ML20206U888
| ML20206U888 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Calvert Cliffs  |
| Issue date: | 09/30/1985 |
| From: | Mirela Gavrilas, Wieland M BALTIMORE GAS & ELECTRIC CO. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20206U832 | List: |
| References | |
| BG&E-EP1, NUDOCS 9905260049 | |
| Download: ML20206U888 (49) | |
Text
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WIND FLOWS AND DISPERSION CONDITIONS at CALVERT CLIFFS l
i Maria Gavrilas i
Melissa Wieland BG&E-EPl
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September 1985 l-l l
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9905260049 990518 ~~
gDR ADOCK 05000317 l , PDR._
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SUMMARY
This'research is a part of the effort by Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, Environmental Programs, to better understand the relationship between gaseous effluents at Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant and the environmental monitoring data collected around the plant in the last 13 years.
The 9.xpected linear dependence between fission and activation gases released by the plant during normal operations and the exposure rates measured with the environmental thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) network was previously demonstrated (1) .
A detailed knowledge of local and regional weather patterns is of great importance for both theoretical dose assessment and for ,
understanding environmental TLD data as well. .
4 3-In the present study, wind directions, wind speed, and temperature gradient trends at and around Calvert Cliffs are described using several years of meteorological data. Their l implications for gaseous effluent dispersions are discussed.
The main observations to date describing the weather pattern at Calvert Cliffs are the following:
)
e There are two predominant wind directions at Calvert Cliffs:
from north-northwest and northwest (mainly during winter),
and from south-southwest and southwest (mainly during summer).
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e During April-September, wind blows onshore mainly during the afternoon and offshore mainly during the night. During October-March, the onshore and offshore winds are almost uniformly distributed during the hours of the day. onshore winds are predominant, e There is a general agreement between wind direction distri-bution at Calvert Cliffs and that recorded by Andrews and Patuxent' River meteorological stations. -
e Calvert Cliffs experiences lower wind speeds than the surrounding stations, o There is highly predominant neutral and slightly stable weather (the atmospheric stability defined by the a
Ic-temperature change with height according to Pasquill's
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classification).
e There is asymmetry in the dispersion (X/Q) pattern around !
the plant. The main part of the gaseous effluent released during routine operations are dispersed over the bay.
In order to have a reliable set of meterological data for the j best capabilities for dose assessment for routine operation and for any inadvertent release, we recommend:
e A quality assurance program for meteorological data should be established and followed.
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4 The authors wish to express their gratitude to Mr. J. W. Moyer and Dr. G. J. Huffmann from University of Maryland for their help in collecting regional meteorological data and valuable discussions, and to Mr. M. Abrams from Pickard, Lowe, and Garrick, Inc. for very useful comments during this study and after reading the manuscript.
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CONTENTS
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2.1. The meteorological instrumentation 2.2. Meteorological data processing 2.3. The quality control of meteorological data
- 3. TRENDS IN WIND FLOWS AND IN DISPERSION CONDITIONS' 3.1. Wind direction 3.2. Wind speeds
- -#' 3.3. Stability classes p
- 4. MODELING AIRBORNE TRANSPORT AND DISPERSIONS AROUND CALVERT CLIFFS
- 5. CONCLUSIONS
- 6. LITERATURE 4
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FIGURES
- 1. The locations of the meteorological stations at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant
- 2. The meteorological stations at the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Plant
'3. The dose assessment system for the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant
- 4. Meteorological information collected by different channels on 08/26/85
- 5. Annual wind roses for Calvert Cliffs i *'
_6. Average annual wind roses for different meteorological
.., stations
- 7. Wind direction. Average quarterly percent of occurrence for different meteorological stations
- 8. The correlation between the starting time of gas releases
~
(batch) and onshore / offshore winds, 1978
- 9. The correlation between the starting time of gas releases (batch).and onshore / offshore winds, 1980 l
- 10. Wind speed. Average quarterly values (m/s) for different meteorological stations i
! 5 I
- 11. Wind direction at various locations on July 1, 1985,
-8:00 a.m.-
- 12. Pasquill stability classes at Calvert Cliffs-
- 13. Pasquill stability classes. Average quarterly percent of occurrence at Calvert Cliffs
- 14. The correlation between G' stability class, wind speed, and wind directions at Calvert Cliffs .
3
- 15. . Annual relative venting concentrations X/Q (sec/m ) around Calvert Cliffs (1969, 1970, 1972) 3
- 16. Annual _ relative venting concentrations X/Q (sec/m ) around Calvert Cliffs (1982, 1983, 1984)
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- 17. oc vs. distance e
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I TABLES l i 1
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- 1. On-site meteorological stations and instrumentation at-I the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant )
- 2. Wind directions. Annual; percent of occurrence for Calvert ,
Cliffs ]
- 3. Wind direction. Average annual percent of occurrence for different meteorological stations -
~
. ., 4. Wind speed. Annual values (m/s) for Calvert Cliffs ,
... 5. Wind speed. Average annual' values (m/s) for different meteorological stations
- 6. Pasquill stability classes. Percent of occurrence for Calvert cliffs 1
l ;
l 1
1 7
, 1. INTRODUCTION
)
A detailed knowledge of local and regional weather patterns is of great importance for both theoretical dose assessment (by choosing the appropriate dispersion model) and for optimizing the environmental network capabilities (by choosing the best locations for environmental monitoring stations).
In our previous work, great attention was given to the thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD) system operating around the plant, giving the information about direct' radiation levels during normal operations (1). The TLD sensitivity is defined as the measured exposure per unit of activity released under the form of airborne effluents during routine operations or during incident / accident conditions. The TLD sensitivity is a complex function of:
e the nature of the radioactive material (isotopic compositions, physical and chemical properties),
e the geometry of the source (stack height, its cross I
sections, the rate of release),
e the weather patterns (wind speed and direction, humidity and precipitation, turbulence and temperature distributions, and diurnal and seasonal variations),
e the topographical features (buildings, hills, trees), !
- t e,the distance from emitter, e the dosimeter response (reproducibility, uniformity, energy
/ !
dependence, light, moisture, self-irradiation)'.
I 8 !
i
'A better understanding of weather conditions around Calvert Cliffs is of great help in understanding the environmental TLD readings over the. years.
In this study we have tried to answer specifically the following questions:
e How does an average meteorological year look at Calvert Cliffs?
e How large are the deviations from this average year which were recorded f, rom year to year?
e How do the relative concentrations (X/Q) reflect the typical meteorology?
e Are there any specific meteorological cor11tions with any impact on doses evaluated for gaseous bacca releases?
The meteorological monitoring at Calvert Cliffs started in September 1967 as a part of the plant siting studies. The 1967-1969 meteorological data are presented in the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant Environmental Report (2); the 1970 -
1971 data are presented in the FSAR (3); 1975 data were used in the Appendix I Evaluation Report (4); and all meteorological data since 1975 until now and used in dose assessment are included in the Semiannual Effluent and Waste Disposal Reports prepared by the plant for the NRC.
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4 For this study, twelve years of meteorological data collected at Calvert Cliffs were used. Comparison with similar regional data were performed, even though it is
- known that the differences in instrument exposure and different levels in the instrument thresholds made this comparison difficult.
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- 2. THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA 2.1. The meteorological _ instrumentation The meteorological data for Calvert Cliffs used in this study were collected from three meteorological towers: The Inner South Tower (IS), discontinued in 1975; the microwave tower placed in service in 1973 and presently used as a secondary tower (ST) (back-up system); and the primary tower (PT) placed in service in 1982.
- The. position of the meteorological towers relative to the plant structures is shown in Figure 1. The levels of the meteorological instrumentation on the last two towers relative to the ground and to the position of_the vent stacks are shown in Figure 2.- The available meteorological instrumentation for each tower is described in Table 1.
2.2. Meteorological data processing For meteorological data acquisition, a dual recordirq system for each sensor is used. The analog information coming from the meteorological instrumentation is both recorded on strip charts or, via a Data Recording Terminal (DRT), sent to the Meteorological Information and Dose Assessment System (MIDAS).
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FIGURE 2 THE 11ETEOR0 LOGICAL STATIO:15 AT THE CALVEP.T CLIFFS fiL' CLEAR PO!4EP, PLAllT (PT)
Primary feet meters Mete'..rologi cal 320 ; Mwer (ST) WS WS: Wind Speed Secondary An--- ' - - - WD 300 - WD: Wind Direction lieteorological Ty , T, 90 T: Temperature -
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F l MIDAS is a system of hardware (Digital Graphics Inc.) and software (Pickard, Lowe and Garrick- PLG) components designed to incorporate data collection and computational capabilities into one package. The hardware component and the access locations for the information produced by MIDAS are shown in Figure 3.
In the last three years MIDAS was used for routine assessments of the radiological impact on the environment and it is used to provide real time dose assessments during inadvertent release of radioactive' materials.
For c.:e purpose of this study the joint frequency tables digitized from strip charts by Dames & Moore (1969-1980) and by Envirodata (1981-1984) were used. The relative concentrations presented were calculated either by Danes and Moore (1969,1970,1972) or by PLG (1982,1983,1984).
2.3 The quality control of meteorological data To obtain the meteorological information required for valid estimates of atmospheric diffusion and plant impact on the environment, a set of regular operability, maintenance and calibration checks of the meteorological instrumentation is performed. The Technical Specifications (5) requires a daily check and semiannual calibrations of the meteorological monitoring instrumentation channels. The calibration is performed according to a specific surveillance procedure (6). Strip chart analog 15
TABLE 1 DN-SITE METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION CALVERT CLIFFS DUCLEAR POWER PLANT DESIGNATION ELEVATION PEPIOD INSTPUMENTATION Inner South 48'MSL 1/9/69 to 1/12/70 tstI Mechanical Weather Station. Model 1071 Tower +12' Mast "IS" 2/11/69 to 2/20/69 HRI Vector Vane Sigma Meter. Model 1053 48'MSL 5/15/69 to 9/4/74 Temperature Gradient System. Packard Bell
+12'849.5' Corp. (Beckman-Whitley), Model 327 Aspirated Radiation Shields 48'MSL 6/1/69 to 8/7/69 MRI Wind Dif fusion System. Model 2040
, +12' Mast 48'MSL 8/7/69 to 5/15/71 MRI Wind Diffusion System. Model 2040
+33' 48'MSL 5/15/71 to 8/14/75 MRI Wind Dif fusion System. Model 2040 9/29/71 to 8/14/75 Temperature Gradient System.
+33'897' 7/17/71 to 8/14/75 Heathermeasure Corp. Aspirated Radiation Shields with Rosemount Sensors Beckr.an-Whitley Model WS 101 Quick Vane Wind System 3/13/72 to 1/11/74 Gill Anemometer Bivane Secondary 75'MSL 8/8/73 to Present 125' & 200' MRI Wind Diffusion System.
Towers +40'8125'8 Model 2040 Microwave 200' 40'. 125' & 200' ideathermeasure Corp.
Tower 8/8/73 to Present "ST" Aspirated Radiation Shields with Rosemount Sensors. Temperature Gradient System 8/23/73 to Present 125' Westber Measure Corp. Dewpoint System ,
1 Primary 110'MSL 4/82 to Present 10m & 60s. MRI Mechanical Weather Station, Tower +33' & 200' Model 1074-12 "PT" Isles & 60ml 4/82 to Present 10m. MRI Power Aspirated Temperature and Dewpoint Sensore Model 895-2M 4/82 to Present 60s. Power Aspirated Temperature Sensor with Platinum Elements, Model 841-2 4/82 to Present At Gromd Levele near the Tower, MRI Rain Gauge. Model 382 16
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-recorders arefused as'the primary data source during malfunctions of.the digital system.- 'A specific procedure (7) describes the frequirements-forstripchartprocessing.
Checks of quality of the meteorological data'were performed on a limited basis. ' An example is. given in Figure ~4, where the wind direction,fwind speed and temperature gradients given by different sensors were' plotted as functions of time. A systematic control of invalid data readings helps to detect problems in sensors,,
-transmitters, or signal translators.
There are data screening and i checking programs which can supplement regular operability, maintenance, and calibration checks.
-There:are' programs available that are self-validating monitoring systems based'on processing of signals coming from two colocated sensors. Signals are collected and averaged for each variable (speed,1 temperature, etc.) The difference and variability between paired signals is measured by comparability and checked against-a
-critical value-of acceptance.
A number of data screening and checking programs are recommended by the NRC (8). One of these is "QA"- a quality assurance program for checking hourly meteorological data in the NRC Standard Format. Meteorological variables that can be checked are: wind speed, wind direction, temperature, dew point, temperature
-gradient and precipitation. Data are read and checked one hour at a time with the date, time, and description of the problems printed out if any questionable occurrences are found. The implementation of this' program is under consideration.
17
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FIGURE 4 1 METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION COLLECTED BY l DIFFERENT CHANNELS ON 08/26/85
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- 3. TRENDS IN WIND FicWS AND IN DISPERSION CONDITIONS 3.1. Wind directions Annual wind directions (frequency of occurrence) for each o
geographical sector (16 sectors, 22.5 each) recorded during 12 years at'Calvert Cliffs are given in Table 2. The corresponding wind roses are shown in Figure 5. The average annual wind directions for Calvert Cliffs, Dulles, Andrews,
'and Patuxent River stations are presented in Table 3 (9) and the corresponding wind roses are shown in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the frequency distribution for the above stations per quarter, to help' understand any seasonal specific features.
From the data the following observations emerge:
e At Calvert Cliffs there are two prevalent wind directions:
from north-northwest and northwest (mainly during the winter), and from south-southwest ar.d southwest (mainly during the summer). This pattern is common to all stations used for comparison (at Dulles, the southern component is more evident).
o Winds blow almost half the time to the land (from NW, NNW, ..., SE: 48%) and half time to the bay (from SSE, S,
..., WNW: 52%).
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TABLE E l
WDC DIRECTIDH APNUAL PERCENT OF OCCURRENCE FOR CALVERT CLIFFS 1970 1972 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 H 8.4 10.0 8.9 7.4 6.9 8.6 8.5 8.2 7.5 9.4 5.8 8.2 M4E 5.8 6.7 3.8 4.0 4.3 6.3 5.8 6.2 4.5 6.0 5.1 6 . T.
HE 3.8 4.0 4.9 3.1 4.0 5.1 3.9 4.4 3.5 5.2 4.9 4.4 ENE 2.4 2.3 3.4 2.8 2.4 4.3 2.6 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.1 2.7 E 3.5 2.9 3.8 2.7 2.5 3.3 2.2 2.7 2.6 3.3 3.0 3.0 ESE 2.8 2.5 2.9 2.f 3.1 3.9 4.1 2.9 3.9 3.6 3.4 3.6 SE 2.8 2.6 4.3 2.8 3.3 3.8 4.3 3.7 3.8 4.5 4.0 5.4 I
SSE 8.2 4.5 5.4 4.1 8.2 5.7 7.7 4.7 5.6 5.9 7.0 4.9 5 11.6 21.0 11.4 9.9 8.7 7.2 8.9 6.9 6.6 8.3 7.4 5.4 SSW 8.7 10.2 7.4 9.4 9.9 8.6 9.4 8.0 7.1 11.2 8.2 10.9 l
SW 7.0 5.6 11.3 12.7 9.8 10.4 9.6 9.6 9.8 10.0 8.7 10.2 !
l WSW 4.5 4.3 5.3 8.3 6.4 5.8 4.5 8.4 7.1 5.8 6.6 6.3 W 6.3 3.8 4.6 6.8 5.8 3.5 3.2 4.6 5.8 3.7 6.2 5.4 64M 6.0 4.0 5.0 6.4 9.3 5.6 5.5 4.5 9.8 4.1 9.1 6.7 tM 10.3 8.5 8.7 8.3 8.6 9.3 10.6 9.2 10.7 7.2 8.5 8.4 MM 7.8 7.0 7.3 7.8 6.4 7.8 8.6 12.1 8.3 8.4 9.0 7.9 Calm 0.04 0.1 1.5 0.6 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.4 0 0 0 0 Percent of date 89.5 88.0 98.0 95.0 100.0 98.6 97.2 99.8 90.3 99.1 99.4 91.7 recuperation 20
FIGURE 5 ANNUAL WIND ROSES FOR CALVERT CLIFFS M Wind Direction (Percent of Occurrence)
Each circle represents 3%
l l WindSpeed(m/s)
Each circle represents 1 m/s
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TABLE 3 I
WIND DIRECTION AVERAGE APNUAL PERCENT OF OCCURRENCE FOR DIFFERENT METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS Dulles Andrews Petuxent Calvert River Cliffs 1 % 2-1971 1943-1972 1973-1977 1976-1981, 83 110 years) t30 years) i5 years) (7 years)
H 9.4 5.4 6.0 7.6 WE 4.3 3.9 4.8 5.2 NE 3.0 4.1 3.7 4.1 ENE 2.3 3.2 2.8 3.1 E 2.9 3.7 3.6 2.7 ESE t.6 3.1 3.4 3.4 SE 3.5 3.5 5.7 3.7
$$E 5.7 4.0 6.9 6.1 S 12.6 7.4 8.2 8.0 SSW 7.4 8.0 6.7 8.7 SW 3.7 7.5 6.7 10.1 WSW t.5 3.9 4.7 6.7 W 3.4 6.1 6.8 5.1 M 7.6 7.7 6.5 7.2 W 9.4 9.1 7.3 9.3 i
l I NW 7.7 5.3 7.8 8.6 l Cale 12.0 14.1 8.4 0.3 l
l Percent of 96.8 %.4 99.9 98.4 data obaarvations observations recuperation at t hours at 3 hours3.472222e-5 days <br />8.333333e-4 hours <br />4.960317e-6 weeks <br />1.1415e-6 months <br /> l 22 l
FIGURE 6 AVEP. AGE ANNUAL WIND ROSES FOR DIFFERENT METEOP.0 LOGICAL STATIONS il l
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e There are significant day-night differences in wind directions (Figure 8, 9) during April-September. e During October-March, onshore winds are prevalent. There is a tendency of starting more gaseous batch releases during the afternoon (Figure 8, 9). In routine dose assessment one considers that the activity rate is constant during the whole interval of time between start-stop moments. It is recognized, however, that most of the gases are released in the first hour. During the afternoon, when many of the gaseous batch releases are initiated,.the predominant wind direction is onshore. It is important to study the profile of batch releases (activity rate vs. time during the reported start-stop interval). An analytical c - or numerical procedure should be established to include this j profile in MIDAS. A final observation: , e For wind direction, the deviation of annual data from the average does not exceed 5% frequency of occurrence per sector. - 3.2 Wind speeds Annual wind speed values are presented in Table 4. Their graphical display is given on the annual wind roses in Figure 5. For 1976-1984 the wind speed values were reduced to the 33 ft.
- level (reporting requirement) from the 125 ft. level, on the 25
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FIGURE 9 . THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE STARTING TIME - OF GAS RELEASES (BATCH) AND ONSHORE /0FFSHORE WINDS,1980
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l l TABLE 4 WIND SPEED ANWAL VALUES (m/s) FOR CALVERT CLIFFS l l l ST ST ST ST ST ST Meteorological IS IS ST ST ST Tower 1984 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1970 1972 1975 level of 33' 33' 33' 33' 33' 48' 125' 33' 33' 33' reference 48' 2.9 2.8 3.1 3.0 2.1 4.2 3.3 N 3.4 6.0 5.2 2.8 4.6 2.9 2.2 2.6 3.3 2.5 1.7 2.6 2.8 NNE 3.0 3.2 2.0 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.5 2.3 2.4 HE 2.7 2.9 3.5 2.1 1.5 1.9 1.6 1.7 1.2 1.9 1.9 ENE 2.2 2.4 3.3 l 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.4 0.9 2.0 1.7 l E 2.1 2.1 2.4 1.6 1 . 3.1 1.5 1.6 1.8 1.6 1.1 2.1 2.0 ESE 2.3 2.2 2.9 2.0 1.9 1.6 2.1 2.0 1.2 2.6 2.4 l
, SE 2.5 2.4 3.3 2.3 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.1 1.6 2.2 2.5 i SSE 2.5 2.6 4.0 I 2.2 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.2 1.6 2.3 2.5 5 1.6 1.7 4.0 I
2.2 2.1 2.2 2.1 1.6 2.0 2.9 S5W 1.2 1.6 4.2 2.4 2.2 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.5 1.9 2.9 SW 1.2 1.1 3.3 l 1.7 1.8 1.6 2.3 1.6 1.2 2.0 2.5 WSW 1.2 0.7 3.0 1.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.3 2.8 2.4 W 1.2 1.1 3.0 1.8 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 1.6 2.9 2.8 WNW 2.3 2.1 3.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.8 2.4 2.0 3.4 2.7
}&l 3.5 3.5 5.3 2.5 2.8 2.9 2.1 3.3 3.3 NHW 4.0 3.5
- 5.3 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.3 2.0 2.0 2.2 2.1 1.5 2.5 Average 2.3 2.4 3.8 28 I
secondary tower-ST.(position closer to the gas release point), by the relationship: L h a u=u (h ) o o 2 where u is the reduced speed at h = 33 ft. level and u is o the speed measured at.h = 125 ft. level. The exponent m o has the following. values: e In the Envirodata evaluations: m = 0.25 for A,B,c, stability classes a = 0.50 for D,E,F,G stability classes e In the PLG evaluations: m = 0.25 for A,B,C stability classes l m = 0.33 for D stability class
. m = 0.50 for E,F,G stability classes The average wind speed values for Calvert cliffs, Dulles, Andrews and Patuxent River meteorological stations are given in Table 5 (the height of sensor positions is mentioned) and displayed in Figure 6. The seasonal distribution of wind speed is shown in Figure 10. _
-An important observation is that wind speeds at Calvert cliffs seem to be much lower than at surrounding stations, meaning less
- favorable conditions for dispersion. It is important to know if this is a real fact or a bias introduced by the reduction process of speed from one level to another. A detailed study of a 29 l
T i TABLE 5 l WIfC SPEED AVERAGE AMAfAL VALUES (m/s) FOR DIFFERENT METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS Dulles Andrews Petuxent Calvert River Cllffs 1962-1971 1943-1972 1973-1977 1976-1981e 83 20 feet 13 feet 13 feet 33 feete 3.6 4.1 3.3 3.0 H 3.7 3.7 3.1 2.6 M4E 3.2 3.7 3.0 2.1 NE 3.1 3.6 2.8 1.7 EHE 3.1 3.3 3.0 1.6 E 4 3.0 3.3 3.0 1.9 ESE
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_.i ). ._ ( 31
statistically significant number of observations is required in 1 order to determine, by fitting, the correct values of the numerical parameter a in the the speed reduction law appropriate for each stability class, for each meteorological tower. The ' reason for the relatively low wind speeds shown by the
' meteorological instrumentation at Calvert Cliffs, however, could also be _ associated with the terrain (somewhat of a gap between 1
cliffs in which the plant is positioned) and trees around the plant, or the fact that the 125 ft. wind measurements may be influenced by surrounding buildings. The configuration of the flow conditions in real time, can provide l valuable information which might impact the dose assessment during an inadvertent release. A single test has been performed, comparing hourly sequences for meteorological stations placed in a
large area around~the plant.
On July 1, 1985, around 8 a.m., hourly sequences were collected
'from the following stations (10):
- 1. ADW Camp Spring, MD, Andrews AFB Airport
~
- 2. BWI Baltimore, MD, Baltimore Washington International Airport
- 3. DAA Fort Belvoir, VA, Davison AAF Airport i
- 4. DCA Washington, IX:, National Airport
- 5. DOV Dover, DE, Dover AFB Airport
- 6. FME Fort Meade, MD, Tipton AAF Airport
- 7. . HGR- Hagerstown,.MD, Hagerstown Reg. Airport 32
IAD Washington, DC, Dulles International Airport
~
8.
- 9. ILG Wilmington, DE, Greater Wilmington Airport
- 10. LFI Hampton, VA, Langeley AFB Airport 11.- MTN Baltimore, MD, Glenn L. Martin State Airport
- 12. MHK Patuxent. River,'MD, Patuxent River NAS Airport
- 13. NYG Quantico, VA, Quantico MCAF Airport
- 14. PHF Newport News, VA, Patrick Henry International Airport
- 15. RIC Richmond WP, VA, Richmond Municipal Airport
- 16. SBY Salisbury, MD, Salisburry Wicomico Co. Airport
- 17. WAL Chincoteaque, VA, NASA Wallops Flight Center Airport The wind speeds and directions recorded by these stations are presented in Figure 11. On the same figure, data coming from sensors placed on the meteorological towers at Calvert Cliffs are
,'~- displayed. A consistent wind flow pattern on this large area can be seen, in spite of the fact that the conditions for sensor exposure and their thresholds are different. 3.3. Stability classes I The annual frequency of occurrence of different Pasquill , atmospheric stability classes, defined according to temperature gradients (11) , are presented in Table 6 for Calvert Cliffs and are illustrated in Figure 12. The seasonal distribution of the seven stability classes is shown in Figure 13. 4 33
l FIGURE 11 WIllD DIRECTI0f1 AT THE VARIOUS LOCATI0flS Oft ' JULY 1,1985, 8:00 A.11. I L G,
# % } ECIL CASTL FR ED ERICK B ALTIMO R E 4 '~
g / CARROLL H G,/ R d~'^2% F;"+ . N T FN T l E N -' /
)
HOW ARO ( q
- y /
' \, %s NNu/ j ,Ss. -- " i Q UEEN KEN T MONTGOMERY \,
FMEP,' B W I ; , Es /
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+
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's CHARLES s, CCNPPi
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- Calm
'M Wind'9eed Direction. Wind is indic^ted by PHF . LFI 3 m/s
'*"9 ""#*
34
e g 2 0 a 4 4 8 4 8 r 5 3 9 6 e 7 3 4 v 3 3 A 4 5 3 8 8 1 8 6 8 9 8 5 9 5 2 3 4 1 4 2 3 7 5 7 9 0 9 3 8 3 6 1 8 3 9 3 2 1 3 4 2 8 3 2 4 1 9 2 8 1 2 8 6 5 3 9 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 8 9 0 1 3 7 8 7 6 8 4 9 3 3 6 1 4 2 0 9 5 3 2 3 4 4 8 2 2 9 4 9 4 2 4 3 . 1 4 S F 2 7 3 8 4 5 0 F 9 I 7 L 9 1 3 4 0 6 9 4 1 3 3 C 1 S T E R 8 1 1 5 6 8 7 2 S E 7 S V 9 2 1 1 5 1 1 6 A L 3 4 1 L A 1 C C T R 7 9 9 2 6 7 6 1 T O 7 6 I F 2 4 7 7 0 5 L 9 1 3 3 1 E I E 1 L B C B A N
- A T E 0 9 2 0 7 5 T S R 6 8 R 7 3 9 2 3 4 5 8 9 6 L U 1 3 3 L C I C Ut O
- i S F 5 8 8 6 7 0 4 6
., A O 7 5 9 2 3 5 7 4 0 P 1 3 3 1 T
N E C 2 6 2 2 6 3 9 2 R 7 E 3 2 3 9 6 7 7 P 9 3 1 1 2 0 8 0 0 5 3 6 8 7 5 9 4 2 3 8 6 9 1 1 1 3 1 y y d e le e e el vl
- l n
f tb ib l e e ee a i f E aa rt es ta
*ts t r
f T ml eb ra s* N* dn ou m tn iu s u e n a N tt xs e s l a m , l 0 _ gt 0 9 7 5 5 5 , 1 giC n/ e 1 1 1 0 1 4 I a dO S S S S S S i ( b T T T T T T T , a T A A( d< d< d< A d< m t s, A ( _ g 9 7 5 5 5 - I l 1 1 1 0 1 4
. u - - - -
a s* - a F G
+
C D E P A 8 - a, tu -
J i i FIGURE 12 PAS 0UILL STABILITY CLASSES AT CALVERT CLIFFS l 1
.a_
.s u.ml.
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. Of f f f -
70 72 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Time (year) 36
F 4 FIGURE 13 PASQUILL STABILITY CLASSES, QUARTERLY PERCENT OF OCCURRENCE AT CALVERT CLIFFS, 1976-1983
-+A
. ~~
30 ~* - m 1 20=- .__2 FIRST QUARTER
-e-- ..
_ m 10=4 z r- _1.-.-o --- _. .-. ._ _t== =_ n
- 0. ._s_ .. r c_ ._
eue e e - 30 --' . _ _ _ _
- -= -
-w .c._.. _ --
. ~-
~ ~_r=
20 - ~ - - - ^--
~
~
SECOND QUARTER n==5 10 =- - -_ ~
- g. .c ' ~'
g
,1 : ' ~
0-Z:Ga ' ---,_
.+. x u --r-
~~~~"
g 30 ~i
- ~
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n-
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- o _ _ , - -
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- u. 20 - '
u~ .
-T-~~ ~ -
-=_=p = THIRD QUARTER 10 - . _ _ _ - - _._.
__,__ g
^ ~ ~ " " ~ ~ - ~ ~
". - . - : ~~ ' '~ ' ^ ~ ~~ ~ ~ _.
0 =n
', -Y_._ -y--Ze= =--
30 1=_. q_ p _ _ y_= 3 ___ _
- -,--.- - ;- E _ __; _ -
==e. =v - -. --r -
_ -- FOURTH QUARTER g__,,_.;,.-_._.- ; -- ___ _ . _ 7_g
;, n; 10 - .-
C Z ~~ ~~ - '
= -- --
r_ .. _ _ . . _ C M : r_ - ~ T--- - -I .. . _ . .a . "~2"f#lE - - - - 0 -
--_=1=-4--
A B, C D E F G
' Stability Class
~
37
The 12 years of data show inversion conditions for 49% of the total observations, neutral conditions for 35%, and lapse conditions for 16%. In other words, the dispersion conditions are dominated by neutral or slightly stable weather (D & E
' stabilities: 70%) and, neutral and stable weather together (D,E,F,G stabilities) are found in 84% of observations. The unstable weather is almost equally distributed during all seasons of the year.
An interesting observation is the fact.that extremely stable
.o weather, defined by a temperatura difference greater than 4 c/100m, is significantly represented at calvert Cliffs (average value o
of 6%). The higher positive gradients (A T > 8 c/100m) are recorded during the night. For 1983,.the correlations between the temperature gradients
, o.
= A T> 4 ' c ./100m wind speed and wind direction is given in Figure
- 14. The extremely stable weather correlates with low wind speeds and, in many cases, with southwesterly winds (dominant
~during summer).
I a e i
- i. 4 38
1 FIGURE 14 THE CORRELATION BETWEEN G STABILITY CLASS, WIND SPEED, AND WIND DIRECTION AT CALVERT CLIFFS,1983 360 -
=,;.
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%=
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- ==
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80 4 %7
=
E .
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+ ' '
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.O; 40 --
gy _pqq ;w ,. YMh5b55 M%@MNFrsiW- yw. i gg 5 gev-g;wagr.4-:gsy m 4 5 6 7 8 9 o AT ( C/100m) 39
1 i I
- 4. MODELING AIRBORNE TRANSPORT AND DISPERSION AROUND CALVERT CLIFFS 1.
The main factors which determine the concentration distributions around a source of gaseous effluents are listed below. It is also stated whether or not these factors are taken into consideration in the theoretical model used at Calvert Cliffs for routine dose assessment (MIDAS). l
- 1. wind direction yes
- 2. wind speed- yes
- 3. temperature gradient yes
- 4. terrain configuration yes *
- 5. height of the stack yes
- 6. temperature and speed yes **
*'. of effluents at release i (effective height) buildings, trees around the yes *** 1 7.
release point
- 8. cloud rise yes
- 9. movement of particulates no (vapor pressure, suscepti-bility to photochemical j reactions, density, surface.
properties)
- 10. gravitati'onal settling yes
- 11. dry deposition yes
- 12. prec pitation scavenging no 40
F .
- 13. radioactive decay yes no ****
- 14. special conditions (breeze, seasonal or diurnal variations)
- MILAS considers the profile of the ground but not the proximity of a large body of water.
** MIDAS considers the ambient temperature, the stack diameter and the gas velocity at the stack exit.
*** Trees are not taken into consideration.
**** A study of the regional air transport modeling has been initiated by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Power Plant Siting Program PPSP (12,13). In the report
.+,
prepared by Martin Marietta for the PPSP (13) it 14
*- mentioned that in April 1976 (an unusually warm Aprl?.) 29%
of the days were breeze days. It is not stated if this
. \
percent was maintained during the whole breeze season j (April-September) and by this, one could consider whether or not significant breeze conditions occur at Calvert _ Cliffs. Figures 8 and 9 seem to indicate that there are some conditions for breezes around the plant. A statistic-ally significant data base should be investigated in order to understand its importance. If breeze conditions will appear statistically significant, the necessary effort should be spent to include breeze effects for Calvert Cliffs in the dose assessment model. 41
l l l The configurations of the annual isopleth of air concentration around the Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant are given in Figure 15 for 1969, 1970 and 1972 and in Figure 16 for 1982-1984. One J can see a rather constant pattern showing that, if releases are ] performed uniformly in time, the maximum concentration levels i will be recorded over the bay. According to these patterns there is expected to be a faster decrease with distance of the l concentrations on the land than within the sectors over the bay. In order to compare this observation coming from the theoretical 1 model with measured concentration around the plant, the data produced by the thermoluminescent dosimetry environmental monitoring network in the last 13 years around the plant can
. be used.
l . The annual gamma air dose for noble gas releases are given by (14): D g f 4_ D (r,e) = 3.17 x 10 2. Q (X/.Q) (r,e) DF i i where D t(r,4) is the annual gamma air dose at the distance r-in the sector at angle e from the discharge point, in mrad /yr O is the release rate of the radionuclide i, in i . Ci/yr 4 b 42
I l I l FIGURE 15 3 ANNUAL X/Q (sec/m ) RELATIVE VENTING CONCENTRATIONS AROUND CALVERT CLIFFS
' 1969 ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT
, w __.
mv
* ' 1970 FSAR e 'o. ,
M.3
,l ! I,', ,.. 's l s'Ns N lt s
@;QJ- '
,/ 1972 APPENDIX I
. $, ((ilist j
~
i',
/
/
W .,.'....h
'- b . Ult; s, '. .. ,s
' p. g ,
x, ' ,.:.gg ,,
' f ;,j .,4.n%f.[. " r'
'EEEN Observation: heavy line surrour.ds the ,
* -6 3l 43 area with X/Q > 5 x 10 sec/m 1
FIGURE 16 ANNUAL RELATjVE VENTING CONCENTRATION, X/Q (sec/m ), AROUND CALVERT CLIFFS
..v.
ngm== $ % ,,,,- m,,, u m,, Ehhbk ~{ 5 !!!!!! d . ./
'l
= 1::::
= ::: :::
3982
- 1 ,
# j .
(
; %,*y 3,_____
- 4. ' .f[f 5 9%d -
jf %, f(e.,4y - M?t:e4or-y;
~; ~ . m , . . . . ,
1? E,E c ..:".:.., 1983
= ':.:.:.:.:.
o
*. I f
o t
- e. ,-
,.1.-
s 2: 1::::: _ y (((({l 1984
? >
\ n Observation: heavy line surrounds the
;, - -8 area with X/Q >4 x 10 sec, 3
.. ' . .. 44
D (X/Q) (r,e) is the annual average gaseous dispersion factor (corrected for radioactive decay) at 3 the distance r in sector e in sec/m 4 3.17 x 10 is the number of pCi per Ci divided by the number of seconds per year For a spectral composition of the radioactive plume in which one radioisotope is predominant (for Calvert Cliffs plant Xe-133 is by far predominant) one can define a parameter D (r,0) D o( = ------- = Const x (X/Q) (r,0) Q where Q is the activity of noble gases released per year, practically equal to activity of Xe-133 released per year. r, c4 stands for the absorbed dose recorded per unit of
- activity of noble gases released by the plant and is given in urad/ci.
In the first approximation, oc will decrease with the distance , D l from the release point in the same way in which (X/Q) (r ,e) does. According to the X/Q patterns in Figures 15 and 16, _ should decrease with the distance faster in southwesterly sectors than in the other directions. Figure 17 shows the dependence of oc measured by the environmental TLD stations on the distance from the plant in several sectors in which at least two stations are in service. The detailed procedure for data reduction used in plotting this Figure is given elsewhere (1). ( 45
O O, weu a. . .w. +a. . ..
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w w....r #:@.e g
+? ..:.1ER@ w::a=> mi .e .
uw r:M M4 sMFW m *= =6: =. 4pt ..WrT; - MtM t.=.h-u= . ets=G Si=
%dF# w M.. n . . . ;. :.:.y;z m-:.c .
#M Mii
.- -- .;;a;; .
w- = ._=- . 4.;. v
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- d. .1.,.- . . . . u=r
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t"=. man.-p- C . .-. E.c:: =: =;::
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M. o m < O e.n r I f"'1 s ( D/PM) 70 [ 46 ) l 1 r
The interpretation of this Figure is difficult due to the very small number of stations placed in service per the same sector. Even so, one can see that the slope of the dependence oC = 0C(r) is function of the sector in which the detector is placed, according to the,X/Q pattern. For the five sectors for which TLD data are available, the maximum slope is measured in the
- WSW direction ~and the minimum one in the SE sector.
For the NW sector, for which 4 points are available a fit of data according to the relationship 1
- g. o<,, _____
P r(km) was performed. It was found that the exponent p has the value
-4 0.4 and % = 2 x 10 mrad /Ci is the measured absorbed dose per ,- unit of activity at 1 km distance from the release point.
as 9 4 47 ,
,.. 4 I -
l i
1
- 5. CONCLUSIONS As the result of the above presented study, the following observations can be mentioned: j e There are two predominant wind directions at Calvert Cliffs:
from north-northwest and northwest (mainly during winter), I and from south-southwest and southwest (mainly during , summer). e During April-September, wind blows onshore mainly during
~
the afternoon and offshore mainly during the night. During October-March, the onshore and offshore winds are almost uniformly distributed during the hours of the day. onshore winds are predominant. 4 e There is a general agreement between wind direction distri-l
=<- l bution at Calvert Cliffs and that recorded by Andrews and Af
#1 Patuxent River meteorological stations.
e Calvert Cliffs experiences lower wind speeds'than the surrounding stations. e There is highly predominant neutral and slightly stable weather (tha atmospheric stability defined by the l temperature change with height according to Pasquill's classification). e There is asymmetry in the dispersion (X/Q) pattern around the plant. The main part of the gaseous effluent released l . during routine operations are dispersed over the bay. 1 r L
- 48 1
l ,- L
b
- 6. LITERATURE
- l. M. Gavrilas, " Lessons from Routine Environmental TLD Monitoring", University of Maryland Report, MDNE 85-4-23, 1985
- 2. " Environmental Report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power' Plant",
Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, 1970
- 3. " Final Safety Analysis Report, Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant, Units 1 and 2", Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, 1972
- 4. " Enclosure 2, Meteorological. Response, Appendix I, Prepared by Dames & Moore for the Baltimore Gas and Electric Company, 1976
- 5. "Calvert Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant. Technical Specifications" Appendix A to Licence No. DRP-69 y 6. " Meteorological Calibration", STP-M-461-0, Revisions 4, Calvert
.y p Cliffs Nuclear Power Plant
- 7. "Onsite Meteorological Monitoring", OP-14, Revision 8, 1984 l
- 8. " Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staff Computer Programs for Use l with Meteorological Data", NUREG-0917
- 9. " Revised Uniform Summary of Surface Weather Observations" Data Processing USAFETAC, Air Weather Services (MAC) , 1972
- 10. J.W. Moyer, private communication
- 11. Regulatory Guide 1.23, "Onsite Meteorological Programs, U.S.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission", Washington, D.C., 1972 L
,s '
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