ML20132B758

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Rev 3 to Engineering Justification for Placement of Automatic Sprinklers,Comanche Peak Steam Electric Plant
ML20132B758
Person / Time
Site: Comanche Peak  Luminant icon.png
Issue date: 05/27/1985
From: Dungan K, Olaughlin R, Wahl W
PROFESSIONAL LOSS CONTROL, INC.
To:
Shared Package
ML20132B756 List:
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NUDOCS 8507250123
Download: ML20132B758 (37)
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,

P seseOpuSesONAL LOSS CONT 9tOL, INC.

g ENGINEERING JUSTIFICATION FOR PLACEMENT OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS COMANCHE PEAK STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT TEXAS UTILITIES GENERATING COMPANY Submitted by: Kenneth W. Dungan, P.E.

Robert J. 0'Laughlin, P.E.

William F. Wahl Revision 3 Date: May 27, 1985 8507250123 850722 ADOCK0500g5 PDR P. O. Box 446 e Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831 e (615) 482-3541

1 TABLE OF CONTENTS t

l.

t Subject Page 1.0 Introduction....................................................

1 2.0 Sp ri nkl e r Syst em Desi g n 0bj ecti ve...............................

2 3.0 System Description - Existing Automatic Sprinkler / Spray Systems.

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4.0 Sp ri n kl e r P l ac ement.............................................

7 l

5.0 Techni cal Justi fi cati on.........................................

8 5.1 Fire Properties of Cable Insulation and Jacket Materials...

8 5.2 Fire Scenario for Cable Ignition - Fire Size...............

9 5.3 Sp ri n k l e r Actu ati on........................................

9 5.4 Obstructions...............................................

13 5.5 P rotected Area pe r Sp ri nkl er............................... 15 l

l 5.6 Cabl e Tray Wate r S p ray P rotecti on.......................... 15 l

6.0 Conclusion......................................................

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Appendix A Plume and Radiant Heat Flux Calculations l

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ENGINEERING JUSTIFICATION FOR PLACEMENT OF AUTOMATIC SPRINKLERS AT COMANCHE PEAK STEAM ELECTRIC PLANT TEXAS UTILITIES GENERATING COMPANY

1.0 INTRODUCTION

This report examines the installation of the automatic sprinkler / water spray systems provided in safety-related areas of Comanche Peak Steam Electric Plant, Unit 1. Specifically, this report evaluates the place-ment of sprinkler heads.

The governing document for the engineering / design and installation of automatic sprinkler systems for fire protection is the National Fire Protection Association Standard 13, entitled " Standard for the Instal-lation of Sprinkler Systems."

This standard gives detailed guidance in the Chapter 4 for the spacing, location, and positioning of sprink-1ers. This chapter addresses:

maximum protection area per sprinkler minimum interference to water discharge patterns from beams, girders bracing, pipe, ducts and light fixtures, and the location of sprinklers with respect to the ceiling config-uration.

In recognition of the problems associated with the placement sprinkler heads in accordance with Section 4-1.1.3 of NFPA 13 and still meet specific protection objectives, the NFPA 13 comittee amended the standard with the addition of Section 4-1.1.5 to allow alternate placement of sprinkler heads, provided comparable sensitivity and per-formance could be demonstrated by analysis or test.

This report pro-vides engineering justification for head placement to ensure perform-ance equal to or better than ceiling level sprinkler heads in accor-dance with NFPA 13, Section 4-1.1.3.

1

2.0 SPRINKLER SYSTEM DESIGN OBJECTIVE The purpose of the automatic sprinkler / water spray systems addressed in this evaluation is to protect safe shutdown equipment, components, and systems such that the plant can be safely shutdown in the event of a fire.

The NRC establishes the rules for fire protection of safe shutdown capability in 10 CFR 50, Appendix R, Section III G.

Fire protection features for safe shutdown nust be capable of limiting fire damage so that:

a. One train of systems necessary to achieve and main-

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tain hot shutdown conditions from either the control room or emergency control station (s) is free of fire damage; and

b. Systems necessary to achieve and maintain cold shut-down from either the control room or emergency con-trol station (s) can be repaired within 72 hours8.333333e-4 days <br />0.02 hours <br />1.190476e-4 weeks <br />2.7396e-5 months <br />.

To achieve these goals, one of the following means must be used to protect redundant trains free of fire damage per Section III G:

a. Separation of cables and equipment and associated non-safety circuits of redundant trains by a fire barrier having a 3-hour rating.

Structural steel forming a part of or supporting such fire barriers shall be protected to provide fire resistance equiv-alent to that required of the barrier.

b. Separation of cables and equipment and associated non-safety circuits of redundant trains by a hori-zontal distance of more than 20 feet with no inter-vening combustible or fire hazards.

In addition, fire detectors and an automatic fire suppression system shall be installed in the fire area; or

c. Enclosure of cable and equipment and associated non-safety circuits of one redundant train in a fire barrier having a 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> rating.

In addition, fire detectors and an automatic fire suppression system shall be installed in the fire area:

2

/

4 Two of these methods require automatic suppression systems; b above, with redundant trains separated by horizontal distance of more than 20 feet with no intervening combustibles or fire hazard; and c above, with redundant trains separated by at least a 1 hour1.157407e-5 days <br />2.777778e-4 hours <br />1.653439e-6 weeks <br />3.805e-7 months <br /> fire barrier.

The design objective of the safe shut.down area sprinkler protection provided at the Comanche Peak plant i: to suppress a floor level expo-sure fire prior to the ignition of overhead cables.

This is based on the critical assumption that electrically initiated propagating cable fires in IEEE 383 qualified cables are not a credible event. Further-more, in areas with cable trays stacked four or more high directional closed head nozzles or multiple levels of sprinklers are provided above the trays.

In order to determine " equivalent performance" as referred to in NFPA 13, the sprinklers below cables must be capable of meeting this design objective, or nozzles must be installed above cable trays to extinguish a cable fire.

3 r

3.0 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION - EXISTING AUTOMATIC SPRINKLER / SPRAY SYSTEMS The automatic suppression systems which are installed in areas of the plant containing safe shutdown systems, are designed and installed to comply with Appendix A to BTP APCSB 9.5-1.

The systems installed are combination wet pipe sprinkler systems and closed nozzle water spray systems.

Area coverage is provided by sprinklers and specific cable tray protection is provided by the closed water spray nozzles.

The equipment in the suppression system is UL listed or FM approved.

Each system is hydraulically designed such that a uniform water den-sity is provided over a specific area.

The water flow / pressure demands of these fire suppression systems are less than the available water supply.

The sprinklers used in the systems are UL listed with a temperature rating of 212*F.

Both pendent and upright sprinkler heads providing area coverage are Grinnell "duraspeed" heads. The size of the sprink-ler orifice varies from 3/8 inch to 1/2 inch.

The sprinkler head other than 1/2" orifice have a pintle attached to the deflector. The water spray nozzles are the quartzoid bulb directional type which have a 175'F temperature rating.

The directional nozzles are positioned immediately adjacent to cable trays to prevent fire propagation from spreading along the exposed cables.

These are provided where nore than four trays are installed.

Sprinklers are provided below cable trays in the rooms and corridors as identified in Table 1.

Sprinklers are installed at only ceiling level in areas where obstruction are minimal.

4

TABLE 1 CPSES UNIT 1 BELOW TRAY SPRINKLER PROTECTION FIRE AREA /

ROOM

- NAME ELEVA-SPRINKLER PROTECTION ZONE NUMBER TION DESCRIPTION AA 21a 175 CCW HX 790 Above and Below Trays 179 Boric Acid Pumps &

790 Corridor at Ceiling Corridor Pumps Below Ceiling 180 Corridor 790 Above and Below Trays

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AA 21b 207 Corridor 810 Above and Below Trays AA 21d 226 Corridor 831 Above and Below Trays AA 21f 241 Corridor 851 Above and Below Trays SB 4 71 Corridor 790 Above and Below Trays 70 Corridor 790 Above and Below Trays SB 8 79 Corridor 810 Above and Below Trays 82 Corridor 810 Above and Below Trays SB 15 94 Corridor 831 Above and Below Trays 95 Personnel Airlock 831 Ceiling Only Corridor SB 15 88 Non-Rad Pipe Penetration 831 Ceiling Only EA 57 125 Corridor Below Cables Only 5

4.0 SPRINKLER PLACEMENT NFPA 13 gives specific guidance with respect to the clearance between sprinklers and the ceiling construction.

The ceiling construction in the majority area of the plant is considered " Smooth Ceiling Construc-tion" per NFPA 13. Section 4-1.3.1 defines smooth ceiling construc. tion as " continuous smooth bays formed by wood, concrete, or steel beams spaced more than 7-1/2 ft. on centers - beams supported by columns, girders, or trusses." Another type of construction used in the plant is " Beam and Girder Construction."

Section 4-1.2.3 defines this as "the term beam and girder construction as used in this standard inclu-des noncombustible and combustible roof or floor decks supported by wood beams on 4-inch or greater nominal thickness or concrete or steel beams spaced 3 to 7-1/2 ft. on centers and either supported or framed into girders."

Relative to these two definitions, Section 4-3.1 defines the position-ing of sprinklers for smooth ceiling construction.

" Deflectors of sprinklers shall be located 1-inch to 10-inches below combustible ceilings or 1-inch to 12-inches below noncombustible ceilings."

Section 4.3.2.1 defines the positioning of sprinklers in beam and girder construction.

" Deflectors of sprinklers in bays shall be located 1-inch to 16-inches below combustible or noncombustible roof or floor decks."

Sprinklers provided below cable trays do not meet the ceiling clear-ance limitation of Section 4-3 of NFPA 13. To meet NFPA 13 equivalent performance must be established in accordance with Section 4-1.1.5.

6

5.0 TECHNICAL JUSTIFICATION This technical justification addresses the location of sprinkler rela-tive to the ceiling. Section 4-1.1.5 of NFPA 13 states:

" Clearances between sprinkler and ceiling may exceed the maximum specified in Section 4-3 provided that, for the conditions of occupancy protected, tests or calcu-lations show comparable sensitivity and performance of the sprinklers to be installed in conformance with Sec-tion 4-3."

Paragraph A-4-1.1.5 further states:

"In determining equivalent performance through analyti-cal or experimental methods, the sprinkler's sensitivi-ty, spray distribution, fire size ano droplet size pen-etration should be considered. Condition of occupancy, such as height of storage, building or equipment con-figuration, obstructions, etc.,which may effect sprink-1er sensitivity should also be considered in evaluating both tests and calculation."

The purpose of this evaluation is to establish if the existing automa-tic sprinkler / water spray system will achieve its design objective, as outlined in section 2 of this report, as well as or better than a sprinkler system meeting Section 4.3 placement criteria.

Specific areas evaluated include:

Fire properties of cabling insulation and jacketing materials Fire scenarios for cable ignition (Fire size)

Sprinkler Actuation Obstructions Cable tray water spray protection 5.1 Fire Properties of Cable Insulation and Jacketing Materials The cables installed at Comanche Peak are IEEE 383 qualified cab-les. Power cables have EPR insulation and hypalon jackets. Con-trol Cables have cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) insulation and 7

....=

.m

hypalon jacket.

Instrumentation cables have cross linked poly-ethylene (XLPE) insulation and chlorinated polyethylene jacket.

Although these cables are combustible, tests conducted at Factory Mutual Research Corporation (FMRC) sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) verified the ignition resistance of these cables.

Tests indicated that pyrolysis of the jacketing material occurs at about 850*F.

Auto ignition of these types of cables did not occur until about 1100*F.

Based on these temperature criteria, fire sizes, necessary to ignite cables in ladder type cable trays can be assessed using plume calculation.

5.2 Fire Scenarios for Cable Ignition - Fire Size Emperical plume correlation can be applied to determine the size of floor level exposure fires causing pyrolysis and/or ignition of cables installed various distances above the floor. Likewise, these plume correlations can be used to estimate the reaction of sprinklers within the plume.

Figure 2 shows the relationship of height above the fire and fire size for two temperatures criter-ia; increase of 200*F and increase of 800*F (See Appendix A).

5.3 Sprinkler Actuation It is obvious that a sprinkler rated at 212'F, within the plume of a growing fire will fuse well before cables in the same plume reach their autoignition temperature.

For sprinklers not directly in the fire plume, thermal radiation will be the dominant mode of heat transfer.

For these sprink-1ers, radiation heating from luminous flames will raise the sur-face temperature of the fusible element until melting occurs.

Mathematical relationships have been developed to quantify the intensity of such radiant heat in terms of a heat flux.

This flux information has been used to determine if materials will ig-l nite or if structural steel will be damaged. Few specific tests i

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1 have been conducted to determine the critical radiant flux neces-sary to actuate a sprinkler or to establish a relationship betwe-i en operating time and radiant flux.

Tests conducted by Nash and Young in the UK exposed sprinklers to radiant panel tests to de-velop a comparison of operating times for various radiant fluxes (See Figure 1). These limited data can be compared with calculat-ed radiant fluxes for potential exposure fires to verify the actuation of sprinklers.

These calculations are shown in Appendix A.

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Based on a comparison of response time index (RTI) of the dura-speed head as compared to the type of sprinklers tested by Nash and Young, it can be concluded that the duraspeed head would

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operate faster. Although the RTI is a measure of convective heat transfer, it 'is also a measure of surface area to mass ratio of the fusible element.

This ratio will determine the heat trans-ferred to the element regardless of whether convected or radi-ated.

The worst case configuration for the actuation of the sprinkler systems would be the case when the cable tray is exposed to con-vective heating from direct plume impingement while the sprinkler heads are exposed only to the radiant heating from the fire. Two questions address ^he adequacy of response of the sprinkler.

- First and most important, is the fire size required to yield the radiant heat flux necessary to actuate the sprinkler head less than or equal to the fire size necessary to heat cables to their autoignition temperature?

Second, is the fire size required to yield the radiant heat flux necessary to actuate the sprinkler head less. than or equal to the fire size necessary to actuate ceiling level sprinklers?

To develop quantitative answers to these questions, design (geometry) variables such as height of cable trays above floor exposure fire, ceiling height, sprinkler head spacing (below trays), and sprinkler head heights above floor, were evaluated.

Worst case configurations were selected in each area based on these variables. These are shown in Table 2.

Additionally, specific relationships between radiant heat flux and time to head actuation for the types and rating of heads installed' and specific relationship between heat input and time to ignition for the cables installed should be known.

Although the specific relationship for the actual sprinkler heads and actual cables referenced above are not available, the test. data from Nash and Young (8) regarding sprinkler heads and EPRI/FMRC (4) regarding cable ignition can be used as conservative repre-sentation of the plant installation.

Based on these data, radi-ant heat flux calculations were conducted to determine fire sizes 11

necessary to actuate sprinklers below cables, outside the fire plume. These calculations are shown in Appendix A and are shown graphically in Figure 3.

For these calculations a minimum flux 2

2 (10 kw/m ) was used.

of 1 w/cm In response to the second question, for the ceiling heights at the plant, a comparison of the plume calculations shown in Figure 2 and the radiant heat flux calculations shown in Figure 3 indi-cates similar sensitivity of the lower heads to ceiling level heads.

The effects of the numerous obstruction to the rising-plume would tend to favor the response of the lower heads.

The comparisons described above are shown in Table 2.

This table shows the various size fires necessary to actuate suppression systems as designed, and at ceiling and also the size fire neces-sary to ignite cables. Cases where nozzles were above the trays but not at the ceiling, were not included.

5.4 Obstructions One of the primary principles for providing proper protection with automatic sprinklers system is minimizing interference to the water discharge pattern.

Sprinklers are designed to provide a uniform water density over the protected floor area.

Develop-ing a uniform water distribution from actuated sprinklers is not obtainable if the space below the sprinklers is congested with plant equipment.

These obstructions are quite noticeable at the ceiling levels in the most areas of the plant.

Water spray pat-terns from sprinkler located at the ceiling would be disrupted by piping, conduit, cable trays, HVAC ducts, light fixtures, seismic hangers, etc.

In lieu of positioning the sprinkler at the ceil-ing level in the corridor, the existing installation has the sprinklers located below these obstruction.

Upon actuation of these sprinklers, a uniform water discharge pattern will be ob-tained.

This is a significant advantage over obstructed ceiling sprinklers since a higher percentage of water discharged from the sprinklers will actually reach the seat of the floor level expo-sure fire.

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l FIRE ROOM CONFIGURATION Q 8tu/sec AREA NAME CEIL-CABLE SPRINK-SPRINK-Tc=200 Tc=1000 gr = 1.0 w/cm2 ING TRAY LER LER CEILING CA8LE LOWER HEAD HEIGHT HEIGHT HEIGHT SPACING HEAD TRAY ACTUATION.

ACTUATION IGNITION l

EA57 125 Corridor 12.5 8

7.5 6.5 300 1100 900 58 8 79 Corridor 20 7.75 7.0 8.5 1000 1050 1045 l

79 Corridor 20 11.5 11.25 8.5 1000 2750 1640 l

AA21a 175 CCW HX 20 14.0 8.5 7.0 1000 4450 1045 1330 i

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700 179 Boric Acid 17 Pump l

TABLE 2 WORST CASE HEAD PLACEMENT COMPARISON l

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5.5 Protected Area per Sprinkler The specific occupancy classification for a facility where the primary fire hazard is combustible cable insulation would be con-sidered ordinary hazard. Ordinary hazard being defined as having a moderate amount of combustible and having a moderate rate of heat release.

Based upon this type of occupancy, the standard permits a maximum protected area of coverage per sprinkler head 2

to be 130 ft.

Even for a hazardous occupancy, the standard allows 90 ft2 coverage per sprinkler.

(Refer to Sections 4-2.2.2 and 4-2.2.3 in NFPA 13.)

As shown in Table 2 head spacing below the cable trays is closer to these limits.

5.6 Cable Tray Water Spray Protection For arrays of four or more cable trays, water spray nozzles are installed above the cable trays in addition to the sprinklers below.

For these cases, actuation of the lower heads was not evaluated for comparison with tray ignition, since the trays are covered by the overhead sprays.

15

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6.0 CONCLUSION

Based upon the above justification, the installed automatic wet pipe /

water spray nozzle systems with sprinkler placement, described in sec-tion 3.0 of this report can achieve its intended objective as well as or better than ceiling level sprinklers.

This conclusion is based upon:

The postulated fire scenarios in the areas of the sprinkler protection - the sprinklers and water spray nozzles will actu-ate prior to the ignition of the IEEE 383 qualified cables in trays.

The sprinklers are installed below physical obstructions - the sprinklers will deliver a uniform water density on the fire area with minimal interference with the discharge pattern.

The decreased protected area per sprinkler reduces sprinkler operation time - the decreased protected area per sprinkler will enhance the sprinkler performance.

Cable tray water spray protection - in addition to sprinkler area protection water spray protection is provided for accumu-lation of grouped electrical cable trays.

File Ref: CP-01-001-29 16

REFERENCES 1.

NFPA #13

" Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems",

National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts.

2.

10 CFR 50.98, Appendix R " Fire Protection Program for Operating Nuclear Power Plants, November 19, 1980, USNRC.

3.

NUREG 0800, " Standard Review Plan 9.5.1 Fire Protection Program", Rev.

3, July 1981, USNRC.

4.

EPRI NP-1881, " Categorization of Cable Flammability - Intermediate --

Scale Fire Tests of Cable Tray Installing", August 1982, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California.

5.

David D.

Evans and Daniel Madrgykowski, " Characterizing the Thermal Response of Fusible Link Sprinklers", NBSIR 81-2329, US Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, August 1981.

6.

Gunner Heskestad, " Engineering Relations for Fire Plumes", SFPE Tech-nology Report 83-8, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston, Mass-achusetts.

7.

Ronald L. Alpert and E.J. Ward, " Evaluating Unsprinklered Fire Hazards, SFPE Technology Report 83-2, Society of Fire Protection Engineers, Boston, Mass.

8.

P. Nash and R.A. Young, "The Performance of the Sprinkler in Detecting Fire," Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station, Boreham-wood, Hetfordshire, United Kingdom.

File Ref: CP-01-001-29

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Appendix A Fire Exposure Calculations Plumes Correlations for predicting plume temperature above a fire area well esta-blished and have provided the input for design of detection systems. These correlations can be used to quantify the size of exposure fire necessary to ignite cables.

They, likewise, can be used to evaluate sprinkler system response.

The correlation commonly used relates fire size, Q, height above the fire, H, and plume temperature above ambient, T, as follows (in British units).

And a constant K which has the following values:

A T = 300 (k Q) 2 3 K=1 open area

/

53 K=2 against wall H

/

K=4 in corner This equation was used to develop Figure 2, a plot of height above the fire (in feet) vs. fire size (in BTU /sec) for temperature increases of 200*F, 800*F. Table A.1 shows the points plotted in Figure 2, and 1000*F increase for autoignition of the cables.

A-1

Appendix A Cont'd Fire Exposure Calculations Radiant Heat Flux Class A (Wood)

The radiant heat flux from a fire involving stacked wood was calculated using Equations 4 and 5 from Alpert and Ward's report entitled " Evaluating Unsprinklered Fire Hazards."7 gr =

2 tan-1 I Ao)

YQ 2

TT

( 2R )

Af Ap = Df Ht 2

Af = T1 Df2 [

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1 1+4 Q+

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4 D!A Hf =.011 (KQ).4 He = Hf+Hp where:

gr = radiant flux received at sprinkler (kW/m2)

R = minimum straight line distance from flame zone to sprinkler head (m)

A-2

Appendix A Cont'd Fire Exposure Calculations Radiant Heat Flux Class A (Wood)

Df = equivalent diameter of fire obtained from floor area of stacked wood (m)

Ap = Flame area projected onto a flat surface (m2)

Fraction of total heat release that appears as radiation 0.4 per Y

=

Alpert and Ward heat release rate of stacked wood:

3387 kW of stacked wood Q

=

m2m height obtained by multiplying 3387 x Hp x floor area of wood stack Af = Total surface area of flame outer envelope (m2)

Hf = Flame height above wood (m)

Hp = Height of wood stack (m)

Ht = Total height of flame above floor (m)

These calculations were performed varying the wood stack height and the distance from the fire to the sprinkler.

A-3 I

e Appendix A Cont'd Fire Exposure Calculations Radiant Heat Flux Class B (Pool Fire - Combustible Liquid)

The radiant heat flux from a pool fire was calculated using Equation 6 from Alpert and Ward's report entitled " Evaluating Unsprinklered Fire Hazards."7 2

Yd gr = tan-1 Of I

(2R j 2

2 0t where:

radiant flux received at sprinkler (kW/m2) gr =

Of = diameter of pool fire (m)

R = minimum straight-line distance from flame zone to sprinkler head (m) fraction of total heat release that appears as radiation is 0.4 Y

=

per Alpert and Ward total heat release rate of burning fuel (kW) obtained by Q

=

multiplying area of pool fire by heat release rate of fuel:

3291 kW/m2 for kerosene Calculations were performed varying the pool diameter and distance from the fire to the sprinkler.

A-4 u

Appendix A Cont'd Fire Exposure Calculations To determine the pool fire size necessary to actuate a sprinkler head it is necessary to establish the minimum distance of the head from the fire. The methodology described by Alpert and Ward assumes the flame is cone shaped with the height of the flame equal to twice the pool diameter (H =2d).

The f

distance of the head from the flame, R, is shown graphically in figure A-1.

To calculate R, the square root is taken of the sum of the squares of the horizontal and vertical separation.

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Appendix A Cont'd Fire Exposure Calculations AA 21a Room 175 CCW HX Case 1 Hi H2 H3 S

8.5 14 20' 7.0 Assume R = 5 R = ((3.5)2 + (4 ))1 2 = 5.3 2

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R ~~ 5 Q ~1102 KW = 1045 BTU /sec Assume R = 6 R = ((3.5)2 + (3.5)2}1 2 4,9

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AA 21 Room 179 Soric Acid Pumps Hg H3 5

9 17 9

Assume R:26 R=((4.5)2+(412=6 Q as 1413 KW = 1330 BTU /sec 2 / A-7 _ _ __a

Appendix A Cont'd Fire Exposure Calculations $88 Room 79 Corridor Case 1 Hi H2 H3 S 7' 7.75 20' 8.5 Assume R = 5 R = ((4.25)2 + (2.5 ))12 = (18.06 + 6.25)l 2 = 4.9 ok 2 / / Q ~ 1102 KW = 1095 BTU /sec Case 2 11.25 11.5 20 8.5 Assume R = 6 R = ((4.25)2 + (6.25)2)1 2 7,0 / Assume R = 7 R = ((4.25)2 + (1.25 - 5.4)2)12 7.2 ok / Q~ 1730 KW = 1640 BTU /sec i A-8

Appendix A Cont'd i Fire Exposure Calculations EA57 Room 125 Corridor Hi H2 H3 S 7.5 8 12.5 6.5 Assume' R = 5 R = ((3.25)2 + 3 ). 4,4 2 I Assume R = 4 R = 4.5 Q ~ 950 KW = 900 BTU /sec R = ((3.25)2 + (3,4)2)1 2 4,7 / NOTE: 1.055 KW = 1 BTU /sec l 1 l A-9 __ j. ...,.m.,

TABLE A-1 T (of) 11 (feet) Q (BTU /sec) 2H4 200 U. 05479YHilY 12 100

12. b O 2b5234(i4 300 200 15.3384800094 500 200 17.5494290202 700 200 19.4042940525 900 200 200 21.029072003 1100 22.403032332 1300 200 23.8001953476 1500 200 25.0311275804 1700 200 26.1704955658 1900 200 27.239980329 2100 200 28.2499859 2300 200 29.208573476 2500 000 30.1221393244 2700 200 30.9960558096 2900 200 31.8344759704 3100 200 32.6410434942 3300 200 33.4187950390 3500 200 34.1703231054 3700 200 34.8978612148 3900 200 35.6033492006 4100 200 36.283484501 4300 200 36.9547614734 4500 200 37.603504224 4700 200 38.2353920372 4900 000 3.50605529032 100 000 5.442051994 300 000 6.6764646094 500 800 7.63883265972 700 000 3.44708010944 900 800 9.15343523872 1100 000 9.78630823048 130u 000 10.3631109357 1500 800 10.8954311076 1700 800 11.3913698283 1900 000 11.8563935922 2100 U00 12.2965203699 2300 l

800 12.713770046 2b00 l 800 13.1114444418 2700 800 13.4918169224 2900 800 13.8567604934 3100 800 14.2078394003 3340 000 14.5463754235 3500 800 14.8734970137 3700 000 15.1901763687 39no 800 15.4972570859 4100 800 15.7954803119 4300 l 800 16.0854942035 4500 000 16.3670750915 4700 800 16,6431306754 4940 10 T=200 20 Q=100 -30 ll= ( 3 0 0 x 0 *. 667/ I~ ) *. 6 40 PRINT 1,11,0 bu PRINTER IG 7,1 (. 0 Os0+P00

  • / O IF IJf 5000 THEN 30 20 IF I-000

'l HL N 100

    • G 1 -1100 I

91 GillO 20 100 utop _m

1000 4.76010660368 300 1000 5.83983462248 500 1000 6.68160793512 700 1000 7.3885736216 900 1000 8.00641514904 1100 1 1000 8.55998261072 1300 I 1000 9.0645129696 1500 1000 9.53012092144 1700 1000 9.96391339248 1900 1000 10.3711022146 2100 1000 10.7556393853 2300 1000 11.1206031885 2500 1000 11.4684448703 2700 1000 11.8011527457 2900 1000 12.120365113 3100 1000 12.4274502021 3300 1000 12.7235641617 3500 1000 13.0096940333 3700 1000 13.2866901907 3900 1000 13.5552912183 4100 1000 13.8161432905 4300 1000 14.0698154467 4500 1000 14.316811785 4700 1000 14.5575812949 4900 10 T=1000 20 Q=100 30 H=(300*Q^.667/T)^.6 40 PRINT T,H,Q 50 PRINTER IS 7,1 60 Q=Q+200 70 IF Q<5000 THEN 30 80 STOP

STACKED WOOD Fit!E RADIANT ttEAT FLUI, CALCULAlluNS 4x rx x x x xx*g x*x x M* x xxx X >*xxx* xx *M x x*x x y 4 x x xwx4.x >:y x x x xxx x x.. w x x x y >. x x a x : exsrrX>> FLOOR MCA HC1GliT Ol' DISTANCt' Fl!On HE A T GU f *tJT t.' o D u.. ! ! HEAT OF PALLCTS PALLETS FIRE TO GPKLM. OF P ALLL li> FLUX ' SPKLR. ~ (ft2) (ft) (ft) (kW) ( K :J/ n2 ) x x 4 X y; W M X W W X M X X M M X X X X X -X X -X X W-X-X M W X M X W M X J R X X X /( % X.t X X X X X X X X X X V k W A X X X X"X X X X X X.' A E X X M X ': y / 12 2 1 2303 233.62 12 2 2 2303 114.83 12 2 3 2303 56.49 12 2 4 2303 32.41 12 2 5 2303 20.86 12 2 6 2303 14.52 12 2 7 2303 10.68 12 2 0 2303 8.18 STACXED WOOD FIRE RADI Ar4T tlEAT FLUX CALCULar10NS 't X M M Y MMMMMMMMMT W W MMM X WM-X M-X M K WMM WMM MMM WWM 4 W X X X X-X Y M*WX MMMM M M X M M AX A M MM XX 7 X X X X X X X

  • FLOOR AREA HEIGHT OF DISTANCE :T R 0rt HEAT OUTPUT RnDI ArJ T HEAT OF PALLETS PALLETS FIRE TU WKLit.

OF PALLETS Flux tit 5 P!< Lit. (ft2) (ft) (fi) (kWi ,4W/m2)

( $ % 4 X W
  • y y k %-X X X X M M X M k W X X W M M M M X X X M X W X M W i X uk k X X X M ?

> X L d X i M M 2.s X K 4 X W M A

  • X y X~X.e n X X A 4 % A -/

12 3 1 3e54 v.19.55 12 3 2 ~;454 l '2 5. '/ 8 12 3 3 3454 'W.13 12 3 4 34S : i?. d i 12 3 S 3454 .37.00 12 3 o 3?54 d. 06 12 3 7 3434 '9.03 12 3 0 3454 14.30 STACKED WOOD FIRE RADIAN) MCAT FLt.:/ CALCULATIONS d M K X M M X M X X X M -X W M X-M M M X A M M M X X M X X X X X MXM M X X J A * # M K *i X W / X.t % A M M M 4 M M h

  • K W M M X F: X h A M E X X n X 't h

FLOOR AREA HEIGHT OF DISTANCE FROM

....'iT OuTP UT RADIANf HEAi 0F DALLETS P ALLET'3 FIRE ~io ;PK Lv.

OF PALLETS F L J.< ..T SPKL;<. (ft2) (Ft) ( t' r ) (kW) ent/n2;

  • A V X X X M M M M W X X M M X-M F: X X-X X M X M ?. M k M M.f W X % W W h > T. v f. M /. M 4 -X.5 X C 4 4 x k M W 7: ? M M X M W ?. A X X N N k.t t X X x r 12 4

1 460'3 302.22 12 4 2 1603 298.14 12 4 3 46ut

5'?.93 12 4

':60t 33.47 12 4 G 4t.0 5 "4.33 12 4 o 4605

10. 0 1 12 4

7 4600 .t0. 01 ~ 12 4 0 160'. .? I 47

O ~ STACKED WOOD f~ IRE R AD I ANT HEA r F LUZ CALCULA f 1th PS u n * * *

  • x2x x x x x x x x * * *
  • u x * * * *
  • u x x x x x x x x
  • x x x x x x.< * *x
  • x v 'a x
  • x *
  • u x a s x x x > x e > e. s > s x v i

. FLOOR AREA HEIGHT OF DIGTArvCE FRuti Hdol OllTPul !! AD ! A!. I HEAT OF PALLElS PALLETS FlI:E TO GPKLu. Of ' PALLET 5 FLUX..i LPKLM (ft2) (ft) (ft) (kW) . ; U/r*2) Ox M *

  • x x x *** x M
  • M ***
  • x * >x x
  • x x x x * * ** x * * * *Y x x x M* x x * **** x *
  • x
  • x ** x x
  • Ax
  • Y x x x X M x t i f K x x 7 12 5

1 5757 429.57 12' 5 2 5757 300.57 12 5-3 5757 179.95 12 5 4 5757 109.33 12 5 5 5757 72.11 12 5 6 5757 50.56 12 5 7 5757 37.30 12 5 0 5757 28.62 STACKED WOOD Flite RADIAf:T HEAT FLUX CALCULATIONG

  • xx****************************xx**x****x*4xx*****x****u*x*****x***x***xsxx**

FLOOR AREA HEICHT OF DISTANC;I FROL: itAT CurPUT RADIANT HEAT OF PALLETS PALLETS FI.'E TO ;P ' t.:. J,7 PALLE73 FLU), AT SPKLR (ft2)' (ft) (t*' (kW) (kW/m2) x a-r x * *

  • x * * *
  • x * * * * * * *
  • n * * * * * *
  • x * *
  • x *
  • u v.a > x x * *
  • r-4 x * *
  • x
  • u e x x+ * * * * * *
  • x
  • u x
  • x x x x * ;

15-2 1 207C 250.31 15 2 3

073 131.74 15 2

2070 e,6.55 15 2 ,!M' O ~3 8. "l 2 15 2 2070 24.77 15 3 i., Ja?3 cf. 25 15 2 7 2070

2.69 15 2

3 2G78 ?.72 STACKED WOOD FI;n. e. AD f a r.:v.T F uk C.'.tCULaTIONS x x x x x

  • x * * *
  • x n * * * * * * *
  • x x
  • x * *
  • n z e *
  • u
  • w k N. v M *.u. *-n. a x
  • s u *
  • m a t.. * *
  • c 2 * *,
  • x, x x.

i FLOOR AREA HEIGHT OF DISTAN'.i H'Gd

EAT ObTPu r R Ao? Ars. HEAT OF PALLETS PA1.LETS FIRE 10 @ K L a'.
'F I' A:.LET'8 FLt;X

'.1 D K Liv 1 (ft2) ( l' t ) (ft2 (ku) e t. :.! / n 2 ) x x x x n n * *

  • n x * *
  • u
  • u w *
  • x x *
  • x *
  • r = *
  • w n u x x w *
  • z+. : n e x x x x s
  • x x-i n s. -:, * *
  • e. u a i s. h x
  • x :

l 15 3 1 1317 34.* 17 15 3 2 4317 2:2.17 -15 3 3 4317 i'. 82 s 1S 3 4 il 7

  • :. 3 (,

15 4 J.17 ,. 3 0 15 3 6 431** .. it, c: 1G. 3 7 43'" .31 15 3 0 431',

7 4
:

u

GTACKED WOOD FIRE R ADI AtJ T HEAT FLUX CALCULAT IO:13 X X X F. X X X * ?; X X X 1

  • X X X X X X
  • X X X X X X X V ;( X X X X X X F X X X 4.i k X-K *
  • M '4 '
  • 7 F M-A
  • k 4 K > / X y M * ) h A 4 N XX/.*

FLOO!! At!EA HEIGHT OF DISTArJCF. t~Rnn i n-ai OUT!'!!! R n D i r.i. : ht. A f DF PALLElG PALLETS' FIRE TO CPf'L!!. OF Pt.LLEIC _ F L t.,X ..; St'K Lle. ^ (ft2) (ft) (Ft) (kW) (i.w/n2) XUXXX*X**AMh**4*****h*****X***MMMX****4**yMXXXy*X**X**XM*K*X*A**X.**txAXXXX*X*1 15 4 1 5757 411.98 15 4 2 5757 231.46 15-4 3 5757 165.08 15 4 4 5757 99.72 15 4 5 5757 65.41 15 4 6 5757 45.81 15 4 7 5757 33.78 15 4 8. 5757 25.91 STACKED WOOD FIRE RADIANT HEAT FLUA CALCULATIONS xxxX******xx*********x***x*************x****-X**xu****X*******+x****Xux*axxx** n FLOOR AREA HEIGHT OF DISTAtJCE ::RGri !; HAT OUTPU T PADl.WT HEA1 0F PALLETS PALLETS FIRE TC iPKLR. C.: PALL,ITO FLUX AT SP K Lt-!. (ft2) (ft) (fi) (kW) (kW/n2)

  • M * * *
  • X * * * * * * *
  • X- * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * -X M
  • F M K w 1 * *
  • 4 A
  • X
  • T 1 * * * -A
  • Y -X A
  • W e X *
  • X M * *
  • t *
  • A- /: -

15. 5 1

719c, G64.56 15 5

2 71 % a s/. 43 1S 5 3 7196 Cti.77 15 5 77, t, i 31.,h5 15 5 5 7 ?6 07.03 15' 5 6 'l ' t-61.19 15 5 7 7196 45.20 15 5 5 7196 34.70 e sm 4.mw.,, n --..,..ym-- - - - = - ~. ~.

g [ POOL FIRE !!ADIANT HEAL FLUX CALCul_AfIONG

  • x h x < x x x
  • x x x * *
  • x x x w a e.w x * * * *
  • x x * *.x x x x x
  • x +x * * *
  • x x x x
  • x * * * >. i. x x x * >:* x x x 7,,

POOL DIA. DISTANCE FR0rt HEAF OUTPUT R AD1 AN T I! EAT Cft) FIRE TO SI'KLR. OF POOL FIRE FLUX r. T UPKLR. (ft) (kW) (RW/M2) xn*x*******************x*******x**********x*xx**x*******x*xxxxx***** .5 1 60 3.12 1.0 1 240 23.25 1.5 1 540 63.51 2.0 1 961 111.06 2.5 1 1501 150.12 3.0 1 2161 293.45 ~ 3.5 1 2942 247.33 4.0 1 3342 290.18 4.5 , 1 6003 373.70 1 4863 332.30 5.0 -PE)OL FIRE RADIANT HEAT FLUX CALCULATIONS .t x x *

  • x * * * * * *
  • x * * * * * * * * * * * * *
  • x * * * * * * * * *
  • x x * * * *
  • x x
  • w e * * * * * > * *
  • x v x x x. *
  • 90CL DIA.

DISTANCE FROM HEAT UUTPtlT RADIANT HE6T (Ot) FIRE TO SPKLR. OF PU3L FIRE FLU /. e T '.,P X ; f:. (Ft) t ' U) (au/aC) M x x X x x x

  • x x x x * * *
  • x * * *
  • x * * * * *
  • k
  • k W * *
  • 4 *
  • t. P A 1 * * * * * * *
  • 7 x *
  • x M t M * *
  • t+ *
  • k x x

.5 2 00 7n 1.0 2 248 o.*4 1.5 2 im 20 c.3 2.0 2 o..,1 2.5 2

  • 5 +11
:.16 3 ', O.

2 2161

a?.U2 3.5 3

2942 174.19 4.0 2 3342 222.1d 4.5 2 4.863 '2 ',0. 61 - 5.0 2 6('03 2 i t,. d5 POOL FIRE. RADI Ar:T HEAT FLUX CALLULAi!Orm m

  • x x
  • x x x x x x
  • u x x x * * * * * * *.x * *
  • g u n x *
  • u e: *.
  • x x x *
  • w x x > :
  • e n r t..:,. w
  • x. n w.x ;,

POOL DIA. DISTANCE FR0h IIEAT GUTPUT a r.D [ Ah ! HEAT (ft) FIRE TO SPKLR. OF POOL F ). ' E Flux n'i' DPKLI:, (ft) ( ::u ) ( Na n2 ) .- 2 x r e x x x x * *x x-g a x x > x x x x x

  • x x a e,..: x r x
  • x
  • 3 x e x r:** *w x :: n

. * -w * *

  • x y x., : ::
  • e 2 3 *

.5 3 .0 . /d 1.0 3 240 2. */O - 1. 5 ' 3 d4u 9.36 '2. U 3 Put .31. 13 2.S 3 150t 9:.VO 1.U 3 2101 6y./6 3.G 3 29:2 101.90

1. 'i '

3 3042 1 ; <j. > n 4.G 3 40/.3 190.b2 9 y;, a g ,....r cm4.m .ma. m n s.-g ...w.- -Q-

y ? POOL FIRE RADI At4T HEAT FLUX CALCULATIOils j u x x[s e x x x x w :c x x * * *

  • x x-x x x
  • x y *
  • x x x ** x x x x
  • x x x x *
  • e x x x + > x x x x y.* x w x x x y. x x.x y o

POUL-DIA. DIGTANCE FROM HEAT GUTPUI' R AD 1r.n s' ilEAT (ft) FIRE TO SPKLR, OF POOL FIRE FLUX f.T SPKLR. (ft) (kW) (k:J/n2) e x x x x**

  • x x x x x *
  • x x x x * ** x *
  • x x x x x x x x*x x x x x w x a **
  • x *
  • x x xx x x *x x-x * * *
  • x x x x x x

.5-4 60 .20 1.0 4 240 1.57 1.5 .4 540 5.20 2.0-4 961 12.47 2.5 4 1501 24.19 3.0 4 2161 41.25 '4 2942 64.10 3.5 4.0 4 3042 93.02 4.5 ,4 4863 127.34 5.0= 4 6003 166.31 POOL FIRE RADIANT HEAT FLUX CALCULATIOtlG - x y-x M >MM MW x M WXM M M xt x x MWMMMMMM xWMWWxWWXMGx4*MMMx x x r MP'(W X XW: 4WW MM Av 44 XMF POOL DIA. DISTANCE FR0ti HEAT GUIPUT !! ADI AN f HEAT (ft)- F*RE TO SPKLR. OF 900t FIDE Flux Ai SPMLit. (ft) fnu) ikW/n2) 2 x x 35 M*x MMPK X X *WXK M *MWx WWM W-x MMMMMXx WW x MK 't Mx hf x171 x MKM e d x W X & MMM YW4M Md X .S ~ 5 ^J .15 1.0- '5 2J ..uu 1.5 5 -4* ~ 38 2,' O 5 961 U DT .2.5 5 15!) 1 : 15.$9 3 '. 0 5 2161 '6.60 J 3.5 5 2742 42.18 4.0 5 3842 62.13 4.5 5 4863 G >. 05 - 5.0 5 6L33 116.27 POOL FIRE R ADI ANT HEAT FL'JX CALCUL;.. TONS u e x x x x x x x >x x x x x x *** x x x **x x x xe *x * :ex xx x **My r ** x e x

  • wx xx x x xn xM x x x*.:.x x

~ POUL DIA. DISTANCE FR0r HEAT 00TPUT. RADIANT HEAT. - ( t' t > - FI::E TO GPKLR. O F P f:0 L F I I: T. FLUX AI EPKLl. ( l' t ) fkW) i I: a/ n2 ) ' t P M :t x x x *

  • y
  • x x x :5 4-s y x x x x x x u e x x x x x x x x M > t e x t M x ::* t 4 ?:- x x.
  • x x x x *
  • x h
  • x r.e a v

.5 6 60 .U9 1.0 6 .'"U 10 l- 'l. U 6 2.35 .2. !! 6 W1 !i. $7 2.. 6 l',tt i 10.06

7.. ';..

6 Cib:

8.71
7.. S.

t, f." * ^ 2 2'!. S O A.. f : 6 7.!.t o ;? u. 17 1.L l. it::,.i (.1.!D: ~..n o. ~ 19 goes N4

F ^ POUL FIRE RADIANT HE(iT FLUX CALCllLATIONS Y X V 4 X X k W W y X X k W X X X Y X '/ X X X y X X X X A N X X-Y :' Y X X X X X X X X k *

  • d n '0K X V K W X X Y:V:Y / h X,t-X X % y >-

POOL DIA. DISTANCE FROM l lE r.T GUTPUf R A D Is.i< f I--!E A T (ft> FI!!E TO SPKLR. OF PLOL FIRE FLUX A1 bPKLR. (ft) ( k t.1 ) (Lt.!/a2) X X > W X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X M M M X

  • 4 X W K W ):X k W X A X Y K-X X M X X X+ M X' M t-X X X W X X X-X X W :-

.5 7 60 .06 1.0 7 240 .51 1.5 7 540 1.73 2.0 7 761 4.09 2.5 7 1501 7.99 3.0 7 2161 13./0 3.5 7 2942 21.83 4.0 7 3042 32.47 4.5 7 4063 45.99 5.0 7 6003 62.64 POOL FIRE R ADI ANT HEAT FLUX CALCULA T10tJS

v X 1% 4 W X X X M a d X M T X X k M M M X X X X X X M X X M X M MM-X 77-( X-u A 7:7 A A %) -M X M O: X 4 -( X M Mt: M wM M W X X X W 5 PDCL DIA.

DISTANCE FROM H Eri. 0.JTPu f R ADIAN T HEAT 'PKLR. (ft) FIRE TO SPnLR. OF PPOL C I R L. Lux N1 (ft) t '.- ) '. kla / n 2 ) t w X x X

  • x X x X
  • X X x * *
  • x X u x n * * * *: y * * * * * *
  • x x x x x :' r * * * + < r * *
  • x
  • s x x x x x X s.;
  • n x x
  • X

.5 0 'R .05 1.0 0

?

1.5 8 'a' 72 2.0 3 2 2.5 8 1 ': 1 6.;2 3.0 8 c16t 3.5 8 2942 lo.75 4.0 8 3042 5. 4.5 8 f '62 ' '. 4 t-5.0 3 6 :: ',..

e. T ma w g-.m--

~ ' ' ~ ~ " " ' ~ ~ " " ~}}

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