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. , y [ ,,g NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION 5* '/ ' WASHINGTON, D. C. 20555 Q..&Q.E g 15 S MEMORAf1DUM FOR: Those on Attached List FROM: John L. Telford Containment Systems Research Branch
SUBJECT:
MEETING
SUMMARY
FOR THE MOLTEN-CORE COOLANT INTERACTION RESEARCH REVIEW GROUP On June 4 and 5, 1984 technical working sessions of the subiect research review group were held at the Hilton Hotel, Meeting Room 406, New Orleans, LA. The sessions were attended by: J. Rosenthal, J. Telferd, and R. Wright (members) and R. Anderson, G. Bankoff, M. Berman, W. Bohl, M. Corradini, D. Squarer, and T. Theofanous (advisors). The purpose of the review group is given in Enclosure 1 of this letter. An agenda for the meeting is given in Enclosure 2 of this letter.
The meeting discussions included the follcwing.
- 1. The agenda was modified to allow more time to discuss recent SNL experimental results and four proposed near term experimental test series.
- 2. Selected areas of NRC-IDCOR disagreement involving steam explosion phenomana resulting from the Harpers Ferry Meeting were briefly discussed as points-of-reference and to establish one need for specific research.
- 3. Recent SNL experimental results were briefly discussed by M. Berman. The attached information paper, "f1RC/Sandia Fuel-Coelant Interactions Program Information Exchange Meeting" was provided to all review group participants.
- 4. Three proposed experimental test series were discussed as follows:
- a. Large-scale (2000 Kg) facility for open-geocetry experiments on coarse mixing and conversion ratio using thermite melts at arbient pressure.
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- b. Extension of the Fully Instrumented Test Site (FITS) closed-geometry experiments to 50 Kg (from 20 Kg) of thermite melts. This series would evaluate six independent variables, as a first effort.
- c. Medium-scale (400 Kg) facility for closed-geometry experiments using induction-heated prototypic oxidic and metallic melts. This series would evaluate eight inoependent variables, as a first effort.
The specific items of discussion, for the record, are given.in Enclosure 3 of this letter.
The review group's conclusions are the following.
- 1. The large-scale (2000 Kg) facility for open-geometry exp.riments on coarse mixing and conversion ratio using thermite melts at ambient pressure should have first priority and work should begin as soon as possible.
- 2. The need for the medium-scale (400 Kg) facility for closed-geometry experiments using induction-heated prototypic oxidic and metallic melts may depend on the results of the large-scale (2000 Kg) tests (conclusion 1,above). The dependence,is based on whether a limit to mixing is found and the behavior of conversion ratio as melt mass increases.
- 3. There is a need for a detailed written description of how the conversion ratio will be measured and for an " uncertainty" statement to describe the precision of the conversion ratio measurement.
- 4. The use of artifical triggers is acceptable if delayed or " late" triggers are used.
- 5. There is need to deconstrate that the gas in the thermite during the melt formation stage has been allcwed to escape before delivery of the colten thermite to the water chamber.
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- 6. There is a need for the review group to meet again within six to nine 4 months to review the actions taken on conclusions 3 and 5 and to discuss '
l in detail the design of the water chamber (geometry) to be used in the l large-scale (2000Kg) tests.
e If any of the view group participants would like to add corrections to this summary, please give me a call (301-427-4576). ,
i 1
J n L. Telford J <
e Research Review roup Chairman !
Containment Systems Research Branch
Enclosure:
As stated !
l cc: D. Ross, RES !
- 0. Bassett, DAE T. Speis, NRR W. Morrison, DAE R. Curtis, RES l C. Kelber, RES i M. Silberberg, RES i L. Larkins, RES '
- 8. Burson, RES l
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O!STRIBUTION LIST FOR MEMORANDUM DATED:
Dr. Richard Anderson Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Butiding 208 Argonne IL 60439 Dr. George Bankoff -
Chemical Engineering Department Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60201 Dr. Marshall Berman Sandia National Laboratories Division 6441 Albuquerque, NM 87185 Dr. William Bohl 112 Paseo Penasco Los Alamos NM 87544 Dr. Mike Corradini University of Wisconsin 1500 Johnson Drive Madison, WI 53706 Dr. Dave Squarer Nuclear Safety & Analysis Dept.
Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94303 Dr. Theo Theofanous 132 Pathway Lane West Lafayette, IN 47906 Mr. J. Rosenthal U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Mail Stop P-1132 Washington, DC 20555 Mr. R. Wright U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Mail Stop 1130-SS Washington, DC 20555 e 'a 8 ;a,ee ,
- a. .Ag W
r ENCLOSURE 1 Molten Core-Coolant Interaction Research Review Group l
Purpose:
The Group's purpose is to advise in the design and planning of experiments to obtain maximum effectiveness and efficiency. The areas of consideration f include: engineering design of the test facilities, measurements and data fi l
recording, definition of independent variables and their ranges, and clarity of logic for the test results to provide definitive answers to the hypotheses of interest. '
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l ENCLOSURE 2 1
t AGENDA
! Molten Core-Coolant Interaction Research Review Group l
MONDAY. June 4,1984 6:30 p.m. Introduction J. Tol ford 6:40 p.m. Description of FITS Series M. Berman 6:55 p.m. Description of "Large Mass" M. Berman Series 7:10 p.m. Discussion of "Large Mass" Series 8:00 p.m. Discussion of FITS Series 8:50 p.m. Develop Summary Conclusions 9:00 p.m. Adjourn 1
TUESDAY. June 5.1984 6:30 p.m. Introduction J. Tel ford 6:35 p.m. Description of " Enclosed" M. Berman Series 6:50 p.m. Discussion of " Enclosed" Series 8:00 p.m. Develop Summary Conclusions 8:45 p.m. Adjourn
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Enclosure 3 The following are the main items of discussion from the review group meeting held June 4 and 5, 1984 The participant first bringing up the item has been identified.
- l. Experiments designed to address the alpha mode-of-failure should have a high priority - T. Theofanous.
- 2. Different methods of melt preparation may produce melts of different characteristics - D. Squarer.
- 3. For the large scale (2000 Kg) experiments, consider trying to measure the locations of the steam, water, and melt phases (after contact of melt and water) by using resistivity or acoustic measurerents - G. Bankoff.
- 4. The objectives of all the experimental series could be categorized by three considerations:
- a. Alpha failure mode and mixing,
- b. Steam and hydrogen production and debris characteristics, and
- c. fission product source term - M. Corradini.
- 5. G. Bankoff discussed some recent calculational results using the Phoenix Code. During the molten fuel-coolant mixing, the code predicts the locations of the melt, water, and steam phases. As an input condition the code was given uniformly spaced 10 cm dianeter spheres to represent the melt.
- 6. T.Theofanousmadethefollowingpointsforthelargescale(2000Xg) experiments:
- a. measure conversion ratio very well,
- b. eliminate the " leading edge" effect (in other words, investigate the effects of melt mass, pour rate, water chamber depth, and water chamber cross sectional area), and
- c. use an integral test approach.
- 7. For the geometry of the water chamber consider a right cylinder shape - W. Bohl, ,
l j . . .
l l Enclosure 3 Cont'd '
2 l -
- 8. Experience has shown that the same steam explosion (fuel-coolant interaction) result is not repeatable even for the same test conditions - R. Anderson.
- 9. The water chamber should have rigid walls - G. Bankoff.
- 10. To allow photographic coverage with a rigid wall water chamber consider:
fiber optics, ports in the water chamber, two mirrors to look into the i chamber, and front lighting - R. Anderson. .
I
- 11. As a comparison, we could consider one or two tests using lucite water chambers followed by one or two tests using rigid wall water chambers - R.
Wright.
- 12. Having X-ray films may be important information on premixing phases. This would imply using lucite water chambers - G. Baknoff.
l 13. One reasonable partition is to use rigid wall water chambers in 80% of the
! tests and lucite water chambers in 207. of the tests - T. Theofanous.
14 It would be meaningful to find out if trigger strength is correlated with l conversion ratio. This suggests a need to measure trigger strength as well as conversion ration - G. Bankoff. t l 15. For the extension of FITS closed-geometry experiments using 50 Kg thermite melts, there is a potential problem that 50 Kg is sufficiently small in relation to reactor scale that the melt mass will behave like the leading edge of a larger mass - T. Theofanous.
- 16. For the medium-scale (400 Kg) experiments the following independent variables were prcposed - M. Berman.
- a. melt mass
- b. melt composition (oxidic or metalic)
- c. additional heat beycnd melting
- d. water depth
- e. water chambers cross sectional area
- f. water temperature
- g. melt energy velocity
- h. ambient pressure (inside closed vessel)
. The proposed ncasurements are:
- 1. hydrogen generation rate and total amount
- 2. steam generation rate and total amount
- 3. debris characteristics 4 conversion ratio water phase pressure 5.
- 6. gas phase pressure
_ _ _ _ _ _ ____-_______--___m._m.______-____________ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ . . _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ .
Enclosure 3 Cont'd 3
- 7. base impulse
- 8. maybe X-ray or gamma-ray films (for coarse mixing)
- 17. For the medium-scale (400 Kg) experiments, all participants expressed their' opinions on the ability of these experiments to solve the related safety issues. The use of an induction melt and 400 Kg mass was favored by some participants. One question was whether 400 Kg is a large enough mass. Most participants did not want to make a decision at this time.
The need for these test.s may depend on the results of the large-scale (2000 Kg) experiments.
- 18. D. Squarer had the following sumarry connents
- a. The water chamber (cross section) should be larger than the stream of melt mass.
- b. Thecavitystructureshouldbecarefullydesigned(preferencefor prototypicconditions),
- c. Some tests should use lucite water chambers so that the results can be related to previous experiments.
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mR. f 3 15lE MEMORANDUM FOR: Those on Attached List FROM: John L. Telford Containment Systems Research Branch
SUBJECT:
MEETING
SUMMARY
FOR THE MOLTEN-CORE COOLANT INTERACTION RESEARCH REVIEW GROUP On June 4 and 5,1984 technical working sessions of the sub,iect research review group were held at the Hilton Hotel, Meeting Room 406, New Orleans, LA. The sessions were attended by: J. Rosenthal, J. Telford, and R. Wright (members) and R. Anderson, G. Bankoff, M. Beman, W. Bohl, M. Corradini, D. Squarer, and T. Theofanous (advisors). The purpose of the review group is given in Enclosure 1 of this letter. An agenda for the meeting is given in Enclosure 2 of this letter.
The meeting discussions included the folicwing.
- 1. The agenda was modified to allow more time to discuss recent SNL experimental results and four proposed near term experimental test series.
- 2. Selected areas of NRC-IDCOR disagreement involving steam explosion phencmana resulting from the Harpers Ferry Meeting were briefly discussed as points-of-reference and to establish one need for specific research.
- 3. Recent SNL experimental results were briefly discussed by M. Beman. The attached information paper, "NRC/Sandia Fuel-Ccolant Interactions Program Information Exchange Meeting" was provided to all review group participants.
4 Three proposed experimental test series were discussed as follows:
- a. Large-scale (2000 Kg) facility for open-geometry experiments on coarse mixing and conversion ratio using themite melts at ambient pressure.
6 6 e
Those on Attached List 2 b.
Extension of experiments theKgFully to 50 (from 20 Kg) of thermite melts. Instrumented Test S This series would evaluate six independent variables, as a first effort.
- c. Medium-scale (400 Kg) facility for closed-geometry experiments using induction-heated prototypic oxidic and metallic melts. This series would evaluate eight independent variables, as a first effort.
The specific items of discussion, for the record, are given in Enclosure 3 of this letter.
- The review group's conclusions are the following.
- 1. The large-scale (2000 Kg) facility for open-geometry experiments on coarse mixing and conversion ratio using thermite melts at ambient pressure should have first priority and work should begin as soon as possible, i 2. The need for the medium-scale (400 Kg) facility for closed-geometry experiments using induction-heated prototypic oxidic and metallic melts
' may depend on the results of the large-scale (2000 Kg) tests (conclusion 1,above). The dependence is based on whether a limit to mixing is found and the behavior of conversion ratio as melt mass increases.
- 3. There is a need for a detailed written description of how the conversion
> ratio will be measured and for an " uncertainty" statement to describe the
- precision of the conversion ratio measurement.
A. The use of artifical triggers is acceptable if delayed or " late" triggers are used.
- 5. There is need to demonstrate that the gas in the thermite during the melt formation stage has been allcwed to escape before delivery of the molten thermite to the water chamber.
e
Those on Attached List 3
- 6. There is a need for the review group to meet again within six to nine months to review the actions taken on conclusions 3 and 5 and to discuss in detail the design of the water chamber (geometry) to be used in the large , scale (2000 Kg) tests.
1 If any of the view group participants would like to add corrections to this summary, please give me a call (301-427-4576).
Jd n L. Telford Research Review roup Chairman i
Containment Systems Researcr Branch
Enclosure:
As stated cc: D. Ross, RES
- 8. Burson, RES 1
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DISTRIBUTION LIST FOR MEMORANDUM DATED:
Dr. Richard Anderson Argonne National Laboratory 9700 South Cass Avenue Building 208 Argonne, IL 60439 ,
Dr. George Bankoff Chemical Engineering Department Northwestern University Evanston, IL 60201 Dr. Marshall Berman Sandia National Laboratories Division 6441 Albuquerque, NM 87185 Dr. William Bohl 112 Paseo Penasco Los Alamos, NM 87544 Or. Mike Corradini University of Wisconsin 1500 Johnson Drive Madison, WI 53706 Dr. Dave Squarer Nuclear Safety & Analysis Dept.
Electric Power Research Institute 3412 Hillview Avenue Palo Alto, CA 94303 Dr. Theo Theofanous 132 Pathway Lane West Lafayette, IN 47906 Mr. J. Rosenthal U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Mail Stop P-1132 Washington, DC 20555 Mr. R. Wright U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission Mail Stop 1130 S5 Washington, DC 20555 4
4
ENCLOSURE 1 Molten Core-Coolant Interaction Research Review Group
Purpose:
The Group's purpose is to advise in the design and planning of experiments to obtain maximum effectiveness and efficiency. The areas of considerstion include: engineering design of the test facilities, measurements and data recording, definition of independent variables and their ranges, and clarity of logic for the test results to provide definitive answers to the hypotheses of interest.
e
ENCLOSURE 2
,: AGENDA Molten Core-Coolant Interaction Research Review Group MONDAY. June 4.1984 -
6:30 p.m. Introduction J. Tel ford
.i 6:40 p.m. Description of FITS Series
,. M. Berman 6:55 p.m. Description of "Large Mass" b
M. 8erman Series 7:10 p.m. Discussion of "Large Mass" :
Series 8:00 p.m. Of scussion of FITS Series 8:50 p.m. Develop Summary Conclusions
'i 9:00 p.m. Adjourn
. TUESDAY. June 5,1984 6:30 p.m. Introduction ,
J. Tel ford 6:35 p.m. Description of " Enclosed" M. Berman Series 6:50 p.m. Discussion of " Enclosed" Series 8:00 p.m. Develop Summary Conclusions 8:45 p.m. Adjourn 1'
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Enclosure 3 The following are the main items of discussion from the review group meeting held June 4 and 5, 1984. The participant first bringing up ,the item has been identified.
- 1. Experiments designed to address the alpha mode-of-failure should have a high priority - T. Theofanous.
- 2. Different methods of melt preparation may produce melts of different characteristics - D. Squarer.
- 3. For the large scale (2000 Kg) experiments, consider trying to measure the locations of the steam, water, and melt phases (after contact of melt and water) by using resistivity or acoustic measurements - G. Bankoff.
4 The objectives of all the experimental series could be categorized by three considerations:
- a. Alpha failure mode and mixing,
- b. Steam and hydrogen production and debris characteristics, and
- c. fission product source term - M. Corradini.
- 5. G. Bankoff discussed some recent calculational results using the Phcenix Code. During the molten fuel-coolant mixing, the code predicts the locations of the melt, water and steam phases. As an input condition the code was given unifonnly spac,ed 10 cm diameter spheres to represent the meIt.
- 6. T. Theofanous made the fo11cwing points for the large scale (2000 Kg) experiments:
- a. measure conversion ratio very well,
- b. eliminate the " leading edge" effect (in other words, investigate the effects of melt mass, pour rate, water chamber depth, and water chamber cross sectional area), and
- c. use an integral test approach.
- 7. For the geometry of the water chamber consider a right cylinder shape - W. Bohl, i
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Enclosure 3 Cont'd 2
- 8. Experience has shown that the same steam explosion (fuel-coolant interaction) result is not repeatable 'even for the same test conditions - R. Anderson.
- 9. The water chamber should have rigid walls - G. Bankoff.
- 10. To allow photographic coverage with a rigid wall water. chamber consider:
fiber optics, ports in the water chamber, two mirrors to look into the chamber, and front lighting - R. Anderson.
- 11. As a comparison, we could consider one or two tests using lucite water chambers followed by one or two tests using rigid wall water chambers - R.
Wright.
- 12. Having X-ray films may be important information on premixing phases. This would imply using lucite water chambers - G. Baknoff.
- 13. One reasonable partition is to use rigid wall water chambers in 80% of the tests and lucite water chambers in 20% of the tests - T. Theofanous.
14 It would be meaningful to find out if trigger strength is correlated with conversion ratio. This suggests a need to measure trigger strength as well as conversion ration - G. Bankoff.
- 15. For the extension of FITS closed-geometry experiments using 50 Kg thermite melts, there is a potential problem that 50 Kg is sufficiently small in relation to reactor scale that the melt mass will behave like the leading edge of a larger mass - T. Theofanous.
- 16. For the medium-scale variables were propose (d - M. Berman,400 Kg) experiments the fn110 wing indepe
- a. melt mass
- b. meltcomposition(oxidicormetalic)
- c. additional heat beycnd melting
- d. water depth
- e. water chambers cross sectional area
- f. water temperature
- g. melt energy velocity
- h. ambientpressure(insideclosedvessel)
The proposed measurements are:
- 1. hydrogen generation rate and total amount
- 2. steam generation rate and total amount
- 3. debris characteristics 4 conversion ratio
- 5. water phase pressure *
- 6. gas phase pressure k___._______.-______-
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Enclosure 3 Cont'd 3
'[ 7. base impul'se l 8. maybe X ' ray or gamma-ray fi1ms (for coarse mixing)
- 17. For the medium-scale (400 Kg) experiments, all participants expressed their' opinions on the ability of these experiments to solve the related safety issues. The use of an induction melt and 400 Kg mass was favored by some participants. One question was whether 400 Kg.is a large enough mass. Most participants did not want to make a decision at this time.
The need for these tests may depend on the results of the large-scale (2000 Kg) experiments.
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- 18. D. Squirar had the following sumarry comments
- a. The-water chamber (c/ eross section) should be larger than the stream of melt mass.
b.' The cavity structu$c'ihou$d be carefully designed (preference for prototypic conditions,),
- c. Some tests should use r berel,atedtoprevious} experiments.,ucite water chambers so that the results ca
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NRC/SANDIA FUEL-COOLANT INTERACTIONS PROGRAM INFORMATION EXCHANGE MEETING JUNE 4, 1984 NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA MARSHALL BERMAN SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES O
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l FUEL-COOLANT. INTERACTION PHENOMENA INCLUDE e STEAM EXPLOSION: RAPID HEAT TRANSFER AND VAPOR GENERATION ON A TIME SCALE OF
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MILLISECONDS.
NON-EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTION OF STEAM, e STEAM GENERATIO!':
GENERALLY BY FILM BOILING.
e HYDROGEN GENERATION: PRODUCED BY THE INTERACTION OF MOLTEN METALS AND STEAM DURING THE FCI.
o DE3RIS BED FORMATION: THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLE SIZES AND.THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEBRI'S BED FORMED SUBSEQUENT TO THE FCI (POROSITY, STRATIFICATION).
FCI's CAN OCCUR IN ANY ACCIDENT WHICH INVOLVES SOME MELTING OF THE CORE OR CLADDING MATERIALS.
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NRC/SANDIA FUEL-COOLANT INTERACTIONS PROGRAM INFORMATION EXCHANGE MEETING JUNE 4, 1984 NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA MARSHALL BERMAN SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES J
MFFTING OBJFCTIVES
- FCI RESEARCH RATIONALE a BRIEF PROGRAM UPDATE
-
- PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUES
- GENERAL DISCUSSION:
-EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
-TEST MATRICES
-MODEL DEVELOPMENT
-RESEARCH PRIORITIES l
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FUEL-COOLANT INTERACTION PHENOMENA INCLUDE e STEAM EXPLOSION: RAPID HEAT TRANSFER AND VAPOR GENERATION ON A TIME SCALE OF MILLISECONDS.
NON-EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTION OF STEAM, e STEAM GENERATION:
GENERALLY BY FILM BOILING.
e HYDROGEN GENERATION: PRODUCED BY THE INTERACTION OF MOLTEN METALS AND STEAM DURING THE FCI.
e DEBRIS BED FORMATION: THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLE SIZES AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEBRIS BED FORMED SUBSEQUENT TO THE FCI (POROSITY, STRATIFICATION).
FCI's CAN OCCUR IN ANY ACCIDENT WHICH INVOLVES SOME MELTING OF THE CORE OR CLADDING MATERIALS.
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WHY ARE FUEL-C000LANT INTERACTIONS IMPORTANT FOR REACTOR SAFETY?
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FCI's CAN OCCUR e IN CORE BARREL l -- e IN LOWER PLENUM e IN REACTOR CAVITY f
WATER CAN BE SATURATED OR SUBC00 LED i
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REACTOR SAFETY ISSUES AFFECTED BY FCIS
- 1. ,. STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION:
WHAT ARE THE RATES AND TOTAL MAGNITUDES OF STEAM AND HYDROGEN WHICH CAN BE GENERATED DURING FCIS?
- 2. DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS:
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEBRIS PRODUCED BY FCIS, INCLUDING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, POROSITY AND DEBRIS-BED STRATIFICATION?
- 3. ACCIDENT PROGRESSION AND SOURCE TERM:
HOW D0 FCIS INFLUENCE THE PROGRESSION OF THE ACCIDENT AND THE NATURE OF THE SOURCE TERM (INCLUDING FISSION PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, RELEASE RATE, PARTICLE SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY, AND FP DISPERSAL)? WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF FUEL DEBRIS DISPERSAL IN- OR EX-VESSEL BY VIOLENT FCIS?
- 4. ACCIDENT TERMINATION AND SAFE SHUTDOWN:
HOW Do FCIS AFFECT THE PROBABILITY OF SUCCESSFULWHAT ACCIDENT TERMINATION SY THE ADDITION OF WATER TO THE MELT?
OPERATOR ACTIONS WOULD INCREASE THE POSSIBILITY OF SAFE SHUTDOWN BY REDUCING THE RISK FROM DANGEROUS FCIS?
- 5. DIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT'ARE THE PROBABILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY A STEAM EXPLOSION (a - MODE)?
- 6. INDIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT ARE THE PROBABILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF INDIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY FCIS (6 , T ,.OR t- MODES)?
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THESE SAFETY ISSUES ARE ONLY IMPORTANT IF THEY AFFECT:
- THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINATED ACCIDENTS
+ FISSION PRODUCT DISPERSAL
+ PRIMARY SYSTEM FAILURE
+ POST-ACCIDENT HYDROGEN REMOVAL
+ NEED FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATION
+ COSTS OF CLEANUP AND PLANT RECOVERY
- THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF UNTERMINATED ACCIDENTS
+ TIME OF CONTAINMENT FAILURE:
EARLY VS LATE
- + NATURE OF CONTAINMENT FAILURE:
SMALL VS LARGE LEAK: OR CATASTROPHIC FAILURE
+ FISSION P.RODUCT STATE AT FAILURE TIME:
QUIESCENT, SETTLED, IN WATER SOLUTION, IN MELT, VS DISPERSED, AEROSOLIZED, VAPORIZED.
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SQE EC AE. IDCOR POSITT0i:S DR EC1 SAFFTY TSSUFS IDCOR EE.
ISSilE 100 KG 5000 KG MA IMUM AMOUNT OF FUEL THAT CAN OR MORE COARSELY MIX IN-VESSEL 7 KG 16000 KG MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF FUEL THAT CAN OR MORE COARSELY MIX EX-VESSEL DO NOT NOT MODELED, MULTIPLE EXPLOSIONS AND HIGHLY MAY OCCUR TRANSIENT FCI PHENOMA OCCUR NEGLIGIBLE POSSIBLY AMOUNT OF METAL-WATER REACTION THAT 30% OR MORE CAN OCCUR DURING AN FCI NEGLIGIBLE PRIMITIVE AMOUNT OF STEAM GENERATED DURING AN MODELS EXPLOSIVE OR NON-EXPLOSIVE FCI C00LABLE MAY OR MAY COOLABILITY OF DEBRIS BED RESULTING NOT BE FROM AN FCI DOESN'T NOT MODELED, IN-VESSEL FUEL DISPERSION DUE TO OCCUR MAY OCCUR A STEAM EXPLOSION YES MAYBE, BUT BWR GEOMETRY PRECLUDES SIGNIFICANT NO DATA COARSE MIXING IN LOWER PLENUM YES MAYBE, BUT STEAM EXPLOSIONS DO NOT OCCUR AT INSUFFICIENT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE DATA DOESN'T NOT MODELED, LOWER PLENUM FAILURE DUE TO A OCCUR MAY OCCUR STEAM EXPLOSION ,
DOESN'T NOT MODELED, ENERGETIC STEAM EXPLOSION IN OCCUR MAY OCCUR REFLOOD MODE DOESN'T NOT MODELED, ENERGETIC STEAM EXPLOSION IN OCCUR MAY OCCUR STRATIFIED MODE (WATER ABOVE FUEL)
DOESN'T NO MECHANISTIC CONTAINMENT FAILURE DUE TO STEAM OCCUR MODEL EXPLOSION NOT NOT MODELED ALTERATION IN EX-VESSEL FISSION IMPORTANT PRODUCT SOURCE TERM DUE TO FCIs NOT POSSI3LE FAILURE OF MARK II PEDESTAL WALL CONSIDERED BY EX-VESSEL STEAM EXPLOSION o
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- - .. .- .. . ~ - . .
FCI RESEARCH RATIONALE
- MANY ASPECTS OF SEVERE ACCIDENTS CAN BE STRONGLY INFLUENC BY THE NATURE OF THE FCIS.
- UNCERTAINTIES CONCERNING MANY FCI PHENOMA ARE SO LARGE THAT ACCIDENT RISKS CANNOT BE ACCURATELY QUANTIFIED, NOR CAN ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES BE ACCURATELY DEFINED.
- ADDITIONAL RESEARCH HAS A HIGH PROBABILITY OF REDUCING THESE UNCERTAINTIES.
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CORE MELT-COOLANT INTERACTIONS PROGRAM STATUS AND RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
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FRAGMENTATION AND MIXTNG
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THE KEY QUESTION FOR FCIs IS:
TO WHAT DEGREE, AND AT WHAT RATE, DOES THE MOLTEN CORIUM FRAGMENT WHEN IT CONTACTS WATER?
POSSIElF ANSWFRS
- 1. NO FRAGMENTATION: STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RALES ARE SLOW AND BENIGN. EARLY CONTAINMENT FAILURE IS UNLIKELY OR IMPOSSIBLE.
- 2. COARSE FRAGMENTATION: (AKA " PREMIXING"): TIME SCALE OF ORDER OF SECONDS: SIGNIFICANT
. INCREASE IN STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES AND MAGNITUDES.
INCREASED POSSIBILITY OF 6 , T ,
AND c- FAILURE MODES.
- 3. FINE FRAGMENTATION: (AKA " STEAM EXPLOSION"): TIME SCALE OF ORDER OF MILLISECONDS: STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES AND MAGNITUDES CAN BE VERY HIGH. SHOCK WAVES AND MISSILES MAY BE GENERATED.
INCREASED POSSIBILITY OF ALL FAILURE MODES, INCLUDING DIRECT FAILURE (a-MODE).
- - - - -....~ . . - -
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DEGREE AND RATE OF FRAGMENTATION IS A FUNCTION OF MANY VARIABLES SPECIFYING INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
COMPOSITION, TEMPERATURE, MASS
- 1. FUEL PROPERTIES:
COMPOSITION, TEMPERATURE, MASS
- 2. COOLANT PROPERTIES:
- 3. CONTACT MODE BETWEEN FUEL AND COOLANT:
FUEL INTO COOLANT OR VICE VERSA INJECTION GEOMETRY AND RATE
- 4. NATURE AND STRENGTH OF SPONTANEOUS TRIGGERS GEOMETRY, SIZE, DEGREE OF
- 5. INTERACTION CHAMBER:
CONFINEMENT, INTERNAL STRUCTURES PRESSURE, RADIATION
- 6. AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE:
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FCf PROGRAM TAsMS
- 1. BASED ON CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, DEFINE MOST IMPORTANT VARIABLES AND THEIR RANGES.
- 2. CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS ON THESE VARIABLES, CONSISTENT WITH PROGRAM FUNDING.
- 3. DEVELOP MODELS TO EXPLAIN AND INTERPRET EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS, AND TO EXTRAPOLATE THOSE RESULTS TO REACTOR SCALES.
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- 1. MECHANISTIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS.
- 2. PROBABILISTIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS.
- 3. SMALL-SCALE (SINGLE DROPLET) EXPERIMENTS.
- 4. INTERMEDIATE-SCALE OPEN-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS (EXO-FITS).
- 5. INTERMEDIATE-SCALE CLOSED-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS (FITS).
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FCI EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS INFORMATION GFNFRATED SMALL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS:
e STEAM EXPLOSION TRIGGERABILITY.
e DROPLET FRAGMENTATION.
e CONVERSION RATIO.
e DEBRIS SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS e HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES'.
INTERMEDIATE-SCALE EXPERIMENTS:
o PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF STEAM EXPLOSIONS (TRIGGERING, PROPAGATION,. EXPANSION, CONVERSION RATIO, SLUG FORMATION AND BREAKUP).
e NON-EXPLOSIVE STEAM GENERATION.
e DEBRIS SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS.
e HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES AND MAGNITUDES.
INTERMEDIATE-SCALE FITS TESTS INDEPENDENT VARIABLES MEASUREMENTS EXPER. NUMBER g$WEdaW W
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- PRIMARY VARIABLE o SECONDARY VARIABLE
- PRELIMINARY SCOPING TESTS
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FITS-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Initial Parameters for the FITS-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Melt Water Melt Melt Melt Ambient Side Water Drop Entry Hold Test Helt Mass Water Mass Water Water Name Composition Del. Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Press. Dim. Depth Heignt Vel. Time kg kg M c/Mi K K MPa m m m m/s s FITS 1C Fe+A123 0 17.* 112.9 6.6 298 69 0.088 0.610 0.305 1.82 5.59 1.52 FIIS2C Corium A+R 16.0 226.1 13.4 295 72 0.082 0.610 0.610 2.37 6.60 1.a3 11.5 108.1 9.4 297 70 0.081 0.533 0.381 1.82 5.97" 1.52 FITS 3C Corium A+R FITS 4C Fe+A173 0 19.0 110.2 5.8 353 74 0.531 0.610 0.305 1.82 5.97" 1.50 d
. 19.6 110.4 5.6 351 75 0.510 0.610 0.305 1.82 5.97 1.50 FITS 5C Fe+A1 023 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
- - Indicates that the entry was calculated by [2 x g x h3 III I Lid status (in/out): IN j
All tests conducted in an inerted (Nitrogen) atmosphere.
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FITS-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeense Event Classification and Characteristics for the FITS-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeses Event Explosion Avg / Peak Percent Test Ev ent Time after Propagatien Particle o f 'Jat er Name Type Melt Entry Velocity . Velocity Depth at as m/s m/s Event FITS 1C SE 78 415.0 280./379 100.0 FITS 2C SE 10 N.O. 22.5/29.3 26.4 FITS 2C TR 169 100.0 FITS 3C No events observed FITS 4C No e'v ents observed FIT 35C No events observed seeseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
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TR - Nonpropagating trigger SE - Steam Explosion N.O. - Not obtained.
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FITS-C Test Series eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Comments and Additional Results for the FITS-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeen Test Melt Width Comments on Test Name at . Entry a
FITS 1C 0.07 Repeat of T.ITS23. Some early melt leak. Lost mass was not used in particle diameter calculations.
FITS 2C 0.23 Lid trails melt entry by 50 ms. Lid contacts bottom first after passing through melt.
Possible partial melt crust formation prior to water contact. Lid / bottom contact may have caused last trigger. Lost mass was not used in diameter calculations.
TITS 3C N. O. Melt delivery failure. Melt fell in a shower of approximately 500 ms in duration. Lid entered at tail end of melt -shower. No events observed from film data.
FITS 4C N.O. Gas samples lost. No films. Dispersed melt probably caused melt sensor not to respond.
Detonator did not fire. Poor melt delivery.
FITSSC N.O. No film data. Apparently no explosion.
Detonator fired at approximately 200 ms after entry. Probable dispersed melt delivery.
Repeat of FITS 4C/ FITS 2B tank / drop geometry.
seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee N.O. - Not Obtained.
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FITS-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Debris Analysis and Fraction of Metal Oxidi:ed seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Test Part. Mass Sauter Total Mass Lost Fraction of Name Mean Dia. Diameter Recovered Mass Metal Oxidized micrometer micrometer kg kg Fe33 0 / Fe0 FITS 1C 393.0 231.0 15.89 1.16 0.22/0.33 FITS 2C 927.7 549.0 15.68 1.25 0.18/0.25 FITS 3C N.A. N.A. 11.00 0.50 0.04/0.05 N.A. N.A. N.O. N.O. N.O.
FITS 4C FITS 5C N.A. N.A. 19.u9 0.07 0.05/0.08 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees N.O. - Not Obtained. N. A. - Not analyzed at publication.
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RECENT EXO-FITS EXPERIMENTS FY83 - 84 .
CM: COARSE MIXING, 12 TESTS OM: OXIDE MELTS, 4 TESTS ACM: ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE, 2 TESTS RC: RIGID CONTAINER, 2 TESTS FITSD: IN-VESSEL, 4 TESTS
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CM SERIES - COARSE MIXING I. OBJECTIVE:
INVESTIGATE COARSE MIXING BEHAVIOR TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EXISTING MODELS.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
USE MOLTEN IRON-ALUMINA MELTS (- 20 KG) AND SATURATED WATER. VARY OTHER PARAMETERS TO QUANTIFY THE DEPENDENCE OF MIXING ON SCALE, GEOMETRY, AND THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS. ALSO DETERMINE EXPLOSIBILITY OF FUEL / COOLANT SYSTEM AND MEASURE WATER-PHASE PRESSURES AND CONVERSION RATIO, IF POSSIBLE.
III. STATUS:
SERIES COMPLETED: 12 TESTS.
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BOTTOM LID NEAR-SURFACE EVENTS-TIME ~20-50ms AFTER MELT-WATER CONTACT (t=0)
DEPTH OF PENETRATION ..).
AT INITIATION
~5-10 cm
-WATER CHAMBER e
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CM SERIES - COARSE MIXING IV. RESULTS:
e SURFACE EVENTS OF SUFFICIENT VIOLENCE TO EXPEL MELT FROM THE WATER, AS WELL AS PREVENT SOME MELT FROM ENTERING, OCCURRED IN EME11 TEST.
e RESIDUAL MELT MASSES OF - 4 KG WERE NOT EXPELLED, AND FROZE ON THE CHAMBER BOTTOM FOR MOST HOT WATER TESTS.
e THE LATEST DELAY TO AN EXPLOSION EVER OBSERVED OCCURRED FOR THE COLD WATER TEST CM-7 (550 MS AFTER' MELT ENTRY). EXPLOSION SEEMED TO OCCUR IN A MEl1 WATER-LEAN ENVIRONMENT.
e THE PRESENCE OF THE LID SEEMS TO DELAY THE SURFACE INTERACTION.
e LONGER HOLD TIMES SEEM TO CORRELATE WITH GREATER DELAYS IN MELT EXPULSION.
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- a eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeensee.eeeeeeeeeeeeeen....
Initial Parameters for t;.e Coarse Mixing Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Melt Water Melt Melt Melt Water Drop Entry Hold Lid Test Mass Water Mass Water Water Side Depth Height Vel . Time in/
Name Del . Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Dim.
K m m m m/s s out kg kg Me/Mg K 5.9 0.305 1.220 0. 305 2.44' 1.00 QUT CM 1 18.5 109.7 358 9 6.1 .4 0.305 1.220 0.305 2.44
- 4.00 OUT CM 2 18.0 109.3 363 CM 3 18.0 437.0 24.3 364 3 0.610 1.220 0.483 3.11 0.68 OUT CM 4 18.9 218.5 11.6 364 3 0.610 0.610 1.120 4.60 0.63 CUT CM 5 7.6 218.7 28.7 363 4 0.6t0 0.610 1.120 4.78 0.75 0UT CM 6 4.0 218.5 54.6 364 3 0.610 0.610 1.220 4.99 0.81 QUT 9.2 294 73 ~0 .610 0.457 9.120 4. 77 0.65 0UT CM 7 18.5 169.6 CM 8 18.6 218.4 11.7 365 2 0.610 0.610 0.444 3.08 0.66 IN 3 0.610 0.610 0.a44 3.06 0.66. IN CM 9 18.6 218.6 11.3 364 0.610 0.305 1.143 4.60 7.00 Ou; CM to 18.4 109.3 5.9 366 1 1.120 4.68 5.00 CUT CM 11 18.7 218.6 11.7 366 1 0.610 0.610 CM 12 18.5 112.9 6.1 298 69 0.610 0.305 1.820 5.89 1.50 IN eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
- - Indicates that the entry was calculated by (2 x g x hMI)
Melt composition: iron-slumina J
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Coarse Mixing Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees.
Event Classification and Characteristics for the Coarse Mixing Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. l Event Explosion Avg / Peak Percent Test Event Time after Eruption Propagation Particle of Water Type Melt Entry Duration Velocity Velocity Depth at j
. * .Name as m/s m/s Event ms l
j CM 1 ER 30 1 CM 2 ER 73 l 41 47/S8 7.5 CM 3 ER 43 CM 3 TR 56 52 12.2 CM 4 ER 18 CM 4 TR 59,68.75,89 100.0 CM 4 BC 197 CM 5 ER 27 119 33/43 13.0 252 100.0 CM 5 BC 163 20/25 11.0 CM 6 ER 22 CM 6 TR 66,88,108,132,159 100.0 CM 6 BC 194 CM 6 TR 203 CM 7 ER 43 62/73 49.0 301 197/ - 71.8 CM 7 SE 69 100.0 CM 7 BC 113 100.0 CM 7 SE 503 179 11.8 CM 8 ER 37 24.6 CM 8 ER 117 41/96 CM S TR 195,202 216 67.2 CM 8 SE 40 21.3 CM 9 ER 65 105/350 38.9 CM 9 SE 105 43 69 18/24 CM 10 ER 100.0 CM to SE 112 37/78 CM 10 SE 311 ER 52 88 32/- 25.9 CM 11 100.0 CM 11 BC
' 15.S CM 12 ER 37 103/110 65.6 CM 12 SE 69 100.0 CM 12 BC 111 .
100.0 CM 12 SE 125 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ER - Eruption TR - Nonpropagating Trigger SE - Steam Explosion BC - Melt Contact with Bottom.
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, Comments and Additional Results for the Coarse Mixing Test Series eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeenseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Comments on Test Test Jesidual Mass Melt Width Name in Cnamber at Entry kg a CM 1 N.O. N.O. Lid skimmed water surface. High-speed cameras didn't work. Possible weak surface explosion can be seen from low-speed camera.
CM 2 3.80 N.O. Lid skimmed water surface. Lid stuck in crucible for 1.5 to 2.0 s making hold time 3.5 to 4.0 s. No high-speed films. Water chamber remained intact.
CM 3 4.28 0.33 One nonprepagating trigger occurred at 56 =s after melt entry. The top 1/3 of water chamber fractured.
CM 4 3.50 0.53 Strong 25-30 mph crosswind at test time, stripped some melt from the falling melt mass. Water chamber cestroyed by nonpropagating triggers.
CM S 3,40 0.28 Eruption velocity seemed to increase approx. 42 ms after eruption began. No triggers observed. A large amount-of fine dust-size debris remained in chamber.
CM 6 1.94 0.13 Eruption appeared to be composed of multiple events.
Vater chamber remained undamaged.
CM 7 N.O. N.O. Melt shape was not uniform with a thin arm preceding main melt mass by 13 cm. Second explosion deformed water chamber support stand.
CM 8 N.O. 0.23 Lid entered water perpendicularly. The lid quickly separated from melt and slid off to side. Main center eruption was preceded by steaming. Weak explosion.
N.O. 0.26 Lid entered water parallel to surface. Weak explosion.
CM 9 l
l 0.19 Severe crucible melt leak prior to release at 5 s CM 10 N . O.
i hold time. Fragments of lid entered with rest of melt. Water was a boiling froth at melt entry.
CM 11 5.80 0.20 No triggers observed. The chamber remained intact.
CM 12 N.O. 0.20 Large water swell due to eruption. Weak first explosion ruptured chamber. Strong second explosion did some mech.
damage to stand and test tower. Second explosion began -
on bottom. l l
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N.O. - Not Obtained.
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OM SERIES - OXIDE MELTS I. OBJECTIVE:
UNDERSTAND CMCIS WITH OXIDIC MELTS.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
USE OXIDIC MELTS (FE0 x
, U0 2 , ETC.).
VARY MELT MASS WATER VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE, AMBIENT PRESSURE, AND OTHER PARAMETERS. DETERMINE MEASURE EXPLOSIBILITY OF THIS FUEL / COOLANT SYSTEM.
PRESSURES, DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS, CONVERSION RATIO AND COARSE MIXING CHARACTERISTICS.
III. STATUS:
4 TESTS COMPLETED: SATURATED AND SUBC00 LED WATER.
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OM SERIES - OXIDE MELTS IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS:
e STEAM EXPLOSIONS OCCURRED FOR ALL-FOUR TESTS (THREE IN COLD WATER, ONE IN HOT).
e PRESENCE OF LID IN OM-3 DELAYED EXPLOSION (100 Ms AT 25 cM PENETRATION FOR OM-3 vs - 35 Ms AND < 10 CM FOR OTHER THREE TESTS).
- MULTIPLE EXPLOSIONS OCCURRED FOR HOT WATER TEST OM-4. LAST EXPLOSION WAS - 490 Ms AFTER MELT ENTRY.
e NO NON-EXPLOSIVE SURFACE EVENTS OCCURRED, IN CONTRAST TO CM SERIES.
---*> IRON OXIDE MELTS ARE EASILY TRIGGERED AND. EXPLODE READILY IN HOT AND COLD WATER.
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l 0xide Melt Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ,
Initial Parameters for the Oxide Melt Test Series l seeeeees,eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Water Melt Melt Melt Melt Jkit Drop Entry Hold Lid Width Test Mass Water Mass Water Water Side Water Vel. Time in/ at Entry l Name Del. Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Dim. Depth Neight K m a m m/s s out m kg kg Mc/Mg K 69 0.43 0.36 0.635 3.53' 3.8 OUT s.0.
OM 1 N.O. 66.1 N.O. 298 0.53 0.36 0.635 3.83 3.8 OUT 0.2u OM 2 9. 100.9 11.2 298 69 298 69 0.61 0.36 0.635 3.34 3.8 IN 0.34 OM 3 10. 131.7 13.2 4 0.61 0.61 0.787 3.56 5.0 OUT 0.25 OM 4 9 218.6 24.3 363 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
- -Indicatesthattheentrywascalculatedby(2xgxhfi)
N.O. . - Not obtained.
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Event Classification and Characteristics, and Comments for the oxide Melt Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Event Avg / Peak Percent of Water Comments on Test Test Event Time after Particle Depth at Name Type Melt Entry Velocity ms m/s Event N.O. N.O. Some melt ejected through crucible vent OM 1 SE .N.O. holes, fell into chamber, and exploded.
Chamber destroyed. Rest of melt released at 3.8 s and fell into empty chamber base.
t I
193/272 29.2 Poor film visibility due to smoke from OM 2 SE 47 thermite burn. Chamber destroyed by surface explosion. Possibility of incomplete thermite reaction.
SE 141 785/--- N.O. Substantial melt leak from bottom of CM 3 crucible prior to melt release. Poor
, film visibility. Only one high-speed
( camera and no low-speed camera.
l N.O. Chamber destroyed by surface explosion.
OM 4 . SE 19 332/427 Explosions at 198 and 247 ms were local OH 4 ' SE 198 N.O. N.O.
N.O. N.O. explosions near west wall and did not OM 4 SE 247 propagate to entire melt.
SE 360 132/184 100.0 OM 4 seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeee SE - Steam Explosion ER - Eruption TR - Nonpropagating Trigger N.O. - Not obtained
. , , - - - . _ - , . , - - . , , , . - , , ,,e-. ..n. --, - --- ,,
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ACM SERIES - ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE I. OBJECTIVE:
UNDERSTAND THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF CMCIS FOR DIFFERENT CONTACT MODES.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
USING VARIOUS FUEL / COOLANT SIMULANT PAIRS, INVESTIGATE EXPLOSIBILITY AND STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES IN FLOODING AND WATER-INJECTION CONTACT MODES.
III. STATUS:
2 PRELIMINARY SCOPING TESTS COMPLETED.
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TEST SETUP WATER RESERVOIR ~ C-j .
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I GRAVITY FEED NOZZLE GRAPHITE CRUCISLE !
i PREPARED I
Fe-AlaO3 MELT '
~3000 *K - , f" '. ,
~10 kg - . .
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ACM SERIES - ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS:
e ACM - 1: WATER INJECTED 1_1 AFTER COMPLETION OF BURN. VIOLENT EXPLOSION AFTER AN ADDITIONAL 3 s.
e ACM - 2: WATER INJECTED L5_1 AFTER BURN. NO EXPLOSION. PROBABLE CRUST FORMATION PRIOR TO WATER ENTRY.
e EXPLOSIONS IN REFLOOD MODE ARE POSSIBLE. ENERGETICS ARE UNKNOWN, BUT WILL PROBABLY DEPEND STRONGLY ON INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.
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Alternate Contact Mode Test Series
,- seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.....
Initial Parameters for the Alternate Contact Mode Test Series Test Melt Water Water Water Ambient Water Hold Name Mass Mass Temp. Subcooling Press. Time kg kg K K MPa s ACM 1 10.0 0.6 298 69 0.083 1.~0 ACM 2 18.5 3.8 298 69 0.083 4.5 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee....eeeeeeeeeeeeee....ee ...........seeeeeeeee.
Melt composition: iron-alumina eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeen.
Event Classification and Characteristics; and Comments for the Alternate Contact Mode Test Series Test Event Time after Comments on Test Name Type Melt Entry s
ACM 1 Explosion 3 Delay between end of thermite burn and water-melt contact was 1 s. Explosion occurred at 3 s after water-melt contact.
Several minor eruptions before explosion.
j ACM 2 No Delay between end of thermite burn and l
Explosion water-melt contact was 4.5 s. No explosion observed. Apparent crusting of melt prior j
i to melt-water contact.
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. RC SERIES - RIGID CONTAINER I. OBJECTIVE:
UNDERSTAND EFFECTS OF EXPLOSION CONFINEMENT.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
USING VARIOUS FUEL / COOLANT SIMULANT PAIRS, INVESTIGATE THE CHANGE IN EXPLOSION CONVERSION ~
RATIO DUE TO INCREASED CONFINEMENT.
III. STATUS:
2 TESTS COMPLETED. EX0-FITS FACILITY DESTROYED.
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RC SERIES - RIGID CONTAINER IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS:
RC - 1: IRON-ALUMINA / COLD WATER, HOLD TIME = E_1:
VIOLENT EXPULSION, NO EXPLOSION.
RC - 2: IDENTICAL TO RC - 1 EXCEPT MELT WAS HELD FOR STRONG ONLY 1.5_1 AFTER THERMITE BURN.
EXPLOSION DESTROYED EX0-FITS CONCRETE PAD AND SUPERSTRUCTURE. WATER PHASE PRESSURE > 700 s.
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Rigid Container Test Series Initial Parameters for the Rigid Container Test Series Test Melt Mass Water Mass Water Water Chamber Water Drop Melt Entry Melt Hold Name Delivered Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Diameter Depth Height Velocity Time kg kg Mg /Mg K K m m m m/s s RC 1 19.0 111.7 5.9 298 69 0.56 0.u6 1.78 5.77 4.0 RC 2 18.5 111.6 6.0 303 64 0.56 0.46 1.78 5.35 1.5 Melt composition: iron-alumina Lid status (in/out): IN Event Classification and Characteristics, and Comments for the Rigid Container Test Series Event Avg / Peak Test Event Time after Eruption Particle Comments on Test Name Type Melt Entry Duration Velocity ms ms m/s
........................................................................................a..
RC 1 ER 86 232 N.O. Rigid vessel was 94 cm long, 55.9 cm I.D.
pipe with 2.5 cm thick walls and a plexiglass bottom. Entry velocity and time estimated using pipe inlet velocity and gravity.
RC 2 ER 56 N.O. Same vessel as RC 1. Explosion lifted RC 2 SE 180 853/1122 vessel 2 m off ground. Destroyed EXO-FITS test stand and concrete pad.
Substantial ground and air shock felt.
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ER - Eruption TR - Nontropagating Trigger SE - Steam Explosion N.O. - Not obtained
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' - - ' - - . - -+w w,,, -------m m- w --' -v- w --- w
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- FITS-D Test Matrix
, (Two experimental level,1/8 rep fractional factorial experiment design) seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeese Test Mg d w v SC P Water Water / Melt mass-kg mass ratio Mc Mc/Mg FITS 1D H L M H H H 87 1.7 FITS 2D L H L H H H 95 4.8 FITS 3D L L H L L H 87 4.4 FITS 4D H H L L L H 95 1.9 FITS 5D L H H L H L 381 19.0 FITS 6D H L L L H L 22 0.44 FITS 7D H H H H L L 381 7.6 FITS 8D L L L H L L 22 1.1 emesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
The following parameters will be held constant during this series:
melt composition : iron-alumina thermite melt pour rate : default contact mode : melt into water chamber confinement: unconfined, lucite walls triggering : spontaneous or absent melt hold time : 1.5 see Ranges of variable parameters corresponding to H and L values above:
melt mass, Mf :H 50 kg, L 20 kg, actual delivered mass will be less.
water depth, d : H: 0.66 m. L 0.15 m water chamber side dimension, w : H s 0.76 m, L 0.38 m entry velocity, y controlled roughly by the high and low drop heights of H 2.7 m and L s 1.6 m.
water subcooling, SC : H corresponds to cold water, L corresponds to a water as close to saturation temperature as can be achieved at the corresponding ambient pressure.
ambient pressure P : H = 11 bars, L: 0.83 bars mass of water, M e : water depth and geometry dependent
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- FITS-D Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Initial Parameters for the FITS-D Test Series esseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Melt Water Melt Melt Test Mass Water Mass Water Water Ambient Side Water Drop Entry Name Del . Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Press. Dim. Depth Height Vel.
kg K K MPa m m m m/s kg Mc/Mg 0.085 0.610 0.508 1.79 5.9d FIT 50D 17.8 182.9 10.3 359 9 1
FITS 2D 18.0 95.7 5.3 289 168 1.103 0.381 0.660 2.69 7.26' 28u 0.083 0.762 0.660 1.64 5.67" FITS 5D 19.2 383.0 19.9 83 FITS 8D I 18.0 21.3 1.2 368 0 0.083 0.381 0.152 2.69 7.26*
seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
- - Entry was calculated by (2 x g x hfiI 1 - Data for melt mass delivered and mass ratio are only rough estimates.
Melt compositions iron-alumina Melt hold times 1.5 seconds Lid status (in/out): IN All tests conducted in an inerted (Hitrogen) atmosphere.
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.- - : . . . .- . . a .. . -
FITS-D Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.................................see Event Classifications and Characteristics for the FITS-0 Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Event Explosion Avg / Peak Percent Test Event Time After Eruption Propagation Particle of Water Name Type Melt Entry Duration Velocity Velocity Depth at as as m/s m/s Event FITSCD ER N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
FITS 2D No Events Were Observed FITSSD SE 53 318.0 N.O. 29.7 FITS 5D SE 56 N.O. N.O. N.O.
FITS 8D ER N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees ER - Eruption TR - Nonpropagating trigger SE - Steam Explosion N.A. - Not analyzed at publication. N.O. - Not Cbtained.
4
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e FITS-D Test Series Ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeessessessessessessessessessessesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee..
Comments and Additional Results for the FITS-D Test Series Cseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Comments on Test Test Peak Gas Peak Gas Melt Width Fraction of Name Phase Press Phase Temp at Entry Iron oxidized MPa K m Fe23 O /Teo N.O. 0.19/0.29 Data very preliminary.
FITSCD 0.291 397 N.A. N.A. N.A. Data very preliminary.
FITS 2D 1.526 Substantial amount of the delivered melt missed the water chamber. No explosive events seen on film data.
N.O. 0.16/0.24 Data very preliminary.
FITS 5D 0.554 370 Second explosion occurred 3 ms' after first explosion. Substantial melt quenching prior to second explosion. First explosion drove melt into water at 150 m/s.
N.A. N.A. Data very preliminary. Ihe films FITS 8D N.A. N.A.
showed snat the water was a boiling froth at main melt entry due to early entry by a small amount of pre-released melt.
eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee N.O. - Not Obtained.
N.A. - Not analyzed at publication.
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CORE MELT-COOLANT INTERACTIONS PLAN FOR
- RESOLUTION OF
- TECHNICAL ISSUES
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REACTOR SAFETY ISSUES AFFECTED BY FCIS
- 1. S. TEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION:
'WHAT ARE THE RATES AND TOTAL MAGNITUDES OF STEAM AND HYDROGE WHICH CAN BE GENERATED DURING FCIS?
- 2. DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS:
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEBRIS PRODUCED BY FCIS, INCLUDING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, POROSITY AND DEBRIS-BED STRATIFICATION?
- 3. ACCIDENT PROGRESSION AND SOURCE TERM:
HOW 00 FCIS INFLUENCE THE PROGRESSION OF THE ACCIDENT AND NATURE OF THE SOURCE TERM (INCLUDING FISSION PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, RELEASE RATE, PARTICLE SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY, AND FP DISPERSAL)? WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF FUEL DEBRIS DISPERSAL IN- OR EX-VESSEL BY VIOLENT FCIS?
4 ACCIDENT TERMINATION AND SAFE SHUTDOWN:
HOW 00 FCIS AFFECT THE PROBABILITY OF SUCCESSFUL WHAT ACCIDENT TERMINATION BY THE ADDITION OF WATER TO THE MELT?
OPERATOR ACTIONS WOULD INCREASE THE POSSIBILITY OF SAFE SHUTDOWN BY REDUCING THE RISK FROM DANGEROUS FCIS?
- 5. DIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT ARE THE PROBABILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY A STEAM EXPLOSION (a - MODE)?
- 6. INDIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT ARE THE PROBABILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF INDIREC CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY FCIS (6 , Y , OR t- MODES)?
l KEY QJESTIONS WHICH MJST BE ANSWERED I
TO RESOLVE FCI ISSUES l
- 1. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE FCI PHENOMENA 7 PAST RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT THESE ARE:
FUEL MASS. COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE: FUEL / WATER MASS RATIO: WATER MASS. SUBC00 LING. DEPTH.
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AND POSSIBLY COMPOSITION: TRIGGER STRENGTH: AMBIENT PRESSURE: CONTACT MODE: MELT / WATER ,
. POUR RATE AND ENTRY VELOCITY: WATER CHAMBER 6EOMETRY.
CONFINEMENT AND INTERNAL STRUCTURES.
- 2. FOR A GIVEN SET OF INITIAL CONDITIONS. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESULTING FCI7 THE ANSWERS TO THIS SPECIFICALLY:
QUESTION WILL RESOLVE THE SAFETY ISSUES.
A) WHAT ARE THE RATES AND QUANTITIES OF STEAM AND HYDROGEN THAT ARE SENERATED7 B) CAN A LARGE-SCALE EXPLOSION OCCUR UNDER THESE CONDITIONS AND, IF S0. WHAT IS THE CONVERSION RATIO 7 C) CAN A MISSILE BE GENERATED 7 WHAT IS ITS ENERGY 7 D) WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESULTING DEBRIS 7 E) WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE FCI ON FP RELEASE AND DISPERSAL 7
- 3. WITH A KNOWLEDGE OF THE FCI CHARACTERISTICS WHICH OCCUR.
CALCULATE THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEGUENCES OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE USING PHENOMENOLOGICAL.
PROBABILISTIC OR INTEGRATED CONTAINMENT CODES. AS APPROPRIATE.
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P'L A N FOR RESOLUTION O F:" ISSUES I.. ASSESS CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE FOR ALL ISSUES.
C. BASED ON THIS KNOWLEDGE. DETERMINE POST IMFORTANT EXFERIMENTAL AND MODELLING UNCERTAINTIES.
- 3. FLAN AND EXECUTE AN " EFFICIENT" TEST MATRIX.
4 INCORFORATE TEST RESULTS INTO NEW MODELS AND CODES.
- 5. ASSESS THE UNCERTAINTY IN MODEL FREDICTIONS. IF "SUFFICIENTLY" LOW, TERMINATE FURTHER EXFERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL FCI RESEARCH. MOVE TO RISK ASSESSMENT FHASE.
4 AND 5.
- 6. IF UNCERTAINTIES ARE STILL TOO HIGH AFTER STEFS 3.
EXFAND TEST MATRIX AND REFEAT PROCESS.
9 -
. . . . ~. . :
TO RESOLVE THE FCI SAFETY ISSUES, SANDIA PROPOSES AN INTEGRATED
. RESEARCH PROGRAM CONTAINING THE FOLLOWING ELEMENTS:
- 1. LARGE-SCALE (12000 xe) FACILITY FOR OPEN-6EOMETRY EXPERIMENTS ON COARSE MIXING AND CONVERSION RATI'0 (EX0-FITS II USING THERMITE MELTS AT AMBIENT PRESSURE.
- 2. EXTENSION OF FITS CLOSED-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS TO 50 (G OF THERMITE MELTS.
- 3. SMALL-SCALE SINGLE-DROPLET EXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE TRIGGERING AND CONVERSION RATIO AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE (T0 170 sARS).
- 4. LARGE-SCALE ( 5 400 xs) FACILITY FOR CLOSED-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS USING INDUCTION-HEATED PROTOTYPIC OXIDIC AND ,
METALLIC MELTS.
- 5. CONTINUATION OF FCI MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION.
esses AssREVIATION FOR PROGRAM ELEMENTS
- 1. EXO-FITS II
- 2. FITS EXTENDED
- 3. SHIP (SMALL-SCALE HIGH PRESSURE)
- 4. ELVIS (ENCLOSED LARGE VESSEL INTERACTION SYSTEM)
- 5. MODEL DEVELOPMENT
RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
,/ ELEMENT 1: EX0-FITS II THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO DETERMINE WHETHER AN UPPER LIMIT EXISTS FOR COARSE MIXING, AND WHAT THIS LIMIT IS.
THE FACILITY WOULD BE DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THIS LIMIT AS CHEAPLY AS POSSIBLE.
- IF A LIMIT WERE FOUND AT 2000 KG OR LESS, IT WOULD FURTHERMORE, SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT ALL SIX SAFETY ISSUES.
ISSUES 4 (ACCIDENT TERMINATION), S AND 6 (DIRECT AND INDIRECT FAILURE) WOULD BE COMPLETELY RESOLVED.
THERE IS Ma QIHER War TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF LARGE MELT MASSES AT RELATIVELY LOW COSTS.
BASIS FOR SELECTING 2000 KG OF FUEL:
-HIGH ENOUGH TO UNEOUIV0CALLY DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CURRENT COARSE MIXING MODELS;
-HIGH ENOUGH TO APPROACH THE RANGE OF MASSES WHICH MIGHT BEGIN TO THREATEN VESSEL AND CONTAINMENT INTEGRITY:
-LOW ENOUGH TO KEEP DOWN COSTS OF BUILDING AND OPERATING,
' CRANE SUPPORT -
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~ -- .. . .
EX0-FITS II: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS
- 1. PRIMARY VARIABLES FUEL MASS (UP TO 2000 XG)-
WATER MASS FUEL / WATER MASS RATIO WATER TEMPERATURE (SUBC00 LING)
FUEL INJECTION RATE (DROP HEIGHT, POUR DIAMETER)
WATER DEPTH WATER CHAMBER CONFINEMENT-TRIGGER STRENGTH.
II. SECONDARY VARIABLES INTERNAL STRUCTURES IN WATER (LOWER PLENUM SIMULATION)
WATER COMPOSITION III. FIXED PARAMETERS FUEL COMPOSITION (IRON-ALUMINA THERMITE)
FUEL TEMPERATURE -
AMBIENT PRESSURE CONTACT MODE (FUEL INTO COOLANT)
!V. MEASUREMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY (COARSE MIXING, CONVERSION RATIO)
WATER PHASE PRESSURE BASE IMPULSE POSSIBLY X-RAYS l
w' 7m'- ' - - - - --'- - - - " ~' '" "- ' ---- " ~'
RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ELEMENT 2: FITS EXTENDED
- THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO PROVIDE QUANTITATIVE DATA FOR RESOLVING ISSUES 1 AND 2'(STEAM IT WILL HYDROGENGENERATIONANbDEBRISCHARACTERISTICS).
ALSO PROVIDE INFORMATION FOR RESOLVING ALL THE REMAINING ISSUES.
QUANTITATIVE DATA GENERATED IN THIS FACILITY WOULD BE USED FOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND CODE ASSESSMENT.
- BECAUSE THE FACILITY IS CURRENTLY OPERATIONAL, EXPERIMENTS
~
USING UP TO 50-100 KG OF 10ERMITE-GENERATED MELTS CAN BE INEXPENSIVELY CONDUCTED.
THE MAJOR DRAWBACKS OF THIS FACILITY ARE LIMITED MELT COMPOSITION (ONLY VARIOUS THERMITES), LIMITED MELT MASS, AND NO CAPABILITY FOR HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION.
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,, FITS-X (EXTENDED): EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS I. PRIMARY VARIABLES '
FUEL COMPOSITION (THERMITES: IRON-ALUMINA, C0RIUM, IRON OXIDE)
FUEL MASS (20 - 100 XG)
WATER MASS FUEL / WATER MASS RATIO WATER TEMPERATURE (SUBC00 LING)
WATER DEPTH, CROSS-SECTION, CONFINEMENT INTERNAL STRUCTURES (LOWER PLENUM SIMULATION)
FUEL INJECTION RATE (DROP HEIGHT, POUR DIAMETER)
AMBIENT PRESSURE (1 - 11 BARS)
CONTACT MODE (FUEL INTO COOLANT AND VICE VERSA)
ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE: FUEL DEPTH, WATER INJECTION RATE TRIGGER STRENGTH II. SECONDARY VARIABLES WATER COMPOSITION FISSION PRODUCT SIMULANTS IN MELT III. FIXED PARAMETERS FUEL TEMPERATURE FOR A GIVEN FUEL COMPOSITION GRAVITY POURS ONLY: NO HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION IV. MEASUREMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY (FOR UNCONFINED TESTS WITH LUCITE CHAMBER)
X-RAYS (FOR COARSE MIXING)
BASE IMPULSE WATER PHASE PRESSURE GAS PHASE TEMPERATURE GAS PHASE PRESSURE (FOR STEAM GENERATION RATES)
GAS SAMPLING (FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES AND FISSION
. PRODUCTS)
DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS POSSIBLY FUEL TEMPERATURES
,.'. . ' ' .. J . 3 ....,..,.,..;..... .
i RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
/ ELEMENT 3: SHIP (SMALL-SCALE HIGH PRESSURE TESTS)
THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE TRIGGERING OF STEAM EXPLOSIONS AT HIGH AMBIENT.
PRESSURE.
THIS FACILITY REPRESENTS THE MOST INEXPENSIVE APPROACH TO RESOLVING THE QUESTION OF DIRECT FAILURE FOR ACCIDENTS AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE.
SINCE TRIGGERING IS THE FCI PHASE CURRENTLY BELIEVED TO BE MOST SENSITIVE TO PRESSURE, THIS FACILITY WOULD OUANTITATIVELY ADDRESS THAT PROCESS.
SHIP WOULD PROVIDE SOME QUANTITATIVE DATA ON CONVERSION RATIO AT HIGH PRESSURE.
SHIP COULD ALSO INEXPENSIVELY GENERATE DATA ON THE EFFECTS OF HIGH RADIATION LEVELS, WATER SUBC00 LING AND WATER COMPOSITION, ON EXPLOSION TRIGGERING AND CONVERSION RATIO.
THIS FACILITY WOULD NOT ADDRESS LARGE-SCALE EFFECTS OF HIGH
. AMBIENT PRESSURE. SPECIFICALLY, IT COULD NOT ADDRESS CURRENT THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS THAT COARSE MIXING IS EMHANCED AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE.
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. . : . . . . . " .- .; . . . / - ;
SHIP: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS ,
I. PRIMARY VAR ABLES .
AMBIENT PRESSURE (1-170 BARS)
TRIGGER STRENGTH FUEL COMPOSITION (0XIDES, METALS. MIXTURES)
WATER TEMPERATURE (SUBC00 LING)
II. SECONDARY VARIABLES RADIATION ENVIRONMENT-WATER COMPOSITION III. FIXED PARAMETERS CONTACT MODE (FUEL INTO COOLANT)
INTERACTION CHAMBER IV. MEASUREMENTS .
PHOTOGRAPHY (CONVERSION RATIO)
WATER PHASE PRESSURE DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES ,
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RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
~
ELEMENT 4: ELVIS (400 KG ENCLOSED VESSEL)
THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO ADDRESS ALL SAFETY ISSUES UP TO A SCALE OF 400 KG OF MELT,'WITH OXIDIC, METALLIC AND MIXED FUEL MELTS INDUCTIVELY HEATED.
THIS FACILITY WOULD GREATLY EXTEND THE AVAILABLE TEST MATRIX, COMPARED TO THE EXTENDED FITS FACILITY.
ELVIS WOULD PROVIDE DATA FOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND CODE ASSESSMENT.
THIS FACILITY WOULD BE ESSENTIAL IF THE EXO-FITS II FACILITY DID NOT DEMONSTRATE A LIMIT TO COARSE MIXING.
ELVIS WOULD BE OPTIONAL IF A COARSE MIXING LIMIT WAS FOUND.
DEPENDING ON THE EXTENT OF THE THREAT PREDICTED BY THE INTEGRATED CODES, THE FACILITY MIGHT NOT BE REQUIRED.
- SELECTION OF 400 KG IS CURRENTLY ARBITRARY, AND IS BEING ACTUAL MASS USED FOR PRELIMINARY COST AND DESIGN STUDIES.
IF CAPABILITY WILL DEPEND ON RESULTS OF EXO-FITS II TESTS.
THOSE TESTS DEMONSTRATE AN IMPORTANT LIMIT TO THE AMOUNT O MASS MIXED, THEN AN UPGRADED FITS FACILITY MAY BE ADEQUATE, WITHOUT ELVIS.
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' i ELVIS: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS I. PRIMARY VARIABLES: SAME AS FITS-X PLUS:
PURE OXIDES, ADDITIONAL COMPOSITIONS INDUCTIVELY MELTED:
PURE METALS, MIXED METAL-0XIDES, VARIOUS CORIUMS FUEL MASS: UP TO 400 KG FUEL TEMPERATURE HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION INTO WATER II. SECONDARY VARIABLES SIMULATION OF CONTAINMENT GEOMETRIES III. FIXED PARAMETERS NONE .
IV. MEASUREMENTS SAME AS FITS-X a -_.___ = -
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CORE MELT - COOLANT INTERACTIONS MODEL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PHENOMENA MODELS
- 1. COARSE MIXING, FRAGMENTATION, WISCI/ TEXAS H AND STEAM GENERATION.
2
- 2. TRIGGERING AND FILM COLLAPSE. SIMPLE-1D
- 3. EXPLOSION PROPAGATION. WONDY-1D/ TEXAS
- 4. EXPLOSION, EXPANSION, CONVERSION CS0-2D RATIO
- 5. PROBABILITY OF DIRECT FAILURE SIMPLE MONTE BY STEAM EXPLOSION. CARLO l
.'* *~ * * **
.. .: ** - '. a RATIONALE FOR MODEL D E V E L O F:'M E N T
- . THE CODES BEING DEVELOPED WOULD BE USED THREE WAYS:
- 1. TO ANALYZE AND GUIDE EXPERIMENTS.
2..TO DIRECTLY PREDICT THE CONSEQUENCES OF FCIs.
DIRECTLY TO THE INTEGRATED
- 3. TO PROVIDE MODELS ACCIDENT ANALYSIS CODES (MELFROG. CONTAIN. MELCOR).
DEVELOFED WOULD- MAXIMIZE THE EXISTING
- THE CODES BEING MEDICI. TEXAS.
INVESTMENT IN THESE MODELS (REPRESENTED BY WONDY. AND CSO).
CVERLAF WITH
- COSTS OF CODE DEVELOPMENT WOULD BE MINIMIZED.
MAXIMIZED (MELFROG. MEDICI.
OTHER NRC PROGRAMS WOULD BE CONTAIN, MELCOR. SASA. ETC.).
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PLAN f= O R RESOLUTION O Fr ISSUES ON AN ISSUE-BY-ISSUE BASI 5 4
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PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 1:
STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES TO STEP 1: DETERMINE THE MINIMUM SET OF TEST ELEMENTS NECESSARY QUANTITATIVELY RESOLVE THE ISSUE. DEFINE THE VARIABLES AN "
EFFICIENT" EXPERIMENTAL AND THEIR RANGES FOR TEST PLAN'TO NRC AND REACTOR SAFETY DESIGN. SUBMIT COMMUNITY FOR PEER REVIEW.
THE STEP C: DETERMINE THE LOWEST COST FACILITY CCNSISTENT WITH NECESSARY NUMBER AND RANGES OF THE VARIABLES.
ADEQUATE FOR STEP 3: IF AN EXTENDED FITS FACILITY IS TERMED
- THIS STUDY, MODIFY THE FACILITY AND CONDUCT THE TES15.
STEP 4: IF A LARGER AND MORE SOPHISTICATED FACILITY (ELVIS) IS 1.
DEEMED NECESSARY AS A RESULT OF-THE REVIEW IN STEP THEN DESIGN AND BUILD THE FACILITY AND EXECUTE THE TEST 1
PROGRAM.
ASSESS THE STEP 5: USE THE' EXFERIMENTAL DATA TO IMFROVE AND WISCI, TEXAS. CSO, ETC. PROVIDE APPROPRIATE CODES:
DATA TO LASL FOR MULTI-DIMENSIONAL FCI CODE DEVELOPMENT.
DEVELOPERS OF THE PROVIDE CODES AND MODELS TO THE STEF 6:
INTEGRATED CODES (MELCOR. MELFROG, MEDICI. CONTAIN).
of this issue requires three precram NOTE: The resciuti on el ements: FITS. ELVIS, and Model Development.
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PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 2:
DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS STEPS 1-6: SAME AS FOR ISSUE 1.
STEP 7: PROVIDE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. INCLUDING SAMFLES OF COLLECTED DEBRIS. TO PROGRAMS WHICH REQUIRE THEM FOR DEBRIS BED COOLABILITY STUDIES.
NOTE: The resciution of this issue is cencurrent with issue 1, and citl y r equi r es that the post-FCI decris be collected and analy:ed.
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PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 3:
ACCIDENT PROGRESSION AND SOURCE TERM OBJECTIVES: WHAT ARE THE KEY CHEMICAL ST,EP 1: DEFINE TEST TO BE INVESTIGATEDT WHAT ARE THE INFORTAN1 PROCESSES DEFFIS IN- AND EX-VESSEL GEOMETRIES TO BE STUDIED FCR DISFERSALT STEP 2: DETERMINE THE MINIMUM SET OF TEST ELEMENTS NECESSARY TO OUANTITATIVELY RESOLVE THE ISSUE. DEFINE THE VARIABLES
" EFFICIENT" EXFERIMENTAL DESIGN.
AND RANGES FOR AN COMMUNITY SUBMIT TEST PLAN TO NRC AND REACTOR SAFETY FOR FEER REVIEW.
NOTE: Although the resciution of this issue recuiresa the same new test three program elements as issues 1 and C. new additional hardware, and pessibly matri:: .
diagnostic systems, are required.
STEFS 3-6: SAME AS FOR ISSUE 1.
STEP 7: FROVIDE DATA TO SOURCE TEFM ANALYSTS.
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t e PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 4:
ACCIDENT TERMINATION AND SAFE SHUTDOWN STEPS 1-7: SAME AS FREVIOUS ISSUES THE RESOLUTION OF THIS ISSUE WOULD NOT REQUIRE AN,
, ADDITICNAL EXPERIMENTATION OR MODEL DEVELOFMENT BEYOND THAT REQUIRED FOR RESOLVING THE OTHER ISSUES.
RESOLUTION OF THIS ISSUE SIMFLY REOUIRES A WRITTEN REFORT SUMMARIZING THE KNOWLEDGE GAINED BY THE FROGRAM. THIS KNOWLEDGE WOULD SE DISTILLED INTO SEVERE-ACCIDErlT GUIDELINES FOR UTILITIES AND THE NRC TO USE IN EME,:GENCIES.
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PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 5:
DIRECT FAILURE OF CONTAINMENT BY A STEAM EXPLCSIGN THIS ISSUE CAN BE RESOLVED IN TWO DISTINCT WAYS:
EITHER:
PATH 1: Demonstrate that the probability of alona-mode failure for high and low pressure accidents is negligible or the following:
=ero by experimentally proving any one of a) An upper limit exists to the amount of molten fuel and which can be coarsely mixed in reactor geometries necessary for this limit is below the threshold estimates of containment failure for conservative conversion ratio.
accidents, the probability of b) For high pressure triggering an explosion is negligible or :ero.
mass, c) Conversion ratio decreases with increasing fuel is below the sucn that the yield of an e::plosionfor conservative failure
. threshold for containment estimates of the amount of fuel mixed.
lower plenum of a d) The geometry and structures in the large-scale coarse BWR and/or a FWR prevent either mi::ing or high conversion ration.
OR:
e::pl os s en PATH 2: Develop a comprehensive in-vessel steam '
couple it to a statistical soproach, and compute the probability of containment f ailure f or a variety of accident model, sc enari os.
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9 RESOLUTION'OF ISSUE 5: CONTINUED II FACILITY WILL PROVE OR DISFROVE PATH 1: A) THE EXO-FITS THIS HYPOTHESIS FOR LOW-FRESSURE ACCIDENTS.
B) THE SHIP FACILITY WILL TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS.
C) SHIF, FITS. EXO-FITS II. AND ELVIS WILL FROVIDE DATA SUFFICIENT TO VERIFY THIS HYFOTHESIS.
AND ELVIS WILL TEST THIS D) FITS. EXO-FITS II HYPOTHESIS.
experiments of Fath 1 yield positive results.
NOTE: If the If the then the direct failure issue are caninconclusive.
be resolved. then a experimental results the non-:ero pecbacility fer direct determination of failure will require probabilistic medel develcoment.
additional mechanistic models, or bcth.
. PATH.C: REDUIRED IF FATH 1 EFFORTS ARE INCONCLUSIVE.
cot 1F LE x .
- WILL PROBAEL'Y REQUIRE THE DEVELOFMENT OF A ALL FHASES OF A STEAM MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODEL CF EXPLOSION.
(C50. S IMf tER.
- MAY EMFLOY CURRENT CALCULATIONAL TOOLS MAY INVOLVE FURTHER CODE MELFROG. ETC.), OR DEVELOPMENT.
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PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 6:
INDIRECT FAILURE OF CONTAINMENT BY FCIs STEPS I-7: ALL DATA AND MODELS REQUIRED FOR RESOLVING THIS ISSUE WILL BE DEVELOPED CONCURRENTLY WITH THE RESOLUTION OF THE OTHER ISSUES.
PROVIDE DATA AND MODELS TO CONTAINMENT CODES.
STEP 8:
PERFORM CALCULATIONS FOR VARIOUS ACCIDENT SCENARIOS (AS WAS DONE IN CONTAINMENT LOADS WORKING GROUF).
STEP 9: FROVIDE DATA AND MODELS TO GROUPS INVESTIGATING EQUIPMENT SURVIVAL AND CONTAINMENT FENETRATION LEAKAGE.
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FCI RFSFARCH PRIORITIES
- 1. DETERMINE IF A LIMIT TO COARSE MIXING EXISTS, AND QUANTIFY AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL CONDITIONS.
- 2. DETERMINE LIMITS TO THE OCCURRENCE AND ENERGETICS OF STEAM EXPLOSIONS AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL CONDITIONS.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION
- EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
- TEST MATRICES
- MODEL DEVELOPMENT
- RESEARCH PRIORITIES
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- NO CONSENSUS IS REQUIRED.
ALL OPINIONS AND SUGGESTIONS WILL BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED.
SCIENTIFIC TRUTHS ARE EDI DETERMINED BY MAJORITY VOTE.
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FUEL-COOLANT INTERACTIONS PROGRAM INFORMATION EXCHANGE MEETING JUNE 4, 1984 NEW ORLEANS, LOUISIANA MARSHALL BERMAN SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
5
.. . .u . ..%- ....-..-...
MFCTING OBJFCTIVES .
- FCI RESEARCH RATIONALE
- BRIEF PROGRAM UPDATE
- PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUES
- GENERAL DISCUSSION: .
-EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
-TEST MATRICES
-MODEL DEVELOPMENT
-RESEARCH PRIORITIES
. . .:. .,.f,,...... . . . .. . . . . .
FUEL-COOLANT INTERACTION PHENOMENA INCLUDE e STEAM EXPLOSION: RAPID HEAT TRANSFER AND VAPOR GENERATION ON A TIME SCALE OF MILLISECONDS.
e STEAM GENERATION: NON-EXPLOSIVE PRODUCTION OF STEAM, GENERALLY BY FILM BOILING.
e HYDROGEN GENERATION: PRODUCED BY THE INTERACTION OF MOLTEN METALS AND STEAM DURING THE FCI.
e DE3RIS 3ED FORMATION: THE DISTRIBUTION OF PARTICLE SIZES AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DESRIS BED FORMED SUBSEQUENT TO THE FCI (POROSITY, STRATIFICATION).
FCI's CAN OCCUR IN ANY ACCIDENT WHICH INVOLVES SOME MELTING OF THE CORE OR CLADDING MATERIALS.
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- t WHY ARE FUEL-C000LANT INTERACTIONS IMPORTANT FOR REACTOR SAFETY?
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FCI's CAN OCCUR e IN CORE BARREL e IN LOWER PLENUM e IN REACTOR CAVITY WATER CAN BE SATURATED OR SUBC00 LED PRESSURE CAN BE HIGH OR LOW
. i REACTOR SAFETY ISSUES AFFECTED BY FCIS
- 1. . STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENE RATION:
WHAT ARE THE RATES AND TOTAL MAGNITUDES OF STEAM AND HYDROGEN WHICH CAN BE GENERATED DURING FCIS?
- 2. DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS:
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEBRIS PRODUCED BY FCIS, .
INCLUDING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, POROSITY AND DEBRIS-BED STRATIFICATION?
- 3. ACCIDENT PROGRESSION AND SOURCE TERM:
HOW 00 FCIS INFLUENCE THE PROGRESSION OF THE ACCIDENT AND THE NATURE OF THE SOURCE TERM (INCLUDING FISSION PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, RELEASE RATE, PARTICLE SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY, AND FP DISPERSAL)? WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF FUEL DEBRIS DISPERSAL IN- OR EX-VESSEL BY VIOLENT FCIS?
- 4. ACCIDENT TERMINATION AND SAFE SHUTDOWN:
HOW 00 FCIS AFFECT THE PROBABILITY OF SUCCESSFUL ACCIDENT
. TERMINATION BY THE ADDITION OF WATER TO THE MELT? WHAT OPERATOR ACTIONS WOULD INCREASE THE POSSIBILITY OF SAFE SHUTDOWN BY REDUCING THE RISK FROM DANGEROUS FCIS?
- 5. DIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT ARE THE PROBABILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY A STEAM EXPLOSION (a - MODE)?
- 6. INDIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT ARE THE PROBAB.ILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF INDIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY FCIS (6 , Y , OR %- MODES)?
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THESE SAFETY ISSUES ARE,0NLY IMPORTANT IF THEY AFFECT:
1 THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF TERMINATED ACCIDENTS
+ FISSION PRODUCT DISPERSAL
+ PRIMARY SYSTEM FAILURE
+ POST-ACCIDENT HYDROGEN REMOVAL
/ + NE5D FOR EMERGENCY EVACUATION J
J' + COSTS OF CLEANUP AND PLANT RECOVERY
,THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF UNTERMINATED ACCIDENTS
+ TIME OF CONTAINMENT FAILURE:
EARLY VS LATE
+ NATURE OF CONTAINMENT FAILURE:
i SMALL VS LARGE LEAK OR CATASTROPHIC FAILURE
+ FISSION P.RODUCT STATE AT FAILURE TIME:
QUI 5 SCENT, SETTLED,INWATERSOLUTION,INMELT,VS DISPERSED, AEROSOLIZED, VAPORIZED.
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SDPE EC MD IEQE POSITIONS M ECl. SAFETY TSStfFS ISSilE IEQE EC MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF FUEL THAT CAN 100 KG 5000 KG COARSELY MIX IN-VESSEL OR MORE MAXIMUM AMOUNT OF FUEL THAT CAN 7 KG 16000 KG COARSELY MIX EX-VESSEL OR MORE DO NOT NOT MODELED, MULTIPLE EXPLOSIONS AND HIGHLY TRANSIENT FCI PHENOMA OCCUR MAY OCCUR AMOUNT OF METAL-WATER REACTION THAT NEGLIGIBLE POSSIBLY CAN OCCUR DURING AN FCI 30% OR MORE AMOUNT OF STEAM GENERATED DURING AN NEGLIGIBLE PRIMITIVE EXPLOSIVE OR NON-EXPLOSIVE FCI MODELS COOLABILITY OF DEBRIS BED RESULTING C00LABLE MAY OR MAY FROM AN FCI NOT BE DOESN'T NOT MODELED, IN-VESSEL FUEL DISPERSION DUE TO A STEAM EXPLOSION OCCUR MAY OCCUR YES MAYBE, BUT BWR GEOMETRY PRECLUDES SIGNIFICANT COARSE MIXING IN LOWER PLENUM NO DATA YES MAYBE, BUT STEAM EXPLOSIONS DO NOT OCCUR AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE INSUFFICIENT DATA DOESN'T NOT MODELED, LOWER PLENUM FAILURE DUE TO A MAY OCCUR STEAM EXPLOSION OCCUR l
DOESN'T NOT MODELED, I ENERGETIC STEAM EXPLOSION IN MAY OCCUR REFLOOD MODE OCCUR DOESN'T NOT MODELED, i ENERGETIC STEAM EXPLOSION IN MAY OCCUR STRATIFIED MODE (WATER ABOVE FUEL) OCCUR DOESN'T NO MECHANISTIC CONTAINMENT FAILURE DUE TO STEAM MODEL EXPLOSION OCCUR NOT NOT MODELED ALTERATION IN EX-VESSEL FISSION IMPORTANT PRODUCT SOURCE TERM DUE TO FCIs NOT POSSIBLE FAILURE OF MARK II PEDESTAL WALL CONSIDERED BY EX-VESSEL STEAM EXPLOSION l
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FCI RESEARCH RATIONALE
. MANY ASPECTS OF SEVERE ACCIDENTS CAN BE STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY THE NATURE OF THE FCIs.
- UNCERTAINTIES CONCERNING MANY FCI PHENOMA ARE SO LARGE THAT ACCIDENT RISXS CANNOT BE ACCURATELY QUANTIFIED, NOR CAN ACCIDENT MANAGEMENT PROCEDURES BE ACCURATELY DEFINED.
- ADDITIONAL RESEARCH HAS A HIGH PROBABILITY OF REDUCING THESE UNCERTAINTIES.
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CORE MELT-COOLANT INTERACTIONS PROGRAM STATUS
.AND RECENT ACCOMPLISHMENTS
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4 FRAGMFNTATION AND MIXTNG !
1 1
THE KEY QUESTION FOR FCIs IS: :
TO WHAT DEGREE, AND AT WHAT RATE, DOES THE MOLTEN CORIUM FRAGMENT WHEN IT CONTACTS WATER?
POSSTEl: ANSWF9S
- 1. NO FRAGMENTATION: STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES ARE SLOW AND BENIGN. EARLY CONTAINMENT FAILURE IS UNLIKELY OR IMPOSSIBLE.
- 2. COARSE FRAGMENTATION: (AKA " PREMIXING"): TIME SCALE OF ORDER OF SECONDS: SIGNIFICANT l INCREASE IN STEAM AND HYDROGEN
! GENERATION RATES AND MAGNITUDES.
INCREASED POSSIBILITY OF 6 , T ,
AND c- FAILURE MODES.
! 3. FINE FRAGMENTATION: (AKA " STEAM EXPLOSION"): TIME SCALE OF ORDER OF MILLISECONDS: STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES AND l, MAGNITUDES CAN BE VERY HIGH. SHOCK l WAVES AND MISSILES MAY BE GENERATED.
l INCREASED POSSIBILITY OF ALL FAILURE l MODES, INCLUDING DIRECT FAILURE (a-MODE).
DEGREE AND RATE OF FRAGMENTATION IS A FUNCTION OF MANY VARIABLES
'. SPECIFYING INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS:
- 1. FUEL PROPERTIES: COMPOSITION, TEMPERATURE, MASS
- 2. COOLANT PROPERTIES: COMPOSITION, TEMPERATURE, MASS
- 3. CONTACT MODE BETWEEN FUEL AND COOLANT:
FUEL INTO COOLANT OR VICE VERSA INJECTION GEOMETRY AND RATE
- 4. NATURE AND STRENGTH OF SPONTANEOUS TRIGGERS
- 5. INTERACTION CHAMBER: GEOMETRY, SIZE, DEGREE OF CONFINEMENT, INTERNAL STRUCTURES
- 6. AMBIENT ATMOSPHERE: PRESSURE, RADIATION I
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l FCI PROGRAM TASKS
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- 1. BASED ON CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE, DEFINE MOS.T IMPORTANT VARIABLES AND THEIR RANGES.
l 2. CONDUCT EXPERIMENTS ON THESE VARIABLES, CONSISTENT WITH
', PROGRAM FUNDING.
! 3. DEVELOP MODELS TO EXPLAIN AND INTERPRET EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS, AND TO EXTRAPOLATE THOSE RESULTS TO REACTOR SCALES.
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CMCI PROGRAM ELEMENTS
- 1. MECHANISTIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS.
- 2. PROBABILISTIC MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATIONS.
- 3. SMALL-SCALE (SINGLE DROPLET) EXPERIMENTS.
- 4. INTERMEDIATE-SCALE OPEN-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS (EXO-FITS).
- 5. INTERMEDIATE-SCALE CLOSE]-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS (FITS).
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FCI EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMS TNFORMATION GENFRATED SMALL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS:
e STEAM EXPLOSION TRIGGERABILITY.
e DROPLET FRAGMENTATION.
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e CONVERSION RATIO.
e DEBRIS SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS
~
e HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES.
INTERMEDIATE-SCALE EXPERIMENTS:
o PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF STEAM EXPLOSIONS (TRIGGERING, PROPAGATION, EXPANSION, CONVERSION RATIO, SLUG FORMATION AND BREAKUP).
e NON-EXPLOSIVE STEAM GENERATION.
e DE3RIS SIZE DISTRIBUTION, CHARACTERISTICS.
e HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES AND MAGNITUDES.
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INTERMEDIATE-SCALE FITS TESTS INDEPENDENT VARIABLES MEASUREMENTS UPER. NUMBER djW g,3 maw gg g
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- PRIMARY VARIABLE o SECONDARY VARIABLE
- PRELIMINARY SCOPING TESTS
- NOT YET MEASURED 1 .
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FIT 3-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Initial Parameters for the FIT 3-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Melt Water Melt Melt Melt Test Melt Mass Water Mass Water Water Ameient Side Water Drop F.ntry Hold Name Composition Del. Mass Ratio Temp. SubcoJ1. Press. Dim. Depth Heign Vel. Time kg kg Mc/Mg K K MPa a m a m/s s FITS 1C Fe+Alg:3 17.* *12.9 6.5 298 69 0.088 0.610 0.305 1.32 5.59 1.52 F IS2C Corium A+R 16.0 226.1 13.4 295 72 0.082 0.610 0.610 2.37 6.50 1.43 FITS 3C Corium A+a 11.5 108.1 9.4 297 70 0.081 0.533 0.381 1.82 5.9/ 1.52 FIT 54C Fe+A123 0 19.0 110.2 5.3 353 74 0.531 0.610 0.305 1.32 5.99 1.50 8
FIISSC Fe+AlgC3 19.5 110.4 5.6 351 75 0.510 0.610 0.305 1.32 5. 97 1.50 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee....................... e
- -Indicatesthattheentrywascalculatedby(2xgxhMi}
Lid status (in/out): IN All tests conducted in an inerted (Nitrogen) atmosphere.
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FIT 3-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesee Event Classifiestion and Characteristics for the FIT 3-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeese Event Explosien Avg / Peak Percent Test Event Time after P opagatien Particle o f 'dat er Name ?/pe Melt Entry Velecity Velocity Depth at as m/s m/s Event FITS 1C SE 78 415.0 280./379 100. 3 FIT 32C SE 10 N.O. 22.5/29.3 26.4 FIT 32C TR 169 too.c FIT 33C No events observed F:734C No events observed FI'35C No events observed seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 73 - Nonpropagating trigger SE - Steam Explosien N.O. - Not obtained.
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FITS-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Comments and Additional Results for the FIT 3-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeessee Test Melt Width Comments on Test Name at Entry a
FITS 1C 0.07 Repeat of FH325. Some early melt leak. Lost mass was not used in particle diameter calculations.
FIT 32C 0.23 Lid trails melt entry by 50 ms. Lid contacts bottom first after passing through melt.
Possible partial melt crust formation prior to water contact. Lid / bottom contact may have caused last trigger. Lost mass was not used in diameter calculations.
FO33C N.O. Helt delivery failure. Melt fell in a shower of approximately 500 ms in duration. Lid entered at tail end of melt shower., No events observed from film data.
FII3nC N.O. Gas samples lost. No films. Dispersed melt probably caused melt sensor not to respond.
Detonator did not fire. Poor seit delivery.
FIT 35C N.O. No fils data. Apparently no explosion.
Detonator fired at approximately 200 ms after t
entry. Probable dispersed melt delivery.
Repeat of FIT 3 C/FU323 tank / drop geometry.
eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee l
N.O. - Not Obtained.
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1 F US-C Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Debris Analysis and Fraction of Metal Oxidi:sd seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ..
Test Part. Mass Sauter Total Mass Lost Fraction of Name Mean Dia. Diameter Recovered Mass Metal Oxidi:ed micrometer micrometer kg kg Fe23O / Feo FUS1C 393.0 231.0 15.89 1.16 0.22/0.33 FU32C 927.7 549.0 15.58 1.25 0.18/0.25 FUS3C N.A. N.A. 11.00 0.50 0.34/0.35 FI!54C N.A. N.A. N.O. N.O. N.C.
FITS 5C N.A. N.A. 19.29 0.07 0.05/0.08 seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees N.O. - Not Cbtained. N. A. - Not analyzed at publication.
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I E
RECENT EXO-FITS EXPERIMENTS FY83 - 84 CM: COARSE MIXING, 12 TESTS OM: OXIDE MELTS, 4 TESTS ACM: ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE, 2 TESTS RC: RIGID CONTAINER, 2 TESTS FITSD: IN-VESSEL, 4 TESTS f
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...~.~..~o".~..
CM SERIES - COARSE MIXING I. OBJECTIVE:
INVESTIGATE COARSE MIXING BEHAVIOR TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN EXISTING MODELS.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
USE MOLTEN IRON-ALUMINA MELTS (- 20 KG) AND SATURATED WATER. VARY OTHER PARAMETERS TO QUANTIFY THE DEPENDENCE OF MIXING ON SCALE, GEOMETRY, AND THERMODYNAMIC PARAMETERS. ALSO DETERMINE EXPLOSIBILITY OF FUEL / COOLANT SYSTEM AND MEASURE WATER-PHASE PRESSURES AND CONVERSION RATIO, IF POSSIBLE.
III. STATUS:
SERIES COMPLETED: 12 TESTS.
F
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MELT PENETRATION AND EVENT INITIATION ;;,,
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BOTTOM LID 4. . dl, . < . q' :.' ' NEAR-SURFACE EVENTS:
I ti,,A , ;f Mr '.; , t A- t
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AFTER MELT-WATER
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1 CM SERIES - COARSE MIXING IV.
RESULTS:
e SURFACE EVENTS OF SUFFICIENT VIOLENCE.TO EXPEL MELT FROM THE WATER, AS WELL AS PREVENT SOME MELT FROM ENTERING, OCCURRED IN EEEll TEST.
e RESIDUAL MELT MASSES OF - 4 KG WERE NOT EXPELLED, AND FROZE ON THE CHAMBER BOTTOM FOR MOST HOT WATER TESTS.
e THE LATEST DELAY TO AN EXPLOSION EVER OBSERVED OCCURRED FOR THE COLD WATER TEST CM-7 (550 Ms AFTER MELT ENTRY). EXPLOSION SEEMED TO OCCUR IN A MEE1 WATER-LEAN ENVIRONMENT.
e THE PRESENCE OF THE LID SEEMS TO DELAY THE SURFACE INTERACTION.
e LONGER HOLD TIMES SEEM TO CORRELATE WITH GREATER DELAYS IN MELT EXPULSION.
. . . . . 2 . . ~. ~.:.'..~.- T :.* . . .
Coarse Mixing Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Initial Parameters for the Coarse Mixing Test Series a
seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Melt Water Melt Melt Melt Test Mass Water Mass Water Water Side Water Drop Entry Hold Lie Name Del . Mass Ratio Temp. Succool. Dim. Depth Heignt Vel. Time in/
kg kg Mg /Mg X X m m n m/s 3 out CM 1 18.5 109.7 5.9 358 9 0.305 1.220 0.305 2.44' 1.00 OUT 8
CM 2 18.0 109.3 6.1 363 4 0.305 1.220 0.305 2.a4 4.00 0u7 CM 3 18.0 437.0 24.3 364 3 0.610 1.220 0.383 3.11 0.68 OU-CM 4 18.9 218.5 11.6 364 3 0.610 0.610 1.120 4.60 0.53 OUT CM 5 7.6 218.7 28.7 363 4 0.610 0.6t0 1.120 4.78 0.75 OUT CM 6 4.0 218.5 54.6 364 3 0. 610 0.610 1.220 4.99 0.81 OUT CM 7 18.5 169.6 9.2 294 73 0.610 0.457 1.120 a.77 0.55 0U7 CM 3 18.6 218.4 11.7 365 2 0.610 0.610 0.a44 3.08 0.66 :N CM 9 18.6 218.6 11.8 364 3 0. 610 0.610 0.444 3.06 0.66 IN CM 10 18.4 109.3 5.9 366 1 0.610 0 305 1.143 4.60 7.00 OUT CM 11 18.7 218.6 11.7 366 1 0.610 0.610 1.120 4.68 5.00 OUT CM 12 18.5 112.9 6.1 298 69 0.6t0 0.305 1.820 5.89 1.50 IN eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee....ee.....
- - Indicates that the entry was calculated by (2 x g x hl d Melt compositions iron-alumina 4
9
- ' ~ ~ ~ ~ - - - --
Coarse Mixing Test Series eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Event Classification and Characteristics for the Coarse Mixing Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Event Explosion Avg / Peak Percent Test Event Time after Eruption Propagation Particle of Water
.Name Type Melt Entry Duration Velocity Velocity Depth at ms as a/s s/s Event CM 1 ER 30 CM 2 ER 73 CM 3 ER 43 41 47/88 7.5 CM 3 TR 56 CM 4 ER 18 62 12.2 CM 4 TR 59.68.75.89 CM 4 BC 197 100.0 CM 5 ER 27 119 33/43 13 0 CM 5 BC .252 100.0 CM 6 ER 22 163 20/26 11.0 CM 6 TR 66.88.108.132.159 CM 6 BC 193 100.0 CM 6 TR 203 CM 7 ER 33 62/73 49.0 CM 7 SE 69 301 197/ - 71.8 CM 7 BC 113 100.0 CM 7 SE 503 100.0 CM 8 ER 37 179 11.3 CM 8 ER 117 41/96 24.6 CM S TR 195.202 CM 3 SE 216 67.2 CM 9 ER 65 40 21.3 CM 9 SE 105 105/350 38.9 CM 10 ER 83 69 18/24 CM 10 SE 112 37/78 100.0 CM 10 SE 311 CM 11 ER 52 88 32/- 25.9 CM 11 BC 100.0
' 15.3 CM 12 ER 37 CM 12 SE 69 103/110 65.6 111 100.0 CM 12 BC .
125 100.0 CM 12 SE eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees ER = Eruption TR - Nonpropagating frigger SE - Steam Explosion SC - Melt Contact with Bottom
.,u. , _- : ."* " . ": .- . - - " : - - r. -
Coarse Mixing Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Comments and Additional Results for the Coarse Mixing Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Test _ Residual Mass Melt Width Cosmients on Test Name in Chamber at Entry kg a CM 1 N.O. N.O. Lid skimmed water surface. High-speed cameras didn't work. Possible weak surface explosion can be seen from low-speed camera. -
CM 2 3.80 N.O. Lid skimmed water surface. Lid stuck in crucible for 1.5 to 2.0 s making hold time 3.5 to 4.0 s. No high-speed films. Water chamber remained intact.
CM 3 4.28 0.33 One nonpropagating trigger occurred at 56 ms after melt entry. The top 1/3 of water chamber fractured.
CM 4 3.50 0.53 Strong 25-30 mph crosswind at test time. Stripped some melt from the falling melt mass. Water chamber destroyed by nonpropagating triggers.
CM $ 3 40 0.28 Eruption velocity seemed to increase approx. 42 ms after eruption began. No triggers observed. A large amount of fine dust-size debris remained in chamber.
CM 6 1.94 0.18 Eruption appeared to be composed of multiple events.
Water chamber remained undamaged.
CM 7 N.O. N.O. Melt shape was not uniform with a tnin arm preceding main melt mass by 13 cm. Second explosion deformed water chamber support stand.
CM 8 N.O. 0.23 Lid entered water perpendicularly. The lid quickly separated from melt and slid off to side. Main center eruption was preceded by steaming. Weak explosion.
CM 9 N.O. 0.26 Lid entered water parallel to surface. Weak explosion.
CM to N.0. 0.19 Severe crucible melt leak prior to release at 5 s hold time. Fragments of lid entered with rest of melt. Water was a boiling froth at melt entry.
CM 11 5.80 0.20 No triggers observed. The chamber remained intact.
CM 12 N.O. 0.20 Large water swell due to eruption. Weak first explosion ruptured enamber. Strong second explosion did some mech.
damage to stand and test tower. Second explosion began on bottom.
seesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee N.O. - Not Obtained.
OM SERIES - OXIDE MELTS I. OBJECTIVE:
UNDERSTAND CMCIs WITH OXIDIC MELTS.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
USE OXIDIC MELTS (FE0 x
, UO 2
, ETC.). VARY MELT MASS, WATER VOLUME AND TEMPERATURE, AMBIENT PRESSURE, AND OTHER PARAMETERS. DETERMINE EXPLOSIBILITY OF THIS FUEL / COOLANT SYSTEM. MEASURE PRESSucf.5, DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS, CONVERSION RATIO AND C0 ARSE MIXING CHARACTERISTICS.
III. STATUS:
4 TESTS COMPLETED: SATURATED AND SUBC00 LED WATER.
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OM SERIES - OXIDE MELTS IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS:
e STEAM EXPLOSIONS OCCURRED FOR ALL FOUR TESTS (THREE IN COLD WATER, ONE IN HOT),
e PRESENCE OF LID IN OM-3 DELAYED EXPLOSION (100 Ms AT 25 cM PENETRATION FOR OM-3 vs - 35 Ms AND < 10 CM FOR OTHER THREE TESTS).
- MULTIPLE EXPLOSIONS OCCURRED FOR HOT WATER TEST OM-4.* LAST EXPLOSION WAS - 490 Ms AFTER MELT ENTRY.
e NO NON-EXPLOSIVE SURFACE EVENTS OCCURRED, IN CONTRAST TO CM SERIES.
---d> IRON OXIDE MELTS ARE EASILY TRIGGERED AND EXPLODE READILY IN HOT AND COLD WATER.
e' 8
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Oxide Melt Test Series eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Initial Parameters for the oxide Melt Test Series eseeeeee,eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeen......eee Jtelt Water Melt Melt Melt Melt Test Moss Water Mass Water Water Side Water Drop Entry Hold 1.id Width Name Del. Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Dia. Depth Height Vol. Time in/ at Entry kg kg Me/Mg K K s s a m/s s out m OM 1 N.O. 66.1 N.O. 298 69 0.a3 0.36 0.635 3 53' , 3.3 OUT 2.0.
100.9 11.2 298 69 0.53 0.36 0.635 3.33 3.3 CUT 0.2u CM 2 9.
OM 3 to. 131.7 13.2 298 69 0.61 0.36 0.635 3.34 3.3 IN 0.34 4 0.61 0.61 0.787 3.56 5.0 CUT 0.25 OM 4 9. 218.6 24.3 363 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeen
- -Indicatesthattheentrywascalculatedby(2xgxhh N.O. - Not obtained.
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Event Classification and Characteristics, and Comments for tne oxide Melt Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Event Avg / Peak Percent Test Event Time after Particle of Water Comments on Test Name Type Melt Entry Velocity Deptn at as m/s Event CM 1 SE N.O. N.O. N.O. Some melt ejected snrougn crucicle vent holes, fell into chamber, and exploded.
Chammer destroyed. Rest of melt released at 3.3 s and fell into empty enamner base.
CM 2 SE 47 193/272 29.2 Poor film visibility due to smoke from thermite burn. Chammer destroyed by surface explosion. Possibility of incomplete thermite reaction.
CM 3 SE 141 785/ - N.O. Substantial melt leek from tottom of crucible prior to melt release. Poor film visibility. Only one hign-speed casers and no low-speed camera.
3E 19 332/s27 N.C. Chamber destroyed by surface explosion.
OM 4 .
N.O. N.O. Explosions at 198 and 247 ms were local OM 4 ' SE 198 CM 4 SE 247 N.O. N.O. explosions near west well and did not OM 4 SE 360 132/184 100.0 propagate to entire melt.
eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ER - Eruption TR - Nonpropagating Trigger 3E - Steam Explosion N.O. - Not obtained
~ ;'-
, . _ .:$N ..Si' .~. :N.*4?* :~'"" ' '- -
ACM SERIES - ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE I. OBJECTIVE:
UNDERSTAND THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF CMCIS FOR DIFFERENT CONTACT MODES.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
USING VARIOUS FUEL / COOLANT SIMULANT PAIRS, INVESTIGATE EXPLOSIBILITY AND STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES IN FLOODING AND WATER-INJECTION CONTACT MODES.
III. STATUS:
2 PRELIMINARY SCOPING TESTS COMPLETED.
3
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4{ t GRAPHITE GRAVITY FEED NOZ2LE CRUCISLE PREPARED -
Fe-Al2O3 MELT
~3000*K , ( i'i ,
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.- ACM SERIES - ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS:
e ACM - 1: WATER INJECTED 1,1 AFTER COMPLETION OF BURN. VIOLENT EXPLOSION AFTER AN ADDITIONAL 3 S.
l e ACM - 2: WATER INJECTED Li1 AFTER BURN. NO EXPLOSION. PROBABLE CRUST FORMATION PRIOR TO WATER ENTRY.
1 e EXPLOSIONS IN REFLOOD MODE ARE POSSIBLE. ENERGETICS ARE UNKNOWN, BUT WILL PROBABLY DEPEND STRONGLY ON l
! INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS.
1
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Alternate Contact Mode Test Series eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee. '
Initial Parameters for the Alternate Contact Mode Test Series Test Melt Water Water Water Ambient Water Hold Name Mass Mass Temp. Subcooling Press.' Time kg kg K K MPa a ACM 1 10.0 0.6 298 69 0.083 1.0 ACM 2 18.5 38 298 69 0.083 4.5 seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee................ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeees Melt compositions iron-alumina eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeen Event Classification and Qaracteristics; and Comments for the Alternate Contact Mode Test Series Test Event Time after Comments on Test Name Type Melt Entry s
ACM 1 Explosion 3 Delay between end of thermite burn and water-melt contact was 1 s. Explosion occurred at 3 s after water-melt contact.
Seversi sinor eruptions before explosion.
ACM 2 No Delay between end of thermite burn and Explosion water-selt contact was 4.5 s. No explosion observed. Apparent crusting of seit prior to selt-water contact.
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeessee
, , - . , - - - , - - , , - - - - . , - - - - - , - , ,.er
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. ---,,--,_---,_-_--_,,,,,,gn-- - ,-,.,.,..,.m_,
2:h: ..'..: .
. RC SERIES - RIGID CONTAINER i
I. OBJECTIVE: .
UNDERSTANDEFFECTSOFEXPi.0SIONCONFINEMENT.
II. SERIES DESCRIPTION:
.'JSING VARIOUS F UEL/ COOLANT SIMULANT PAIRS, j INVESTIGATE THE> CHANGE IN EXPLOSION CONVERSION RATIO DUE TO INCREASED CONFINEMENT.
4 III. STATUS: '
2 TESTS COMPLETED. EX0-FITS FACILITY DESTROYED.
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RC SERIES - RIGID CONTAINER
'.' i IV. PRELIMINARY RESULTS:
~
RC - 1: IRON-ALUMINA / COLD WATER, HOLD TIME = 1 1:
VIOLENT EXPULSION, NO EXPLOSION.
RC - 2: IDENTICAL TO RC - 1 EXCEPT MELT WAS HELD FOR ONLY L.51 AFTER THERMITE BURN. STRONG EXPLOSION DESTROYED EXO-FITS CONCRETE PAD AND SUPERSTRUCTURE. WATER PHASE PRESSURE > 700 s.
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Rigid Container Test Series
.......ee......e....e...............................................e......................
Initial Parameters for the Rigid Container Test Series Test Melt Mass Water Mass Water Vater Chamber Water Drop Melt Entry Melt Hold Name Delivered Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Diameter Depth Height Velocity Time kg kg Mg /Ng K IC m m m m/s s RC 1 19.0 111.7 5.9 298 69 0.56 0.46 1.78 5.77 4.0 l
l RC 2 18.5 111.6 6.0 303 64 0.56 0.46 1.78 5.35 1.5 l ............................ ............................................................
Helt composition: iron-alumina Lid status (in/out): IN
................................e..e........................................................
Event Classification and Characteristics, and Comments for the Rigid Container Test Series Event Avg / Peak Test Event Time after Eruption Particle Co:-ments on Test Name Type Melt Entry Duration Velocity as as 2/3
...................................s..................ee................................s.e RC 1 ER 86 232 N.O. Rigid vessel was 94 cm long, 55.9 cm I.D.
pipe with 2.5 cm thick walls and a plexiglass bottom. Entry velocity and time estimated using pipe inlet velocity and gravity.
RC 2 ER 56 N.O. Same vessel as RC 1. Explosion lifted RC 2 SE 180 853/1122 vessel 2 m off ground. Destroyed EXO-TUS test stand and concrete pad.
Substantial ground and air shock felt.
I i
.......................................................s...................................
ER - Eruption TR - Nonpropagating Trigger SE - Steam Explosion N.O. - Not obtained l
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FITS-D Test Matrix
, (Two experimental level,1/8 rep fractional factorial experiment design) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeessessesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Test Mg d w v SC P Water Water / Melt mass-kg mass ratic Me Mc/Mg FITS 1D H L H H H H 87 1.7 FITS 2D L M L H H H 95 4.3 FIT 33D L L H L L M 87 4.4 FITS 4D H H L L L H 95 1.9 FITS 5D L H H L H L 381 19.0 FITS 6D H L L L H L 22 0.44 FITS 7D H H H H L L 381 7.6 FITS 8D L L L H L L 22 1.1 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee The following parameters will be held constant during this series:
melt composition : iron-alumina the~rmite melt pour rate : default contact mode melt into water chamber confinement: uncenfined, lucite walls triggering : spontaneous or aosent melt hold time : 1.5 see Ranges of variable parameters corresponding to H and L values above:
melt mass, Mg :H 50 kg, L = 20 kg, actual delivered mass will be less.
water depth, d : H 0.66 m. L 0.15 m water chamber side dimension, w :H 0.76 m. L = 0.38 m entry velocity, y : controlled roughly by the hign and low drop heignts of H : 2.7 m and L = 1.6 m.
water subcooling, SC : H corresponds to cold water, L corresponds to a water as close to saturation temperature as can be acnieved at the corresponding ambient pressure.
ambient pressure, P : H 11 bars, L 0.33 bars mass of water, M e : water depth and geometry dependent
--%_ e-
- _ _ _ , . - - _ . - - - _ _ - - - - - - _ _ - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ - - ------ -.- - - -- - . - - - - - - _ - - - - - - _ _ - - - - - - - - _ _ -----,-_,.___----_-----_,_---7-_____ _ _ - _ _ _ _ - - - _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ - - - -
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F US-D Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee...eeeeeeeee...eeeeeeeeeeees Initial Parameters for the F 3-3 Test Series l eseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeen Melt Water Melt Melt Test Mass Water Mass Water Vater Ambient Side Water Drop Entry Name Del. Mass Ratio Temp. Subcool. Press. Dim. Oepth Heign: Vel.
kg kg Mc/Mg K K MPa m a m m/s FESOD 17.8 182.9 10.3 359 9' O.085 0.610 0.508 1.79 5.9f FCS2D I 18.0 95.7 5.3 239 168 1.103 0.381 0.660 2.69 7.26 #
FOS 5D 19.2 383.0 19.9 2S4 33 0.083 0.762 0.660 1.54 5.67 #
FCS8DI 18.0 21.3 1.2 363 0 0.083 0.381 0.152 2.6 9..
7.26 emesseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
f-Entrywas'calculatedby[2xgxhfN 1 - Data for seit mass delivered and mass ratio are only rough estimates.
Melt composition: iron-alumina Melt hold time: 1.5 seconds Lid status (in/out): IN All tests conducted in an inerted (Nitrogen) atmosphere.
e9 4
F d
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F CS-D Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.
Event Classifications and Characteristics for the FUS-C 7est Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Event Explosion Avg / Peak Percent Test Event Time After Eruption Propagation Particle of Water Name Type Melt Entry Duration Velocity Velocity Depth at as as m/s m/s Event FHSCD ER N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
FOS 2D No Events Were Observed FI 35D SE 53 318.0 N.O. 29.7 FIT 35D SE 56 N.O. N.C. N.O.
FITSSD ER M.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ER - Eruption TR - Nonprepagating trigger SE - Steam Explosion
- N.A. - Not analyzed at publication. N.O. - Not Cbtained.
O
. . . ~ . . . ~ -~~~~.~.*.:.....;- -
- FHS-D Test Series seeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeen......ee Comments and Additional Results for the FITS-D Test Series eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee... eeeeeeee.
Test Peak Gas Peak Gas Melt Width Fraction of Comments on Test Name Phase Press Phase Temp at Entry Iron Oxidized MPa K m Fe23 O /Feo FC30D 0.291 397 N.O. 0.19/0.29 Data very preliminary.
FIT 32D 1.526 N.A. N.A. N.A. Data very preliminary.
Substantial amount of the delivered melt missed the water chamber. No explosive events seen on film data.
Fr35D 0.554 370 N.O. 0.16/0.24 Data very preliminary.
Second explosion occurred 3 ms ~
after first explosion. Substantial melt quenching prior to second explosion. First explosion drove melt into water at 150 m/s.
FIT 38D N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. Data very preliminary. Tne fi1=s showed that the water was a boiling froth at main melt entry due to early entry by a small amount of pre-released melt.
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee N.O. - Not Obtained.
N.A. - Not analyzed at publication.
. . , . . . . ~ . .. . - ,
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CORE MELT-COOLANT INTERACTIONS PLAN FOR
. RESOLUTION OF
- TECHNICAL ISSUES
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REACTOR SAFETY ISSUES AFFECTED BY FCIS 1., STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION:
'hMATARETHERATESANDTOTALMAGNITUDESOFSTEAMANDHYDROGEN WHICH CAN BE GENERATED DURING FCIS?
- 2. DEERIS CHARACTERISTICS:
WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEBRIS PRODUCED BY FCIS, INCLUDING PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION, POROSITY AND DEBRIS-BED STRATIFICATION?
- 3. ' ACCIDENT PROGRESSION AND SOURCE TERM:
HOW DO FCIS INFLUENCE THE PROGRESSION OF THE ACCIDENT AND THE NATURE OF THE SOURCE TERM (INCLUDING FISSION PRODUCT CHEMISTRY, RELEASE RATE, PARTICLE SIZE AND MORPHOLOGY, AND FP DISPERSAL)? WHAT ARE THE CONSEQUENCES OF FUEL DEBRIS DISPERSAL IN- OR EX-VESSEL BY VIOLENT FCIS?
4 ACCIDENT TERMINATION AND SAFE SHUTDOWN:
HOW Do FCIS AFFECT THE PROBABILITY OF SUCCESSFUL WHAT ACCIDENT TERMINATION SY THE ADDITION OF WATER TO THE MELT?
OPERATOR ACTIONS WOULD INCREASE THE POSSIBILITY OF SAFE SHUTDOWN BY REDUCING THE RISK FROM DANGEROUS FCIS?
- 5. DIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT ARE THE PROBABILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY A STEAM EXPLOSION (a - MODE)?
- 6. INDIRECT FAILURE:
WHAT ARE THE PROBABILITIES AND CONSEQUENCES OF INDIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE BY FCIS (6 , Y , OR t- MODES)?
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. . .. ...- .4 KEY QJESTIONS WHICH ttJST BE ANSWERED TO RESOLVE FCI ISSUES
- 1. WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS WHICH INFLUENCE FCI PHENOMENA 7 PAST RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT THESE ARE:
FUEL MASS. COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE: FUEL / WATER MASS RATIO: WATER MASS. SUSC00 LING. DEPTH.
CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA AND POSSIBLY COMPOSITION: TRI6GER STRENGTH: AMBIENT PRESSURE: CONTACT MODE: MELT / WATER
, POUR RATE AND ENTRY VELOCITY: WATER CHAMBER GEOMETRY.
CONFINEMENT AND INTERNAL STRUCTURES.
- 2. FOR A GIVEN SET OF INITIAL CONDITIONS. WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESULTING FCI? THE ANSWERS TO THIS QUESTION WILL RESOLVE THE SAFETY ISSUES. SPECIFICALLY:
A) WHAT'ARE THE RATES AND QUANTITIES OF STEAM AND HYDROGEN THAT ARE GENERATED 7
- 8) CAN A LARGE-SCALE EXPLOSION OCCUR UNDER THESE CONDITIONS AND. IF S0. WHAT IS THE CONVERSION RATIO 7 C) CAN A MISSILE BE GENERATED 7 WHAT IS ITS ENERGY 7 D) WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESULTING DEBRIS 7 E) WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF THE FCI ON FP RELEASE AND DISPERSAL 7
- 3. WITH A XNOWLEDGE OF THE FCI CHARACTERISTICS WHICH OCCUR.
CALCULATE THE PROBABILITY AND CONSEQUENCES OF DIRECT AND INDIRECT CONTAINMENT FAILURE USING PHENOMENOLOGICAL.
PRO 8ABILISTIC OR INTEGRATED CONTAINMENT CODES. AS APPROPRIATE.
= .
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PLAN Fr O R RESOLUTION O Fr ISSUES 1 ASSESS CURRENT STATE OF KNOWLEDGE FOR ALL ISSUES.
C. BASED ON THIS KNOWLEDGE. DETERMINE MOST IMFCRTANT EXPSRIMENTAL AND MODELLING UNCERTAINTIES.
- 3. PLAN AND EXECUTE AN " EFFICIENT" TEST MATRIX.
4 INCCRPORATE TEST RESULTS INTO NEW MODELS AND CCDES.
- 5. ASSESS THE UNCERTAINTY IN MODEL PREDICTIONS. IF "SUFFICIErlTLY" LCW. TERMINATE FURTHER EXPERIMENTAL AND ANALYTICAL FCI RESEARCH. MOVE TO RISK ASSESSMENT PHASE.
- 4 AND 5.
- 6. IF UNCERTAINTIES ARE STILL TCO HIGH AFTER STE.S 7.
EXPAND TEST MATRIX AND REFEAT PROCESS.
~ ~ - - -- -
TO RESOLVE THE FCI SAFETY ISSUES SANDIA PROPOSES AN INTEGRATED
. RESEARCH PROGRAM CCNTA1N1NG THE FOLLOW 1NG ELEMENTS:
- 1. LARGE-SCALE (1 2000 Ks) FACILITY FOR OPEN-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS ON COARSE MIXING AND CONVERSION RATIO (EX0-FITS .
II USING THERMITE MELTS AT AMBIENT PRESSURE.
- 2. EXTENSION OF FITS CLOSED-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS TO 50 KG OF THERMITE MELTS.
- 3. SMALL-SCALE SINGLE-DROPLET FXPERIMENTS TO INVESTIGATE TRIGGERING AND CONVERSION RATIO AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE (TO 170 BARS).
- 4. LARGE-SCALE ( 5 400 KG) FACILITY FOR CLOSED-GEOMETRY EXPERIMENTS USING INDUCTION-HEATED PROTOTYPIC OXIDIC AND ,
METALLIC MELTS.
- 5. CONTINUATION OF FCI MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND APPLICATION.
sees.
ABBREVIATION FOR PROGRAM ELEMENTS
- 1. EXO-FITS II
- 2. FITS EXTENDED
- 3. SHIP (SMALL-SCALE HIGH PRESSURE)
- 4. ELVIS (ENCLOSED LARGE VESSEL INTERACTION SYSTEM)
- 5. MODEL DEVELOPMENT
. '.;:. ~.~ .. . . . . . . . . ,
RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
,. ELEMENT 1: EXO-FITS II THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO DETERMINE WHETHER AN UPPER LIMIT EXISTS FOR COARSE MIXING, AND WHAT THIS LIMIT IS.
THE FACILITY WOULD BE DESIGNED TO DETERMINE THIS LIMIT AS CHEAPLY AS POSSIBLE.
IF A LIMIT WERE FOUND AT 2000 KG OR LESS, IT WOULD
~
SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT ALL SIX SAFETY ISSUES. FURTHERMORE, ISSUES 4 (ACCIDENT TERMINATION), 5 AND 6 (DIRECT AND INDIRECT FAILURE) WOULD BE COMPLETELY RESOLVED.
THERE IS Ra QIEEE Wal TO INVESTIGATE THE EFFECTS OF LARGE MELT MASSES AT RELATIVELY LOW COSTS.
BASIS FOR SELECTING 2000 KG OF FUEL:
-HIGH ENOUGH TO UNEOUIV0CALLY DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CURRENT COARSE MIXING MODELS:
-HIGH ENOUGH TO APPROACH THE RANGE OF MASSES WHICH MIGHT BEGIN TO THREATEN VESSEL AND CONTAINMENT INTEGRITY;
-LOW ENOUGH TO KEEP DOWN COSTS OF BUILDING AND OPERATING.
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EXO-FITS II: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS I. PRIMARY VARIABLES FUEL MASS (UP TO 2000 KG)-
WATER MASS FUEL / WATER MASS RATIO WATER TEMPERATURE (SUBC00 LING)
FUEL INJECTION RATE (DROP HEIGHT, POUR DIAMETER)
WATER DEPTH WATER CHAMBER CONFINEMENT-TRIGGER STRENGTH.
II. SECONDARY VARIABLES INTERNAL STRUCTURES IN WATER (LOWER PLENUM SIMULATION)
WATER COMPOSITION III. FIXED PARAMETERS FUEL COMPOSITION (IRON-ALUMINA THERMITE)
FUEL TEMPERATURE AMBIENT PRESSURE CONTACT MODE (FUEL INTO COOLANT)
IV. MEASUREMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY (C0 ARSE MIXING, CONVERSION RATIO)
WATER PHASE PRESSURE BASE IMPULSE POSSIBLY X-RAYS
RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN
~
ELEMENT 2: FITS EXTENDED THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO PROVIDE QUANTITATIVE DATA FOR RESOLVING ISSUES 1 AND 2 (STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION AND DE3RIS CHARACTERISTICS). IT WILL ALSO PROVIDE INFORMATION FOR RESOLVING ALL THE REMAINING ISSUES.
QUANTITATIVE DATA GENERATED IN THIS FACILITY WOULD BE USED FOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND CODE ASSESSMENT.
- BECAUSE THE FACILITY IS CURRENTLY OPERATIONAL, EXPERIMENTS
~
USING UP TO 50-100 KG OF'1ERMITE-GENERATED MELTS CAN BE INEXPENSIVELY CONDUCTED.
THE MAJOR DRAWBACKS OF THIS FACILITY ARE LIMITED MELT COMPOSITION (ONLY VARIOUS THERMITES), LIMITED MELT MASS, AND NO CAPABILITY FOR HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION.
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, FITS-X (EXTENDED): EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS I. PRIMARY VARIABLES FUEL COMPOSITION (THERMITES: IRON-ALUMINA, CORIUM, IRON OXIDE)
FUEL MASS (20 - 100 KG)
WATER MASS FUEL / WATER MASS RATIO WATER TEMPERATURE (SUBC00 LING)
WATER DEPTH, CROSS-SECTION, CONFINEMENT INTERNAL STRUCTURES (LOWER PLENUM SIMULATION)
FUEL INJECTION RATE (DROP HEIGHT, POUR DIAMETER)
AMBIENT PRESSURE (1 - 11 BARS)
CONTACT MODE (FUEL INTO COOLANT AND VICE VERSA)
ALTERNATE CONTACT MODE: FUEL DEPTH, WATER INJECTION RATE TRIGGER STRENGTH II. SECONDARY VARIABLES WATER COMPOSITION FISSION PRODUCT SIMULANTS IN MELT III. FIXED PARAMETERS FUEL TEMPERATURE FOR A GIVEN FUEL COMPOSITION GRAVITY POURS ONLY: NO HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION IV. MEASUREMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY (FOR UNCONFINED TESTS WITH LUCITE CHAMBER)
X-RAYS (FOR COARSE MIXING)
BASE IMPULSE WATER PHASE PRESSURE GAS PHASE TEMPERATURE GAS PHASE PRESSURE (FOR STEAM GENERATION RATES)
GAS SAMPLING (FOR HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES AND FISSION PRODUCTS)
DE3RIS CHARACTERISTICS POSSIBLY FUEL TEMPERATURES
- .-. - . . - . . - - . = = - . . . - _- .
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RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ELEMENT 3: SHIP (SMALL-SCALE HIGH PRESSURE TESTS)
THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO INVESTIGATE THE TRIGGERING OF STEAM EXPLOSIONS AT HIGH AMBIENT.
PRESSURE.
THIS FACILITY REPRESENTS THE MOST INEXPENSIVE APPROACH TO RESOLVING THE QUESTION OF DIRECT FAILURE FOR ACCIDENTS AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE.
SINCE TRIGGERING IS THE FCI PHASE CURRENTLY BELIEVED TO BE MOST SENSITIVE TO PRESSURE, THIS FACILITY WOULD QUANTITATIVELY ADDRESS'THAT PROCESS.
SHIP WOULD PROVIDE SOME QUANTITATIVE DATA ON CONVERSION RATIO AT HIGH PRESSURE.
SHIP COULD ALSO INEXPENSIVELY GENERATE DATA ON THE EFFECTS OF HIGH RADIATION LEVELS, WATER SUBC00 LING AND WATER COMPOSITION, ON EXPLOSION TRIGGERING AND CONVERSION RATIO.
THIS FACILITY WOULD NOT ADDRESS LARGE-SCALE EFFECTS OF HIGH
. AMBIENT PRESSURE. SPECIFICALLY, IT COULD NOT ADDRESS CURRENT THEORETICAL PREDICTIONS THAT COARSE MIXING IS ENHAMCED AT HIGH AMBIENT PRESSURE.
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SHIP: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS I PRIMARY VARIABLES AMBIENT PRESSURE (1-170 BARS)
TRIGGER STRENGTH FUEL COMPOSITION (0XIDES, METALS, MIXTURES)
WATER TEMPERATURE (SUBC00 LING)
II. SECONDARY VARIABLES RADIATION ENVIRONMENT WATER COMPOSITION III. FIXED PARAMETERS CONTACT MODE (FUEL INTO COOLANT)
INTERACTION CHAMBER IV. MEASUREMENTS PHOTOGRAPHY (CONVERSION RATIO)
WATER PHASE PRESSURE DE3RIS CHARACTERISTICS HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES
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RATIONALE FOR EXPERIMENTAL PLAN ELEMENT 4: ELVIS (400 KG ENCLOSED VESSEL)
THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVE OF THIS FACILITY IS TO ADDRESS ALL SAFETY ISSUES UP TO A SCALE OF 400 KG OF MELT,'WITH OXIDIC, l
METALLIC AND MIXED FUEL MELTS INDUCTIVELY HEATED.
THIS FACILITY WOULD GREATLY EXTEND THE AVAILABLE TEST MATRIX, COMPARED TO THE EXTENDED FITS FACILITY.
ELVIS WOULD PROVIDE DATA FOR MODEL DEVELOPMENT AND CODE ASSESSMENT.
THIS FACILITY WOULD BE ESSENTIAL IF THE EXO-FITS II FACILITY DID NOT DEMONSTRATE A LIMIT TO COARSE MIXING.
4 ELVIS WOULD BE OPTIONAL IF A COARSE MIXING LIMIT WAS FOUND.
DEPENDING ON THE EXTENT OF THE THREAT PREDICTED BY THE INTEGRATED CODES, THE FACILITY MIGHT NOT BE REQUIRED.
- SELECTION OF 400 KG IS CURRENTLY ARSITRARY, AND IS BEING USED FOR PRELIMINARY COST AND DESIGN STUDIES. ACTUAL MASS CAPABILITY WILL DEPEND ON RESULTS OF EXO-FITS II TESTS. IF THOSE TESTS DEMONSTRATE AN IMPORTANT LIMIT TO THE AMOUNT OF MASS MIXED, THEN AN UPGRADED FITS FACILITY MAY BE ADEQUATE, WITHOUT ELVIS.
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ELVIS: EXPERIMENTAL VARIABLES AND MEASUREMENTS I. PRIMARY VARIABLES: SAME AS FITS-X PLUS:
PURE OXIDES, ADDITIONAL COMPOSITIONS INDUCTIVELY MELTED:
PURE METALS, MIXED METAL-0XIDES, VARIOUS CORIUMS FUEL MASS: UP TO 400 KG
-FUEL TEMPERATURE HIGH PRESSURE INJECTION INTO WATER II. SECONDARY VARIABLES SIMULATION OF CONTAINMENT GEOMETRIES III. FIXED PARAMETERS NONE .
IV. MEASUREMENTS SAME AS FITS-X
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CHCI PROGRAH - EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
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CORE MELT - C00 ANT INTERACTIONS MODEL DEVELOPMENT PLAN PHENOMENA MODELS
, 1. COARSE MIXING, FRAGMENTATION, WISCI/ TEXAS 2 AND STEAM GENERATION.
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- 2. TRIGGERING AND FILM COLLAPSE. SIMPLE-1D
- 3. EXPLOSION PROPAGATION. WONDY-1D/ TEXAS 4 EXPLOSION, EXPANSION, CONVERSION C50-2D RATIO
- 5. PROBABILITY OF DIRECT FAILURE . SIMPLE MONTE BY STEAM EXPLOSION. CARLO
- * *~
R AT' I ON ALE FOR MODEL D EV E L O P'ME N T THE CODES BEING DEVELOPED WCULD BE USED THREE WAYS:
- 1. TO ANALYZE AND GUIDE EXPERIMENTS.
- 2. TO DIRECTLY PREDICT THE CONSEQUENCES OF FCIs.
- 3. TO PROVIDE MODELS DIRECTLY TO THE INTEGRATED ACCIDENT ANALYSIS CCDES (MELFROG. CONTAIN. MELCCR).
- THE CODES BEING DEVELCFED WOULD MAXIMIZE THE EXISTING INVESTMENT IN THESE MODELS (REFRESENTED BY MEDICI. TEXAS.
WCNDY, AND CSO).
- CCSTS OF CCDE DEVELOPMENT WOULD BE MINIMIZED. CVEFLAF WITH QTHER NRC PROGRAMS WOULD BE MAXIMIZED (MELFROG. MEDICI.
CCNTAIN. MELCCR. SASA. ETC.).
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i ON AN~ ISSUE-BY-ISSUE BASIS
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PLAN FOR RESCLUTION OF ISSUE 1:
STEAM AND HYDROGEN GENERATION RATES STEP 1: DETERMINE THE MINIMUM SET CF TEST ELEMENTS NECESSARY 70 CUANTITATIVELY RESCLVE THE ISSUE. DEFINE THE VARIABLES AND ~THEIR RANGES FOR AN " EFFICIENT" EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN. SUBMIT TEST PLAN TC NRC AND REACTOR SAFETY COMMUNITY FCR PEER REVIEW.
THE STEF C: DETERMINE THE LOWEST CCST FACILITY CONSISTENT WITH NECESSARY NUMBER AND RANGES OF THE VARIABLES.
AN EXTENDED FITS FACILITY IS TERMED ADECUATE FCR STEF C: IF THIS STUDY. MCDIFY THE FACILITY AND CONDUCT THE TESTS.
STEF 4: IF A LARGER AND MCRE SCFHISTICATED FACILITY (ELVIS) IS 1.
DEEMED NECESSARY AS A RESULT CF THE REVIEW IN STEP THEN DESIGN AND BUILD THE FACILITY AND EXECUTE THE TEST FROGRAM.
ASSESS THE STEP 5: USE THE EXFERIMENTAL DATA TO IMFROVC AND WISCI. TEXAS, CSC. ETC. PROVIDE AFFROFRIATE CCDES:
DATA TC LASL FOR MULTI-DIMENSICNAL FCI CCDE DEVELCF MENT.
MODELS TO THE DEVELOPERS OF THE STEF 6: PROVIDE CODES AND INTEGRATED CODES (MELCCR. MELFROG. MEDICI. CONTAIN).
of this issue recuares tnree proccam MCTE: The resciution elements: FITS. ELVIS, and Model Develcoment.
I -. . _ -
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PLAN FCR RESCLUTION OF ISSUE C:
DEBRIS CHARACTERISTICS STEPS 1-6: SAME AS FOR ISSUE 1.
STEP 7: PROVIDE EXPERIMENTAL DATA. INCLUDING SAMPLES OF CCLLECTED DEBRIS. TO PROGFANS WHICH REQUIRE THEM FCh DEBRIS BED COOLABILITY STUDIES.
t-L 8 NOTE: The resciution of tnis issue is cencurrent with issue 1, and only r equ2 pes that the post-!:CI decr:s se
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collected and analy:ed.
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PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 3: 1 ACCIDENT PROGRESSION AND SCURCE TERM DEFINE TEST OBJECTIVES: WHAT ARE THE KEY CHEMICAL ST.EP 1:
PROCESSES TO BE INVESTIGATEDT WHAT ARE THE IMFORTAN1 IN- AND EX-VESSEL GEOMETRIES TO BE STUDIED FOR DEFFIS DISPERSALT STEP 2: DETERMINE THE MINIMUM SET OF TEST ELEMENTS NECESSARY Tb QUANTITATIVELY RESOLVE THE ISSUE. DEFINE THE VARIAELES AND RANGES FCR AN " EFFICIENT" EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.
SUBMIT TEST PLAN TO NRC AND REACTOR SAFETY COMMUNITY
, FOR FEER REVIEW..
NOTE: Although the resciutien of this issue requires the same three pecqram elements as issues 1 and 2. a new test matrin. addittenal hardware. and Acssidly new diagnostic systems. are required.
STEFS 0-6: SAME AS FCR ISSUE 1.
STEP 7: FROVIDE DATA TO SCUF.CE TERM ANALYSTS.
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, FLAN FOR RESCLUTICN OF ISSUE As ACCIDENT TERMINATION AND SAFE SHUTDOWN STEPS 1-7: SAME AS PREVIOUS ISSUES THE RESCLUTION OF- THIS ISSUE WOULD NOT REQUIRE AN.
ADDITIONAL EXPERIMENTATICN OR MODEL DEVELCFMENT BEYCND THAT REQUIRED FOR RESCLVING THE OTHER ISSUES.
RESCLUTION CF THIS ISSUE SIMFLY REQUIRES A WRITTEN RE:CRT SUMMARIZING THE KNCWLEDGE GAINED BY THE FROGRAM. THIS KNCWLEDGE WOULD EE DISTILLED INTC SEVERE-ACCIDErlT GUIDELINES FOR UTILITIES AND THE NRC TO USE IN EME.:GENCIES.
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- t PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 5:
DIRECT FAILURE OF CONTAINMENT BY A STEAM EXPLCSICN THIS ISSUE CAN BE RESOLVED IN TWO DISTINCT WAYS:
EITHER:
of alpha-mode PATH 1: Demonstrate that the probability failure for high and low pressure accidents is negligible or the following:
zero by experimentally proving any one of mciten fuel a) An upper limit exists to the amcunt of which can be coarsely mixed in reactor geometries and necessary for this limit is below the threshold of estimates containment failure for conservative conversion ratio.
pressure accidents. the peccactlity of b) For high triggering an explosion is negligible or :ero.
c) Conversion ratio decreases with increasing fuel mass, the yield of an e::closten is below the such that for containment failure for conservat:ve
- threshold estimates of the amount of fuel mixed.
of a d) The geometry and structures in the icwer plenum large-scale coarse BWR and/or a FWR prevent either mt: ting or high conversten ratics.
CR:
e::p l esi en PATH 2: Develop a comprehensive in-vessel steam model, couple it to a statistical acoccach. and ccmoute the probability of containment failure for a variety of accident sc enari os.
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' ~~ . . . . . . . _ _ _
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RESOLUTICN OF ISSUE 5: CONTINUED PATH 1: A) THE EXO-FITS II FACILITY WILL PROVE OR DISFROVE THIS HYPOTHESIS FCR LOW-FRESSURE ACCIDENTS.
B) THE SHIP FACILITY WILL TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS.
C) SHIP, FITS. EXO-FITS II. AND ELVIS WILL FROVIDE DATA SUFFICIENT TO VERIFY THIS HYFOTHESIS.
D) FITS. EXO-FITS II AND ELVIS WILL TEST THIS HYPOTHESIS.
NOTE: If the experiments of Path 1 yield positive results.
then the direct failure issue can be resolved. If the a
experimental results are inconclusive. then determination of the non-:ero pecbability fer direct failure will require probabilist1c model develcoment.
additional mechanistic models. ce botn.
. PATH C: RECUIRED IF PATH 1 EFFCRTS ARE INCONCLUSIVE.
+ WILL PRCBAEL'Y REQUIRE THE DEVELCFMENT OF A COMFLEY.
ALL FWASES CF A STEAM MULTI-DIMENSIONAL MODEL CF EXPLCSION.
+ MAY EMPLCY CURRENT CALCULATICNAL TOOLS (CSQ. SIMMEF.
MELFROG. ETC.), OR MAY INVCLVE FURTHER CODE DEVELOPMENT.
3
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PLAN FOR RESOLUTION OF ISSUE 6:
INDIRECT FAILURE OF CONTAINMENT BY FCIs STEPS 1-7: ALL. DATA AND MODELS RECUIRED FOR RESOLVING THIS ISSUE WILL BE DEVELOPED CONCURF.ENTLY WITH TkE RESCLUTICN OF THE OTHER ISSUES.
STEP 8: PROVIDE DATA AND MODELS TO CONTAINMENT CCDES.
PERFORM CALCULATIONS FCR VARICUS ACCIDENT SCENARICS (AS WAS DONE IN CONTAINMENT 'LCADS WORKING GROUF).
STE* 9: FROVIDE DATA AND MODELS TO GRCUPS INVESTIGATING ECUIPMENT SUF.VIVAL AND CCNTAINMENT PENETRATICr!
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FCI RF9FARCH PRTORITTES
- 1. DETERMINE IF A LIMIT TO COARSE MIXING EXISTS, AND QUANTIFY AS A FUNCTION OF INITIAL CONDITIONS.
- 2. DETERMINE LIMITS TO THE OCCURRENCE AND ENERGETICS OF STEAM EXPLOSIONS AS A FUNCTION OF IN1.TIAL CONDITIONS.
- 3. QUANTIFY RATES OF STEAM AND HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DUE TO FCIS, AND THE NATURE OF THE DEBRIS.
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GENERAL DISCUSSION
- EXPERIMENTAL FACILITIES
. TEST MATRICES
- MODEL DEVELOPMENT
. RESEARCH PRIORITIES e %
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i-NO CONSENSUS IS REQUIRED.
ALL OPINIONS AND SUGGESTIONS WILL BE CAREFULLY CONSIDERED.
SCIENTIFIC TRUTHS ARE Nf1I. DETERMINED l BY MAJORITY VOTE.
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