa ur e Clasafficati,n   Commun Name         Description                loud            Description                   Tml                    Habitat          Tolerance Amphipoda        Scude        body b 20 mm lung, l at-      Ossiivorous       l'gg e ha t c h t o         Simile,r               Hide under r oc k s,     F erally compremmed, and        scavengere        forme steller               to adulta              vegetation, and consist ing of (ephalo-                         to aJult                                           Jebris thoracic negments, 6-messented abdomen, and small terminal telmon Ityd rat .as ina Water Mitem Appear to I,e minute           Carnivosuus       t ggs hat tia to            Parasitic orn          On algae, decay-         I.

spidess te= Jing ou lasval forms other aquatic ing vegetation, worms and maall insects much as and rooted inmecta placopterans, aquatics odonates, dip-terans, and hemip-

                                                                                                               , toten immature forma                ,, ,

1 ra - I Ephemeropters itedium-sized terrestrial None Nymph similar Herbivorous and Adult terrestrial. F [ N Mayflies insects with delicate to adult carnivorous; de. usually clinging I many-veined, transparent posit and filter to vegetation; ving; helJ vertically uhan "je" a

                                                                                             'e na J              I'*d'I*          !,

nymph in water undgg Stones and at rest bodies, larval g, ,,,,g,ggon; ,,y head with well- burrow in ma or developed man- Jabria Jibulgte mouth parts, stout legal larvae, compound eyes and large lateral or Jorsal gills on abdominal l

                                                                                   ' segments                      i OJonat a        Dragonflies McJium-large insects           Predeceous on      Esse hatch                  Fredaceous             AJutta terrestrial       F and Da'anel- having long alender           munquftoes,        to aqiatic                  un other               nymphs aquatic            I illem        abdumen and two paire         gnats, and        nymphs; body                aquatic                on submerged O                                 of long, rarrow, net-        ot her pest a      robums or                   insecta                vegetation and on Q                                 veined wings; head                              ruugh and                   and small              rocks in sand or at                                oublie and bearing large                        bears spiness               fish                   allt E                                 compound eyes                                   large labium O

O t ,o M C 13

Table 2-21 (Cot 1Ld) Adult Immature Classification Co<mmon Name Description pood Descstption Food liabit at Toletance PIlychaeta - Head 3-S as- lung beare Depoult and Similar to Same am HuJ and aanJ 1a y two large lateral topha- filter feeJers; ,aJutta adulta ,: littoral and .1 carnivorous and photelike st rut t ures haw- t backwater arose lag long tentattem; paired harbivorous eyes near alJ1tne. Hiiudinea leethem Segmented; Josso-ventrally Parasitem on focoons; Same as In warm pro- T t lat t ened body having os al fish or cau- similar to aJults sected shallows F and caudal mucker ; usually ataceans or adults where plants, one or more eyemputs anails, chiro- stones, and Je-n mids, and briu afford run-ulIgochaetes cealment ClaJocera Water Irlean 0. 2- 1.0 men l ong w i t h t hu- Batteria, Eggs carried Sasme am 1.ittoral and F racic and abdominal se- algae, pro- by adult; adults linnetic r

• gion covered by carapace; toroa, and young almilar in aquatte 7 head han large compound organic to mJult vegetation eyes Jetritus

[ m Copepude - Elos.;.ced body 0.1-3.2 em Factozoans Egge hatch to Similar 1.8mnatic; bottom i and divided into head algar, and to nauplius to aJutte debain and mand thoram and abdomen heaJ os ganic debr ie - forms; meta- and in f used with lia nt two meg- mosphomim suas in-ments of thoram; live Jeweltpment s t anc e s pense of appenJages paramatic un fimb Untracoda SeeJ Shrimp Body 1 - 1 esa long covesed sec t e s t.s. mulde t ggs hat ch t u . Stellar in algas, Jecay- t by opaque bivalve shell a l gaer , arul line to siauplium; tu.4Jutta ing vegetation, T Jetritus metamorphosts tuoted aquatics, Jcvelopment mud and gravel where there is

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               !!ttle current Inupoda                                                                                        Aquatic        Body 5-20 mm long and                Scavengess             Eggs 1.at c h t o   similar      Hide under rocks,      T n                                                                                                               Suw Bug        strongly flattened Jorso-            feeJing un             to forma            to 4Jutta vegetation, anJ           t

() ventsally; sin pairs of live-JeaJ almilar to Jetric I 2 alatumen appenJagem animals and aJutts { plantn O O to m~ tI C T3

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3 g v z . 2-129 services group  ! 1 1

N 4 ,.r, Cg Many of the forms just described are present in both the lake and ponds. It h therefore is thought that the lake can be classified as relatively oligotrophic to =esotrophic (based on numbers of organisms intolerant to pollution), while the ponds contain greater loads of decomposable organic material. Water qual-ity data and data from other flora and fauna further substantiate this descrip-tion. The benthic data frc= this study indicate that, although the area in the vicin-ity of Station 10 (discharge) may be adversely affected by the discharge through scouring, the Bailly Generating Station does not contribute significantly to eutrophication in this area. 2.3.3.5 Benthic Statistical Analysis 2.3.3.5.1 Lake Michigan. Total benthic macroinvertebrate densities of Lake Michigan were subjected to an analysis of vartance. In order to stabilice variance, the data values were transformed logarithmically. Months (seasons) were considered as random effects and stations as fixed ef fects. A cocplete description of statistical analysis methodology is presented in subsection O 2.1.3.3 (Phytoplankton) . The sucmary analysis appears on the following page and is tabulated with significant F-statistics marked with an asterisk (2 s 0.05). Across-year comparisons reflected the relatively stable temporal density dis-tribution described previously, as no significant differences among years were observed (Table 2-22) . Significant dif ferences were observed among the 1975-1980 sean densities at each of the stations. Newman Keul's cultiple range test results illustrate which stations were significantly dif ferent. A horicontal bar drawn beneath station numbers, as shown belew, indicates those stations that were not statistically different from one another on the basis of total densities. Lake station numbers: 10 7 4 9 1 2 8 5 3 6 Group similarities: _ _ _ _ Density distribution: lowest " - highest O 2-120 **I"**9' "P

O Tal;1e 2-22

;                 1975-1980 across-Year ANOVA Results for Lake Michigan Benthic Macroinvertebrate Total Densities i

Degrees , Source of Variation of Freedom Sum of Squares F-Value Years 5 143.81 2.70 Month 3 119.11 3.72* Station 9 411.64 5.05* l Years x month 15 149.99 10.56* ! Years x station 45 370.57 1.58* Month x station 27 221.77 1.58* Month x station x year 135 702.12 5.15* Replication 240 242.38 - l Significant at a<0.05 level. I I Station 10, the discharge area, exhibited the lowest densities. The remaining stations were generally grouped together by depth contour (1, 4, 7; 2, 5, 8; and 3, 6, 9). Exceptions were noted at Station 9 which exhibited significantly lower densities than stations 3 and 6 and at Station 1 which displayed signifi-cantly higher densities than stations 4 and 7. Months and stations were a significant source of variation during 1980 (Table 2-23). For most stations, November densities were lower t.Mn in other months; and, in most months, Station 10 reflected significantly 1cwer density. Sig-nificant differences were not observed among stations 1 through 9; however, densities generally increased with depth (significant row ef fect) . The sig-l nificant station x month interaction indicates spatial patterns of density were different from =cnth to month. Generally, densities increased with in-creasing depth during each of the months; however, during November Station 10 j exhibited high abundances, whereas during the other months Station 10 had low abundances relative to other stations. O 2-121 services group

.q me I

 ,/

Table 2-23 1980 ANOVA Results for Lake Michigan Benthic Macroinvertebrate Total Densities Degrees Source of Variation of Freedom Sum of Souares F-Value Months 3 48.30 2.64 Stations (1-10) 9 109.58 2.00 Stations (10 vs 1-9) 1 4.46 0.73 Stations Rcw (linear contour) 1 53.83 8.83* Row (quadratic contour) 1 4.94 0.81 Column 2 15.78 1.25 Row (linear) x column 2 29.91 2.45 Row (quadratic) x column 2 0.66 0.05 Stations x month 27 164.64 4.15* Replication 40 58.82 -

        'Significant at   2< 0.05 level.

2.3.3.5.2 Ponds and Cowles Bog. Analysis of variance was performed on total benthos density for 1980 and for the 6-year period 1975-1980 (Tables 2-24 and 2-25). The data values were logarithmically transformed to stabilize vari-ances. In the analysis of variance, months (seasons) were considered random effects and stations were considered fixed effects. Fond B was not considered in the multiple-year analysis because of the absence of observations for the August and November periods during 1980. Table 2-24 1980 A'iOVA Results for Nearshore Ponds Benthic Macroinvertebrate Total Densities Degrees Source of Variation of Freedom Sum of Scuares F-Value Yonths 3 8.87 1.41 Stations (17-21) 4 9.50 1.1J Pond B (17 vs 18) 1 0.03 0.01 Pond C (19 vs 20) 1 3.69 1.77 Pcnd B vs Pond C 1 0 90 0.43 Ponds vs Bc9 1 5.65 2.71 Staticn x mcnth 8 16.71 4.06* Peplication 16 8.24 - Significant at n0.05 level, g 2-122 services group

                              -i
                               /

Table 2-25 { 1975-1980 across-Year ANOVA Results for Nearshore Ponds Benthic Macroinvertebrate Total Densities Degrees Source of Variation of Freedom Sum of Squares F-Value Years 5 49.33 5.37* Month 3 2.64 0.48 Station 2 11.85 1.82 Years x month 15 27.57 3.84 Years x station 10 32.53 2.88* Month x station 6 8.42 1.24 Month x station x year 30 33.94 2.36* Replication 72 34.45 -- Significant at a10 05 level. The summary analysis-of-variance tables for benthos density (Tables 2-24 and 2-25) lists significant (a 5 0.05) F-statistics marked with an asterisk. Results from 1980 data analysis indicate that seasonal and station density variations were not significant sources of variation among the pond and Cowles i () Bog stations for the spring and early su=mer sampling periods. Cross-year com-parisons reflected the dynamic nature of this system as annual community fluc-tuations were a significant source of variation. Densities in the ponds were generally uniform from 1977 through 1980 with the 1975 densities significantly higher than those observed from 1977 through 1980 and the 1976 densities sig-nificantly higher than those observed in 1977 and 1978. i Year x station and =enth x station x year interactions were also significant; however, seasons (month) or stations were not sig'ificant sources of variatien. Monthly and station density estimates averaged across 6 years indicate no sta-tistically significant differences in total density among stations or months I for the Fond C and Cowles Bog stations (19, 20, and 21) . l l . 2.4 AQUATIC MACROPHYTON i 2.4.1 METHODOLOGY. During the 1980 sampling, aqvatic macrophytes were collected on 15 June at all pond sampling locations. Pond B samples were taken l (~ in the vicinity of stations 17 and 18, Pond C samples in the vicinity of sta- ' \_}) tions 19 and 20, and Cowles Bog samples in the vicinity of Station 21. 2-123 services group { _ . _ . _ _ . _ _ _ , . _ , _ _ ,- _,_.- __ ,._ _.__,.,,, _ . ... ,.~-_. -__ _,. _ .. _ _. _ . . , , , _ . _ _ . , - - . _ . - . , . _ _ _ _ , . - .

 -1
  /
   ?cnd 3 macrophytes were sampled at five randomly selected stations along two ll transects:   one for Station 17 and one for Station 18. Along Transect 17 the statiens were numb ed from 1 to 5 from the south shore northward out into the pond. Along Tiansect 18, stations were randomly established from the east shore (Station 5) westward into the pond in descending numerical order to Sta-tion 1 at the end of Transect 17. In Pond C, two transects were established (transects 19 and 20). Transect 19 extended from shore northward into the e md , and Transect 20 extended in an east-west direction through Station 20.

Five stations were randomly established along each transect. At Transect 19, stations were numbered from 1 to 5 from shore out into the pond. At Transect 20, stations were numbered from 1 to 5 from east to west. Samples in Cowles Bog were taken in a fashion similar to those in the other two ponds, but along a single transect extending southward from the road. Stations were numbered frc= 1 to 5 starting at the road. At each of the transects, representative specimens were collected using a 9-inch by 9-inch dredge at five randomly selected points along each transect. The transects were as close as possible to those of previous years. Extent of coverage was estimated in ter=s of grams blotted-wet weight per 31 square inches of sampler. 2.4.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION. Table 2-26 presents the results of June 1980 sampling. Figure 2-31 tilustrates some of the common aquatic macrophytes and Table 2-27 is a generali:ed key to the commen aquatic macraphytes. Pond 3 water levels during June 1980 were noticeably lower than during the l April 1930 sampling. Pond 3 was dry when the August sampling effort was made. l l Water lines on various emergent vegetation were about 1 to 1.5 feet above the j water surface and about 10 to 15 feet of shoreline was exposed, leaving the macrophytes on the exposed shore on dry or coist substrate. Macrophytes ob-served in the pond but possibly not collected for dcy-weight biomass in large ! quantities include Lotus sp. (about 75-foot diameter patch east of Transect 17 and south of Transect 18). scattered Brasenia schreberi_, cattail along the shore, Polygonum sp., Chara sp., and some Ceratophyll_m sp. O 2-124 services group

a l 1

            -                                                                                                     \

i I (r) m Table 2-26 Macrophyte Composition, Bailly Study Area, June 1980 Density Station Camuuan Name Scientific Name (1/81 in.2) 17-1 Ponweed potamogeton sp. <l.0 17-2 Penseed Potamogeton sp. 58 17-3 Sullhead lily Nupnar sp. 290 f 17 4 Pon s eed Potamoceton so. 52

                                   =        17-5   Bullhead lily         %cnar sp.             50 n
                                  '5 18-1   Pondweed              Potamonoton sp.       113
                                   '-       18-2   Pan seed              Potamogeton 50        49 Eelgrast              valitsaner+a sp.      <l.0 18-3   Water-shield         Braseena scnreceri     1.0 Pon w eed             Potamogeton sp.       39 18 4   Ponchneed            Potamogeton sp.        247 18-5   Ponchseed             Potamoneton sp.       70 19-1   Coontail              Ceratophylla 50.      106 19-2   Bullhead illy         Nupnar sp.            23 Coontail              Ce-atoonyllum sp. 10 19-3   Bullhead lily        Nupnar sp.             33 19-4   Bullhead lily         Nuonar sp.            63 Coontail              Ceratoreyllum sp. 31 19-5   Bullhead lily         % pear sp.            2 v               Coontail              Ceratoonyllum sp. 31 5       20-1   Coontail              Ceratophyllum so. 25 20-2   9ulthead lily         Nupnar sp.            <1 Coontail              Ceratopnyllum sp. 43 20-3   Sullhaed lily         Nuenar sp.            16 Coontail              cerstophyllum sp. 32 20-4   Bullhead lily         wonar sp.             8 Coontail              Ceratopeyllum so,     a9 20-5   Su11 head lily        %cnar sp.             52 p}

5 \/ 21-1 'Nctueed tema so. <1 Eelgrass vallise* ria ss. 9 21-2 5. amp loosestrife Secocen sp. 2 M Ducxweed Lema so. <1

                                    =              unidenti"'*d grass    P]aceae               <1 d                                    unnewn                7 g       21-3   Arrow amm 3ur-reed peltandra sp.

spa mann 3 50. 236 23 w 21-4 Arrow are pel tander, sp. 61 21-5 Arrow arm peltancri sp. 38 Sur-reed 5pa manium sp. 14 Greater bicmass of pondweed and bullhead lily were collected during 1980 than in 1979. Eelgrass and water-shield were collected in 1980 but not in 1979. No pickerel-weed, water milfoil, smartseed, or cattail was collected in 1980 but had been collected in 1979. The low water levels in 1980 may have caused the change in macrophytes present. Pond C water levels appeared to be normal with water present in the forepond and in the pond proper. Nuphar sp. was by far the most prominent emergent macrophyte and Ceratophyllum sp. and Utricularia sp. were the most prominent submergent macrophytes, although no Utricularia was specifically collected. u.J 2-125 services group

 .( s 2/

3ut. ton bush was a prominent feature along the shore. Seme cattail and round-stem sedge were present. No unusual observations were noted in Pond C during June 1980. Conditions were generally similar to 1979 although no cattail, bladdervort, or water-milfoil were specifically collected. 3 .

                                                                                                    ,l l
                                                                                                      ~~,

l 4 0 9

                                                                                                       \

1 c

                                           %up-
                                                           \    ,

I Peltandra virginica \ 9 (Arrow arum) k

                                                                                                              \

Pontoderia cordata J (Pickerel weed) i 4 i

                                                          /

I Typha latifolia ' (Cattail) g

                                                    \

W Potamogeton natans (Pondweed) '

            ,] p
                  ,j, 99
                                     .       ' .j". O ),j
                                                                                     ~4)

Ceratophyllum derrersum e q ,i7 (Cocntail) G, t

                                                                                         /

Brasenia schreberi (Water shield) Figure 2-31. Scme Ccemon Macrophytes Found in ?cnd Areas, Bailly Study Area services group

1 I l

              ,                                                                                                              i l
        /                                                            Table 2-27 Generalized Key to Cocnon Nearshore Pond Macrophyte Flora O-                                                 Collected in Bailly Study Area A.'  Free floating, without roots or with roots pendant in water.

I. At surface, upper part of plant ordinarily dry. Lemnaceae - Lemna minor (duckweed) II. Selow surface, plant entirely submerged, floating at mid-depths.

a. Leaves capillary with traps (utricularids)

Lentibulariaceae - Utricularia (bladderwort)

b. Leaves capillary in whorls, without traps, roots absent but stems sometimes become buried (ceratophyllids).

Ceratophyllaceae - Ceratophyllum (coontail) S. Rooted in sediment (rhizopnytes) I. Part of vegetative structure emerging above water for most of year.

a. Elongate emergent stems with long cylindrical or narrow flat leaves.

Sparaganiaeae Sparganium (bur-reed) Cyperaceae Carex (sedge) Dulichium arundinaceum (3-way sedge) Eleocharis (spike rush) Scirpus (bulrush) Typhaceae Typha ( attail)

b. Leaf-bearing stem emerging well above water with air leaves that are usually lanceolate, elliptical, or compound above water.

Polygonaceae Polygonum (smartweed) Haloragaceae Proserpinaca (mermaid-weed)

c. Foliose, petiole extending above water so that the leaf rather than the whole shoot is emergent; flower stalk or inflorescence ordinarily emerges above water; emergent leaf cordate, sagittate, or lanceolate.

Pontederiaceae Pontederia cordata (pickerel weed) Araceae Peltandra virginica (arrow arum) II. Leaves, or at least some of them, floating but not usually emergent.

a. Floating leaves cordate, circular, or elongate-colong.

Nymphaeaceae Nymphaea (water lily) Nuphar (water lily) Cabombaceae Brasenia (water-shield)

b. Floating leaves lanceolate Potamogetonaceae Potamogeton (pondweed)

III. Plant, except flower or inflorescence, submerged, perennially or during most of the growing season,

a. Vittate, long stems or creeping rhizomes with long flexible branches.

(1) Small leaves Hydrocharitaceae Elodea (waterweed) (2) Leaves negriophyllord, greatly divided Haloragidaceae Wriophyllum (milfoil)

b. Stem very short, leaves in a rosette.

Hydrocharitaceae Vallisneria (eelgrass) services group 2-127

4-The water level at Cowles Bog appeared normal in the vicinity of Station 21 (about 0.5 meter) . The substrate was loosely censolidated silt and decomposing organic material. Duckweed was prominent but could not be separated from other macrophytes in the sample. Spurge, Carex sp., marsh rose, arrow arum, wild iris, Decedon sp., Vallisneria sp., and Parthenocisis quinquefolia were all present in this area. Pondweed and cattail had been collected in 1979 and al-though they were not collected in 1980 these plants were present in the bog. 2.3 FISHERIES STUDIES 2.

5.1 INTRODUCTION

. The fish ce=munity is one of the more important ecmponents of the Lake Michigan aquatic system from ecological, commercial, and recreational viewpoints. Fish represent the higher consumer levels in the aquatic ecosystem and provide the basic for the sport and commercial fishina industries. Additionally, fish are excellent indicators of aquatic environ-mental quality, since changes in environmental conditions often affect changes in the resident fish community. Fish co=munities inhabiting a disturbed por-tion of a water body may differ in some respects (i.e., species ccmposition, growth rates 2nd condition, incidence of parasitism / disease) frcm the fish ccumunity in an undisturbed area of similar habitat. The objective of the fisheries pertion of this engoing study is to cbtain data on the fish ccumunity in potentially disturbed (experimental) and undisturbed (control) nearshore areas of Lake Michigan in the vicinity of an existing fossil-fueled electric genere:ing plant and a planned nuclear-fueled electric generating plant. These data are being used to evaluate changes, if any, in the Lake Michigan nearshore fish co=munity within and outside an area poten-tially affected by the combined thermal discharges of these two plants, as well as fish community cha'ges in a natural pond (Pend B) potentially affected by water seepage frco existing ash-settling basins. This subsection represents the seventh in a series of fishery study reports charactericing the ecology of the nearshcre Lake Michigan fishery in the study area and t he fish community inhabiting Pcnd 3. O 2-128 services group

i

,    0 l                                                                                     l

(  ; Adult and juvenile fish samples were collected in Lake Michigan during April, June, August, and December 1980 to determine species occurrence, composition, and spatial / temporal dietribution, as well as condition and degree of external I parasitic infestation. Because of the drying of Pond B with lining of the j ash-settling ponds, samples could only be taken in April. Additionally, food habits were determined for a number of important species (spottail shiner, salmonids (salmon and brown trout combined), alewife and yellow perch] . Sim-ilar determinations (except food habits) were performed on fish samples col-lected in April from Pond B. Fish eggs and larvae were sampled from Lake Michigan to evaluate the extent and temporal / spatial distribution of spawning, both within and outside the areas of potential thermal effects. Subsequently, these data were compared with the fishery data base (Texas Instruments 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, and 1980) in order to discern any changes in the resi-dent fish community. 2.5.2 METHODOLOGY. Adult and juvenile fish were sampled at control and experi= ental stations in nearshore Lake Michigan with experimental gill nets and beach seines; Pond B samples were collected by backpack electrofishing. All captured fish were identified, counted, weighed (grams), measured for total length (millimeters), and examined for external parasites. Young-of-the-year fish and s= aller species were i= mediately preserved, and later taken to the laboratory for length and weight measurements; larger fish were processed in j the field. 1 2.3.2.1 Experimental Gill Nets. The experimental gill nets were 91.4 meters (300 feet) long, 3.0 meters (10 feet) deep, and contained six 15.2-i meter (50-foot) panels. The square panels, as measured from knot to knot, 2 ranged from 25.4 to 88.9 millimeters (1.0 to 3.5 inches). Gill nets were set 3 d perpendicular to the shore across the 4.6-meter (15-foot) depth contour at stations 4 and 7 (Figure 2-1) during each sa oling month. Generally, the nets were set in the late afternocn and retrieved the following morning. The t9ts were anchored at each end with concrete blocks attached to the leadlines and buoyed with polyethylene floats attached to the floatlines. O 2-129 se esymp

,e,

-1 y

2.5.2.2 Beach Seine. Shore-zone samples were collected during daylight gg at stations 23, 24, and 25 (Figure 2-1) during each sampling ranth with a 15.2-meter (30-foot) long, 1. 2-me ter (4-f oo t) deep beach seine, having 3.1-millimeter (0.125-inch) square mesh webbing. Samples were taken by wading t3 a depth of 0.9 meter (3 feet), drawing the seine parallel to the shoreline, and hauling both ends of the net simultaneously shoreward. Caution was exer-cised to ensure that the net was stretched its entire length and that the le i-line was hauled slightly ahead of the floatline. Following net retrieval, sam-ples were concentrated in the center of the seine, removed, and i==ediately preserved in 10-percent buffered formalin. 2.5.2.3 Electrofishing Unit. A Coffelt Model BP-2 backpack electrofishing unit was used to collect duplicate electrofishing samples in April at pond sta-tiens 17 and 13 (Figure 2-1) . The duplicate samples were of 5-minute duration each. The fish collected during each sample were bagged separately and i=ne-diately preserved in 10-percent buffered formalin. 2.5.2.4 3enthic Pump. Ichthyoplankten samples were taken i==ediately above lh the substrate, using a German-Rupp water pump with reinforced neoprene intake and discharge hoses during daylight at stations 4 and 7 in April, June, and November 19S0. The stream of water ' rom the pump was directed into a cenical hocp net, with 80-micron cesh netting, suspended in the water column. Fish eggs and larvae contained in the volume of water str .ined in 15 minutes (3.41 cubic meters) constituted a single sample, and four sampits were collected at each station. Ichthyoplankten samples were stained with Lugol's iodine and rose bengal solutiens and preserved in 4-percent buf fered fernalin. Fish eggs and larvae were removed frca the samples and identified and enumerated under cagnification using standard fresh <ater identification keys and other relevant literature. 2.5.2.5 Hoop Net. Zooplankton samples (subsection 2.2) netted during day-light at stations 1 thrcugh 10 also were examined for ichthyoplankton during each sampling month. Fish eggs and larvae were removed from each sample and identified and enumerated. G

                                         , ,t 30 services group

i

 <                                 a
                                        )

a () 2.5.2.6 Food Habits. Food habits of 50 individuals (25 juveniles and 25 adults, when sufficient numbers were collected) of each selected species [ ale- ' wife, yellow perch, spottail shiner, and all salmonids (salmon and trout com-bined)] were determined from fish collected by gill net and beach seine. Smaller fish were injected with buffered fornalin to halt gastric digestion , and preserved whole; only the stomachs of larger fish were preserved. Stomach contents were teased out into a petri dish and the food items identi-fied to the lowest practical taxon and enumerated. Quantitative data were used to determine each taxon's frequency of occurrence and percentage with respect

to total number of organisms counted. Qualitative estimates of stomach full-ness and degree of digestion were also recorded for each fish examined. To more accurately represent each food item's i=portance, percent estimated im-portance (Importance Index) was determined by multiplying the individual per-centage volume of each food item by the percent fullness of each individual stomach; thus, a food organism representing 60 percent of the volume in a stomach would be rated at 42 percent in a 70-percent full stomach (i.e., 0.060-x 0.70 = 0.420) . The percent estimated importance values of all food items en-countered in each species were added together, and each food item's impcrtance was expressed as a percentage of the total food values in all stomachs.

2.5.2.7 Data Analysis. Catch per unit effort (C/f) was the principal ! criterion used to determine spatial and tempcral distribution patterns of fish,

and was defined for gill net catches as the number of fish collected in a single f overnight gill net set and, for beach seines, as the number of fish collected per seine haul, itch per unit effort was tabulated for each species and an average value calculated for various time periods (i.e. , month, year, study to I

j date) and for each sampling location. f l Condition factors (Lagler 1956) were calculated for individual fish using the

;                                      equation x 105 K=

l L3 ($) i services group 2-131 i

    , , , .   - , ~ ,.,, ,,,-,---,,. m            -n    - . _ . - . -    ,-.,..,n.--        a.,,_n_-,-.    ,,.,,,,,,_,.,-_,.---,-__,-,_.-,n-                -

~I ( where K = condition factor W = weight in grams L = length in millimeters Additionally, monthly and yearly averages were calculated for each species. Densities (number per cubic meter) of each ichthyoplankton taxon collected by zooplankton hoop net and epibenthic pump were calculatad for each sample using the following equation: Density of eggs or larvae of taxa = - f where x = number of eggs or larvae of taxa within aliquot analyzed f = total volume of aliquot s = volume of sample v = total volume of lake water sampled O Mean densities of eggs ar.1/or larvae of individual taxa were calculated for each set of four replicate samples collected at each station using the follow-ing equation: Mean density of eggs or larvae , (d1+d2 +d...d) 3 x of taxa at a specific location r x where d = density of eggs or larvae of taxa in an individual replicate r = number of replicates 2.5.3 RESCLTS AND DISCUSSICN 2.5.3.1 Species Composition. Sixteen species were identified from the 2611 fish collected in the Bailly Study Area during 1980 (Table 2-28) . In general, the species composition observed in 1980 samples was similar to the compositica O 2-132 services group

O P) L O) O) Table 2-28 Common and Scientific Names of Fish Collected in Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980

                                       ""'*                             May 1974-   flar 1975- Mar i    Mar 1977-   Mer 1978-   Mar 1979-       Mar 1980-Co m on                       $ctentific           feb 1975   Feb 1976   Feb lt , Feb 1978    Feb 1979    Fet.1980        Feb 1981 Herrings                    Clupeldae Alewtfe                      Alosa pseudoharen g              Y           X         X        X                X       X              X Gizzard shad                 Odroioma cepKlTE um              X           -         X        X                X      X                -

Trouts and Salmon Salmonidae Brown trout Salmo trutta X X X X X X X 5teelhead trout Qatrdnerl X X - X X k - take trout SalveTTnus namaycush X X X X X X X Chinook salmun OnArhyncus tsnawyfscha X X X X X X X Coho salmon 07TsuteTi- X X X X X - X take whitefish foregonus clupetfomis X - - - - - - Lake herrin9 C_. artedit

                                                                              -           -         -        -                -      X              -

Smelts Osmeridae Rainbow smelt Ocerus mordax X - X - X X X Ratninnows Umbridae Central mudminnow" timbra M X - - - - - y Minnows and Carps Cyprinidae g Emerald shiner Notro Lsi antherinoides X X - - - X X W 5pottall shiner G dsonius X X X X X X X u Carp CypFTnus carpio '- X X X X - - Suckers Catostomidae bihtte sucker fatostomus comersont - X - X - X - Shorthead redhorse Rnnostoma ma T rolepT35tum - - - X - - - Longnose sucker htostumuscatostomus - - - - - I - Freshwater catfish Ictaluridae Channel catfish fetalurus punctatus - X - - X - - Black bullhead ** MJ X X X X X X X Sunfish . Cent rarchidae Bluegill *" tepomis macrochtrus - X X - - - - , Green sunfish ** l. cyanellus I - - - - X X Rock bass EmbloplTGTrupestris - X - - - - - i Perch Perc1dee Yellow perch Perca flavescens X X X X X X X Trout-perch Percopsis outscosuycus - - - - - X - G

,  O 1              Aperican f1shery Society. 1970. Spec. Pub, No. 6, 3rd ed.

i O j O Taken only in nearshore ponds. U ess ec Taken in nearshore ponJ and in Lake Michigan. 9 f4 C 13

observed in previous years; however, some differences were noted. Thirteen species collected in previous years were not collected in 1980; however only h four of these species, carp, white sucker, steelhead trout, and coho salmon, were collected in more than 7 of the past 6 years. No new species were col-lected during 1980. Lake trout was the dominant fish collected by gill net (41.8 percent) while yellow perch was dominant in beach seines (99.9 percent) at Lake Michigan sea-tions during 1980. Other abundant species taken by these gear included ale-wife and spottail shiner. Black bullhead and gretc sunfish were the only fish species collected in Pond 3 during 1980. 2.5.3.2 Gill Net Sampling. Cill net sampling accounted for 194 of the 2611 fish collected during 198P in the study area (Table 2-29). Lake trout was the dominan; species collected, followed by alewife, coho salmon, and yellow perch. Ihis apparent shift in species composition from previous years was due to large catches of lake trout which had not been collected in abun-dance in gill nets prior to 1980. g Table 2-29 Number and Percent Composition of Fish Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 J 221_ 1980 Comen Name No. 1 No.  % No.  % 5 No.  % V.  % No.  % 41ewife 68 17.3 285 54.3 123 66.8 18 15.0 576 72.1 124 23.9 80 41.2 Brown trout 11 2.9 9 1.7 7 3.8 2 1.7 23 2.9 8 1.5 7 3.6 Carp 4 1.1 4 0.8 3 1.6 5 4.2 - - - - - - Channel catfish - - 2 0.4 - - - - 1 0.1 - - - - Chincok salmon 14 3.7 2 0.4 2 1.1 29 24.2 14 1.8 13 2.5 5 2.6 Cono salmon 2 0.5 47 9.0 1 0.5 8 6.7 23 2.9 - - 13 6.7 Emerald shiner - - - - - - - - - - 101 19.5 - - Gizzard sr.ad 1 0.3 - - 1 0.5 1 0.8 2 0.2 1 02 - - Lake herring - - - - - - - - - - 1 C2 - - Lake trout 134 35.3 53 10.2 5 2.7 16 13.3 110 13.8 8 1.5 31 41.8 Lake ahitefish 1 0.3 - - - - - - - - - - - - Lon9ncse sucker - - - - - - - - - - 1 0.2 - - Rainbcw smelt 1 <0.1 - - 1 0.5 - - 6 0.7 2 0.4 - - Rock bass - - 1 0.2 - - - - Shorthead redhorse - - - - - - 2 1 - - .- - - - Spottail shiner - - - - - - - - - - 223 43.1 - - Steelhead trout 37 9.7 3 0.6 - - 1 0.8 8 1.0 3 0.6 - - Trout-peren - - - - - - - - - - 1 0.2 - - White sucker - - 2 G.4 - - 1 0.3 - - 1 0.2 - - Yellow perch 108 U.4 112 21.5 41 22.3 37 30.8 36 4.5 31 6.0 8 4.1 Total 381 - $20 - 184 - 120 - 799 -

                                                                                              $12     -

194 - 0

                                                                                                   ..,    .. yo u, 2 13,

o Typically, apparent shifts in species composition (consisting primarily of alewife, yellow perch, and salmonids) during previous study years (1974-1978) were related to fluctuations in alewife and salmonid populations. State and federal fish stocking programs largely govern the size of salmonid popula-tions in the study area, while alewife population levels may still be adjust-ing, following their relatively recent (1949) invasion of Lak. Michigan and the salmonid introductions designed to curb their population levels.

                        '.te total gill net catch (all species combined) for 1980 was lower than all pr1or years except 1977 (Table 2-30).         Gill net catches were highest in August and lowest in November. The high August catch was due to a large catch of lake trout and alewife. This is the first year that August gill net catches have been the highes for the year.

Spatial distribution during 1979 (Table 2-30) was characterized by only slightly higher catch per unit effort (25 vs 23.5) at the down-lake control station (Station 7) than at the warm-water station (Station 4) . The 1974-1978 catch-per-unit-effort (C/f) values were generally slightly higher at Station 4, in-dicating that fish usually prefer this area over the area at Station 7, al-though this was not the case in either 1979 or 1980. 2.5.3.3 Beach Seine Sampling. Beach seine sampling during 1980 produced 2407 fish consisting of five species: alewife, emerald shiner, yellow perch, rainbow smelt, and spottail shiner (Table 2-31) . Numbers of fish collected by beach seine during 1980 were intermediate in numbers compared to numbers col-I lected during most previous years (1974-1979) . Opecies composition, although not strictly comparable because of reduced sampling frequency in 1975, had l shif ted from a shore-:ene community dominated by alewife and spottail shiner during 1974,1975, and 1976 to a community dominated primarily by spottail f shiner and yellow perch during 1977. The return to a spottail shiner- and alewife-dominated community during 1978 was due primarily to substantial in-creases in the catch for these two species. In 1979 most fish collected were spottail shiner. During 1980 spotta11 shiner and yellow perch were again the l dominant species. These changes in relative abundance were probably not re- ! laced to Bailly Generating Station operation or Bailly Nuclear-1 construction

activities. Spottail shiner generally had been the most numerous species l

l collected throughout the 1974-1979 study period. However, yellow perch were 2-135 seMces gmup l 1- . - _ - - _ - _ .- - - . - - - . - - _ - - - - . _ _ -

ma i e 1

  /                                                                                           )

Table 2-30 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Catch (All Species Combined) g Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Station 4 Station 7 Total Total

                          *s t e      Catem       Catc9   Sten  Samoles  C/ f 1974
                      %y 26              9         46       55      2    27.5 Jun              15            7      22     2      11.0 Jul              79          34      113     2      56.5 Aug                3           6        9    2       4.5 Oct 4            24          48       72     2      36.0 Oct 24           41          20       61     2     30.5 Nov 18            37          12      49     2     24.5 Total fism            208         173      381 Total sareles           7           7            14 C/f*                   29.7        24.7                  27.2 1975 Mr               **          **      **      0     **

Aor 17 150 134 234 2 142.0 My 22 13 16 29 2 14.5 Jun 13 35 19 54 2 27.0 Aug 3 26 30 56 2 28.0 Mov 3 59 38 97 2 48.5 Total fisn 233 237 520 Total sancies 5 5 10 C/f 56.6 47.4 52.0 1976 Aor 7 32 42 124 2 62.0 Jun 6 5 9 14  ? 7.0 Aug 72 9 28 37 2 18.5 Nov 19 7 2 9 2 4.5 Tbtal fisn 103 81 184 Total samples 4 4 8 C/f 25.3 20.3 23.0 1977 Aor 14 35 3j 65 2 34.0 Jun 11 7 4 1: 2 5.5 Aug 26 21 17 34 2 19.0 sov 23 1 2 3 2 1.5 Total fish 64 56 120 Total samoles 4 4 3 C/f 16.0 14.0 15.0 1978 Aor 23 308 255 563 2 231.5 Jun 17 43 25 69 2 34 . 5 Aw9 21 67 12 79 2 39.5 Nov 19 45 43 38 2 44.0

                *otal fish            463         336      799 Total sareles            4           4             8 t/f                   115.8        34.0                  99.9 1979 Ny5             108          38      146     2     73.0 Jul 15

• 254 254 1 254.0 Aug 18 40 73 113 2 56.5 Mc 6 3 2 5 2 2.5 total fisn 151 367 518 Total samples 3 4 7 C/f 50.3 91.5 70.9 1980 Aor 13 29 10 38 2 19.0 Jun 12 22 34 56 2 28.0 Aug 20 J2 42 74 2 37.3 Nov 20 12 14 26 2 13.0 Total ffsn 94 100 194 Tctal saneles 4 4 8 CI' 2? 5 25 24.25 1974-.980 Total fisn 1366 1350 2716 Total saseles 31 32 63 C/f 44.1 42.2 43.1

                  **aten per over919mt set.
                **% sasole collected.

2-136 seMces grog

O dominant in 1980. Changes in the relative abundance of spottail shiner have usually been due to the variable numbers of alewife collected during each year. Possible reasor.s for variable numbers of alewife included natural variations in abundances and that alewives may have been in deeper water during the 1979 and 1980 sampling periods. The large catches of yellow perch in beach seines indi-cate a strong year-class. Large numbers of yellow perch also were observed in and around the thermal discharge of the power plant. Table 2-31 Number and Percent Composition of Fish Collected by Beach Seine, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 1974 1975 1976 1917 1978 1979 1980 Cssnon Name No.  % Nc. 1 No. No.  ! No.  % No.  %  %. Alewife 1762 S4.0 1232 32.2 2033 51.2 1 0.4 140 5.5 - - 51 2.2 Bluegill - - 1 0.1 6 0.2 - - - - - - - - Brown trout 12 0.6 - - - - - - - - 1 0.1 - - Chinock salmon 10 0.5 5 0.1 - - 3 1.2 7 0.3 - - - - Cono Salmon - - - - - - - - - - - -  ! <0.1 Emerald shiner 1 <0.1 3 0.1 - - - - - - - - 1 <0.1 Giz: arc shad 4 0.2 - - - - - - - - - - - - Secttail shiner 282 13.5 2563 67.0 1923 48.6 220 89.3 2361 93.3 783 99.9 224 34.3 Steelhead trout 1 <0.1 - - - - - - - - - - - - White Sucker - - - - - - 1 0.4 - - - - - -

    )   fellow perch Rairbow smelt 19     0.9         21       0.5   -         -

20 3.2 16 0.6 - - 1525 63.5

                                                               -         -   -        -         3     0.3    -           -

5 <0.1 Total 2091 - 3825 - 3967 - 245 - 2532 - 784 - 2407 - 3each seine catches were highest during August (2401)* and were dominated by sub-adult fish. Highest beach seine catches during previous years (1974-1978) occurred during August and were dominated by young-of-the-year fish through 1977 and sub-adult fish in 1978. Zero, or extremely low seine catches have occurred during April sampling since 1975; this trend continued during April 1980. Additionally, zero or near-zero catches occurred at all stations dur-ing November 1980, which was of ten the case in previous years. l Spatial distribution of total catch (all species combined) during 1979 was characterized by mederate catches at Station 24 (experimental or warm-water station) and low catches at Station 23 (control station) (Table 2-32). During most of the previous years (1974-1979), yearly catch values were usually high-est at Station 24. However, higher catches usually varied by sample date from Station 24 to 25, indicating that fish may prefer the area of one beach seine station over the other during certain times of the year.

        *Howeeer, no semples were unalyzed for June.

2-137 services group

,g e\ V Table 2-32 g Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Total Catch (All Species Combined) Collected by Beach Seine, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 5tatica 23 Station 24 5tation 25 Total Total hte Cate% Catch Caten Catch $asoles C/f 1974 N y 24 S 32 0 90 3 30.3 Jun 28 0 14 0 14 3 4.7 Jul 2 77 4 61 54 0 3 1B0.0 Aug 26 1 738 102 841 3 230.3 Sep 21 3 0 10 10 3 3.3 Nov 7 233 20 0 253 3 34.3 Nov 7 329 14 0 343 3 114.3 Total fish 573 945 573 2091 Total samples 7 7 7 21 C/f* 81.9 135.0 81.9 99.6 1975 mr 27 0 0 0 0 3 0.0 Apr 17 1 0 0 1 3 0.3 Ny 19 102 0 50 152 3 50.7 Jun 13 214 595 12 321 3 273.7 Aug 8 497 991 1363 2S51 3 950.3 how 2 3 0 0 0 3 0.0 Total fish 814 1586 1825 3825 Total saneles 6 6 6 18 C/f 135.7 264.3 237.5 212.5 1976 Acr 10 1 0 0 1 3 0.3 Jun 9 7 1596 31 1634 3 544.7 Aug 11 0 638 1698 2331 3 777.0 Nov 16 0 1 0 1 3 3.3 Tot.' fish 8 2235 1724 3967

          'otal ? voles              4               4              4                12 C/f                        2.0          558.8          431.3                    330.6 1977 mor                    0               0              0          0      3     0. 0 Jun 13                 2              19              2        23       3     7.7 Aug 26                 3             39            172        219       3    73.0
              %v 20                  0               1              2          3      3     1.0 Total fish                10             59            176        245 Total samples              4               4              4                12 C/f                        2.5            14.8           44.3                    20.4 1978 Aer 'S                 0               3              0          0      3     0.0 Jun 16                32           2276              18      2326       3   7'5.3 Aug 13                 8             47              37       142       3    47.3
              %v 18                  0             64               3        64       3    21.3 Total fisn                40           2387            105       2532 Total samples              4               4              4                12 C/f                       10.0          596.8            26.3                   211.0 1979 my5                    0               0              3          0      3     0.0 Jul 15 and 23          0            717              66       783       3   261.3 Aug 16                 J               0              3          0      3     0.3 Dec 4                  1               0              0          1      3     0.3 Total fisn                 1            717              66       784 Total saseles              4               4              4                12 C/f                        0.3          179.3            16.5                    65.3 1980 Acr 18                3               4               1         5       3    1.7 Jun 12                 0               0               0         0      0     **

Aug 21 105 249 2047 2401 3 900.3

               %v 20                 0               1               0          1     3     3.3 Total fish              105            254           2048       2407 Total samles              4               4               4               12 C/f                      26.3            63.5          512                     200.6 1974-1980 Total fish            1551            8183           5117     15.351 Total samples            33              33             33                99 C/f                      47            248             135.4                   160.1
           *Cate.n per seine naul.

5 amoles were lost durim; analysis. services group 2-138

O

              ** )

('

    %           2.5.3.4               Ele ctro fishing . Electrofishing in Pond B during only April 1980 (d             produced 8 black bullhead and 12 green sunfish (Table 2-33). Black bullhead has dominated each of the previous years' collections except during 1974, when only one black bullhead was collected and qualitative dip net samples documented the presence of central mudminnow and green sunfish. Green sunfish were the dominant fish collected in 1974 as in 1980. The black bullheads ranged from 118 to 127 millimeters in total length and from 0.74 to 1.36 condition factor (K) . The green sunfish ranged from 29 to 89 millimeters in total length and from 1.23 to 1.73 condition factor (K).

Table 2-33 Number and Percent Composition of Fish Collected by Electrofishing, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 1974* 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979** 1980 Consum 1ame  %. 1 w. 5 Mo. 1  % 5 Mo. 5 No. 5 No. 5 Slack bullhead 1 3.6 10 90.9 42 100 2 100 22 100 3 75 8 43 Bluegill - - 1 0.1 - - - - - - - - - - Central mi.dminnow 1 3.6 - - - - - - - - - - - - [)) Green sunfish sunftsn 26 92.9 1 25

                                                                                                                                                   - 12 60 Total              23                  11                      42             2                    22            4            20 Cualitative die net samples taken in Septemaer; electrofisning produced no fish.

samples collected only during August. 2.5.3.5 Ichthvoplankton. Fish eggs collected during 1980 included alewife and cyprinid (probably carp) (Tables 2-34, 2-36 and 2-38) . Only alewife and , spottail shiner larvae were collected during 1980 (Tables 2-35 and 2-38) . Ale-wife eggs and larvae have been the dominant ichthyoplankton collected curing previous years. Alewife egg densities in 1980, an indication of alewif a spawn-ing in the Bailly area, were slightly higher than 1974, 1975, 1977, 1978, and 1979 concentrations, but were lower than densities found in 1976 samples (Table 2-34). Alewife eggs were collected only in June 1980, a month when peak egg densities were observed during previous years; concentrations were higher at . stations 2 and 10 than at other sampling locations. t t 2-139 services group

  .   ,--- --               . - -                -.       .m -- , , - - . .- - - - ,                      . _ - - , _ -                                        --.- ---,. --

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O Alewife and spo*: tail shiner larvae were collected only during June 1980; con-centrations we.re highest at stations 8 and 9 (Table 2-35). Alewife larval densities were similar to previous years and actual numbers indicate the sim-ilar usage of these sampling locations as a nursery area. Based on the pre-sented data (1974-1980), no consistent yearly differences in egg or larval concentrations were evident between s.mpling stations. No eggs or larvae were collected in nearshore ponds. The effect of the war 2-water discharge on the nearshore spawning and nursery areas in the Bailly vicinity was further determined by sampling fish eggs and larvae with an epibenthic pump during April and Nove=ber at a warm-water sta-tion (Station 4) and a control station (Station 7). No fish eggs or larvae were collected with the epibenthic pump during 1980 (Tables 2-36 and 2-37) . Based on the presented data (1974-1980), no consistent yearly differences in ichthyoplankton concentrations were shown between the two sanpling locations. Samples have been collected during November to detect salmonid spawning; how-ever, no salacnid eggs or larvae have been collected from 1974 to 1980. Mean Densities

• of Fish Eggs Collected by Benthic Pump, Bailly Study A; 2a, 1974-1980 Table 2-36 h

1 74 1975 '976 1917*** 1974 14F9 14eo

                                        %?at ts           *e aan        4,**        .un      at ite w 4pe   %,        e     Ju l %e    ae c       w     inn,    ae c    tua   sen,     ac r ;un     en,  ap,       j ,, ape         3,a

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                                          **been stammer ,we cut'C meter .
                                        ** Collet t'ent a t Stat tops 4 and 7 mode eith 3. 54eter ll .6-f oot) epioeetnic Sled %de te$ net e1Ut 333-eitron meth operture.

i.. < - ,0.i.co. .e. et sun. ie i,n. 5-.6 = i = = w., ,. . . . Table 2-37 Mean Densities

• of Fish Larvae Collected by Benthic Pump, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 s ,.n ,.n ,m ,,w we .m _ mo

                                                           'ese                                         *p'                      ** Apr non %e ter ;,                   g,     see    y_     g,    age jun       g,   p.,    j,n

• gn, Osti*in . F* Jose Au l ** *b e Ass .'41 4 A1, wife ici . - . - . 0.76 - - . - . - .

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                                         *** ell #Ct'e*1 et Stettomt 4 and ? seep with 0.5-estee (1.6 *not) optbenthic sled %evesq aet ei th 333-eitm ersa eneetwre.

(pmeath1C eue evt eces tpv %eos wt et !tettga 10 hr +*g i 1977 We, ivit w i.si . s 2-142 seWes gg

Y Incidental ichthyoplankton observations from Ponar dredge samples are shown in Table 2-38. Although n't all samples contained eggs, those which did yielded from 1 to appro> rstely 1500 eggs per Ponar grab sample. The ver-tically hauled zooplankten v t yielded fewer eggs, indicating net samples probably underestimare egg density in this area of Lake Michigan. i Table 2-38 Inc13 ental Ichthyoplankton Observations from Ponar Grab Samples, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Date

• Station Species Life Stage No. No./m2 Jun 2A Alewife Egg 6 115 1980 3A Alewife Egg 524** 10,024 3B Alewife Egg 36** 689 4A Alewife Egg 2** 38 48 Alewife Egg 1** 19 5A Alewife Egg 59** 1,129 SB Alewife Egg 30 574 6A islewire Egg 7 134 6B Alewife Egg 4 77 7A Alewife Egg 5** 96 7B Alewife Egg 5** 96 O Cyprinidae Egg 1 19

  's                            8A      Alewife              Egg      13       249 88     Alewife               Egg      51       976 9A      Alewife              Egg       8**      153 9B     Alewife               Egg      40**     765 10A      Alewife              Egg     377     7,212 Cyprinidae           Egg      53     1,014 10B     Alewife               Egg     115**   2,200 Cyprinidae            Egg      11**     210 No ichthyoplankten observed in April, August, and Novetter, 1980.

Estimated that less than 50 percent of the eggs were viable at collection time. 2.5.4 SPECIES DISCUSSION. The follcwing species discussion addresses spatial and temporal distribution, reproduction in the study area, conditien, and external parasitism for each species collected during 1980. Food habits will also be discussed for selected species [ alewife, salmonids (salmen and trout), spottail shiner, and yellow perch] .

O l

2-143 services group l

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2.5.4.1 Alewife 2.5.4.1.1 Introduction. The alewife is a small, exotic fish that has be-come established in all five of the Laurentian Great Lakes (Scott and Crossman 1973). Its invasion of Lake Michigan was first detected in May 1949, when a single adult was taken in a gill net set off South Manitou Island (Miller 1957) . Since that time, it has become the most abundant and widely distributed species in the lake, occupying all areas of the lake and its tributaries, esturaies, and bays during different seasons of the year (Smith 1968). The alewife has a streng competitive advantage over the other planktivorous species because of its efficient filter-feeding behavior and its characteristic of forming dense schools (Smith 1968). Because dense schools of alewife occupy differ-ent portions of the lake during different seasons of the year, they can influ-ence all other fish species (Smith 1968) . 2.5.4.1.2 Spatial and Temporal Distribution. Gill net catches of alewife were highest during May and lowest during April and June 1980 (Table 2-39). sm g, ' Gill net catches of alewife in April 1980 were higher at Station 4 (varm-water station) than at Station 7 (control or unaffected station). Gill net catches during previous years shewed no consistent yearly preference for area (sta-tion) although overall catch rate (1974-1980) for the two gill net stations was highest at Station 4 (22.6 per set at Station 4,17.7 per set at Station 7) . Alewife catches were lower during 1980 than in 1978 or 1979. Mean lengths and weights of alewife (Table 2-39) were similar at the two gill net stations dur-ing April and June (when numbers permitted comparison). All fish compared were adults. Several authors (Norden 1968, Wells 1968, and Brown 1972) re-I ported that alewife overwinter in deep water, initiate shoreward spawning migrations led by larger fish during March, and become most abundant in near-shore areas in late April and May. After spawning, alewife gradually move back to the deeper water. Alewife were collected by beach seining during Augu t 1980 (Table 2-40). All fish were young-of-the-year with densities highest at Station 25. Overall i catch records (1974-1980) show that greater numbers of alewife (usually young-l of-the-year) have been seined at Statien 25 (C/f = 79.8), decreasing in a west-ward direction to a low at Station 23 (C/f = 32. 3) . 2-145 services gr<up

O t Table 2-40 Catch per Unit Effort (C/f) and Mean Lengths and Weights of Alewives h Collected by Beach Seine, Bailly Study Areal 1974-1980 Stattaa 23 Statten 24 Staties 23 ?nd Tm1 3ste Catch 91mesth ! 92 3 height ** 58 Catch 2 Laseth ! FT t Weight * $3 Catell 914esta ! 58 9 betabe ? SE Catea semoles C/f 1974 gav 24 0 -. -- 0 -- - 0 - 0 3 0.0 Je 28 0 -. -- 2 141.0 t 12.7 39.00

• 1.44 0 - - 2 3 3. 7 Jai 0 -- - 9 20. 0 + 1.4 0.1 *
• 441 !5.4 + 2.1 0.1 * * *
• 669 3 154. 3 21=. 0 nog 26 1 23.0 g C .0 0.1320.00 645 34.2 { 6.9 0.2450.27 34 32.239.1 0.3650.53 702 3 Sep 21 3 - 0 -- - 0 - -. 0 3 0.0 new 7 233 57.9 + 4.9 1,73 + 0.*4 17 64.6 : S.* 0.90 g 0.32 0 -= - 250 3 83.3 new 7 326 14.0 + t.9 1..e + 0. 79 L3 **.3+ 7. 6 ').a2 ! 0.62 0 - -- 139 3 All Total fleh Sec 7C5 497 1762 fetal sessies 7 7 7 21 Cif ** 80.J 130.7 71.0 83.9 19?S sr 27 0 - - 4 - - 0 - - 0 1 3.3 Apr 17 3 - - 0 - - 0 - - G 3 1.0

        %, 19                    0          .-              -          0         --                 -               3         -                -             3     3    0.G Jun 13                   0          -               -          0         -                  -               4                          -             0     3    0. J Aug 9                 e9 7     '2. 3

• 3. 3 0.10 + = =01 29.8 ; 1.3 0.21 : 0.D9 334 $0.2 4 1.09 + 0.23 1232 3 610.;

nov 12 0 - - 0 - - 3 -- - 3 3 0.4 Tetal fiaa *97 a01 336 1232 Total semslee 4 e 6 '. B

     ;i f                      52.8                                   64.8                                        15.7                                                 68.6 1976 Apr 10                   0          -               -          0         -                  -               0         -                -             0     3    0. 3 Jun 0                    3          -               -         92      el.3 +    0. 4     3.10

• 0.10 0 - - 42 1 27.3 Aue 11 3 - - ZSe 27.6 ; 0.. 3.14 * *** 1692 26.6 + 3.3 3. 22 ; *** 19$1 3 650.3 nov 16 3 -. - 0 - - 0 - -. 0 3 0.0

     *otal f tet                 0                                   341                                        1692                                     203)

Total samplee 4 6 6 12 C/ f 0.3 55.3 62 3.0 169.* 197? apett 3 - -. 0 - - 0 - - 3 3 J Jun 10 3 .- - 0 -- - 3 - - 0 3 0 Aug 26 3 - - 0 - - 3 -- - ) j 3 9ev 23 3 - - 1 SS -*3 1.2 *~ O O - - 1 3 c. 3 Tatal flah 1 1 1 Tocal samplee . . 6 ;2 C/ f 3 3. 3 0 3.1 1970 Apr 23 3 - - 3 - - 3 -- ') 3 0 Jun 16 0 -. ~ ) 13 3. 5 + .2. 6 12 i + 7.53 0 -- -- i 3 1.7 Aug 10 0 - - 1 2 J 71 .5.6

• 3.49 3. 1 3 3. 3. . 3 23. ?

u o, 18 3 - - 64 10.1 ; .13 . ;3 *, * ;l

                                                                                                            .       0         -                   -           3    3 Total fish                  3                                     to                                         71                                      10 fetai semelee               a                                        e                                         .

C/f 3 17. ; l' . 8 11.7 19?9 l =a, 3 1 -. -- 3 -- -- 5 - - 2 1 s.' I a; ;3 and 23 0 - -- 1 - - 3 -- - 3 3 s.) I 4.g ;g  ; - -  ; - .- 0 -- - 3 3 J. 7

.c , 3 - - 0 - -. a -. - 3 1 '.J i Tetal flah 3 3 0 1 3<I fatal samplee * *

• 12 C/ f 3. 3 3. 0 0.0 LO h

1980 Apr le 3 - - 3 - - r3 - - 0 1 0.3 Jose 12 3 - - 3 - -- 3 - - 0 0 **** Aug 11 10 31.6

• 1.62 0.22 ! 3.01 3 e.3* 9.47 3. 4 ! L 4 7 38 **.9* I-)? L a ! " ;8 *1 3 .".G sov 20 3 - - 0 - - ') - - 3 3 3.0 total fish ;3 3 :0 31 Total sample *
• 4 2 Ce f 2. 5 0. 9 9.3 4. ;$

19 76-L %8t] Total fisa 1347 45 0 2632 '2;9

        !stal sanoie            13                                    33                                           33                                            29 c/f                     32.3                                  -e .1                                       79.s                                                 12.7

• Total leassa to stillestere: weight is is grame.

i

          .atch per seine haul.

! ***w standerd error calculated.

    ~*

l se. 1e. . ..e . i O services group 2-146

t u O V 2.5.4.1.3 Food Habits. Adult alewife collected in the Bailly vicinity dur-ing 1979 fed primarily on zooplankton (predominantly calanoid copepods) (Table 1-u) . Presence of these organisms indicates that alewife probably fed in open arer and along the lake bottom. Zooplankton were the most impor. tant food items as determined by frequency of occurrence, although most of the volume was di- , gested matter). Based on the importance index (subsection 2.5.2.6), calanoid copepods were the second most important food item, with digested matter the most important. Table 2-41 Food Habits of Adult Alewife, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Length Range - 166-223 e1111 asters Stomachs Examined - 25 Stamschs fasty -2 Occurrences Anuncance

                                                                                                                                    !mortance Food item              go.           t       No.            I                     face Alcae Filamentous a19ae                 3       13.C5           0     0.0                         2.79 Terrestrial vegetation                  4       17.39           0     0.0                          3.36 20colanaton Sosetntdae                        9       39.13         56      3.C8                         1.32 Chydortdae                        3       13.04         12      0.43                        0.10 Cladocera                       10        43.48        '60      5.73                        2.24 Calanoisa                         9       39.13     1858      66.52                       23.e9 O                                       Cyclocoida dersacticoida Cooeooda pontoocreta affinis 10 3

2 2 13.04 8.70 43.48 S.70 98 14 553 2 3.51 0.50 19.80 0.07 0.95 0.12 6.43 1.24 insects Corfaidae nympn 1 4.35 2 0.07 0.59 Cryntochironomous (larvae) 3 13.04 3 0.11 0.47 Saeteerie so. (larvae) 3 13.04 5 0.18 0.55 a%atic tesect remnants 1 43.5 0 0.0 0.04 Otner 31aestive untter 22 95.65 0 0.0 55.89 Sard grains 3 13.04 0 0.0 0.12 i Data from previcus years (1974-1979) indicated that alewife fed primarily on zooplankton (Texas Instruments 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979); however,

Webb and McComish (1974) and Rhodes et al (1974) reported that fish eggs and larval alewife were i=portant food items of Lake Michigan alewife during late su=mer and early fall, a time period when few alewives have been collected in l

i she Bailly study. Of the 25 juvenile slewife stemccha examined, only 1 was empty (Table 2-42) . Copepods were found in all 24 s.tomachs and were the most important organisms ingested. The next most important food was chydorid cladocerans, 11.7 percent (Table 2-42) . The fact that virtually all food was zooplankton is character-istic of alewife in general and juveniles in specific. 2--147 services group

, s Y, '

Table 2-42 h Food Habits of Juvenile Alewife, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Length 8tange 61 millimeters Stomachs Examit.ed - 25 Stomachs Empty -1 Oc.arrences Abundance I tm Food item No. I No. 1 Inden Zooplankton Bosminidae 22 91.67 677 12.10 7.18 Chydoridae 23 95.83 895 16.00 11.70 Dacenta sp. 21 87.50 320 5.74 4.73 Lacocera (unid.) 22 91.67 278 4.97 3.04 Calanoida 20 83.33 350 6.25 5.00 Copepoda 24 100.00 3070 54.89 56.35 Insects Chironomidae (larvae) 2 3.34 2 0.04 0.29 Other Digestive matter 2:. 83.33 11.53 Sand oreins 5 20.83 0.18 2.5.4.1.4 Condition and Parasitism. Condition factors for alewife collected , during 1980 were higher than those collected during 1974, 1977 and 1979, and slightly lower than those observed during 19 75,1976, and 19 78 (Table 2-43) . Yearly ccndition factors were similar to those reported by Liston and Tack (1973). No obvious external parasites were noted on alewife collected during g 1930. Parasites that have been known to infest alewife have been previously discussed by Texas Instruments (1975) . Table 2-43 Condition Factors of Fish Collected in Bailly Station Vicinity, 1974-1980, Plus Values Obtained from Relevant Literature less I e i 9 R I i 9,ee t e, ce m wa ** 1*** 19  : s's I t !9 75 1991 19'6 Litererwr. 9 orce ala-s f e 3.308 0.?64 3.726 - 0.767 0.751 0.*93 3. 6H3 0.334 0.800 3. 'oa 3.70M.841 ti.lates and Tum 1973) Stssard sand - * * - - 1. 2 '2 1.195 1.519 1 G58 - 1.U3 1.2193 Ruse et al 1973) n.- salma 1.275 1. 132 1.393 - 1.107 1.139 1.12 B 1. Jc2 1.113 1.151 1.171 1.3462 Gude et al 19'31 came eslame 0.819 1.36 1 1.372 2.992 0.982 - 1.295 3 854 1.310 3.926 1.005 1.0535 ( 2ede et al 1973) ers-e trone 1.0s2 1. 6C9 1.557 - 1.416 1. 09 1. =M 1.35* 1.267 1.334 1.327 1.24 !Carlander 1969) - 1.2622 Guds et a 1973) Leme crows - 1. Me 3. eee 3. 3s. 0.979 1. Jec 0.*06 3.981 0.932 3.973 1.022 J. 9'A-1.131 % stoa and Taca 1973) Caev - - - - - - - 1. 5C 3 1. 8, 6. 3*4 1. 1.23-1.50 'Carlasser 19691 spectail entsee - - 3.814 - 0.814 0.734 0. 445 3. ?t 2 0.795 3.870 0.809 0.826-4.9 1 'i.astos med Tack 19'3) Alaca nul.Aead 1.395 - - - 1.395 1.123 1.255 1.042 1.384 1.213 1.248 . 11-1. % (Cerimoser 19et) te11sw perca - 1.176 3.440 - 1.027 1.34 1.J92 0.*89 1.099  !.345 1.0? S 1.3685-1.359 Cuse et al 1973) abate earter - - - - - . 234 - 3. M 7 - - - - ,,,e,,,,ee. - _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. 19 _ _ _ _ reeerse se a - - - - _ 1.2a 1.a2 1. 37 - .92 1.uS - 0 2-148 services group

  <o
   .\

() 2.5.4.2. Yellow Perch 2.5.4.2.1 Introduction. The yellow perch, a percid, is commonly found in all of the Great Lakes (Hubbs and Lagler 1958) . In Lake Michigan, it inhabits the shallow and intermediate depths, and is near bottom during most of the year and at mid-levels in summer (Wells 1968). 2.5.4.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Distribution. Yellow perch were collected in greatest abundance (7) in August at Station 7. These 7 together with the 1 fish collected in June at Station 4 were all that were collected in 1980. Year-to-date (1974-1980) catch rates (C/f) were higher at Station 4; 1976 and 1980 were the only years (not including 1979 because of the missed sample) with higher catches at Station 7 than at Station 4, indicating that yellow perch may prefer the area of Station 4 over Station 7. Catches were low in 1980 as compared to prior years (Table 2-44). The yellow perch at Station 4 was slightly larger than the average of the 7 collected at Station 7. Because of the low numbers, little inference should be drawn from this. Large num-bers of yellow perch were collected by beach seine during 1980 (Table 2 45), as was the case during August 1978 at stations 24 and 25. None were caught in 1979. Additionally, no perch were collected during 1976, but were collected in similar numbers at these same two stations in August 19 74,1975, and 19 77. This was the first year that yellow perch have been collected at Station 23 by beach seine during the 7-year monitoring study. 2.5.4.2.3 Food Habits. Adult yellow perch examined during 1979 fed only on fish (Table 2-46) . The primary food during other years was fish, although other food categories have been encountered (Texas Instruments 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979). During 1979, yellow perch fed exclusively on fish. The only identi-fiable ones were alewife. Twenty-five juvenile yellow perch stomachs were ex-amined for food habit evaluatien. Thirteen of those stomachs were empty. The most important food organisms were Daphnia and calanoid copepods (Table 2-47) . This is typical for most juvenile fish as the primary food is zooplankton. services group 2-149

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2 Table 2-46 g Food Hrdaits of Adult Yellow Perch, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Length Range - 179-217 millimeters stomachs Examined - 8 Stomachs Empty -5 Occurrences Abundance Volume rta m Food Item No.  % No.  % mt  ! Index

       - IJnid. fisa (juvenile)        3   100.0       3      50.00     1.90      48.71        97.62 Alewife (juvenile)         1     33.3      1      50.00     2.00      51.28          2.38 Table 2-47 Food Habits of Juvenile Yellow Perch, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Length Range       67  millineters Stomachs Examined - 25 Stomachs Empty     - 13 Occurrences          Abundance          Importance Food Item              No.         t      No.          %         Inden Zooplankton                                                                                        &

W Bosminidae 4 33.33 14 1.14 0.18 Chyderidae 7 58.33 33 2.68 1.12 Oaphnia sp. 10 83.33 407 33.C6 55.34 Cladocera 7 58.33 59 4.79 1.43 Caldocera (innature) 1 8.33 0 0.0 0.61 Calanoida 10 83.33 319 25.91 26.99 Cyclopoi - 6 50.00 29 2.36 1.09 Copepoda 10 83.33 369 29.98 3.52 Amphipoda 1 8.33 1 0.C8 1.23 Other Digestive matter 5 41.67 0 0.0 2.64 Sand grains 5 41.67 0 0.0 0.86 2.5.4.2.4 Condition and Parasitism. The condition factor for yellow perch collected during 1980 was slightly lower than those of fish collected during all previous years except 1976 (Table 2-4 3) . Slight differences in yearly condition factors were probably due to the different lengths, weights, and life stages of perch collected (Tables 2-44 and 2-45) , rather than ef fects caused by operatien of Bailly Generating Station or construction activities for the Bailly Nuclear-1 facility. O 2-152 services group l l

0 o

    \~-)      No obvious external parasites were noted on yellow perch during 1980.                          Para-sitic infestations of yellow perch have been discussed previously (Texas In-struments 1975) .

2.5.4.3 Spottail Shiner 2.5.4.3.1 Introduction. The spottail shiner is a small cyprinid that be-longs to the group of fish collectively referred to as minnows. Spottail shiners inhabit all of the Great Lakes, where they can be found close to the bottom in nearshore water (Hubbs and Lagler 1958; Wells and House 1974) . In Lake Michigan, they are most abundant in the southeastern portion of the lake and in Green Bay (unpublished data cited by Wells and House 1974). 2.5.4.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Distribution. Spottail shiner was collected only by beach seine and was found in greatest abundance at Station 25 (Table 2-48). Spottail shiner was collected with beach seine during August. Total catch (C/f) for spottail shiner during 1980 was intermediate with the prior

    /~3       years of monitoring (1974-1979) . Catches of spottail shiner during most of V         the previous years (1974,1975,1976,1978, and 1979) and overall catch rates (1974-1979) were higher at the warm-water station (Station 24) , indicating that these fish may prefer the warm-water area. Spottails collected during August 1980 were primarily subadult or adult fish (Table 2-48).                        During pre-vious years, subadult and adult fish were collected during spring or early summer, and smaller (young-of-the-year or subadult) fish were collected dur-ing late summer. Wells (1968) reported that spottail shiner in southeastern i              Lake Michigan were confined to depths of 12.8 meters (42 feet) in early spring and fall, and to depths of 31.1 to 45.7 meters (102 to 150 feet) in winter.

l This behavior in the Bailly area would preclude the capture of spottail shiner during these times of year. Wells (1968) also reported that during summer, spottails were usually restricted to depths less than 12.8 meters (42 feet) .

2.5.4.3.3 Food Habits. All 11 of the adult spottail shiner stomachs ex-amined during 1979 contained food. The most i=portant food items in stomachs

, based on frequency of occurrence, percent by number, and the importance index, were aquatic insects (as a whole) (Table 2-49). During previous years, spottail shiners fed on cladocerans, copepods, fish eggs, insects, and plant material 2-153 * * '" I 9 '" 8

. o, 4[) (Texas Instruments 19 76, 19 7 7, 19 78, 19 79, and 1980) e Scott and Crossman (1973) reported that juvenile spottail shiners feed primarily on zooplankton (cladocerans, copepods, rotifers) and algae, while adult fish feed on zocplad-ton, insect nymphs and larvae, molluscs, and fish eggs and larvaes Table 2-48 Catch per Unit Effort (C/f) and Mean Lengths and Weight.s of Spottail Shiners Collected by Beach Seine, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980

                                                $tatt.se 23                                  Stat 18e 24                                      Statten 25                ?ot sa ?otal Dat e          stch I Leesth* t ef I Weiset* + ff f atet          1 Length ! 51 I Weteht *ft Cat em i 1meatt

• 53 i Wesshs t SB Cat ta lawlee C/f 1974 ;4. 3 Mar *4 0 - - 'S 54. 3 + 11. 8 1. 33 ; 1.32 0 - - 'I 3 3 0. 3 J.an :8 0 - - 1 12 5 : J.0 22.70 1 3.00 3 - -

71 1 3 23.1 Jai . 13. 3 + 2.8 3.13

• 0.JO 49 20.0 1 1. 6 S.1 1 0.00 0 - -

m),0 aus 6 3 - - m2 .4. 9 + 13. 3 3. 09 + 0.11 58 5*.9 + 23. 7 2.2632.36 120 3 3 - - 10 30 . i

• 1.1 3.2910.37 13 3 3. 3 Sep 21 3 - -

31.3 + 2.1 0.29 + 0.0 3 0 - - 2 3 3. 7 nov 7 3 - - . 3.J 9 - - 0 - - 0 3 sow 7 0 - 2 2L2 68 282 Total fiaa Total emples  ? 7 7 21

0. 3 30.3 4. ? 13.e C/ fee 19 73

                                                               ++           0                               -              0           -                   ==                 0    3       3.3 Mar 27                  3           -

age 17 3 - - 0 - - 0 - - 3 3 0.0 Ms, 19 131 =2.9 12 .5 3.09 + 1. 50 3 - - 30 e4.1 *, 9.4 3 99

• 0.62 131 3 10.3 10 00. 0 t ;4.3 414 3 271.3 Joe L3 I;3 55.1 2 5.6 1.57 + 3.60 $94 $1.4 1 6.5 1. 2 3 1 'J . 60 .7313.:3 1 32.7 Aug 8 3 - - 584 32.4 1 S. 7 3. e4 2 0.30 1014 28.3 2 9.0 0.2110.30 159 0 3 3 - -- 0 - - 0 3 3.0 saw 2 3 - -

311 1178 1074 2363 Total flan 4 6 19 Total semoles 6 31.8 194.3 179.0 142.6 C/f 1976 Apr 10 0.50

• G.30 3 - - 0 - - 1 3 3.3 1 +0.0 3 0.0 1. 0 + 0.10 156e 3 113. 3 Jun 3 7 55.6 + 3. 3 1.40 + 0.3 1304 54.3 + 3.7 31 36.7 1 1.3 1.5030.;0 1;4. 7 seg 11 3 - - 379 29.4 + 3.9 3. 6 5 3 *** 1 .1.33 3.3 3. ;6
• J . 30 390 1

3 3 3.) How 16 3 - - 1 26.J ; O 3.08

• 3 0 -

Total flea 9 1887 32 1928 total comptes a 6 6 12 C/f 2. 3 471.4 0.3 lbJ. 7 1977 - - 3 3 33

                                                                 --         a         -                     --              3 y,e                    1            -

19 8. 3

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• 3.3 6.3 133 3 66.3

3. 81 + 3.16 161 27.1 ! 3.56 3.;5

• 0.31 19e 3 Aug 26 9 3 3. 3 + 2.6 0. 3
• 1. 6 30 0. 9 + 1. ? " -

3. 7

       % ;3                     3           .-                  J            3
                                                                                          ~

a 40.3 1 21.23 . 29 1 2 .=  ? 3

16. 220 4

Total fisa 3

                                                                             *

• 12 Total saapies 4

                                                                                                                          'I ' O                                                         *8' C:f                            .3                                      12 3 19'9                                                                                                                                                                                  c.;

Apr Id 3 - - 3 - 3 - - 3 3 J 9e 10 32 53.3

• 1.39 A e
• 0.1 :240 59.9 1 3. ? a 1. * -* 3.07 ;6 62. 1 .. ;f 1.4 + 7. 7 9 2 3Cs 3 ' g9. '

has ;$ ) -- - 36 tl. 3 * .3 .1 + 3.39 7 42. 3 + ' *2. 3 33 ) kw II 3 -- - 3

                                                                                           -                     ~

0 J .! O 3 3.4 Total fien 32 2!06 23 236:

                                                                             .                                               .                                                    ;2 total oampies              a

4. 3 ;s6.

C. f 5. 3 376 .5 39'9 1 3 3.c May 5 3 .- - 3 -. - 1 + - e4 13 and :) 3 - - *7  :.3+ 1.57 31 + 3. 2. 94 *+.8+ 1. :9

• e
• 1. !' '93 3 ;6 ;. 3 Aug 16 J - -. 2 - - J -- - F 3 33

        ;,ec .                  7            -                    --         3         -                                     '3          --                  -                       3      1. 3 fate; f ron                3                                             ;                                            is                                               '93 Total samples              e                                            6                                               .

2.3 179.3 16.5 45.3 C/ f 1990

                                                                 -                    -                      --             3             -                 --                 3    3      3. 3 As t 1R                 3           -                                 3
       ;ue il                  3           -                    -            3        -.                     -              3           --                  --                     3    ..

Aug 21 82 10.e 3.87 3.;913.32 13 13. e + 3. : n 3.12 + .31 400 A 34.;3 ) . 3 2 3. . 4:s 3 ... Nov 20 3 - - 3 - -- 0 -- -- 3 3 3.3

    ? cal fleh               92                                         132                                              e.M                                              *.

n = 2 Tot ei semples e Li f .1. 3 13.3 ;50.0 es.' 1976-1990 414 6 40 M. . 4961 Tet s: fiaa 33 +4 Total samples 33

                             .3.                                         . 33..                                           6i..                                                             0. s Cs F e

Ista: i e..t . t. ei u m.,s. .emt i. La , _ .

       "Caten per eetae kemi.
              .t.e... e,,e, taa.i.ta. .

i .e .tase,. pyg services group

O w (O Table 2-49

/

Food Habits of Adult Spottail Shiners, Bailly Study Area,1960 Length Range 80 millimeters Stomachs Examined - 11 Stomachs Empty -0 Occurrences Abundance Importance Food Item No.  % No. t Index Insects Corixidae nymph 3 27.27 10 41.67 19.53 Coleoptera 1 9.09 1 4.17 1.36 Hydroptilidae (pupae) 1 9.09 1 4.17 1,82 Chironomus sp. (larvae) 1 9.09 1 4.17 4.54 Chironomidae (pupae) 2 18.18 11 45.83 10.90 quatic insect rermants (nymph) a 36.40 0 0.0 32.70 Aquatic insect reemants (adult) 1 9.09 0 0.0 9.08 Terrestrial insect remnants 2 18.20 0 0.0 9.53 Other Digestive matter 4 36.36 0 0.0 10.54 Zooplankton and insects comprised the most important food organism in the stomachs of juvenile spottail shiners (Table 2-50) . Of the 25 examined, only ,, 5 were empty, with 45 percent of the stomachs containing chydorid cladocerans and 40 percent containing other cladocerans. The unidentified cladocerans were the most important organisms in the stomachs and although only 20 percent of the stomachs contained corixid insects, these represented the second most im-portant food material. Table 2-50 Food Habits of Juvenile Spottail Shiner, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Length Range 49 millimeters Stomachs Examined - 25 Stomachs Eg ty . -5 Occurrences Abundance Importance Food Item No.  % No.  % Index Zooplankton Bosminidae 1 5.00 1 0.09 0.05 Bosminidae (imature) 5 25.00 113 10.67 5.65 Chydoridae (imature) 9 45.00 2t5 22.75 13.62

              ' Daphnia sp.                                     2      10.00          2                 0.19            0.11 Cladocera (imature)                           11       55.00        681              65.17             36.14 Copepoda                                         3      15.00         23                 2.13            1.65 Insects Corixidae                                        4      20.00         11                 1.02           22.81 O               Aquatic insect remnants                          3      15.00          0                 0.0             9.03

(,) Terrestrial insect rernants 2 10.00 0 0.0 6.55 Other Digestive matter a 20.00 0 0.0 4.29 Sand grains 2 10.00 0 0.0 0.11

                                                                                                                              **    ** FN 2-155

+a 2.5.4.3.4 Condition and Parasitism. The condition of spotta11 shiner col-lected during August 1980 was intermediate within the condition of fish col-lected during previous years (Table 2-43) . No obvious external parasites were noted on spottails collected during 1980; external parasites found during other years (1974-1976) and possible parasites have been previously discussed by Texas Instruments (1975,1976,1977) . 2.5.4.4 Salmon and Trout (Salmonidae) 2.5.4.4.1 Introduction. The salmonid species collected during this investi-gation included the lake trout, steelhead trout, brown trout, and chinook sal-mon. Generally, these fish occur throughout the Great Lakes (Scott and Cross-man 1973), where they are highly prized and avidly sought by sport fishermen. All of the salmonids collected during this study, except lake trout, are exotic species which have been introduced into the waters of the Great Lakes. All salmonid populations, including the indigenous lake trout, are maintained through stocking programs initiated by various governmental agencies of the lake states and provinces. Within the Indiana waters of Lake Michigan, these g fish are stocked solely by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources (DNR) . The Indiana DNR began its stocking program in 1967 when the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife provided 87,000 lake trout for stocking off the Bethle-hem Steel pier within the entrance channel of the Port of Indiana [ personal communication, Bob Koch, Indiana DNR (1976)]; since that initial planting, the DNR has increased the number of lake trout planted and has broadened its pro-gram by stocking trout at several other locations. Lake trout were stocked in response to their rapid decline and near extinction in the 1950s because of predation by sea lamprey followed by complete f ailure of natural reproduction (Smith 1963). Koch (personal communication) states that even now, natural re-production of lake trout is not confirmed anywhere in Lake Michigan. Stocking of lake trout was followed by plantings of steelhead trout in 1968, coho and chinook salmon in 1970, and brown trout in 19 71. All these salmonids have been planted as fingerlings in the east branch of the Little Calumet River wher2 they remain for varying periods of time, depending of the species. berore mi-grating to the lake. This was probably the source of =any of the salmonids h services group 2-156

C ( i collected during the Bailly study. Once in the lake, however, they are largely unavailable to capture in nearshore nets since they inhabLt various depths of the open lake. When mature, these fish return to congregate in large schools at the mouth of their natal streams before " running" upstream

to spawn. At this time, they are vulnerable to capture by net in the near-4 shore water.

1 Spawning runs generally occur from early fall to late winter, depending on the strain or race of the stocked fish. Natural reproduction does occur, but only in streams, anc'. for some species only on a limited basis (Koch, personal communicatioa). Koch (personal communication) has stated that there has been t no evidence that any of these species spawn in the Indiana waters of Lake inchigan, but there has been e idence of limited natural reproduction by coho and chinook salmon and steelhead trout in the east branch of the Little Calumet River and in Trail Creek; additionally, he has stated that therc is evidence of successful natural reproduction by brown trout spawning in the east branch. Since there is only limited natural reproduction of these fish, their abundance [} in the study area is governed largely by the number of each species stocked by ! the DNR and their survival and return rates. The return rates range from 1 to 6 percent, depending on the species stocked and the year of stocking (Koch, personal co=munication). However, strict computation of abundance in the study area based on these percentages is of ten misleading, since f aster-maturing male salmonids return before slower-maturing females stocked during the same year; therefore, any fluctuation in yearly relative abundances presented for these species in the following discussions should be reviewed in the light of these factors. Specific spawning activities for all of the salmonids except lake trout have been deleted, since these species spawn in streams and would not

likely be af fected by the construction or operation of the Bailly Nuclear-1 plant.

2.5.4.4.2 Spatial and Temporal Distribution. Salmonids were collected in greatest abundance by gill net during August 1980. Salmonids were collected in overall equal abundance at both of the stations (ccmbining Tables 2-51 () through 2-55). 2-157 services group

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soJ oos SJond

o { Table 2-52 Catch per Unit Effort (C/f) and Mean Lengths .and Weights of Lake Trout Collectci by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Station 4 Statim 7

• Totd To M Date Catch n Imagth*+ $8 a Weight t SE Catch a 14egth ! $8 s Weight + S8 Catch $amples C/f 1974 May 26 1 741.0 + 0.0 4500 + 0.0 0 - - 1 2 0.5 Ja 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Jul 0 - - 2 688.5 + 77.1 3693.0 + 1180.8 2 2 1.0 kg 0 - - 0 7 7 0 2 0.0 Oct 4 21 678.0 + 43.7 3185.0 + 679.0 40 679.0 + 59.2 3385.0 + 1156.0 61 2 0.0 Oct 24 35 694.0 7 56.6 3430.0 7 56.6 IJ 659.0 7 37.0 3071.0 7 461.0 46 2 T4.0 -

Nov 8 18 659.0 ~ 7 61.9 2761.0 7 696.1 4 ~ 675.0 7 31.6

                                                                                                                        ~         3028.0 +~ 412.8              22            2           11.0     l Total fish               75                                                            39                                                    134 Total samples               7                                                            7                                                                14 C/ f **                  10.7                                                            8.4                                                                              9.6 1975 Mar                  ***                -                             =            ***              -                   =                 ***          ***             ***

Apr 17 0 - - 1 691.0 + 0.0 4047.0 + 0.0 1 2 0.5 my 22 2 674.0 + 14.1 3353.5 + 20.5 0 7 7 2 2 1.0 Jun 18 2 736.5 + 37.5 4287.5 + 340.1 0 - - 2 2 1.0 hs8 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Nov 3 28 674.3 + 65.1 3012.8 + 1032.4 20 689.1 + 55.3 3256.5 + 289.3 48 2 24.0 Total fish 32 21 53 Total samplas 5 5 la C/f 6.4 4.2 5.3 1976 Apr 7 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Jun 6 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Aug 12 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Nov 19 3 589.7 + 95.6

                                                           ~              2018.7 +~ 848.0                2    751.0 + 127.3 4160.0 + ~

2440.9 5 2 2.5 total fish ) 2 5 Total samples 4 4 S C/f 0.8 0.5 0.6 s

          )     1977 d              Apr 14

• 638.0 + 34.92 2837.3 + 417.13 11 6e9.5 + 66.11 32"6.5 + 157.22 ~5 2 7.5 Jun 11 0 7 - 0.0 -  ! 0 2 0.0 Aug 26 0 - - 0.0 - - 3 2 0.0 Nov 23 1 728.0 + ~ 0.0 3541.3 *~ 9.0 0.0 - - 1 2 0.5 Total fian 5 11 16 Total samples 4
• 3 C/f 1.3 2,8 2,0 1978 Apr 23 2 592.0 + 5.00 2531.0 + 34.0 0 - - 2 2 1.0 l' Jun 17 6 643.7 7 31.83 3447.3 7 562.87 0 - - 6 2 3.0 Aug 19, 21 11 681.8 I 14.84 2968.4 5 221.30 9 636.3 +, 17.93 2326.9 + 256.50 19 2 9.5 Nov 19 41 679.9 7 8.87 3100.0 + 120.67 42 686.6 + 9.12 3129.3 + 164.57 83 2 41.5 Tetal fish 60 50 113 I

Total saspie 4 4 9 ! C/f 15.4 12.5 13.8 1979

my 5 2 684.3 + 1.0 3405.0 ?,45.00 5 677.0 + 25.45 3323.0 + 396.67 '

2 3.5 [ A1 15 *** - - 0 - - 3 1 0.0 Aug 13 0 - - 1 - - 0 2 0.3 1 Dec 6 3 - - 1 642.0 + 0.0 2850.0 + 0.0 1 2 0.5 l Total fisa 2 6 5 I Total sanvies 3 * ! C/f 0.7 .5 1.1 1980 Apr 18 0 - - 3 - - 3 2 0.0 l Jun 12 1 325 t 0.0 1540 + 0.3 0 - - 1 2 0.5 Aug 20 2' 454 + 9.59 2868.9 + 138.3 30 928.6 + 163.11 2992.3 - 134.53 57 2 28.5 Nov 20 to 690 + 17.49 2931. ; + 262.6 13 676.7

• 24.67 2925.8
• 318.70, 27 2 11.5 I Total fisa 38 43 $1 l Total samples 4 4 8 c/f 9.5 10.8 10.2

, 1974-1960 Total fish 215 192 107 Total samples 31 32 63 , C/f 4.9 6.0 6.5

                  **ocal is.ngth is militmeters; weight is in $rame.
                ** Catch per oversiant set.

F ***% sample collected. l 1

                                                                                                                ~
                                                                                                                                                                     **                  ** FN 2-159

T

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        ;*3TT 3154                   5                                                f                                              9 103*T erudTes                I

• g fJ I*l C*$ 1*T 1690 982 19 1 itt I 0 0 s94*0 7 C*C C - - t Z 0*5 rB 17 595 + C9'C :90C*f + tt6*5 0 - - Z Z  !'C Y"8 'C t 590 3 5*0 I!?t*C316L*6 1 559 ! C*C :tt5 + C*t 9 Z **C

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Z-190 soJ oos SJond

O pg Table 2-54 V Catch per Unit Effort (C/f) and Mean Lengths and Weights of Steelhead Trout Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Statism 4 Statism 7 Total Total Date Catch 5 Imasth*1 SE a h ight

• SI Catch
• Length ! $3 I Weinht t 52 Catch C/f Samsles 1974 May 26 2 191.0 + 0.0 0.0 536.h -1 41.7 1556.5 1- 440.5 1 64.0 1 3 2 1.5 Ja 0 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Aug 3 ,773.0 + 14.7 5065.7 + 614.0 0 - - 3 2 1.5 wt4 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Oct 26 2 368.0 + 16.9 679.0 + 120.2 6 345.0 + 15.3 - 8 2 4.0 Nov 18 17 06.0 ~7 27.6 702.0 ~7 118.3 6 385.0 +~ 15.7 - 23 2 11.5 Total fish 24 13 37 Total a g les 7 7 14 C/f ** 3.4 1.9 2.6 1975 Mar ~ *** - - *** - - *** *** ese Apr 17 0 - - 0 May 22

                                                                                               -                   -         0            2    0.0 0           -                -          0 Jun 18
                                                                                               -                   -         0            2    0.0 0           -                -          0            -                   -         0            2    0.0 Aug 18                0           -                -          4            -                   -         0            2    0.0 Nov 13                3    350.3 1 62.2     381.4 + 112.5     9            -                   -         3            2    15 Tetel fish               3                                       0                                          3 Total saples             5                                       5                                                     10 fJf                      0.6                                     0.0                                                          0.5 1976

45) 0 -

0 - - 0 2 0.0 Jun 6 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Aug 12 0 - - 0 0 2 0. 0 Nov 19 0 - - 0 - - 0

• 0.0 Total fish 0 0 0 Total emples e 4 8 C/f 0.0 0.0 0.0

[ 1977 Apr 14 0.0 3.3

    /                                                 -                -                       -                   -         0          2      0.0 Jun 11                 0.0         -                -          0.0          -                   -         0          2      0.0 Aag 26                0.0         -                -          0.J          -                   -         0         2       0.0 Nov 23                0.0         -                -

1 491.9 +- 0.0 1725.0 +~ 0.0 1 2 0.5 Total fish 0.0 1 1 Total semples 4 4 8 C/f 0.0 0.3 0.1 1978 Apr 23 1 469.0 + 0.0 1249.0 + 0.0 0 - - 1 2 0.5 Jan 17 3 610.3 + 79.32 3386.7 + 813.78 0 - - 3 2 1.5 Aug 19, 21 4 703.0 -1 25.04 3121.351 567.50 0 - - 4 2 2.0 Nev 19 0 - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Total fish 8 0 8 Tetel samples 4

• 8 C/f 2.0 0 1.0 1979 May 5 0 - - 0 -

0 2 0.0 Jul 15 *** 1 738.0 t 0.0 4250.0

• 0.0 1 1 1.0 Aeg 18 0 - -

0 - - 0 2 0.0 Dec 6 2 627.0 1 11.00 3200.0 1 150.00 0 - - 2 2 10 Total fish 2 1 3 l Total samples 3 a 7 C/f 0.7 0.3 0.4 1980 Apr 18 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 3.0 Jun 12 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Aug 20  ; - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Nov 20 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Total fish 0 0 0 Total samples 4 4 8 C/f 0.0 0.0 0.0 1974-1980 Total fish 38 22 60 A Total samples 31 32 63 C/f 1.2 0.7 0.9

                  *Tetal length in millianters; wight la grams.
                 **Cecch per overnight est.
                **aus semple collected.

I services group i 2-161

,s,

.)(

f Table 2-55 Catch per Unit Effort (C/f) and Mean Lengths and Weights of Coho Sal::lon g Collected by Gill Net, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Station 4 Stacian 7

                                   .                             .                                               Total   Total Date         Catch   a Langth** St -x Weight         t 53 Catch .a 14nsth + SE a Weight t SE       Catch  S amples C/f 1974 my 26                  0             -

0 0 2 0.0

      -m                     0             -                   -           0           -                  .         0       2      0.0 Jul                    0             -                  -            0           .                  -

0 2 0.0 Aug 0 - 0 0 2 0.0 Oct 4 0 - - 1 640.0 + 0.0 2338.0 + 0.0 1 2 0.5 Oct 24 1 745.0 + 0.0 5037.0 1 0.0 0 7  ! 1 2 0.5. Nov 8 0 - - ,0 - . 0 2 0.0 Total fish 1 1 2 Total suplea 7 7 14 C/f ** 0.1 0.1 0.1 1975 nar *** - - *** - - *** *** +.* Apr 17 31 450.1 + 135.8 1154.1 1 828.2 14 883.3 t,112.8 may 22 442.9 1 20.4 45 2 22.5 1 379.0 1. 0.0 496.0 +. 0.0 0 - - 1 2 0.5 Jun 18 0 - - 0 - - 3 .2 0.0 hs8 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 Bev 3 1 698.0 -+ 0.0 0.0 0 Total fish 3098.0 +- - - 1 2 0.5 33 14 47 Total samples 5 5 10 C/f 6.6 2.8 4.7 1976 4r7 0 - - 1 428.0 + 0.0 792.0 + 0.0 1 2 0.5 Jun 6 0 - - 0 0 7 0 2 0.0 an8 17 0 - - 0 - - 0 2 0.0 h 19 0 - - 0 . . 0 2 0.0 Tud fht 0 1 1 Total samplea 4 4 g

   'C/f                      0.0                                           0.3                                                    0.1 1977 e r le                 1     411 1      0.0      538 +        0.0    7   +99.1 1 42.08     1023.0 : 105.04   8       2      4.0 Jun 11                 0           -                   -             0         -                  -          0       2      0.0 ang 26                 0           -                   -             0         -                  -          0       2      0.0 nov 23                 0           -                   -             0         -                  -          0       2      0.0 2stal fish               1                                             7                                       8 Total samples            4                                             4                                               8 C/f                      0.3                                           1.8                                                    1.0 1978 Apr 23                 8     488.5 +    9.70 1390.4 + 66.30 1            470.7 + 22.92     1112.3 + 112.00  11       2      5.5 Jun 17                 2     520.5 5 37.30 1746.55385.50 9               576.8 + 9.17      2424.2 3 130.04  11       2      5.5 Aug 19. 21             0            -                  -             0         -                  -          0       2      0.0 new 19                 1     305.0 3    0.0      298.0 2      0.0    0         -                  -          1       2      0.5 Total fish              11                                            12                                      23 Total samplas            6                                             4                                               8 C/f                      2.8                                           3.0                                                    2.9 1979 nay 5                  0            -                  -             0         -                  -          0       2      0.0 Jul 15                ***           .                   .            3         .                  .          0       1      0.0 ans 18                 0            -                  .             0         .                  .          0       2      0.0 Dec 6                  0            -                  -             0         -                  -          0       2      0.0 Total ft.sh              0                                             3                                       0 Total samples            3                                             4                                               I C/f                      0.0                                           0.0                                                    0.0 1940 apr 18                 0            -                   -            6   5C4.0 + 7.9       1056.7 + 77.5     6       2      3.0 Jun 12                 0            -                   -            1   567.0 + 0.0       1902.0 ; 3.0      1       2      0.5 em4 20                 2       710 1 35.0         3778 + 184.0       1   716.0 + 0.0       3962.0 1 0.0      3       2 Bev 20,                2       217 +, 1.0           89 _ 4.24        1   422.0 + 0 ;        928.0 + 0.0      3       2 Total f4sh               4                                             9                                      13 Total saucles            4                                             4                                               6 C/f                      1. 0                                          2.3                                                     1.6 1974-1960 Total fish            50                                            44                                      94 Total samples         31                                            32                                              63 C/f                    1.6                                           1.4                                                     1.5

• Total length la millf== tars; weight la grams.

       ** Catch per overnight set.
     .+ a.   .-p ta cou.c t.4.

2-162 services group

        ,e 6

Overall (1974-1980) salmonid catches were higher at Station 4 (warm water (VD station) than at Station 7. High catches of lake trout, the most numerous salmonid in the study area, usually occurred during the cooler fall months; however, highest 1980 catches were in August. Highes catches of other sal-monids usually occurred during spring and summer but in 1980 catches were also highest for the other salmonids in summer and fall. No salmonids were collected by beach seine during 1980. Brown trout have been collected by beach seine in 1974 and 1979; chinook salmon in 1974, 1975, 1977, and 1978; and steelhead trout in 1974. Mean total lengths of salmonids collected during 1980 were similar to those in previous years. I 2.5.4.4.3 Food Habits. Most of the salmonid stomachs examined during 1980 were lake trout. These evaluations were to determine the food habits of adult salmonids collected during 1980. Adult salmoaids fed almost exclusively on fish, some of which were identified as alewife, rainbow smelt, and sculpin (Table 2-56). The most important food was rainbow smelt. Seven juvenile chinook salmon examined from 1978 indicated insects were the primary food item in the diet (Texas Instruments 1979a). Data presented for fish collected during 1979 were consistent with those of previous years (Texas Instruments 19 76 a , 1977, 19 78, 19 79 a) . Table 2-56 Food Habits of Adult Salmonids, Bailly Study Area, 1980 Length Range - 509-845 millimeters Stomachs Examined - 15 Stomachs Esty -1 1 Occu rrence *bundance Volume Nrm Food Item No.  % No.  % mt  % Index Fish Unid. Fish 1 28.57 1 2.04 9.9 3.91 14.25 Alewi fe 1 7.14 3 6.12 2S.0 11.06 1.12 Alewi fe 5 35.71 6 12.24 131.7 52.01 4.75 Rainbow smelt 7 50.00 8 16.33 72.0 23.44 43.58 Cottus sp. (juvenile) 1 7.14 1 2.04 1.6 0.63 0.56 Insects Coleoptera 2 14.29 5 10.20 1.2 0.47 6.15 Lepidcotera 7.14 25 51.02 3.8 1 .50 0.56 g Lepidoptera 1 7.14 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.56 s ~/ Othe r Digestive matter 2 14.29 0 0.0 5.0 1.97 28.49

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2.5.4.4.4 Condition and Parasitism. The mean condition factor for brown g trout collected during 1980 was similar to that of 1979 and highest of all years. The mean condition factor observed for lake trout was lower than 1979 but similar to all prior years (Table 2-39). Chinook salmon condition factors were similar to condition factors of fish collected during previous years. No steelhead were collected during 1980. No external parasites were observed on salmonids collected during 1980. 2.5.4.5 Other Species. No other fish species were collected by gill net during 1980 in the vicinity of the Bailly study area. 2.5.5 COMMERCLiL AND SPORT FISHING. Commercial and sport fishermen have been active in the Bailly Generating Station vicinity. Texas Instruments (1973) , 1976) reported that three commercial fishermen used the Bailly area in 1974 and 1975, fishing primarily for yellow perch. There was only one cet:mercial operation in the Bailly area in 1976 and 1977, and apparently no commercial fishermen have operated in the area since 1977. Past commercial fishing rec-ords for the Indiana water of Lake Michigan indicated that yellow perch was the dominant species taken (Table 2-57) . This single commercial fishing op-eration during 1976 and 1977 was conducted from Burns Ditch by a single gill net tug, the STELLA POLARIS, owned by the Westerman Brothers. They set their nets at varying depths and locations, depending on the time of year, but did not set nets within the 15.2-meter (50-foot) depth contour. Thus, their fish-ing operation was excluded from the Bailly study area. Table 2-37 Lake Michigan Ccmmercial Fishery

• Reported Catch in Founds (1970-1980)

Scecies 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ioqe Late trout 8,079 25,790 13,903 8,400 8,003 12,929 5,551 1,541 405 306 199 Breen trout - - - 9 72 53 29 S7 69 154 - Steelhead - - - - 13 - - - - - Cono 3,227 5.08J 1.157 218 12 1,050 116 1,036 1.579 341 944 Chinook - - - 9 4 29 - 64 59 - - Chues 74,390 29,489 38,262 35,668 4.401 910 1,641 1,244 8.619 596 2,515 shitefish 3.816 22.5:6 999 868 111 172 155 600 890 302 1,;59 31,598 208,984 17.559 12.255 9,013 9,269 4.041 2,183 3.511 2,692 6.425 Svo ers vello,o,eth 205,764 333,850 340,5C7 257,883 176,338 153,799 176,2S6 155,310 91,988 170.98a 17s.403 Smelt 239 43,642 9,466 **

                                                                  '6.418     7.852      5,463     1.365     3.770     1.195      2,259 Burtet                    -         -         -          -          -        -           -        -         -            1.5     -
                                                                                           -         -         -           3         10 Catftsn                    -        -         -           -         -        -

334,600 '84,355 421 ' 152,000 213,385 185,063 193,382 156,439 111,341 125,578 187,714 Total production

     !mliana Oeot. 'lat. Resources (1979).
  " freer on printout.

SERVICES group

Fishing is a highly popular sport in the Bailly vicinity and in all nearshore Indiana waters of Lake Michigan. Texas Instruments' field crews have observed many boats trolling in the Bailly study area and in the vicinity of the Bailly Generating. Station discharge. Other fishermen have been observed along the flume structure, where bow hunting for carp and hook-and-line fishing for carp, sal =onids, and catfish are popular. The Indiana water of Lake Michigan has seven access sites with boat-launching ramps; three are located along Burns Ditch, two are in Michigan City, one is in Gary, and one is in East Chicago.  ; Additionally, the Port of Indiana was recently opened to shoreline fishing on a limited basis. Sport fishermen from these areas primarily fish for salmonids (coho and chinook salmon, and lake, steelhead, and brown trout), yellow perch, and smallmouth bass. The total sport catch from Indiana waters of Lake Michigan in 1975 was 83.8 percent coho salmon, 5.0 percent chinook salmon, 4.0 percent yellow perch, 3.9 percent lake trout, 2.1 percent steelhead trout, 1.0 percent brown trout, and 0.2 percent smallmouth bass (Koch 1975). 2.5.6 POTENTIAL DISRUPTION OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES. Fish con-sidered to be endangered or threatened in Indiana are listed in Table 2-58. j Specimens denoted with an asterisk were listed by J.L. Janisch, fisheries staff specialist, Indiana Department of Natural Resources. Those specimens bearing two asterisks also were listed by Janisch and are recognized by Miller (1972) as well. Those specimens having three asterisks were not noted by

Janisch but are considered rare or endangered in Lake Michigan by Miller (1972) .

i Ncne of the fish species collected in the Bailly study area were identified by Janisch as endemic to Indiana or considered indigenous to Indiana waters of , Lake Michigan. Of the species known to be endangered in Lake Michigan but not l cn the Indiana list, only lake sturgeon has been collected in impingement ! studies at Lake Michigan power plants; none were found to be either impinged I or entrained at the Bailly Generating Station during the Texas Instruments 316(b) study (1976) or collected in gill nets or beach seines. The five core-

                    ~

gonid species listed are deep-water forms and are not expected in the shallow waters of the Bailly Generating Station vicinity. ] n b i 2-165 services group

a Table 2-58 h Rare, Endangered, or Threatened Fish Species in Indiana Eastern sand darter

• Ammocrypta pellucida Spring cavefish
• Chologaster agassizi Northern cavefish ** Amblyopsis spelaea Southern cavefish ** Typhlichthys subterreaneus Silverband shiner
• Notropis shumardi Ribbon shiner
• Notropis fumeus Popeye shiner
• Notropis ariommus Crystal darter
• Ammocrvpta asprella Stargazing darter
• Pereina uranidea Gilt darter
• Percina evides Spotted darter
• Etheostoma maculatum Harlequin darter
• Etheosto=a histrio Tippecanoe darter
• Ethoestoma tippecanoe Spottail darter
• Etheostoma squamiceps Redside dace
• C11nostomus elongatus Rosefin shiner
• Notropis ardens Swamp darter
• Etheostoma swaini Blue sucker ** Cycleptus elongatus .

Ohio River muskellunge ** Esox masquinongy chioensis Bluebreast darter

• Etheostoma camurum Variegated darter
• Etheostoma variatum Lake sturgeon ** Acipenser fulvescens Longj aw cisco** Coregonus alpenae Kiyi*** Coregonus kiyi Shortjaw cisco*** Coregonus zenithicus Blackfin cisco*** Coregonus nigripinnis Shortnose cisco*** Coregonus reighardi l

                *According to Janisch 1976 (see text).
              **According to Janisch (1976) and Miller (1972) .
             *** Rare and endangered in Lake Michigan (Miller 1972) .

2.6 WATER OUALITY 2.

6.1 INTRODUCTION

. As discussed in previous annual reports, the Great Lakes have been a focal point of scientific interest since the IS00s because, as stated by Beeton (1970), they represent "the most important single factor for the settlement, growth and development of the mid-continent of North America." Multiple-purpose use of the lake waters has created a number of proble=s since the 1800s including collapse of fisherias, changes in species composition of primary and secondary trophic levcl organisms, and changes in water quality. services grouo 2-166

_g. 3 () With the realization that change was occurring came the establishment of water quality standards for Lake Michigan and other lakes. These standards will be used as the reference base herein. Criteria for Lake Michigan and other water bodies in Indiana are listed in Table 2-59. In the present study, Lake Michigan water quality was characterized through the analyses of five major groups of parameters, as listed in Table 2-60. Samples were collected furing 5 months over the period of April 1980 through January 1981. Data derived from these samples will be compared with data col-lected during the previous survey years and with the Lake Michigan water quality standards (as outlined in Table 2-59). 2.6.2 METHODOLOGY . All water quality samples in the Bailly study area were taken in duplicate using a 6-liter Van Dorn sampler (for water samples), a J-Z sterile water sampler (for bacteria samples), and an Ekman dredge (for sed iment samples) . Samples from the ash-settling basins (stations 13 through 16), the natural ponds (stations 17 through 20), and Cowles Bog (Station 21) b) N' were collected at mid-depth (sediment samples were from the substrate) . Lake Michigan samples from locations along the 15-foot contour (stations 1, 4, 7, and 10) were collected from 1 meter below the surface. Lake samples along the 30-foot contour (stations 2, 5, and 8) were collected 1 meter below the sur-f ace and 1 meter above the bottom, and lake samples along the 50-foot contour were collected 1 meter below the surface, at mid-depth, and 1 meter above the bottom. Samples at stations 11,12, and 22 were taken from 1 meter below the surface. During the sum =er and fall of 1980 the ash-settling basins were being drained and lined by NIPSCo. As a result, sampling of the four stations in these ponds and the two stations in Pond B varied between sampling periods. During April, all stations were sampled; however, in June, August, and November, no samples a could be collected at ash-settling pond stacions 14 and 15. In August and November, Pond B was dry (stations 17 and 13) with no samples collected. All sam'les were preserved and processed following Standard Methods (APHA 1975 () and EPA 1973) techniques. Table 2-60 lists the sample locations, method, and accuracy of individual analyses performed during the study. 2-167 services group

,g i[I Table 2-59 Water Quality Values Defined by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, or USEPA and Applicable to Lake Michigan in the NIPSCo Bailly Study Area General Water Quality Units Indiane, tF"3 or EPA Levels Alkalinity mg/t 30-500 ra .ge, wnatever is of natural origin ** Calcium mg/t No limits defined Chlorides mg/t 20 single values. 15 monthly average

• Chlorine mg/t .002 mg/ t" Conductivity mhos <800-1200 micromhos/cm (at 25'C)*

Color APHA units 15 single value maximum. 5 monthly average

• Dissolved oxygen mg/t Not 57 mg/t*

Fluorides og/ Not to exceed 1.0 at any time

• Hardness mg/ 0-5000 range, natural origin" Magnesium mg/ No limits defined Ooor odor uits pos-neg Single value 8 - daily avg 4*

pH pH units 7. 5-8. 5

• Potassium mg/t No limits defined" Sodia mg/t No limits defined **

Total dissolved solids mg/t 172 (Lake Michigan monthly avg) 200 daily max

• Total suspended solids mg/t Should not reduce the depth of the compensation for pnotosynthesis by more than 10t.

Sul fate mg/t 50-single value; 26-monthly average

• Water temperature C 3*F above existing 1000 ft from discharge or 45' (Jan-Mar) 55' ( Apr) 60* (May) 70* (Jun) 80*

(Jul-Sep) 65* (Oct) 60* (Nov) 50' (Dec), which-ever is lower

• Turbidity FTU None other than natural origin
• Aquatic Nutrient Ammonia mg/t 0.05 single value. 0.02 monthly average
• Nitrates ag/t 10 mg/ t*"

Mitrites mg/t No limits defined ** Organic nitrogen og/t No limits defined" Orthophosphate sg/t No limits defined - presumably less than total P. Total phosphorus ag/ t 0.04 single value. 0.03 monthly average

• Silicates ag/t No limits defined Trace Elements Arsenic, total mg/t Not to exceed 0.05 at any time
• Cadmium, total mg/t Not to exceed 0.01 at any time
• Chromium, hexavaient og/t Not to exceed 0.05 at any time
• Chtmatum, total mg/t Not to exceed 0.05 at any time
• Copper, total m/t 1.0**

Iron, soluble n3/ t .30 single value; .15 monthly average

• Iron. total mg/t 0.3 domestic supply; 1.0 freshwater aquatic life" Leed, total mg/t Nct to exceed 0.05 at any time *

    *nganese, total                     mg/t                 0.05 "

M rcury, total mg/t Not to exceed 0.0005 at any time

• Mickel, total ag/t 1/50 96 hr TL50 - w.5-2 mg/ t***

Selenius, total ag/t Not to exceed 0.01 at any time' Vanadium, total mg/t No limits defined ** Zinc. total ag/t 5" Indicators of Industrial and

    &ganic Cantamination Bacteria, fecal califore            #/100 mt             20/1JO (Lake Michigan open water 200/100 mt at beaches based on geometric mean of 5 samples

• Bacteria, total colifore f/100 m No limits defined" Biochemical oxygen demand mg/t No prescribed limits Osamical oxygen denand mg/t No prescribed limits Cyanide mg/t Not to exceed .01 at any time
• Hexane, soluble material mg/t No limits de fined Phenols ag/ t .003 single value; .001 monthly average
• Rethylene blue active sub- og/t No limits defined stances Total orptnic carbon mg/ t No prescribed limits **
• Indiana Arqu14 tion SPC 44-2 (1978)

     " EPA Water Quality Criteria Data Book (1976)
    *"tPA National Interie Primary Orinking Water Regulations Implementa' ion (1978) services group 2-168

O g) (v Table 2-60 Water Quality Parameters Measured in Bailly Study Area

              - Perenntee                                   Station         Method                    assurasy l
             &QUATIC Water Chemistry and Bacteriology Ceneral Water Quality Alkalinity, total                 1-21          Titration                  it at 100 as/t Calcium, soluate                  1-21 exc 12   Atomic abeerption          !O.05 ag/t Chloride, total                                 Atto analysie              2/31 at 5 mg/ t Candoctance, specific                           Coaduativity briden        52 at 50 kamoe          .

Onygen, diseelve.1 1-21 wtakler and polara- 20.1 as/t graphis Oxygen, saturation 1-21 Calculation N/A odor, threshold 1-21 exc 12 Threshold N/A Magnestua. soluble 1-21 exc 12 Atomic absorption to.004 as/t Hardness 1-21 exc 12 Titration 2.9% at 232 as/t pu l-21 Electrode 20.1 pH Potassium, soluble 1-21 exc 12 Atomic absorption 20.005 mg/t Sodium, soluble 1-21 exc 12 Atomic absorption to.005 ss/t Dissolved solida, totaa 1-21 exc 12 Gravimetric 41 at 100 as/t Suspended solids, total 1-21 exc 12 Gravimetric 42 at 100 ag/t Sulfate 1-21 exc 12 Colorimetrie 31 at 100 mg/t Temperature 1-21 Thersoneter to.1*C Turbidity 1-21 Nephelosetric N/A Color, true 1-21 exc 12 Standard filters N/A Fluoride, soluble 1-21 exc 12 Distillation 61 at 800 ;,g/t Aquatic Nutrients Ansonia, soluble 1-21 Auto analysis 0.311 at 8 aat/tN Nitrate, soluble 1-21 Auto analysia 0.59% at 2.5 . gat /tM Nitrite, soluble 1-21 Auto analysis 0.591 at 2.5 . gat /tN Organic nitrogen, total 1-21 Auto analysis 1.25% at 50 mg/tM Orthophosphate, soluble 1-21 Auto analysis 1.981 at 2 ,, gat / L P Phosptcrus, total 1-21 Auto analysis 0.891 at 30 mg/IP Silica, soluble 1-21 Auto analysis 0.361 at 5 mg/tSiO2 (,/ Trace Elements cadmium, total 13-21 Atomic absorption 20.005 as/t Chroalue. soluble hexavalent 13-21 Auto analysis to.let at 0.10 mg/L Chromius, total 13-21 Atomte absorption 20.002 as/t Copper, total 13-21 Atomic absorptiva to.03 ag/t . Iron, soluble 13-21 Ateate absort-Lon 20.05 mg/l Manganese, total 13-21 Atomic absorption 20.01 as/t Mercury, total 13-21 Atomic absorption 20.0002 as/t Nickel, total 13-21 Atomic absorption to.05 mg/l Zinc. total 13-21 Atoalc absorption 20.01 as/t Lead 13-21 Atomic absorption to.01 as/t Indicators of Indiastrial and Jrmante contantnation Bacteria, fecal colifore 13-21 Membrane filter N/A Bacteria, total califors 13-21 Membrane filter N/A giochemical ervgen emand 13-21 Winkler and polaro- 20.1 as/1 graph c Hexane-soluble sacer141s 13-21 Hexane estraction N/A Organic Carbon. total 13-21 Combustio. - 1R N/A I Phenols 13-21 Chlorof ort e xtrac tior to.0001 ag/t Methylene Blue-Active Substance 13-21 Spectrophecometric 20.02 as/t r Cyanide 13-21 Cyanide 4.st111ation 20.005 mg/L i Cheatcal oxygen Oemand 13-21 Titratica !0.1 as/t l Sediment Cadmium, total 13-20 Atomic absorption 20.005 mg/t Chroalue, total 13-20 Atomic absorption 20.07 zg/t Copper, total 13-20 Atomic absorption 20.03 ag/L Iron, total 13-20 Atomic absorption to.05 mg/t Lead, total 13-20 Atomic absorption 20.06 as/t Manganese, total 13-20 Atcaic absorption to.01 as/t Mercury, total 13-20 Atomic absorption 20.0002 as/t (flamelaes) Nickel, total 13-20 Atomic absorptien 20.05 mg/t Selenium, total 13-20 Atoalc arsorption 20.0003 as/t Vanadim . total 13-20 Atomic absorption 20.002 ag/t j , g I == * . - 2 t ne , tet el 13-20 Atomia absorptien +0.01 as/t

                 ~ *Phosphorum. total                    13-20       fAutoanalysis              tr1.**' at 2 vsat/s         -
 ,V)       -

2-169 services group

40

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2.6.3 RESULTS. Results of monthly analyses for the 1979-1980 survey in h the Bailly study area have been presented in previous quarterly reports (Texas Instruments 1980b, 1980c, 1981a, 1981b). These parameters are presented by month in the follcwing five classes: e General water quality parameters e Aquatic nutrients e Trace elements e Indicators of industrial and organic pollution e Sediments 2.6.4 DIS CUSSION 2.6.4.1 General Water Ouality Parameters. Water temperature, one of the easiest and most commonly measured parameters in natural waters, has signifi-cant effects on aquatic organisms. Mean monthly temperatures for Lake Michican, the Bailly Station discharge, and the nearshore ponds are presented in Figure 2-32. Lake Michigan temperature normally peak in July or August, with the high-est temperature recorded over the 6-year study period being 23 C in August 1979. Discharge temperatures during 1980 ranged frou 1* to 8*C above embient Lake Michigan temperatures at the surface. A 316(a)(b) study conducted in 1976 (Texas Instruments 1976b, 1976c) indicated a mean discharge AT of 7.9*C. Thermal stratification was observed in August 1980, when an approximately 6*C ST was recorded between the surface and bottom at the 50-foot depth contour. No thermal stratificatien was observed during the remainder of the 1980 sam-pling period. l During 1980, the interdunal ponds and Cowles Bog reached maximum temperatures in August with a range from 24.0* to 26.7*C. Minimum temperatures were re-corded in November 1980, ranging from 4.0* to 3.0 C. Temperatures are measured only quarterly (monthly in 1974 and early 1973), although pond temperatures fluctuate daily because of their ability to gain or lose heat more rapidly than larger water bodies such as Lake Michigan. Year 7 (1980) results were similar to those of years 1 through 6; i.e., the temperatures of the smaller water bodies were generally higher than the lake (excluding discharge temperatures) . 2-170 **"**9' "P

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M J J A 50 N M A M J A N A J A N A J A N A J A 4 A J A N A J A 3 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980

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4 Figure 2-32. Temperatures Measured at Lake Michigan Control Station 9S , Discharge Station 10S , and h o Mean Pond Temperature f or Stations 17S-21S, liailly Study Area, 1974-1980

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O ~ Ponds war =ed sooner in the spring and cooled sooner in the fall. Based on the higher surface-to-volume ratios of the ponds, these changes were not un-expected. Oxygen content is as important to the aquatic community structure as tempera-ture; water which is low in dissolved oxygen can harm fish and other acuatic life. An absence of dissolved oxygen brought on by the accumulation of oxidiz-able naterial can result in anaerobic conditions, especially near the bottom of the water column. Oxygen content may ba modified by such f actors as tem-perature, phytoplankton composition, sunlight, nutrients , and decomposable organic matter (Reid 1961) . Solubility of oxygen increases with decreasing temperature and vice-versa. Indiana standards call for not less than 7 milli-grams per liter of oxygen for Lake Michigan (Indiana Reg. SPC 4R-2) . Oxygen content in Lake Michigan in the vicinity of Bailly Station during 1980 ranged from 8.0 to 12.8 milligrams per liter and 75 to more than 100 percent saturation. Average monthly percentage saturation levels were in excess of 91 percent ( April, 99 ; June , 96; August , 91; November, 96 percent) . Oxygen levels in the interdunal ponds during 1980 were highly variable, ranging from a low of 1.2 milligrams per liter in Cowles Bog (Station 21) in August to 10.9 milligrams per liter in November in Pond C (Station 19). Percent saturation values over the same period ranged from 14 to 108 percent. Observed levels in the interdunal ponds (stations 17-21), with the exception of the extremely low values at Station 21 in August, are ample for the protection of indigenous aquatic populations. Low oxygen levels in Cowles Bog are a natural occurrence for this type of water body. Acidity or alkalinity of the water, as reflected by pH, is also important. Maximum productivity generally occurs between pH 6.0 to 8.0, and Indiana stan-dards set a range of 7.5 to 8.5. The parameter pH, which is expressed mathe-1 matically as log 10 H7, s egu a e y e u r ng capacity of the water, a l capacity generally controlled by carbonate and bicarbonate ions, although iron l compounds and silica are also important (Garrels 1965). The pH is altered by I such f actors as primary production and influx of external acidic or alkaline i ions, and fluctuates through the day as CO2 is utilized or produced. In 1980, pH in Lake Michigan ranged from 7.2 to 8.8, a range slightly exceeding the h l standard. i l services group 2-172 j

o In 1976 and 1978, the pH in Lake Michigan varied from 7.3 to 8.3 and 7.1 to (/T s. 8.7, respectively (ranges also exceeding the ISPCB standards), and during 1975, pH ranged from 6.4 to 8.2; the 1974 pH range was 6.4 to 8.4. As discussed by the EPA (1976), normal surface water pH ranges from 6.0 to 9.0. Tolerance limits for most organisms fall between 5.0 and 9.0 (when pH is the only factor considered [ EPA 1976]), and McKee and Wolf (1963) state that 90 percent of the waters supporting good fish populations have ranges of 6.7 to 8.3. On these bases, the pH range described in the Bailly study area is normal and should not cause any prebl2ms for indigenous species. The pH in the discharge was similar to the open-lake values, indicating that plant operation apparently does not affect pH. Fond values were lower (i.e., more acid) than lake values, as in previous years except 1975, when values were similar. Values in the settling ponds were much higher (low of 6.6) in 1980 than in most previous years but were similar to those found in 1979 (Texas In-struments 1980a). The lowest pH values recorded in the settling ponde were 3.9 in 1978, 3.0 in 1977, 3.6 in 1976, 2.8 in 1975, and 3.5 in 1974. The pH at Station 21 (Cowles Bog) was generally higher than expected for a bog area, {d  % with values ranging from 6.8 to 7.4 (similar values were recorded in previous years); this is probably due to the location of the station at the edge rather than center of the bog. Bog waters are generally characterized as being brown in color, nutrient rich and high in organic material, low in pH, and with little or no oxygen in deeper areas (Reid 1961). These conditions generally exist at Cowles Bog, although the bog is also quite shallow and apparently does not be-ccee anoxic except perhaps under the ice in winter. The conditions observed l during 1980 were simila to previous years' data for the interdunal ponds in the 3ailly S tation vicinity. Alkalinity is the measure of the ability of a solution to neutralize hydrogen ions and is generally expressed as an equivalent amount of calcium carbonate (CACO 3 ). This measure is the effect of a combination of substances comprising primarily carbonates, bicarbonates, and hydroxides (McKee and Wolf 1963) . Quarterly alkalinity values in the lake ranged from 50 to 149 milligrams per liter, well within acceptable standards and comparable to past data. Alka-g- linity values for control Station 95 in Lake Michigan, plus values for the L 2-173 services group

O p\ nearshore ponds, are shown in Figure 2-33. Alkalinity values at the discharge h station were similar to lake values. These concentrations are similar to pre-vious years of this study, and the observed alkalinity levels are adequate for the maintenance of moderate buffering capacity and should maintain pH within acceptable ranges. Alkalinity in the nearshore ponds exhibited much wider variability, and all ponds except Cowles Bog exhibited generally low alkalinity (values less than SC milligrams per liter) - an indication of low buffering capacity. Ccwles Bog levels fluctuated widely from a low of 180 milligrams per liter in April 0 to a high of 285 milligrams per liter in November. Similar ranges were ob-served in past years and appear to be an annual occurrence, although the August 1977 peak was the highest observed to date. Observation of this and other water quality parameters indicates that the Cowles Bog area may be influenced or main-tained by runof f. Because of this, the Cowles Bog area is potentially sensitive and will continue to be closely monitored in the future. The remaining parameters used as indicators of general water quality are often considered interrelated in their contribution to the chemical environment of water. Turbidity and color, suspended and dissolved solids, hardness, calci-um, magnesium, potassium, sodium , sulfates, conductivity, chlorides and fluor-ides, and odor will be discussed in groups. Turbidity is the property of water that causes light to be scattered and ab-sorbed rather than transmitted in straight lines. The presence of suspended s)1 ids such as silt, finely divided organic material, bacteria, and plankten determines turbidity levels. Color is derived partly from dissolved solids and partly from suspended particulate material. Turbidity in Lake Michigan i ranged from less than 1 to 15, while color levels ranged from less than 1 to 16 Platinum-Cobalt units. Values for turbidity were relatively constant throughout 1980 in both the open lake and discharge waters, continuing a trend established in the period of 1974 through 1979, and within ISPCB standards. As l expected, turbidity and color in the nearshore ponds were generally higher than in the lake; possible sources of both turbidity and color include organic growth and decompositicn and/or contributions of organic and inorganic material from services group 2-174

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C () outside sources. Dramatically high color levels observed in Cowles Bog (e.g., 290 Pt-Co units in August) probably were the result of high levels of dissolved organic material. Color observed in the lake generally indicates " clear" water; the EPA (1971) has described waters below 45 APHA units as desirable for photo-synthetic activity and lakes with levels of 0 to 5 units as highly transparent. In natural waters, suspended solids normally consist of silt and clay from ero-sion, particulate organic detritus, bacteria, and plankton, while dissolved solids consist of carbonates, sulfates, chlorides, phosphates, and nitrates in combination with metallic cations such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and mag-nesium. Suspended and dissolved solids are impertant in the ecosystem where the suspended solids, which include bacteria and phytoplankton, may be used by secondary consumers, and where the bacteria and phytoplankton can assimilate the dissolved solids in the form of nutrients and/or osmotic balancers. Suspended solids levels recorded in the Bailly study area of Lake Michigan ranged frem 1.0 to 55 milligrams per liter with lowest overall values in April and highest values in June. The suspended eclids levels (generally between 5 () and 40 milligrams per liter) in June and August 1980 were slightly higher than

the levels observed in years prior to 1979 (generally less than 5 milligrams per liter). The suspended solids concentrations have been slightly elevated during 1979 and 1980. Contributions by runoff or wind action may have been the cause of the high suspended solids levels. The nearshore ponds exhibited

Icw levels of suspended solids throughout 1980. Suspended solids levels in the natural ponds (stations 17-21) were lower during 1980 than during 1979, similar to years prior to 1979.

l l Lake Michigan dissolved solids ranged from 86 to 1384 milligrams per liter. Values were generally similar to those observed during previous years with the exception of the all-time high value observed in April (Figure 2-34) . Varia-tions in concentrations of dissolved solids probably resulted from runoff and i changes in water circulation patterns near the shore as these high April values were noted from a surface sample and may represent water movement out of the Port-of-Indiana. Nearshore ponds exhibited a variable pattern in dissolved solids (Figure 2-35), probably due to such natural processes as .lution and () runoff, evaporative concentrations, and assimilation of elements in biological metabolism. The variability and range noted was si=ilar to that noted in vears past. 2-177 services group

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O p Many factors affect conductance. Concentrations of dissolved solids are most V important, and there is usually a high correlation between conductance and calcium and magnesium ion levels, because the two elements are usually the most abundant ions in fresh water. Lake Michigan conductance values during 1980 ranged from 189 to 490 micromhos. Ranges of lake conductance values in previous years were 220 to 580 micromhos in 1979, 242 to 310 micromhos in 1978, 240 to 325 micromhos in 1977, 225 to 411 micromhos in 1976, 182 to 340 micromhos in 1975, and 160 to 340 micromhos in 1974. Values for all years fell well within ISPCB standards of less than or equal to 800-1200 micromhos. Conductance values in the ash-settling ponds, Pond B, and Cowles Bog were gen-erally higher than in the lake; Pond C yielded conductance lower than the other ponds, similar to the lake. The conductance value fluctuations observed in the ponds are not unusual for shallow bodies of water, which reflect environmental changes quicker than larger bodies of water. Values in the ash-settling ponds appear to be related to coal-ash addition; seepage of water into Pond B from the ash pond was probably occurring because with draining and lining of the ash-settling ponds, Pond B dried and no samples were obtained after June 1980. O)

 \    Calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and sulfate comprise a group which is important to the chemical nature of the water, and which plays a role in de-termining hardness of waters. They are considered together because of their solubility and because they do not generally form complexes readily (except calcium, which may precipitate under alkaline conditions, and sulfates, which, because they are oxidation products, react somewhat dif ferently) . Concentra-tions of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium iluctuated little during 1980 and constituted a trend of values similar to 1974 through 1979. High sulfate values (higher than ISPCB standards) were found during November 1980 at stations 10 and 22. Sulfate concentrations did not exceed the ISPCB stan-dard (50-milligrams-per-liter) in any 1980 samples from Lake Michigan.

! Levels of sulfate continued to be considerably higher in the ash-settling ponds than in the lake. The levels of sulfate were reduced to near Lake Michigan levels during June in Cowles Bog and Pond C during 1980. The previous year's

      / U79) high sulfate concentrations in ponds B, C, and Cowles Bog may have re-i      sulted from seepage from the ash-settling pond. With lining of the ash ponds, 2-179                          seMces yog L

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a e e a e a a a e a a f n a a a i e a a a a e e a a a e a i a t 100 MAV JUN JUL AUL. St P 001 NOV f th MAR APR MAT JUN AUG NOV APh JUN AUG NOV APR JUN AUG APR JuN AUG APR JUN AUG NOV APR M AGU hOV 1974 1975 1976 1911 1918 1919 19410 Pond 8 was dry af ter the June san 91es; ash Ponds 14 and 15 af ter Aprti; Pond C substituted for Pond 8 and, stations 13 and 16 substituted for 14 and IS af ter the respective saspilng occantons mAen dry. , so Q Figure 2-36. Sulfate Concentrations, Pond B and Ash-Settling Pond Stations 14 and 15, 1 Ilail1y Study Area, 1974-1980 o O O to

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O b) m. these high sulfate concentrations were no longer observed in Pond C or Cowles Bog (Pond B is now dry) . There are no defined ISPCB standards for any of the above parameters except sulfate. All of the above are found in what are con-sidered to be acceptable concentrations in lake and discharge samples. Their concentrations in Lake Michigan appear to be indicative of water of good en-vironmental quality. Results for all nearshora ponds revealed similar or lower concentrations of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sulfates than in Lake Michigan. Since the beginning of the study in May 1974 through mid-1978, a trend of in-creasing sulfate concentrations has been observed in Pond B; however, the sul-fate levels were lower in 1979 than in 1976-1978. An attempt has been made to relate concentrations in Pond B to concentrations in the ash-settling ponds, particularly ash ponds 2 and 3 (stations 14 and 15), which are located directly across the Bailly Station access road from Pond B. Although a trend of in-creasing sulfate concentrations was observed in the ash ponds as well as in Pond B, the relationsnip between the ash ponds and Pond B was not totally clear, as shown in Figure 2-36. With the sealing of ash ponds 2 and 3, water level in Pond B has been lowered. This leads to the possibility that seepage was occurring but with lining is no longer occurring. Hardness is affected by a variety of ions, primarily calcium and magnesium, mainly because of the ability of these ions to remain in solution at high con-centrations. Since relatively small fluctuations (10 to 20 percent) in calcium ( and magnesium concentrations were observed in the lake, the result was rela-tively constant hardness for 1980, as in previous years. Hardness fluctuated more in the nearshore ponds than in Lake Michigan, as expected, based on wide variability in ionic concentrations. Variability was greatest in Cowles Bog, ranging from 128 to 222 (Appendix G). Chlorides and fluorides were found at low concentrations similar to past years in both Lake Michigan and the interdunal ponds. Fluoride levels have remained below 2 milligrams per liter from 1974 through 1980. Levels were less than 0.5 milligram per liter in all samples except in the ash-settling ponds during November. L

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Odor, the last general water quality parameter to be considered, is restricted gg by Indiana standards to being less than 8 units for a single value or a daily average of 4 units. The method for obtaining these values is to dilute the original sample with odor-free water and smell it. A value of 4 indicates a sample having a detectable odor after dilution to one fourth of its original concentration. This was done for November samples only from the Bailly vicin-ity, with values being reported as positive (mean value 4 or greater or single value(s) of 8 or greater) or negative (no detectable odor) . Results for Novem-ber 1980 were similar to previous years' results. Lake samples had virtually no odor and were reported as negative in all but one case. Some settling pond samples had odor, and one sample from natural pond C had detectable odor, ex-ceeding ISPCB standards. Undoubtedly these odors are due to decomposition of organic material. The natural pond waters and those from Cowles Bog usually have had odors in the past. The odors present in the ash pond waters most probably originated from the ash material which was added. 2.6.4.2 Aquatic Nutrients. Nineteen elements have been reported as being essential nutrients for aquatic plants: boron, carbon, calcium, chlorine, co-ll balt, copper, iron, hydrogen, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, nitrogen, sodium, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, vanadium, and zine (AWWA 1970). In this group the less common elements are as essential for plant growth as are the more common ones -- carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The =ajor nutrients considered in the Bailly Nuclear study were phosphorus (orthophosphate and total phosphorus), nitrogun (a=monia nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, and organic nitrogen), and silica. Studies by FWPCA (1968) have shown that a=monia, total phosphorus, and silica are not heavily concentrated in the nearshore areas of southern Lake Michigan. The potential effect of ad-ditions of these elements, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, is as follows (from Schelske 1971) : e Increase in plankton biomass e Decreasing water transparency e Changing water color (apparent) l l e Oxygen depletion in the hypolimnion e Changes in species composition l l l 1 l 2-182 **'"i " I' "A

3 e (~h These effects are generally considered undesirable, as they change the eco-O system, reduce recreational opportunities, increase costs for water treatment, and reduce or destroy aesthetic values. Conclusions from studies of Lake Michigan (Schelske 1971) are that 1) silica depletion will become an in-creasingly serious problem (values of less than 0.1 milligram per liter were reported as early as 1969 in southern Lake Michigan by Schelske (1971); 2) phosphorus additions have caused an increased demand by diatoms f ar available soluble silica supplies; and 3) because of conditions 1 and 2, Schelske pre-dicted a possible shif t from diatom-dominant populations to increasing green-and blue-green-dominant populations. An examination of the 1979 and 1980 phy-toplankton data from the vicinity of Bailly Station shows that such a shif t may indeed be occurring. While diatoms remain the biovolume dominant, green and blue-green algae dominated the density during all seasons in 1979 and 1980. Silica (SiO2 ) is a common component of natural waters. Silica is important, since diatoms must incorporate silica into their frustules during reproduction. Unlike many other minerals, silica does not appear important in the composi-(q/ tion of animal or plant protoplasm. As mentioned, silica concentration has decreased in Lake Michigan since the early 1900s, and silica now is found primarily offshore, away from the pro-ductive nearshore zone. The downward trend in silicates in Lake Michigan is shown in Figure 2-37. In the vicinity of Bailly Station, silica concentra-tions during 1980 ranged from 0.10 to 1.33 milligrams per liter; 1974 through 1978 data yielded similar ranges, although mean values did fluctuate by month, as shown in Figure 2-38. Average silica concentrations were similar to those of 1979 and slightly higher than in 1977 and 1978 (Figure 2-38) . Silica was found at similar levels in the interdunal ponds as in Lake Michigan (Figure 2-39). Values in ponds B and C tended to be low throughout the year (Pond B was dry af ter June sampling) . Values in Cowles Bog were erratic, ranging from 5.4 to 27.6 milligrams per liter. O V 2-183 services group

N 2.0 - O . h 17 - s F w 1.0 - E Si d m x x 0.0 ' 1962 _1970 1975 Figure 2-37. The Downward Trend in Silicate Concentrations in Lake Michigan during the Period 1962-1975 (From Verdium, 1977 -- data compiled g from 1962 data of Risley and Fuller [1965], 1970 data of Schelske and Roth [1973], and 1971-1975 data collected by NALCO Environmental Sciences f ar Commonwealth Edison Company) Phosphorus occurs in many forms in aquatic ecosystems. The fully oxidized state, phosphate, is the principal form of naturally occurring phosphorus com-pounds. Orthophosphate (?0 4 3) is generally the least abundant nutrient in natural waters, although it is the active component involved in growth of green aquatic plants. Considering the principal forms of phosphorus, dissolved ortho-phosphate makes up only 0.21 percent of the total, while particulate phosphorus represents 98.5 percent of the total. Concentrations of orthophosphate and total phosphorus in Lake Michigan during 1980 ranged from <0.001 to 0.725 mil-ligram per liter and <0.002 to 1.09 milligram per liter, respectively. These total phosphorus values were observed in April and may have been caused by sample bottle contamination (see Appendix Table G-7) . Other values (those not believed contaminated) were cocparable to 1975 through 1979 Lake Michigan levels. O services group 2-184

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O 6 r} Phosphorus (orthophosphate and total) loadings in the nearshore ponds were generally similar to those in the lake. Concentration varied from <0.002 to 0.127 milligram per liter for orthophosphate and <0.002 to 0.155 milligram per liter for total phosphorus. Ranges of orthophosphate for previous years were similar or slightly lower as shown in Figure 2-40. Values were high in ponds B cnd C in June, but decreased to lower and fairly constant levels in the other months. Levels in Cowles Bog increased from April through August then decreased in November with no extremely high levels as observed in some previous years (Figure 2-40). The remaining major nutrient measured in the Bailly Station study was nitrogen, which exists in several forms in the aquatic ecosystem, including dissolved nitrogen gas (N ), 2 ammonia nitrogen (NH 4

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INO2 ' , ions, tnd organic nitrogen compounds (primarily attributable to the presence of aquatic life). ihe community structure of the aquatic ecosystem can be influenced by the concentration of the above forms, which commonly are made available to the aquatic ecosystem through biological processes (such as 73 nitrogen release, denitrification, nitrification, and nitrogen fixation) . Most k-) of the nitrogen other than gaseous N2 is in the form of organic nitrogen (Sau-chelli 1964, as recorded from AWWA 1970) . Inorganic nitrogen forms seldom ex-ceed concentrations of a few milligrams per liter in surface waters, although they may reach 100 parts per million in ground waters. The concentrations of nitrogen in the water varies widely in the U.S., ranging from 0.1 to 3 milli-grams per liter. ISPCB or U.S. EPA standards permit the following maximum levels: A=monia - 0.05 milligram per liter Nitrates plus nitrites -- 10 milligrams per liter Total organic nitrogen - no limits set Of the nitrogen found in nature, organic nitrogen, as mentioned, is the pre-dominant form followed closely by nitrate nitrogen (Hutchinson 1957) . This is particularly true in the summer because of rapid incorporation of ammonia and nitrite nitrogen by green plants as organic nitrogen and because of the more complete nitrification occurring at that time. l t 2-187 services group I l

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  \J A=monia nitrogen concentrations in Lake Michigan gene: ally decreased f.am April through November (Table 2-61) . Somewhat similar trends were observed in past years with lowest values usually during August. Values for ammonia exceeded ISPCB standards during April at many stations and during August at a few ctations; ammonia values have exceeded ISPCB standards in portions of all previous years. Power plant cperation has seemed to have little apparent relationship to these excessive values. The levels observed during April 1980 should not endanger any indigenous f auna (EPA 1971) .

During the past 6 years, ammonia values were high at many pond stations, in rose cases exceeding standards several fold. These levels were due primarily

           .o microbial activity on detritus and possibly the introduction of ammonia from external sources. The excessive values in the ponds were probably of I

natural origin, as from decomposition products. High levels of ammonia were noted during April, June, and August 1980. This was dif ferent than during 1979 when extremely high concentrations of ammonia were observed in the nearshore ponds. The values observed during 1980 are not in excess of the 0.29 to 0.41 milligram per liter levels noted by 3all (1967) as being lethal to lake trout and yellow perch (Neither of which are thought to be found in the ponds) in 2 to 7 days (LD50 or 50 percent death in 2-7 days). Other species (e.g., green sunfish or bluntnose minnow which could potentially be in the pond) are not as susceptible to these concentrations (Henderson et al.1960, Hemens 1966, Su=cerfelt and Lewis 1967) . Because of the wind-mixing pctential of these shallow ponds, it is unlikely that toxic levels of ammonia were reached, and no dead fish have been noted during sample collection. This same nitrogen load that controlled a=monia levels undoubtedly also af-fected nitrate and nitrite loadings, total levels of which must be below 10 milligrams per liter by U.S EPA standards. Levels in the lakes and ponds never exceeded this value during the 7 years. Although nitrate values in Lake auchi-gan were higher than normal during November 1975, with concentrations at Sta-tion 5 of 2.80 milligrams per liter and at Station 6 of 2.80 and 3.40 milli-grams per liter, levels during 1976 and 1977 never exceeded 0.3 milligram per liter; 1978 values were similarly low and usually below 0.2 uilligram per liter. i p V 2-189 services group

O Table 2-61 Concentrations of A=monia, Nitrate, Nitrite, and Organic Nitrogen (mg/.1, Q Lake Michigan Control Station 9S and Nearshore Pond Stations 17-21, Bailly Study Area, 1974-1980 Anunonia Ni trate Ni trite Organic Nitrogen Year Month 95 Pond 95 Pond 95 Pond 9S Pond 1974 May 0.06 0.li 0.03 1.90 0.006 0.008 0.10 0.31 Jun 0.02 0.06 0.18 0.02 0.006 0.006 0.31 1.22 Jul 0.004 0.53 0.16 0.02 0.005 0.004 0.16 1.82 Aug 0.004 0.11 1.45 0.04 0.007 0.004 0.34 1.25 Sep 0.04 0.49 0.17 0.01 0.005 0.004 0.23 0.98 Oct 0.03 1.22 0.10 0.01 0.004 0.006 0.11 1.45 Nov 0.05 0.81 0.26 0.05 0.005 0.004 0.18 1.16 1975 Feb 0.10 0.66 0.27 0.006 0.004 0.007 0.15 0.77 Mar 0.05 0.12 0.29 0.006 0.003 ' 004

                                                                         .       0.05    0.48 Apr   0.03     0.058    0.27      0.03     0.004     0.002     0.09    0.41 May   0.07     0.060    0.31     <0.04     0.008     0.004     0.20    0.46 Jun   0.04     0.049    0.23     <0.04     0.006     0.002     0.13    0.60 Aug   0.02     0.054    0.18      0.04     0.005     0.002     0.17    0.56 Nov   0.008    0.089    0.13      0.05*    0.004     0.005     0.12    0.67 1976            Apr   0.03     0.112    0.26      0.37     0.004     0.003     0.17    0.28 Jun   0.02     0.430    0.18     <0.04     0.004     0.002     0.05    0.36 Aug   0.01     0.213    0.18     <0.04     0.007     0.002     0.13    0.30 Nov   0.05     0.572    0.14      0.35     0.005     0.005     0.07   <0.04 1C77            Apr   0.02     0.206    0.26      0.06     0.002     v.003     0.18    0.32 Jun   0.04     0.293    0.24      0.11     0.002     0.007     0.14    0.54 Aug   0.01     0.061    0.14      0.01    <0.002     0.002     0.11    0.27 Nov   0.07     0.078    0.21      0.04     0.003     0.002     0.19    0.37 1978            Apr   0.04     0.042    0.25      0.166** 0.003      0.002**   0.71    0.90 Jun   0.02     0.100    0.95      0.103** 0.003      0.009     0.44    0.76 Aug   0.01     0.013    0.15     <0.040   <0.002     0.005     0.23    0.59 Nov   0.04     0.177    0.16      0.060    0.003     0.004     0.31    0.91 1979            Apr   0.08      0.710   0.26      0.04    .0.006      0.004    0.45    0.34 Jun   0.04      0.315   0.190     0.262    0.009      0.001    0.180    1.32 Aug   0.01      0.113   0.16     <0.01     0.001 <0.001        0.169   2.20 Nov  <0.002     1.748   0.14      0.008    0.019      0.041    0.182   2.64 T980***         Apr   0.018     0.08 3  0.25      0.242    0.005     0.010     0.04     0.46 Jun   0.021     0.C82   0.20      0.0C8     0.004    0.006     0.46     1.42 Aug   0.17      0.133   0.27      0.085     0.007    0.005     0.15     0.66 Nov  <0.008     0.030** 0.22     <0.002     0.006 <0.002       0.15     0.73 Sample contamination in three samples; these values were deleted in calculation.
   " Sample values belcw detection not used in calculation.

Pond B was dry during August and November with no samples taken at stations 17 and 18 during these months. g 2-190 services group

O

               \
          /
 ,            Higher levels occurred in 1979, however, with April nitrate levels between 0.3
 'w)          and 0.4 milligram per liter. This also was the case in 1980 with concentrations decreasing throughout the year. Concentrations in the interdunal ponds wer2 low, with only April values at or near the concentrations in the lake. Concentrations from comparable months (insofar as data were available) of 1974-1979 are shown in Figure 2-41.

Nitrates occur in very minute o. antities in unpolluted waters (Reid 1961); ap-preciable quantities of nitrite and characteristic of organic contamination and decomposition. Highest nitrite concentrations were observed in June 1980. Con-centrations of nitrite in the ponds were generally 1 wer than in Lake Michigan, with th exception of the ash-settlit.g ponds during November. These ponds may receive some nitrite addition via sanitary wastes, t.6-f .; LAst e!CHIGMt C rtCL $7m7101191

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Organic nitrogen is for=ed and degraded primarily by biological action. The h cc=nonly recognized forms of organic nitrogen are proteins and their deriva-tives -- purines, pyrimidines, and urea ( AWWA 1970) . The concentration of or-ganic nitrogen can be expected to vary seasonally in natural waters such as Lake Michigan. Total organic nitrogen is a valuable indicator of the productivity of a body of water. Lake Michigan organic nitrogen values in the vicinity of Bailly Station ranged frca 0.06 to 0.87 milligram per liter during 1980. Values for previcus years were in the same range. Jalues in the ponds exhibited indivi-dual ranges from 0.15 to 2.23 milligram per liter: values from the ponds in previous years, except 1979, were lower. The nearshore ponds, especially Cowles Bog, exhibited generally higher concentrations and greater fluctuations than Lake Michigan. The previous years' studies revelaed similar trends. Observations of the concentrations of the described aquatic nutrients revealed that the waters of southern Lake Michigan in the study area are environmen-tally of excelle::t quality and can support diverse aquatic communities; the nearshore ponds somewhat more enriched, should, and do, support a diverse com-munity. 2.6.4.3 Trace Elements in Water. Trace elements are as essential to plant growth as are the more common compounds such as nitrates, phosphates, and sil-icates. However, just as with the nutrients, an overabundance of a trace ele-ment can cause prcblems to the indigenous flora and fauna. For example, copper is important for algal growth at low concentrations but at higher concentra-tiens causes inhibition. Mercury can beccme concentrated in fish and other animal tissues and is linked to poisoning and reduced reproduction. Cadmium, lead, and zine are known toxic uetals to which some plants (such as Typha lati-folia, broad-leafed cattail) can develop a tolerance (McNaughton et al . 19 71) , thus preventing devoid areas in the vicinity of kncwn concentrations of these elements. Copper, nickel, and zinc have been shown to be toxic to some fish species by investigators incl" ding Renwoldt et al (1971) and Doudoroff and Kat: (1953). O ser ces group 2-192

With this background and other literature in mind, water quality standards for the great majority of these elements have been proposed. For the State of  ; Indiana, these have been presented in Table 2-5>. Data collected in the Bailly Station vicinity will be compared weh these standards. Samples for trace element stalysis were not scheduled for collection in Lake Michigan during the period April 1976 through March 1981. During 1974, cad-mium concentrations were reported in excess of limits in 7 of the 42 samples collected in Lake Michigan during October. This is the only known excessive occurrence. During 1975 and 1976, many of the trace element concentrations were at or below anal ftical detection limits, an indication of water of good quality for existing biota. t The trace element survey in the nearshore ponds revealed no trends, but con-stant fluctuations of all values. Iron and mercury were found in concentra-tions greater than ISPCB limits during 1980. Mercury was found at greater than U.S. EPA recommended levels in 1974 and 1975, but did not exceed these standard levels in 1976, 1977, or 1978 samples. Table 2-62 shows those ele-ments in excess by month for the 1980 collections. Tables 2-63, 2-64, 2-65, 2-66, 2-67, and 2-68 shcw excessive values for 1979, 1978, 1977, 1976, 1975, and 1974, respectively. The other element showing values above limits during past years was iron. During 1978, iron levels were below maximum standards but were nbove standards in previous years. The source of this element is , thought i ; airborne input from nearby steel-producing facilities. Coal-ash deposition is thought to be the cause for the levels in the ash ponds; subsequent seepage to Pond B is speculated but unproved as the source of man-ganese in Pond B. s Iron has received particular attention. Although lethal levels are est hated I by Shaw and Gruskin (1967) as 100 milligrams per liter (for Daphnia manna) and the observed concentrations did not approach this level, concentrations ap-proaching 20 milligrams per liter were obscrved in November 1977 in both Pond B and Cowles Bog, as well as within the ash ponds. Although ash-pond water .ay i be leaching into Pond B and carrying iron with it, the source of the iron is  ; unclear since concentrations of iron were citiable in 1979 and not always high-est in the ash ponds nor consistently high in any of the natural ponds. During 1980, the April and June samples from Pond B did not contain excessive iron. 2-193

\ Table 2-62 h Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, Bailly Study Area, April 1980-March 1981 Element Ash Ponds

• Pond B** Pond C Cowles Bog Cadmium Apr Chromium Copper Iron Apr Aug Lead Manganese Apr, Aug Mercury Apr, Jun, Aug Apr, Jun Apr, Jun, Aug Aor, Jun, Aug Nickel Zine No. values in excess 22 8 12 8 Note: No samples required for stations 1-10.

Sampling locaticns and nurrbers of samples collected were variable as a result of ' pond lining activities.

  **                                                                                      O W

Pond B was dry during August and Novemoer, with no samples collected during those months. Table 2-63 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, 3ailly Study Area, April 1979-March 1980 Element Ash Ponds Pond B Pond C Ccwles Bog Cadmium Apr, Jun Chremium Capcer Iron Apr, Jun, Aug, Nov Apr, Jun Apr, Nov Apr, Jun, Aug Lead Manganese Apr, Aug, Nov Apr, Aug, Nov Nov Nov Mercury Jun Nickel Zinc No. values in exce:s 10 5 3 4 Note: No samples required for stations 1-10. seMces group 2-194

o es Table 2-64 I (d ) Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, Bailly Study Area, April 1978-March 1979 Element Ash Ponds Pond B Pond C Cowles Bog Cadmium Apr, Nov, Aug Jun Chromium Copper Iron Lead Manganese Apr. Nov Mercury Nickel Nov Zinc No. values 6 1 0 0 in excess Note: No samples required for stations 1-10. d Table 2-65 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, Bailly Study Area, April 1977-March 1978 Element Ash Ponds Pond B Pond C Cowles Bog Cadmium Apr, Jun Aug, Nov j Chromium Jun, Nov Jun l Copper Iron Apr, Jun Aug, Nov Nov Apr, Jun Aug, Nov Aug, Nov Lead Aug Manganese Apr, Jun Nov

Nov l

Mercury Nickel Zinc No. values 14 3 1 5 in excess i Note: No samples required for stations 1-10. 2-195 services- group _ ___ _ _ _ , -- .._____-__ _ _ , ~ _ . . . _ . . . . . . _ . , . _ . . , _ _ _ _ . _ _ . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . _ . . . . .-

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,\

sj f Table 2-66 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, h Bailly Study Area, January 1976-March 1977 Element Ash Ponds Pond B Pond C Cowles Bog Cadmium Apr, Jun Apr Aug, Nov Iron Apr, Jun Apr, Aug Jun, Aug Jun, Aug Manganese Apr, Jun Apr Aug, Nov Nov Chromium, Aug Hexavalent Chromium, Totol Aug Nickel No. values 11 excess 14 6 2 2 Note: No semples required for statiens 1-10. O Table 2-67 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, Bailly Study Arec, April 1975-March 1976 Stations

• Ele'ren t 1-10 Ash Ponds Pond B Pond C Cowles Bog Mercury Mar, Jun Jun Nov May Cadmium Mar, Apr May, Aug Nov Iron Mar, May Mar, Jun May, Apr Mar, Jun Aug, Nov Jun Nov Manganese Mar, Apr Mar, Apr Apr, May Apr, May May, Jun May, Aug Nov Nov Aug, Nov Nov Chrcrniuni Nov 8 7 7 No. values in excess 18

   *None                                                                                   g 2-196                         * * "I* *

• F * " P

3 Table 2-68 (v'1 Trace Element Concentrations Exceeding Indiana Standards, Bailly Study Area, May 1974-February 1975 Stations Element 1-10 Ash Ponds Pond B Pond C Cowles Bog Mercury May, Jun May, Jun May, Jun Jun, Feb Jul, Aug Nov, Feb Nov, Feb Nov, Feb Cadnium Oct May, Jun Aug Jul, Aug Sep, Oct Nov Iron May, Jun Jul, Aug Jun, Jul Jun, Jul Jul, Oct Sep, Oct Aug, Sep Aug, Feb Feb Feb Oct, Feb Manganese May, Jun May, Jun Jun, Jul Pay, Jun Jul, Aug Jul, Aug Aug, Sep Jul, Aug Sep, Oct Sep, Oct Oct, Feb 3ep, Oct Feb Feb Feb Chromium May, Nov Nov Nov May, Jun Jul No. values in excess 1 27 18 17 16

 .G V

During August and November Pond B was dry. Probable sources for the ele.nent may be airborne input from nearby steel-producing f acilities. Iron concentra-tions above the standards did not occur in 1978, but occurred in all ponds during 1979. Only Pond C and Cowles Bog showed iron concentrations in excess of the ISPCB standards during 1980. Because of the scattered nature of excess values, the observed high and low values may be a normal pond cycle. The increases are possibly due to changes 4 in solubility or to additions from external sources (possibly airborne pol-lutants from nearby manufacturing facilities). Decreas2s nay occur through dilution by rainfril or through uptake by the aquatic flora or sediment: . The dramatically '.u-er iron levels found during 1978 and 1980 are not understood at this time in relation to data f rom 1974 through 1977. f3

  '%)

2-197 services group

l l O Whatever the source of excess trace elements in the ponds (notably fewer in 1980), the indigenous pond populations have suffered no apparent ill effects. l As mentioned in other sections, productivity in the ponds is higher than in Laka Michigan, and species composition is varied. l l l 2.6.4.4 Indicators of Industrial and Organic Contamination. As with the other parameters studied in the Bailly Station vicinity, indicators of indus-trial and organic contamination are represented by several parameters: fecal I and total coliform bacteria, chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD), total organic carbon (TOC), cyanides, phenols, hexane-soluble materials (oils and greases), and methylene-blue active substance. All have limits pre-scribed in Indiana or U.S. EPA standards, as listed in Table 2-57. These standards are used for comparison to all data presented. Fecal and total coliform bacteria are a measure of a system's contamination by coliform bacteria and provide an index of contamination by warm-blooded animals. The coliform bacteria are a group of 17 bacterial forms, only four of which are fecal in origin. The remainder are natural soil or water organ-isms. Levels prescribed for Lake Michigan are 20 fecal coliform bacteria per h 100 mi:'.iliters of water from open water areas and 200 per 100 milliliters at beaches, based on a geometric mean of five samples. No specific limits for total coliform levels are available. Considerable variability existed in fecal and total colif orm levels dur .ng 1980. Lowest numbers were noted during April when all settling ronds, inter-dunal pond C, and Cowles Bog had fecal coliforms less than 5 per 1:J milli-liters. Highes t fecal coliform counts were observed at all ponds during August, with values from Ccwles Bog the highest (averaging 700 per 100 milliliters) . These values do not specifically exceed allowable limits as there are ncne specific to these waters. The source of the coliform bacteria is not known but is not attributed to operation of the power plant. Relative high total coliform bacteria counts have been present in the natural ponds and Ccwles 3cg during most sampling periods except April 19 79. As in previcus years of study, O services group 2-198

o () highest bacterial levels were associated with highest water temperatures in August. The relatively high total coliforms found during August have been noted in years past and are probably the result of natural soil microbial ac-tivity degrading dead plant and animal matter. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total or-ganic carbon (TOC) are all methods used for determination of total organic contaminants. Measuring TOC is a direct determination of contaminating pol-lutants in the water (APHA 1971) . BOD and C0D are both " methods for measuring 6- organic contaminants based on determinations of the equivalence of oxidizing agents which can react with organic substances" (APRA 1971), While not direct measures of organic contamination, these methods are widely used, and a ration-ale for data interpretation has been developed. Allowable limits for these three parameters have not been established. The natural ponds yielded slightly higher BOD, TOC, and C0D concentrations than did the settling ponds. Overall, 30Ds werc generally low, with the high-est value reported, 17 milligrams per liter, in Pond C during April. COD and 0s TOC measurements were highest in Cowles Bog during November and June, respec-tively. Ccwles Bog generally behaved differently from the other pondo because of dif ferences in nutrient input, productivity, and amounts of decomposable organic matter present. During 1974,1975,1976,1977,1978, and 1979, the interdunal ponds (especially the Cowles Bog area) also revealed higher BOD, TOC, and C0D levels than the settling ponds. In general, these three measure-ments indicate that the nearshore ponds have reasonably low levels of organic lording, with the variations during the study apparently seasonally related to macrophyte growth and runoff patterns. These remaining parameters, hexane-soluble materials (oil and grease), phenols, and methylene-blue active substances (surfactants), were also analyzed as in-dicators of contamination. Phenols and methylene-blue active substances (MBAS) are both low-level parameters (Indiana standards are 0.001 milligram per liter for phenols). MBAS levels were never above detection limit (0.02 milligrams per liter) during 1980, and phenols were detected at concentrations above de-tectability limits only in April. These phenol concentrations were above the O 2-199 services group 1

c 2 Y ISPCB standards for Lake Michigan; however, the standards do not necessarily apply to the nearshore ponds. Hexane-soluble materials (oils and greases) have no assigned standard in Indiana regtlation SPC-4R-2. The ponds were gen-erally low in hexane-soluble materials. The highest value (16.2 milligrams per liter) was observed in Cowles Bog during .ugust. This quantity of material was probably of natural origin, apparently had no adverse effect on the system, and probably was the result of dead and decaying plant and animal material. 2.6.4.5 Trace Elements in Sediment _s_. Trace elements often collect in sed-iments at much higher concentratiens than in the water colu=n. Much of the material becomes tied to clay-micelles, to Sphagnum in bogs, and to detritus, effectively removing it from the system except under specific conditions of low oxygen tension. When such conditions occur and the oxidation / reduction potential changes, iron, manganese, and silica concentrations often rise in the interstitial waters (Sullivan 1967), and mineral recycling begins at the sediment-water interface. When lake or pond waters turn over, this hypolim-netic concentration is mixed throughout the water column, providing a basis for the primary productivity and for all levels that depend on that primary production. During sampling year 7, sediment samples in the NIPSCo Bailly Station vicinity were collected during April, August, and November 1980, and January 1981. Samples were collected and processed according to an EPA procedure in which a weighed portion of settled, wet, dredge material was added to a fixed volume of water and shaken under controlled conditions. After shaking, the samples were setticJ and the supernatant decanted and analyzed. Results were expressed in milligrams of constituent per kilogram of sediment (equivalent to parts per million). Sediment elements analyzed were cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, lead, man-ganese, mercury, nickel, selenium, vanadium, zinc, and total phosphorus. These elements were chosen for their importance as nutrients to the phytoplankton and, in the case of metals li' e mercury, because of their potential danger in human consumption of fish. 4 2-200

o () Values for all ranged from low to moderate. Concentrations of mercury were at or below analytic detection limits during August, Nove=ber, and January; concentrations of vanadium were below detection in November and January in the ash-settling ponds and in November in Pond C. Barely detectable levels of mercury were observed during April at all locations. Cadmium was noted during all months in both the natural and ash-settling ponds. Concentrations over the year's samples in the ash-settling ponds ranged from less than 0.002 to 0.059 milligrams per kilogram while in the natural ponds (Pond B was not sampled af ter April as it was dry) ranged from 0.002 to 0.040 milligrams per kilogram. Nickel was found in moderate concentratione, the highest occurring in Pond C during November. Average concentrations of copper at each station revealed values well below maximum levels for water samples during all months sampled. High copper levels had been found during the 1979 survey, but did not persist in 1980. Lead values were low, less than the permissible levels in water, ex-3 cept in one ash-settling pond and one natural pond sample in August and two x samples from Pond C in November. Vanadium and manganece, both important trace elements for phytoplankton, were present during 1980. Vanadium was detectable during all months except Novem-ber. The high levels observed in 1979 were not found during 1980. Manganese was present in all four months at levels up to 34.0 milligrams per kilogram (Station 19) . Relatively high levels of manganese were also observed during previous years. In general, the values in the nearshore ponds are thought to be due to allochthonous airborne additions, but the high manganese levels are difficult to explain. In past years it did not appear that wastes from the Bailly Station had any effect on manganese levels, based on the low observed levels in the ash ponds. However, the 1980 samples revealed relatively high manganese in the ash-settling ponds but even higher values from Pond C. Zinc concentrations were similar to those found in 1979. No standards for sine have been promulgated for sediment samples, but allcwable water concentrations are 5 milligrams per liter and this level was not exceeded nor even appreached () as the highest concentrarian was 1.31 milligram per kilogram in sediment from Pond C. 2-201 services group

a e Phosphorus and iron are commonly reported together in sediment analyses. Phocohorus vale .s were moderate at mcst stations, with a range of less than 0.02 to 62.2 milligrams per kilogram reported. (Again, no standards for sedi-ments have been promulgated.) These concentrations were similar to those ob-served in previous years. Iron was found in concentrations ranging from 0.002 to 150 milligrams per kilogram. The maximum concentration noted during 1980 were more than 13 times the 1979 concentration. Iron was also found to be in excess in water samples from the ponds, as dicussed previously. Airborne par-ticulates may be the source of some of this material. e Cadmium, mercury, manganese, iron, and phosphorus appear tied to ash deposition or atmospheric par-ticulate fallout. e There is a tendency for a general decrease in most trace elements with the onset of winter. e Most trace element concentrations fluctuate errat-ically from station to station and from season to season. e Sediment selenium values probably reflect back-ground levels and are influenced little or not at all by the existing Bailly station plant or other facilities in the area. 2.7 AQ1lATIC REFERENCES CITED Alley, W.P. 1964. Ecology of the burrowing benthos amphipod Pontoporeia af finis in Lake Michigan. Spec. Rpt. No. 36. Great Lakes Res. Div., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. 131 p. American Water Works Association. 1970. Chemistry of nitrogen and phosphorus in water. J. Amer. Water. Wks. Assoc. 51:127-139. American Public Health Association. 1971. Standard methods for the examina-tion of water and wastewater, 13th Edition. APHA, AWWA, WPCF. Washington, D.C. American Public Health Association. 1975. Standard methods for the examina-tion of water and wastewater, 14th Edition. APRA, AWWA, WPCF. Washington, D.C. Arnold, D.E. 1971. Ingestion, assimilation, urvival, and reproduction by Daphnia pulex fed several species of blue green algae. Limnol and Oceanogr. 16(6):906-920. ll services group 2-202

o (")

 \>

Ayers, John C. and E. Seibel. 1973. Cook plant preoperational studies 1972. Benton Harbor Plant Limnological Studies, Part XIII. Special Rpt. No. 44 Great Lakes Res. Div., Univ. Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. Ball, I.R. 1967. The relative susceptibilities of some species of freshwater fish to poisons. I. Anmania. Water Res. 1:767-775. Beeton, A.M. 1970. Statement on pollution and eutrophication of the Great Lakes. Special Rpt. No. 11. Delivered to the U.S. Senate subcommittee on Air and Water Pollution of the Committee on Public Works, May 1970. Beeton, A.M., B.G. Torke, A.S. Brooks, and J.A. Bowers. 1975. Influence of energy-related effluents on Great Lakes zooplankton. Proc. of the 2nd conf. on the Great Lakes. Prepared by Argonne National Laboratory for the Interagency Committee on Marine Science and Engineering of the Federal Council for Sciences and Technology. p. 432-437. Bo'rror, D.J. and D.M. DeLong. 1971. An introduction to the study of insects. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, N.Y. 319 p. Brinkhurst, R.O., A.L. Hamilton, and H.B. Herrington. 1968. Components of the bottom fauna of the St. Lawrence Great Lakes. Great Lakes Inst. , Univ. Toronto Publ. No. 33, 49 p. Brinkhurst, R.O. and B.G.M. Jamieson. 1971. Aquatic oligochaeta of the world. University of Toronto Press, Toronto. 860 p. Brooks, John L. 1957. The systematics of North American Daphnia. Memoirs of the Connecticut Acad, of Arts & Sci. ; 13. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. Brown, E.H., Jr. 1972. Population biology of alewives, Alosa pseudoharer.gus, in Lake Michigan, 1949-70. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 29:477-500. Burks, B. 1953. The mayflies, or Ephemeroptera, of Illinois. Ill. Nat. Hist. Sury. Bull 26(1):1-216. Carlander, K.D. 1969. Handbook of freshwater fishery biology. Vol. I. Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, 752 p. Comita, G.W. and G.C. Anderson. 1959. The seasonal development of a popula-l tion of Diaptomus ashlandi Marsh and related phytoplankton cycles in Lake l Washington. Limnol. Oceanogr. 4:37-52. Cook, G.W. and R.E. Powers. 1964. The benthic fauna of Lake Michigan as affected by the St. Joseph River. Proc. 7th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Great Lakes Res. Div. , Univ. Michigan. 68-76. t Doudoroff, P. and u Katz. 1953. Critical review of literature on the toxi-city of indus rial wastes and their components to fish. II. The metals, as salts. Sewage and Ind. Wastes, 25 (7):800-339. (~h l ls ,) Edmondson, W.T. 1965. Reproductive rates of planktonic rotifera as related l to food and temperature in nature. Ecolo. Monogr. 35:61-111. services group 2-203

e t

• t

 /

Edmunds, G.F., S.L. Jensen, and L. Berner. 1976. The mayflies of North and Central America. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. 330 p. Eggleton, F.E. 1936. The deep-water bottom fauna of Lake Michigan. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci., 21:599-612. ,

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