ML20207D555

Thirty-First Annual Progress Rept for Penn State Breazeale Reactor for Jul 1985 - June 1986

ML20207D555
Person / Time
Site:	Pennsylvania State University
Issue date:	06/30/1986
From:	Totenbier R, Voth M PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIV., UNIVERSITY PARK, PA
To:
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ML20207D547	List: ML20207D544 ML20207D555 ML20207D613
References
PSBR-315-4986102, NUDOCS 8612310065
Download: ML20207D555 (69)

Text

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THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT PENN STATE 1

BREAZEALE REACTOR r .

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1 AUGUST 1986

!$A"18882!$$$s803 R pon PSBR 315-4986102 CONTRACT DE-ACO2-76ER03409

ir Contract DE-AC02-76ER03409 THIRTY-FIRST ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT PENN STATE BREAZEALE REACTOR July 1,1985 to June 30, 1986 Submitted to:

United States Dopartment of Energy and The Pennsylvania State University By:

Marcus H. Voth (Director)

Robert E. Totenbier (Editor)

Penn State Breazeale Reactor Department of Nuclear Engineering The Pennsyvania State University University Park, PA 16802 August isS6 i

PSBR 315-4986102 i

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f TABLE OF CONTENTS Page PREFACE. . . . . . . ... . . . .. ............... v HIGHLIGHTS . . .. . ... .. . . ................ vii I. INTRODUCTION - M. H. Voth . . ............... 1 II. PERSONNEL - I. B. McMaster, D. Nicely . . ......... 3 III. REACTOR FACILITY - R. E. Totenbier. . . .......... 7 IV. COBALT-60 FACILITY - J. J. Bonner . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 V. EDUCATION AND TRAINING - R. E. Totenbier. . . ....... 15 VI. RADI0 NUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LABORATORY - D. C. Raupach. . .. 23 VII. LOW LEVEL RADIATION MONITORING LABORATORY - B. Ford . ... 25 VIII. FACILITY RESEARCH UTILIZATION - R. E. Totenbier . . . . . . 29 A. University Research Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Nuclear Reactor. . . . . . . . . . 30 B. Industrial Research Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Nuclear Reactor. . ........ 46 APPENDIX A: Faculty, Staff and Students Utilizing the Facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Nuclear Reactor R . E . Tot en b i e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 APPENDIX B: Formal G roup Tours - S. Ripka . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 lii

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1 Personnel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 4 2 Reactor Operation Data. . ................ '

10 3 Reactor Utilizati on Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4 Cobalt-60 Utilizati on Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 5 Eigh School Nuclear Science Program . . . . . . . . . . . 19 FIGJRES Figure M

1 Organization Chart. . . . ................. 6 k.

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PREFACE Administrative responsibility for the Breazeale Reactor facility residas in the Department of Nuclear Engineering in the College of Engineering. It is operated as a facility of the University that is available to all colleges of the University for their education and research programs. In addition, the facility is made available to Commonwealth industries to provide services that are essential in solving their research and development problems.

The Thirty-first Annual Progress Report of the operation of The Pennsylvania State University Breazeale Reactor is submitted in accordance with the requirements of Contract DE-ACO2-76ER03409 with the United States i i

Department of Energy. This report also provides the University  !

administration with a summary of the utilization of the facility for the past year.

The cover is a take-off on the Penn State Alumni Association's special automobile license plates. The R-2 is the Penn State Breazeale Reactor's Operating License number, which has been renewed and EXTENDED to the year 2006.

, The contribution of R. Totenbier in compiling data and editing this report and that of S. Ripka in typing the report is recognized and greatly appreciated. Special thanks is also extended to those responsible for the various sections of this report as listed in the Table of Contents.

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>> HIGHLIGHTS <<

1. The PSBR's R-2 license has been renewed for twenty years to 2006.

• Over $869,000 was given by 9 sponsors to support research for 7 investigators which, at least in part, involved the use of the PSBN facilities.

• Sixty faculty / staff members and twenty-three graduate students were involved in various research and instruction projects.

• Two bachelor, six masters, and seven doctoral degrees resulted from the twenty-eight reported projects.

• Eight papers and thirteen publications related to these projects are repor ted.

• Seventeen persons from four industries made use of the PSBR facilities.

a Sixteen Nuclear Engineering Technology students logged 16 hours1.851852e-4 days <br />0.00444 hours <br />2.645503e-5 weeks <br />6.088e-6 months <br /> each at the controls of the PSBR.

• Ninety reactor operator trainees from four electrical utilities were l involved in sixteen training programs comprising 350 hours0.00405 days <br />0.0972 hours <br />5.787037e-4 weeks <br />1.33175e-4 months <br /> over thirteen weeks.

• Forty-five educators from nine states attended the 16th Nuclear Concepts and Energy Resources Institute (NCERI) for four weeks.

• Thirty-one high school classes (667 students total) visited the PSBR for a day of experiments and/or a tour.

l 5 Four college groups totaling 31 students were involved in Reactor l Snaring Projects at the PSBR.

• Ninety-two groups totaling more than 1,700 participants toured the PSBR on formal tours.

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I. INTRODUCTION The 1985-86 year was one of new beginnings for the Penn State Breazeale Reactor (PSBR). The highlight of the year was receipt of the R-2 operating license extension to the year 2006. Along with the license renewal came state-of-the-art technical specifications. This required a comprehensive review of all operating procedures along with major revisions, especially in addressing surveillance requirements for checks, tests, and calibrations. In many cases, physical modifications or additions were necessary to accommodate these new requirements. Another new beginning occurred in PSBR staffing. Retirements made way for new additions in the staff. Dr. Levine left the position of Director and Dr.

Voth assumed control of the PSBR along with direct responsibility for the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory (LLRML).

The PSBR continues to play an important role in meeting the three-fold mission of The Pennsylvania State University; resident instruction, continuing education, and university-wide research. The scope of individual projects and the number of participants are summarized in the highlights and discussed in detail throughout this report. One milestone among these is the completion of the first PSBR Ben Franklin Partnership which identified areas for improvement of gas springs through neutron radiography. The ability to respond to unique and unanticipated research needs was demonstrated through an impromptu environmental monitoring program set up to monitor airborne radiation from the Chernobyl reactor l

fire reaching central Pennsylvania. The staff can be rightfully proud of their accomplishments during the 1985-86 year and have set before them a challenge to make 1986-87 even more productive, t

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II. PERSONNEL

/, There have been several changes in PSBR personnel during the reporting period starting with the transfer of Dr. S. H. Levine from the Directorship of the PSBR to an academic position. In this new position, Dr. Levine now

, maintains his office in 231 Sackett Building. Dr. Levine's new position f became effective June 1,1986 at which time Dr. Marcus H. Voth assumed the position of Director, PSBR. Dr. Voth comes to us with 16 years experience in the nuclear industry. Part of those 16 years were with a utility and part were spent directing operations of a commercial research reactor used to produce radio pharmaceuticals.

John L. Penkala retired from PSBR service effective June 30, 1986.

O Jchn has served the University at tha PSBR since June 1958. In recent years, Mr. Penkala has taught undergraduate and Associate degree courses a

and has served as Training Coordinator for utility training programs. A Search Committee is actively recruiting a replacment.

William Davy, Custodian / Driver, for the PSBR for the past 16 years also retired effective June 30, 1986. Bill has served the University in various capacities in excess of 30 years.

Ira McMaster has been granted a change from a 148 week contract to a 36 week contract at his request effective July 1, 1986.

Patricia Annagast accepted the position of Facility Secretary in October 1985, thus filling the position vacated by Mrs. Martha Beward in June 1985.

Bonnie Ford, Dave Ryan, and Patrick Boyle continue to operate the Low Level Radiation Monitoring Laboratory with direction and guidance as shown in the Organization Chart in Figure 1.

Daniel Haffey, working on wage payroll for the summer, is assisting the operating staff with a variety of different chores.

R. Bland, though retired from University service, graciously continues

to chair the Penn State Reactor Safeguards Canmittee. Table 1 lists the current members of the committee, as well as other associated with reactor operations.

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TABLE 1 PERSONNEL Faculty and Staff

1. 1. J. J. Bonner - Senior Nuclear Education Specialist /

Affiliate Instructor G. L. Catchen - Assistant Professor

1. 1. T. L. Flinchbaugh - Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist / Training Coordinator B. C. Ford - Environmental Analyst

1. 1. D. E. Hughes - Reactor Supervisor / Nuclear Education Specialist W. A. Jester - Professor

• • S. H. Levine - Professor / Directer (Retired this position 5/31/86)

1. 1. I. B. McMaster - Research Assistant / Deputy Director D. C. Nicely - Administrative Aide

• • J. L. Penkala - Research Assistant / Utility Training Coordinator (Retired 6/30/86)

• • D. C. Raupach - Reactor Supervisor / Reactor Utilization Specialist

• K. E. Rudy - Senior Engineering Aide - Mechanical Services D. F. Ryan - Research Technologist

1. 1. R. E. Totenbier - Research Assistant / Operations Supervisor

1. D. S. Vonada - Research Technologist M. H. Voth - Associate Professor / Director (6/1/86) e

• Licensed Operator

1. 1. Licensed Senior Operator 4

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Technical Service Staff W. A. Davy - Custodian / Driver (Retired 6/30/86)

R. L. Eaken - Experimental and Maintenance Mechanic Clerical P. K. Armagast - Facility Secretary S. K. Ripka - Secretary and Receptionist Penn State Reactor Safeguards Committee A. J. Baratta, Assistant Professor, Nuclear Engineering J. A. Blakeslee, Assistant Superintendent of Plant, PP&L Susquehanna Steam Electric Station R. E.' Bland, Associate Professor, Engineering Research, ARL (Chairman)

R. W. Granlund, Health Physicist, Intercollege Research Programs and Facilities H. R. Jacobs, Professor and Department Head, Mechanical Engineering E. S. Kenney, Professor, Nuclear Engineering D. A. Ross, Special Projects Director, General Public Utilities R. E. Totenbier, Operations Supervisor, Breazeale Nuclear Reactor M. H. Voth, Director, Breazeale Nuclear Reactor (Ex-officio)

D. White, Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering 5

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S ORCANIZATION CHART PENN STATE BREAZEALE REACTOR Department Head W. F. Witzig Administrative Services and University ---

Financ1Al Operations Health Physics l D. C. Nicely I

l Penn State Low Level Radiation Breazeale Reactor Monitoring Lab l____ H. H. Voth I. B. McMaster-A hinistrative Director W. A. Jester-Technical l Deputy 'J! rector G. L. Catchen-faculty Researcher I. B. McMaster- B. C. Ford-Environment Analyst l D. F. Ryan-Technician Nuclear Reactor __j Safeguards Committee Radionuclear Instrumentation Training Facility Hach. Shop & Secretarial Applications Lab and Control J. L. Penkala Operators Bldg. Main. Staff W. A. Jester Faculty D. S. Vonada (Utilities) R. E. Totenbier K. E. Rudy P. K. Armagast G. L. Catchen Researchers Elec; Designer T. L. F11nchbaugh D. C. Raupaoh R; L. Eaken S; K. Ripka (In-House Staff) J. J. Bonner W. A. Davey __

D. E. Hughes Close Cooperation Report Route Figure 1

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III. REACTOR FACILITY Research reactor operation began at Penn State in 1955. In December of 1965 the original core, which operated at a maximum power level of 200 KW, was replaced by a more advanced TRIGA core, capable of operation at 1000 KW. The present core may also be operated in a pulse fashion in which the power level is suddenly increased from less- than 1 KW to up to 2000 MW for short (milliseconds) periods of time. TRIGA stands for Training, Research, Isotope production, built by General Atomic Company.

Utilization of the Reactor falls into three major categories:

Educational utilization is primarily in the form of laboratory classes conducted for graduate, undergraduate, associate degree candidates, and numerous high school science groups. These classes will vary from the irradiation and analysis of a sample to the calibration of a reactor control rod.

Research accounts for a large portion of reactor time which involves Radionuclear Applications, Neutron Radiography, a myriad of research programs by faculty and graduate students throughout the University, and various applications by the industrial sector.

Training programs for Reactor Operators ar.d Reactor Supervisors are continuously offered and can be tailored to meet the needs of the participants. Individuals taking part in these programs fall into such categories as foreign trainees, graduate students, and power plant operating personnel.

The PSBR core, containing about 7% pounds of Uranium-235, in a non-weapons form, is operated at a depth of approximately 18 feet in a pool

! of demineralized water. The water provides the needed shielding and cooling for the operation of the reactor. It is relatively simpl,e to expose a sample by merely positioning it in the vicinity of the reactor at a point where it will receive the desired radiation dose. A variety of fixtures and jigs are available for such positioning. Various containers and irradiation tubes can be used to keep samples dry. Three pneumatic transfer systems with different neutron levels offer additional possibilities.

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1 In normal steady state operation at 1000 kilowatts, the thermal neutrol flux available varies from approximately 1 x 1013 n/cm2 /sec at the-edge of the core to approximately 3 x 101 3 n/cm 2 /see in the central region of the core.

When considering the pulse mode of operation, the peak flux for a maximum pulse is approximately 6 x 10 16 n/cm 2 /see with a pulse width of 15 maec at /, maximum.

8 Support f acilities include a machine shop, electronic shop, laboratory space, and fume hoods.

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Tables 2 and 3 list reactor operation and utilization data for the past two years. In table 2, the critical time is a summation of the hours the reactor was operating at some power level. The Subcritical time is the total hours that the reactor key and console instrumentation was on and under observation, less the hours critical. There was a decrease in both of these over the past year. Although, the mega watt Hours of operation increased slightly, the grams of Uranium-235 used remained the same. Fuel movement into, out of or within the reactor core is always done with the reactor suboritical and is a subtotal of that figure. The dramatic increase in hours of fuel movement was due to a training program developed especially for the Three Mile Island Unit Two operating crew, and was conducted over a four week period in July and a seven week period during January and February. This program involved extensive shuffling of fuel in order to simulate conditions that might be encountered in dismantling the TMI Unit 2 reactor core, and stressed safety features that would insure that the reactor would remain subcriti cal.

The number of pulses performed was reduced substantially due to a policy of substituting square wave operation instead of pulsing for demonstration purposes for many of the grcups touring the reactor facility.

The visual effects are similar even though a square wave takes a few minutes to reach 200 KW compared to a split second for a pulse to reach 400 MW. The important difference is a slow rise in fuel temperature to 250* C for a square wave compared to a sudden increase to 350a C for a pulse. The latter is much more of a shock to the metallurgical properties of the fuel elements.

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Once again, the number of unplanned scrams has not changed, and the majority of the personnel action scrams were caused by trainees. Although the PSBR operating staff makes every effort to point out the types of personnel actions that will result in a scram, the large number of trainees that operate the reactor virtually eliminates the possibility of error free operation. It should be pointed out that a scram shuts down the reactor before a limit or unsafe condition is reached.

Table 3 had been revised from past years to show more detail in the ways the reactor is used. Reactor Usage indicates not only critical and suboritical time, but also involvement while shutdown,. such as for instruction or experimental setup. Occasionally a component failure prohibits reactor operations. The necessary repair time is included in reactor usage to reflect total reactor involvement on a shif t basis.

The type of reactor usage is also given in more detail. The Nuclear Engineering Department and/or the Reactor Facility receives compensation for Industrial Research and Services and for Industrial Training Programs.

The other three categories are provided without charge. University Research and Service is not limited to Penn State. Occasionally personnel from other universities make use of our facilities. The Instruction and Training category includes all formal university classes involving the

, reactor, experiments for other school groups, demonstrations for tour groups, and our in-house training. The calibration and maintenance category and the rest of Table 3 should be self-explanitory except to note that the new license requires more calibration time.

Although there were no NRC compliance inspections during the past year, an independent group from the Los Alamos National Laboratory reviewed our facility with regards to our R-2 license renewal application.

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' TABLE 2 Reactor Operation Data July 1,1984 - June 30,1986 84-85 85-86 A. Hours of' Reactor Operation 1.- Criti cal . 492 471

2. Suboriti cal 556 500 3 Fuel Movement 67 112 B. Number of Pulses 227 125 C. . Number of. Square Waves 103 93

- D. Energy Release (MWH) 188 192 E.- Grams U-235 Consumed 10 to F. Scrams

1. Planned as part of experiments 141 73

2. Unplanned - resulting from a) Personnel action" 15 14 b) Abnormal system operation 2 -

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TABLE 3 Reactor Utilization Data Shif t Averages July 1,1984 - June 30,1986 84-85 85-86 A. Reactor Usage

1. - Hours Critical 1.9 1.9 e

2. Hours Suberitical 2. 2 2. 0 3 Hours Shutdown 2. 0 2.2

4. Reactor Not Available 0.1 0.5 TOTAL HOURS PER SHIFT 6.2 6.6 B. Type of Usage - Hours ,

1. Industrial Research and Service 1.5 - 1. 0 1 2. University Research and Service 0. 8 0.9 3 Instruction and Training 1.5 1.6

4. Industrial Training Programs 1.4 1.6

5. Calibration and Maintenance 1.0 1.6 C. Users / Experiments

1. Number of Users 2. 9 2.1

2. Pneumatic transfer samples 1.2 1.2 3 Total number of samples 4. 3 3.3

4. Sample hours 1.2 1.6 D. Number of 8 Hour Shif ts 256 249 11

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IV. COBALT-60 FACILITY The University, in March of 1965, purchased 23,600 curies of Cobalt-60 to provide a pure source of gamma rays. In November of 1971, the University obtained from the Natick Laboratories, 63,537 curies of Cobalt-60 in the form of aluminum clad source rods. These source rods have decayed through several half lives leaving a July 1,1986 total of 9,806 curi es.

In this facility, the sources are stored and used in a pool 16 feet x 10 feet, filled with 16 feet of demineralized water. The water provides a shield which is readily worked through and allows great flexibility in using the sources. Due to the number of rods and size of the pool, it is possible to set up several irradiators at a time to vary the size of the saple that can be irradiated, or vary the dose rate. Experiments in a dry environment are possible by use of either a vertical tube or by diving bell type apparatus.

The Cobalt-60 facility is designed with a large amount of working space around the pool and has two laboratory rooms equipped with work benches, fume hoods, and usual utilities.

Maximum exposure rates of 397 KR/Hr in a 3" ID Tube and 230 KR/Hr in a 6" ID tube are available as of July 1,1985.

Additional facilities include a Hot Laboratory consisting of two identical " Hot Cells." The two feet thick high density concrete walls provide sufficient shielding to allow up to 400 curies of radioactive materials to be safely handled through the use of remote manipulators.

Hot cell source #1/72 has an activity of 115 Ci as of July 1, 1986.

Table 4 compares the past two years utilization of the Cobalt-60 facility in terms of time, numbers and daily averages.

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4 TABLE 4 COBALT-60 UTILIZATION DATA July 1,1984 - June 30, ~1986 84-85 85-86 A. Time Involved (hours)

1. -Set-up time 23 43

2. - Total sample hours 4.598 4,558 B. Numbers Involved

1. . Samples run 892 687

2. Different experimenters 25 32 3 Configurations used 3 3 C. Per Day Averages

1. Experimenters 0.5 1.1-

2. Samples 3. 4 2.9 m.

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V. EDUCATION AND TRAINING

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The training and educational ability and adaptability of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor (PSBR) operating staff and the TRIGA Mark III reactor were manifested in the variety of formal laboratory courses, industrial training programs, inhouse training, and continuing education functions which were provided during this past reporting period.

Typical of the cooperative effort provided by the PSBR operating staff were the guidance and supervision given to 16 Nuclear Engineering Technology .(NET) students as part of their Reactor Technology Laboratory course, NucE 814. Under the surveillance of senior operators, J. L.

Penkala, I. B. McMaster, R. E. Totenbier, D. C. Raupach, T. L. Flinchbaugh, J. J. Bonner and D. E. Hughes, each of the NET students logged in a minimum of 16 safe and informative operating hours at the controls of the PSBR where they participated in all the routine operations which can be performed with the reactor.

Rounding out the offerings of formal courses at the PSBR in the NET program, J. J. Bonner offered the lectures and conducted the laboratories in the Nuclear Technology Laboratory course, NucE 812, in which the reactor was used to generate radioisotopes.

During this past reporting period, the PSBR operating staff completed a total of sixteen training programs involving ninety utility trainees.

A further accounting of the industrial training programs follows:

Eleven three-day Start-up Experience and Subcriticality Programs for G.P.U. Nuclear; four weeks during July and seven weeks during January I

and February for 42 persons. Labs were supervised by S. H. Levine and T. L. Flinchbaugh. These programs involved extensive fuel movement to

! simulate conditions that could develop during the dismantling of TMI Unit Two reactor core. Each three-day program tied up the reactor for a full week since the reactor core configurations were not suitable for normal operations.

i Two Start-Up Experience Programs were conducted for Public Service Electric & Gas of New Jersey. Both involved 5 trainees for three days.

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A similar_ program involved 4 trainees from Philadelphia Electric Company. This same program was also used for 2 PECo trainees during a one-day, two-shif t operation. Nebraska Public Power District sent 5 trainees for the final 3 day Start-Up Experience Program during the fiscal year.

The inhouse training this past year consisted of a full license requalification program. The written examination was conducted by S. H.

Levine, the oral examination on abnormal and emergency procedures by R. E.

Totenbier and the facility " walk-around" examination by K. E. Rudy. Once again, all operators were requalified. I The Nuclear Concepts and Energy Resources Institute (NCERI) was held for the sixteenth consecutive year during the summer of 1985. This four-week program for secondary science teachers was a six-credit course offered as NucE 497B. Forty-five secondary science teachers and 1 Energy Technology Project Staff person attended the Institute. The teachers came from nine states with the majority of the participants from Pennsylvania.

The program was supported by the National Science Foundation, the Department of Energy through its private subcontractor, EG&G Idaho Inc.,

Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Illinois Power and Light Company, Kansas Gas and Electric Company, New York State Electric and Gas Corporation, New York Power Authority, Pennsylvania Power and Light Company and the Philadelphia Electric Company.

Dr. W. F. Witzig was the Project Director for the Institute. C.

Rusnak was the coordinator for the program. J. Bonner was the main lecturer with other classroom instruction by Nuclear Engineering Department personnel and Health Physicist, R. Granlund. Laboratory experiments were conducted at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor under the direction of reactor, continuing education (Rusnak), and health physics personnel. The laboratory experiments included characteristics of the different types of ionizing radation, handling of radionuclides and the " Approach to Critical Experiment" .

The institute is designed to prepare secondary science teachers to meet the academic needs of students in the fundamentals of nuclear physics, radiological health, and radionuclide applications in the physical and life sciences. Laboratory experience is an important aspect of the Institute as 16

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teachers are able to have hands-on experience working with radioactive material. Discussion and problem solving sessions along with a field trip to fossil and nuclear fueled electric generating stations are included in the program schedule. In sixteen years, over 500 teachers have participated in the Nuclear Concepts and Energy Resources Institute.

As in previous institutes, the participants in the NCERI were encouraged to return with their high school classes for a one-day field trip to the PSBR. This past year, as a result of previous NCERI's, 31 '

groups totaling 667 students participated in a full day of experimentation, observation, and touring at the PSBR. Mr. A. Black handled the scheduling and the lecturing to the high school tour groups with assistance from J.

Bonner, D. Showers, and C. Rusnak. Table 5 summarizes the participation of the high school tour program.

The Reactor Sharing Project sponsored by the Department of Energy entertained 4 college and university groups consisting of 31 students during the past reporting period (see Table 5).

The Reactor Physics Laboratory course, NucE 451, was taught in the Fall 1985 semester by E. S. Kenney and W. A. Jester. The reactor was used for 80 hours9.259259e-4 days <br />0.0222 hours <br />1.322751e-4 weeks <br />3.044e-5 months <br /> 'by forty-five students with major assistance from the reactor operating crew. Also during Spring Semester 1986, E. S. Kenney taught Nuclear Digital Instrumentation, NucE 445, for 14 students in which the reactor was used for twenty hours f or various projects.

An elective NucE 444 course, Nuclear Reactor Operations Laboratory, -

designed to give the student an opportunity to correlate classroom theory l with actual reactor operation situations controlled by the student, was offered during Fall 1985 Semester for 8 students by J. L. Penkala. Each student performed a minimum of ten reactor startups while logging approximately 30 hours3.472222e-4 days <br />0.00833 hours <br />4.960317e-5 weeks <br />1.1415e-5 months <br /> of operatir.g experience at the PSBR control console, l

j The PSBR and its operating staff continued to serve the nuclear engineering department in addition to other university departments and collegee in the following manner:

Eleven of A. Hower's Entomology-456 students utilized the Co-60 facility for three class periods for their respective projects this past l year.

In the fall semester,13 students from C. Boyer's Horticulture 407 class spend 4 hours4.62963e-5 days <br />0.00111 hours <br />6.613757e-6 weeks <br />1.522e-6 months <br /> at the Co-60 facility.

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W. Dunson's Biology 498A class of 18 students toured the PSBR for 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> during the fill semester.

A 15-minute Fealth Physics Orientation slide presentation was given to approximately 833 people to familiarize visitors to the PSBR with some simple radiation concepts and the alarm and evacuation systems.

Six students f rom the University of Pittsburgh enrolled in a Radiation Chemistry course, used the PSBR for a demonstration of neutron activation analysis.

In January, 42 University Police Services personnel were given training / retraining sessions by J. J. Bonner at the PSBR to ensure f amiliarity with the facilities. Cambined with this training was an orientation lecture by the Health Physics staff.

When giving credit to the reactor staff for its assistance in the many educational aspects of the PSBR, there are some helpers who rarely get mentioned: D. Vonada for electronic maintenance, S. Ripka and P. Aritagast for typing, copying, etc., K. Rudy and R. Eaken for mechanical maintenance.

With 30 years of safe, reliable reactor operation behind us, the staff of the PSBR is obviously fulfilling its obligation to "the general publ?.c" to disseminate information concerning the pros and cons, the do's and don'ts, the how's and how not's of reactor operations, irradiation services, and understanding of nuclear engineering in general and nuclear applications in particular through the spectrum of educational and training vehicles described in this report. We look forward to continue and improve these programs for at least tha next 20 years.

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COLLEGE AND flIGH SCHOOL GROUPS Penn State Breazeale Reactor 1985-1986 Academic Year Date School & Class Type & ' Activities &

Teacher Number BNR Instructor 10/25 Chartiers-Houston HS Chemistry ATC, Ag Decay Ms. Wicker 20 Hodes 11/6 Northern Bedford HS Chemistry ATC, Ag Decay Ms. M. Veltee 26 Hodes 11/27 Lower Dauphin HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay Mr. Lyter 13 Hodes 12/4 Mount Penn HS Physics ATC, Ag Decay Ms. H. R. Luchenbach 15 Hodes 12/4 Cumberland Valley HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay 3 Hodes 4 12/5 Curwensville Area HS Advanced Chemistry ATC, Ag Decay Mr. Barnes 8 Black 12/5 Ursinus College College Physics ATC, Ag Decay Dr. E. S. Snyder 2 Black 12/10 Carlisle Area HS Adv. Sci./Adv. Chem. ATC, Ag Decay Mr. Barrick 35 Black 12/12 Bald Eagle Area HS Advanced Science ATC, Ag Decay Mr. A. Wielobob 20 Black 12/18 Williamson HS Chemistry ATC, Ag Decay Ms. D. Puskar 26 Black 3/14 Red Land HS Adv. Phys./Adv. Chem. ATC, Ag Decay Mr. G. E. Farley 18 Black

- 3/17 Daniel Boone Area HS Nuclear Science Ag Decay, ATC Mr. L. Tobias 16 Black 3/19 Westmont Hilltop HS Physi cs Ag Decay, ATC Mr. T. Moore 25 Black 3/21 Elkland Area HS Physi cs Introduction, ATC Mr. M. Deats 20 Black 1

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3/21 Cowanesque HS Physi cs Introduction, ATC Mr. E. Stuart 9 Black 3/26 Jersey Shore Area HS. Nuclear Science Ag Decay, ATC

- Mr. J. W. Allen 9 Black 4/1 Lycoming College College Nuc. Physics ATC, Ag Decay, Dr. W. E. Keig 7 Activ. Anaylsis Black 4/3 Wilkes College College Physics ATC, Ag Decay Dr. R. Maxwell 2 Black 4/4 St. Marys Area HS Advanced Physics Ag Decay, ATC Mr. W. Scilingo 20 Black 4/11 Bellwood-Antis HS Physics Introduction, ATC Mr. W. H. Riley, Jr. 20 Black 4/15 Penn State (Fayette) College Physics ATC, Act. Analysis Dr. J. P. Crawford 20 Black 4/16 North Schuylkill HS Physics Ag Decay, ATC Dr. D.' Welker 16 Black 4/17 Horseheads HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay 15 Black 4/25 Titusville HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay.

Mr. J. S. McQueer 7 Black 4/28 State College Area HS Advanced Chemistry ATC, Ag Decay Ms. Chilokosz 20 Black 4/29 Bellefonte HS Nuclear Science Ag Decay, ATC Mr. W. R. Young, Jr. 10 Black 4/30 Warren HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay Mr. E. S. Szul 16 Bonner 5/2 Kennard Dale HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay Mr. G. Sinclair 5 Black 5/2 Harbor Creek HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay Ms. C. Ruth 5 Black -

5/9 Marion Center HS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay Mr. J. Petrosky 9 Black 5/9 Carmichaels Area SHS Nuclear Science ATC, Ag Decay Ms. P. Gibson 9 Black 20

5/14 ~ S. Huntingdon Co. HS Chemistry ATC, Ag Decay Mr. G. R. Harper 24 Bonner 5/16 Dallastown HS Advanced Physics ATC, Ag Decay Mr. C. Landis 4 Black 5/20 Danville HS Advanced Chemistry ATC, Ag Decay Mr. M. J. McDevitt 20 Black 5/21 Old Mill SHS , Advanced Physics ATC, Ag Decay Ms. D. Householder 4 Black 31 High Schools 667 Students 4 Colleges 31 Students TOTAL. 35 Grcups 698 Students 21

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VI. RADIONUCLEAR APPLICATIONS LABORATORY The staff of the Radionuclear Applications Laboratory provides consulting.and technical assistance to those University research personnel who wish to utilize some type of radionuclear technique in their research.

The majority of these research projects involve some sort of neutron

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activation procedure but the staff is also prepared to provide services in such areas as radioactive tracer techniques, radiation gauging, neutron radiography, radiation processing, and to provide radioisotopes for nuclear medical use.

Workshops were conducted for members of a Health Physics class from the University of Pittsburgh and classes from Ursinus College, Indiana Univeristy of PA, Lycoming College, PSU Fayette Campus, and Mansfield University of PA. The workshop primarily demonstrated the analytical capability of neutron activation analysis and the safe handling of radioactive samples produced by the reactor.

A Neutron Activation Analysis Workshop was conducted at the reactor with 11 researchers in attendance. This year Prof. William W. Pratt of the Physics Department assisted with the workshop. His lecture on thermal neutron activation of samples was a very valuable addition to the workshop.

The workshop began with a morning of lectures, followed by two af ternoons of laboratory experiments. A tour of the facility was included with each workshop.

Laboratory personnel continue to supply support for the operation of the reactor facility. Thermal and fast-neutron dosimetry is performed on an as-needed basis, and flux mapping is performed for the various irradiation facilities used for irradiating samples. Rad-waste water was analyzed for ganna-emitting radioisotopes and air monitor filters are analyzed to determine the radioisotopes deposited on them. Radiation from the recent Russian Reactor accident was detected on the filters f rom the air monitors in the reactor bay. The concentration of I-131 was determined to be 0.6% mpe (public) from the analysis of two paper filters which were in service on the continuous air monitors from 0800 hrs May 12 to 0800 hrs May 14,1986.

New laboratory equipment which had just been received at the end of

! the last fiscal year has been incorporated into the laboratories 23

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instrumentati on. . The new large volume,- high resolution, portable,

' intrinsic germanium detector has been used in conjunction with a new portable multi-channel analyzer to make gamma-ray spectrum analyses possible at locations outside the laboratory. Cost of this system was approximately $19,000.

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} V VII.- LOW LEVEL RADIATION MONITORING LABORATORY h 'The' laboratory staff continues to provide radiation monitoring services.to camounity water suppliers, private laboratories, utilities and

, researchers at the University.

A~ joint on-site evaluation of the laboratory was performed on 11

' . September 1985' by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and .

the Pennsyylania Department of Enviromnental Resources (PA DER). A follow-up evaluation by PA DER was performed on 31 January 1986. As a result of these, we are now certified by PA DER to perform gross alpha, gross beta, strontium-89, . radium-226 and -228, cesium-134 and -137, cobalt-60, ruthenium-106, zinc-65, and triti um analyses. Currently, we are one of only three laboratories certified to perform radiological analyses in Pennsylvania.

The analytical capacity of the laboratory has significantly increased

. this year through several major equipment purchases. A high efficiency...

computer driven LKB-Wallac Liquid Scintillation. Counter will enhance our tritium analysis capability. A Panasonic Thennoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)

Reader Will give the laboratory its first capability to analyse environmental TLD's in-house. ' This is a multi purpose, manually operated '

. ~ machine which allows us to read virtually any type of TLD currently in 990.

Another.Ludlum portable ratemeter/ scaler was also purchased, along with i

its' ' associated glassware; bubblers, Lucas-cells and de-emanation apparatus. .

.This equipment effectively doubles our. capability to analyze water samples for radium-226.  !

'Research activities this year have included the use of,both laboratory personnel and equipment. Dr. William A. Jester coordinated a project that "

monitored the local environment for radioactive fallout following the accident at the Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor in the Soviet Union. This 1

involved the analysis of air filters, radioiodine canisters and rai,n water p - for' gamma-emmitting radionuclides. A research project conducted by the University's Geochemistry Department is using one of our high-volume germanium detectors to analyze rock samples for their uranium content.

4 The laboratory this year continued its work for the Pennsylvania Power i  ; and Light Company (PP&L). Since 1982, we have been analysing a portion of the environmental samples collected from the vicinity of PP&L's Susquehanna l

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Steam Electric Station at Berwick. This is a program designed to ensure quality control by using split samples with the utility's principal analyti cal laboratory. Sample representatives of the water, ingestion, and airborne pathways as well as TLDs, are analysed for gross alpha, gross beta, gamma emitters, and tritium.

Another program sponsored by PP&L, used to ensure quality control, was the preparation of spiked samples. These samples were prepared by laboratory personnel using various environmental media, analyzed in duplicate and then shipped to PP&L's analytical laboratory for analysis as blind samples. This program, in its second year now, has been very beneficial both for the LLRML and PP&L in the evaluation of their respective programs.

Since 1983, the laboratory has also been analyzing samples for the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. These are environmental samples, mostly vegetables, soils, tree leaves, and mammal foods. They are all collected from various garden plots in the vicinity of PP&L's Susquehanna Steam Electric Station at Berwick. This year a total of 285 samples were analyzed using gamma spectroscopy.

Additional services performed by the LLRML this year have included the analysis of 353 water samples for gross alpha activity, 41 samples for gross beta, and 23 samples for radium-226 and radium-228 concentrations.

The laboratory also continues to participate in an Inter-Comparison Program sponsored by the U.S. EPA in which we analyze blind samples spiked with various radionuclides. The analysis of these samples involves using all of the analytical techniques for which the laboratory is certified. Results from these analyses are then submitted for comparison with all other participating laboratories.

Peginning in February, personnel of the LLRML have assumed responsibility for the routine water analysis performed at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor. Samples from three locations are analyzed weekly for pH, gross alpha, and gross beta activity. In addition, samples from two locations are analyzed monthly for tritium activity. Procedures for reporting results from these analyses will be established during the coming year .

For three days in May, a member of the LLRML staff attended a meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials ( ASTM) held in New 26

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Orleans. Subcommittee D19.04 of ASTM establishes, tests, and writes.new methods for radiochemical analysis of water. Projects currently unders study include the review of a new method for detection of radon-222 in ,

water using liquid scintillation counting, and the development of a ,

procedure fm the analysis of uranitan in water using laser tecgnclogy.

Further participation by the LLRML with this subcommittee is under consideration by the Nuclear Engineering Department. - c.

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VIII. FACILITY RESEARCH UTILIZATION Research continues to utilize the major portion of the available operation time of the reactor and the Cobalt-60 Facility. A- wide variety of research projects are currently in progress as indicated on the following pages. For convenience, the University oriented research projects are arranged alphabetically by authors under the various Cepartments. Theses, publications and papers follow the research description to which they pertain. In addition, a section is provided with examples of industrial research utilizing the facility.

The facility continues to serve as a research tool available to all faculty, staff and graduate students of the various departments and colleges within the university. Sixty faculty and staff members and 23 graduate students have used the facility in the past year for research.

This represents a usage by 17 different dapartsents or sections in 6 colleges of the University. In addition,17 individuals from 4 industries were involved in research projects although not all are listed in this secti on. Names of the personnel involved in research using the facilities of the PSBR are arranged alphabetically under their college or company and departmental affiliations in Appendix A.

The following list of current research projects indicates tha broad utilization enjoyed by the Breazeale Reactor Facility. The 28 projects described involve 1 university scholar thesis, 2 bachelor's theses,1 master's paper, 5 master's theses, 7 doctoral theses,13 publications, and 8 papers or reports. The examples cited are not to be construed as publications or announcements of research. The publication of research utilizing the facility is the prerogative of the researcher.

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A. UNIVERSITY RESEARCH UTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE PENN STATE BREAZEALE NUCLEAR REACTOR Agronomy Department MICROLINAL MOBILIZATION OF CADMIUM IN SOIL J. M. Bollag P. Chanmugathas The hypothesis of our study was to determine the effect of l microorganisms on cadmium mobilization from soil. It was believed that microorganisms, when they are exposed to toxic compounds, produce some chelating agents (e.g. acids) which in turn solubilize and mobilize toxic metals.

In order to show the microbial effect, we need to have a control without any microorganisms. For this purpose, we used the cobalt facility and obtained ganna-irradiated sterile control. These sterile control l results were always very satisfactory.

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Doctoral Thesis

)' "The Effect of Microorganisms on Fate of Cadmium in Soil Suspensions,"

! P. Chanaugathas, Doctoral Thesis, Agronomy Department, J. M. Bollag, advisor.

Paper

" Microbial Immobilization and Mobilization of Cadmium in Soil Under Aerobic and Anerobic Conditions," American Society for Microbiology Annual Meeting,1986, Washington, D.C.

Biology Department EFFECT OF ACID RAIN ON AMPHIBIANS W. Dunson J. Freda Acidic pond water can influence the reproduction of amphibians by causing direct mortality of embryos and larvae, and/or by disrupting trophic relationships between amphibians and other aquatic organisms.

Embryos are the most sensitive stage of development and may abort soon after exposure to very low pH or eventually fail to hatch at a more moderate pH. Larvae are killed by disruption of sodium and chloride balance . The toxicity of pond water is governed by complex interactions of pH, temperature, and the concentrations of alumium, calcium, and organic acids. The reduction in recruitment associated with acidification of ponds affects both the local distribution and abundance of amphibians. The relative importance of different mechanisms of acidification of amphibian breeding sites is unknown. Amphibian breeding ponds are generally small, 30

low in buffering capacity, and darkly stained by humic substances, making it difficult to discriminate between the contribution of acid from atmospheric input and natural sources (such as sphagnum and organic acids).

• It is, however, quite clear that temporary ponds are extremely vulnerable to acidification by rain and that they require continued monitoring in order to detect future changes in biological and/or chemical characteristics.

Doctoral Thesis "The Influence of Acidic Precipitation on Amphibians," Freda, Joseph, Ecology Department, W. Dunson, advisor.

Publi cations

" Field and Laboratory Studies of Ion Balance and Growth Rates of Ranid Tadpoles Chronically Exposed to Low pH," J. Freda and W. A. Dunson, Copeia, (2), pp. 415-423, 1985.

"The Effect of Prior Exposure on Sodium Uptake in Tadpoles Exposed to Water Low in pH," J. Freda and W. Dunson, submitted for publication.

Biology Department EFFECTS OF LOW pH M SODIUM BALANCE OF FISH W. A. Dunson R. Krout R. Gonzalez Sodium and water fluxes were measured in Enneacanthus obesus during acute and chronic exposure to acidic soft water. Sodium influx was f ully inhibited at pH 4.0 and below, and showed no recovery af ter 2 weeks at'pH 4.0 or 3.5. Sodium efflux, in contrast, remained at control levels until pH declined below 3.5; efflux increased rapidly as pH decreased below 3.5. Sodium efflux decreased by 60% af ter 1 and 2 weeks at pH 3 5 and by 40% after 1 week at pH 4.0. While water influx was not stimualted by pH's down to 3.25, efflux was elevated at pH 3.25. Body and plasma ion concentrations were measured weekly during exposures f or 5 weeks to acidified Artificial Sof t Water ( ASW). Body sodium concentration declined 30% during 2 weeks epxosure to pH 3.5, but no further during the next three weeks. Exposure to pH 4.0 had no effect on body sodium concentration during the entire 5 weeks. Plasma sodium concentration declined 15% over a 3 week period at pH 3.5; there was not further change in the next two weeks. ,

Plasma potassium concentrations, which were measured af ter 4 and 5 weeks at l l pH's 5.8 and 3.5 in ASW, were not significantly different. In a separate l two week long experiment, plasma sodium concentration of fish in ASW was inversely related to pH between pH's 3 5 and 7.5. This effect was mainly due to increases above pre-treatment levels at pH 4.5 and above. Increased l ambient sodium and calcium concentrations had no effect on body sodium

! concentration at pH 5.8, but mitigated the effects of exposure to pH 3 5.

Increased calcium concentrations up to 25 pM at pH 3.5 increased by sodium 31

concentration, but higher concentrations had no additional effect.. Body potassium concentration and body water are linearly related to body sodium concentration. This suggests the presence of a mechanism by which E.

obesus regulates plasma sodium levels and body fluid compartments in response to sodium loss.

Doctoral Thesis

" Adaptations of Sodium Balance to Low pH in a Sunfish (Enneacanthus Obesus) from Naturally Acidic Waters," Gonzalez, R.J., Ph.D. thesis, Biology Department, W. A. Dunson, advisor.

Publi cation

" Stimulation of Sodium Efflux in Air-Breathing Fish Exposed to Low pH," R. T. Krout and W. A. Dunson, Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Vol. 82C, No.

1, pp. 49-53, 1985.

Biology Department ESQUARINE POPULATIONS OF THE SNAPING TURTLE (CHELYDRA) AS A MODEL FOR THE EVOLUTION OF MARINE ADAPTATIONS IN REPTILES W. A. Dunson In tidal creeks of the eastern shore of Virginia, the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) is the primrry freshwater turtle that intrudes into saline waters. Hatchlings derived from eggs of snapping turtles living in a saline creek grew significantly f aster in 35% sea water, but slower in fresh water than those from a freshwater marsh. Hatchlings from the saline creek could not grow in salinities above 41% sea water (as canpared to 64%

for hatchling terraphins, Malaclemys terrapin). Subadult and adult snappers immersed in sea water for extended periods undergo a continual, gradual loss in' body water and an increase in plasma osmotic pressure.

There is no evidence for extracloacal excretion via a salt gland. SJ'.t marsh populations of snapping turtles represent a very early stage in evolution for an estuarine life. Behavioral osmoregulation appears to be important, since adults move between the more and less saline portions of the creek, avoiding long-term exposure to potentially lethal salinities.

The integument is quite permeable to water (about 280 mol/cm2.h), but essentially impermeable to sodium. Body water efflux and net water loss in seawater are inversely proportional to body mass. Thus, larger turtles have a considerable advantage over smaller ones in attempting to osmoregulate in saline water.

Publi cations

" Salinity Tolerance of Estuaring and Insular Emydid Tutles (Pseudemys nelsoni and Trachemys decussata)," W. A. Dunson and M. E. Seidel, Journal of Herpetology, Vol. 20, No.2, in press,1986.

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"Effect of Water Salinity and Foods Salt Content on Growth and Sodium Efflux of Hatchling Diamondback Terrapins (Malaclemys)," W. A. Dunson, Physiol. Zool., 58(6):736-747, 1985.

Biology Department OSM0 REGULATION IN AN AQUATIC BEETLE W. A. Dunson M. P. Frisbie Sodium and water balance of Dytiscus verticalis in freshwater were investigated under three feeding regimes: unfed, and fed a diet either low or high in sodium chloridh content. Unfed sodium influx was 0.13 in adults and 0.054 in larvae; sodium efflux was 0.74 in adults and 3.58 in larvae (units of pmoles/100 gwm h). These values are low in comparison with most freshwater animals. Unfed adult beetles failed to arrest net sodium loss in initially distilled water, even when bath sodium concentrations reached 75-260 pM. Thus, adult beelts cannot achieve sodium balance in fresh water without dietary sodium input. Beetles fed a high sodium diet (HSD) increased body sodium and hemolymph sodium concentration and expanded extracellular fluid, relative to beetles fed a low sodium diet (LSD).

Beetles decreased sodium efflux during a period of f asting. Dulring subsequent feeding, HSD fed beetles increased sodium efflux while LSD fed beetles maintained low sodium efflux rates.

Doctoral Thesis "0smoregulation in the Predaceous Diving Beetle," M. P. Frisbie, Ph.D.

Thesis, Biology Department,1986, W. A. Dunson, advisor.

Publications

" Osmoregulation in the Predaceous Diving Beetle," M. P. Frisbie and W.

A. Dunson, subbmitted for publication.

l Chemical Engineering Department METAL-SUPPORT EFFECTS IN CATALYSTS l

M. A. Vanni ce i

B. Sen The reactor was used to determine the metal content in Pt/SiO;,

samples.

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Chemical Engineering Department CO OXIDATION OVER PdCu/Al23 0 CATALYSTS M. - A. Vanni os K. I. Choi-

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Neutron' activation Analysis (NAA) was used to deterine the metal weight loading of _ supported Pd and Cu catalysts, and the samples were ,

. irradiated at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor.

Master Theses

" Characterization of Cluster-Derited Fe-Co/C and K-Fe-Co/C Catalysts-for CO Hydrogenation," Chen., A., Masters Thesis,1985, Chemical Engineering Department, M. A. VAnnice, advisor.

" Characterization of Cluster-Derived Fe-Mn/C and K-Fe-Mn/C Catalysts for C0 Hydrogenation, Venter,- J., Masters Thesis,1985, Chemical Engineering Department, M. A. Vannice, advisor.

Doctoral The'ses "Calrimetric Gravimetric, and Kinetic Studies of Pt Catalysts," Sen.,

B. , Ph.D. Thesis, Chemi cal Engineering Department, M. A. , Vannice , advisor.

"Co Oxidation over PdCu Catalysts," Choi, K. I. , Ph.D. Thesis, Chemical Engineering Department, M. A. Vannice, advisor.

Chemistry Department THE INFLUENCE OF SIDE GROUP STRUCTURE IN POLYPHOSPHAZENES ON HYDROPHOBICITY, CROSSLINKING BEHAVIOR, AND MEMBRANE FORMATION -

H. R. Allcock M. Gebura Synthetic membranes with widely differing properties and performance characteristics are called for in the wide variety of applications for membrane processes. Included among these properties is the intrinsic stability to agueous media. Of ten a polymer will degrade or dissolve upon immersion in water. In order to counteract this dilemma, chemical reactions may be performed on the polymeric material in order to form a water-stable matrix. Such chemical reactions involve crosslinkages between the macromolecular chains.

Isolated macromolecules should be very easily crosslinked in the presence of free radicals. The isotope most frequently used as a radiation source to produce free radicals is cobalt-60. This is a result of several

advantageous properties of oobalt-60

(1) availability, (2) high energy gamma rays, and (3) a 5.27 year half-life, s

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Mixed substitutent poly (organophosphazenes) ha<e been prepared of H

formula [Np(OC6 5)x(HNCH 3 3n 2 3 groups3in3different ratios.and [NP(OCH C

)y)ilic substitutent both hydrophobic and hydroph Crosslinking reactions perforced on thin films of these polymers were explored, utilizing the facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor.

Through cobalt-60 irradiation, water-stability could be imparted to these polymer systems, thus, allowing membrane permeabily studies to be performed in an agueous environment. We are currently investigating the chemical morphology of such crosslinking reactions with the help of solid state NMR spectroscopy.

Doctoral Thesis

" Novel Polyorganophosphazsue Synthesis e.nd Reactions," Gebura, Marie, Ph.D. Thesis,1988, Department of Chemistry, H. R. Allcock, advisor.

Publication "The Influence in Side Group Structure in Polyphosphazenes on Hydrophobicity, Crosslinking Behavior, and Membrane Formation," To be submitted, 6/30/86, Macromolecules.

Chemistry Department RADIATION CHEMISTRY OF SILAVE F. W. Lampe We are investigating the Y-ray induced /decapisition of SiH4 with particular emphasis on the rare-gas sensitized radiolysis and on the formation of solid products. We utilize the Co 60 source to irradiate samples of He-SiH4 , Ne-SiH4 , Ar-SiH4 , Kr-SiHp, and Xe-SiH 4 . The rare gas presence gives us the opportunity to study tne effect of dose-rate (i.e.,

power input) over a wide range.

Chemistry Department '

THE PREPARATION OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE MEMBRANES AND HYDROGELS THROUGH j 60 Co GAMMA-RAY IRUADIATION OF WATER-SOLUBLE POLY (ORGAN 0PHOSPHAZENES) l l H. R. A11ock S. Kwon The water soluble polymer, such as polyibis (methoxyethoxyethoxy) phosphazone, will be crosslinked to generate bio-membranes and hydrogels by the treatment of 60 Co gamma ray irradiation. The stabilities in acidic and basic media and the physical properties of the irradiated polymer matrix will be investi gated. Biologicaly active agents, such as enzymes, 35

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antibiotics, and anticoagulents, will be immobilized or entrapped into the irradiated polymer matrix. The biological activities of bioactive agents

. entrapped. into the irradiated membranes and hydrogels will be investigated -

by bio-assay.

Publication

" Water-soluble Phosphazene Polymers Having Pharmacological Applications," H. R. Allock, P. E. Austin, S. Kwon, to be summited to U.S.

Patent.

Engineering Science and Mechanics Department A STUDY OF HYDROGEN ISOTOPE EFFECTS IN RADIATION DAMAGED METAL-OXIDE-SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES P. M. Lenahan M. D. Allemang The 60 Co facility was used to irrcdiate denterated and hydrogen annealed MOS devices. The research program involved making fairly extensive electrical measurements on these devices to investigate possible hydrogen /duterium isotope effects.

Honore Baccalaureate Thesis "A Study of Hydrogen Isotope Effects in Radiation Damaged Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Devices," Allemang, M. D., Honors Baccalaureate Thesis,1986, Engineering Science and Mechanics Department, P. M. Lenahan, advisor.

Horticulture Department <

MUTATION BREEDING WITH SORGHAN C. Boyer J. Benson Studies of the efficiency of gamma radiation on the production of mutants are ongoing. Populations of over 500 M2 families have been developed and are being screened for seedling mutation, albino, virescent or lutescent, as well as abnormal seed phototypes. The effect of dose of gamma irradiation on plant development af ter seed treatment is progressive.

Doses as high as 100 Kr do not, inhibit radicle emergence, but reduce germination in soil to 20%. No seedlings survive with treatment greater than 20 Kr. Experiments to determine dosage effects on fertility of surviving are in progress.

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University Scholars Thesis "The Effects of Mutagen Type and Dosage on Mutation in Sorghman,"

Benson, Jodie, University Scholars Thesis, Horticulture Department, C. D.

Boyer, advisor.

Materials Science & Engineering Department 2 INTERMETALLIC COMPOUNDS STUDIES OF Al-L1 Cu E. Ryba C. Bartges Two intermetallic compounds occur in the Al-Li-Cu alloy system for which the stoichiometry is only approximately known. It is important to determine these stoichiometries so that crystal structure analysis can be carried out. Therefore, microgram fragments are removed from the multiphase alloys and characterized through the use of single crystal x-ray techniques. Subsequently, these single crystals are submitted to a neutron activation analysis, wherein the Al and Cu contents are determined from Y counting and Li from S counting.

Masters Thesis

" Crystallographic Studies of the Intermetallic Compound, A1 6Cubi,"

Bartges, C., Masters Thesis,1986, Metallurgy Department, R. Ryba, advisor.

Papers

" Preliminary Report on Quasicrystalliuity in an Al-Li-Cu Alloy," E.

Ryba, University of Pennsylvania,1986 and Alcoa Technical Center 1986

( semi nar ) .

Mechanical Engineering Department CHARACTERIZATION OF DENSITY VARIATION IN FLUIDIZED BEDS USING NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY

, A. K. Kulkarni G. Catchen K. Ross R. Pellizzari In a fluidized bed reactor or combustor, achievement of a uniform, well-fluidized flow is of extreme importance. Unfortunately, none of the conventicnal techniques are useful for a non-intrusive flow visualization of a nonnal, 3-D fluidized bed. Neutron radiography appears to have the potential for solving this problem. Therefore, we are conducting tests on sand beds of thickness between 6" to 12", with objects embedded at various depths, as a first step in this investigation. A number of tests have been 37

4 performed involving neutron beams of various strengths in both the steady

.and pulsed operation in order to " visualize" the embedded objects in sand beds. ' Results are encouraging and more tests will be planned in the future.

Reports

" Neutron Radiography of a Static Bed," K. Ross, report on a ME 496 project, Mechanical Engineering Department, Spring 1986. -

"The Use of Neutron Radiography Techniques for Fluidized Bed Flow Visualization," R. Pellizzari, Report on a ME 496 project, Mechanical Engineering Department, Fall 1985.

Nuclear Engineering Department SEMICONDUCTOR IRRADIATION AND STUDY E. S. Kenney A. J. Baratta B. Palmer S. . Jaff e R. Lutz M. Willis P.eactor is used to irradiate ,CMOS RAM chips and FET arrays with fast neutrons. Characteristics changed by irradiation are studied actively during reactor operation. Set and reset of RAM bits were checked during and af ter exposure. FET's were examined for threshold voltage and transconductance changes. An HP 4145-A semiconductor parameter analyser was purchased and is in use for this work. Several custom test electronic systems were built to allow testing during irradiation.

Fast neutran effects were found at levels lower than previously expected and modeling is in progress to correlate results against damage mechani sms. Gamma ray dosimetry is also being reexplored due to interference of neutron fields on all dosimetry techniques.

Master Thesis

" Effects of High Energy Neutrons on Enhancement Mode MOSFETs," Palmer, B., Master Thesis,1986, Nuclear Engineering Department, E. S. Kenney and A. J. Baratta, advisors.

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1 Nuclear Engineering Department DYNAMIC RADIOGRAPHY E. S. Kenney J. McInerney-B. Palmer Facility's X-ray generator and istrumentation has been used to measure non-radioactive iodine dynamic in perfusing damaged heart tissue.

Characteristic X-rays were used to locate and quantize damage. This work was done to study physical models in preparation for work on animals at the Hershey Medical Center.

Nuclear Engineerina Department REACTOR NOISE FIELDS E. S. Kenney M. Geleski The reactor is used as a noise field source for acoustic modeling of the space dependent effects of signature monitoring. A computer program has been written (K. Kargol) and updated to provide increased data manipulation and display. An IBM PC with co processor and expanded memory is the system base. An A/P board by " Data Precision" provides the interface to the reactor noise chambers. A digital noise analysis experiment is run routinely for all undergraduate NucE majors and provides an introduction to computer interfacing and data manipulation. The programming provides cross-covariance and Fast Fourier Transfonnation as well as a screen and plotter displays.

The present research is designed to reduce background interference to allow measuring shutdown reactivity and spatial effects. Using modeling methods extended from acoustics, field attenuation will be predicted and compared to observations.

f Nuclear Engineering Department REAL-TIME NEUTRON RADIOGRAPHY OF GAS SPRINGS

! S. H. Levine D. E. Hughes During the reporting period, we were able to finish the Gas Spring Ben Franklin Project. The Gas Spring Company seemed quite pleased with the res ults. The invitation is open to them to return if they de' sire further imaging.

Several improvements have been made to the collimator to improve the beam quality and reduce the scattered radiation. In addition, some experimentation has been initiated utilizing the image intensifier with reactor pulsing.

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On July 1, a research project with Chrysler Corp. and the Mechanical Engineering Department will start. In it the image intensifier will be coupled with a Spin Physics High Speed Video system. The prdject title "An Investigation of the Internal Flow in a Torque Converter," and the Principal Investigator is John M. Cimbala, Asst. Professor, Mechanical Engineering.

Master Paper

" Development of Neutron Radiography at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor," D. E. Hughes, Master Thesis,1986, Nuclear Engineering Department, S. H. Levine, advisor.

Invited Paper "Use of Real-Time Neutron Radiography at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor for Solving Industrial Problems," Invited paper to 1986 Winter Meeting of the ANS, S. H. Levine and D. E. Hughes.

Nuclear Engineering Department THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A MONITOR CAPABLE OF OPERATING IN THE PRESENCE OF AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE HIGHER LEVELS OF NOBLE GAS W. A. Jester A. J. Baratta I. B. McMaster T. T. Tseng M. Siegel The radiciodine monitor was originally developed and tested at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor. During the Winter of 1984-85, a second generation system was tested at Argonne National Laboratories TREAT Reactor located at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory. During this current year, much time was spent in the analysis of the TREAT data and writing reports and a Ph.D. thesis on this work. In addition, with support fram the reactor machine shop, a third generation system was designed and built for installation and testing as a stack monitor for one of PP&L's nuclear power generation stations.

Publication "The Development and Testing of a Prototype On-Line Radiciodine Monitor for Nuclear Power Stations," T. T. Tseng, W. A. Jester, A. J.

Baratta, and I. B. McMaster, Health Pnysics, 50(1), pp. 65-72,1986.

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Nuclear Engineering Department THE DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF TIME. MONITOR CONCEPTS FOR THE DETECTION OF TRACE AMOUNTS OF TRITIUM AND CARBON-14 IN REACTOR STACK GASES W. A. Jester E. C. Augustina W. A.-Sutton

~

Two prototype systems were developed and evaluated at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor for their ability to accumulate tritium and carbon-14 out of an airstream. One system provides the potential for near real-time monitoring of these two radionuclides. The second system was an improved method of obtaining an accumulated sample for subsequent liquid scintillation counting for these two radionuclides.

Publications "Hydrogeologic Parameter Identification from Nuclear Tracer Breakthrough Curve Data for Waste Disposal in Porous Media," C. Yu, W. A.

Jester, and A. R. Jarrett, Rad Waste Management and Nuclear Fuel Cycle, 7(1), pp. 63-82, 1986.

" Radon and Your Health " W. A. Jester, Postscript, PSU Energy Technology Projects Office, 3(4), 1985.

" Environmental Monitoring of Low-Level Radioactive Materials," W. A.

Jester and C. Yu, Penn Academcy of Science, Chapter 22 in Management of Radioactive Materials and Wastes (Issues & Progress), pp. 294-311, 1985.

"A General Solute Transport Model and Its Appleations in Containment Migration Analysis," C. Yu, W. A. Jester, and A. R. Jarrett, Proc. Nat.

Water Well Assn. Conf. on the Practical Applications of Groundwater Models, pp. 353-371, 1985.

Nuclear Engineering Department BETA DOSIMETRY S. H. Levine G. L. Catchen Research in beta dosimetry has resulted in two papers being submitted to Health Physics, which are based on Dr. Li Shen's Ph.D. Thesis. These papers describe a new, optimization method for determining the beta-depth-dose distribution in tissue and they describe the associated testing and verification of the method. The method uses electron-transport theory and optimization techniques to analyzed the responses of a three-element TLD system. Specifically, the method determines the effective beta-energy distribution incident on the dosimeter system and thus the system performs as a beta spectrometer. Experimentally calibrated electron-transport theory is used to provide the mathematical model for 41

perfonaing the optimization calculation. The objective function maximizes the the difference between the calculated dose and the measured dose of each of the chip / absorber components in the three-element TLD system. This method can be used to determine the beta-dose at any depth of interest.

The particular focus of the method is to determine the beta-skin dose (the dose at a depth, 7 mg/cm2 , in skin). The skin doses determined by this method are compared to experimentally measured skin doses obtained using an extrapolation chamber for a large variety of different incident beta spectra, and good agreement is found. The results are also compared to those produced by a commonly-used empirical algorithm. Although the optimization method produces somewhat better results, the advantage of the optimization method is that its perfonmance is not sensitive to the specific method of calibration.

Physics Department DENSITY MEASUREMENTS OF THIN FILMS OF AMORPHOUS GERMANIUM L. J. Pilione R. Messier P. McMorr J. Yehoda The density of rf sputtered amorphous gennanium thin films has been determined for film thicknesses ranging f rom 1 pm to 15 um. Thickness measurements on the films were obtained by stylus profilametry (+ 400 A')

and the areas by an Apple IIe Digital Trace Progran (+ 25). Mass values were found by neutron activation of standard Ge samples (0.105 mg - 21.9 mg) and the rf sputtered films (- 0.101 mg - 1.88 mg) with subsequent ratioing of the 265 Key gamma transition of Ge-75. The estimated accuracy of the mass determinations intensity by neutron activation analysis is < +

25. The density was calculated by ratioing the mass to volume values found for the films with the results canparing favorably to those determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry.

Plant Pathology Department FUSARIUM RESEARCH CENTER L. V. Klotz P. E. Nelson T. A. Toussoun Carnation plants are grown in a greenhouse free of insects and contaminates. Leaf bundles are harvested and cut into 3mm pieces. The leaf pieces are spread on a sheet of brown paper and dried at 120' F for 2 hours2.314815e-5 days <br />5.555556e-4 hours <br />3.306878e-6 weeks <br />7.61e-7 months <br /> in a gas oven with forced air.

The carnation leaves are packaged in small platic bags and placed in aluminum canisters and sent to the Cobalt-60 facility for sterilization.

42

The sterilized leaf pieces are used for making carnation leaf water again - a prime growth media for fusarium. The facility uses 2.5 x 106 rads for sterilization.

Bachelor Thesis

" Ecology of Fusarium Species in Corn Kernels and in Soil," N. Jeschke, BA thesis,1983, Plant Pathology Department, P. E. Nelson, advisor, Paper

" Incidence and Distribution of Fusarium Species Isolated from Shelled Corn from Pennsylvania and Maryland," N. Jeschke and P. E. Nelson, paper presented at North East Division Meeting of the American Phytopathological Soci et y, 1985.

Polymer Science Department PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYETHYLENE AND POLYPROPYLENE VIA DRPHOLOGY I. R. Harrison M. P. Laughner i

Radiation of polymers can produce certain chemical events within that polymer. Some of the more common chemical events are cross-linking chain scisson and unsaturation. Cross-linking increases the molecular weight and eventually forms a network while chain scisson decreases the molecular weight of the polymer and eventually leads to degradation (unsaturation can be controlled). Different polymers behave or react differently under identical doses of radiation. Polyethylene will cross-link preferentialy opposed to chain scisson while polypropylene tends to degrade more.

The main objective of this experiment is to form a partial network within the polyethylene then heat it above its melting temperature. Since it is partially a network if you don't hcat it too far above its melting point, the polymer won't flow or degrade. Once you have the polymer in its semi-molten stage, you can elongate it or biaxially orient it. If the network is not too extensive, you should be able to extend it greatly and create very high orientation. The higher the orientation you can achieve

.without rupturing the network too much, the higher the strength and modulus your material will have.

Master Thesis

" Physical Properties of Polyethylene and Polypropylene via

, Morphology," M. P. Laughner, Master Thesis,1986, Polymer Science Department, I. R. Harrison, advisor.

Talk / Paper "The Irradiation of Polyethylene to Induce Cross-linking," M. P.

Laughner, Graduate Seminar, May 1986, Polymer Science Department.

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Polymer Science Department FTIR STUDIES OF POLYDIACETYLENES P. C. Painter B. Thomson Colorless single crystals of 3BCMV monomer can be polymerised by exposure to high energy radiation, producing green / gold crystals of foly 3BCMV. However, these crystals are not suitable for transmission studies in the infra-red. In an attempt to overcome this problem, solutions of 3BCMV monomer were cast onto KBr windows to form thin films. Subsequent exposure to gamma-radiation yielded deep-blue colored film, indicating partial polymerisation. Infra-red work revealed no apparent difference between the spectrum of the monomer film and that of the partially polymerised film. After destroying and removing the confirming monomer matrix with solvent, the polymer film lef t is green / gold in reflection and exhibits the spectrum associated with a normal cast film of poly 3BCMV.

DSC work on the films indicates a low level of polymerisation, despite the deep color af ter irradiation. The effect of increased exposure, i.e. > 1 Mrad, does not drastically alter the level of polymensation of the monomer film.

Solid State Science Department RADIATION ASSISTED CHEMICAL BONDING ,

R. Roy T. Simonton The Co60 gamma source was used was to expose opal, jasper, agate, flint, and chert in order to enhance hardness and fracture toughness through radiation assisted chemical bonding. It was thought that water present in these material might bond microstructural units together when exposed to gamma radiation and increase its hardness and toughness. So far no significant increase in hardness or toughness has been observed. These experiments are still ongoing.

Paper

" Radiation Assisted Chemical Bonding of Natural and Synthetic Gel-Derived Ceramics," T. C. Simonton, S. Komarnent, and R. Roy, posterboard session at the 1986 American Ceramic Society.

I 44

Solid State Science Department PTC COMPOSITE THERMISTORS R. Newnham A. Safari J. Runt L. Rohlfing Carbon and Polyethylene 0-3 composites are being produced for use as a positive temperature coefficient thermistor. These composites are irradiated to produce crosslinking of the polymer and thus improving the mechanical and PTC behavior or the composite. The crosslinking of the polymer allows the composite to be used at temperatures 20-30aC above the nonnal melting temperature of the polymer with no shape deformation of the composite device.

Besides polyethylene, other higher temperature crystalline polymers are being tried, such as PBT and PPO.

The samples made fram polyethylene and carbon have been irradiated at 20 megarads of gamma radiation. Samples made from the higher temeprature polymers have not yet been radiated.

Master Thesis

" Carbon Black PTC Thermistors," Rohlfing, Lori L., Master Thesis, 1987, Solid State Science, R. E. Newham, advisor.

Veterinary Science Department SWINE NATURAL KILLER CELLS: CLONING AND PRODUCTION OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES F. G. Ferguson We find the Cobalt-60 irradiation f acility useful to our immunology laboratory when we have a need for viable lymphocytes that are altered by irradiation so they cannot divide. These " feeder cells" are added to certain cell cultures to aid in establishing and maintaining cell growth.

Irradiated, altered lymphocytes are used also in mixed lymphocyte cultures as the source of antigen to sensitize cells from the same species having different histocompatibility loci. Sensitivity is measured in a cell-mediated cytotoxicity assay using target cells having the same histocompatibility antigens as the irradiated cells.

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l B. INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH UTILIZING THE FACILITIES OF THE PENN STATE BREAZEALE NUCLEAR REACTOR The facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor (PSBR) are made available to state,. federal, and industrial organizations for use in their research and development programs. Some typical examples follow:

Gas Spring Company Lawther 0. Smith, President Franz Kautz, Manager Product Engineering Jim Snyder, Manager Reliability Assurance Gas Spring Company makes pneumatic springs which considerably reduce the cost and weight and increase the fuel efficiency of vehicles into which they are engineered. They have stated the following:

"With the ever expanding applications for this product, our development efforts reached an impasse in trying to measure the location of oil inside permanently sealed steel components.

The personnel at the Penn State Breazeale Reactor facility together with those listed above of Gas Spring Company, made tests using neutron radiography. The results gave us infonmation otherwise unavailable upon wnich we based modifications of our manufacturing processes. We hope to expand the capability with PSBR to widen the applications appropriate to our use of this unique facility."

Raytheon Company R. N. Diette Raytheon has made extensive use of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor facility over the past year. In the words of Mr. Diette, "The purpose of our studies is to predict the response of semiconductor devices and electronic circuits to neutron environments. Experiments to analyze the resultant damage mechanisms are being required by an increasing number of programs. Nuclear vulnerability studies for radar, connunications and missile systems applications utilize the reactor to establish the necessary damage coefficients."

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APPENDIX A Personnel involved in research utilizing the facilities of the Penn State Breazeale Reactor.

COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE Agronomy Bollag , J. M. , Ph.D. Chanmugathon, P.

Professor of Soil Microbiology Graduate Student Dairy & Animal Science Abrams, Stephen M.,'Ph.D.. Baughman, Amy, B.S.

Professor Graduate Student Horticulture Boyer, Charles, Ph.D. Benson, Jodie Associate Profeusor University Scholar Plant Pathology Joschke, Nikola, B. A. Nelson, P. E., Ph.D.

Research Assistant Professor Klotz, Lois V. , B.S. Toussoun, T. A., Ph.D.

Senior Research Aide Professor Veterinary Science F. G. Ferguson, Ph.D.

Professor COLLEGE OF EARTH & MINERAL SCIENCE Materials Science Bartges, Charles, B.S. Ryba, Earle, Ph.D.

Graduate Student Associate Professor 47

Polymer Science Harrison, I. R. , , Ph.D. Painter, P. C., Ph.D.

Professor Professor Laughner, M. P., B.S. Thomson, B., Ph.D.

Graduate Student Research Associate COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING Agricultural Engineering Jarrett , A. R. , Ph.D.

Associate Professor Bioengineering Palmer, Brad Graduate Student Chemical Engineering Choi, K. I. Vanni ce , M. A. , Ph.D.

Graduate Student Distinguished Alumni Professor Sen, B. Venter, Jeremia, J. , M.S.

Graduate Student Graduate Student l I

Engineering Science and Mechanics Alleman, Mark D. , B.S. Lenahan, P. M., Ph.D.

Student Associate Professor l Messier, R.

Senior Research Associate Mechanical Engineering Kulkarni, A. K., Ph.D. Ross, K.

Assistant Professor Undergraduate Student I

Pellizzari, R.

Undergraduate Student 1

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Nuclear Engineering Baratta, Anthony J., Ph.D. McInerney, Joseph J. , Jr.

Associate Professor Research Associate - Medicine Hershey Medical Center Bonner, Joseph Jr., M.S.

Affiliate Instructor McMaster, Ira B., B.S.

Research Asst. and Deputy Director Catchen, Gary L. , Ph.D. Breazeale Nuclear Reactor Assistant Professor Palmer, Brian, B.S.

Diethorn, Ward S., Ph.D. Graduate Student Professor Penkala, John L. , B.S.

Eaken, Ronald L. Research Assistant Experimental & Maintenance Training Coordinator -

Mechanic Raupach, Dale C., B.S.

Flinchbaugh, Terry L. Reactor Utility Specialist Nuclear Education Specialist Robinson, Gordon, E. , Ph.D.

Foderaro, Anthony H. , Ph.D. Associate Professor Professor Rudy, Kenneth E.

Ford, Bonnie C., B.S. Senior Engineering Aide Environmental Analyst Shillenn, James K. , B.S. ,

Geleski, Mark, B.S. Coordinator Graduate Student Energy Technology Projects Hughes, Dan S., B.S. Sutton, William M.S.

Education Specialist Graduate Student Jaffee, Stewart, B.S. Totenbier, Robert E., B.S.

Graduate Student Research Asst. and Operator Supr.

Breazeale Nuclear Reactor Jester, William A., Ph.D.

Professor Tseng, Tung-Tse , Ph.D.

Research Assistant Kenney, Edward S. , Ph.D.

Professor Voth, Marcus H., M.S.

Instructor Levine, Samuel H., Ph.D. >

Professor and Director Willis, Michael, B.S.

Breazeale Nuclear Reactor Graduate Student .

Lutz, Rex, B.S. Witzig, Warren F.

Graduate Student Professor and Department Head 49 l

e INTERCOLLEGIATE RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND FACILITIES Health Physics Augustine, Edward C., Ph.D. Hollenbach, Donald H.

Health Physics Assistant Health Physics Assistant Ford, William T. Johnson, Walter B.

Health Physics Assistant Health Physics Assistant Granlund, Roger W.

University Health Physicist INTERDISIPLINARY Materials Research Lab McMarr, P. J., Ph.D. Simonton, Thomas C., M.S.

Research Associate Graduate Assistant Roy, Rustum, Ph.D.

Professor of Solid State Science Solid State Sciences Newnham, R. E. , Ph.D. Saf ari , A. , Ph.D.

Professor Research Assistant Rohlfing, Lori, B.S. Yehoda, J., M.S.

Graduate Assistant Research Assistant Runt , J. , Fh.D.

Associate Professor COLLEGE 0F SCIENCE Biology Dunson, William A., Ph.D. Gonzolez, Richard, Ph.D.

Professor Graduate Student Freda , Joseph, Ph.D. Krout , Roy T. , B.S.

Research Assistant Graduate Student Frisbie, Malcom P. , Ph.D. Seidel, Michael E., B.S.

Graduate Student Graduate Student 50

Chemistry

.Allcock,' Harry R., Ph.D. Kwon, Sukky

' Professor Graduate Student -

Gebura, Marie . Lampe, F. W., Ph.D.

Graduate Research Assistant ~ Professor Physics Pilione, Lawrence J., Ph.D. Pratt, William W., Ph.D.

Associate Professoe Professor INDUSTRIES Gas Spring Company Smith, Lawther Lockheed Electronic Company Eddy, Yu-Ping VanPatton, Brad 4

Raytheon Company '

Caldwell, David Sabo, Jennifer Herbst, Robert Stransky, Donald Johnson, Robert Surro, Joseph Mikulski, Chris Worthington, Mark Morris, Jake f

1 2

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APPENDIX B l:

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. FORMAL GROUP TOURS l

l 1985 Participants i July 2 Science Technology & Society Teachers 18 I 8 Centre County Vo-Tech Students 4 9 Nuclear Concepts 22 14 Naval Reserve (4) 49 18 Upward Bound 13 18 University of Pittsburgh Health Physics 9 Aug 9 Halfmoon Garden Club 11 14 Middletown Coop Students 6 20 Police Services 8 24 Upclose 16 27 Nuclear Engineering 451 24 Sept 20 West Penn Power 12 15 Parents Day (2) 58 Oct 2 Admissions Office 19 9 Science Ed 412 19 18 PA Council for Social Studies 13 23 Science Ed 412 12 25 Chartiers-Houston H.S. 18

28 Nuclear Engineering 401 (2) 36 Nov 4 Penn Jr. Science & Humanities Symposium 12 5 Hazleton Associate Degree Students 13 6 North Bedford HS 27 7 Engineering Graphics 50 41 7 Biology 498 18 8 Carpenter Tech - Reading (2) 20 9 Carpenter T'ech - Reading (2) 19 14 Glendale H.S. 15 4

19 Glendale H.S. (2) 36 53

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20 State College _ Alternative Program 15 21 MEng Westinghouse (2) 27 26 Society Miliary Engineers 1 27 Lower Dauphin H.S. 16 Dec 2 PSU Students 5 4 Mount Penn H.S. 15 4 Cumberland Valley 4 5 Curwensville H.S. 9 5 Ursinus College 3 6 Indiana State University 8 10 Carlisle Area H.S. (2) ,, 3,4 12 Neutron Activation Analysis Workshop 1.1 '

12 Bald Eagle Area H.S. 19 (

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18 Williamson H.S. 28 "

1986 V

Jan 13 Nuclear Engineering Technology 814 15 14 Nuclear Engineering 450 21 21 Nuclear Engineering 445 ,

14 21 Nuclear Engineering 812 8

28 Renaissance Interest House 3 Feb 4 Man Technology & Environment 23 /

18 Engineering Graphics 50 19 4

25 Entomology-486 . 12 Mar 14 Redland H.S. 17 17 Daniel Boone H.S. 16 19 Westmont Hilltop 29 21 Elkland H.S. 13 >

21 Cowanesque H.S. 10 26 Jersey Shore H.S. 11 Apr 1 Lycoming College 8 3 Wilkes College 3 4 St. Mary's H.S. 20 4 Ridgeway H.S. 10 l 5 Army War College / International Fellows 31 , ')

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8 Lycoming College. 80 10 STS Teachers (2) 38 10 Industrial Professional Advisory Council 7 11 Bellwood Antis H.S. (2) 23 14 Nutrition 454 14 15 Penn State - Fayette Campus 10 16 N. Schuylkill H.S. 9 17 Horseheads H.S. (2) 23 21 Materials Research Society 16 l 25 Titusville H.S. 8 25 Science Technology & Society 28 26 ANS Parents & Friends 19 2B St. College H.S. 21 29 Bellefonte H.S. 13 30 Warren H.S. (2) 43 May 2 Harbor Creek /Kennard Dale H.S. 13 7 Nuclear Tech. & Issues f or Public Communication 17 9 Marion Center H.S. 7 9 Carmichael H.S. 9 13 Belleville Menonite H.S. 16 14 S. Huntington H.S. 14 16 Dallastown H.S. 5 20 Danville H.S. 17 21 Old Mill H.S. 5 21 Penn Cambria (2) 41 30 AAUW Workshop 7 June 16 Alpha Fire Company (2) 27 18 Future Farmers of America (2) 41 24 Executive Management 9 24 4-H Group 26 25 Health Physics Society Summer School (5) 91 25 4-H Group 23 27 Philadelphia Pilot Prep. II.S. 16 Total 92 Groups 1,782 55