ML20154D743
| ML20154D743 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Seabrook  |
| Issue date: | 09/12/1988 |
| From: | Curran D, Ferster A HARMON & WEISS, NEW ENGLAND COALITION ON NUCLEAR POLLUTION |
| To: | NRC COMMISSION (OCM) |
| References | |
| CON-#388-7071 ALAB-899, OL-1, NUDOCS 8809160090 | |
| Download: ML20154D743 (81) | |
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September 12, 1988 i
UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 88 SEP 14 P4 :40 :
l BEFORE THE COMMISSION e n. \. v. _ , -
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In the Matter of ) .
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Public Service company of )
New Hampshire, et al. ) Docket No. 50-443 OL-1 f//-M*/
(Seabrook Station, Units 1 & 2) ) ONSITE EMERGENCY
) PLANNING & TECHNICAL :
i
) ISSUES l
)
NEW ENGLAND COALITION ON NUCLEAR POLLUTION'S L PETITON FOR REVIEW OF ALAB-899 I. Introduction The New England Coalition on Nuclear Pollu-tion ("NECNP") hereby petitions for Commission review of ALAB-899 (August 23, 1988), in which the Appeal Board affirmed NECNP's t
appeal of the Licensing Board's dismissal of NECNP's Contention IV.1 l In discovery, NECNP presented Applicants with a series of [
interrogatories regarding the adequacy of Applicants' program to i detect and control "microbiologically induced corrosion," or "MIC," a form of biofouling by which microbiological organisms i i
i 1 NECNP Contention IV reads as follows: Conten* ion: The Applicant must 1stablish a survellance and maintenance program i
for the prevencion of the accumulation of mollusks, other aquatic organisms, and debris in cooling systems in order to satisfy the l
requirements of GDC 4, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, and 39, which I require the maintenance and inspection of reactor cooling sys-I tems. The design, construction and proposed operation of l Seabrook fail to satisfy these requirements.
l The basis of Contention IV, which is too lengthy to
( reproduce nere given the page limits, is quoted in full in ALAB-899, slip op. at 3-4.
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accumulate in and corrode nuclear power plant cooling systems.
In response to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production of Documents to Applicants on NECNP Contention IV, dated December 23, 1987, Applicants objected to NECNP's questions on the ground that the literal language of NECNP Contention IV did not specifically identify MIC as an issue.2 NECNP then filed a motion to compel Applicants to respond to these questions, in which NECNP presented proof, in the form of NRC-sponsored studies,3 demonstrating that the literal language used in NECNP contention IV and bases placed Applicants on notice that the issue of "microbiological 1y induced corrosion" was encompassed by the contention.4 By order dated February 17, 1988, the Licensing Board denied NECNP's motion to compel, and ruled, inter alia, that the issue of "microbiologically induced corrosion" ("MIC")
is not within the scope of NECNP Contention IV. The Licensing 2 "Applicants' Responses to NECNP's Second Set of Inter-regatories and Request for Production of Documents to Applicants on NECNP Contention IV," filed January 14, 1988, at 2.
3 Neitzel, at al, "Improving the Reliability of Open-Cycle Water Systems: An Evaluation of Biofouling Surveillance and Control Techniques for Use at Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG/CR-4724, Vol.
1 (1986).
4 "NECNP's Motion to Compel Applicants to Respond to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production of Docu-ments on NECNP Contention IV," dated January 25, 1988. NECNP also moved to compel Applicants to respond to questions seeking information concerning possible biofouling and corrosion in "cir-culating water systems" at the Seabrook plant. NECNP's sub-sequent appeals encompassed these discovery rulings as well.
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Board reasoned that "NUREG/CR-4724 wha issued some four years after Contention IV was proposed," and that NECNP cannot "expand the scope of the contention by reliance upon a document that did not exist at the time Contention IV was submitted."5 NECNP then sought and was granted leave to file a motion for reconsideration of the Licensing Board's February 17, 1988 order, which motion was filed by NECNP on March 1, 1988. In support or its motion, NECNP presented an expert affidavit from Dr. James Bryers, who testified that the scientific meaning of the literal terms of Contention IV encompassed the issue of microbiological 1y induced corrosion.6 In addition, NECNP submitted scientific studies contemporaneous to the admission of Contention IV demonstrating that, in 1982, microbiological 1y induced corrosion was recognized as one of the detrimental effects of biofouling of nuclear power plants. Both the Applicants and the NRC Staff filed responses opposing NECNP's motion, which urged the Licens-ing Board to disregard the expert affidavit of Dr. Bryers on the 5 Memorandum and Order of February 17, 1988 Denying NECNP's Motion to compel, (unpublishud) at 6-7.
6 NECNP's affiant, Dr. James Bryers, is a professor in the Cen-ter for Biochemical Engineering at Duke University, and is the author of over thirty publjshed articles in scientific journals and treatises on the subject of microbial fouling and its effects in engineered systems, including nuclear power plant heat-exchange systems. Dr. Bryers' affidavit and curriculum vitae are attached in support of the NECNP's appellate brief, as Exhibits A and B, for the convienence of the Commission.
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ground that it was "unpersuasiver" however, they failed to pro-vida anX expert opinion or studies of their own controverting the voluminous material provided by NECNP.7 The Licensing Board then denied NECNP's motion for reconsideration, again on the grounds that "the opinion of Dr. Bryer (sic) and the appended scientific studies cannot serve to establish that, in preparing the conten-tion in 1982, the drafter intended to encompass MIC within the scope of the contention.n8 By letter dated April 22, 1988, NECNP notified the Licensing Board and the parties that it did not choose to litigate conten-tion IV due to the Licensing Board's restrictive rulings which precluded NECNP from litigating the adequacy of Applicants' pro-gram for controlling microbiologically induced corrosion. NECNP further stated that it intended to appeal the Licensing Board s rulings on the scope of NECNP Contention IV at the appropriate 7 "Applicant's Response to NECNP's Motion for Reconsideration of the Board's Order Denying NECNP's Motion to compel," dated March 14, 1988, at 3; "NRC Staff Reponse to NECNP Motion for Reconsideration of the Board's Denial of NECNP's Motion to Com-pol," dated March 11, 1988, at 5 n.3.
8 Memorandum and order (unpublished), dated March 18, 1988, at
- 3. The Licensing Board denied NECNP's subsequent request for entry upon land, dated February 19, 1988, on the ground that it concerned the impermissible issue of MIC, ASLB Memorandum and Order (unpublished), dated March 18, 1988, at 4-5. The Board also denied NECNP's March 22, 1988, motion to compel Applicants to answer interrogatories regarding MIC at Seabrook on the ground that it was untimely, and because it concerned matters not within the scope of NECNP Contention IV. ASLB order (unpublished),
dated April 1, 1988.
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I time. On May 12, 1988, in reaction to this letter, the Licensing a
Board dismissed NECNP Contention IV as "abandoned." NECNP filed a notice of appeal on June 1, 1988, along with a motion for leave to file the notice of appeal out of time. The Appeal Board, in A LAD-8 9 4 , granted NECNP's motion.9 On August 23, 1988, in ALAB-899, the Appeal Board affirmed the Licensing Board's dismissal of Contention IV.
II. Reasons ALAB-899 Should Be Reversed The Appeal Board made several errors in concluding that contention IV encompassed only "blockage" of reactor coolant systems and not degradation caused by microbiological 1y induced corrosion. First, the language of the contention, which refers to the "accumulation of mollusks, other aquatic organisms, and debris in cooling systems," logi-cally embraces the effects of such "accumulation," including both blockage and corrosion.10 The scope of the contention is determined by the language of the contention itself, and not by the contention's title.ll 9 ALAB-894, 10 contrary to the Appeal Board's implication (slip op. at 9),
these effects are not mutually exclusive. It would be perfectly possible, for example, for blockage to occur at the same time that corrosive effects took place.
11 The Appeal Board also errs in relying for its conclusion on NECNP's statements at an oral argument, in which counsel referred to blockage of cooling tunnels to illustrate a point about whether the Seabrook cooling tunnels constitute the reactor's ultimate heat sink. Obviously, this colloquoy did not squarely raise the issue of the scope of the contention,
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The Appeal Board also incorrectly found that Contention IV lacked specificity with respect to the issue of microbiologically induced corrosion. A contention need only be specific enough to put other parties on notice so that they will know what to defend against or oppose, and to assure that the proposed issues are proper for adjudication. Philadelchia Electric co.. (peach Botton Atomic Power Station, Units 2 and 3), ALAB-216, 8 AEC 13, 20 (1974). The fact that the basis o.f Contention IV fails to spe-cifically use the technical term "MIC" cannot preclude litigation of that issue, as that would establish "secretive and complex technicalities" not intended by the basis and specificity requirements of 10 C.F.R. I 2.714(b). Id. The basis of Conton-tion IV refers, inter alia, to dbuildup of fouling organisms" and "fouling by aquatic organisms." As demonstrated in affidavits filed cofore the Licensing Boardl2, these terms are adequate to place Applicants on notice that they encompass the concept of microbiological 1y induced corrosion.
The Appeal Board did not reach a number of other issues raised in NECNP's appeal. First, the Licensing Board wholly dis-regarded the voluminous expert and scientific evidence presented by NECNP that the literal language of Contention IV encompassed 12 See Note 18, infra.
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the issue of microbiologically induced corrosion.13 Instead, the Licensing Board created an entirely novel standard which seeks to determine NECNP's "intent" when its contention was formulated.
However, it is well-esablished that the scope of a contention is controlled by an objective standard -- the "literal language" of the contention. Carolina Power and Licht Co. (Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant) , ALAB-852, 24 NRC 532, 545 (1986).
Second, the Licensing Board erred in ruling that NECNP's February 19, 1988 request for entry upon land was outside the scope of the discovery period. The language used in the Licens-ing Board's December 2, 1987 Scheduling Order implied that Febru-ary 19, 1988 was the last date on which reauests for discovery may be served. The Board's Scheduling order did not provide a 1
separato deadline by which discovery requests must be served and received. Past NRC practico in the Seabrook proceeding has con-sistently been that the date by which discovery is to be closed has meant the date on which the last discovery request must be 13 NECNP presented uncontroverted evidence that microbiologi-cally induced corrosion was recognized as one of the detrimental effects of biofouling as early as 1977, five years prior to the formulation of NECNP Contention IV. Bryers' Affidavit, at 9; Egg also Norman, G., Characklis, W.G., and Bryers, J.D., "Control of Microbial Fouling in Circular Tubes with Chlorine," 18 Devel-ooment in Industrial Microbioloav, pp. 581-590 (1977), excerpt attached to NECNP's appellate brief as Exhibit E.
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filed.14 Where a Licensing Board has intended to impose on parties a specific deadline by which the last discovery response must be received, and depositions must be taken, it has done so explicitly.15 Finally, the Licensing Board erred in denying NECNP's motion to compel Applicants to respond to questions seeking information concerning possible biofouling and corrosion in all "circulating water systems" at the Seabrook plant, on the ground that NECNP Contention IV only concerned "cooling systems."16 These dis-covery requests were entirely permissible.
It is well established that "In modern administrative and les al practice, pretrial discovery is liberally granted to enable the parties to ascertain the facts in complex litigation, refine the issues, and prepare adequately for a more expeditious hearing or trial." Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (Stanislaus Nuclear Pro-ject, Unit 1, LBP-78-20, 7 NRC 1038, 1040 (1978). In this regard, interrogatories need only have "general relevance, for discovery purposes, to the matters in controversy in the proceed-14 "Memorandum & Order - Establishing Hearing Schedule on Offsite Issues Raised By NHRERP," ASLBP No. 82-471-02-OL, dated December 4, 1986; "Memorandum and Order," ASLPBP No. 82-471-02 OL, dated September 13, 1982.
15 "Memorandum and Order," ALDP No. 82-471-02-OL, dated July 25, Awd6, at 11-12.
16 "NECNP's Motion to compel Applicants to Respond to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production of Docu-ments on NECNP Contention IV," dated January 2S, 1988, at 4-5.
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ing." Texas Utilities Generatina Co. (Comanche Peak Steam Elec- !
I tric Station, Units 1 and 2), LPB-81-25, 14 NRC 241, 243 (1981). {
t Here, NECNP sought information about other systems in order i I
to determine the extent to which microbiological 1y induced corro-f sion has occurred and is adeqttately treated in general at .
Seabrook. These interrogatories seeking information about other systems are designed to lead to information that is relevant to l NECNP's Contention IV, which concerns the adequacy of Applicants' surveillance and maintenance pro' gram for the prevention of micro- !
biologically induced corrosion in cooling systems. The presence ;
of corrosion in other circulating water systems may well indicate that corrosion may occur in cooling systems. If corrosion has !
occurred in other circulating water systems, it is necessary to determine whether Applicants have a program designed to prevent or control corrosion in these systems. Obviously, if Applicants' [
responses showed that these programs are the same as the programs used to prevent or control corrosion in cooling syetems, this may l l
be admissible evidence that such programs are also not adequate l r
to treat or control corrosion in cooling systems. Accordingly, [
these interrogatories were clearly "relevant to the subject mat- '
ter involved in the proceeding...(or which) appears reasonably ;
calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence." 10 !
C.F.R. 5 2.740(b) (1) . I III. Reasons the Commission Should Take Review of ALAB-892 The !
Commission should take review of this petition because it raises
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i both significant safety issues and important questions of Commis-sion practice and policy. First, the integrity of the Seabrook reactor coolant systems is of paramount significance to the safe operation of the plant. In their Supplemental Response to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories to Applicants on NECNP Con-tantion IV, Applicants, revealso that MIC has been discovered in seabrook cooling systems. Thus, this petition poses very real, and not just speculative, concerns about the p,otential effects of microbiological 1y induced corrosion on cooling systems at Seabrook.
Second, both the Appeal Board and the Licensing Board com-mitted fundamental legal error with respect to the application of the Commission's standards for the admissibility of contentions.
These errors, if allowed to stand, could have profound and adverse effects on the public's right to participate in NRC licensing proceedings. For these reasons, the Commission should grant review of this petition for review.
R spectfully submitted, A.g, w S:1.-l-/ -
Diane Curran f/&k W Andrea C. Perster HARMON & WEISS 2001 "S" Street N.W. Suite 430 Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 328-3500
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CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE
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- I cortify that on September 12, 1988, copios of the fcirogo , ,,1 ,'
ing pleading were served by first-class : nail on all partion to 94,,_. ' '
this proceeding, as designated on the attached servico list.
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Andron Forster b
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- SEABROOK SERVICE LIST Onsite Commission Docketing and Service Branch Senator Gordon J. liumphrey Diana P. Sidebonam Lando W, Zech US Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1 Eagle Square, Sie 507 NECNP Chairtnan Washirgton,D.C 20555 Concord,NH 03301 R.F.D.#2 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission P.O. Box #1260 W.shi:gton, D.C 20555 Jane Doughty Judith II. Mizner, Esq. Putney, Yr05M6
' !. SAPL 79 Sate St. 2nd Floor Thomas M. Roberts 5 Market Street Newburyport,MA 01950 Ashod N. Amirian, Esq.
Commissioner Portstr.cu.h.NH 03801 Tomi Counsel for Merrimac
- U.S. Nuclear Regulatory C-W Thomas G. Dignan, Esq. 376 Main Stree' Washizgton D.C 20$55 William S. Lord, Selectman R.K. Gad II Esq. llaverhill, MA 01830 Town llau - FrienJ Street Ropes & Gray Frede.1 *: M. Dernthat Amesb.ry,MA 01913 225 Franklin Street Camissioner Bos*on,MA 02110 US Nuc! car Regulatory Comne St Jey W.Knowles Washington, D.C 20535 Doard of Selectmen Robert A. Backus Esq.
P.O. Don 710 Backus, Meyer & Solomon Keineth M. Carr North lla-sptori, Nil 03826 111 lowell Street Comminioner Manchester, bli 03105
' US Nucien Regulatory Comr.tinion J.P. Nadeau Wuhington, D.C 20555 Town of Rp George Dana Disbee, Esq.
155 Wathington Road Geoffrey M. Iluntington, Esq.
KeIneth C Rogers Rye,New flampshire 03870 . Office of the. Attorney General Commissioner State llouse Anne US Nuclear Regulatory Comminion senator Gordon J. Ilumphrey Concord,bli 03301 Washington, D,C 20535 US Senate Washington. D.C 20510 Richard A.llampe Esq.
Alan S. Rosenthal. Esq, Chairman (Atta. Tom Durack) llampe and McNicholas Atomic Safety and Ucensing 35 Pleasant Street Appeal Board Carol S. Sneider, Esquire Concord,bli 03301
. U1 NRC Assistant Attorney General Washington, D.C 20535 1 Ashburton Place,19:h floor Gary W llotmes Esq.
- Doston,MA 02108 IIolmes & Ellis Iloward A.Wilber 47 Winnacunnent Road Atomic Safety and ucensing Charles P. Graham, Esq. Ifampton, N11 03&42 Appeal Board Murphy & Graham 1>1 NRC 3314w Street William Armstrong Washington, D.C 20555 Newburyport, MA 01950 CiW Defense Director 10 Front Street Sheldon J.Wolfe, Chainnan Rep. l'e*><rta C Pevear Exeter, N1103833 Aromic Saftty and Ucensing Doard Drinkwater Road US Nuclear Regulatory Comminion llampton Faits, N1103844 CaMn A. Canney Washington. D.C 20555 City Manager Phillip Ahrens, Esq. City llall l Dr. Emmeth A.1.vebke Assistant Attorney General 126 Daniel Street Atomic Safety and Ucensing Doard State llouse, St, tion #6 Portsmouth, N11 03801 5500 FrienJship Doulevard Augusta ME 04333 Apartment 1923N Mrs. Anne E. Goodman Chen Chese, MD 2C815 Gregory A.1ktry, Esq. Board of Selectmen Office of General Counsel 1315 New Market Road Dr. Jerry liarbour US Nuclear Regulatory Comminion Durham,bli 03842 Atomic Safety and ucensing floud Washington, D.C 20$55 U1 Nuciear Regulatory Comminion R. Scott Itill Whilton Washington, D.C 20555 Allen lampert lagoulis, Clark, Ilill Whilton Cint Defense Director and McGuire 1 Atomic Saftry and ucendng Town of Drentowood 79 State Stree Appeal Dourd Panel Exeter, N1103833 Newburyport, MA 01950 UA Nuclest Regulatory Comminion Washington,D.C 20$55 Mat thew T. Drock, Esq. teonard Koppelman, F2q.
Shaines & AEacherit Darbara J. St. Andre, Esq.
Atornic Safety and Ucensing P.O. Dos X0 Kopelman & Paige, PC Doctd Panel Maplewood Annue 77 Franklin Street U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Portsmouth, N11 03801 Doston, MA 02110 Washington, D C 20555 Sandra Gawtie !
RID e, Dos 1154 East Kensington, Nil J3827 l
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UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE'THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING APPEAL BOARD
)
In the Matter of )
)
Public Service Company of )
New Hampshire, et al. ) Docket No. 50-443 OL-1
- . )
(Seabrook Station, Units 1 & 2) ) ONSITE EMERGENCY
) PLANNING & TECHNICAL
) ISSUES
)
NEW ENGLAND.COALITIO!T ON NUCLEAR POLLUTION'S BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF ITS APPEAL'OF THE LICENSING BOARD'S DISMISSAL OF NECNP CONTENTION IV J
4 i'
Andrea Ferster Harmon & Weiss
' 2001 "S" Street N.W. Suite 430 Washington, D.C. 20009 l
(202) 3IS-3500 l
t l
July 1, 1988 t I
1
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TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF Al'THORITIES......................................... I. INTRODUCTION.............................................. 1 II. BACKGROUND................................................ 2 III. THE LITERAL LANGUAGE OF CONTENTION IV ENCOMPASSES THE ISSUE OF "MICROBIOLCGICALLY INDUCED CORROSION" AND OTHER DETRIMEN-TAL EFFECTS OF "FOULING" OF COOLING SYSTEMS............... 7 IV. THE LICENSING BOARD ACTED ARBITRARILY AND CAPRICIOUSLY IN RESTRICTING THE SCOPE OF NECNP CONTENTION IV............. 11 A. The Licensing Board Applied an Incorrect Legal.. Standard in Determining the Scope of NECNP Contention IV..... 11 B. The Licensing Board Erred in Ruling Contrary to the Uncontroverted Expert Affidavit and Scientific Studies Provided by NECNP................... ............... 14 V. THE LICENSING SO\RD ERRED IN DISALLOWING NECNP'S DISCOVERY REQUEST SERVED W.._JR TO THE TIME D COVERY CLOSED. . . . . . . . 17 VI. THE LICENSING BOARD ERRED IN DISAL. VING DISCOVERY INTO CIR- ,
CULATING WATER SYSTEMS THAT WE;T NOT "COOLING SYSTEMS"... 19 VII. CONCLUSION............................................... 21 EXHIBITS A - G
OM M w'-~~IAA~A A N
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TABLE OF AUTHORITIES Pace Cases Culler v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 237 F.2d 611 (8th 16 ;
Cir. 1956)....................................................
Pike v. U.S., 340 F.2d 487 (9th Cir. 1974).................... 11 Administrative Decisions '
Carolina Power and Licht Co. (Shearon Harris Nuclear Power 9-10, 11 Plant) , ALAB-852, 24 NRC 532 (1086)....................
Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co. (William H. Zimmer Nuclesr Sta- 19 )
tion), 12 NRC 231 (1980)......................................
Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (Stanislaus Nuclear Project, Unit 1, 20 LBP-78-20, 7 NRC 1038 (1978)...,..............................
Philadelchia Electric Co. (Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, Units 2 and 3), ALAB-316, 8 AEC 13 (1974) ................ 10, 12 riiladelchia Electric Co. (Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 12 and 2), a2 NRC 631 (1985).....................................
Texas Utilitiet_Co. (Comanche Peak Steam Electric Station,10, Unit 11 1, ALAB-8 6 8 , 26 NRC 912 (1987)...........................
Texas Utilities Generatina Co. (Comanche Peak Steam Electric Sta-tion, Units 1 and 2), LPB-31-25, 14 NRC 241 ( 19 81) . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 Reculations 10, 11, 14 10 C.F.R. 5 2.714(b)..................................
10 C.F.R. 5 2 . 7 4 0 ( b ) ( 1 ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Miscellaneous i
and Nimmons, M.G.,
Bryers, J.D., Characklis, W.G., Zelver, N.,
"Microbial Film Development and Associated Energy Losses," at 12.14-1, Paper No. 12-15 presented at the Proc. 6th OTECD.C., Confer-ence, "Ocean Thermal Energy for the '80's," Washington, 8, 9 June 19-20, 1979............................................
Characklis, W.G., "Bioengineering Report -- Fouling Biofilm Development: A Process Analysis." Biotechnoloav and Bicencineer- 9 ing, Vol. XIII (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1980)..................
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-lii-Neitzel, at 31, "Improving the Reliability of Open-Cycle Water Systems: An Evaluation of Biofouling Surveillance and ControlVol.
Techniques for Use at Nuclear Power Plants," NUREG/CR-4724, 3, 4 1 (1986)....................................................
Norman, G., Characklis, W.G., and Brfers, J.D., "Control of Microbial Fouling in Circular Tubes with Chlorine," 18 Develoc- 13 ment in Industrial Microbioloav (1977)........................
Stein, Mitchell, and Me:ines, Administrative Law, 5 28.06 16 (Mathew-Bender, 1987).........................................
-m.-._____.. . .. . .. . - . - -----------.T-July 1, 1988 UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING APPEAL BOARD
)
- In the Matter of )
)
Public Service Company of )
New Hampshire, et al. ) Docket No. 50-443 OL-1
- ) *
(Seabrook Station, Units 1 & 2) ) ONSITE EMERGENCY
< ) PLANNING & TECHNICAL
) ISSUES
)
NEW ENGLAND COALITION ON NUCLEAR POLLUTION'S BRIEF IN SUPPORT OF'ITS APPEAL OF THE LICENSING ggARD'S DISMISSAL OF NECNP CONTENTION IV I. INTRODUCTION The instant appeal concerns the Licensing Board's March 18, 1988, ruling which limited the scope of NECNP Contention IV1 to only one of the adverse affects of the accumulation of aquatic organisms in cooling systems, namely, the accumulation of macro-organisms resulting in blockage and constriction of coolant flow.
As a result of this ruling, as well as other Licensing Board rulings constricting the time and type af allowable discovery for this contention, NECNP was precluded from inquiring into, or litigating, the adequacy of Applicants' program to monitor and 1 NECNP Contention IV reads as follows: The Applicant must establish a survellance and maintenance proaram for the preven-tion of the accumulation of mollusks, other aquatic organisms, and debris in cooling systems in order to satisfy the require-ments of GDC 4, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, and 39, which require The the maintenance and inspection of reactor cooling systems.
design, construction and proposed operation of Seabrook fail to satisfy these requirements.
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control microbiological 1y induced corrosion, a form of biofouling caused by the accumulation of microbiological organisms in cool-ing systems.
II. BACKGROUND On March 25, 1987, the Licensing Board iscued a Partial Ini-tial Decision ("PID") which authorizes Public Service Co. of New Hampshire ("Applicants") to operate the Seabrook nuclear power plant at power levels up to and , including 5% of rated power.2 NECNP appealed that decision on the merits, arguing, intar alia, that the Licensing Board had wrongly denied NECNP Contention IV.
On October 1, 1987, the Atomic Safety and Licensing Appeal Board (the "Appeal Board") issued ALAB-875, reversing and remanding in part the March 25, 1987 Licensing Board decision authorizing a low power license for Seabrook. The Appeal Board ordered, 1paer alia, that the Licensing Board admit two of NECNP's contention concerning protection against steam generator tube ruptures (NECNP Contention I.V.) and potential degrading of the plant's heat removal capability due to build-up of biological organisms (NECNP Contention IV), and begin the litigation process fcr these improperly rejected contentions.3 Discovery upon the remandad 2 Public Service Co. of New Hamoshire. et al. (Seacrook Station, Units 1 and 2), LBP-87-10, 25 NRC 177 (1987). Hereinafter, all administrative decisions in the Seabrook proceeding will be cited only by number and date. The agency's citation system denotes decisions of the Licensing Board Panel as "LBP" decisions, Appeal Board decisions as "ALAB," and Commission decisions as "CLI."
3 A LAB-87 5, slip op, at 13-20.
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contentions began on October 26, 1987, and was to be completed by February 19, 1988.4 In response to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production of Documents to Applicants on N'ECNP Con-tention IV, dated December 23, 1987, Applicants objected to NECNP's questions concerning the adequacy of Applicants 8 program to detect and control "microbiological 1y induced corrosion," on the ground that the literal language of NECNP Contention IV did
~
not specifically identify "mibrobiologically induced corrosion" as an issue.5 NECNP then filed a motion to compel Applicants to respond to these questions, in which NECNP presented proof, in the form of NRC-sponsored studies,6 demonstrating that the literal language used in NECNP Contention IV and bases placed Applicants on notice that the issue of "microbiological 1y induced 4 Discovery was extended by the Licensing Board Order of Decem-bor 2, 1987, to take into account the additional obligations placed on counsel as a result of the Appeal Borced rulings on low power operation.
5 "Applicants' Responses to NECNP's Second Set of Inter-rogatories and Request for Production of Documents to Applicants on NECNP Contention IV," filed January 14, 1988, at 2.
6 Neitzel, at al, "Improving the Reliability of Open-Cycle Water Systems: An Evaluaston of Biofouling Surveillance and ControlVol.
Techniques for Use at Nuclear Power Plants," trUREG/CR-4724, 1 (1986).
, . . . - ~ w . __..;......_._. . , , , ,, ,
corrosion" was encompassed by the contention.7 By Order dated February 17, 1988, the Lic.nsing Board denied Ni:CNP's motion to compel, and ruled, ja'Jg alia, that the issue of "microbiologi-cally induced corroston" ("MIC") is not wichin the scope of*NECNP Contention IV. Thr. Licensing Board reasoned that "NUREG/CR-4724 was issued some four years after Contention IV was proposed,'4 and that NECNP cannot "expand the scope of the contention by reliance upon a document that did not exist at the time contention IV was submitted.n8 NECNP then sought and was granted leave to file a motion for reconsideration t:f the Licensing Board's February 17, 1988 Order, which motion was filed by NECNP on March 1, 1988. In support of its motion, NECNP presented an expert affidavit from Dr. Cames Bryers, who testified that the scientific meaning of the literal terms of Contention IV encompassed the issue of microbiologically 7 "NECNP's Motion to compel Applicents to Respond to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production NECNP of Docu-monts on NECNT :ontention IV," dated January 25, 1988.
also moved to compel Applicants to respond to questions seeking information concerning possible biofouling and corrosion in "cir-culating water systems" at the Seabrook plant. Applicants had refused to provide this information with respect to all circulat-ing water systems which Applicants claim are not "cooling sys-tems" based on their view that "Issues cor.:erning circulating water systems generally are outside the scope of Contention IV."
"Applicants' Responses to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production of Documents to Applicants on NECNP Contention IV," filed January 14, 1988, at 13, 28. The Licensing Board did not address this argument, since it viewed its resolu-tion of the MIC issue as dispositive. ASL3 Memorandum and Order (unpublished), dated February 17, 1988, at 3 n. 2.
8 Memorandum and order of February 17, 1988 Denying NECNP's Motion to compel, (unpublished] at 6-7.
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induced corrosion.9 In addition, NECNP submitted scientific studies contemporaneous to the admission of Contention IV demonstrating that, in 1982, microbiological 1y induced corrosion was recognized as one of the detrimental effects of biofouling of
- nuclear power plants.10 Both the Applicants and the NRC-Staff filed responses opposing NECNP's motion, wh,4.ch urged the Licens . ;
ing Board to disregard the expert affidavit of Dr. Bryers on the ground that it was "unpersuasive;" however, they failed to pro-vide any, expert opinion or studies of their own controvercir.g the voluminous material provided by NECNP.11 The Licensing Board then denied NECNP's motion for reconsideration, again on the grounds that "the opinion of Dr. Bryer (sic) and the appended scientific studies cannot serve to establish that, in preparing the contention in 1982, the drafter intended to encompass MIC within the scope of the contention."12 9 NECNP's affiant, Dr. James Bryers, is a professor in the Cen-ter for Biochemical Engineering at Duke University, and is the author of over thirty published articles in scientific journals and treatises on the subject of microbial fouling and its effects in engineered systems, including nuclear power plant heat- !
exchange systems. Dr. Bryers' affidavit and curriculum vitae are '
attached in support of the instant appeal, as Exhibits A and B.
10 copies of the relevant portions of these studies are attached hereto as Exhibits C through G.
11 "Applicant's Response to NECNP's Motivn for Reconsideration of the Board's order Denying NECNP's Motion to Compel," dated March 14, 1988, at 3; "NRC Staff Reponse to NECNP Motion for Reconsideration of the Board's Denial of NECNp's Motion to Com-pel," dated March 11, 1988, at 5 n.3.
12 Memorandum and Order (unpublished), dated March 18, 1988, at 3.
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On February 19, 1988, NECNP filed a request for entry upon land for inspection and the taking of notes, samples and photog-raphs at Seabrook in the areas containing piping and heat-exchangers that are susceptible to biofouling or microbiologi-cally induced corrosion, and in laboratories where testing for biofouling or microbiological 1y induced corrosion is performed. .
The Licensing Board denied NECNP's request on the ground that it was untimely, and because it concerned matters not within the scope of NECNP Contention IV.13 /
On March 22, 1988, NECNP filed a motion to compel Applicants to respond to NECNP's Third Set of Interrogatories and Request for production of documents to Applicants on NECNP Contention IV, which were served on February 19, 1968. The Licensing Board denied this motion, again, on the ground that the issue of micro-biologically induced corrosion vs.s not encompassed within the scope of NECNP Contention IV.14 By letter dated April 22, 1988, NECNP notified the Licensing Board and the partios that it did r.ot choose to litigate the Con-tention IV due to the Licensing Board's restrictive rulings which precluded NECNP frc a litigating the adequacy of Applicants' pro-gram for controlling microbiologically induced corrosion. NECNP further stated that it intended to appeal the Licensing Board's 13 ASLB Memorandum and Order (unpublished), dated March 13, 1988, at 4-5.
14 ASLB Order (unpublished), dated April 1, 1988.
n . 2-- - - --- - . .. . :. : . : .,. . ::. . .
rulings ca the scope of NECNP Contention IV at the appropriate time. On May 12, 1988, in reaction to this letter, the Licensing Boarddismissed NECNP Contention IV as "abandoned." NECNP filed a notice of cppeal on June 1, 1988, along with a motion for leave to file the notice of appeal out of time. The Appeal Board, in ALAB-894, granted NECNP's dotion.16 III. THE LITERAL LANGUAGE OF CONTENTION IV ENCOMPASSES THE ISSUE OF "MICROBIOLOGICALLY INDUCED CORROSION" AND OTHER DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF "FOULING" OF COOLING SYSTEMS.
It is important, at the outset, to understand the scientific definitions of the phenomenon of "biofouling" and "microbiologi-cally induced corrosion," and the scientific meaning of the terms employed in NECNP Contention IV. NECNP Contention IV asserts simply that "the Applicant must establish a surveillance and maintenance program for the prevention of the accumulation of mollusks, other aquatic organisms, and debris in cooling sys-tems..." This contention does not specifically identify the problem as either "fouling" or "biofouling," nor does it identify any of the detrimental effects of this process. However, this language in fact broadly identifies the process commonly known as "fouling," which has a number of detrimental effects, including blockage, ccastriction and/or mechanical deterioration of the 15 A LAD-8 94 .
Id.s. . 2 .h . w . I *74. . w. . .: . s4 ..- . . s v- '.+.J e . .. i e
operating characteristics of valves and pumps, fluid resistance, and corrosion.16 The Licensing Board determined that NECNP Contention IV was limited to only one particular detrimental effect of fouling, that of blockaae of piping in heat exchange systems, which is generall'y caused by the build-up of macro-organisms (such as clams and mussels) and debris on the inside of piping, resulting in the degradation of heat removal capability of cooling water systems. In reaching this conclusion, the Licensing Board appropriately relied on the literal language of the contention, which referred to "the accumulation of mollusks, other aquatic organisms, and debris."17 However, the Licensing Board erred in reaching.the conclusion the word "accumulation" was intended to refer only to the detrimental effect of blockage caused by foul-ing. Rather, the term "accumulaulon" clearly refers to the pro-cess of fouling itself, which is the accumulation of organisms 16 Egg Bryers' Affadivit, Exhibit A, at 7; aan also Bryers, J.D., Characklis, W.G., Zelver, N., and Nimmons, M.G., "Microbial Film Development and Associated Energy Losses," at 12.14-1, Paper No. 12-15 presented at the Proc. 6th OTEC Conference, "Ocean June 19-20, Thermal Energy for the '80's," Washington, D.C.,
i 1979, which defines "fouling" as follows:
The term fouling refers to the formation of inorganic and/or organic deposits on surfaces. In cooling systems, these deposits form on condenser tube walls increasing fluid fric-tional resistance, accelerating corrosion and impairing heat transfer.
An excerpt of this study is attached hereto as Exhi!:it C.
l 17 ASLB Memorandum and Order, dated February 17, 1988, at 5 (emphasis in original) .
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(both macro and micro) and debris on pipes. The accumulation of macro-organisms can cause blockage, and the accumulation of biofilms on heat-exchange systems can ultimately interact with bacteria to cause the phenomenon of microbiological 1y induced corrosion.18 Thus, the use of the word "accumulation" in the Contention reinforces a broad, rather than limited construction of Contention IV.
It is well settled that a party is bound by the literal terms of its own contention.
- Carolina Power and Licht Co._
(Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant), ALAB-852, 24 NRC 532, 545 18 Perhaps the clearest explanation of the process, and dif-forent types of fouling, appears in a 1981 article by W.G.Characklis, entitled "Bioengineering Report -- Fouling Biofilm Development: A Process Analysis:"
The term fouling refers to the formation of inorganic and/or organic deposits on surfaces. These deposits can impede the flow of heat across the surface, increase the fluid frictional resistance at the surface, and increase the rate of corrosion at the surface. In any case energy losses result.
Several types of fouling and their combinations may occur in heat exchangers: 1) crystalline or precipitation fouling, 2) corrosion fouling, 3) particulate fouling, 4) chemical reaction fouling, and 5) biological fouling.
Biological fouling results from a) development of a biofilm consisting of microorganisms and their products (microbial fouling), b) deposition and growth of macroorganisms such as barnacles (macrobial fouling), and c) assorted detritus.
Biotechnoloav and Bioencineerina, Vol. XIII, pp. 1923-1960 (John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1980), excerpt attached as Exhibit and D. Ega Nimmons, also Bryers, J. D. , Characklis, W.G., "olver, N.,
M.G., "Microbial Film Development and Associated Energy Losses,"
at 12.14-1, Paper No. 12-15 presented at the Proc. 6th OTEC D.C., Cen-forence, "Ocean Thermal Energy for the '80's," Washington, June 19-20, 1979, encorpt attached hereto as Exhibit C; Bryers Affidavit, at 8.
y-m
. .m . .
- e (1986). Here, the literal terms of the contention broadly identify the process of fouling, which has a number of detrimen-tal effects, including microbiologically induced corrosion.
Accordingly, microbiologically induced corrosion is within the scope of NECNP Contention IV.
- The Licensing Board, in part, apparently based its decision on the fact NECNP Contention IV did not specifically identify the issues of "biofouling" or "microbiological 1y induced corrosion."
However, a contention need only be specific enough to put other 4 parties on notice so that they wil1 know what to defend against or oppose, and to assure that the proposed issues are proper for adjudication. Philadelchia Electric Co. (Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, Units 2 and 3), ALAB-216, 8 AEC 13, 20 (1974).
The fact that the contention fails to identify specifically the issues encompassed by the contention by their technical names cannot precludo litigation of thora issues, as that would e. stab-e
! lish "secretive and complex technicalities" not intended by the basis and specificity requirements of 10 C.F.R. 5 2.714(b). Id.
In case of doubt, Applicants "may fill any gaps in their knowl-edge of the intervenors' case through discovery against inter-venors." Texas Utilities Co. (Comanche Peak Steam Electric Sta-tion, Unit 1, ALAB-868, 25 NRC 912, 933 (1987).19 19 We note that Applicants here chose not to undertake any dis-covery against NECNP; in any event, howebir, they were quickly put on notice through NECNP's discovery that NECNP regarded microbiologically induced corrosion as within the scope of its contention.
..~~ - _m...,-,,~..u.-4 _ _- . . . .
Here, NECNP Contention IV, by broadly identifying the pro-cess of f _Aing of nuclear power plant heat-exchange systems, clearly put Applicants on notice that the contention encompassed all the detrimental effects of this process, including micro-biologically induced corrosion. Thus, the issue of nicrobiologi- ,
cally induced corrosion was identified with sufficient i specificity to satisfy the pleading requirements of 10 C.F.R. 5 2.714(b).20 IV. THE LICENSING BOARD ACTED ARBITRARILY AND CAPRICIOUSLY IN RESTRICTING THE SCOPE'OF NECNP CONTENTION IV.
A. The Licensing Board Applied an Incorrect Legal Standard in Determining the Scope of NECNP Contention IV.
As noted above, the scope of a contention is defined by the literal tprms of the contention. Carolina Power and Licht Co.
(Shearon Harris Nuclear Power Plant), ALAB-852, 24 NRC 532, 545 .
(1986). However, the Licensing Board wholly disregarded the t
t voluminous expert and scientific evidence presented by NECNP that the literal language of contention IV encompassed the issue of microbiologically induced corrosion. Instead, the Licensing 20 While microbiologically induced corrosion is not specifically discussed in the bases for the contention, the bases for a con-tention cannot be relied on to alter the contention's actual lan-Texas Utilties Co. (Comanche Peak 9 team Electric Station, guage.
Unit 1), 25 NRC 912, 932 n. 83 (1987). And, as noted above, the contention's literal language was sufficient to identify the issue of microbiologically induced corrosion. Likewise, the use of the word "blockage" in the caption of NECNP Contention IV can-not be construed as limiting the scope of the contention to only ,
that detrimental effect of fouling, to the exclusion of others.
Like the interpretion of statutes, titles or captions cannot be used to alter or vary the plain meaning of provisions. Eas e.a.
Pike v. U.S., 340 F.2d 487 (9th Cir. 1974).
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Board created an entirely novel standard which seeks to determine
?
NECNP's "intent" when its contention was formulated. Applying this new standard, the Licensing Board determined that NECNP did not "intend" for its contention to' encompass the issue of micro
- biologically induced corrosion in 1982, when the contention was first formulated.
This subjective standard for determining the scope of a con-tention is without any support in past NRC precedent.21 Further, it is flatly contradicted by the nunerous cases setting forth an obiective test for determining the scope of a contention, namely, that the literal language employed by the contention controls.
gag Philadelphia Electric Co. (Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 and 2). 22 NRC 681, 709 (1985), in which the Appeal Board held the intervenors to the literal terms of its contention, despite their assertion that the "sought to litigate something else."
More importantly, the subjective standard applied by the Licensing Board runs contrary to the principle purpose of 10 C.F.R. 5 2.714(b), which is to provide notice to Applicants of so that they will know what to defend against or oppose. Philadel-chia Electric Co. (Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, Units 2 and 3), ALAB-216, 8 AEC 13, 20 (1974). Indeed, as the Limerick case 21 Ironically, the Licensing Board was forced to confine its search for "NECNP's then (1982) intent" to the language and basis of the contention itself, since this contention was wrongly rejected by the Board at the outset, thereby precluding any opportunity to develop this contention. As noted above, the litoral language of the contention itself encompasses the issue of microbiologically induced corrosion.
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cited above recognizes, it would be fundamentally unfair to Applicants if subjective intent could be used to guide litigation of contentions and to protect Applicants from surprises.
Indeed, NECNP presented evidence that microbiologically induced corrosion was recognized as one of the detrimental effects of biofouling as early as 1977, five years prior to the ,
formulation of NECNP Contention IV.22 Thus, the literal language of the contention was sufficient to provide adequate notice to Applicants that microbiologically induced corrosion was one of the issues to be litigated within the scope of NECNP Contention IV in 1982, when the contention was drafted, as well as in 1987
-- the more relevant time period -- when the contention was actually admitted and litigation begun. Despite the fact that this evidence was uncontroverted, the Licensing Board disregarded this evidence, again on the premise that these studies did not indicate what NECNP "intended" in preparing the contention in 1982.23 Clearly, the focus should not be on what NECNP "intended" but on whether Applicants objectively had adequate notice. We submit that the literal language of the contention provided this notice.
G., Characklis, 22 Bryers' Affidavit, at 9; Eeg also Norman, W.G., and Bryers , J . D. , "Control of Microbial Fouling in circular Tubes with Chlorine," 18 Develoceent in Industrial Microbioloav, pp. 581-590 (1977), excerpt attached as Exhibit E.
23 ASLB Memorandum and order (unpublished), dated March 18, 1988, at 3.
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l Moreover, the facts here show that NECNP did intend that microbiologically induced corrosion be encompassed within the scope of its contention. This intent is apparent in the conten-tion's literal language, which broadly identified the issue of fouling, and in NECNP discovery requests, in which NECNP con-
- sistently sought to acquire information about the Applicants' program to control microbiologically induced corrosion. The Licensing Board erred in basing its finding of NECNP's "1982 intent" on the very general information provided to satisfy the basis and specificity requirements of 10 C.F.R. $ 2.714(b), and in ignoring the more persuasive evidence of NECNP's intent con-sistently evidenced in NECNP's discovery requests and pleadings, which were filed as soon as NECNP was permitted to litigate the contention. Again, to confine the search for NECNP's "intent" to snly those documents filed in 1982, and to ignore the clear evi-dence of NECNP's intent contained in its discovery requests, would unfairly penalize NECNP for the Licensing Board's action in wrongly rejecting the contention at the outset.
l B. The Licensing Board Erred in Ruling Contrary to the i Uncontroverted Expert Affidavit and Scientific Studies i
Provided by NECNP.
In addition to applying an incorrect legal standard, the Licensing Board erred in disregarding the expert affidavit and scientific studies presented by NECNP. NECNP presented an expert affidavit from Dr. James Bryers, one of the nation's foremost experts on the issue of microbiological 1y induced corrosion and l
fouling of heat-exchange systems, who stated that the literal l
language of the contention encompassed the issue of microbiologi-cally induced corrosion,24 and that the problem of corrosion in engineered systems caused by the interaction between micro-organisms and biofilms on pipe-liquid surfaces was recognized by the scientific community as early as 1977.25 Neither the Applicants nor the Staff offered any controverting affidavits or studies. Rather, Applicants rested merely on the bald assertions of counsel that Dr. Bryers' testimony is "unpersuasive;n26 and the NRC Staff merely stated, again without submitting any con-troverting evidence or expert opinion, that Dr. Bryers' opinion "is entitled to little, if any weight.n27 Despite the absence of any controverting evidence, the Licensing Board disregarded Dr.
Bryers' testimony. The Licensing Board's ruling was based on its view that Dr. Bryers' statements, by necessity made six years after the contention was formulated, "cannot serve to establish that, in preparing the contention in 1982, the drafter intended 24 Bryers' Affidavit, at 5.
25 Bryers' Affidavit, at 9; E22 alaa Norman, G. , Characklis, W.G., and Bryers , J . D. , "Control of Microbial Fouling in Circular Tubes with Chlorine," 18 Develooment in Industrial Microbiology, pp. 581-590 (1977), excerpt attached as Exhibit E.
26 "Applicant's Response to NECNP's Motion for Reconsideration of the Board's order Denying NECNP's Motion to compel," dated March 14, 1988, at 3.
27 "NRC Staff Reponse to NECNP Motion for Reconsideration of the Board's Denial of NECNP's Motion to compel," dated March 11, 1988, at 5 n. 3.
+ . .. . . . . . , .- .
to encompass MlC within the scope of the contention."28 Where expert opinion evidence is submitted by only one side, as is the came here, an agency may disregard it only under three circumstances: where the agency possesses the expertise to'sub-stitute its judgment in the place of the experts'; where their is ,
e contrary evidence already in the record; and where the expert's j testimony has minimum credibility. Stein, Mitchell, and Mazines, l Administrative Law, 5 28.06 (Mathew-Bender, 1987). None of these circumstances is present here.
First,'the issue at hand involves the interpretation of technical, scientific terms used in the field of microbiology and 4
biochemical engineering, which is not an area in which the Com-mission pessesses expertise.
Where the testimony of a witness is in an area in which.the agency lacks knowledge or technical skill, it may not arbitrarily substitute its judgment for that of an export witness. Culler v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue, 237 F.2d 611, 616 (8th Cir. 1956). !
Second, there was no contrary evidence in the record, other j than the unsupported "lay' opinion of Applicants' and the Staf f's legal counsel. Finally, as noted above, Dr. Bryors is one of the i
28 ASLB Memorandum and order (unpublished), dated March 18, .
1988, at 3. This reasoning is particularly ironic, in light of the fact that Dr. Bryors' "post hag" interpretation of this Con-tantion is noconsitated by the fact that the contention was wrongfully dismissed at an earlier stage in this proceeding. To disallow export opinion as to the scientific meaning of the plain langaugo of the Contention because it could not, duo to an orror not of NECNP's making, be mado contemporaneously, is blatantly unfair and prejudicial to NECNP.
.~- --
1 country's foremost experts on the subject of the effects of biological fouling on engineered safety systems. His opinion as to the meaning and scope of the plain language of NECNP Conten-
- tion IV is clearly entitled to great weight.29 Accordingly, the Licensing Board abused its discretion in ruling contrary to the uncontroverted and entirely credible evidence presented by NECNP that microbiologically induced corrosion was within the scope of NECNP Contention IV.
V. THE LICENSING BOARD ERRED IN DISALLOWING NECNP'S DISCOVERY REQUEST SERVED PRIOR TO THE TIME DISCOVERY CLOSED.
The Licensing Board denied NECNP's Motion for Leave to Enter Applicants' Land, filed on February 19, 1988, and its alternative motion to extend the deadline for discovery,30 on two grounds:
first, th'at the motion sought discovery on matters not within the scope of NECNP Contention IV; and second, that the motion was untimely.31 This ruling was in error on both counts.
29 While Dr. Bryers' opinion as to "the scope of NECNP Conton-tion IV" is, admittedly, the ultimate issue of this casa, Dr.
Bryors' expert opinion of the technical, scientific meaning of the terms used in the contention, and his expert opinion as to the range of detrimental offects that are caused by the process referred to in the contention, are entirely appropriate and admissible.
30 "NECNP's Reply to Applicants' Response to NECNP's Request for Entry Upon Land," dated March 3, 1988, at 4.
31 ASLB Order (unpublished), dated March 18, 1988, at 4-5.
1988 Scheduling According to the Licensing Board, its December 2, j
Order, which provided that CApplicants,' NECNP and the Staff shall . . . completo discovery by February 19, 1988," meant that all responses to discovery must be received by February 19, 1988.
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First, as noted above, microbiological 1y induced corrosion and biofouling are within the scope of NECNP Contention IV.
Therefore, NECNP's motion was clearly "relevant to the subject matter involved in the' proceeding...[and) appears reasonably cal-culated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence." 2.0 C. F. 5 2.740(b) (1) .
- Second, the language used in the Licensing Board's December 2, 1987 Scheduling Order implied that February 19, 1988 was the last date on which reauests for discovery may be served. The Board's Scheduling Order did not provide a separate deadline by which discovery requests must be served and received. Past NRC practice in the Seabrook proceeding has consistently been that the date,by which discovery is to be closed has meant the date on which the last discovery request must be filed.32 Rather, where a Licensing Board has intended tc impose on parties a specific deadline by which the last discovery response must be received, and depositions must be taken, it has done so explicitly.33 NECNP relied in good faith on the Board's previous practice of providing explicit guidelines and deadlines in such instances where it intended for the deadline for service of discovery requests to be different and earlier from deadline for completion 32 "Memorandum & Order - Establishing Hearing Schedule on Offsite Issues Raised By NHRERP," ASLDP No. 82-471-02-OL, dated December 4, 1986; "Memorandum and order," ASLPBP No. 82-471-02 OL, dated September 13, 1982.
33 "Memorandum and order," ALBP No. 82-471-02-OL, dated July 25, 1986, at 11-12.
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or closure of discovery. Given the serious consequences in terms of NECNP's ability to effectively litigate the important, remanded safety issue of NECNP Contention IV, and the reasonable-ness of NfCNP's reliance on past practice regarding discovery schedulir.g, the Board should have allowed NECNP's motion, or granted NECNP's request in the alternative for an extension of the discovery deadline. Egg Cincinnati Gas and Electric Co.
(William H. Zimmer Nuclear Station), 12 NRC 231, 232 n.1 (1980)
(ASLB considered untimely filed response because reluctant to take position which might preclude litigation of safety or environmental issues without giving every party an opportunity to be heard).
VI. THE LICENSING BOARD ERRED IN DISALLOWING DISCOVERY INTO CIR-CULATING WATER SYSTEMS THAT WERE NOT "COOLING SYSTEMS."
The Licensing Board also erred in denying NECNP's motion to compel Applicants to respond to questions seeking information concerning possible biofouling and corrosion in all "circulating water systems" at the Seabrook plant, on the ground that NECNP Contention IV only concerned "cooling systems."34 These dis-covery requests were entirely permissible.
It is well established that "In modern administrative and legal practice, pretrial discovery is liberally granted to enable the parties to ascertain the facts in complex litigation, refine 34 "NECNP's Motion to Compel Applicants to Respond to NECNP's Second Set of Interrogatories and Request for Production of Docu-monts on NECNP Contention IV," dated January 25, 1988, at 4-5.
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the issues, and prepare adequately for a more expeditious hearing or trial." Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (Stanislaus Nuclear Pro-ject, Unit 1, LBP-78-20, 7 NRC 1038, 1040 (1978). In this regard, interrogatories need only have "general relevance, for discovery purposes, to the matters in controversy in the proceed-ing." Texas Utilities Generatine Co._ (Comanche Peak Steam Elec-tric Station, Units 1 and 2), LPB-81-25, 14 NRC 241, 243 (1981).
Here, NECNP sought information about other systems in order to determine the extent to which microbiological 1y induced corro-sion has occurred and is adequately treated in general at Seabrook. These interrogatories seeking information about other systems are designed to lead to information that is relevant to NECNP's Contention IV, which concerns the adequacy of Applicants' surveillance and maintenance program for the prevention of micro-biologically induced corrosion in cooling systems. The presence of corrosion in other circulating water systems may well indicate that corrosion may occur in cooling systems. If corrosion has occurred in other circulating water systems, it is necessary to determine whether Applicants have a program designed to prevent or control corrosion in these systems. obviously, if Applicants' responses showed that these programs are the same as the programs used to prevent or control corrosion in cooling systems, this may be admissible evidence that such programs are also not adequate to treat or control corrosion in cooling systems. Accordingly, these interrogatories were clearly "relevant to the subject mat-ter involved in the proceeding...(or which) appears reasonably
pew m a a:. ....a .. .ia. . -. . ~
e .
calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence." 10 C.F.R. 5 2.740(b) (1) .
VII. CONCLUSION For the foregoirig reasons, the Licensing Board's erred in raling that microbiologically induced corrosion was not within the scope of NECNP Contention IV, and by restricting the time and.
type of allowable discovery under this contention. Therefore, the Licensing Board's decisions of February 17, 1988, March 18, 1988, and April 1, 1988, should be reversed.
Respectfully submitted _, g f[MY-e #
Andrea Ferster
.i
.t 6t*-
HARMON & WEISS 2001 "S" Street N.W. Suite 430 Washington, D.C. 20009 (202) 228-3500 CERTIFICATE OF' SERVICE I certify that on July 1, l'988, copies of the foregoing pleading were served by first-class mail, or as otherwise indi-cated, on all parties listed on the attached servica list, a '.'.' 5'.' v fC y._
Andrei Fersrer
.r .. :
SEABROOK SERVICE LIST - ONSITE APPEAL BOARD Sheldon J. Wolfe, Chairman 19th Floor Ropes & Gray U.S. NRC Boston, MA 02106 225 Franklin Street Sandra Gavutis Boston,MA 02110 RFD 1, Box 1154 Washington, D.C. 20555 Stanley W. Knowles East Kensington,NH 03827
, Dr.hrry Harbour Board of Selectmen Robert A. Backus, Esq.
P.O. Box 710 Backus, Meyer 4. Solonion Charles P. Graham, Esq.
U.S. NRC Washington, D.C.20555 North Hampton, NH 03826 111 LowellStreet McKay, Murphy and Graham Manchester,NH 03105 100 Main Street J.P. Nadeau Amesbury,MA 01913
- 5Dr. Emmeth Luebke 5500 Friendship Blvd. Town of Rye . Gregory A. Berry, Esq. ,
Apartment #1923N 155 Washington Road Office of Gen. Counsel Chevy Chase, MD 20815 Rye, NH 03870 U.S. NRC Washington, D.C.20555 " Hand Delivery
- Alan S. Rosenthal, Richard E. Sullivan Mayor
- Overnight Mail Chairman City Hall R. Scott Hill Whilton U.S. NRC Newburyport,MA 01950 ,
Lagoulis, Clark, Hill.Whilton Washington, D.C. 20555 & McGuire Alfred V. Sargent Chairman 79 State Street "Howard A.Wilber Board of Selectmen Newburyport, MA 01950 U.S. NRC Town of Salisbury, MA 01950 Washington, D.C. 20555 George Dana Bisbee, Esq.
Sen. Gordon Humphrey Geoffrey M. Huntington, Esq.
Atomic Safety & Licensing U.S. Senate Office of the Attorney General Board Panel Washington, D.C. 20510 State House Annex Concord, NH 03301 U.S. NRC ,
(Att.t Tom Burack)
Washington, D.C. 20555 Selectmen of Northampton A!!cn Lampert Atomic Safety & Licensing Northampton, NH 03825 Chil Defense Director Appeal Board Panel Town of Brentwood Sen. Gordon Humphrey Exeter, NH 03S33 U.S. NRC Washington, D.C.20555 1 Eagle Square Suite #507 Richard A. Hampe, Esq.
Docketing and Sersiec Concord,NH 03301 Hampc and McNicholas U.S. NRC 35 P!casaat Street MichaelSamosuosso Concord, NH 03301 Washington, D.C. 20535 Chairman Board of Selectmen Gary W. Holmes, Esq.
Mrs. Anne E. Goodman Board of Selectmen Jewell Street, RFD #2 IIolmes & Ellis South Hampton,NH 03842 47 Winnacunnent Road 1315 New Market Rd.
Durham,NH 03S42 Hampton,NH 03842 Judith H. Mizner, Esq.
William S. Lord, Selectman Silverglate, Gertner, et al. William Armstrong Town Hall . Friend St 83 Broad Street Chil Defense Director Amesbury,MA 01913 Boston, MA 02110 10 Front Street Exeter, NH 03S33 Jane Doughty Rep. Rooetta C. Pevear Drinkwater Road Cahin A.Canney SAPL Hampton Fa!!s, NH 03S44 City Manager, City Hall 5 Market Street Portsmouth, NH 03801 126 DanielStreet Phillip Ahrens, Esq. Portsmouth.NH 03801 Carol S. Sneider, Esq. Asst. Attorney General State House, Station #6 Matthew T. Brock, Esq.
Assistant Attorney General 1 Ashburton Place Augusta, ME G4333 Shaines & McEachern P.O. Box.Vid
' Thomas G. Dignan. Esq. Maplewood Avenue R.K. G ad !!, Esq. Portsmouth,NH 03S01
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UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION BEFORE THE ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD
')
In the Matter of )* i
)
Public Service Company of )
New Hampshire, et al. ) Docket No. 50-443 OL-1
) .
(Seabrook Station, Units 1 & 2) ) ONSITE EMERGENCY
) PLANNING & TECHNICAL
) ISSUES I
)
AFFIDAVIT OF DR. JAMES BRYERS r
I, James _Bryers, being on oath, depose and say as follows:
- 1. I an a Professor in the Center for diochemical l Engineering at Duke University. My curriculum vitae, which I, describes my academic and professional experience, publications, and research, is attached hereto as Exhibit B. *
- 2. My area of expertise in the field of chemical I
engineering is in the physical, chemical and biological processes l governing biofilm formation, and the detrimental effects of these biofilms in engineered systems, incitding nuclear power plant heat-exchangers. .
- 3. I have reviewed the text and bases of contention IV, f "Blockage of Coolant Flow to Safety-Related Systems and Com-ponents by Buildup of Biological Organisms," sponsored by New England Coalition on Nuclear Pollution ("NECNP") in the above-captioned proceeding. It is my opinion that, while contention !,
IV's identification of the problem as "the accumulation of mol-lusks and other aquatic organisms in reactor cooling systems" f does not specifically identify any particular type or detrimental f
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effect or' fouling, it broadly identifies the pro 7ess of fouling.
- 4. The term "fouling" refers to the formation of inorganic and/or organic deposits on surfaces, and includes that ,
form of fculing caused by the attachment of macro-organisms and particulate matter ~on pipe-liquid interfaces, and corrosion foul-ing, resulting from the interaction of biological organisms and biofilms or slime layers on surfaces. "Microbiologically induced corrosion," also referred to as "microbiologically mediated cor-rosion," is one detrimental effect of fouling, which "tn be caused by the interaction between aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and biofilms in pipe-liquid interfaces.
- 5. It is my opinion that, because the identification of the issue.in NECNP Contention IV broadly identifies the' process that causes "fouling" and "corresion," microbiological 1y induced corrosion is within the scope of this Contention.
- 6. "Biofouling" refers to fouling that results from the development of a biofilm consisting of of microorganims and their products (microbial fouling), the deposition and growth of macro-organisms sr.ch as barnacles (macrobial fouling), and the accumulation of assorted detritus. Biofouling can be very extensive, even with very minute levels of biofilm, sirilarly, flow or heat inefff.ciencies can occur even with minute coverage of fouling organisms on surfaces.
- 7. There are several detrimental effects of biofouling in heat-exchange systems. Ono effect is blockage of cooling sys-tems, and subsequent impairment of the system's heat transfer
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capabilities. Blockage can be caused by the accumulation of macro-organisms (mussels, barnacles). Another detrimental effect of fouling is contriction and/or mechanical deterioration of the !
ops:2 ting characteristics of valves and pumps, which is cause
- by 7 the accumulation of a biofilm or "slime" on pipe-liquid inter- ,
faces.. Another detrimental effect of fouling is fluid fric- '
tional resistance, whereby fluid as pumped ineffeciently through ,
pipes. Finally, corrosion and degradation of pipes and heat-i exchange systems, as a result of the accumulation of micro- i organisms (microbial fouling) on surfaces, f 1 8. The identification of microbiologically induced corro- 9 sion can be seen in Contention IV's use of two words - "aquatic [
organisms," and "accumulation." The term "aquatic crganisms" j
3 refers both to macro-organism such as mussels, clams, and other j bivalves and bivalve larvae, ar.< micro-organisms, including 4
aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. "Accumulation" is used in the i bio-chemistry field to refer to the accumulation of biofilms on !
I heat.-exchange systems, which are the result of aerobic or I f
anaerobic bacteria depositions, as well as the accumulation of
- macroorganisms. 133 3ryers, J.D., Characklis, W.G., Ze'ver, N.,
and Nimmons, M.G., "Microbial Film Development and Associated l
Energy Losses," at 12.14-1, Paper No. 12-15 presented at the Proc. 6th OTEC Conference, "Ocean Thermal Energy for the '
80's,"
t Washington, D.C., June 19-20, 1979. This detrimental biofilm or slime can ultimately interacts with bacteria to cause corrosion of heat-exchangers. Thus, "the accumulation of aquatic 1
s nr -t*- wat== e- at-s----------m*-- w-w-w w --rw-wr we 7me-- v-*--- - , - = - - - - --
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organisms" refers equally to the accumulation of microorganisms and the formation of biofilms, as well as the accumulation of macroorganisms.
- 9. The problem of corrosion in engineered systemc caused by the interaction between microorganisms and biofilms on pipe-liquid surfaces is not a new one. As early as 1977, the cor-rosive effects associated with microbial fouling and biofilm formation have ber.1 the subject of studies by the scientific com-munity, and have ber identified as a detrimental effect of "biofoulir.g." h .iorman, G., Characklis, W.G., and Bryers, J.D., "Control of Microbial Fouling in Circular Tubes with Chlorine," 18 Develoonent in Industrial Microbiology, pp. 581-590 (1977), attached as Exhibit E, and studies cited above.
- 10. Fouling by macro-organisms, such as barnacles and mus-sels, should not be thought of as independent of microbial foul-ing. Microbial fouling often precedes colonization of heat-exchanger surfaces by macro-organisms, since the microbiological organisms which cause the corrosion are a food source for bivalves, permitting and encouraging their settlement and colonization, and the sedimentation caused by and causing micro-biologically induced corrosion enables mussols and oysters to attach more firmly to piping surfaces. Therefore, control of microbial fouling results in control of macrobial fouling. Con-versely, controlling macro-fouling will not necessaryily control microbial fouling or microbiologically induced corrosien. See Characklis, W.G., "Bioengineeri.ng Report -- Foulint Bicfilm
Development: A Process Analysis," Biotechnoloav and Bioencineer-ing, Vol. XIII, pp. 1923-1960 (John Wily & Sons, Inc. 1980),
attached as Exhibit D.
NIkN '
Wr. James D. B'ryers Subscribed and swoin before me this E OJ day of February, 1988.
71-. .
Notary Public
\O3z-My ComniJon Erpire: Apri! 30,1972
_ I
.. . . .. ..~ . . . , .. _
e s .
ex.3 October, 19E7 C U R R I C U I,U M VITAE JAMES D.,BRTERS . .
Associate Professor Center for Biochemical Engineering Duke University Durham, !! orth Carolina 27706 USA ,
(919)-684-2434 T e l e:: : DUKETELC0!! DURM 8028 29 19 January, 1951 Houston, Texas Dorn:
Married: Christine A. Morgan, 2 sons (Horgan T. and Andrew J.)
Home Address: 2915 Triendship Road, Durhan, NC 27705 Home Telephone (919)-489-9885 EDUCATION Ph.D. Chemical Engineering, Rice University, 1980.
Dynamics of Early Biofilm Formation in a Turbulent Flow System. Ph.D. Dissertation.
M.Sc., Chemical Engineering, University of Idaho, 1976.
The Iffects of Chain Transfer on Molecular Wetght Distributions in an Emulsion Polymerization, t..Sc. Thesis B.Sc. Chemical Engineering, University of Houston, G r a d u'a c i o n with Honors, 1974 .
PROFESSIONAL EIPERIENCE 1
A. Teaching and Research ,
Associate Professor, School of Engineering. Duke University.
Durham, NC (April, 1985 - Now).
Research Scientist (Mitarbeiter), Abteilung 'sechnische Biologie.
Institut fur Biotechnologie und die Eidgen0ssische Anstalt fur Wasserversorgung, Abwasserreinigung und GevIsserschuta (EAWAC).
Eidgen0ssische Technische Hochschulen (ETH), :Urich Swit:erland (May,1980 - May 1985).
Research Fellow. Departments of Chemical Engineering and Stology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberts, Canada (August.1979 -
August, 19S0).
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,. er i p8 2 B. Consulting Oregon Graduate Center. Beaverton, OR- 1986 BIORESPONSE, Inc., Haywood, CA - 1986
- Cetus Corporation, Emeryville, CA -
198*6 Nestle' Corporation, Vevey, Swit:arland - 1985 Shell E x p l o r a, t i o n & Production, Aberdeen, Scotland - 1985 Ciba-Geigy, Bern, Switzerland - 1983-1985 Shell 011 Company, Wes thollow Research Center, Houston, Tx - 1984 Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton, VI - 1980 British Petroleum, London, England - 1980-1981 Shell 011 Company, Calgary, Alta, CAN - 1980 Mobil 011 Company, Edmonton, Alta, CAN - 1980 C. Directed Thesis Research Microbiological eventa in aerobic / anaerobic fouling biofilms, Ph.D. research of W.P. M: Coy, Department of Biology, University of Falscry, Calgary, Alta. CAN - 1982.
Transport of groundvatet pollutants during peak flood events in the Glatt River, Kanton *urich, M.Sc. Thesis. EAVAG, 1982.
Particulate Effects on the anaerobic production of methane, Ph.D.
research of J. Berger. EAWAG 1983.
Use of dynamic tracer methods to evaluate performence of biomass suppure particles in vastewater treatment systems, M.Sc.
research project. EAWAG, 1983.
Mass transport within biofilms. Ph.D. research of H. Siegrist, EAWAC, 1985.
Death, Lysis, and Cryptic 'Crowth in Microbial Cultures, Ph.D.
research of C.A. Mason, EAWAG/ETH, 1986.
JOURKAL EDITORSHIP i Regional Editor, B I O F O U L I N. C . Gordon & Breach Science Publ.,
Begianing 1987 until 1990.
l FROFESSIGNAL SOCIETTES American Institute of Chemical Engineers Society of Industrial Microbiologists l American Chemical Society - Microbial and Biochemical Technology AWARDS, HONORS. SCHOLARSHIPS Charles P. Schaufus Fellovrhip from the Par.nterol Drug .
Association and the Mil 11 pore Corporation fo: research on cell recycle in fer=entation systems. Nov. 1985. Avarc value:
$30'000.
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t PUBLICATIONS i A. Articles in Refereed Journals Bryers, J. D., Biologically Active Surfaces: Processes Governing the Formation and Persistence of Biofilms,
- Biotechnol. Proc., 1 (2): 57-68, 1987.
Bryers, J. D. and Mason, C. A. Biopolymer Particulate {
Turnover in Biological . Waste Treatrint Systems: a Review I Bloorecess Encineerino, 1: 95-109, 1987.
MLson, C. A., Hamer, G., and Bryers, J. D., The Death and
- Lysis of Microorganisms in Environmental Processes, FEMS Microbiolocical Reviews, 11: '
373-401, 1986.
Mason, C. A., Bryers, J. D., and Hamer, G., ;
, Activity, Death and Lysis during Microbial Growth in a chemostat. Chemical Encineerine Communications, 11: 163-176, 1986. I Bryers, J. D., Stability Analysis of a Binary Culture Chemostat Experiencing Biofilm Formation, Bloorecess Encineerina, 1, 3-11, 1986.
Hamer, G., Bryers, J. D., and Berger, J. Thermophilic I Anaerobic Digestion for Sowage Sludge Digestion, ACTA.s BIOTECHNOL., 1 213-222, 1985.
J ,
Bryers, J. D. A Structured Model of the Anaerobic Digestion of Biomasa Particulates. Biotechnoloov and Bioencineerine, 27(5): 638-649, 1985., j t
Bryers, J. D. Biofilm Formation and Chemostat Dynamics:
t Pure and Mixed Culture Considerations, Biotechnoloav and :
. Bioencinnerine, 26(8): 948-958, 1984.
[
Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G. Processes Governing [
l Early Biofilm Formation. Biotechnoleev and Bioencineerine, j 4
11 1111: 2451-2476, 19J2. I i !
! Characklis, W. G., Trulear, M. G., Bryers , J. D., and i a Zelver, N. Dynamics of Biofilm Procssses: Methods.
Water Research, 16(7): 1207-1216, 1982.
~
McCoy, W. F., Bryers, J. D., Robbins, J., and [
Costerton, J. W. Observations of Fouling Biofilm Formation. l Canadian 24 Mic'robioloav, 27(9): 910-917, 1981. ;
. Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G. Ea?. ly Fouling Biofilr ,
Formation in a Turbulent Flow System: Overall Kinetics. ,
Water Research, 15(4): 483-491, 1981. l I
I, J
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B. Other Professional Publications Bryers, J. D.
A Structured Model of Hansenula colvnercha Diauxic Growth in Continuous Culture, Proceedines 1987 ASME Wintar Meeting, Bioprocessing Colloquium, December, 1987. Boston, MA.
Bryers, J. D.
Metabolinm, Effects of Cell Recycle on Cell Viability and Proceedinos 1987 ASME Winter Meeting, Bioproc*e ssing Colloquium, Boston, MA. December, 1987.
Banks, M. K. and Bryers, J. D. Biopolymeric Particulate Turnover in Biofilm Systems, Proceedinos A.I.Ch.E. 1987 Annual Meeting - Colloidal Phenomena in Biofilm Systems, York, NY,: November, 1987. New Mason, C. A., Bryers, J. and Hamer, G.
Wachstum in Chemostaten:
D., Mikrobielles Ein Tod, Lyse und kryptisches Wachstum'inkorporierendes Modell, 3. Dechema Proc..
Jahrestagung der Biotechnologen, Frankfurt, BRD. 1985.
Bryers, J. D., Hamer, G. and Moo-Young, M. (Eds.).
Third International Waste Treatment and Utill:ation Sympos.ium. Conservation and Reeveling,1 (1/2), 1985.
Hamer, G. and Bryers, J. D., "Aerobic thermophilic sludge treatment: some biotechnological concepts,"
Proceedinos Third International Waste Trautment Symposium, Conservation and Reeveline, 1, (1/2, 1985).
Bryers, J. D., Berger, J. and Hamer, G. Interpretation of Thermophilic Dynamic StructuralAnaerobic Digestion Experiments Using a Model. Proceedines, Third International Waste Treatment and Utilization Symposium - IWTUS3.
Resources and Reevelina 1 (1/2), Pergamon, 1985.
Bryers, J. D., Characklis, W. G., Zelver, N., and Nimmons, M. J. Biofouling Film Development and Associated Energy Losses, Proceedines, G. L. Dugger (Ed.), Washington, D.
6th oTEC Conference, C., 1979.
Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G.
The Mathematical Simulation of Microbial Film Growth. Proceedinqa 97th Annual AWWA Conference, Anaheim, CA, 1977.
Norrmann, G., Characklis, W. G., and Bryers, J. D.
The Control of Microbial Films in Circular Tubes with Chlorine, Develoements in Microbiolocv, 11, Chapter 48, 1977.
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e C. Contributions to Books Characklis, W. G. and Bryers, J. D.
Bicfilms in Wastewater Treatment, Chapter 17, in BIOrAu!S, W. G. Characklis and K. C. Marshall.
(in press). (Eds.), John Wiley, Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W.
Biotechnology, Chapter 19. IH:
G. Biofilms in '
BIOFILMS, '
W. G. Chara;klis and K. C. Marshall. (Eds.) John Wiley
, Publication (in press).
Bryers, J. D.
and SubsequentMathematical Biofilm Formation.Models of Bacterial Attachment 1H: Mathematical Series, Boca Raton, FL. (in press). Bazin (ed) CRC Review Models in Microbial Physiology, Michael Bryers, J. D. and Mamer, G.
Microorganisms in Water Purification.Use of Chapter Artificially Captured IR: lis1 hods bl Enzymoloav Series; Enzyme and Whole cell Technology. K.press).
Mosbach (Vol. Ed) Academic Press, Inc.,
New York. (in
)
Bryers, J. D.
Biological Treatment Application Processes.of Captured Cell Systems to Chapter 2 in Bioonvironmental Svstems._ V2 14 12, D. L.
Wise (Ed) CRC Review Series, Boca Raton, FL. (1987).
, [
Bryers, J. D. and R. L. Irvine. Structured Modelling of t
Biological Treatment Processes. Chapter 6 in Bioenvironmental Systems._ V 2 1A II, D. L. Wise (Ed) CRC Review Series, Boca Raton, FL. (1987). i Irvine, R. L. and Bryers, J. D. Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Biological Treatment Processes.
IH: Comprehensive Biotechnology, Volume IV - Principles of Biotechnology: Engineering Considerations, M. Moo-Young, C. L. Covney, and A. E.
Munphrey, Chapter 41, pp 757-772, [
(Eds.), Pergamon Press, London (1986). ,
Bryers, J. D.
Biofilm Formation and Its Consequences.
G.ioup Two Report. 1H: Microbial Adhesion and Its Consequences. K. C. I Berlin, West Germany. Marshall (Ed.) Dahlem Konferen:en.
January, 1184.
Bryers, J. D. Proc"sses Contriba:ing to Biofilm Formation:
i A Review.
Proceedirecs Fixed Film Biological First Int.enational Conference on Processes, l
- f. C. Wu na al (Eds.), Kings Island, OH, pp. 155-183, 1982. i
- . ~. . . .
Characklis, W. G., Bryers, J. D., Trulear, M. G.,
and Zelver, N. Biofouling Film Development and Its Effects on Energy Losses: A Laboratory Study, in Chapter 5, Condenser Biofouling Control, J. F. Garey (Ed) Ann Arbor
. Science, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 49-76, 1980. ,
Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G.
Measurement of Primary Biofilm Formation, in Chapter 11, Condenser Biofoulina Control J. F. Garey (Ed) Ann Arbor Science, Inc.,
Ann Arbor, MI, pp. 169-183, 1980. a Bryers, J. D. and Characklis, W. G.
Kinetics of Primary Biofilm Formation within a Turbulent Flow System, in Fculina 21 Heat Transfer E0uiement, E.F.C. Somerscales and J.
G. Knudsen (Eds.), Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington, D. C., pp. 313-333, 1981.
D. Invited Seminar / Conference Speaker:
"Biotechnology in Environmentw Engineering - Introduction" 1
and "Fate of Genetically Engineered Mciroorganisms in Natural and Envineered Systems," Invited Lecture, American Environmental Engineering Professors (AEEP) Workshop, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 1987.
"Modelling of Biological Wastewater Treatment," an IAWPRC Specialized Seminar, August 28-30, 1985. Copenhagen, Denmark. Session Chairman on Basic Kinetics.
Microbial Adhesion and Its Consequences," Dahlem Conference Scheduled January, 1984, Berlin, invited guest speaker.
"First International Conference on Fixed Film Biological Processes," invited Session Chairman on Fundamental Biofilm Processes, Kings Island, Ohio, April, 1982.
"First International Conference on Fouling of Heat Transfer Equipment," session Co-chairman on Biofouling, Rensselaer Polytuchnic Institute, Troy, Nov York, 1979.
f
. A L & . .... . a J.. .
RESEARCD PROJECTS AND ACQUIRED FUNDING AMOUNT I
DATE I N S T ITt!T I O N PROJECT TITLE FUNDING SOURCE (in US $ )
Rice Equipment Sigma Xi l'000.
1978 University, Crant-Ph.h Research '
H o u s t o,n , TX Research Society .
Supplement Anaerobic Province of 150'000, 1979 University to of Calgary, B i o f i l .a Alberta. Dept.
1981 Calgary, Formation in of Natural Alberta,CAN Secondary 011 Resources &
Recovery Energy Systems Mixed Culture Swiss National 200'000, 1981 Swiss to Federal Biofilm Devel- Science Funds, 1983 Institute opeent: Carbon Water Quality for Water Oxidation and Division Resources Nitrification
& V'ater (Co-Investigator:
Pollution W. Gujer)
Control.EAWAG, DUbendort.Swit:erland 1983 EAEAG, Thermophilie Swiss National 180'000.
, to Dubendorf, Anaerobie & Science Fund.
1985 Swit1erland Aerobic Diges- Refuse & Recycle tion of Sludge Division (Co-Investi-gator:G. Hacer)
I l 1985 EAVAG, Physiology of Swiss National 150'000.
to Dubendorf, Transient Seier ce Funds,
. 1987 Swit:erland Conditions in Microbiology Microbial Division Cultures 1985 Duke Research School of 15'000.
University Initiation Engineering Durham, NC Grant c o n t i n u e d
_ 1 _
d 1985 Duke Research Graduate School 12'000, l'n iv e r s i t y Equipment and the Richard Grant Leach Research Endovment 1985 Duke Research Acadenic Research 5'000, ttniversity Equipment Council. Duke Grant University 1965 Duke Research N Ill Biomedical 50'000, to University Development Research Grant 1986 Grant 1985 Duke Biofilm Parenteral Drug 30'000.
to University Formation Association &
199.6 uithin Cell M1111 pore Corp.
Recycle C.P. Schaufus Award Fermentation Systems 1986 Duke Biochemical North Carolina 406'000.
University Engineering Biotechnology Research Center Laboratory Development (Co-Isvestigator: H. Clark) 1986 Duke Enhanced Enzyme North Carolina 15'000, to University Productivity Biotechnology 1987 via Substrate Center Compositional Transients 1987 Duke 1987 Triangle North Carolina 5'700.
University University Biotechnology L Cenforence: Center and the Biotechnology !!illip o r e Corp.
Applied to the Environment 1987 Duke Research Equip- National Science 09'450.
University ment Crant: Foundation Liquid Scintil-lation Counter c o n C i n u e d 2 .
i
_+_.. .,_ .. ~ _
1987 Duke Fate of Biopcly- 1 orth Carolina 16'500.
University reric Particles Eictechnology in an Aerebic Center Biofilm System 1987 Duke Effects of F.x o - Duke University 5'000.
University Polysaccharide P,esearch Council Production on
, B i o f,i l m- P e u n d
!acterial Mete-bolism 1957- Duke Enhanced Enzyme !? S F-B i o c h e m i c a l 210'000.
1990 University Productivity in & Biomass Engrg.
Ilieroorganisms CBT-8711612 Experiencing Prolonged Sys-tem Transients 1987 Duke t,*orkshop on the ?! orth Carolina 15'000.
University Commerciali:a- Biotechnology tion of Cellu- Technology lar Adhesion & (H. Smith-CoPI)
Biofilm Processes Total (as of Sepc.1987) $ l'495'650.
I
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MICROBIAL. FIL\t DEVELOPMENT AND ASSOCIATED ENERGY LOSSES
- j. D. Bryers' *, W. G. Ciaracklis *, N. Zelveri, and M. G. Nimmonsi Entironmental Science and Engineering Dept. ,-
Cearge R. Broten School of Engineering 3 )( , 0 Rice University Houston, Texas 77001 Ah t t r ac t Microbial fouling in power plant condensers in- i'h e probles creases heat transfer and flu 1J frietter.at rests-tesca resulting in energy losses. sinfoultng con- The cost cormon eethod for controlling the f eut-test is generally by enterine addition creating po- ing biofits development and m41statning condenser t:atta! testcity problems in receiving waters. A perforr.ance is periodic chlorination. However. con.
bstter understanding of biof ouling film development corn over residual toutcity from hypochlorous acid and dastruction (i.e., stoichiometry and kinetics) er its reactten products has resulted in federal is necessary to matntain effluent water quality regulations which Itmit the allowable concentrattens o while sunistning biof ouling ef f ects. of free available chlorine in cooling water dis-charges. At the present tise, there is no sound ba-this paper revtews research progress in the fol- sts for assessing the ispact of the regulations.
loving areas This investigation steos free the apparent need
- 1. Development of various sensitive biofits de- for a more basic understanding of fou11eg biofilm tectisn methods for monitoring the extent of bio- . development and fouling biofils destruction.
fevling.
Project objectives included .the following:
- 2. Determination of ef fects of *certain variables 1. D4volop a better understanding of fouling bto=
on the kinettes and stoichteretry of biofilm accusu-film development, with particular emphasis on the latten, effects of fluid flow rate, bulk vater terperature,
- 3. Correlatten of biofilm developeent to in-
- I"""*""*
- I "" "I **"'
creases in both heat transfer and fluid frictional resistance. 2. Determine the ef fectiveness of fouling bio-flim destruction by che-ical exidants, prirartly 4 Deters 1natten of the effects of chlorine ap- chlorine.
pitcations on estabitshe,d bioft1=.s. g g,g ,g, g g g, gggg gg
), 9, ,
sons t tive device f or monito ring biofou11ag and f or IntrHuetten ef f ectively operating and controlling biof ouling de-struction processes at operating power plants.
- The ters foulins refers to the format ten of teor-genic and/or crgante deposits on surfaces. In cool. Laboratory exper13ents and a 11' sited nu
- ster of ins systems, these deposits f ors on condenser tube field tests were conducted with two resetor config-wells increasing fluid f rictional restatance, accel, urationst ersting corrosion and impatring heat transfer. Tour
- 1. a tubular reactor typas of fouling, alone or in cessinations, may securt 2. an annular reactor consisting of a stationary
- 1. crystalline fouling caused by precipitat ten of CACO), Caso; or silicates The tubular reactor geosctry and its turbulent
- 2. corrosion foultng resulting f res formation of flew regiso are identical to those existing in cool-insulating layers of retal ontdes on the tubes ing water condensers. The annular reactor was test-ed as a biofoulina semitor because it is very sonst.
- 3. fou!!ng due to adherence of p rticulate s.st- tive to fouling and is easy to operate and maintain.
ter on tube surfaces The annular reactor has the perential of being used
- 6. biological fouling tr.sulting f rom attachment in a sidestream frem the cooling water supply to and grewth of microbial organises continuously monitor biofouling for control of the additten of oxidant. 31ofou11eg in the expertrental This investigation was restricted to the study of reactors was reasured by observing changes in the biological fouling, following parameters:
- 1. biofilm thickness
- 2. attached blusass
- 3. flutd frictional resistance 6 hear transfer resistan e aprofessor, faviron*cntal Science f.nd Instneerint Dept., Lice Untgerstty. proecs ca im Tou11ae Stoftl* 'evele ncet_
- e,t. Dr ad ua t e A;. s t s t a n t . Environmental $ctence
.Ucrettal foultng is the ce% tned result of Mvs-and gn;tneering Ocpt.. Rice tintversity.
12.15 1
'0C. 6 OIK (~f W , Ya~ N* S y lcr I h W !' ' ~
n u n.w .
CD )3 -
m lilOENGINEERING REPORT Fouling fliofilm Development: -
O A Process Anal3 sis \
k W G C H A R R K L I S . c ,//, e,. , a L y.,,,, , ,,,, g , ,, , .
I nn o w B ,: ma rr U. ,,, r a ,i n _m ~ ; ,,
Summar3 H. oram aesch.nniem .o a *u,u e n ihe nei re ..n or ses cra nni s.ua c he mie.a and mg rodeal ne iccues inc f uding ihr hahn reg 11 Iransn..rt of Jo soh ed .md p..risc ulate m dier from t he sua nu.J io ihe surrace ', r,r m m < reni.d c eit an..ome m m use sunac e u a
mn roNal t r n sformation s igrou t h re rn = loc t eon tic l is o hin he
- iollim re s uning n aro Jireu ut i on of i .v g a nic m.u i er e l narNi Jet.u hroens iii ' he Ni et'dm Jue primar in to ilurJ shear T hn renari n e sem s a fr.:me n ois for anah ,me ihe nierre oea rr,s cues wnr r Anns to Noram des chinmem % .mc o( ' he a s ad.+ic rate inJ w nirs s mon J.o.i ar e pre s e vN so ih.i s he rei.o n e erm es, r.n e s s an w mnin.seo IN i Rt)l)l. CT h)N O 7 he !c. m n,m,oc .cs ,s ,,se
,,g,s,,. , ; , , ,, , < , r _. . . u n , n i s t ino';.inic mJ or or ga n,c J e p, m a s ,g ynn;es 7qe,c 42 '< n . : s , a
'm re.:e :he th,a .i he a t ac .ss .nc m"Je 'nir eme he a frictional re sistanc e a: :ne surf ace and ,nc'ca'e t he rae m corresnsr at t he surf.h e In ans ' 'n e ' -
energs los ses r esuh Ses cral Is pes of fouhne and their combinations ma s occur m heat eu hangers 17 crs ualhne or pre:)pitation fouhne. 2) corrouon fouhng.
- 1) particulate fouhng. O chemical reaction fouhng, and 5 Nological toul-ing or biofouhng Biological fouting resuhs from a t de s elop me nt of a Nolilm consnune of mh roor ganisms and their products inucrohal fouh in g ), b) d e po s mo n and grow th of mac roorgannms sucn as harn.ic es (mac roNal fouh nc ' and , au mteJ de:rqus Ah hi ugh man s ddlerent rnac roorgannms suc h as barnac!cs ,$nd mussets ha s a been identified m fouhng communutes this rerert will consentrale on microNal fouhng on the contro.erual premne that it alw as s prc:edes s oionization ot the sur-face bs macroorgannms C?nsecuenth control of microntal touhng re-suhs in sont rol of mac rorr.o fouhne De'. c h rme m of a s s s t em.o ic unde r s b nJin e s .1 Nofouhne flom tie d obser s a tions he been h mu c J "ec au se of ' he int e ..s : ion of se . crat er.
S.oies%noeogs a nd H ,oe n e me e n n g s as \ s ;l, & n' t i%itw1; C '941 John u es & On inc CC ; a n =, sCmi '%) s '=vi.ii
't d.%
6:
A N
m w,
At
8'8
- 8 811 A:1MKI I4 4tH B4.NialND 8 C4Nii Cl gingt r; g 6:73 ggg) gyagggg g.),yg gj,pygy g. gm T.41st E 8 vam TAllI E I se uiumni/, ,,,
8 sans mJ et.sc..mc .J es.4.a.se. it.se remews. ,,,,6,,,.,
l asc.s. SpesJk sw=cs. emJ u mts Csetese.
'"" M'N 8""'*** ""'8 u wh %c.
86..e se As ec.s e .n St dsles i. san smae.e Poect amJu.ary. *** "**"**
we ka.cs east.c .mJ shc- Jpsmc anJuusy. "' 'I'** **' d I""8' J , cs em u s N o y. ""*"*"' "^* ""d maases l. <ene, M.<. muda enregy y.sco. .
""d F uAs .
lasca.c we sheJ sems am.8 Almadem 8.wandsmen se unascr Eleans.ep I asJeer.. "#8" *"'I ***I'8** e4 Wymser secesecas.
scw e,a c mmJ in scumscs s meJose. pini.cs anJ..a.g. ** W 88.8 m.sg* wasca escasances, so aus1 m .umJsaws enJ shc= J pr c anJm.ary. **""s**"*'I' 8'*"' "' ass sesc.ms Jyw.
bras eashange oeshco J.s cacsgy sp. aces. **'***d**5-*
Ca.s.c. intace.cd p swer ""8 I
""I'M s n a.psess s.= p nprJ sommascan. tu.J ysagy s)escm.us uJ acJ mkJ cat mJ ps c.pa m y se g...., '"'8N" U "d
.......,,c.m. ~~o. c J- a"
, 86medan s sne . hap u.5 N4.y. #"#*"""'
ll** I.assadaman un
! b ss. . ag mec4wJ .4mpposig enJa..ary 8%A:n and sn per anJa.sry I
sm ..m.-p. . . .oer "*d"*"'d e.asms.m g., , someus *cJ ses .
slo . u.a.acs .nJ ts.cles.scJ c msw an Jac Power smJ= sey, #*"" ' ' ""#d'
{
. s.com.s s p.*c c. ehe s c, U.S. Newy, I"'"*d*I'"'I "8d"' "' O*cmWatPraccss iaJusert s.,s.a n.aen . lages. 4 she ewed.m. annascsp.4 seAssica, C ^F *d ** Fd'uism.
I 8tc he en sre=J shcne sf ps 6c.. anJee.ary *"d"""8*Pn.nr J. ,n ,s; . 8.a=. .J s. "
I waJemwa subs cm.gc I*"d"8
- Ik lunasme
..mJan.. amJ cm.i g asm.r A uJe re om.he.us I masca escasances s.,.cs s,g risce s. s ed e.am i ti.4de s u 5. Navy, oshang. ja mendicanc um.ac .co.ene. ..su .im.say de c.Jaccuo., := m e..c. m.eJs s.rb e e pen .,c., as=.8my w a s ucas cm gl a gla..c esc..
sane ng #<J sJ
.u..s ,. ,..
Isdmaing rate psocesses. Meclianistically Guding liinlihn acctmud.dion
- - 88" h=ad*as 8%hsa
- brakh m ., se niay lie elescaihed as the -
sies sesula of the f.dl wir g-7unreston s el muserialfums sie ImlL fluialsa slu susf.a e anulnaturinurors
%,,,,,,,,,,, su sie sust.= c. A1 sc can i.e sosos,le enaicial.a I asicnis asal o.pues
, i cr c .
or pasticut.ste avs.ahle mienunganiuns, sheir dessisus or ismisganic lxuai.
u s . s <c=-. ara l
^8**=8* 8 cled. Alwi. suven le.1 p.unicles ..( sulGesceu en w ni y cuisitod Idnis I.y
- s camuisig" a(ta .
l es .sm s m : Esm.mse.s J .c.-
,, ,, ,3, 3 fs.e rol.iul mrtu/=.le.sm arisfu.n sl.efit,n. M.sen bi.dFn wth in ahe bioliini
,,,,J,,,,g,,,,,,,, azul cus.secIlut.it pidymen p.mheced by she niicio..ts aniuns ciied -ibide
.> sco.. o ge. .. , to she bk4dans depinia aimi ps.uikisc adleerence of iswimunic suspended
.r J.,. J..uJmi sulkis.
,s .nces is 4J n.nmaan.m suih. tkswaI beakh l'Inid slocar stress as s/sr swface of IseJiim. Soch (suces cua limit the
****"*d***""*"'
overall euens of she tiisding stepinia by reenaraining asextiesi niatesial.
.%ofue < nuarsial suu! umseluses s. Suf. ace pnapesties can innkenec nii-4[ 4.e...t I aseman beekh cnemising near the sans l' ace ankl cos nniosi ps ocesws. Smic nietal sau faces i nsay scleau: sosie compime.ds indo the biolaises iedisheimg gsowth aski'or t
e'.
h a "-" i' ..# 2 *3 .u = 2 ,u ."- .
I
-: $ u!i ) .s.x e, g i c 6.-
- h = */
- 1 -
E C
a UbOA sa -
=$ a Q = 5 *= e. y el
= *-c.==,-
2 -*- 4 >:. .a 3 ;'a=--'u .
.= .
'O g m
- 9
,. y., n) u
- ==1 = j*
Un C
x* i
> 3 = = .. 7 ,,::
& yBC g gI u .g A, -
- f g', =r-m e
n u - .2.),
E J -
\* )
3 5 .l *. ** 5= nE3.=. 2
- 1?$
.d ii 'J )
- ss ;g G
H 3
u
,.= v. 3 z- 8 =w
'a 4 ' -.W == - <
U. g u - s.-,',} 4 i - h 3 y i "i l
- g. jg1E u 6' :Ms$ s. .b yei" )..g.: ,E 2, C
I d .
5
= t,
- P .- =a = y ,=3 a u= e * ~ c-
,. S,. *s5..W o 'E h- - m .c cs C d
- y9 d = -
c ! *f E .3 ,g =ta " 9N '5 s 8 4 *
-f *' $g
.G. h.
3 ,.g . E- -
=
y f .=.
r
- A r= .
m ~s y 3. 3=7 = u" udu2u g
a,s a
>,. % =p 4 4 r. P 3- ue J>d N e'
- 3 == . 2 *.
-- ~ = g a.-.y z= ?iy - =.
2 u
34 = a" -
,s E r- 3, $y .,, -
3 .1,
.I. = t. .:
- 3. ;= _1 a y,=: 2 =.. 4 : ,
, - y
_] ]t 5 =y f l .y*jus.y$id, i e a a k * *
- k
= e=i . .c ,,. =a d
= = .
- - J
?
a.
>3m24=4 -
r (te) MM wpg
- .3
.= -
- 3. s9 . u 9
'=s 4 .=. u zJ ,;-
- 3
.s P
.: s .3 .f =43 J
,t
- =
=. g
.=-
-=
1 y
.u u,. 3 .s
,9 :
-y a==;u- 4" .u = 9 3. ~r
- - .==.)
,=, 5 y 9 x u -=. .-. i. ,# - = =x a .-
.2 u
= .$ 4.a r a am c. u .x u u 9. L =-
.j .
E;c. -g -. u . . . =
- y. -.g .u>-
=-
. w y .
2 2. '3 .; !- _y, = a-,s a 5, =
t
.e,
= 5 : s. 3 a
,-s .?2-v. s,s , 3 y c .u -
ax s 1. >=., .4 s -=-
J. , 3 3 ,
- m -- u 3 = > u =
.3
, g < .= =, -y- ,4, ., t e=9:r -
e-- o -u , .,:
.;>ve o -
2( yew,.=3 e s .= u. = u
- ;.=,,
e
,s = .e
= = , . ,, = ,y
= 3 a u 2sy wu ,u.-n a c ,- s a,
=ey'5li=2' .. -
E=
.i 2 4, i. 1 * =c- =
4 3 *, ' k3]i.2's d ,=e
?
c, I a* 2 = E l .'=
c
.4 a
- f. 2
- E '_ ==?
.a
,a',i =3 5-au =-. 9.1 'a. .!
a .4 c.*2, l '.i u .i. .t;. u
. 3 . . , v, ,
.- c u . : .a c.. .e =, a s 4.
'da2 e 2. ,,u au .s w=, -
,,=3; ,=.u =-= >
4sg tr....,.o,
.e 4. ,u .. 3=.a a - 3 ,.
.i - s- u
. =2=. .e r c- .
-,3- = 2, , . , -
9 . .s -
= 4 =y .,==s ,., .4,.== ;r
. = =.
- = - , u = - = - =.
,=* =.
- - s = 4 a, = =7 5u v ..
a ,..= ,
r .2
, . n, ,= u , ; e, .u v: ', , 'a -.i',
.=., . 4=u e -~ ",-- 3 =- =#
= m..,' .-=, e : :
,~ -y
- =
.y v -.s.u- 29 . ,
e .= =
- . .t . . ' *
- - -i i 2 g ~! '* s ;=, i .u e i ;'1 3 2 4>. 4
=
2 I .i = 1.0 .", o .=: = 5u . -i= 4 I
=
'R', i c E i -W 4' 8. T
==.
- , : 2=
(=s.==-.=9
.e. .i .;= L a , _3 , - ; c.
.= .
c - -
= v a .- = 2 92 , = .2 r .
4 jr. 3
, .s.
. 9 =..
.ve.=, c 1
s2 -
- m ,. aJ- ,4 3 2 -
3*=7- =
= . ' '
e
.= d.=-- = u) .i: e9 >Z
- - .= -
=73 2 -
==is
.a f. = =; rz -
E =4f .w= r1 := 3 m- ;d
- s = .=: ,L. ; u r- 3 y .=2y, =i[g-5,:
du =1 '
x: g .= .f 3 -tr
.s "c. x 42 .g t- 7 f .3
,- s I,. w z=4 , .
4 = -- ,
t = W -
n.
a g
.e
-=
.d 3g=u- -' , u- .-w,. r - 3
'y.. .1 E32 .x r - = -
- .a - a }
- <- , g .12 4
- , E .=1 - 4: y .
a, y, = q5, 4
3 p -g ,= 9= 3 k' u . - . - . -c r
.=. =. ' u.== 9:
- - ; P = 3 'd u / ~/ 13x
- 9
-s. f, 2 1 # "
.= = . " "
see=ct=*E y u - s ,.:a 34,7 4: ss a s- -!
.2 -= k c -a= 4- y= ,,. -
L a= w a - .
- . "-- =.s
,,=,r. ;* , 4 - , , $y=,- .. = = ' .3 : : 9 Y
, * /,,', - 7 =* -
-s em -
w$ =' a= -, - s.2
-,3 8 s
./.,*..s.
5 * *. *,= i ' . y i n = . ,,= [; 4,- .r ; g = i*a 4 ;g
= .
= =- s -4.5 - 4'
-24 -4
.W =
- a G -t2 E s. .i s .u ,. 'i. L s'.I 2 - = 3 0 2 T 17'
=.,. -'. ~ .4s s . . . e, , ..
E, d, .' .3 .* i L 'I ; 1E
.. 7 y .t. ., c,= L .;
,,. : =m s- ,=
., . ; sE ,u -,. s 7
- ,. ; ..=9 =,
, . =
2 s . , = .: =,3. -, =-
.t i= a=
z.= . .g , 4 ., 3 't .j - -1 .s ;- = 2.,.== 9 j
,i .,.:.,, 1 2 9
=. . 4 d- ,;9
.,3 .i == , =y. 2
.. , ,. .f, .
=r
7 .3. -
d.'- *= =
d .=;
- u *:= d.3 S -wg = == y 9
==
=- 8 = J - y - 3 j , = =. 2..- 1
- 1 = =, * =. .* .,..=.==y, .:1 -#
- - *p
d
>
- V g 2* =. g *
=, .3 - . .l. t 3 .
- - . = ,= -= =I .* ,2 .0 y "*
,3
"* y a% a e '.= =-
- r y y
,J -
g 2, 2
. # = , 2 f =,4Ay4- w =.
2
=..2 T -8 s= ,=:! 3.
r 4 1 g .1 -1 *d
.,s s ,3 = 3 u - a -
s, r,= S
-= - 2 *
,1
= 3 - - = fe .: - = :i= -,$.'4. . 4 =,= ,. 3 f
- =3 I
4
, . =
.., .f 'y 4 -9 s ,%
=.=-2
'h 2* a.T
- .= 4 <, .s *4 -.*
- e. .d 4 A.
4 '!
-m *=. k4 a $ *-
IhhM- I& 'y ?, - - - - ,
l . Ld 1 - $ .3
'i ~. $ == C ~ ,.. " ** *$
- =i '.t I 'i . 2 3 .'! ' $ f=* f .3 s 1 t?I .I C T [ ~; *= *
~ .f I -f, E 4 i .! i
r.
.r.
I z
=
C me 1
? wu inmie.is trivaivosas a io (is.ir s ,43 pun p3i nruos saa. ,, i .
= il
- m -u t I;'n-o r .wi n,9 a
il 4.Nwev s in t sin 3*as panninga sani;ns pauh nol-o; n;-en d .vaine)
U^ PI g 8 '"3 " N X uit fl prvoivtuy tt JNwry s 0 4 L Anprai pariping aanign3 4.sgung gg gg gat hy
.. g 4NwegsumL misesi paripictj asniins pauN ig mi-ci 9 o-m o **oanso
.I.
- :: a una aesvinais Au>cas pariping nuanausasp...y a u.
3ry o wi3ngg 19 nu3nana nap,. y ti a un.s 4rauquoy mise 34 pariring auen irsunj m sp ve is ig g was no x
- s t3npin ta til wi.n 3ca y aune Aunriieg u soon I"'Joi3"H 04 fI uaino O * *u3 6al?q a m(s3 % u,l twan ss yt meye)
- ad gg wrivewy s e,aing .i
- g g,, ty.1 nll rJPl) Pay u ' "' rtc' *r / in m net t l( j3)ll *i8MiPl3n] .iQ) UJoff gly 3sW3pege33 ly3q3,g;3,g} geyg,q)pkg gyggggggggg 7
4
- il Vltiv t _
N
=
=
e s,e.ts;-:
y=
ag- 2 .g,v
=
- rr w ' 2. g- c 1* u
> . 9 y * ,' . y ', . 9 .
- y, v u, 9 - : - .
- a u :. c a a> . , .u E :n L< g.=. =
7 4
- . .e-m v u . , . y 3 ,.:
u
. r. ~.
1 9 y
- *- y it I .u .w v ,
g .
8 c- ,. + . 4
- r
-==4.E' yaato -
.- z -
=
s c
a -2 4= .r 2 ',.l s' : s -e >i ?
- y =
~ cm- ' 3: 9. '- y
- E "3 .4 E := -y1 I y M 3r- " ' -j cC .$=?3= 0 I , -.
,g a w =
d, E r-3 g: - w :r 1 -e t
. 5 . 4 g, . 4* ?: 3=.wv.
- e. : 9 u c.
j i g . -
dC . = -: . 9 : :: ..=y q=../..
.y
.sC ?7=1 v
,s =
. s 3 ,7
- s : , = .:. a "> 2
- - - > .Jy <
.-= = =z 4 *g, =e.
i E.- > ' O. d c =
1 ~e . . - d. 3 -v x.,..,=. -
i e == = . r.
7 - 3 9 - -r : r i e as w- -
n a .
,, s
= ? v '- .h oe c = 3 r
=.=3 { d. =. : -
.s.
e;7E1"E -2 . s= E. ..r.yL#
g g, y y * . - ~.
e =i .
s a : u -' 1 1 :
4 2g e 7 1- 'l : : e -
- 8 9 - e = 4 f .
- c d a 3
E.= -
= 9 0
- v A: E- C-
.2~ .
- i 3 s ,s. iL ..; s=: 1 a E ,-:~ ?. ( 's. ;(0= -(-E,,=y :!
s 1 ,
=
-i -= -. -, - c-s2 ! ys_ ,,
s .,,..4
, .-=
= =- ..._: y=- , -
e y 2 a
i
.== , - - -,
- 2 - .
y .
r z : E ;. g 3 .: .: ., ,
' : y:*5 .:
g3- f -: ,
s.,- w1
=* r ! ,R y . ,
- = ..:= .5 -a. : :
=
2 -
..=.
E - , -
- g
=. :f 3 T 2-
. .3~ = .c.
.o
= .4 ->
2 - * .: ;=
w = - s v =- -
-.--- %.e . . ' * -...
, : i ; e!.' .:
g -
gyy -: = g
- r:t s :
- a- L~ s : L i a, ? ." 5 ~- #: #: =
(gw2,6u.) A u l.4 3 e6 3'9 (
- y33 }
~L, . :j7(2.' ~ _I == I~
j ,s . , -
- : : .3 -:
- .= ,. ,
2
.: 3[= .: 9 "** ) .2
.a 3 =. :.
34 3 =2 -. .= :* "
d - - - 2 .=.:
T # E
.a
-.- - . =. s- .,y , s . -* p .
3
=. - 3 *
.s n
y
-4 ,d
.a, r .
=- $*
'1
.=4*.* g
-w g
r , . u-
.; . 4 i r s -, .s --
- r. 4
- - I f
- , : **r :. : .- 4 ,* 2 -
- i .! :.
s - -= ~ ~ 5. ?. =, ,: ~.'. f,
. .a ~. .i. ?. *; < -
%. h? 5 hs%2 1- ~
g- .- 4 . A C u
- - - ,= vQ >s M v - , - *
- *- >. - 4.c s u 3 g 's .a a I J s- 3'L a,m= c * ,-.3u .3 4 5
= .. . =- s.
e M<n 2
=
e g pd= --8ng 's .E ug3 9 9ua -
yb I l
=
3 .. , ,
3
- J ut*5 5 4dEE *
> y2 -4,.-e g *. ~ .:: - -
at e
-- d, =.k9I .l c 'E = = 8 {, g ;r. - ,e 31 2 u ,
- n -
C u
'I-* j 8 1 w3~s s, yg.= n1 j t f p
2 .
j A
.-=. . -
p-==~ e gIr 2-eJ g*
,s a s.
.h
{" sc= * ,; ?e ,.
.= ,, is.
' d- .
]g s! .
H I I A I a
- ,ac.~ c yf.= 3 .7 } > .: o
,'E ,s.zi A *i:f ~ese~e -e~eme ,.y!g .
3 g.i: - 5
.g n a5so
.E. > ~ J,... .
c y a.,
- 83. .a >
g .,5
- - E ,g .,g > Ja 4* C- l l
=
D "ag ~ .ll E ~
ai g = = v ,E 3 2 =.y= w=.g ]W 1
- -- - s - -
- * ]3 } -
j '6 .N OB u s.d
.3-T s E- .I 3lLg
.Ew "g N k., h f = =
'I s,c v 7 -3I 5- e n a ,
h $ .g g g 's i '3 'Y q .E .) '
u y
j 4 E
-2 a7 9
=h*= c.
lc 5
7 jI E
=
E u =u,.- , j .3
- g ? .4 *u A
3 3 .= a!* . -
f J. g u=
=
I:< *-
y ,
.I ,. w> w u1 u- := j .
1 2-
.=.
a e
.c. . .1 s.== s ; y
- v 2: s.
.!u 55 4 ,
8 z -
eve . ; f= -
N 's 'g
n 5
. 11.
s>
- 2,. <v.ss
.. as 59 s.,. v., 3 1 c
1 9 .d :.9..s,a.3u :. 2 :c .
r=s -- {. .
I p ! *L-,t =.==v:a i I.
i . .
4I 4 .I4 we i g 'l4 m p I,.5 E .
.i B. .t. uEi - -
5 g,
- 3 3 3 ] S< 8.1 e' s, b "> V. ..1 A g'.-o f a & .= s - 1 3:3 wg g2i
- o. -nN u3.syy]o y-="w sc t a ======nes s= 1 *: %. .;,.G s .L s2 '
- o5 s Xv E .c . = 3 c .s*- y,2 >: > 3 uu ,2 L - ~ E a-n ej 3; i s. -3 ' } i ---
.i, t ) .s = 2.9, a W. e e iA3 s
- 2 =]
-3 - ;g -- 3, i-
=.=.=~.,a 3 = ,. '. 3 3 :. ,
- d. *- !! R .s 1,u, .,-
- t. t x , U= . ) Y. . --
. " s s s e fe ',' .i s 's - !~.: t.t-
, -=. i i *
. A r. r.
~z1 -
nE 2.5 =M 3- 't s' 1,e*E >.s 2 u i 2 5 2 ^. s 3-t sa ,
e y -- sc .s , - w g 23 j ..e =. c 2 .a4 d E 4 1 4 ,,. , r= elt32 d 'v EE s s 5 s 3 .ie :- r. r a e
- s Wi!
- j- ) :y 1 '
'Iy .th=hg 3 *i.'2 5/ U/s lid * = = 7 *4 E f 3 8 % C
- s E*31l 5 ;; s 2 :. $ a. $ ci .C n = 8
- . 8- 3, e s i.s ; J. , J. <
h
" ** " = = : s s s y : 3 s J=
in: -
c {3 's t8 i * ===
s t, e .6..c v,..,
- ;= ! a=
- 2 4.- 732*k y1,1
= -' 1'd C 'a]J i
2 ij r>3sa 7 v a 3
-9 w,=- , 4 3x ,v rf 3 ;y3 .g 4. =,
=
w - 9 J
4 i'l 1) =44, 2 =t >= T
'd9 .9# L 2 *
- 4 =f
.3 g ,
j v 2 1 IS 5's-,l -.h, e 3 5;$- 0 5= 33= 2 3 =k ;2 -
l*
i 3-1
,2 3 0
- z y - s2 2y -.
3 y -i; ,4 9 -= v. i :.,. ".' I t3 c =v,2.iu a g y '7 c-G s == A .,. '$
- . *9 .
g 7L2l J 234 77
=v e .-4$=;y s -= .= I I f
l
&gcgMy7 7
- 4* y r II ,
fy3-rr3 - -
4 -t : t s
L t*13*2
- 1 7 2 1 = g = 3 2 s ,3 1v
\$*l'LTL2n=1 s 1
' ' 4 s 1 i *4 is.- f t :l 4 5
5 e u - . .
C 5- ' e=.- g 2 .E' .:. .,
4 ,i Mu2 M3 u
w z
g g 3+ .g 5 u
0..u w a , .
3ee v 2, u*2u X =:=
3 ,
L g
t -u T .i ,u
- 3=s g l ly_- -
-y3u%M
- 1 3
w
?
t c =G ux W
. 1 s * =u y 3qu- y3=
j y
f ?4 ~8 olo,B j ?s'8[o pa' 8[ ck j , f3 c- . -
2,
, vs ,, = a .E . ., -
0 l =\ g .y o o A u. <
) gg -t
- o
. 1 o o .
o d j j .j E. .
2 o e : i o 5.% 1
,.o 4 3 > s s }:s .n s p 1.g.lg.sa e >
?>otg g fr o. %t j. >
fr o .kVIN N 1 i
= t o o .hN a L I o o bgA i J 6 o J 5
1 {-
u 8
8 ae.Xuc. ua E G C}N N e i o% ao o eN ) o y lo o l.j i
( =2 ,0 e3 's y aa, .y w
= ; . *sQ rN, 3 - i o 4
,- ,xp 4 3 o
)Y
/r uyu a u: 3, ,=
h, - o , C ss ,} c.ao .o w']y }, c o ,o #
A, .J .c .
y e
a n .,
4 S. wc 4-
,j n
e,, y. eV (g =c
.s.=,
- e p., 7.e
.s x g: 'y f ,a s -
- f : -) 3 2 s2 z
g 1 q ,
-;,.s uyw !r 5c=: =w -
Il0 G - W z 2 8 e
- 3 Ireye f
- l x
. .
- b. Lf
- Y=1y 7=yS5 _
= '* r u: z I =~
- - 4 4- , y ,. - m . c 3. g..- 3 r, t a ;e.u- =e a. 3 s .4
-E .s y :: s e c-9 g e. c&v3 3 2*i g '_u: ' a .5 E 4 3 2- 14 g..
a 2 23,3 0 a
m m ,w :
av ,,.
- W-
! E 'h -q3 c: s- I-i
+s3 . - f .x r o e s .v ..
E: u gu=
u jc'.d
. .c E F C2
-I Zwg @"
,5 W e: 2_ 3 .5 ;
h, # 4 %= $ Y 3*e'3x: '3 E3 2C 9 .E y -E, u - & s" E,3 E.,- E, w
- %. . ,, r . ]
w y =7=u v .
2 3
q
-e c '2 w.dL= s G: .y -7
.u - -f w ,.e. 3.
- Csj-e
-2 mI .
-". W=. -
t 9$ ltE:gw .g,.? u dn e, 1 u , - - = 3 ::- f 8"u i ' _:5 3'L I23 'd
~
- '5, 32 5-i 3
- 3 I
.. . g 3
~9 $ h5 .2 0 = vv =y[3 y h hi E[$
12 j
.5 a
- t r. 2 3.==)1*c y] 1 -
s
.E)) - f
.s
- 5 w egy: : = b. a ' ' f .:,
o N
N, J, u: .u , - g zury
. e .= . W,3d a -
u s. r \
n u uu e n e c e .J yo c =. d e3 e. .u. =. o
- - \ 1 .a. 9
- t. =u e ,ae. . u. _= g- 2 L ~,
,= s'
- --2=,
v y-
.o Oq M .
.r. ,
e -
y e. e4 ~aaou
-- u { ;-c u s - - -
n u .u. o, .w a E f. . g e e u s e u a.u-
. 3 >= n -
u - y '-
V 5 'v ~-
.x+. ,
", '. 3u uu7 *3, 'Ju E=3
=.
1.d 3
5 u.
- e. -
k ii 4
7 T1e 3s - 2 3.c' =y *ol V m
. V +t i 3
= 4 I.
ot- - .3 p:
- u' oy Io, I q
^
s 2 23 g t- c
's j
'y3 0*G4 s "J g
= -
H , i,, 2E i-! j* ,e a. ; 35 'g l .3 u , c = -
o e . H .2 ;l.
.s .: p, ; ',; g =u ea y
'9 .y g ;= g4 -l 3 3 = .g .g e' E.53 E u. ;, 6 5 34g aEu 3 2 , '; - y ,.- c
- S u. . - l e.
. ,w.
,=.
s= 3:g3 IOy II U #
- ' i #.: y 3-c Y, -
q r *7, e 2 . - yy ;u.=
a,=3rIL n
==: y 7 - -
s s: y -
3 ,
- s j
, 'f f
}. t 5.153
- *
- e ;. , 0 .cs5!
u, n..,
y2 w s # : -.
-~
.E, 3 d t
x - i d - w: o...j 0 '
'.. "I
- . s : -
x s 3 1 x .5 e r: L a -(
- 2. . . x ,.1. s2: . = -3, L G y4i.gd --i 2 -
v: /-
u * - ~ -
- x
- a. y ,
s s
. l7. L .'. <
f, 4 ,=y T */ = ,9 9 7 5,j'i ,s 9 ' . u , ,
- : t
- , 9 x n v =. 2 a
- v. 4.: :- ..f :.7
, =
, 3 k' -
7ga
, w E _=2 '.3 :: Es. i 2,
g E : b ~a
- u 'a 3
> D * ? V P e s
= s a, s: x d- yt .. 2., _I
=, w =:y V uv '! =r s
- : u s .-,a :
= s -
= =.=s=v c : : .: - !
E *
- . =e .;2.s*OQ ,,;
- g 0
.". *x Ws =3 .E y .2: a2" u . .:
- I
- .- . .-:.= Cv. , : ,
-- 9 : s yj
- 5r. .j-.j.-** u.u -vuf. *'"
s I 3e $: ,d..y-
.r.
- q 1
.o: .f. / .
- u
.d
= "" ) . .
.*t .:
3 .3
- . s
- te
. g'
. Oi 9
e554 rit e sa As is 8I stes7 Ns:sNs I signs; 3:3 yg sgs y; g sCO ING sessZ Es s7 V8 3 sis %:s Ny gsgg "cewhhthance!" ussf. ace si ig. 48; aethed.sn et mics.du I a;clis ten the cais>
.hsmunca -msa.c si eg. $s; mes sn.s sm by she ast.nl cd mws.diul ccus se. gy. the cw-(the fifs fierr Josects the p etkle toward Ise wa whmg os ue of pwsmm. smwe ass.nhcJ the lu.ddm I eg.121-ccils and aswics.ncJ nuses ul t!'eg. til; Jctxhmens g, ,,,,,;,,, gy. pas skM eswy is pcWer sWhid NW
.,a gg,,. wgg, p ris sismal afine fiwres cast he signMcans, esp ciAly in she vesc. mss sublayer regson. %c drag fauce sbws slown the Tsump.=s so sier ll'rstral Lof;u e p.unicle as as appseuches she sanface asul is gwopwskisul to shaference 3,etwcen susik k velocesy asal Haai.! wel.icity.
When .a (kan saut.we is immersed in natural water, transpwt centrols if slu naass skenasy at the particle, p,.. shlTers sadista she uutus case .4.leprusa.n si:ig. h. In very deluse wspend.ms a4 sm. 0"M d#""8y 8' d'<
C'""l'"'~r 88uy tw signi6 cans.1 sw mucredu.J cells u.4w (cIls askt sussa sens s. srassspis a e4 mkrolisal cells so ak un face muy " 8"l*3C"8 8I'" 8I"* f'aviay f.wcc is generany neglipi .
he she s.ne-umes.dsmg seep s'.= bag per s.=ls es'sime. lim.esine .levcbpment M "nIr 8s'kYa* "Ih # fustkks arc licing transpute sa opi a escan masess ..t JewdkJ mates sausare sanLs may lie diessssasive Ddd*C"8 " II d'c watace as lud anal Inc imlL tbil as odd the thesim.
osshoccaso .
Is.inspua os sadccuks.uul gusskies sm lkt slum H sil-sl.l 4 1 u=ctw f.ui c m su sepet she pasikk Issun the wasfacc. fifJr difud.= nuy.
sem es .lew sdic.I saansas t.= dy in seems os . ids'au.m. In swimkna sbw. she lie insasumensal *n Jaspendng gusticlo is the sualmkna owe seri ws. slu.s
.s.stuu.us upulmus muss i.e umdakJ s. smimk sinliukne oBJr stansp:ss. nuunaining a selauvely unas'= set owicesstraskus iss ilus Is.uisp.st us ussh ssuall medeculo .and passwles es sclasssely raped cann cJdy Jaloihin wsH m : he dgsu6 cans in transp p.acJ so tsansput ad Laages guessics. Osmwquently, aduwpshus ad an Duwnsam .1Muuow counsdmses istsk so the stanvest af a ospasm; silm as seputed to occsst *~mstans.snetussly" so many cases, a, l> Ifsonehasulso smimkusikw.Cestain snicsohesaseca wtwnusn lly alluosatcJ sa lissue 4. mossfier
- suiss iluawsgh skw awaiinternal energy. Vebeisia as hsgh as 4 x ist '
- lbad1.asrcs 148 sk ks levcbp.s slugpshnew wnh respect so the siirroumling cm/s' have I cen ofwervcJ. Tamis omkl powshly be a sipulkana transpw h she p.ussile aripsoxho the wetscJ unf.sce. c.hly sransput Js. pmcess wntun she visown sublayer. l'or gusticles in lapils nunnhes .ui.I he s esc.ms tw=ukte y later esesas a sacaser intbence. Few 'I'aimsec1ms. is dgndicant. The Jcain.acc foscc de udulde mancs asul snull passacles Jdlusans can adegiuscly Jactshe she pastwk enceusneess near she waH hse to sh seanspus m she snums wl44)ct."-" l'aw l.arger p.wsscles, other mech Hosl 61sn lietwo n he swo apgwassthing unfaces.
amuns muss lie camsidered to esplain esperimental d>>crvaskms. ,
I'* d 88"C8"I' sal cell as se appaaches the wall.
Watun smbidens ll.m sepaw. langer passula wspesided within the sim.i.ac seanspuscJ sothe u.lalwetxe pamusdyl>yIbilJynamse fewces. Imtmkna How smkases s PassAk sum sl % so the untate mcec.ssca mesh encacasmg passnic concensra. core pens trate aH slac way ses she wall." are I*assec aloucsca. passkle abs n al* Ma**rly slepcmicas em the phydcal I'38'P"8Cd "II 'IW *dy 8" 8hc wh33 I'y these Camv s=
b opcsucs 3 nung ed ahe
.wles losces pas ne.w satto se s..suit.sce.
sk ass.schnwns dec. sture, ami elenut yn aml as insbenccJ ^'"IC I"n has. shb es ihe osdy 81amt succhanic II"*n*<* ps ase appaiemly ajuisc impwt.ms in tesans ad gur.
Maunhealcells an 4-in sapm cifccesvcelumeterscanhetranspwicJfsnsu : cle transpose to the wall so le she ImtL sbal so she acticJ un1.sce by several psocaws indenhng the Few a Heymd.is mondier .4 kl. ant in tulic skw the lwnssi resiasing Imns t.dhm me. .hssusam 1tum nun 4. ps.es ny. thes umiplanscds, sases, abul aly. 83'c elemnsuecps h.sve ais.- lolbwing chasw namic t.uto:
snes su. Ids. .h.:5. .h.unaFe. .smi Jam nsweeps.
Cm; d*C8aFe aual .humece lieswees Imrsss, n.Ni can; asal mean time I c-leanspus nwo hankms tween Iwusts. si sisw. s. ILlinimsun transpwt rase os passkies womlJ he
- d'scoved when passkle Jaameser approsimates 0.1 x 1:1 '
- cm ususer Passetto m sastadens Ibn .uc ss nsputed to wishin sluees distances n4 esciting a dgndica sconssans ibil ebw combsnw the unaface b) oldy eldluu.m. l'assalo ase psope!!cd into she vosoms1.w palicarect. .
l l*. utile Abs in the ppe f.w a Built sksJ lanun.nl wblancs umics thcu own ammiensum. Tmludens c.hhes wpply cm'sc e owwcenseaus ed in* gusticlo/cu
- is asppsosususcly n she eros.J unpuus asps hass.wul shay sbws abwn she guesstle as se pen-cisates the s nums wl.nages.** " 114 suscsalisal cells, she snesti.J fewces
.ne ses y , null Iwanse .4 sheer snuH Jumeter asal Jcnusy aen eclaskwa to Inibesuc e4 Sus fare raus;hness a ascsa 11 the p.uskie si ns.eschus f.nter than the Ibid in the region .4 she wall. rrif assmfemens for sevesal scaums nchalisig sine faill .wssig; il sacscasss
r, Ni h $ 'N h- $ .$ f E 59 Youj E.Mg M.3- 23 4 :: - ts
,x -,
2.14 E c=_,s.et;erI.'H.1 2. *=1 Y}1g 2aieisr57s=
- S
= '
5- i : i 2*1 nse .d 5 .t .yN.o..,E 4 s...,2. -
.Ws *E &
t 5 y e u f -. -
.4.s. 3. u *c, y * .3 . ,.3 E
w -
- n. gw ,g -n 4 .
2 d C,wg-7 3 - s a, ,
' .g= 34 g u e 3 = . a ; t g:s e,4 b
. y as .e 2 4 c y J .; u 2g ! ,4 e ,y14-5 ~ ;2 = =a
- .. - I
- =
.i . , r.
gf h! ,it
=v .
e=g..at},
o
? E t *i ,
s U ) -f f f *J g g, n
- - 2 5 Ev a
n 1
]}l
,t 8
i ]1, j5 assi - J,8 frd.
g o
i;3 e t==
a.!Tn s = 1; I . ?e -
.r s ;; 3 .= > r 4 3,.5 2-
=
=
=j I!
= h.iu-
- 1311 ,p
]1 4Ig 4 2,. Ei 1 ge
.s ! 3ua 'Ia 5v=5ao5 -~E o
5 22*je 2f 8 5 li a ,,= s . = = a> .-,1, ! .c.im.,, .7 . 'l..,= .,a e = ;:
i, 1 2.1 1'2l42 se-' er
- - -~ sa=
wi 2.g r i- s. ,< ,i 7 .
=
n; :. . ,
yM i a >,. = #">3 3 3c,45 - 2 o d.es. .v:s5.,e
- . u. -
3 ,.,1 1 =..s3 f .,
ry .23 :r m
j $,,1 r l i 't r-.fyv - - .ee=f a g.zobamim,e-
=
- I 3 < a d. -
a 3 _vw e , 5 y-a r <-g e I n g ,j ig- .. I 11g.;, =v T g ( .2 - =1 = >, e , i v .u ; c. a c - , ;a = ., , g:-,t .=s ,, u c
=2 m. g =ua:.t. t u g .,.
- u- , , e. s , = =, u . ,
a- >> 23 .
,vut,'3 I s. is; 1 a.- ;-.....
- - . . : e: t 4
'sjo j. e 1 5'l E
=
i 'i I s p. ; s l . i3= ,-(*1 r isil lt 31 JMi 5 a u e .'
- U ':j a i- d G c =D 7, ! =v i, i, i .i i. j i. e .r ;s e ' J
'!< " M. ifi2i
,isil!!
i y ,. .
il i
- ;! s i .l .< 4 ,. .
- e...13 ,
p ,; , = , y = a 3 ;< 3 , I i=_.sa=e.5.!a' a c a ., > .
.2:
s
- .I Eli!!4i. 4111.5Es.igi.s 1,.pi"adi!I'E I
1 JIi..an
.. . -:- 1-1 22 f .ylH I,l 2 m
h I ,: ,: s == > o= a 3 $-i ;- 2. 4 ,a .= .s5 C us.I C - L; - g 3 3
, e 3,. .-et-3 a-
- ja *
~f*j *rw -
7 J!-!s'!j # y [ 2h,= ;j tace .'es*ssai:E3338fAf-}'a33g,2{Jf<;$%"f
=
.cs: -
gaa gcye,3 .e =3 #, E .*! - f l 2 ra5 3 5 W 3, 4.
e =
4 7 7.2 ,3 f M i 9 3 i =2 - i 0 E5
- 3y 1 2 . w 3 .g a s
, .y E= m g$ . - - .m = v v e.
5
-o s j.o v .c g =-25 . f9g-3 2 ,. S e.
3 = .3. 7,
-eu c- E a! w 2 w 5 e! x ., :as s g avu -s-
- =E w 35,ss au t sa 5 ,.
Ee, 2 2e h :y.. , ; y '
p 3= 1=ywi -2s-y- rl ,e, ' =y.4c.,y,3 g=,y r -a av a ,.
,. 3 e o
- 4. y =
- c-3 , - e , 2 2 '9 ., .3 , 2 .9 w22.
U
= 3 2E-l E, 3a 3 ~W= 's .3 2
f , 3E 3 =3 .2 d i eu3ye.s E
r,e-
.e 1 2.,
.=
, .0 3 1, v9, ==
===vs*=34 $a lz:
=2 a.
.= =
7 ~ i ! .
r i >y_
- a e=
u =
a ,f ,f = =9 3= c-3 c, = -
E y-
-u j ,
. 2.- a
--3.j.= 3 : -1 8 . t . s -. =.- y e g
9 - 21 : oEu PbE,9$3
.b, i d 5-s ?.g .2=.3=e J. h4 s,,
)A![J 4ae*v-Ild
- c
='
5
- 3. N, 2yEyy
,e=
,-t9 r e =,- v',, o , - . *
.a = v r' .i.
- 2. !
=a
=-
s i s 3
e 3 r .,:
s U E .- s v - 3 223e, v is2 5
.=~3= 2 2 5x
)' 2 .e ,. -5 ' "v 5 2 2,q }- ; ; y ' . ! E,e. ?=>,15a 4 u3 s 2 *i l 6 W 5 U 33.ygausi-j, " = -
8 % E. W - .
4~ e d is /
e .e s n. r : s- as 4 a% wE $
w
=
u
- - 2 ,: . Iv.2122=
c 14 .- t c X i . z.2C.;
2 s 7s 24.1 5 2. d5 5e i 413 2 * .f .d
- s 2 ? .a 1 y a.f-an u ,s :w a i 5i s<
' !=47 3
,= ?
.x e 3y=
X
- u i.;t_,!= .' .
- . .e .e ,.
. e s =
39 -
=,',
v s:- L--
_f-
- . i yI
- =
g2g y j. E y ,* y 13 v .! 2 ; .; 3 ay
- : s I c5r .* st.3 l- =jE,23 NJ23 : 9 5
= 3- .,sE, = '"9
- f. 3
- ,e .f.
c, 4.4.! " *i tg 3:; =cv
= *
. .=: ==4
, a I
,i P9
- - s
- 7,i 7 4 w:i = T 9 3 = r. -( ;
=.
- r.5: z- s u.. 3 *, # =
.s --
C Y. 9 =
z (r - c b Ii 2 2! $i u
355#
v =u
,.,I.=u I2 2 i
? I .3 i3 !Ek j,5;=;.t'51:
3 T $ I '5 = .= = 1 - =. 2- A c. i , .! -
va;:5 =
,2.*bi
.3
.2 3 1 s
}
s p
- t. 5= ?. =
u s. ~- I , ,y y c .<9 .:3 5 .' $ =z N $
5 *s 5 -" "I '
l i,: ==
.' .E 4.;.a.
. I-$#-$: -> -I=h;v$r=v : , - ;kb 3. .
bY.&$
.sra2, ET { $ N f k = a! .=
- * *.,1
., 9
$a h
"u .Y-
=S y7 t . -
I i
C O b 5 5 $ b 5 0 's
- ge { $ 2 5- 8 $ $ 1 5 5, .} i, ,_ y5 '.
. e h 5 5$3 2=2 -
~s 3, ~ 5=
t
1 4
8 '
L u.6,-i d, l ~%3 3s I
i In i -6.
.= *.
~j i.i. i l .~g "h. ( U =I .3 3 $y *1 h- =, . 3 4 M
8 ,* .2 T n .s 4 s
- .u u '$ u
. s. y y y
=u.,,7 .- u u -
=
a n '9 -- md g' u.C& y ps .=
=1y2 s y .3 - .
- s .s -
, g=- .=
y 5 g .5 X w4 u .s 3a':
d y= n .4. s* 3 y ,E Gy-1 = = .y V 3- .*- -( 3 .n$
~
s- ~4,.y ir 20;
.'., ?* Qx*-
- I :a = rd 3 a s 3 3 - -
g et.u 2 ** y == = = = =.- 3 a. x = > = 3 -
= ,,
9 .9 x . 9 3 ,. g
= . E . 3 .= a 3 . = :. . s =d,', ee.=Jg 9 , ! -
- . , .:: . = = o- e u .
c
= =d s .,. .,
-,. .=. y .
c<33 .s. 4 .v a
- . . .; ., ==
2 = =3 .. -. . :-u , .=. : , .- =.z= ,,
-g.u yp-s= . -y - = v
- .u - . u..
- s. _ , a .3 . .= -
s -
u- ,
0
=
""li 9, i hir e : -
I .it .1 3i
-i i i e
1, 5 bi
'; l'i M 9 5 3 5,fg . .=
9 li3?J *t ??y j a i=t
- e y t a 9 '- ? i e n 's 0 - 9 u. .s - .= .y - ?.u .a- u .gq. m 4a , ,. ug i,.cw= =5 2 -2 =
n
.x 9
3 4.=..
- =
3 ,3 .,,. %x -
'5, y
g y
.=
h,y<s.-
45tA u .k U ,s. '8C y - ,. L L. %.
$ =,.w=
7*a E 3 v.s 1g 1,c a1,! u!.E_ J s i 4 c ., y.,! si c,- 2 e .% .c
= - .
i.!. i=<, ' : uyr l's i
3 Es v ', 'i, '6
- = . .,3 , ,,=. .=c=u a -
u
, .u - . s e.y .- ,a.3-=
- 2 .,>. g r t., 3s
. 3 1- > s '5 s a-d
, d n
m =, = ... . u
- a u ,. y d 't .= e R = * .: ,
. = g 4.u- . ,
u
-*= 3.s.t=a-9
=s., .,0 . =Y.,g ~
w4s-o -
2 ux - 3 y : .2 = L
-: .!, ,.,y.'.e ,. .x 2 y - .4 =-r,u_ ==,
$ 3, " a 5 .y m.= 1 y u = - =e.
.< :s5 2. =- .d s -. u=9 ~* = 3 -
-5 , :.E.! ==.yy,4 J :.-==. g.=: 2n:.,r cu.= = .= c. esm - -
- n g .c : s*- u-
, u. =
u- y ~! s >, a a =e =,= u -c g ,,g 3 2* g c = a .c = w , = 2
-a3< =
= , s -
!-- ~. su3 -
cv=s Jy,v. =,' i =< 3, 3 3 d s= =W5 ,.a
- = -
L :y a .< .
Y 2 j 3,3!ee<4-3yr:.4.s,cy+?,#j,.d J ,
. = -,,4 x - ,
2.
ji .s u, ,2 E-
- -4 , y y= 3
- 3.vE, A u # e3 .,!y w Tu.,. !] : s n u
.s .a --
dd .2 u
- y .=.=.= , u.4 ,- s=
-= ..s.
== = - . y = x ,, =1 = c g 4
., E. u s4 =. =. 3 .=. s -
e = .:
=. , .- = -
- c. u- e. . u.
y
. ,2 - ..
i u-
- .w s = v>= ,-
r;,.uaui3 s
,3.-.; 2s. .=
- s u -m. 3C u. 9s.,g* yCx.y;1 = , -i 3=l s .2 =, r ?
4
- 3 d 5 3 r.a, 41 y .x : = 9 f. =2= f ' *g, d 2 25 3-
-r
=r f 2u.=.,uuy
=
G.=U. $ h 5 f $ I=-
t k ! l *tlag=
'u 2 " -
l-,c d .* s=-a.
- $ h h .E -)s1.h,,y.f,4$
h y, 5.), 3 7
- b i l .5 .!
a = * =Wu w -
- . : = .3 . d . g is s= -: a y; -
, .?s w i e .m
't s '; G i. 5 .11Q1 x
=
3
.ys4 Lv. .!
-r s .c .g x
- 5 .=.u,t p.=j I s .=. k v. : -
,,. g ls n =i c s
- ;$ =3 ugALUf.=4 E ,
y .'g C w E3 y.s 3 4,9
- 9 9 n a e P
s.-. 3 d.i. g.i
- p. 4AL 3 U 5 4 : 532y . 5 5.3 }. c 53 - s. > C L 3 ,, = y.=.=
.-y *s r m. a m. -, ;. 9 r.
e eg 3, s. 7 y"3y.s.- g .a a- .4 y m. .e y n9
-y n
.e.a u - =
-fs -
y .5 = 73.y w = , 8,; 7 . g-JY ::-. x9 w
- a
= g
=4
< 7=.-
g = c u, 2 .=. .
~Ap= 99 4 e= - s y5 r j 4 q.=. c *3 .,. x.
- ,u j . . :r s - J =t 9
. x. =
3 u- = w 3 ,-
~- ..
q A ?* t 9. ,2x s. 3 -
s . - -
=
- t. . =, r* y . =
u , x .
- .; ,dy-. ( -
=s .m a
- u. =
A* ,u. - a m u
u .. .,. x $ .s s- ,= = c ,. .=. ,w
=, , .e.
4 u
s=
=.
v 3pn* = :u. - .,a =7 *ga=-u=
= .= _= mu= yu r uy*c.ss. ' ! 2 3> 3_ g,, 7w-
=. r=- - a y -
- e ,y
?* 9 , 3,=u 5 ;3- = 94y 9
- e= . u- g M E. i:==u 73 ~7 y 1 * $ .j ~3s
- - A -4 , j 3s= 4 s 9 2 .0=- -
s j 01 'i j, .9. 3 3 $j u.=,, j =y ' 3fis-y
',= E w 3 =i9=: E7 eu ': s,
., { .j2l ]t .jJnj )3 3js jt,i
=y 5 s t !yy. - ugy== ; -}ih33 , }3 4 g.'
- ,y i
.- .' u y .s -Q =y g =s 7 5 y.= a : ,:
g == - u ., =
.i. z .a .g = a .4 = -
=4u 2 - =- y -n 2 .,. . = 9 .= s
.- - . 4 L t. ,
, .s wa s
- .4? d8,.',= 2= 'u
> y -
4 s E.,q f 3 == 9: 3 u , e.4n .x c
e u
u -9 = - .
,34-4s 1.C .== =r- 0 u _; s. 1y u ; g '9 y = _y == Y, 2=a =
.s= .,W,u-3u : t=w
.*9.,.y ;4 -* == .=*e ,g,. : ; ,. '
Lr - - . s5 -3=cs z 3y:3t 4s ..=.= *4
_ 4g 4 = .4 -,,u 1 6 =-y- y=- -z ys A
- .1, 1 .,. u ~ 1 1 x= 2
~
.4 y , = -
- g 8 % .5 .y"
- s:
uu= u=..=.
a u.
s a = =-3 -
- as E.
, 4- =4 W.rE, a =.: "4 jg.7 3,
- g. . .y, . .=
s1- = , r u + .$ ,, u .c .-=- .a*
3J3..y-g g 4:. y=
3 E-u u 4 .e =a ..g= .i n 32u. == 3 s .; 3- c ys uJ y ,.
- 2 s .:*3..= >nJ=3wC a= n ,g - u
?
$ 4 E. d.- ). == =, =3
~ ,
=~~3' = 3 t#m -
z 4.-
't i a 3qJ p3 g ,4 =:
- 3s '
g ,' r'.r T4.y ., 7%w- -
- 3 4 4 y 3
=1 4 ,
'2 -y, 3.= =% )- ,E g gu = g 9 's .; 3:i 2 7 3 s :i 8 42= 3s -
a -
u .d 4
=
.s *. u
- s e .:.
.,, =- U f s s- u .t 5 $y2$3-=%=it: 4 64.s 3:4 ' ". y .*
s =1 f.'t.
.. , , .u 2 b.! 'u = 4
-. .j y .
y- .. . - -s =
.:: 7 .
= 3su34 3 =3 a
3 - - y+ y.: : .===r 4 .= r q.=gs - a u - s., r4 a su J' : - - =s=
,- r. # F .% f
- _,
- -5 3 =; sa .= 3 3
- v;; 4 , j 2 - -: s 4 .2. 7s = *2
. 2, 2. = -/ f .= s .*:d==: 58* * . j<Ts= = .
=~ s
- ; .u. -
=.4 = 7- = #
- t. -
v,, - -. 3 . :
4 -r a* g.s,j4. r. .g 1 7 --
2 .=..g d t s
,-a. 3 2 .=, 4 3,
= .y =. .
=
. S =. s
,:= ,, ==.
.a a .g _j y
.a -n- $ .:. E -r.. 1* $ ,z, -2 9 -
.1 A. .y x. ,,,..g d s 3 .s
- r 7 .: -
3= =, eI-- 2 u $ ,,. t -
. , _3
=Jf=e - - s r s -2
- fd 2 -.4q 0 ,a4 -a 4
=s a 3.
=
- s. ;,-
=
1
- .- .u = ' /.1 = -
-.g -
1 -
, Py
.n.3= r-
- r s . y i
.
- 4u fs w x 3 1 : u % .r.: .u u.
. *.= d -
z r : .' r
- 4 x ,.* a - - -
'i . -
.A #
2 2 s, - - t
- . =. .t= = - =
i -
f '/
4, ?e 4n L / q =. 2 r' - 3. - syu37- 1y - 1: .=
y 5 :~s
. I1 z 2
' -g y ..
a
- o. --
., .= u e. -s
.9
- s *==.= s- : -
, J - yzi 4 e =*17 4!25 e =
f4 9 v ' -f3y .~l*:
E1$h*C-~5 5 $,u l: =5C. U5. y =.5 I- ) .' 017 .s?.! -5u$ $ 4 4 4 k, i j f A bI.
.P.
3 -
.I a :s
=:
2.
.,2 =
i s4 14 j -
- 4 e
- = 4 - ;
4 5 :
1 ,
, ==
=s: -s 2 P.
s 4 =er s1 27 : 7-: ='a e =r
=
=..s. .
3 2 -u>a, ** :* 3 .
,3, y.)
. sistam.sm a tenG cr:1mT: rout. NG n:GF'Ja 12Vrt orste.NT 394:
- w
. .. . ; \, ~ . . . .
2 8 n...,
a -
m, i 5 *
- s s.,2 ,,, . .
- e
. j u n-1.
-,i . .. . .
O
( ^
o so so so eo ma en 5
s r . . ra a,-e h
z l, res 7. Ihe shc c.46 d.i.eab.L.cw I
. .- si a s < rk w.c .< .a
'l
- - _ , . - . . _ - s._,_. . . _sim . m s . _. . . , . .
4 'a . m . ,1,< .,t, 7 -
4 ,
2 * *
- 3 ! removal raic scnuins constant if'ig. 71. The critical. or act:ve.~ shicL.
j $ 's ness is obusved so incacase with substrate concenssashm. This beluvior
-2 i is confismest by other investig assws -
22* '"arul is artsdered to nussien *I4-5 j, , fusimal hmisations within the biofilm. Once he bio i8m ahicLncu escceds s tc {y$, ,
.. ; the stepsis of substrate for unygent penetra km into the f.Ldilm (l'ig. 51
,~
8 i the senwval rate is unalfccacd by further hkditm accuumfaskm.
r
, - Observed subst,ase eceiunvat n se canno. be used sin ali>ssingisista beiwecn s -
growth. nuintenance. ps oduct fornushm. and death. la scenes clear fam
' 5 's 's-3 g g other data ' that petulucs formation ipsianarily polysaccluables is signsfi.
' i j{
l 2 ; . . .. . ~s , ;j cans in the easty stages of biolihn forrrusion. &laintenance acquirements
{
j
~
l j J or bionuss decay become important as the biofilm gets thxLer arnt sid>-
- b d3 _
strate does nos entiecly penetrate the biofilm. These o In1 peuccu rases
- ~7 Th 's
- E- 2 2s 2 r i : y
%"e-K's 2
" 2 7 -
lj u*c5's j
- In
- a 1 J
2,1 ,. .a 5g a -- -
2 2 4 "2 ;' $#*sr2m5:. Lfe- 5-s.
it;g???a5f~ 9 t -s<
j =
E E'e- - 21 :y : z *= s=
- . < c ..
c -r .,
- - 2 r .
oG 2 ', ,i,fj i; ,i, ,3 - - j e;$ j
.2. . ...... g ,s. s. A. d.i.m iha tmen i.ase es. swy.
sawsuis she .acien .d
_ T.e * # 1., **;24C-"'i saasue.
ae.sc s mircas ece-b.u.sc a.w iyes.: ece.a..a e.se bec es sere tc.a .4 :ua u L.<w.
w
E S
a ( .!
Z e l
/ ] -
g
. t a
,e i $' ,I a* ]
g 1 / 4i .
=
4 % '
/ j 4* ' ,..
13 \
/
l s a e -
w*
s.
e.
s? Nb 3}4,
$ ' .' N
?i1
~
c i. a=
E
= ,
! s /
/ ] l.
1
. -].
1*
,! l ; 'y i -/ 2
.,, i al] $ 0
- v *
.- 3.
1 ..
i - < .1 ,.
.n
- \
r; ..c- 1 .
. s- <- 1 s .
,t ..
g3 IN y/
"[i.
- 39 a f si 2 -
= j ,,
- = .
3.-
- . .i. , 3 ,,,.i ,.
w W
5 '
// 0
/
/
js W i s,
- J e 5 -Is.) I g w l =. .s
.4 a
2y e :
. . i .-
4 $l3410#j *-1 lj r --
- 4
.. I ; ,, '- {
- f
/ / ]
! 1-3 - $
u - t
& I ,; * . . '. .F s 2. g i.: ! yj li1x 8 1 3 ,
43 3
y .,
e
. , ; / t 3 i
- I s 3 3J j / u ql 3{=lg,44(-,I-24if .
2,333b 1 5
3 i
a i
4 l}:, p;t
/
/ 1s d
?
o (3li -
1
,3 2
g 4 ,4 :
a id 'ii flli j11
, gie j e A 8 :
- s 2 1- 1
- / g-ii41 i.3g s22 11fil i
m .
i
.=
2 -
7 3 l
- - 3 nis'
=
3 E:g
.3 I-
=
J 'W
~s e
}
e
?
s 1 .17, t, ,#
2 .4
.C2' 3
q?{l.l 11.
.Itd
).3--=f 3d }4 *}
$:33 f : i I '}
3 5
...........e ie e e l ',2 2 i
o f l. 5 as %
g :( a ,,* y ,; O 0 J w' *
- g
.j i 4
.A 4
.2 g* C4 9 i : .(3a E2I5 57,8
$3
{ .P #
f ,- I3 I-
,1
't52'Ou-wl '3 .E 3,!
1 s 4 D 532. *: }1I 3 ;$ .=.3 ~d n y,, = 7.,
.- ,, 1
" $ , 5 3.ui 3 ~E 1-
- 1 v. ;- .5 .f. d 5
, ; ." =
<1
- .5 j .D .= fOv 's 'd 1I o1 lI 4I- A=
.S" 2 ],. ';y 'toE Gc Wh -
i'
- i U25:
- y i .E 2 s!
- 7 3 E *' gd m
I
$"k 1
EEg 3 3 5 s {4i!3 3
.t .;:
AA 9 fY ?
I*l i"35 A '
i t e,at. p. a es= 10 I,: 7 .' $ '! $
3a3:5 0 '
.x 3 g .= : :
i a ja 2 a 3 2 .g -. .J : * -:
's '
sa:;d3 E f or ~
d \. :
)1 x\!'ENX: 2e 34 i ; ; ; , -: . M
'.d ;Z $ 3 .i ,i :
b ', i 2- -
2.t o 'j'1 .-Ni, 2 ::Q 'E 5 3 .2 # 7s -- ' * " " "
. p. c-;439
'?3 yt.a u. := 3g 25 -- --
d .j 2 ]I s -o '8 , 5 : :07 :-
"o a
u 7,,. 4,
. ,o, e
~
o o }_ I, ., .5 .; e' . =. . e5 ., .g i
e.4:; 2 _- s 'j
'. t
~]
- 1*
jf :
1s
. 7- -$ ~$.
t j
}% w- :s -E.v E ?. =( 3 5 ,4i ,-
i eE ?y =23s " 2 .' f r* ii~
I J *g -
lf
-- 3'1-l i
=: - i 3 5 ',1
~
g ,
-. i. .Ij e ; .*2
- , 9 :
.w , .* 2 ! .x -
y f1 .
P2 v: - t
.4, 3 .
-g ,
t Ttt- -4 : 1 r J
-a .
- I sJ.
L -<
.e 7 - 7 ** 1 2
s=
d 8 s se sai w Es as 7 ~
snestnesaNs EsNtics rsmT; sing sess} sessMC3 ha ss. vs asages Mr #94s 4 kl.cs quessa.ms .4 s.=escs o ecras.kne senece.Jii.at gwocewes ise she 14.(sisu o
o ,,, [ ' o"
==l.mic she t..lf.. wing- ~
i o o*
o x s
- g ,,
is 3,c she ...wnca leyh s(dm sicus in the casir wa,c, e4 bi(de' ,, o;p' ,o
- sg g.,
o
.tesch. micas .lue so oss.sedlui.or ed) eswr p.sliscsion? Wlus sype .4 pol. ~-
of( ,g s e ceca. mauses andn heise. ps. cias* Iw p=d may he crisical us aucungsw .4 Imd.mlear cowsssol nicaweses (c y.. clikninaskel if elecy 5..-mLJ6 W/gpffgfgg7ggg7 1,
hW
.uc to lie useJ an the c.sais searcs .4 headilson fosseusion.
?s is the 1:ran* -KamenessLai relasimslup'* essefad as a criseriosa for tha. c an d an ,
~
Ascauwmag she Tenac A" be.ddas shocLaco as uluch.leibese.us edonygest m she buditm bec.wsws sasc haneng f.nr sedwirate:camval? When osygen Fis s!. T..mc m ,u
. .;.s ss es A.,a , ah, m smeh.4 sei, b Ess Imm. dam ..ct m s. .L. sids sc-scJescong hacscs sa. seronr1y inspisc.nsed in cut- .6d, d. s*s c ess,s .s,.u.w saw me.h s % *
...se. e. he . e p.mune.n
- la C.in ase slinsesenew Lai:s.or semiJet adequascly alescribe sad strate scum s.J en a smw.s.e gwee es.c..Jysianud syssem? Can she swanwsers in alw wi..lci he 9.uns(w.l!
is Ik.a.md.im es usssus psopensicsse c..J ifusioncucificiens.:heuharical
gw. pce ws. shcs na I c aliscssies > 8 arm! g4.ysic.il gwaipersses s.lcasis yI causage w se wes s amtig as alae be.. eine &sdogw? .-~
.e ,.
I s.-sa. I.mrno .4 Iss.4ilm =e s e,
.V As the iv.delas fsows shicLcr. she Shad shcar seress as she 94 lilm in- ***'l- ** a o
~~*
oo "
sess.au reewsalli mcscases. Alws as tmdilms grow stucLcr. she posencial ,, g f oe u.bstranc. .eugen. or nuarsens tenusassans in the deeper pusions is gecas.
- P Ihew lonus.ae.ms nus mealen she hadilm matris anJ cause desadiment
- I ey I!s leulcat asmi ClusacLhs' repoes shas she biotilssielesactineens rase ~
e see ano ese es. so.e es as we ss akse.ncs uph unscatar.g imdilm nun sFig. ID. Trulcae*' also seports sh s As.nhawas ease essacaws wiele theil d. car stress 4 Fig.141. f's es. s.a c .4 h.44 w s, sd,. .sn si .e ,,, .s . so as a .si,,,
r dm .cs i. .use,memn,,aren,,1. 4a.llic,s.in an.1 se,en,sla.4&pssis --'s- m - * ,
.uc netcwas y so lu.shrt aan&rsaanJeg 4 she alesacimeneens psancen. Other *
.pussi. es se pas.lesig .l.s.e61usi sis asis.s asise sencies.lesig eins foNeswing:
- Ie is shesc &s.ntmeens al (ells feeins she sesel. ace sisemply as a sesasis ed "
sell scgis..la cse.us. s c. slac el.narides s' dis peel ediisolo slic theml?
?: llow es she weentsh .4 Jcpasis affected ley asi.acsohec Layers sleep is **"*
st.c lu. dam - *"****"* **
?
Is II.m J..es Asa Lancsis s se dunge wsah Ibil slocar sescu asiJ l=(sise ****- 7' clustnew' Can lcsa6hnsens ease es.e., cells in sasspenw.ml he used se *e ..-i '
newns..t 1*ddas entiusual.ds.nn ? Usmics ulus cercussiss.asices* ** ~
la Ilaa .hs le.ntmics adhsence sesength 44 Jcposes or alesaclassment rate?
- 4s.coull Rare **(lli..lilm Iserriormens e me ne aos 43.
In umun.a y. Imdilm .levchipnicas i> 2he act resnels et several processes
..uenewig m scenes 4.ms p.walici si'eg.158. The elevelopencas .4 a Is(de asae gg ,,,,,, m ,
es ley.ustly Awsslac l h) a sagssa. sed.al-sis. aped i;esswe slag.168. 'lloc sinf't be nm asses.1ss. ns s - atin-seas g.
s
( - .
a
~
r 1
~
E I !
k]lli.ijj! j l'* 3 s u' 4t
. i i bl}=.
n
$r(y sih. i,!
I.
i 1 i Us.10..$
0
/ p I EvrGI;. ld35
- ls.;0 -
'ld
/
r.'. 4 -
k [ 'N* '8[f l. lI[4 .j.e E
) / I* .3 5.f i s .g $l l R I {-k
.s.ld.i. n5 fi$ si{ 3{t ^)*jiga
. 0 y
! / , / ,b {. g lusig j
4
< /
/ 5
,it
-l4 v
]. 'la ,.;
.l
' c 1 54. m
/ -.-ll*y.
'/
- 1 5ame
?.
a -a' -+- iJ 8* p 2 .,? ]I .
$ i,o l ,E. 4s} af.}.= ES4 1.s
]
I
..cLc c-
' .a ! ]J- s ...
a 3
2 s .g l' r 2 r g e.
1[4 4
, 3
.3 4 41 8 8 a s a e a a a il FJ i' a .
j 4.! .!r j l i-V 8 j3i A i.. in .m w. ...
'j g.1s.
l [ e I.G V- J 6 s.
(4 l 03 t315j 3))ll 3.g. 1 e- . 3
.,a l ,,9
,c,=. !, .)',
$ 414 2 J 51
,a j,, .[= }3,1 $E3l'i.
j . ig 3*v- .
e ; a ,J,t a s e -v - .x. .- ,
R.l j 3 el .I! _
- F .i ! .IJ r i 'j.: * ' *
.e . 4 :l =if 1 4 ";W ]i s"1 l:.4 i 2 f I .;334 e a < t :i c,, c,. . .. s . . .-
i o ,3= w ivx l
l
- 1. .', ,
4, 9, .e ,xa a
. . :-....' = 1 g "v
> .l
. g r e. ,y = gin 31.f..=
i y :-
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_ m$ . .- Ih . 500 tun kf '3 H<* h .d ws< I< w na.cass e n s.ty v g- - ' ic a.a ,<. o a.ew n t.w eso h ,. e a w g
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t 0 , g. Ahhough the 6ictiorud sesistance clTects of biofilm can be adequately
% k.$ 'j ol4 :sciihed by los mulas and concepts suitah!c for rigid soug;; su faces, the y (,jk./o Ih7003 F
- 40pn* inclusion should not he strawn that indeed the biotilm paesents a rigid .
. ugh stulace to the flow. Suc's a notion is an oversimplatication and h,
, ;, . *w annot account fos all espeii wntal observations." c .~ Finally. frictional resistance measurements provide a relatively simple Reynous ranreer 10 *
.. .. cthod liar detesnuning liquid maw toansfer resistance in some bioidm '
- . stems si .ce 6iction.nl resistance and liquid man transfer resistance are
, sh. lated. - i . . , :s au ,< e.=i s. ,s o. ..aucya.aJs swa =Js. gbacw*
~ .s < h 4a . .u.. . .b .a .huciens secs ..a t. eda .tcres..p.nens su<t. Is.
h ITFECTS OF IllOFil.Al ON llEAT TitANSFElt ItESlYrANCl? 1 Bio 6h deveh.pment and revilling fluid friction:d resistance have been E tuinship bttwi eri hs.itilm thicknew aml 6iction factor for all of ZelvJcuncil aski Lah intheence heat transfer. Changes in heat transfer re-2 opennu nts at .: u all shear strew f om 6.5 to 7.9 N/m is .hown in Fidlance a.iw f on the combined cifects of increased b.utihr. thickness - j ' 3 I satu.n t.nins as alcpenilent on isotilm thicLaew aber a caitical thsonduct;ve heat :simst'es : and increased frictional resistance (convective new IIh. I appiodmately equal to the thicknew of the visco ts subljat trandert. _ th. n altanwd. Comiuctive heat transfer can he related to biofilm thickness and its Conccesu lly. Ih. cmsespomis so the stage it bio 6fm developmen[ective thermal cosaliselivily. lixperimerita' bio 61na tMml mede _ w ha h uutace inegulanties psotrude shaouch the vigous stahlayer. U[ aletenmnanimas in ficate no significant dilTerence fmm that of watu at ~ lhes ss.sce, the biosihn hes completely within the viscous sublayer lie same temperatine (see Table IV). This is t. 4arpiising since biotilm _ [ a, s .amt instam f as.os does not increase a the tube is hydraulically smajappraimunately 9b'M% water. For .: wall she.ar strew of 6.5-7.9 N/m2. the viwous sublayer is app,fConvective heat transfer ruults from fluid mixing nr motion and can g jg unately equal to 40 pm; this compares wc!I with the observed Th.. - 30 l FCla!ca' to momentum transfer or frictional sesistance. Colhurn" cor. h g-~.= pm for the same wall shear strew rance. EJiW-- =
!ated convective heat transfer in tubes to friction factor :.ml properties .
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e) ., I Al'ER nut,1BER h/I, b a. The International Corrosion Fe,rurn Sponsored by the I National Association of Corrosion Engineers / t,1 orch 22 26,1982 / Albert Thomas Conyention Cenier, Houston, Texas L HICROBIAl. FACILITATION OF CORROSION David C. White 310 Nuclear Research . Department of Biological Science Florida State University Tallahassee, Florida 32306 . ABSTRACT Newly developed sensitive' biochemical methods make possible the quantitative stuily of microbes that facilitate corrosion. At least 3 mechanisms for facilitation of corrosion i n nce be examined. The uneven distribution of microbes and their extracellular polymers can creato concentration cells that dif fer in cathodic activity. The metabolic
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acitivities of aerobic microbes can create anaerobic niches in highly aerobic environments and from these niches organic acids can be generated by the t
..) cetivic~ies of fermentative bacteria. In the presence of sulfate or organic sulfate estors, the oxidation of organic acids can Icad to generation of hydrogen sulfide by the sulf ate reducing anaerobes. Hydrogen sulfide ic 1 capable of cathodic depolarization and of oxidation by aerobic Thiobacteria l vith the formation of sulfuric acid. The detection and validat(on of "signature" lipids in these microbes can now allow the use of C cririchment Publicatiori night C;ppight by thy author (s) who'e Copyright is apphCat,lf. rltt'to'futed by the lJation.tl Arsochitmi of Corro:fon Enginecr with cer-nWstion of the sulnorb). !! ACE ha:Lt:n ch en fitsi rights o' t'ut6esten of tt is r .a.au; r;pt. nequ:rt for parinission to pubtith this manus:ript li any foren, in pari or in whote, rnost be made in writir.2 Io fJACE, f'uhliidlions Dept.. P. O. Ucx 218 40,llovston, .czas M210 Tre rnatiumcript has nt l yct bran resi: AcJ tiy f!ACR and Accordinpit , the analerial prct,;.ittd arid luo vicas expres:ed ato Nhn B92G0 @@ Ac0Hed @% er@ %0 Gera*B.wiln endsracJ_hf the Associ.9ti:nt.
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experiments which can provide correlation between cerrosion rates and specir[e microbial activities so that more rational countermeasures can be developed as has been begun for the microfouling community and the problems of heat transfer ef ficiency.
. INT!10DUCTI0tl With the increasing necessity to recycle both fresh and saltvater, problems of microfouling and subsequent microbially facilitated corrosion i
become more important. Noi only do microblat films increase resistance to efficient heat transfer, increase the resistance to fluid flow and provide the conditions fer facilitation of corrosion, but they may provide the ideal growth conditions for the dissemination of the huh.an pathogen Legionella. Simple antifouling treatments with blocidos are increasingly expensive and potentially damaging to the environment so research tow.a ds a new strategy to interdict microfouling led to the development and validatien of biochemical methods by which the biomans and community structure of the mlerobial films could be e>, amin d. These methods can now bc applied to increase the basic
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underst'anding of microblat corrosion facilitation. Hicrobes can faellitate or initiate corrosion by their activities by at least three mechanisms, concentration cells differing in cathodic activity can be generated by the uneven distribution of microbial and extracellular biomass ; and community compositon. Hierobes can generate corrosive cetabolites such as I the organic acids that are important in the weathering pro:ess by which solls are replenished or by the generation of mineral acids under the proper 2
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".C conditions of growth.- The sulfate reducing bacteria gnnerate hydrocon culfide with subsequent cathodic depolarization and metalic r 1Eide formation.
(fith newly developed methodviogy for "signature" lipids of various
. physiological groups of organisms, the microbial ecology of these organisms can be studied to provide a rationale for countermeasures.
, EXpERI!!EllTAL PROCEDURE A flow diagram of the experimental procedures utilized in the study of microbial fouling and corrosion is illustrated in Figure 1.
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Patchy distribution A coupon of the exposed surface is recovered and stained with aqueous
' acridine orange. The acridine orange is then washed of f and the relative distribution of intensity of fluorescence measured with an epifluorescent microfluor(meter can give a quantitative estimate of the patchiness as the -
specimen is moved acros.- the microscope stage (1). Other coupons' can be fi):cd with glutaraldehyde, dehydrated, coated and examined by scanning electron microscopy (2). A typical micrograph of the fouling community developing on titanium expopsed to seawater is shown in Figure 2. Li'pid extraction The camples are extracted by the one phase Bligh and Dyer method and af ter Inducing phase separation the lipids are recovered from the organic phase (2). The residue remaining after extraction is removed from the surface by abrasion and analyzed af ter acid hydrolysis. The aqueous portion of the lipid extraction is also analyr.ed for the adenine nucleotidos as illuntrated in Figure 1. 3
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Ex. e TI TLL': Effect of Diofilm Growth on liydraulic Performance KEY W0itI'3 : D3toul_ino; Prictionni r es is tance; Hydraulic Energy , Locr.cs ; Mi crobi a l :'ilen;;, Pipelinos, Slitnc Laver s,
. Wall lloughncsc, water Sv.pply .
ADSTilACT: An experimen tal invoc tigation of the delctorious ef fect of microbial slime layers on the, hydraulic performance of water conduits is presented. The undurlying mechanisms tha t lead to an increase of I frictional lossos in the conduit are explored and their relative impor tance is discussed. It is aliewn that although the slime layer is viscoelas tic and filamen tous, its ef f oct on f rictional r esis tance can be adequa tely r epresen ted through an increase in rigid equivalent sand roughnocs of the conduit wall.
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Ef fect of Diofilm Growth on flydraulic Performance Dy B. F. Picologlou,8 N. Zelver,' and U. G. Characklis' INTRODUC7. ION Biofouling in water conduits causes pronounced increases in fluid frictional resistance. The resulting energy losses arc of major concer7 to the water supply and power industries.
, Biofouling is a general term referring to undesirable effects due to attachment of microorganisms at liquid-solid interfaces. The microorganisms produce a polysaccharide slime layer (5,6,8) which, when formed on the inside surface of water conduits, increases frictional resistance in flow systems re-sulting in energy losses or losses in pipeline capacity.-
Deterioration of pipeline capacity attributed to biofilm development can be substantial. Seifert and Kruger (14) report a 55% reduction of original capacity in a 50 mile (80 km) long water supply pipeline 23.62 inches (60 cm) ID due to a l) - thin slimy layer approximately 0.026 inches (650 pm) thick. Table 1 documents other case histories of biofouling in water supply lines (3 ) . Biofouling is not limited to microbial activity. The term includes the interaction of the microorganisins and the slime leyer with both the chemistry of the solid surface and the bulk
' Asst. Prof., Dept. of Mechanical Engrg. , Rice Univ. , Houston, Tex.
8 3 Research Environmental F.n g r . , Cuteck, Inc., Sacramento, Calif. Prof., Dept. of Environmental Sci. & Cngrg. , Rice Univ. , tious ton, Tex. [
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TABLE 1. .hl Data Summary from Case !!istories of Closed Conduits Expet' lancing Frictional Losses Due to Biofilms f[ W. El Reduction in r Design Flow Conduit
- Conduit Biofilm Thickness Diameter Length E
Capacity (micrometers) Conduit ' (centime ters) (kilometers) (1) (2) (3) (4) Sur(ace (5) Reference (6)
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x, 121 in 2 years 800 105 13 Cement . ( 9) j-231 1600 90 13 \ Concrete ( 9) 16% in 3 weeks 3000 90 1 41 Steel ( L) i 3 551 in 3 years 635 60 ,- .1 93 Steel ' (15) - ' [, j 3.51 in 1 year - 36 6, 2.5 Steel ( 7) 1 fi.; i
- Gote: 1 micrometer = 3.94 x 10-5 inches ,
l 4 1 centimeter = .3937 inches e 1
- 1 kilometer = .6215 miles :
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fluid. These in terac tions can enhance some of the~ more commonly known fouling phenomena such as precipitation or crystalliration (scaling) and corrosion. In these latter cases, the wall layer attains a much more rigid s tructure and the pronounced increase in frictional resistance can be successfully explained by the
, increase in the equivalent sand roughnesp of the pipe wall. In the case of microbial slime layers, the situa tion is more com-plex. The thickness and morphology of the slime layers are ') , functions of the operating conditions. A change in operating
. conditions, such as an incNease in wall shear s tress, can cause
'significan t changes in the morphology and thickness uf the bio '
film, thus changing the value of the equivalen t sand roughness. In addition, the viscoelastic nature of the slime layer and its filamentous acrphology suggest that perhaps additional dissipa-tien mechanisms con tribu te significan tly to the increased fric-tional 'resis tance . Consequen tly, description of the biofilm effect by a unique value of equivalent sand roughness may be g) inadequate over the entire range of the operating conditions. The purpose of this s tudy is to explore some of these possibilities. This paper will only be concerned with microbial slime layers and, th er e f or e, the term biofoulina will be used for microbial fouling and the term biofilm for the microbial slimo layer. EXPEND 1 ENTAL METHODS Only the salient features of the sys tem employed ar e given here. For addi tional in f orma tion, see references (16) and (4). 1ho experimental system was designed so tha t impor tan t
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Arsvented from volume la of DEVELOPM EN T IN INDt.!$ TRIAL AllCRO!!! OLOGY A PuMitaronn of one $renery for Indu ro* sal .stne rvi.oelvyy 1977 Clf A PT E R 48 Control of Microbini Fouling in Circular Tubes with Chlorine
- C. NOR Rat AN. W. C. OI Alt ACK Lis. AND J. D. BR Yl:Rs Deporrment of EnrrecroortwistolScience and Engineennt.
Rice Unn<crsity. Ilo.1run. Te.rus 17001 e Aticrobial rouling is a maior ciouse of encefy lois in water pmelines. heat enchangers, and poett plans condensers. Chemical control is usually by chlonne addition. New retiricieons on efnuent chlonne residuals require that chloritie t$e added judiciousfr. The eork described is the basis for a methodology to determene optimum chlonne dosing rates for fouling control. Tubular reactor expenments were conducted for turbulene conditions tReynolds nemler 13.000 19.0o01. hticsobial Olm thickness IT) was monieored by electncal conductivity (22.3 um) Ped correlated mell with increases la fricifonal resistance measured by pressvee drop ton). ObsernJ als was s'gnincantly higher than predicted based on reduction of crets. sectional arts available for dow. ar.d a p increases of 200% were observed for T>100 pm. Chlorine addition caused t'artial Gim removal =1th consequent increases in et0uent paruculales. A rnsthematical descripinon of tructobial film f, tom-th and its centrol by chlorine is offered. INTRODUCTION hlicrobial fouling is a major cause of energy losses in water pipelines and heat exchangers. Thin microbial Olms attsch to the inside of water conduits causing large increases in both Guid frictional and heat transfer resistance. Characklis (197]a.b) and Norrman (1976) reviewed the literature conceming t.he e(fect.: of fouling on frictional resistance. Chlonne generally is used for controlling nuerobial fouling in such systems. How ever, both economic considerations and increasingly stringent environrnental regulations r 0uire a systematic understanding of microbisj fouling. its effects. and methods of control. This paper describes research directed toward the fullowing objectives:
- 1. Development of a suitable apparatus for experimental deurrninstion of frictional resistance as a function ornim thickness.
- 2. Determination of the dependence of fnetionaj resistance on Olm thickness and now rate.
J. Deternvnstion of the effect of varying chlorine application rates on Olm thickness and frictional resistance.
- 4. Developmeni of mathem:tical models describtng both Glm growth and Olm destruction by chlonne.
- hl ATERI AL$ AND .A!ETilODS Syrtem desen; tion. A tubular reactor was used for tes. sons o.* r'ynartje s:milanty to full scale systems. Fipre I is a schematic disgram of the ev.r<nmentaj apparatus. Two loeps permitted I simultaneous expenments at differen t now rates. Each leop centsned a rotameter and i
separate sections for Alm thickness, Alm density, and pressure drop measurements. The entire i system. including test sections (Fig. 2). was acrylic tubing (1.27 cm 1.D.) roughened to l promore macrobial attachment. The tubuh: reactors were operated on a once ihtouch basis ' dunng chlonne addition.
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