ML20155J484
| ML20155J484 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Summer  |
| Issue date: | 10/21/1988 |
| From: | Bradham O SOUTH CAROLINA ELECTRIC & GAS CO. |
| To: | NRC OFFICE OF ADMINISTRATION & RESOURCES MANAGEMENT (ARM) |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8810260185 | |
| Download: ML20155J484 (59) | |
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th Carolina Electric & Gas Company le am gn,,g,ege m5 Nuclear Operations SCEAG escaw w,,
October 21, 1988 Document Control Desk U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Washington, DC 20555
Subject:
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station Docket No. 50/395 Operating License No. NPF-12 NPDES Permit No. SC0030856 8
Gentlemen:
In accordance with Appendix B of the Operating License for the Virgil C.
Summer Nuclear Station, South Carolina Electric & Gas Company (SCE&G) hereby submits a copy of a report submitted October 7, 1988 to the South Carolina Department of Health and Enviro wental Control (DHEC) concerning an NPDES Permit Violation.
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Should you have anv further questions, please contact me at your convenience.
Very truly yours, p
O. S. Bradham DCB/OSB:bgh l
Attachment l
I pc:
D. A. Nauman/J. G. Connelly, Jr./0. W. Dixon, Jr./T. C. Nichols, Jr.
j Malcolm L. Ernst Acting Regional Administrator E. C. Roberts W. A. Williams, Jr.
J. J. Hayes, Jr.
General Managers C. A. Price /R M. Campbell, Jr.
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R. B. Clary i
K. E. Nodland
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J. C. Snelson i
G. O. Percival l
R. L. Prevatte 1
J. B. Knotts, Jr.
NSRC RTS (EPA 880010) j NPCF File (814.07)
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October 7, 1988 Mr. Jerry E. Watson Facilities Compliance Section Environmental Quality Control SC Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201
Subject:
Virgil C. Sumer Nuclear Station NPDES Permit No. 5C0030856 Compliance Monitoring Report Response to Violation
Dear Mr. Watson:
On September 26, 1988, the Virgil C. Sumer Nuclear Station (VCSNS) received your letter of September 22, 1988, in violation of Sections 48-1-90 and 48-1-110 stating that this facility had been placed Carolina with respect to cond1tions of HPDES Permit ha. SC0030856.of the Code Outfall 006A as measured by the SC Department of Heal This Control (OHEC) during the Compliance Sampling Inspection of July 18,19. and 20, 1988.
Both 005 and 006A discharge limits for pH are 6.0 to 9.0 as specified in NPDES Permit No. SC0030856.
i attached to your letter indicated that the pH at Outfalls 005 and 006AThe Co exceeded the upper limit at 10.1 and 10.0, respectively.
VCSNS has been experiencing problems with pH intermittently at these outfalls as well as Outfalls 0068, 008 and 011 since May 1987. At that time a notification of noncompliance for elevated p.I at Outfall 006A was submitted to OHEC.
The pH problems have been attributed to infestations of algae.
Visual inspections of lagoon wsters, laboratory evaluations, and pH trends I
during weather changes support this conclusion.
and, in the case of Outfall 006A, desludging the lagoon. Effor desludging process in September 1987, pH at Outfall 006A remained inFollowing the week of November 1987. compliance until late April 1988 except for a short period d i
implemented during the Sprir.g of 1988 with limited success.An algicide t An independent consultant was then contracted to perform analyses and provide recomendations for control cf pH in the waste-water lagoons at VCSNS.
was proposed to OHEC on Septemberconjunction with the consultant's report In approval.
26, 1988, for which VCSNS currently awaits
s
.g Mr. Jerry E. Watson October 7, 1988 Page 2 As can be seen from the enclosed copies of pertinent correspondence, detailed discussions of, and proposed solutions to, the pH problems have been and will be pursued with DHEC in order to resolve these issues.
Additionally, it must be noted that each month's Discharge Monitoring Report has included consents concerning the pH noncompliance.
Due to milder weather conditions, pH at Outfalls 005 and at 006A has been in compliance since September 16. 1988 and September 17, 1988, respectively.
Should you have any further questions, please contact Ms. Deborah C. Blanks of my staff at 345-4721.
Very truly y urs, O. S. Bradham Enclosures DCB/OSB:bgh c:
M. N. Browne M. B. Williams W. R. Baehr L. A. Blue W. F. Bacon S. E. Summer RTS EPA 880010 File 814.07
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egu,m g :m8 Nuc h O m w s SCEAG May 26, 1987 Mr. Steve Thomas SC Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201
Subject:
Virgil C. Sususer Nuclear Station NPOES Permit #SC0030856 Written Notification Discharge Non-Compliance
Dear Mr. Thomas:
This letter is being provided to your office as a written follow-up report concerning a discharge non-compliance initially reported to Mr. Andre Stanley per telecon of May 12, 1987 Outfall 006A overflow and analyzed at 0930 hours0.0108 days <br />0.258 hours <br />0.00154 weeks <br />3.53865e-4 months <br />.On May 11, 1987 at composite sample revealed an initial pH of 9.31.
A pH analysis of the at 0939 hours0.0109 days <br />0.261 hours <br />0.00155 weeks <br />3.572895e-4 months <br /> and analyzed at 1003 hours0.0116 days <br />0.279 hours <br />0.00166 weeks <br />3.816415e-4 months <br />, revealed a pH of 9.43.A backup grab sample ta previous weekly composite sample taken on May 4,1987, indicated a pH of The S.91.
revealed pH values ranging from 7.4 to 8.9 since early March,198 semple taken April 15, 1987 indicated a pH of 7.6.
A OHEC The scurce of water to Outfall 006A was the Clarifier Blowdown Sump.
Clarifier Effluent has consistently shown, on daily samples since December of 1986, a pH of 7.2 to 7.6.
influent resulted in values of 7.21 and 7.20, respectively, on MaySamplin 11, 1987.
At 1115 hours0.0129 days <br />0.31 hours <br />0.00184 weeks <br />4.242575e-4 months <br /> on May 11, 1987, draining Outfall 006A to the Metal Cleaning Waste Pond. Outfall 008, andthe diverting Clarifier Slowdown Su9p to Outfall 008 for containment.
no further out-of-specificatien discharge was allowed until As such, OHEC personnel on May 19, 1987.
nommended by 1987, from the Clarifier 81owdown Sump which contained pH of 7.22. Flow into from the basin was re-initiated on May Effluent 20, 1987, with pH at 9.2.
As of today, the pH has not stabilized.
the Alum Sludge 8asin have not determined the exact cause. Investigations into the pH ris suspected that algal growth and photosynthetic activity could beHowever, we have contributory.
Laboratory tests have been conducted in accordance with Standard Methodst "Metabolic Rate Measurement.'
fixed per cubic meter per day, show positive indications of photosyntheticThe resul activity.
1 Stancard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater
, 16th Editionm1909
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i Mr. Steve Themas May 26, 1987 Page 2 Additionally, review of water flow through the plant systems prior to May 11, 1987, does not provide evidence of residuals which could have contributed to the pH rise in the Alum Sludge Basin.
During conversations with Mr. Ruiter and yourself on May 19, 1987, we had discussed preliminary plans for treating the basin to adjust pH. These plans were cutlined in the proposed five day written notification due May 19, 1987, which was not submitted.
Neither Mr. Ruiter nor you were agreeable to the pH adjustment, and at that time suggested that the written notificat1on period be extended in order to provide more time for evaluation of the situation relative to the pH in the basin.
As mentioned in our telephone conversation, there was concern that the out-of-specification discharge without treatment (i.e., pH adjustment) would constitute further violation of the permit.
Since you have indicated that this is not considered an additional violation, alternative measures in lieu of pH adjustment are described in the following paragraph.
Concurrent with resumption of flow into and out of the Alum Sludge Basin, close observations of the basin (influent and effluent) will be made until l
such times as the pH should stabilize evaluation and corrective measures are, or until such time that additional implemented.
The additional actions include contracted dredging and sludge removal.
The process of sludge removal will be coordinated through OHEC as the methodology for sludge dewatering and disposal ara subject to OHEC approval.
Should there by any further questions, please contact me at your convenience, geryt ly s.
1 Mw u
n OCB/ DAN:Jez c:
J. G. Connelly, Jr.
O. S. Bradham W. A. Williams, Jr.
M. B. Williams M. N. Browne A. R. Koon W. R. Baehr S. E. Sumner W. F. Bacon W. R. Higgins NPCF File 819.30 d
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sopgrgna Eltetric & Gas Company n. Nau n C_
gugg:m3 Nuclear owahons SCE&G mm July 17,1987 l
l South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control (DHEC)
Enforcement Division i
2600 Bull Street Columbia, South Carolina 29201 Attn: Mr. Steve Thomas
Subject:
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station NPDES Permit #SC0030856 Outfall 006A (Alum Sludge Basin)
Dear Mr. Thomas:
On May 26,1987 office follow up, written notification of pH problems in the Alum Slud i
Outfall 006A. In the meantime, SCE&G has closely monitored the Alum Sludge Basin and feels that it has determined the source of the pH phenomena and has begun to implement corrective action.
I During the past month the pH was monitored at severallocations in the basir ider varying weather conditions. When the weather conditions were sunny and '
the pH continued to be greater than 9.0.
However, when the weather coi,
ons remained cloudy, overcast and less hot, the pH returned to within specification.. 5 values near 8.0 As the weather cleared,the pH rose above 9.0, Additionally, a light green algae film developed on the surface over the sludge volume.
In light of these findings SCE&G feels that photosynthesis and extensive sludge volume are the root causes of the pH problem. A purchase order has been initiated for a vendor to provide services for removal of the sludge from the basin and dewatering. Samples of the sludge have been taken for EP Toxicity analyses and proper disposal methodology, t
Mr. Arnie Cribb has been assigned to coordinate the sludge removal project.
His l
phone number is 345-4346 informed as the project progresses.at Summer Station. We will continue to keep you ry, y yours, k
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5:uth Carclina Department of Health and Envircnmental Centrcl(DHEC)
July 17,1987 Page 2 c:
J. G. Con n elly, J r.
O. S. Bradham M. B. Williams M. N. Browne A.R.Koon W. F. Bacon Mr. Bart Ruiter, SC OHEC Mr. Harold Seabrook,SC DHEC I
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September 11, 1987 Mr. J. Bart Ruiter S. C. Oeoartment of Health and Environmental Control Division of Industrial and Agricultural Wastewater 2600 Bull Street Columbia, S. C.
29201
SUBJECT:
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station NPOES Permit #SC0030856 Proposed Algaecide Treatment of Wastewater Lagoons
REFERENCE:
Letter dated July 24, 1987 from D. A. Nauman to S. C. Thomas Oear Mr. Ruiter:
Due to an increasing problem with bluegreen algae in the wastewater treatment lagoons at the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station (VCSNS), the pH in several of the affected lagoons has risen above the maximum permitted specifications.
To control the algae, VCSNS proposes to apply an algaecide to the af fected lagoons on an "as needed" basis.
Details concerning the proposed algaecide treatment, its application and the affected lagoons are enclosed.
Documentation on usage, application information, and results of the Monitoring Program discussed in Section III of the Enclosure will be reported fourth quarter of each year, annually to the Division of Inoustriel and Agricult four timely consideration of this matter will be greatly appreciated.
Should jeu nave any further questions, please contact Deborah Blanks at 748-3962.
ry te ly ours,
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. A. Nauman DCB: DAN:bjh Enclosure c:
- 0. S. Bradham W. F. Bacon M. B. Williams W. A. Williams W. R. Higgins M. N. Browne S. C. Thomas (OHEC)
RTS A. R. Koon Jr.
File:
819.30 W. R. Saehr
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(< 0.5 ppm).
Sampling of effluents and the discharge canal will take place within 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> of amplication or resumption of discharges, as appreoriate.
until subsequent appitcations.No further monitoring for the algaecide would ta IV.
Affected Lacoons. Containment and Effluent Rate of Flow L
A.
Treated Sanitary Effluent (005)
Expected maximum containment:
0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br /> Average flow rate: 13,000 GPO B.
Alum Sludge Lagoon (006A)
'i Expected maximum containment:
36 hours4.166667e-4 days <br />0.01 hours <br />5.952381e-5 weeks <br />1.3698e-5 months <br /> Average flow rate: 20,000 GPD C.
Plant Surge Lagoon Expectedmaximumcon(0068) tainment:
36 hours4.166667e-4 days <br />0.01 hours <br />5.952381e-5 weeks <br />1.3698e-5 months <br /> Average flow rate: 47,000 GPO i
D.
Metal Cleaning Waste Lagoon (008)
Expected maximum containment:
36 hours4.166667e-4 days <br />0.01 hours <br />5.952381e-5 weeks <br />1.3698e-5 months <br /> to interconnection with 006A) (due Average flow rate: No flow r
E.
Treated Sewage Effluent (011)
Expected maximut: containment:
0 hours0 days <br />0 hours <br />0 weeks <br />0 months <br />
[
Average flow rate:
15.000 GPO e
The expected maximum containment is that time during which, if no i
i discharges from the lagoons are allowed, there will be no problems elsewhere in the system.
Flow rates are averaged since January,1987.
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MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEGT Q]s*s EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE GRIFFIN: (912) 242 8633 MSDS NO. 23 CHEMTREC: G30) 424 9300 PAGE 1 OCT,1536 HAZARD RATING LEAST - 0 SLIGHT - 1 MODERATE - 2 HIGH - 3 EXTREME - 4 ACUTE HEALTH - 1 FIRE - 1 REACTIVITY - 1 SECTION 1 IDENTITY PRODUCT: K. TEA" CHEMICAL NAME: Copper ill) Triethano! amine: Cuoric Triethanolamine CHEMICAL FAMILY: Triethanolamine Metal Complex CHEMICAL FORMULA: CuC., H,,N,0 SECTION 2 A INGREDIENTS
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COMPONENT TLV
- 1. Copper triethanotamine complex 37.5
- 2. Inerts Not Established 62.5 The soe_cific chemicalidentity or cercent in comnosition of comocnent 2 is considered trade SECTIOfJ2 B ACUTE TOXICITY DATA ACUTE ORAL LD50: IRats) - greater than 470 mg kg ACUTE DERMAL LD50: tRabbits) - greater than 8 g kg ACUTE INHALATION LC50: Greater than 1.48 mg. liter of air GR;FFiN CORPCRATICN
- w W
Z.
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A?:' Acto!ENT I2 (3 ef 3)
\\* SOS '.O 13 PPOCisCT N ;ME. K TEA' AAGE TMEd CCT. G5 SECTION 7
'liMERGENCY_AQO FIRST AIO PROCSDUR2S EYE CONTACT: Flush eyes with p!enty cf water. Get medical attention if irntation persists.
SKIN CONTACT: Wash thoroughly with s:sp and water. Get medical attention if irritation pe Get macical attention. INH ALATION: Rwove victim to fresh air, if not breath;ng, give INGESTION:
vom;t ng by teuching the back of throat with finger. Do not indu ConsC:ous person.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS: Highly emetic, sery seldom toxic.
- Acoaes to concentrated croouct.
SECTION 8 EMPLOYEE PROTECTION RESPIRATORY PROTECTION: Dual cartridge reapirator for dusts and mists.
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING: Wear chemical safety glasses or goggles as appropriata Wear rubber gloves.
ADDITIONAL PROTECTIVE MEASURES: Good ventilation.
SECTION 9 ENVIRONMENTAL PRECAUTIONS
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SPILL OR LEAK PROCEDURES: Cover the spill with an absorbent material Sa eco up the mater.at and place in an accrocriate chemical waste container.
tain,ng a strong detergent, absorb it, anc o! ace in the chemical waste container Seal con in an acnreveo manner. Flush spul area witn **.ater to remove any restcue o ciscose of WASTE DISPOSAL: Contaminated matenat in aCCo'oanCe with federal, state and local regul3tions,s snould be placed in drums and shippe i
snotf life under proper storage conditions is 2 years. S
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for houid materiais.
TO BE CORRECT. HOWEVER, GRIFFIN MAKES NO l
ACCURACY OF THIS DATA OR THE RESULTS TO BE OBTAI NO RESPONSIBILITY FOR INJURY FROM THE USE OF THE PRO S
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Sruth Corclina Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street columtna. 5 C. 29201 go.,g t
Moses H. Clarhon. Jr., Chairman Coenms.seone, Oren L Brady, Jr., Vect. Chairman M<hael D. Jarret:
Euta M. Cohin. M.D., Secretary Harry M. Hallman,Jr.
Henry S. Jordan. M.D.
October 14, 1987 Jame A. speviit Jr.
Tonty Graham. M.D.
Mr. D. A. Nauman S.C. Electric & Gas co.
P.O. Box 764 Columbia. S.C. 29218 Re:
NPDES Permit #SC0030856 V.C. Summer Nuclear Station Algaecide Use
Dear Mr. Nauman:
This Office has reviewed the information which accompanied your letter dated September 11, 1987.
This Division has reservations about allowing the use of the proposed algaecide and would like for the following questions to be addressed before a final determination is made:
- 1. The pond has been in operation fo: several years. Why is algae now a problem?
2.'Has an investigation been cortducted to detemine the reason for the algae problem?
If not, sh,uld one be done?
- 3. Has any other algaecide been considered?
If so, please elaborate.
If you should have any questions, please do not hesitate to contact me at 803/734-5249.
Sincerely.
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, Cynthia Walters. Engineer
..-. Indus t ria l & Agri cu +'
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CLW/jf cc:
Steve Thomas OCT 191987
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- 803) 748 3513 A
l November 4,1987 Ms. Cynthia W. Walters, Engineer Industrialand AgriculturalWastewater Division SC Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, S.C. 29201
Subject:
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station Algaecide Treatment Program
Dear Ms.Walters:
This letter is submitted to answer the questions in your letter of October 14, 1987. The issues you have addressed are discussed as follows:
1.
The pond has been in operation for several years. Why is algae now a problem?
Algae is a natural flora of surface waters, efpecially shallow ponds of the size in use at the Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station (VCSNS). The drought of 1986 (i.e. lack of cloud cover) resulted in an ideal growing season for algae in shallow onds. The algae problem surfaced in the Spring of 1987 as evidenced the "greening" of and excessive growth observed in the ponds at VCSNS.
n addition to the above, the onsite wastewater ponds are frequented by Lake Monticello's resident geese population which provide a natural source of nutrients.
2.
Has an investigation been conducted to determine the reason for the algaw problem? If not,should one be done?
In addition to the discussion in (1) above, a nutrient study was per formed on composite :amales of dewatered sludge removed frorb the alum sludge pond. The resu :ts are included in the following table:
i Nutrients Compcsite 1 Composite 2 i
mg/kg mg/kg a.
Nitrogen i
i.
Ammonium 37 33 ii.
Total Kjeldahl 56 50 iii.
Nitrate nitrogen 0.4 0.5 b.
Total Phosphorus 205 260 c.
Total Potassium 437 613 d.
Calcium 31 53 i
e.
Magnesium 520 566
. g 7 4~
South Carolina Department of Health F
u and Environmental Control
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Mene H. Clatkaen.Jr Chaarmaa d
.sL Orta L Braev.Jr Vice<ha.rmaa e
' Qy. Jarms Ewa M. Colna. M.D. secretary
.. :Mie6 ass 0 Harry M. Haumaa. Jr.
Hent, n. Jorsan. M.D.
March 16, 1988 James A. Servut.Jr.
reaev ornam. Jr. u.o.
Mr. D.A. Nauman S.C. Electric & Gas Company P.O. Box 764 Columbia, S.C. 29218 t
Re: X TEA Algicide Proposal V.C. Sumer Nuclear Station NPDES Permt #SC0030856 1
Fairfield County
Dear Mr. Nauman:
in the wastewater treatment lagoons at the referenced fac The September 11, 1987 proposal is approvable with the following conditions:
- 1. The product as copper should not be discharged at concentr1Ttints highe than the 24 hour2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> LCsg concentration for rainbow trout though the Monticello Reservoir may not contain rainbow (0.35 ppm.!.' Even 7 teut or other fish species with particularly demanding habitat requirewnts there may be other aquatic life present that are more sensitive than t, hose for which LC50 information was provioed. The metal cleaning warte i
lagoon discharge (0utfall 008) cooper concentration should not u ceed i
1 ppa as specified by the NPOES permit.
- 2. Use of the product must be recorded in the daily log maintained by the wastewater treatment plant operator.
The log should include the amount '
aM duration of use.
- 3. As proposed, sasoling of the effluents and the discharge canal must take place within 24 hours2.777778e-4 days <br />0.00667 hours <br />3.968254e-5 weeks <br />9.132e-6 months <br /> of each application or resumption of discharges.
weekly and analyzed for Total Copper and pH.In addition, the affec The discharge canal should"be samoted for Total Copper, Dissolved Oxygen (0.0.) and pH.
basis for the duration of the application period (i.e.
concentration is non detectable in all of the discharges, excluding Outfall 008).
Based on the sampling results and the frequency of use j
of the product, the NPOEK permit may be mootfied to include copper and/
or 0.0. limitations.
1
T SOUTH CAROLINA ELECTRIC & GAS COMPA.W V. C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATION TELEPHONE & CONTERENCE MEMORANDUM BY IU F'3.L % <.6a 7!W DATE _
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May 5, 1988 Mr. Stepnen C. Thomas Manager, Enforcement Section Water Quality and Enforcement Division South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201
Subject:
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station NFDES Permit No. SC0030356 Discharge Nonccmpliance and Algaecide Treatment Results
Dear Mr. Decas:
This letter serves a threefold purpose.
follow-up report to the telephone notificatien of April 29It is being submitted as Outfalls April 28, 1988 (see Attachment I.005, 006A and 0068 had exceeded the notificatien that the total suspe)nded solids (TSS) of May 5,1 Secondly, this letter serves as written et Outfall 005 exceeded the permitted maximum of 45.0 ppm at 49.3 ppm.
i Additionally, as requested in Mrs. C. W. Walters letter of March 16 this letter transmits the monthly monitoring results associated with an
, 1988, algaecide treatment program initiated on April 4, 1988, to co eat the infestation of algae contributing to pH levels of greater thar. 9.0 in the i
wastewater treatment lagoons at the Virgil C. Sumer Nuclear Station (V and to increases in TSS.
As recortec cn the Monthly Discharge Mcnitoring Reports and previo notificatiens of pH noncompliance at affected outfalls, pH levels of greate us than 9.0 were attributec to excessive grcwth of algae in the lagoons effect algae has had on the TSS was discussed i The 1988 for an aeditional sewer line to Outf sl1005.
treatments appeared effect4"a Initial algaecide manufacturer's recomenced in reducing pH, Ouring the algaecide treatments, a noted rise in pH recurrec..0 14 day waiting period prior to subsequent and the waiting period had elapsed, subsequent treatments were perfor that point, no substantial pH decreases were noted, and increases in some At cases were reported.
and 0068 (Plant Surge Sasin) have been included as 1
Laboratory monitoring results have oeen included as Attacnment III March 16, 1938 of 0.350 ppm even though calculatio
. Scme j
concentrations of al manufacturer's reco=gaecide incorporated conservatism relative to the n
t encations and the volume of eacn lagoon.
c:pper was not detectec in samples taken frem the Dis) ce i
j
9
'o Mr. Steenen Co Thoats May 6. 1988 Page 2 Presently, Virgil C. Sumer Nuclear Station is in the process of ne for tne services of an outside censultant specializing in microciology to describe more precisely the existing microciological systems and to make recommendations for'further treatment of the affacted lagoons.
completion of this croject a report will be submitted to you detailing the Upon results and requesting augmentation of the algaecide treatment proIran as warranted.
Blanks, Licensing Engineer,Should you have any further questions, please 6 345-4721.
Very truly yours, 8M
-f D. A. Nauman OC8/ DAN:bgn c:
M. B. Williams M. N. Browne W. R. Baehr L. A. Blue S. E. Sunner W. F. Bacon C. W. Walters (CHEC)
O ATTACHP.E!!T !
PACE 1 0F 2 SCE&G NUCLEAR CP0 RATIONS TELEPHONE AND CONFERENCE MEMORANDUM DATE:
__4-29-88 TIME:
FILES: 1603.06 Gkhh
@)B.05 ~
BY:
D. *C Blanks. W. F. Bacon DEPARTNENT:
Licensino TELEPHONE CALL Y
CONFERENCE WITH:
Paul Wise COMPANY:
S. C. OHEC
SUBJECT:
NPDES Nonce..roliance
REFERENCES:
'POES Pa*mit 50C030856 J
ONO 88-023 ONO 88-024 NOTES:_
08?0 Hours:
a call was elaced to the office of Steve Themas. to r eH renceroliance fe.r cutf alls 005. CC6A and 0068.
Mr. Themas was not in and the call was taken by an individus) who rafused to identify himself but stated that he would take the informttien are baveu. 'homas raturn a call.
r 0828 Weurs:
"r.
D ul Wite esiled de elace of Mr.
- hemas wee was cut Of the i
- ff,ce.
- he gH nence eliance was at this ti e carorted in more cetail.
'he rH fer cutfalls 005.106A eco 0068 were stated l
to be eut et c:moliance is of the nenice of 4/28/88 at 9.51. 9.29. ano 9.53. resoectively.
?! was also stated that sicae med been the ereolem ano an aloaec4de treatment erocram affectec lacoons.
- be "est **eent t'estment was en the ef terecen of 4 H it 005. 006A. ECC6B beino 9.89, 9.18. and 9.68. raseectively en the morning Of aeril 23. 1998.
- lew frem cutf all OC6B hac be3n tecurej. A discussion of the
- H see slese ereolems f
- 11ewee t5e reeert of nencemoliance
~
11 04ee'1e trestf"ant -' savaci l,*ars erf or mid been **' activa 4n raeucine eH 1-2 divs fellowine trestrent.,'*are was to stated racuira ent tt feem OHEC to secura #1ew nurine trastrent is tre evtfall '*em 005 was rensecursele.
- . Wise did ttate "it _the DH 1*vels is racertad did ret aceear 'o be a e*
bad *i. but '"at ha was ret #99114 tr with this f cility.
We i
cuestionec the eH
_ limits wnich_were then seecified as 6,0 - 9.0.
- u. Wise further *eceavaerced that.
r VCSNS centuit with a OHEC biolcoist Otheuen rene would be 4911tble for about t eek.
We would have Mr. Edware I?uten) Youncinar. the Herd B a
contitt u*. !acen at VCSNS.
u. Wise would racero tha rotificatien fer the Oe'EC '*1a r
ans fellow ue with "r.
~ emas.
it that ** e **
'.as *acuested that in etelanatien er the current Orcelam te tuemitted to Mr. 'homas.ithout a detailed racert somet4 e tefore the OHEC 51olcoist would be available.
W. Wise also succestg that if the erobles ceuld act be *esolved.
in outside censultant 'av be t
EtCCrenetd.
F l
M. B. Williams A. R. (con, Jr.
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ATTACHMENT IA V.C.
SUMMER MUCLEAR STATICH MPDES PEMIT SC00308$4 ALCICICE TREATMENT f
N/ iie, LtuiM4 APPLICATICN Jg,,/[., 3
- g. y Daft CUTFALL PE ($U)
WATER TEMPERATURE ('F) TIME START
?!ME STOP
'j, o/n 00f 1.d 68 *G O 'i &
09Ti dcpi fAT$ C'-"*i
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OUTFALL DISCEARGR CANAL I
II"I i
PE CU DO PR CU I
RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS P.ESULTS RESULTS i
(SU)
(ppe)
(m9/1)
(SU) y eat (ppe) nasi o..a s s
,w m..s.n i
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V.C.
SUMMER NUCLEAL STAT!Cx ATTA01{..E!!T IIIA l
PAGE : OF 2 NPOts PERMIT SC0030856 ALG!CIOC TREATMENT I
l M E /M/U WW*<
APPLICATICN i, /,
//,,, g.y Daft CUTFALL PM (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE (
- F)TIME START TIME STOP L1/ff 00 [
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OUTFALL DISCEARGE CANAL DATE
?!M Ps CU DO Ps CU i
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j RESULTS RESULTS MSULTS MSULTS RESULTS l
(SU)
(ppel (ag/L)
(SU)
(ppa) 4/21/f f o,
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I V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STAT!CN NPDES PEM!T SC0030856 ALGICIOE TREATMENT M/ ///A/un * '
APPLICATICN f
/4, y n'.4 DATE CUTFALL PE (SU)
WATER TEMPERATUK3 (*F) T!ME. START T!ME STOP
<bll$f L)tb 4 70b
& 8 'P
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.sr.ro e m J CUTFALL DISCEARCE CANAL cATE T!xt tu cu oo PE Cu 1
RESULTS MSULTS MSULTS RESULTS RESULTS
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(SU)
(ppe)
(eg/t)
(SU)
(ppa) 4ht/#
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ATTAC!! MENT ::IB V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STAT!CN
)
NPDES PERMIT SC0030854 ALCICIDE TREATMENT
- 2 / //c im er,.s 4
APPLICAT!CN
[,
p7g Daft QU7 FALL PE (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ( *F)
TIME START
?!ME STop i
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AT'.'ACHMENT IIIC V.C. SUMMER N"CLEAR STATICH PAGE 1 OP 4 NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATMENT M/, M/p t
- N s 4>F'.!CATICN
/, f r-g //.. s N*'IDb DATE CUTFALL PN (SU)
WATFX TmPERATWK (
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?!NE START TIME STOP q if 006 6 9.7.
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OUTFALL DISCEARGE CANAL DATE
?!NE pm CU Do PR CU
\\
4 RtSULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
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i ATTAC;D'.ENT IIIC V.C. SUNMER NUCLE %R STATICN PAGE 2 or 4 NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 1
ALGICIOE TREATNENT
- ) <M'ov+r7Ju' APPLICATICM l
g, g.g DATE OUTPALL PE (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE (*F)
T!NE START TINE STOP 4 $}
000 b I.13
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/M/81 Ga SAMPLE DATA 1
OUTPALL DISCEARGE CA:IAL DATE TIME PE CU DO PE CU f
i l
1
-l RESULTS R23 ULT 3 RKsutTs R25UL73 RESUL;s
($U)
(ppa)
(aq/1)
(SU)
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' 'e ATTACHMENT IIIC V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICH PAGE 3 OF 4 3
NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATHEMT 1
M3 /MA/c.*r7-APPLICATICH
/p/S Y-M DATE 00TFALL PE (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ('F)
TIME START TIME STOP
(($ )CbO
'kl 3 h#l '?
/$3O lTVO
(*,3 r, f AM
.5%.- 7 IJon t
3 AMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL i
DATE TINI
{
PE CU DO PE CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS PESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
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Ylo il$1' 13 7
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ATTACHMENT IIIC V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICH PAGE 4 OF 4 NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATMENT 47% /cArrd APPLICATION j, 7 j
4 fg y DATE OUTFALL PE (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ('F)
TIME START TIME STOP ilaht ocua 9 ss 6s-iv'~
ivio eom
.r"~~yfu,.,9 SAMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCRARGE CANAL DATE TIME PE CU DO PE CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(pps)
(ag/1)
(SU)
(ppa) dit,lft 0300 9c3 4aln est A
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to,urgaronna Electne a Gas comoany hn A Naum n
~..Q ';, ; m ggggn aw-
- ciea* c:erarens m.,
June 14, 1988 Mr. Stephen C. Thomas I
Manager Enforcement Section Water Quality and Enforcement Division South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columoia, SC 29201
Subject:
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station NPDES Permit No. SC0030856 4
Algicide Treatment Monitoring Results Dear Mr. Thomas As requested in Mrs. C. W. Walters letter of March treatment program initiated on April 4,1988. transmits the May 16, 1988, this letter e
NPOES permit compilance.comoat the infestation of algae centributin baseline study for cooper was conoucted on MarchIt shou
,a 28, 1988.
The baseline coecer values for the rescective cutfalls are as follows:
Outfall 005 Saseline Copper Values 006A 0.052 ppb 0068
<0.005 ppo 4
0.006 ppo Further treatment to control algae wnich contributes to high pH in the presently analyzing samples taken from the abov 9, 1988.
modifications to our approved algicide treatment p ay for ycur consideration.
l
1 Mr. Stepnen C. Thomas June 14, 1988 Page 2 Licensing Engineer, atShould you have any further questions please cont 345-4721.
ery ly rs, j i. ! )uma%%~
J.
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'J DCB: DAN /bgh Attachments c:
M. B. Williams M. N. Browne W. R. Baehr L. A. Blue S. E. Sumer W. F. Bacon C. W. Walters file (314.07-la)
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SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICN NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TRZATMENT APPLICATICM DATE OUTFALL PE (SU)
WATER TDtPERATURE ('F)
TIME START TIME STOP Sh.lJf Cof
'). M 9 5 'f
//D C
///5' f /j 3 t
SAMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL PE CU DO PE CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS i
(SU)
(ppa)
(ag/1)
(SU)
(ppa) f/s.//f a9f/
9.f1 0306 f/3lf$
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V.C.
SUMNER NUCLEAR STATICN NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATMENT APPLICATION DATE OUTFALL PH (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ('F)
TIME START TIME STOP 80 ')
- b. l MAA(EQ /4 443 SAMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCEARGE CANAL DATE Y!M PE CU DO PE CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
(ag/1)
(SU)
(ppa)
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V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICN NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALCICIDE TRIATHENT APPLICATION DATE QUTFALL PH (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ( *F)
TIME START TIME STOP 00$
bdus d,, 4 b'h SAMPLE DATA QUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL PS CU DO PR CU RESULTS RESULTS RISULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppm)
(mg/1)
(SU)
(ppa) to/?/yf efrN Onam wx
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'a. cor 4/s'///
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l V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICN 1
NIDES PERMIT SC0030856
)
ALGICIOE TREATMENT APPLICATICH DATE OUTFALL PM (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ( *F)
TIME START TIME STOP L1l$$ 00(otk b'.'{k (O97
\\ W' 0iO
-f94 /.
L.-
SAMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL DATE TIME PE CU DO PM CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
(ag/1)
(SU)
(ppa)
Sls $1Y 0 91\\'
$. Ll fl Lltf 0 '71* D 4.11 C. u/
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V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICN NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATMENT I
\\
APPLICATICN DATE OUTFALL PM (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE (*F)
TIME START TIME STOP cos4 db-~1, '.v 'n '
SAMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL DATE TIME g.E CU DO PE CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
(ag/1)
(SU)
(ppa)
S/nl/f
// SSI
- 9. I-u 14 1, V 40.00s~
- j rlirht gg o ws v.9 r f/i4l/f a 154 P.ff fl20/d 01f4 7 91 C/v/N o,cb 4 o,9 flL/l41 6 91/
- 9. /4 f/n.l4 t o to 6 4.s o Plca Meaxes P2245 rhe T/U/sy rhoIg o <1cf 9.v1 Gl:h 3 01,5*4 1,TD caldd s3 r s~
9,4
&hht 01s'7 9.u'1 4/ dst ogsc.
9a S a 4 /* /f(
/3/4__
- 4. car
- l*tltf e 7F&
9, / 'f
\\
&/r/tt o970 6.4
?/
- 4. 00f
> a
,.r ow \\
w y,g, y \\
4///N o?fP f.96 o
l
&yh 4
4 010 *
._. _ _ - i
V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICN NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATMENT APPLICATION i
DATE OUTFALL PH (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ('F)
TIME START TIME STOP YI-ft CC c'%
(p @ *s:
lY00 iYl0 p
m.m4/ i.-.q
./y /p3 -
SAMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL DATE TIME PB CU DO PE CU RESULTS REStaLTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
(ag/1)
(SU)
(ppa) r/,/st c <# o 1.s
' S/2./ / y o?vi
- 9. T 7
- 0. o9 I-T/3/(f 0 ~1 J f
- 4. 7 /
4.23'$
Shin oaoa ba :m, s. ne. tune.
- s. e
- n. >
ro.cor s
\\
f/,//tf o sc:
9.1/
- 0. id'1 nn
. i 'r r/r///
cW 4 74
- a. ee /
r/c/r/
ovrf 16/
c.vv7 s/,/n c 1a;
- 9. n.
r/v/;y a;W 4 e/
f/9/t:r o r0 0
- 4. fff
- 4. 0 r 3 i*h/sl ii a =
s.O s o i'!1/n is11 to. t 3 (A0/tt o ras *
<i. s z-fbaht ces 1 li m 7.1 12.
- 26. o a5' wg flii/H ogi2.
'1.co /
y, gs,qay S/iv' t oN{
1.1s' s
s'/n/t5 owr 9 93 ils4lY.?
llSO
'). 9{
f/sr/M /Mi
- 1. 73 FA L.//,Y o7ff 9 30
V.C. SUhMER NUCLEAR STAT!CN NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATMENT C
APPLICATICN DATE OUTFALL PB (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ('F)
TIME START TIME STOP gcq
(.mbr.ad,. s f Ah]
SAMPLE DATA QUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL DATE TIME PR CU DO PN CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
(ag/1)
(SU)
(ppa) f// M//
0757
- 9. 3 '/
f/s t/ts' tic /
- 1. 4.
- 7. "
so,cof tat ls t f
cNC 4.39 flm/g g o ys a 9.<//
f/to/fy O roo 4, W Tholt e a su c.
- 9. s.1 f/LL/r/
c.Yo Y 9.4/
r/L2/ry aN1
't. <, o f/w//t c fo 3
- 4. A r f/Wlft Hov
(*. 7
- 4. t t o.co f braum a' wdL f/zr/st osco 9.43 mp, 91.</ *f t/u./st c rco 44/
fL1l//
03b4 4[$
f/n/sy o roa
.i. r3 6/e/r/
o rco
- 4. r8
<l?t c ro o
- 9. 3 J (oh)G c roa Y.C1 Gh/12 iJss
- 9. sf G/6///
0500 h
0/6 /f)*
/J/i>
44,00 7
V.C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICH NPDES PERMIT SC0030856 ALGICIDE TREATMENT
.a s APPLICATICM DATE OUTFALL Pk (SU)
WATER TEMPERATURE ('F)
TIME START TIME STOP Dolo 0 nt fMLk, g %L If 3
i SAMPLE DATA OUTFALL DISCHARGE CANAL DATE TIME PN CU DO PN CU RESULTS RESULTS RESULT 5 RESULTS RESULTS (SU)
(ppa)
( ag/*1 )
(SU)
(ppa) t
~
hj1jSY 0 95'O dise m i M "
- f. Y Yo /
L ouvo f
- /7 /M'/
/A #
fJ7 7;g opf 6lflt'l o Woo P.1l l
t l
l l
+ f,%+ JA //m, 4n.} o / ~g d4 W y * '^^1" I
.w.m nue
go ug,na veeme a ase comoan:
ongerse em
.gnyg,giege :s:ss nuerear ocerexns Septemoer 26, 1988 Mrs. Cynthia W. Walters Division of Industrial and Agricultural Wastewater South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Control 2600 Bull Street Columbia, SC 29201
\\
Subject:
Virgil C. Summer Nuclear Station NPDES Permit No. SC0030856 Modification to Algicide Treatment Program
Dear Mrs. Walters:
i South Carolina Electric & Gas Company (SCE&G) herein pro algicide treatment pro approved on Maren 16, gram at the Virgil C. Sumer Nuclear Station (VCS y the Environmental Control (OHEC).1988 by the South Carolina Department o on an independent study performed by Richard G. Zin Analysts of Columbia, South Carolina (Attachment II) approval and comments on the following modifications:
y SCE&G requests your 1)
Treat the ponds on an individual basis, i.e., treat a single unit until algae growth is brought unoer control in the individua i
cond as a before proceeoing with the treatment to subsequent unitsunit 2)
Increase levels of X-tea during treatment to greater than 1 j
than 5 pcm.
u ess 3) securea, specifically outfalls 006A, 0068, and 008 e
4) of the approval letter of MarenMonitor the treatment product }
16, 1988 conditioit 3 00, and pH at the combined discharge from the Wastewater p Olscharge Canal.
u, The ccmbined flow path is shown on Attachment I.
o the 6)
Apply maximum c:ncentration limitations of 0.35 ppm to the 3
the combined discharge instead of thr. Unit outfall a
of 7)
Continue the program i.accordance with conditions 2 and the approval of Maren
.i 1988.
i.0*
During periods of time while treatment is in progress, monthl e
n
~
reports will be provided as specified in
?;
condition 3 in lieu of an annual recort as originally proposed in letter from SCE&G to OHEC dated Seotemoer 11, 1987 7C.)
Mrs. Cynthia W. Walters Septemoer 26, 1988 Page 2 In a6 on to the abova, I
VCSNS is evaluating a reduction in the ponds is decreased but corrosion protection with maintained.
a result of the Superfund Amendments and Peau when fully implemented, should limit the use of phosphate based c s
agents.
eaning,
you have any further questions, please call Debor c ated. Should ingineer for this project, at 345-4721.
, Licensing Very truly yours, 1
t O. S. Bradham OC8/OSB: led Attachments c:
J. L. Skolds W. A. Williams, Jr.
4 I
M. N. Browne M. 8. Williams W. R. Baehr W. F. Bacon L. A. Blue S. E. Sumer i
RTS EPA 870014 File ((814.07-la))
l i
4 i
I
\\
\\
i i
l
ATTACHMENTI OUTFALL FLOW PATHS FLOW SECURED 011 6 MONTH AVG. FLOW RATE 0.015 MGO 005 MANHOLE 6 MONTH AVG.
- FLOW RATE H
0.072 MGO 006B
'1ANHOLE MANHOLE Fl.OW SECUREO U
F Y
6 MONTH AVG.. FLOW RATE y
0.075 MGO 006A
}
MONTICELLO 1
CIRCULATING e
RESERVOIR WATER AVG FLOW RATE 768 MGD Ol5 CHARGE
Attaencent II
\\
SOLVING THE FROBLEM CF CHRONICALLY HIGH pH IN WASTEWATER FONDS' AT THE V.
C. SUMMER NUCLEAR STATICN (VCSNS) 4 BY RICHARD G. CINGMARKs PHD, WATER GUALITY ANALYSTS 93 RIVERSIDE CIRCLE COLUMBIA. SC 29210 i
Introcuctions Four
=encs nere constructec aoout teen no enconic oater' rem various carts often. years ago to 'receiwei and hela wastewater the VCSNS.
There havei
- uality management croelems onen measurements cf cativ pH in eacn conc'were se.until recentiv.,
o 0. tne u:cer :H limit en to ce estaclisneo anc mancatec cv SC HEC. aoove ise in
- H
..a s
- Incicent alth the
- enas
. The !
=resumael. :ge !: t.e ge:Wtn
=f algae.
Ceceateo treatment
..t th ;
turning
- reen.,
tne usuall. ef#ective c:mmercial algicice V-TEA Co.).
}
a coccer teternanolamine c:molex, (Griffin Chemicall i
temocrary hac measuraole cut cnly l success in recucing the cH (eg.
Fig.
1 )..
i receatec acc1! cations
- (
K-Tea at levels of anout 0.35 ppm.
Following,
cavtime OH now A
conference tVolcall/ rises acove 9 and frecuently aoove
- 10..
nas eld with plant Health corsonnel to learn of cast Physics anc Chemistry {
and recent cractices of plant coera-i tions that mignt relate to the current samples aere wastewater cualltv.
Water '
i taclisnec to determinetaken in eacn ponc ano a samoling strategy was the cauus of es-the proolem and to prescrise corrective action.
The recommencations.
following is my recort and l
Methocs:
?
i A
an :.1 : 1a1 atte visit was, mace :: :ne c:ncs :n c May
- 789.
I i
anc
- ne.tter water anc clanuten not at the inlet anc cutlet =f concs 005 s a,no l es
>15 umi s
aere taken l
Aluminum sluegos and 0068 (Plant isanitary sewage).
006A 1et enc
- niv Of pena 000 (metal wastes).
Samoles t
surge /cil-studge).
i and the in-transportec on ice to Columota, i
glass were fiber or millicore filters andwhere water was filterec through i
encentrations of the following cissolvec c:nstituents:
suosamoted to measure tne i
I Cuoric ton i
Chloccony11 4 f
Nitrate / nitrate nitrogen
(
1 Ammonia nitrogen Ccth:enosonate enosonorus Slices Of live
- lankton samples were examineo using a comoe wtcrescoce with t
onase c:ntrast unc anc Nomerski
- sti:s.
- inalle.
interference Contrast a semiciurnal (twice cally) aas initiatec :: measure cissolvec oxygen <00) samoling schecule j
- 300 mes n
- enes C05.
anc cn at 0600 and
- ntinuing interetttent!*.
- 06A anc 0068 initia11< for j
1 wougn I? Mav.
cavs cut 6
,,,n.-
.-v
-,.,--n-
-w
-,-n-
~,..
.-,..,-,_.,. - m
,ym v.
.,,_,,,n,_,,_,--.-en,
.n-.-..,---.nn,
9.875.1 9.750J 9.625J 9.500J 9.375J i
9.250J
- +
9.125J g.g4
- 4. -w
-+
9 000J
' " *,,# D.
- 9,oo leo 8.875.
8.750J pH 3.s25J 8.500.
8.375_
8.250J 3.125J 8.000J l
7.875J 7.750J K' TEA 7.625J
- /Aff'"'p,
\\ /
/
7.500J 4**d # #'
7.375J 7.250J 7.125J 7.000J l
i e
a a
a i
i i
e E
S N
i o
3 mt
>o b o
o e
o o
e o
o o
o o
o i
Figure 1.
Changes in pH in Pond 006A from March to May,1968.
Arrows indicate dates that copper (as K-TEA) was added at concentrations of about 0.35 ppa.
i j
i 1
)
f i
Results and Discussions clant ers:nnel etate: several items ;f infermati:n I fcum to ce certinent ts the er:clem:
1.
Orevtcusiv, ::rr:sisn
- civonosonate c:mocun=
in water ices was c nte:11ec ty.
cut oniv in the filterea at a cencontratten of 3-* ccm in a total
- rinkin aster volume Of acer:g 10.C00 gal.
ximatelt 2.
Corecsion in water :
1ces has caen contec11ec stnce A 1997 with 30K (DCW Chemtcal Co.). an (tetrasocium pyrconosonate).
incustrial grace cf Na.Puoy its sucerior =cccerties Pyrochosonate is now useo of f:r secuestering iron.
cecausr is out in all filteree water This enemical at tal a concentration cf 3 ccm in a to volume cf accr:xtmately 'l million gallons anc can ce cirectec i
inte all tne c:rcs. thcugn most enas um in cono 005.
3.
<-TEA was usec := control a
of at or algal ;rowen less tnan 0.5 com.
in c:ncentrattons; 1
as mancateo by SCCHEC.
4 Canaca geese sooulations are frecuent to the cones.
Their regular
<isitors since enete introeuction.comulation numoers nave increaseo steactly' 5.
The numcer of plant (aoproximatelv E5:1) personnel has increaseo by in ene last acout 200 year.
During mv initial visit to tne ponds.
I observed the water in conos 305.
0068 and 008 to have greentsn crown c lor.
a cistinctive green anc
- encentratec
- lanxt:n
- efinitelv to
- arv
- reen, inctca'
- ing suostantial samoles
- nvte lankt:n algami.
- ssette t9e fact tnat aere amounct
- f i treatec escent!. attn K-TEA.
tne algai Hunteauent eacn ::nc nao
- f
- een i
i in eacn pone (Tablespecies c:nfirmee the acunaanc algae cresent 1).
i anc nost Of the soccies found The cominant characteristic ef organicall/ pollutedin the conds were typical ofalgal ge 1969).
those water (Palmer.
1959 and Althougo K-TEA nec caen i
Aortl.
cuoric addec to the conds as recently ton was at or below 0 1 com in all monas j
Fig. 2).
as 27 Losses of cooper from tne conos over cue to dilution by incoming flow, time were crocaoly l
the "esident active ano cassive crqanisms, anc formati n Of uptake by crectoitatea to tne cottom (Butten and Hostetter. 197 Cuoric cxice nnich Ohiorconv11 4 (a cuantitative rangen from 18.1 Jco in 006A measure of algal miomass)
Tyotcal
.alues Monstcello) in natural watersts E40 opo in 005 4 Table E. Fig. 3)
=co (Carr this time of year wouldin Soutn Carolina (suen as Lake average aooreximatelv 5-10 ano Associates.
1991).
- Thus, aater
- n eacn Ocna was the green ceter of i
sigae.
- ae ts
.nusaa11<
sign
- oculati:ns
- f tne
' es a
r Table 1.
Dominant on 9 May 1988. species of algae collected in each pond e
I t
Estna Dumcer_
Dominant Sancies 005 feenecommus cuadrieauda v E.s lJa n o i s e i r a L. m minatut m tortuosa_
&Dhistrodesmus_ falcatus vE t acicularis 006A Oscillatoria amehlbia f
006B Oscillatoria amminata i
Chlerella vulaarts i
~
i i
Scenedesm_ut acuminatus-L. cro tuberans 009 Chlerella vulcaris
'j i
j Ankistrodesmus_ m a.
l I
4 I
'T
=,
Table 2.
Concentration of selected constituents 9 May '988.
in ponds on 005 006A lan inlet outiet 0069 inlet outlet _
inlet outlet inlet 000 Cu-*
(ppm) 0.09 0.10
<0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03
< 0. 03.
Chi A (ppe) 240 205 18.1 19.6 67.0 80.9 35.3 NH.-
(ppm) 1.30 1.20 0.50 0.40 1.20 1.30 1.00 NO3/NO.-
(ppm) 0.88 0.87 0.11 0.55 2.20 2.20 0.95 DIN (ppm) 2.18 2.07 0.61 0.95 3.40 3.50 1.95 P0u(opm) 2.45 2.45 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.38 0.25 11
i
',;-n
-vi
.s
..? -
O t : n b
L "let I
E C.tset C-ll
. =.
\\
I t
en
..E..
=
j l
,o A
i
' Sd i
a::
9-
,) _
005 003A 0000 006 POtG NUMBER Figure 2.
Coacentration of copper in each pond on 9 F.ay 1988.
I CHCROPHYLL a
- re -
Lce-T :ta atet
- g. : c 7 c.
E Cutlet,
c.
l r
l 1 f. c -
'J l
1 iN~
l i
, CD 1
l.
i
.s i
I
~*
100 *
,4 I
I
~
t u
SO t'
3
=-
OCS 2034 0000 005 pct 4C N U M B E ;.
Tigure 3.
bior. ass, in esen pena on i P.av,1938.Concentrati
_ _ _,, _, - _., ' ' ~ ' " ' " '
~ - - - - -
0 Ammen:s.svais ange: # :m 0.40 ::m
- n ocncs ;C5 are :36E
'a=le E.
Fig. -i.
11trate/ ::Fi:e ring
- n: :
-A
- ;.30 :
' :m C.;.*
==m
- - G06A
- E.2
==m in 0065
'7
- .cu;n a;gae.aual;. : e'er ammonta as a 4cle E.
?!;. St.
a eaa:;.
ar e.:
- a:e.
he sums f
- r:;en s:ur:e.
- n inese 3:u.:ss :
- norgan::
- .:;er
- N; angee m O.s1 ::m.- C 06A
- 2.5
- ss:;.
- n 006E Taole E).
~
vot=al values f:r CIN ir, natural I:uth Carclira :nts
- . e :f sear aculd e accu: ';C-E00
- sco, waters acou:
5 ::mes.' e s s. 'ar-anc Assoc;a:es.
~~E1?.
Cets:=nes: a:e
- ncentrati ns rangee ' :m 306A.
206E anc :C8 ::
.25 :=m in ceng an ewtremely
- Table E.
rig ->.
Tvot:41 values nign value :f 2.45 :sm in natural in C@
- his time f
in Ecu:n Carolina woulo cc excectec ts been-#1: wing
< ear
=co.
=r a: cut two cc:er
- encentrations measuroc :s :f magni tude '. a s s.
Even in the 1:wes 5-2:
( 0.25 com. the amoun
- V
- s accu
- 5 t
- mes : mat excected in a
n a t u r s.'
.Wetzel. 1475!.
- sthconesonatg acuati:
syste.
Nite:;en 4.10
- s:n=r:us are utrients, tha:
est ' vouen:1v timtt algal :rceu::::n r.o s e : rems:s; e;ements
...a systems. Wet:el. 1975).
o sencs acc:unts f:r The nign levels of in acuat;g tr.ese a;ements in tna the gr:wth and maintenance of tne nign
.evelO
- (
algae seen.
Domestic sewage tvolcally is nign in DIN from
' cod was:es. urine anc #ecal matter.
- ersonel nave increasec ey Anc. as tne rummer of plant
- ellow :nat so nas the amount ameut 25?. in the cast year.
it would of comestic sewage,
- entrations would als: ce elevatec in sewage.
chosonate ::n-the levels seen
- ut
- as hign as
- n conc 005.
However amount. Of =vec:nosona:e the accition :f
- 05.
Previousivne clumoing system, forms orthconosonate large total twhich stancing) in "ater open exclains colv:nosonate was useo f:e the r:;n a.tounts anten aise in f:rms =rine nos:nate u=en
- re: sten
- nte:1.
.as acol.e a
n tal s anoing.
3ut ::1 <cne sen a :a
- eteg a::a:
- r:entra:1:n accu: ";0
- es ; ass :.an
.a
- w
..::n :vr::n:s:nate.
Whi'a at
- Se
- ncs
- anaoa geese
=cservec rumercus in anc aecun:c the ::nes.
ne vttint:v.
I was ::1d thev are almost alwavs
- . vent.a and 40 ult seen anc
- acceles Frogs were also seen anc
- uventle frogs are crocably in anuncance, geese.
Jeese uncoucteolv censumec by ene in ano arounc the mones, also feec cn the c otec vegetation seen abuncant
- ecal nas seen in.
evtcence of
- atter Rain wannes - on:n too of ano arounc; he cerinnerv of ase
.rine anc eacn cono.
t agnituce s
e wastes into tne conos.
.nknown.
~
signift antiv t: alreaov the cresence Of thougn the excect sigal
- tomass sensurec nrtgn nutrient ine geese acos
- ncentratiens
- f geese nave anc nign tMe ocncs.
The fact tna; ine numoers several in:ceaseo stqntftcantiv since inetr
. ears cg: oniv exacercates the e colem f:r
- ntrocus
- 1on ine future.
Results
- f ne
- test
- ents inci:atec a nigniv 5 cave of ciurnal 20 Ano :M
- rrelatec relattensnts :vtween
.m 00 ano es reig.
1 measure-hese ssults are
- nanges
.te:nments :9at evot:11
- t. cor-
- issolvec s.:stantial ::cu;ati:ns :( :1 acuatte en-
- nsume a
- loxtee tigae.
Algae
- av a t;n t
- ars are gea:er :na:e 1. as a c:.s+ecue.
-C-ano
-CC4
- urtng l
nca :#
-e
l I
i
.s. s x n s m :.si d_ # 4 1,...
sit K L a.,l t5 :,
.s-t =47.nr4 i
E niet E Cutlet CL, a
- il
'c-i 3
C.
4 c~i l
i E
%+
4 i
z I
I l
, i i
1
'2
)
i
=
)
i
~
i y-005 00e*
00ce OCS POND NUMBER i
Figure 4 Concencration of a=onia nitrosen in each pond on 9 May 1988 L
i i
N I
?, A T E.. ' N i ~~ R I T E
~
k N I TR O G El'l
- .2 -
~
b La C67.; te
{
"let j
l l1
,c.
- l E Cutlet la I
a 4
i i en 1 i E i
.t w.
l j
I 4
g*a.
{
- N i
I i
l G
l
-Q
.3 A t
i i @m j
l f
1 e
l c-i 005 008A 0060 OC8
+
POND NUMBER l
1 Tigure !.
Cancentraticn of nitrate /nitrita nitr9qen in esca i
pond en 9 May 1988.
)
i I
i PHCSPHATE PHOSPHORUS _
t 0.5 -
i Loca7:cu ln.
l 5
C :nlet E
~. 1 l
g a
4 Outlet
\\
11 i
i N.: 1.5
- t t en i
i E
I j
.I i.C.
.i I
a j
1 a
t t
I4 h
!o
.5 t A
I 005 C004 J'000 005 i
t POND NUMBE.
Figure 6.
Concentration of orthophosphata phosphorous in each pond on 9 May 1988.
I l
i i
e
DI S S O Li 'EC OXYGEN VS pH pct 40 i
10 8 -
Oc6A.
/
I 10.0 -
ooss
...I 005 i
15.
.: l.;
i I
I a.a -
I I
l l
}
s.: t
" *
- I,...
l o
2 4
6 8
to 2,
t+
t DISSOL /ED CXYOEN (:- g/L = c o m )
Figure 7 Comparison of dissolved oxygen concentraticas and ph in various ponds during 9-13 !!ay 1983.
I,ineer regression analysis n=42, r*=0.76.
t SEMIDIURNAL DISSOLVED QXYGE.N 80bC C05 6 20 -
- M *n e#
7'V C on
(
li l
{
. o800 F-:
- ,4 3 3 y 1500hef
{
t en t
s 6
t
's'I
/ ' '
s',
t
{
)C o
N/'
l
[
l 8
St i
' @3 l
1..- %
1 C._ -
Q 0
15 2C 23 l
DAY IN MAy, 1 gas l
)
Figure 8.
Changes in the ranges of semidiurnal dissolve oxygen (DO) ceasurements trea 9-29 May 1938.
Ootted lines indicate possible er 1
o
- O faster : nan C- :an :s _sec
- v algal.
- ac:a tal inc ant aercei: resolract:n. :revice: sufficien: sanitant is avai maintain algal : rot:2,n:nents above the ::moensati:n :: int.
ace:un:s
~:e
- ne
- servec
-ises in CO anc :
sean in Tacle sign 20
- ncan:ca:::rd necvice a
sui:acle costraclu envie:nmen:
aere:::
- ac:arta that
- ecemocse sewage nithcu: givir; :ff gani:
nattar cojecitonacle gases sulfice anc mernane.
At n.ght *he algae ano ::ner socn as varon the con:s ::nsume C.. anc *.iberate CO-as
- rganisms for they resoire. ac::unt
- ne ::necmitant :aclines to pH and CD curie; the night.
ar althougn :nese essul:s snowec the same trenos in each
- conc, clotteo seoaratelv.
linear regression lines
.would cot iden:1:al.
This would oe excected tinctive algal
- cmmunity (Table
- ).
The as eacn conc ::ntained a di distinct.
as eacn ::nc drains from different
- mmunities ne and has cifferent carts of the pla!
enemt:al :haracteristics.
Because of this t!
biologi:al oxygen comano (200) was cifferent in eacn cond.
Suosecuent
- urrai
-easurements cf cH cav-a: qn:
- reres.
ano 20 snowed simil.
-owever.
Oxygen levels celow 3 ::m en 12 anc. -13 Mav (Table 2.
?!g.
3).
When te
.- ::nc 005 :r:oce water
- s
- urote cue to living and nonliving suscended matter anc the clouc ::ver is severe as seen en Organt 13.
13.
'h and
- 7
- May, respiration can the afternoons ol pnotosynthests, C, ::nsumo t ion is greater
- e: ;reater th0{
00 levels fall.
than C-procuction, Most algae cannot survive at suen law Os levels an which OrcoaolY acc:Unis.for *he slow recoverv secuent days as the 2;gae were slow to reouild their ;opulations The nign 005.
levels :f cnosonate in the conos.
- as c:nstcerec arcessive.
Pyrophosonate particularly tr source
- f
- nosenate
- =
the
- ends.
- s a
princiaal stoccec inaovertent!.
The a:cition of 30K was clockee 5:metime cetween ;3 anc ;!
May ue
- =
a
.ntaxe
- t=a the
- lockage was Mavs.
- s :: arc :s were ot
- se:verec until
- g
- stng monttereo a:
not ::ss;;;e ::
- ster re
- ne
- -ffects Of F,uccc
- nos nate.
at :tme..: mas However.
- no
- enc
':e cact;ning CC ano :
May (Tacle 3. Fig. 3),
'evels curing 10-13 M
suggestec chosonato levels might nave oeen declining cofore c:molete clockage.
An exoeriment was triec to purposelv eliminate of 30K
- s see i f tnis would tne result in a addition It was decacea to co nts during a periac lowering of 00 anc pH.
weather aas forecastee to eliminate the ccssioility of severe anon Orolonged sunny cloud cover influencteg the evoeriment.
One c:nstraint 30K could be snut eff #:r only three cays (the maximum time was that would still 4).cw
'or adecuate that Unfortunatelv,
'. 0
- orrosion anc =H were monit:rea only curing protection).
certec.
No me.surements were taken tne few the smutoff the elimin4r.:n of 2;K 71g, 3).
Thus.
the results of this ex-cavs cofore anc after certment aere
- ncon
- 1.stve with rescoct ::
cr eliminatec =vecones:nate en CD and tne effects of =cco:
H.
Conclusions and recommendations:
I cuestioneo t e e:es s s t.' Of tNo CHEC rancatec
- H
- f C.0 : P : e ::nes' vfl. ants.
- stling As inete stes : # 'l:a ano ete
Table 3.
Measurements of pH and Dissolved Oxygen (DO).
twice daily (semidiurnally) centrations are in ppm.
during May 1988.
measurg DO' con-POND 005 h
7h Parameter _
inlet outlet inlet outlet 006A 0068 inlet g M 5/09 1800 DO 14.0 13.2 11.8 11.2 10.4 10c i
5/10 0600 DO 8.4 8.4 9.8 9.6 8.0 Sc 1800 00 13.2 12.8 11.4 10.8 11.4 11.
pH 10.3 10.4 9.7 9.7 10.2 10.
i 5/11 0600 DO 6.2 5.4 10.4 10.4 7.5 7.
pH 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.6 9.
1800 00 13.6 13.0 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.
pH 10.2 10.2 9.7 9.7 10.3 10.
5/12 0600 DO 4.4 E.4 9.d 10.8 7.6 7.q pH 8.8 8.5 9.5 9.7 9.7 9.b 1900 DQ 7.2 4.2 11.2 11.6 10.4 10.6 pH 9.0 8.9 9.6 9.7 10.0 10.1 5/13 0600 DO 1.4 2.1 9.7 10.0 5.9 6.0 pH 7.3 7.4 9.2 94 9.5 9.0
(
1800 DO 0.8 0.8 11.4 11.4 10.0 10.0 2
pH 7.4 7.2 9.4 9.4 10.1 10.1 5/16 1800 00 2.0 2.4 11.6 11.0 11.4 11.0 pH 7.1 7.1 9.5 9.4 10.1 10.1 4
5/17 0600 DO 2.0 2.2 11.2 11.0 8.4 8.2 pH 7.2 7.1 9.2 9.2 9.4 9.3 3
1800 DO 1.8 3.4 10.4 10.4 11.4 11.0 j
pH 7.1 7.3 9.5 9.4 10.1 10.1 5/18 0600 DO 0.8 0.4 9.2 9.2 7.4 7.6 i
pH 7.2 7.2 9.0 9.1 9.3 9.3 j
1800 DO 8.6 7.2 9.5 10.2 13.0 13.0 1
pH 7.6 7.3 9.0 9.2 9.9 10.0 5/19 0600 DQ 4.2 8.6 9.2 9.4 8.4 8.2 pH 7.3 7.2 8.7 9.0 9.4 9.4 1800 D0 13.0 14.2 10.8 10.8 13.8 13.6 j
pH 8.2 7.9 9.3 9.3 10.1 10.0 1
Table 3 continued:
POND 005 grig ing Earameter_
inlet outlet inlet outlet 006A 006B inlet outla 5/20 0600 DO B.4 8.2 9.2 9.4 9.0
- 9. i pH 8.1 7.7 9.0 9.0 9.5 9.1 1800 00 16.0 9.1 10.4 10.4 14.1 14.e pH 10.0 7.7 8.5 8.5 9.5 9.!
5/21 0600 DO 11.4 11.2 secured flow 9.4 9.8 pH
- 9. '/
8,9 9.6 9.6 5/27 0600 DO 8.9 7.7 pH 8.5 8.6 10.1 9.5 9.6 9.6 1000 DO 11.8 11.2 pH 9.6 9.4 14.8 14.6 10.2 10.3 5/28 0600 DO 7.7 7.6 pH 8.4 8.5 7.4 1.0 0.5 8.6 1000 DO 11.7 13.8 pH 9.9 9.0 13.8 14.9 10.4 10.3 5/29 0600 00 8.5 0.1 pH 9.0 9.1 9.7 9.3 9.4 9.4
4.
totti.:1umes are signtf!:antiv siluteo after six.eq
=asin
- ownstream and tney enter tn cefore :ney enter Lake Fonticeil:
Htqn :n in itself !s c:t a orcelem.
n1gn
- M can es.
Out activity in rescense ::tgn :H levels are the resultthose facters tnat ca As e nign nutrients.
of otologica miomass tanc :ernaos :tner :6emical nign utrient levels ce in the effluents. or cielogical conce n>
woul:
ecnstituents =
(3 or more creers of magnituce)Unless the tion is extremely nigh ciomass. autrients ano ther constituents could eventuallthe accei act
- = cause Mign algal grawths in the mixing basin wnten i y inter-would anter Lake Monticello.
This mignt have acverse effects ce n ture
}
natural foco wees in tne lake.
However.
volumv are nign enougn.
taining a variance from CHEC's mandate.perhaps VC in ob-pursue this.
I could propose a plan to monitorIf SCELG would like to i
lake f:r signs cf excess nutrients and aonormal algal and the mixing basis growen.
4 The #: 11: wing c=nc!wsions anc reccmmenoations are
- ne assumsti:n
- nat suen an amoeal woul:
Oasso
- n not ce successful.
As
- ne
<arious
- enes have been used for anout to years without :nconic =H pr:clems.
it is immortant to focus on what recent avent(s) elevateo rutrient han/have caused the pecclem.
I am certain the levels are the key.
Howevwe cumstances have c moinee to
~
increase the nutrient several cir*
load 1.
Increases in sewage flow due to increases personnel.
in plant 2.
phosonate due to oyeconouchiate : rrosi of 1
ol.
3.
- ncrease f rutrients cue
- tne waste matter :f geese.
- here a:nea,-
- :e too :ovi 3
A
- i;m t f t :a.9 t !.
sou:a :.e s:urcas us solutt:ns
< i l '. tne a'gae.
- ocu:tien Of a f :'a te t en:s the cecolemt
{
- :ne ::ncs. cc E.
- v ane or more Of the nutrients c:ul the f=110 wing e a:ccmolisneo 1.
Emolev an effactive ccerosion-inhibiting chemical is both non-nutritive to algae and that isms cownstream.
I socke to Bill Carroll of Bet:non-toxic to organ-ical Co.. who said tnere may ce seme polyacrilimide for-Chem-i mulations that would be effective anti-corrosion agent R.
Osnstruct s.
- another, locatec cownstream from the existing teo :: and cut umstream of time 49c volume #:r aercaic metabolism oftne mixing c i.n the aater.
the nutrients 3.
- event structing netting orcanaoa geese from visiting the =cncs av c=n-other carrier over j
- tevents geese f m feecing the conos that i
8
- nat still alleus sufficientano swimming in ccnos cut 11;nt :: enter :: ler :no-l I
- synenett: :r:: esses t: 2 era te :-rtmanm
\\
N 6
4.
Evalua:e :e t.
e tf : leaning agents se sonnel ar: s.cetitute with e r f e c t 1.-e tv plant :er-substitutes.
- n-:no sona ra-=aseG 5.
Aerate tne a:nes with caroon cioxice-enci: hen air cring ::wn the H.
pH to limi ting f:e :no tosyntnest s. levels rise ntqh wnen caroon is Addec CD-would have acvantage :f increasing pnotosynthests without the ing pH ano would produce additional increas-help wnile lowering inorgante nutrient algal biomass, poncs' effluents.
con concentrations in the is expensive however.
Algicides are c:mmon1v algae.
Cooper used is an essential to eliminate noxious blooms of algae (Myers.
1962).
nougn in excess at is toxic anc has trace element for the growth of useo to
- nte:1 algal looms for over 50
< ears (Moore anc Aellerman. ;904).
However.
teen than ceners (Malcney ano Palmer.
some soectes nave ntoner tolerances E/fective c:ntrol of those algae 19561 Erteksen et al, 1970).
cally j
pollutec waters.
typically founo in nigh organi-such as higher applications of c:ocer the VCENS ponos, generally recuire Palmer. 1959).
i Historically, the form of cooper usec as been apollec as cuoric sulfate (Moore and Kellerman.an algicide has enelatec forms of cooper such l
1904).
but There are many factors that affect as K-TEA are eften used j
ccoperi and it is necessary to add more copper properties o<
the algicical tocay.
than it is in the ionic state (Fit:yerald in chelatec forms I
previous attemots to
- cntrol the algae and Faust.
1963).
As nad limiteo success. ano if R-TEA must in the VCSNS cones nave tive cut to increase tre c:ocer ;evel I see no alterna-be usec.
rec =mmene a
'evel f
at
' east
- com aoove 0.35 com.
I would Sooms.
witn receatec acclications cally tano =ernaos as nign as to keem ne c:coer as.':ng as is the algae.
Cooper concentration enrontcally recessary
- hinn, in tne ntxing easin connstreamsnould be c.onitorea in the c no effluent do not enter Lake Ment tcollo. to ensure that Once hign concentrations caen recucec.
might maintain continuous control,acolications of coopertne alga frecuent at reducea levels a tencency to raoicly re-establith.
=coulations will have as algal 1
Whatever staos are eventually taken to imorove the current situttion at to evaluate VC3NS will recaire a systematic their effectiveness.
monitoring progra tinuing aaviserv follow uo on myI would be available as a
- nsultant to sist VCENS wttn :nese ef f:r ts.
report anc to as-
~
s w
6 LITERATURE CITED Button.
4.
S.,
and Hostetter, H. P.
1977 Cooper sorption and release ey Cveletella menechini. tat (Bacillartoonycea Chlamvoemonas reirmardtii_ (Chlorophyceae).
15 Phveel._ 13 al and 198-502.
Carr, J.
H.. and Associates, Inc.
1992.
water quality study.
Final Report 1981 Hartwell Lake Corcs of Engineers under Contract prepared for U. S. Army Vols.
DACW 21-81-C-008.
2 Erickson. 3.
J., Lackie.
N.,
and Maloney, T.
E.
1970.
A screen-ing technioue for estimating cooper toxicity phytoelankton.
1 R270-R278.
L W A Po11._ Conte._ h 42 (No.to estuarine I
- 3. Pt.2):
I f
Fitzgerald. G.
P., and Faust. S. L.
1963.
algicidal and algistatic propertiac of copperFactors'affecting the
}
b i o l _._ 11 :345-351 Aon1. _Miere-Maloney.
T.
E., and Palmer. C.
M.
1956.
cal compounds to thirty cultures of algae. Toxicity o'f. six chemi-Worki. 103:509-513.
Water _ Sewace Moore G.
T., and Kellerman, K. F.
1904 ing er preventing the growth of algae anc certa method of des
.{
bacteria in water supplies.
Qx1 ain oathogenic Ineusted.
Sull. No. 34 44 pp. x Dee t._ h h Pl a n t_
t I
Myers, J.
1962.
Laboratory cultures.
ehysteleev_ ing Bloememistrv gL Alcae_.
in: Lewin, R. A.
(ed.).
NY, Academic Press.
Palmer. C. M.
1959.
Algae in water supplies.
Health c
\\
_ m.
No. 657, 88 pp.
gu Ex Publie i
Palmer. C.
M.
1969.
genic cellution. A composite rating of algae
\\
Zu ehvcel. 5:78-82.
tolerating or-Wetzel. R. G.
1975.
Limnology.
Philadelphia, W. B. Sauncer Co.
743 pp.
j i
l s
j