ML20085M454

316 Demonstration Summary

ML20085M454
Person / Time
Site:	Robinson
Issue date:	06/30/1976
From:	CAROLINA POWER & LIGHT CO.
To:
References
RTR-NUREG-1437 AR, NUDOCS 9111110016
Download: ML20085M454 (44)

Text

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1 J lH.: B.cROBINSON 4 LSTEAM ELECTRIC: PLANT El:.

g 1 316) DEMOMSTRATDON L

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SUMMARY

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I CAROLDIA ?O'nT.R & LIGHT COMPAIN H. 3. ROBC1 SON SHAM H.IC"~A!C ?!.xt*

316 DD!ONSUAT!CN sm.~m .

June 30, 1976 I

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Table of Con:ents scetion

?*E' 1

l.0 Conclusions and Reco=endation 1

2.0 Background 1

legal Authority a

Scope of the Demonstration 5

Physical Dese:1p ice hvironmental Characteristics of the Impoundnen: 5 I

6 3.0 Su=nar7 6

Plan: Opera:ing Data 7

hviron= ental Oata 71sheries 3 (

Plankton 11 t.

Sen:hos 13 Aquatic Vege:2:icn 13 Terrestrial Vertebra:es la M

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Reference Tables and Figures

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c 1.0 Conclusions and Recoc=endation l

L Conclusions

- This 316 Demonstration shows that a balanced, indigenous aquatic com-

= unity similar to other blackwater ce=nunities in the Southeast exists throughout the year in the Robinson impoundment. As expected, seasonal effects on phyto-I_ plankton end benthos related to the thermal effluent were observed in the vicinity vf the discharge (Figure 1). However, the entire water colu=n in this area was not affected because of the layering of the heated discharge waters.

This seasonal phenomenon had little overall effect upon the indigenous population of fish, shellfish, and v11dlif e in and on the impoundment and Black Creek below the dam.

I Required Action Having demonstrated in this report that the existing E. 3. Robinson Plant ther..a1 effluent has not resulted in appreciable harm to the indigenous population of shellfish, fish, and wildlife, an alternative, less stringent, I- '

thermal effluent limitation should be established for this plant under Section 316(a).

- Accordingly, it is requested that Permit No. SC 0002925 provide for the I continued operation of the E. 3. Robinson Steam Electric Plant cooling water system in a once-through node. Page 3 of 18 of the permit should provide far o

a maximum heat rejection value of 6.05 x 10' BTU /hr.

No adverse impact (within the meaning of 40C7R402.12) was found to be

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associated with the present intake structure. Theref o:ce, no intake structure modifications are warranted.

l 2.3 3ackgtaund ,

iegal Authority l -

The authority for the E. 3. Robinson 316(a) Demonstration is ocovided z

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in :he Tederal 'Ja:e ?ollutica Centrol Act A=end=ent of 1952 (:he Act) (?.i.

l l 92-500) and in NPDES Per:1: No. SC 0002925 issued f or the Robinson Staa: 51ect:1:

Plant on Dece=ber 31, 1974. Section 316(a) au:horizes es:ablish=ent of a less stringen ther=al limitation than would othe: tise be applicable where 1: is shot.m :ha: a less stringer: c:andard will p cvide for the protection and pro-pagation of a balanced, indigenous ce== unity of shellfish, fish, and vildlife in and on :he vatt: body.  !=ple=enting regula:1ons are fcund in 40CTR Par: 122 (1974).

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?: tor :o enac:=en: of Public Law 92-500, there were no specific ther=al effluent li=1:s applicable to :he circulating va:c: system dischar7,es at the H. 3. Robinson f acility. ~he: :ial 11=.1:s were , however, established indirectly through f ederal/s:ste water quality standards : bat provided for a =axi=u= te=-

perature in the receiving strea= and a =axi=u= incre= ental rise above ambient water :e=pers:ure, both af :e: opportuni:7 f or =1.xing .

Folleving enac:=ent of ?.i.92-300, and as required by See:1:n 301 of the Act, the A' d d strator of the Environ = ental Prc:ection Agency (IPA) pro- -

=ulgated result.:1cns on Oc:ober 3, 1974 (40CTF. Par: 423) that established (a=eng other things) ther=al effluen: Id d:s for the cooling water systems of I',

the S:eam Elect:1: Pous: Genera:ing ?oint Source Catego:7 *4here = ore s:ringent, a poin source =us also ec= ply vi:h li=1ta:icns necessary :o comply wi:h water quality 5:andards pursuant to Section 301(b)(1)(C) of :he Act. An exe=ption 5 frc= :he overvise applicable id*:ation is available, however, if the Opera::: 5

• he can make a successful de=enstra:1cn under Section 316(a) of :he Act.

mechanis= for i= posing affluen: 11:1:ations is the Na:icnal ?cliu:an: Discharge E11=inatica Syste= (N?OES) ? ar:1:. ~he authori:7 fer the N? DES Per=i: an be found in See::en 402 of :he Ac:. On May 14, 1974 C?iL submi::ed supplemental infor=a:1on to E?A f,: an NPOES Per:1: fo: the H. 3. Robinse1 facf'd:-. hat sub=1ttal requested that less stringent :her=al effluents be es:. . saed pursuan: E to See icn 316(a) of :he Act. A final NPDES Permit was issued by :he Ad=inist:stor B ,

on Dece=ber 31, 1974, granting a deferred dete W 'a:1cn under See:1:n 316(a) and se::ing June 30, 1976, as :he sub=1::a1 date f : :he de=ensiration.

41:h regard :o :he otherwise applicable li=1:ations under 40CF2 ?ar:

423, :he Administ:2 :: established certain classes and ca:eger as Of s:aa=

I) a

3 electric generating units. In effect the regulatione exempt from thermal eff 3 ent limits "old" units placed in service prior to January 1,1970. This extmption assumes the unit's :t.ermal discharge is in compliance with water quality standards in the receivins strean after cpportunity for mixing. H. 3.

Rcbinson Unit No. 1 ! alls within the "old unit" sub-cateoory and and as such '

ef is exeept frem thermal ef fluent 11=1ts.1

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Another category Jstablished in 40CFR Part 423 is the " generating unit" sub-category. A " generating unit" can be defined as any unit of 300 '

megswatts or gren:.: plactd in service af ter January 1,1970. This sub-category encompas ses H. 3. Robinson Unit No. 2. 'a*hil e. ~his sub-category establishes certair. linitatiens for discharge of hea- recognizes cooling lakes as teceptable heat dissipation mechanisms

• _lidicg the ovncr can show

. th2e a cooling lake was in use or under constraction as of the ef f ective date of the regulation (40CTR Part 422.13(13). Since the Robinson Unit "o. 2 is served by an existing ceoling lake the otherwise applicable ther=al limits are those derived from 3. C. Water Quali:7 Staadords.

1 A?. cording to EPA interprestion of South Carolina Water Quali:y 9 *.andards, the applicable thermal water qualley standards provide that :1.e monthly average tempetarnee, af ter adequate sixing of heated and normal waters as a result of heara? liquids, saall not exceed 90*F nor shall the monthly average water tem-perature af ter pascing through an adequate :ene for mixing be more than 3*F greater than that of water unaf f ected by the heated discharge.

The Company has estimated that a =1..ing :ene of approx 1=ctely 350 acres (su=mer '

conditions) would accommodate the thermal discharge from Unit No. 1 which could genert!'v be coes16_ red T reasonable :ene of mixing consistent wi:h the tner=al lix .

!ne term " cooling laka" is defined at 40CTR423.11 as any san-cade water impound-ment v61ch i= pedes the flow of a navigable stream and which is used to remove waste heat from heacec :enderser wa:er prior to retirculating the water to :he main condenser.

see supra n.l. According to Couth Carolina's interpretation, take Robinsen is an impoundment. As such, var.er quality standards are only applicable to the dam release. They are s0*? naxirum :emperature and 5'? rise above ambient.

Io the extent .ither or both interpretations are applicable, the data show an alterna tive s:andard is required pursuant :o Section 316(a) shich allows opera".on of Uni: 1 in its cresent node and Uni: 2 a: 2000 MWt :apaci:y.

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1 Score of the Demonstration

• provide Opera: ors of steam elu .ric genera:ing uni:s .ith guidance in ( nducting 316(s) de=cnstra:1:n p:ograms, :he Ad-inistra:Or published at 40CTR Par: 122 :nree separa:e and distinc: aethods f: making a biological dc=cns::a:1cn. An Operator can selcc: any One or a combina:1on of :hese .

de=enstratica plans. Accordingly, the 00=pany prepared a demonstrati0n plan E consistent with these regula:1cns and with IFA Region IV's Basic Guide to :he Dosie . of 316 Oecenstrations. ~he de=enstratica plan was sub=1::ed to I?A Regi:n

!7 in Decu:ber 1974 and was nodified on F. arch 17, 1975 :o incorpora:e reco -

manda:1ons made by :he agency on F. arch 3, 1975.

E?A Region !** actnowledged the adequacy of the study plan.

By le::er of July 21, 1975, (Refer to Vol. !!,

l See:icn 1.0 f:t; copy of plan.-)

In Volumes II a=d !!! of :his .

3. Robinson 316(a) de=enstrati:n, Carolina Power & *.irh: Ce pany shows that 1) no appreciable harm has resul:ed frea :he the:-.a1 : =penent of :he discharge :o the post-i= pound =ent balanced indigenous co==u=i:7 cf fish and vi2 dlif e in and on :he Robinson != pound =en:

and a portion of 31ack Creek belev the i= pound =ent and 2) : hat in fac: an abundant and diverse fishery and vildlif e rescur:e (vith due considera:1on of the na: ural li:1:a:1ons imposed by solar radia:ien and the pecu11a4 vatershed checis:17) exists in and en the water body of the Robinson != pound en: and Black Creek.

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bhe :er= "M. lanced indigenous ::== uni:y" is defined at 40CFR Part 112.1 (i) as 'hynonymous with :he .er: '%1anced, indigeneus popula:1:n' in :he Ac: and eans a biatic ce== uni:v :ypi 1117 characteri:ed by diversity, the capac1:y to sustain 1:self through cyc ;c seasonal changes, presence of necessary feed chain species, and non-domin. don of pollu:1on tolerant species. Such a co== uni:7 =ay include hister. ally non-native species introduced in cennection with a progra= of wildlife at.'gement and species whose presence :: abundance I rescits f r0= suestant.ias irreve 11ble enviren= ental codifications. Nor= ally, however, such a ::== uni:7 v11' ' d clude species whose pMsence or abundance is a::ribu:able to the in:reductiet. of pollu: ants :ha: vill be eliminated by ce pliance by all scur:es vi h see:1:n 301(b)(2) of :he Act, including al:er-native af flue -d a tions imposed pursuan: to see:1:n 316(a)."

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l 5 Physical Description.

Carolina Power & Light Cc=pany's H. 3. Robinson Steam Electric Plant I consists of two steam electric. generating units. Unit No.1, a 135 We coal-fired unit was placed in operaticn in l' y60. Unit No.

, a 700 We (2200 W s thermal) nuclear unit, was placed in operation in 1971. A request hrs been made to the Nuclear Regulatory Co= mission (NRC) to increase power for Unit No. 2 to 730 We (2300 W thermal) . An NRC Atoctic Safety & Licensing Board presently has takea the request under advisement.

I For the sole purpose of providing . heat dissipation mechanistr for waste heat rejected frem the Robinsen generating units, an i=poundment was constructed on Black Creek in 1959. The total drainage area controlled by the Robinson Inpound:ent is approximately J.4.S07 ha (173 sq. mi.) . At normal I pool evaluation 67.1 m (220 feet) MSL the i=poundeent has a storage capacie.y of 41,000 acre-feet and a surface area of approximately 900 ha F.250 acres).

Constraction of the inpoundesnt was authoriced under South Carolina Pollution Control Authority (now Department of ".ealth & Environmental Centrol) Permit No. 179. Operation is under DHEC Permit No. 307.

Environmental Characteristics of the I noundment I Black Creek, a tributary cf the Pee Dee River 3asin, is a typical blackwater stream exhibiting low pH (acidic) and darkly stained water resulting from thc leaching of organic =aterial in the swa=py drainage. Chemical analyses indicate that pH values between 4.3 - 5.3 can normally be expected in the neer-shed. Ccncentrations of nutrients associated with biotic production are low as is typical o2 blackwater i= pound =ents.

~he effects of the naturally occurring low pH and dark color of the <

water substantially reduce the diversity and productivity of the phytoplankton co== unity. This is evidenced by the presence of scidochilic species (i.e.,

species tolerant of the acid : conditions). This naturally occurring low ,

I phytoplankt:n productivity is reflected in the higher trophic levels of the food chain.

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A 50cend =ajor distine:1cn et blackunter systa=s in addition :o their chemical properties is their solar radia:1cn absorption. Data show : hat during I.

3 tha su==er appr:x1=ately 60% of :he te=pera:ure rise of the ua e discharged from the Robinson = pound =en: is attribu:aole to solar radia:icn. *he darkly staincd water absorbs much nore hea: :han " clear" va:er, jus: as any dark surfsca absorbs more hea: :han a similar, but lign er-col ced coject.

I'he Robinson != pound =ent is further characteri:ed by habita: variations bo:vacu :he upper i= pound =en: (whien is largely unaf f ee:ed by :hnr=al dis-charge) and :he lower impound =ent and discharge areas. ~he upper i= pound =ent hac isrge quanti:1es of aqua:1c vegeta:1cn and neereus floating and submerged logs which provide fisheries hab1:a:. In centrast, the icver L.:poundment has la.*ge areas of sandy shoreline which are subjec: :o :urbulence f c= vave action, and offers generally less desirable habi:a: for nos: aquatic organisms.

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Plant Operatine Data ne intake structures for both 'd. 3. Robinson uni:s are loca:ed near the da= On :he ves shore of Robinson I= pound =ent. Measured velocities vi:hin tha Unit 1 in:ake are less :han .46 =/sec (1.5 f:/sec). In Uni: 2, veloci:ies gensrally ran;;e be:veen . 31 and . 92 =/su. (1.0 and 3.0 f:/sec).

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• he average Ase in :e:perature across the ' ni: 1 :endensers is 13.3*C (24*F). ne rise across the Uni: 2 :endensers is somewhat less, 11.1*C (20*7).

na average ::ndenser rise across both uni:s is 11.3*C (20.3*?).

After passage :hrough :he :endensers, :irculating water fre= both ,

uni:s is routed into a ec=non discharge canal. De discharge canal runs along tho vcs: shore of :he impound =ent :er ' ating a a weir 6.7 km (4.2 miles) north of :he plan:. Ve;oci:1es vi:hin the canal vary between 0.4 =/sec and 0.7 n/sec (1.5 and 2.5 f:isec). Circulating water is dischaiged into the i=-

pecad=snt a: :he veir. 7elu=e !!, Secti:n 2.0 centains det. ailed plant :: era-ting data. ,

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7 Environmental Data F

L Temperature e

L As circulating water is discharged few: the discharge canal into the

" impoundment, warmed water disperst s and forms a surf ace layer over cooler bottom waters entering the discharge area from the upper i=poundment and Black Creek drainaga area. Nor=al circulation pat. terns are southward from the discharge to the dam and the plant.

Seasonal variation of surface and vertical temperature patterns in the impoundment was noted. During early fall, winter, and late spring waters were well mixed in the lower impoundment. Generally unif orm temperatures were recorded for each water colu=n, especiall/ at the deeper southernmost transects during winter periods. During spring, t11xing occurred in the lower impoundment after which a temperature gradient was established and maintaineu until fall I when mixing reoccurred. However, during su==er, ther=al stratification was established at the deeper stations.

I In the mid~ impound ent area near the discharge, heated discharge waters layered over significantly cooler bottom water. This phenomenon was observed during all seasons of the year. (Vol. !!, Figures 3.3.3 through 3.3.11 attached).

t "aximum temperatures were recorded during July and Aui:ust when dis-chargc temperatures generally re=ained above 40'C (104*?) but below 43*C (109'7).

Modeled te=peratures as well as observed te=peratures during sum =er indicated that surface temperatures at the dam were war.ted by about 2*C (3*T-4*F).

Water Chemistrr Be acid pH of the water of Robinson != pound ent and Black Creek is characteristic of the drainages of the coastal areas of this region. 3e con-siderable quantities of hu=ic materials produce both the color and the acidic

S nature of these va:ars. Historically, such va:ers have always been reeceni:ed es being of low biologi:a1 activity.

here was no overall pa::ern of change in :he water quality of Black Creek as it passed :hrough :he i=poundment tha: :ould be a:::ibuted :o :he opera:1on of :he i= pound =en: vi:h :he exception of :opper. (Vol. II. Sec: ion 3.4).

Copper levels with1 :ne 1.pounc=ent are in :he concen:Ta:1on range vnich could be algals:a .c. *e are con:inuing :o noni:or :opper :encen: rations.

Dissolved Origen Dissolved erfgen pa : erns and concentrations were simila: to other

=an-made i= pound =ents :his type. Conceu: ations of dissolved or/ gen were generally uniform throughou: the vare: clu=n at all stations from =1d-fall to mid-spring. From late spring to early f all, D.O. concen Ja:1ons below a ng/l vere recorded at or near the bottom of the deeper 1.:poundnen: stations, vi:h :e:porary dissolved erfgen stratifica: ion occurring during su=ner. (Vol.

!!!, CP5L Exnib1: 2.5.)

Fisheries .

Fisheries v.udies a: :he Robinson :: oundmen; began in 1972 and 1973 ,

and vere reviewed and intensified :o s::engthen the s:udies and nee: regula:ory l agency requirements. D.ase studies were designed :o study all major aspects of fish distribution, ; sth, feeding, and reprocuction, in order :o determine if any of :hese vere affec:ed by :he plant's opera: ion.

Species composi: ion and distribucion studies showed tha: thirteen of :he thirty-one species collected in :he i=poundmen: vere centrarchids (sunfish), indica:1ng :he i=portance of -ha: ;;roup . (Vol. !!, Table 4.2.1 a:: ached.) The spe.cies list is simila :o other area lak,es exhibi:ing sinilar environmental characte-istics (low pH, dark water) (vol. II, Table a.2.2 a:: ached).

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l. 9 The Robinson l= pound =ent fisheries do not appear to be significantly reduced by plant operations except in the i==ediate discharge area during su==er.

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Fish distributions appear to be pri=arily affected by habitat. Nu=erically, l little difference was evident in :ocal gill net catches frc= Stations E-3. E-1.

C-3, C-1, and A-1 (Figure 1), but these catches were appreciaoly lower than those in :he upper i= pound =en t , particularly G-3. Bluegill and chain pickerel were more abundant in the icvar i= pound:ent, while suckers and golden thiners were = ore abundant in the discharge and apper 1.:poundranc. (Vol.11, Section

. 4.2. 3, Gill Netting) .

Electrofishing samples showed generally increased diversity from the lover i= pound =ent to the upper i= pound =ent, with te= poral and spatial variations.

Transect A showed highest total catches, while the discharge and upper impound ent areas showed no apparent differences. 1.arge=outh bass were more abundant at E-3, E-1, and A-1, while var =outh vere more abundant at A-1, G-3, and A-3. (Vol. II, Section 4.2.3, Electrofishing.)

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. Standing crop estimate .ed from 29.3 kg/ha (26.0 lbs/ acre) in the upper i= pound:ent in 1975 :o 139.. ,.ha (124.0 lbs/ acre) in the lover impounc-

=ent during 1975. During both 1974 and 1975, greatest nu=bers of fishes were

ellected fre: the mid-i= pound =ent. No species was conspic.uous by 1:s presence or absence. These data are similar to other lakes in the region with co= parable environ = ental characteristics. Although surface :e:peratures in so=e areas of Robinson I= pound ent approached ther=al maxi =a for many species, standing crop data show fish are present in good numbers, possibly indica:ing utilir.ation of I temperature. stratified or refuge areas. (Vol. II, Section 4.3.3.)

Teod habits analysis for the bluegill have indicated that planktivory is an i=portant f eeding strategy of bluegills in :he lower i= pound =ent and that ,

this f eeding strategy probably reflects tha opti=si f eeding conditions under the existing habitat conditions (i.e., lisited 110: oral habita:). In the upper i= pound =ent, the diet of bluegills was =cre diverse,-had a greater evenness in I distributi n of =ajor f ood ite=s, and included a greater proportion of large-bodied benthic invertebrates. This feeding behavior is :ypical of : hat described in the 11: era:ure and no stresses were apparent fr: either low pro-ductivi:7 or heat load. In the discharge area, the feeding condi: ions during I

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ho su==er of 1975 were :he peeres: enecenterec in the i= pound =en: and ben:hos abundances and species diversi:y were very lev crea:.ng an unstable feed supply, i This lack of stabili:y of decinant food i:a.=s indica:ed a food stress on blue-gill popula:1:n in the discharge area, al: hough i: apparently had li::le overall 1= pac: on grev:h the reprodue:1:n of bluegills in :he i=peund=ent. Food haci:s of large=outh bass, var:ou:h, and chain pickerel vere st=11ar to literature descriptions and a ::=parisen of f:od selec:iviry vi:h availab111:7 in One habita: suggest that food was not a li=1:ing factor for grew:h and reproduction.

(Vol. II. Section 4. t. 3. )

Age-gr wth and length-weight studies shewed no obvious differences

hroughou: :he i=peund:en although scoe varia:Lons did ex13:. Gr:v:h rates vera 10v but si=ilar :o other blackwater lakes in :ne regien. length-weight analysis did not indica:e poor eendition of fishes in the discharge vicini:y.

(7el. !!, Cec:icn 4.5.3.)

Tecundi:r es =a:es, indicative of poten:tal productive effer , were similar to li: era:ure values for large=outh bass and var =outh. 31aeg111 fecundi:y was lower than 11:erature values as was =ature egg dia:eter. The causative environmenta2 and/or biological de:er=inants f or these findings vere no t apparent fr = :he da:a. (Vol. !!, Sec:1:n 1.2.2.)

F.r'M a:ior of data per:1:en: to a 316(b) dement.::a:1 n showed that u

en:: sin =ent of lar n1 fish through the H. 3. F,obinsen Uni: 2 cir mla:ing va:er l syste= vecurred during all =en:hs excep: Januari bu: no fish eggs were :ellec:ed

! in a=y of :he sa:ples. Of :he fish :ollected, 93.5% vere percids. Ca::stecids were only collected during M.ay (.3% of :he :stal) while centrarchids (2.6%)

vara :ollected in June, July, and Oc:ober. A small nu=ber of speci= ens (3.3%)

I collec:ed during June and Oc:ober could not be iden:ified :o the f =ily level.

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Of these :axa, and others found in the i_ pound =en:, none are known :: prefer i pslagic areas such as those in :he vicini:7 of the intake s:ructure for spawning. Percids, however, are :heugh: :o=cveintothepejagicareasof:he

impound =en

socn after ha::hing as evidenced by their abundance in ich:hyo-

! olank::n ::V sa=ples fr = :he 1:ver i= pound:ent and discharge areas. The pre-sence of larval per ids during 11 cen:hs of the fear, their apparent nu=erical I

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11 g abundence in the lower and miudie impoundment areas (Vol. II, Section 4.2, Section 4.3), and their continued presence and abundance af ter 4 years of plant operation, strongly suggest no appreciable harm has been done to percid populations and therefore the effects of ichthyoplantion entraineene on the fish population of Robinson I= pound:ent are negligible.

Fist, impinge =ent on the Unit 1 intake screens was negligible averaging less than 0.5 kg of fish per day during 1974 and 1975. Rates for Unit 2 were higher averaging 5.3 kg per day (12.7 lbs per day) in 1974 and 4.8 kg per day (10.6 lbs per day) is 1975. Of these, bluegills made up 98 (74" of the biomass) and 95: (75 of the biomass) of the catch during 1974 an1 1975. M.ax1=um impinge-ment on Unit 2 occurred during late sumar of both years. The majority of fish ispinged were less than 115 =a in length with the larger average sizes collected during the late vinter and spring months.

In evaluating the importance of impinge =ent, the species and nu=bers of fish present in the vicinity of the intake must be considered (Vol. 2, Sections 4.2 and 4.3). The majority of fish impinged were seal.'. bluegills which were alco very abundant in the area. The abundance data, particulatiy after four years of plant operation, suggest that impingement has not done appreciable harm to the bluegill population in this area of the i= pound:ent.

Plankton The study of the plankton co=munity of the Robinsen I: 'dment began in May, 1973, and continued, with modifications, through aber, 1973.

l Plankton ce== unity dynamics were desctibed by studies of standi , crop (numbers, biomass, and species diversity), chlorophyll concentra icas, anc prdcary productivity.

Standing crop fata indicated sisilar populations by abundance and population composition in the lever impoundment (A) and,the discharge area (E),

(Vol. II, Section 5.3, S tanding Crcp), whereas the upper impound ent population was generally much smaller by nu=ber and biccass. he sa=a taxa and major groups were priurily i=portant at all three stations. Chlorophyta, or greet.

algae, was the doninant grtup threughout the year, with wil tecto11 :;rcen I

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19 alcae and des = ads be:.ng nos: abundan: vi:hin :his group. Diversi:7 was lov ,

et all three stations bu: vas co= parable :o other va:ar bodies of s1=11ar water quality.

The :coplank:on :c== uni:y was de=1:n=ed by a very f ew :axa of I

Cladocera and Copepeda. Eubossina sp. and Cycloos spp. vere do:inant in :he f all, while Diaohanose=a sp. and Diaoto=us sp. vere dominant in the spring.

A1: hough :he :coplankton population duries August was greatly reduced a: the discharge and was reduced in :he lover i= pound =en:, the populatico composition e.nd abundaace returned :o previous levels in Sep:e=ber.

Chlorophyll da:a were co= parable vi*.h quar erly esti=ates of pri=ary produe:ivi:/ and s:anding crop and offer a good estimate of phytoplank:en population dynamics. (vol. !!, yigures 5.3.1 and 5.3.0 at: ached). Cc=parison of conthly chlorophyll concen:rntions indicated :ha: :he sa=e " population" existed in :he lover i= pound =ent and the discharge. Erratic flue: nations and tha absence of a seasonal cattern in chlorophyll concentrations in :Se upper i=poundment suggests :he presence of a population originatins; in :he strea=.

~he phytoplankton co== unity appears :o be adapted to the regi=e of low alka.'.ini:7, nutrient fluctua:1cas, and the range of te=pera:ures observed over :he sa=pling period. A: te=perttures exceeding 32*C for *.ong periods, a population stress was indicated by the redue:1on of pri=ar/ produe:ivity in :ho g discharge a:ea (I-3) (Vol. II, Section 5.3. Pri= cry P:odue:171ty). This was E reflected in ce== unity produe: ion efficiency and energy flov in this area during the suceer. F.ovever, since the population cocposition and total abundance were no: al:ered as a resul: of this s:ress, i: can be concluded

ha: the popula:1on is stable and can recover fro = periodic stresses when condi: ions are nore favorabic.

Overall, phytoplank:on standing crop and pri=arv produe:1vi:7 appeared

o be enhanced in the lover i= pound en: and discharge area when co= pared vi:h

he upper i= pound en:. ?r =ary produe:1on of :he Robinson != pound en:, while .

oderately lov, ce= pared well with ra:es for s.=ilar water bodies in :he area.

g (Vol. !!, Table 4.3.3 a:: ached.) R l I

.E

13

~

3enthos I^ The nu.nerically i=portant benthic :axa collec:ed during the study vere Chironomidae (41* of the :otal), 011.;ochaeta (33%) and Culicidae (12").

I These three :axa totaled 36% of the organisms collected. Within the remainins; 14%, two addt:ional taxa, Trichoptera and Ephe=eroptera sere examined because of their i=portance as fish food items. The renaining taxa were not collacted in sufficient numbers to merit further cendideration.

I Within the numerically i=pottant taxa, spatial and temporal distri-butions were detet cited f or the most frequently collected genera. (Vol. !!,

I Tables 6.3.2 - 6.3.5 and F1F ures 6.3.1 - 6.3.3).

Dive.rsity indices were calculated to obtain inf ormation on benthic comunity structure and stability (Vol. II, Table 6.3.6 attached) .

I Organism abundance and diversity appeared to be relatively consastent throughout the year at all parts of the 1.:poundment except the discharge area.

W The abundance and diversity at the discharge were similar to the other sampling areas of the impound ent from November through May, but were depressed during s'u::=er mouths which .rar reflected in the compariser of the annual mean acundances of the dischsrge area with other locations. Oata suggest that this depression of diversity and abundance at the discharge is the result of the ther=al effluent l during :be su==er nonths.

l

'M Acuatic Vegetation A complex set of interacting f actors combine to determine the distri-bution of aquatic vegetation. *'ater chemistry, substrate, turbulence, light penetration, and e:perature were all f ound to influence distribution of aquatic vagetation in Robinson I=coundment. (Vol. II, section 7. 3.1) . I: can be generalized from :.he litera:ure reviewed ; hat detrimansal ter.perature etf ects

=ay become apparent near 35*C (95"F). However, temperatures and their effec:s vary among specias. Except in the i= mediate area of :he discharge, turbulence, substrate, and physiographic and san-made features are the pri=ary reasons for reduced aquatic vegetation in unprotected artas of the 1:peundment.

I I - -- -

s' 1

No apparr - differences in :ho ovsrall species distribution (Vol. !!,

Tigures 7.2.1 - 7.2.4 at:sched) =culd be disce=ed free :he dam :o :he SR 346 i bridge, excep  : hose causec by substrate and :urbulence. Areas in unich the l thor =al effluent restri::s :he growth of aqua:i: plan:s occur in :he protec:ed j coves on the eastern shore opposi:.e :he discharge canal and in the coves W directly norrh of :he :tnal. ~hese areas provide necessary habi:a: for potential coloniza:1on of aquatic plan:s.  %'ind caused :urbulence in :hese areas 's nederate; the substra:e con:ains some sil: and organic naterial, and the bo or.

slopes gradually away fro: :he shores, providing an expanse ,: shallow water.

1 Above the SR 346 bridge (Vol.1!, Figure 7.2.1 20: ached), an abrupt change in vegetation is apparen:. Substrate and reduced wave ac: ion increa'se the suitabill:7 of :his area for coloni:a: ion by nacrophytes. T.xcep: when strong scu:herly winds force hes:ed vnter under :he bridge, very little, if any, ther=al addition is cade tv this area by the plan discharge. ~here are no g

identifiable effects of :he the =al effluen: from the Robinson Plant in :his 5 area.

In considering :he entire inpoundmen:, the 11=1:ed areas which are I

hormally influenced from the scandpoint of aquaci macrephytes do not pose a threa: :o the protection of a balanced and indigenous co= unity of shellfish, fish, and vildlif e in and around :he impcundment.

Terrestrial vertebrates e i 5 For the four classes of vertebrates (amphibians, reptiles, birds, g

- - m's) examined during the study, habi:a: prc.f erence was f ound to be the E scot important factor dece mining dis:ribution of these animals vi: in :he study area.

1 l

Twenty-two species of amphibians (h '. . II, Table 3.2.1 a:: ached) l vere iden:1 died .d. thin :he study area. Needs :enmen :o all individuals of these species while at Robinson I peundment or Slack Creek i?.cluded va:er

e:pera:ures within tolerable ranges, :cver, food, and breeding si:es. The expec:ed and obce: red habi:a: preferences end recuirements, no: :he elevated l :e:peratures, were :ensidered crizarily responsible for :he res:rt::icn of nos:

I e

, =

l l

15

- cf the amphibian species to shallow, more heavily vegetated m?.r;; ins of :he i

L impoundment. Limitation of aeuatic vegetation by the heated dischar;;e (Vo. 11

- Section 7.0) reduced the amount of suitable habi:at available for amphibians L in the 1:=ediac=

• aa of the disch>rsa-The combined ther=al impact on the reprodue: ion, development, and growth of the a=phibian species at Robinson I= pound =ent was not considered I a signficant threat to the continued existence of those species or population balances.

Ten species of aquatic and semi-aquatic reptiles (Vol. II, Table 3.3.1 attached) were found to occur within the study area. nese species depended on the aquatic ecosystem for such factors as water temperature within the tolerable tanges, appropriate cover, and adequate foed supply.

In the su==ar, ther=al ixelusion areas in the vicin..:7 of the I discharge reduced the distribution of scme reptilian species.

species which did occur in the char = ally affected area, cooler refuge areas For those existed within or adjacent to the exclusion areas and provided a suitable habitat where displaced reptiles could survive cri:1:al periods.

I A redue:1on of the distribution of reptilian species in the area I

of the discharge may have resulted from the seasonal lisi:ation of aquatic

=acrophyte and benthic produe:1on. (Vol. II, See:1on 6.0 and See: ion 7.0) .

The Robinson I= pound:ent provides an attractive habi:at for a wide variety of aquatic avifuana (Vol. II, Table 3.4.1 a:: ached) . Comparirens of the species composition and relative abt.ndance of avifauna present at Robinson Impoundment with those recorded at the landbills National Wildlife Refuge, the EPA Savannah River Plan:, and other study areas in the southeast, indica:e li::le or no difference.

Within the impoundment, the availabili:V of sui:able habitat determined the distribution of the species. F.abitat for a given group did not differ in its a.:ractiveness between hea:ed and unheated portions of the impoundment in any way : hat could be attributed to hea: load.

16

'Ji:hin habi:a: :ypes, the effects of the ther=al effluen: on acuatic avifauna are indiree:. Each group of waterbirds utilices one or : tore Ocepenents of :he aqua:La ecosystem as a food source. ! pact upon these Oceponents by

he heated effluen: vould result in changes in nu=bers and distributi:n in :he higher :: phi: levels occupied by aqua:ic birds. Data ; resen:ed in Volu=e !!,

See:icas 6.0, 5.0, and 7.0 indica:e :ha: :hese icver .ophic levels were no: l i= pac:ed :o :he exrent :ha: the avifauna utili:ing et . food source were affected.

Fifteen species of - .als (Vol. ::, Table 3.5 a:: ached) were obser red at Robinson !=poundment and Black Creek during ths study period. iive ei those 1 spatcies were deter =ined to in:eract with :he aquatic ecosystem to a signif t:an:

eiten:.

~'he abili:7 of na-als :o :her=oregula:e prec1c.les any t.irect effect I of the hea:ed effluen: upon species residing in the va:er. Availability of rui:able habits: vas the factor deter =ined to have exercised the greates:

influence ou "-al dis:.ribu:1cus at :he Robinsen != pound:en uld alor.g 31ack )

1 Creek. 1 he ther=al irpac: on the :erres: ".a1 vertebrates was not considered grea: enough :o threaten :he continued existence or naintenance of the balanced indigenous cc ani:7 f cund :o occur at Robinson !=poundment.

M 5

' I I

I I

! I a.

I

'I I- l 8

i I

I I

E I 4.0 Reference Tables and Figures l

(Table and Figure Numbers Correspond l -

to t. hose Used in Volume II) l i

l8 I

I I .

lI l

5 I

I i

17 I

Table 4.2.1 Cmmon and scientific names of fishes collected frem I. H. B. Rooinson Impoundment during 1974 and 1975 l- Bpwfin ML_a_

i e a lv a Eastern nudminnow L'mbra pygmaea I Redfin pickarel Chain pickerel Golden shiner Eaox_ americanus Esex nicer E imigonus chrisoleuess I .

Dusky shiner Creek chubsucker Lake chubsuckar Notropis cu=minusae Erimyter oblongus Erimyzon sucetta Spotted sucker Minverema pelaneps I White catfish Yellow bullhead Flat bullhead

!ctalurus catus Ictalurus na talis Ic talurus plat reephalus I Swmpfish Pirata perch Lined topminnow Chologaster cornuta Aphredederus savanus Fundulus, lineolatus Mosquittfish Gamt.usta a f finis I, hud sunfish Flier Acantharchus pomotis Sentrarchus g rrooteris Banded Pigmy sunfish Elassoma zonatur.

I '-

Blackbanded sunfish Bluespotted sunfish Redbreast sunfish r m ecanthus e hm e t od en Lqnesa,anthus tiertosus Lwpomis a,yritus I

Pumpkins eed Lepomis tibbosus Warmouth L9pomis Rulosus Bluegill Lepemis macrocnirus Dollar sunfish Leponie marginatus

i. Largemouth baas White Crappie Black crappie Micreeterus salmoides Pomoxis annularis Fe noxis n12romaculatus Sunfish hybrid Lepomi,3, sp .

Swamp darter I~ Sawcheek darter Etheostera fusif orme Etheostera serriferum 5

I I

I I

18 Table I. 2.2 Tish species to= position of bodies of wate: in Nor-h and South Carolina E 3. ?,obinson S: pound::::n: and other s1=114 I Singletary Lakt Alligator Orea: Catfish Robinson Lake **.ac:amaw Par Pend Lake Lake L4ke

!=poundsent 37: a 8938 a 3000 a 5600 a 2992 a 9:1 a E

g.

2;f 0 a (Louder, (tcuder, (:1ugston, (Creve11 (Bayless, (layless . .

Cemen h e Pr e s e: .r_ 5 tudv 1561) 1961) 1973) 106 0 lo'n 1066) _ ,

Longnosa gar x x x Sovfin x x x i American eel x* x x x 31accack herring x I C1:xtrd snad x x  ;

ZAstern rac=1:nov x x i Redfin p1 karel x r x x  ;

Chain pickerel x x x x }

kW x .I Golden shiser x x x x x x troncolor shiner x x ,

, Dusty shiner x g-

! Cosstal shiner x x g['

Cr:ek enubsucker x x x ,

Laka chubsucker x x x x j 5 potted sucxar x x j Vhite catfian x x x  :

I Yn11ov bullhead x x x x x x x i

! Brown bullhead x x  !

Tlat buuhead x x '

l

, Chant.el entfish x  ;

l Tadpole radt== x* x x x l liargised e.adcom x* r

$wampfish x i

, Firate perch x x x x  !

Lined tcyminnov z i Vaccamav killifish x l Mc quitof1sh x x x x x  !

3reck silverside x f l

Vcces:.av silverside x White perch x 3 l

Mud sunfish Flier x

x x x

x x gi Sanded pigsy sunfish x x x '

Blackbanded sunfish x 31uespotted suaf1sn x x x landed sunfish x ,

x Redbreast sunfish x x s Pur.pkinseed x x i Varmouth x x x x x x I Bluesin x x x x x [

l DcIlar sunfish x x  :

( 1adear sunfish x $

i Spotted sunfish x x l Vhite trappie x x r; llack crappie x x Largemouth bass x x x x -

$ vamp darter x x x x [

TasSenatec tarter x* L Veccarav darter x i, j Scvcheek darter x  ?.

l Yencre perca x = x x x x  !

Piedsent darter x* .

• Black Creek enly Total Ocuectsd 36 15 33 25 12 7 5 ( .

I si, l

{

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19 Table 5.3.8 Comparison of Robinson I=poundment annual average pri=ary productivity with reported literr.ture values Produgtivity

'Ja t e r bo dy (: vee) neC/m'/dav ?ank Author (sl

• Sylvan, ind. 1564 1 Wetzel, 1966 I. *Fredriksburg, ten = ark 1030 750 2 Nygaard, 1955 Jonassen &

• Fureso. Den = ark 3 Mathiesen, 1959 608 4 We'.:el, 1969 l8 L

Little Crooked Lake Ind.

• claar Lake, Calif. 438 5 Gold =an & Wetzel (1963) l wWalters, Ind. 437 6 Wet:el, 1966

'f-Creckea Lake, Ind. 414 7 ' Jet:si, 1!69

• Par Pond, S. C. (rcactor- 396 8 Tilly, 1973 cooling resst roir)

Robinson Inpeund ent 38o I (reactor-cooling 1=peund-9 Miller ment)

I

• Clear Pond, S. C.

(Carolina bay)

• Clark Rill, S. C.

285 240 10 11 Tilly, 1973 Tilly, 1973 (reserroir) =

I. *Naknek, Alaska

• Brooks , Alaska 173 158 1?

13 Cold % , '060 Gold =aa, 1960

• Big Snooks, S. C. 102 14 Tilly, 1973

• fro Tilly (1973a) 5 I

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B

Tula t e 6. 3. 6 Diversity estimates (J) of benthos collected in Robinson liupoundmen t , January - Decemlier, 1975 STATIONS A-1 A-3 C-1 ,Cd D-1 D-3 E-I E-3 l' F-S G C-S Jan. 1.99 0.73 1.49 1.98 1 . 9 11 2.06 2.33 1.58 2.54 2.19 3.16 2.7)

Feb. 2.22 0.72 2.13 2.23 1./2 2.13 1.22 1.79 3.07 2.72 2 . 8 11 3.7s dar. 2.19 1.87 2.86 2.01 1.73 1.97 1.78 2.22 '.01 3.22 2.56 3.92 Apr. 2.82 2.10 3.11 2.61 1.73 2.18 1.20 2.19 2.30 2.88 3.10 3.91 ti.sy 2.98 1. 4 ') 2.56 1.61 2.27 2.95 2.35 2.62 2.99 3.03 2.62 3.62 Jun. 0.83 2.10 3.18 1.51 0.73 2.89 2.69 2.47 2.34 3.10 2.15 2.79 Jul, 3.04 1.06  ?.10 0.64 1.45 2.40 2.77 1.00 2.91 3.19 3.15 3.56 ,

Aug. 2.17 1.53 2.52 0.87 1.18 2.99 0.35 1.39 2.32 3.30 2.52 2.98 Sel' . 2.01 1.49 1.73 0. .*. 4 1.78 2.23 0.0 0.47 2.25 1.90 1.45 2.71 Oct. 2.89 1.48 1,41 1.30 0.74 1.% 0.0 0.82 2.56 1.55 2.70 2.73 l

Nov. 1.10 1.20 1.84 1.74 1.09 1.88 1.70 2.70 2.70 1.91 2.45 3.90 l Dec. 1.72 1,44 2.81 2.02 2.21 2.62 2.05 2.28 2.91 2.32 1.99 4.21 I

l l

l l

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11 Table 8.2.1 Amphibian species collected and/or observed at Robinson 1: pound:ent and Black Creek, August 1974 through May 1976. (Momenclature follows Conant. 1975) l, Common Nace Black I reund ent Creek p _S,,ci entific Mar a Siren intermedia intermedia Eastern lesser siren X X Neeturus_ ounctatus Dwarf waterdog X X A :phiuma means  ?.ro-toed a=phiu=a X Desmestathus fuscus _

Dusky salamander X stereochtlus mar =inatus Many-lined salamander X Pseudotriton montanus Mud salamander X X Pseudotritrn ruber Red salamander X Eurveca bislineata Southern tvo-lined salamander X X Eurveea cuadridicitata Dwarf salamander X Bufe americanus American toad X Bufo terrestri- Southern toad I X 3ufe woodhousei feviert Fowler's toad X Acris ervilus willus Southern cricket frog X X Acris creoitans ereoitans Morthern crickat frog I Evla crucifer Spring peeper X X Hvla cinerea Green treefrog X .(

Hvla scuirrella Squirrel treefrog X ti:nacedus ocularis Little grass frog X Rana catesbeiana _ Sullfreg X X Rana ;Qr:stires Carpenter frog ,

X X Rana clami:ans 3:en:e frog X Rana utrieblaria Southern leepard frog X

~22 Tcblo S.3.1 Reptilos collected cod /or obocrved at Robinson l= pound =cnt I cnd 31cck Crcok, Aug tst 19m through M.ay 1976 (Necnnelature fellows  !

Conant, 1975) s i

Scientific Na=e C y on Nacre Acuatic and Semi-acuatic Soecies Chelvdra serventina Snapping turtle  !'

b Sternotherus odoratus S tink7ot  ;

Cle==vs_ guttata_ Spotted turtle Cht7senvs se-inta grieta Yellow-bellied :urtle Chrvse=vs concinna concinna River cooter Ijll Chrvse=vs rubriventris Red-bellied curtle gh E!

Detrochelys reticularia reticularia Eastern chicken turtle

{

Banded water snaxe Natrix fasciata fasetata Eii; Natrix taxiscilota Brewn water snake Arkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus Eastern cotton =outh t

EitI Terrestrial Soecies k

ter-apene carolina enrolina Eastern box turtle Anolis carolirensis enrolinensis Green anole El f

Cne=1dophorus sexlineatus,sexlineatus Six-lined racerunner 8' j i

Eumeces jasciatus a Five-lined skink h 51 >

Heterfden olatyrhinos Eastern hognose snake

[r -

';aluber eenstrictor Black racer Ij.U a

Ooheed vs aestivus Rough green snake j Elache obsoleta obsoleta Black cat snake I_j t

La=oreceltis getulus getulus Eastern kin % stake Ef i Leioleoista laterale Ground skink I: t I ,

5: .

23 s

'. T ab le 3. 4. .'. Aquatic avif auna species by catagory observed at f

Robinsen I=peundmenc, August 1974 :hrough Febtaary 1975

- Species _ 5;c e le s_

Grebes Red-necked grebe i -

Horncd grebe Pied-billed grebe i Surface-Feeding Ducks Mallard Black duck Gaduall i American vigeon Blue-vinged teal Green-vinged teal Wood duck Diving Ducks Redhead Ring-necked duck lB Lesser scaup Old squaw Bufflehead Ruddy duck Hooded merganser I Red breasted merganser ,

Cocoon merganser Herons and 31:: erns Great blue heron Green heron Little blue heren Great egret h Snowy egret -

F Yellow-crowned night heron Leas bittern A=crican bittern Rails King rail American coot Shorebirds Spotted sandpiper l Killdeer Sili:ary sandpiper Northern phalarope Common snipe m

4

24 Table 3.4.1 (centinued) Page 2 Cateserv Suecies C-ulls and Terns 'derring gull ung-dtnee ran Senapartes rail gi Comon :ern Blach :em g!

t

}iis eeilanecus Cocon loon }

Canada goosa ^l

'Aistling swan j Double crested corncrant gi Bel:ed kingfisher Ek f

I! !

Ir :

a i

lk

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t I! s i

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25 I Tatie 3.5.1 Ma==al species obser ted at Robinson I=poundnent and Black Creek, Augusc 1974 through February 1976 I-Opossu: (Didelphis marsuotalia)

Starnose mole (Condvlura criacata)

. East.drn cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus)

Gray squiry:1, (Sciurus carolinensis)

ES Beaver (Caster, canadensis)

Cotton rat (Sis;modon hisoidus)

Muskrat (Ondatra zibethica)

Norvay rat (Rattus norrenicus)

Red fox (Vulpes h13 )

Grey fox (Uroeven ciner_eearzentus)

Raccoon (Proeven lotor)

I Mink (Mustela vison)

Striped Skunk (Mechitig mechitis)

Otter (1,utra canadensis)

• 1. niteta11 deer (odoceileus virginianus) l I

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Figure 3.3.- Robinson h.pcundnen: 2*C vertical isotheres (north :o south), vinter Februar/ 12, 1974 and Februarf 3,1973 (indica:ing deepes: station at g' cordi:1ons:

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