ML20083N788
| ML20083N788 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Indian Point  |
| Issue date: | 01/31/1983 |
| From: | Piccioni R, Pisello D FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, NEW YORK CITY AUDUBON SOCIETY |
| To: | |
| References | |
| ISSUANCES-SP, NUDOCS 8302030165 | |
| Download: ML20083N788 (29) | |
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EIED UNITED STATES OF AMERICA bl*07 NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION' ATOMIC SAFETY AND LICENSING BOARD Before Administrative Judges:
James P. Gleason, Chairman Frederick J. Shon Dr. Oscar H. Paris
x In the Matter of I
Docket Nos.
CONSOLIDATED EDISON COMPANY OF NEW YORK, 50-247 SP INC.
(Indian Point, Unit No. 2)
)
50-286 SP I
POWER AUTHORITY CF THE STATE OF NEW YORK January 31, 1983 (Indian Point, Unit No. 3)
)
x
=
DIRECT TESTIMONY of DANIEL M. PISELLO, Ph.D.
and RICHARD G. PICCIONI, Ph.D.
On Behalf Of FRIENDS OF THE EARTH, INC.
and NEW YORK CITY AUDUBON SOCIETY 0302030165 830131 l'
PDR ADOCK 05000247 T
. Testimony of Drs. Pisello and Piccioni Qualifications of Dr. Daniel M. Pisello Dr. Pisello is Assistant Professor of Physics at the New York Institute of Technology in New York City. He graduated cum laude from Holy Cross College in 1964 with a B.S. in chemistry and received his doctorate in physics from Columbia University in 1976.
Dr. Pisello's dissertation was on " Inclusive Particle and Resonance Production in
]}+p Interaction."
He has served as Adjunct Assistant Professor of Physics at Colvabia University (1977-1978), Fordham University (1979-1980), Hunter College (1979-1980), and Manhattan College (1980-1981).
He served as an Associate l
Research Scientist in experimental particle physics at New York University from 1976 to 1977.
He has been a visiting Scientist at Yeshiva University and at the Institute of Theoretical Physics of the University of Naples, and is currently Director of Research for Accord Research and Educational Associates, Inc., in New York City. His current research includes environmental radia-tion measurements, and studies in radiation epidemiology.
Dr. Pisello has published a book, Gravitation, Electromagnetism and Quantized Charge - The Einstein Insight, 1979, and articles in Physical Review Letters, Physics Letters, Physical Review, International Journal of Theoretical Physics, and Nuovo Cimento.
In addition his published articles include: " Critical Comment on the Cleanup at TMI," The Ecologist, 11, 1981 (with J. Harvey and R. Piccioni); " Strontium-90 Released in TMI Venting,"
Sicherheit in Chemie und Umwelt, 2, 1982 (with J. Harvey and R. Piccioni);
and "The Zirconium Connection," The Ecologist, 4/5, 1979.
- - _ - _ ~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.. _
. Testimony of Drs. Pisello and Piccioni Dr. Pisello is a member of the American Physical Society, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society. His curriculum vitae is attached as an exhibit to this testimony.
Qualifications of Dr. Richard G. Piccioni Dr. Piccioni is Assistant Professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at Hunter College of the City University of New York. He graduated from the University of California at Irvine in 1972 with a B.S. in biology and a minor in chemistry. He received his doctorate in biophysics from Rockefeller University in 1977.
Dr. Piccioni's dissertation was on " Calcium and Photosynthetic 0xygen Evolution in Blue-Green Algae." From 1977 to 1980 he was a Postdoctoral Fellow at Rockefeller University in the Laboratory of Biophysics and the Department of Cell Biology, where he conducted research into the biochemistry and biophysics of photosynthesis.
His current research activities are exclusively in the field of radiation biology.
In particular, he is engaged in laboratory research on the toxicity of Auger electron-emitting radionuclides jgt vitro, field monitoring of nuclear facilities, and epidemio-logical expressions of radiation exposure jyt utero.
Dr. Piccioni has published articles in Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, the European Journal of Biochemistry, G. Akoyunoglou, et al., eds., 1978, oxygen and Living Processes, D. Gilbert, ed., 1981, and Methods in Chloroplant Molecular Biology, M. Edelman, et al., eds., 1982.
In addition, his published articles include: " Critical Comment on the Cleanup at TMI," The Ecologist, 11, 1981 (with J. Harvey and D. Pisello); and " Strontium-90 Released in TMI Venting," Sicherheit in Chemie und Umwelt, 2, 1982 (with J. Harvey and D.
Pisello). His curriculum vitae is attached as an exhibit to this testimony.
. Testimony of Drs. Pisello and Piccioni We present several possible scenarios involving substantial release of radionuclides from one of the nuclear reactors at the Indian Point Nuclear Generating Station in Buchanan, New York.
Although scenarios l
with more severe consequences are possible, those presented here illustrate i
j some implications of long-term environmental contamination following a serious reactor accident. The prevention of large numbers of excess cancers and other possible health effects among the potentially exposed population may require the relocation of large numbers of people, the interdiction of large areas of land for agricultural purposes, and interdiction for several years of major sources of drinking water for New York City or other communities in the vicinity of Indian Point.
Contamination in the immediate vicinity of the reactor following an accident may be severe enough that maintenance of the situation at the Indian Point site, including tending to the damaged reactor, the undamaged reactor, and the spent fuel storage facilities would be impossible without exposing' personnel to lethal doses of radiation.
All accident scenarios presented here are based on a PWR 2 type release from the Indian Point Unit 3 reactor (Appendix I).
In each case surface deposition is calculated using a simple wedge model (Appendix II).
. Testimony of Drs. Pisello and Piccioni Scenario 1.
The first scenario we consider is one in which the release occurs during an extended period of calm, or light variable winds.
(Wedge model parameters: v =.
m/s; u=1 m/s; 0=2W; H=100m.)
The dose rate at d
various distances from the damaged reactor due to deposited gamma emitters was calculated at various time intervals after the accident (Appendix III).
One day after the release the dose rate one hundred meters from the release point is 235 rems per hour. At this dose rate, a worker spending two hours on the plant site has more than a 50% chance of dying from radiation exposure within 30 days. One week after the accident the dose rate at 100 meters is 100 rems per hour and one month after the release it is 28 rems per hour.
One year after the release the 100 meter dose rate is still 7.5 rems per hour, and even after 50 years the 100 meter dose rate is 5 rems per day, the maximum occupation exposure allowed for one year.
The dose rates in the early stages immediately after the accident are sufficiently high that the maintenance of the facilities on the site would be impossible without causing severe radiation sickness followed by death within weeks in many cases. The difficulty of maintaining adequate surveillance of the existing facilities at the plant site under these conditions increases the likelihood of the original accident moving into a second stage which could involve further releases from the damaged reactor, a major release from the second reactor or from one of the spent fuel pools.
. Testimony of Drs. Pisello and Piccioni Scenario 2.
l The second scenario we consider is characterized by a moderate wind which carries the plume south to New York City.
(Wedge model parameters v =.01 m/s; u=3 m/s; e = 0.25; H = 800 m.)
We calculate the dose rate d
due to gamma emitters deposited on surfaces at a point near the center of the city. One day after release the dose rate is 9.6 rems per day. After one week it is 4.1 rems per day; after one month, it is 1.2 rems per day.
At the end of a year it.is still 310 rems per day. After 50 years the dose rate is 9 mrem per day, approximately 30 times pre-accident background rate.
If the number of people living and working in the path of the plume at distances greater than 10 miles from Indian Point (approximately 4 million) neither decreases nor increases following the release, then the total external gamma population dose delivered over time due to deposited Co-58, Co-60, Zr-95, Ru-103, Ru-106, Te-127m, Te-132, I-131, Cs-134, Cs-137, Ce-141, and Ce-144 is 2.7 billion person-rems.
(The population density given in the IPPSS, Ref. 5, for a 22.5' sector centered due south was used.)
This population dose leads to an estimated 1.3 million extra cancer fatalities.
The whole body population dose acquired over time due to inhalation of resuspended Sr-90, Pu-238, Pu-239, Pu-240, Pu-241, Am-241, Om-242, Cm-244, Cs-137, and Cs-134 is estimated at 50 million person-rems, leading to an estimated 25,000 additional cancer fatalities. Appendix VII presents a discussion of the full range of dose-effect factors for fatal cancer induc-tion which appear in the scientific literature, and an explanation of our
. Testimony of Drs. Pisello and Piccioni choice of 2000 person-rem for the value of the whole body cancer dose used to obtain the above cancer fatality predictions.
Scenario 3.
A third scenario considers the plume moving northwest over the New York City water supply Catskill catchment area, which provides 80% of New York City's drinking water. There a rainstorm washes out a substantial fraction of the contents of the radioactive cloud. One hour of rain under unstable atmospheric conditions can lead to 97% depletion and deposition of the cloud contents.
An empirical relationship between deposition and concentration of strontium-90 in New York City tap water (Appendix V) predicts that deposition of 97% e7 the cloud contents (approximately 50% of the release) into the Catskill catch-ment area could result in concentration of strontium-90 in New York City tap water in excess of the MPC (maximum permissable concentration) for drinking water for two and one-half years. (MPC for Sr-90 in drinking water is 3 x 10~ pCi/ml,10CFR part 50, Appendix B, Table II.)
Scenario 4.
A fourth scenario considers the plume moving in a direction which keep? it over land for a considerable distance. Using the same wedge model parameters as in Scenario 2., we calculate the maximum distance at which deposition of Sr-90 and Cs-137 is sufficient to require interdiction of land for agricultural purposes. This distance is found to be 480 km, requiring interdiction of approximately 10,000 sq. mi.
. Testimony of Drs. Pisello and Piccioni Presuming deposition of all released radionuclides within the boundaries of New York State, we calculate the total whole-body population dose to resi-dents of the state, using transfer factors obtained empirically from observation of the behavior of atomic weapons fallout. We calculate a total population dose due to Sr-90 of 104 million person rems, and due to Cs-137, 77 million person rems, leading to 90,000 fatal cancers (Appendix VI).
In the case of a plume like that discussed in Scenario 2, 72% of the deposited radioactivity, and hence, contaminated agricultural land, would lie outside a 50 mile radius of the plant, the usual 3.imit of the Ingestion EPZ (Emergency Planning Zone). Therefore, 72% of the population dose and cancer mortality calculated above would be undiminished by mitigative actions proposed by the plant operators.
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APPENDIX I Released Radioactivity The PWR 2 accident category is defined as follows:
"This category is associated with the failure of core-cooling systems and core melting concurrent with the failure of con-tainment spray and heat-removal systems. Failure of the con-tainment barrier would occur through overpressure, causing a substantial fraction of the containment atmosphere to be released in a puff sver a period of about 30 minutes. Due to the sweeping actic f gases generated during containment vessel meltthrough, the release of radioactive material would continue at a relatively low rate thereafter. The total j
release would contain approximately 70% of the iodines and 50% of the alkali metals present in the core at the time of release. As in PWR release category 1, the high temperature and pressure within containment at the time of containment failure would result in a relatively high release rate of sensible energy from the containment."
The following parameters are associated with a PWR 2 release:
Time of release 2.5 hr Duration of release 0.5 hr Elevation of release 0
6 Energy release 170 x 10 Btu /hr Fraction of Core Inventory Released i'.e-Kr I
Cs-Rb Te-Sb Ba-Sr Ru" La 0.9 0.7 0.5 0.3 0.06 0.02 0.004 (a)
Includes Ru, Rh, Co, Mo, Tc (b)
Includes Y, La, Zr, Nb, Ce, Pr, Nd, Np, Pu, Am, Cm Table I-l lists the inventory at shutdown for Indian Point 3 with an average burnup for the three core regions of 880, 17,600, and 26,400 megawatt-days per metric ton of uranium. The inventory is scaled down by a fagtor of (3025/3200) from the inventory given in the Reactor Safety Study to take into accaunt the power output of IP3.
The amount of each isotope released in the PhR 2 accident is listed in the second column. The third column contains a factor which adjusts the release fo burnup of 17,600 megawatt-days per metric ton.g higher overall average I-l
T1.BLE I-l SOURCE TERMS FOR PWR 2 RELEASE FROM INDIAN POINT 3 Core Qg Half-Life Inventory Quantity Factor for Radionuclide (days)
(mci)
ReleasedO!Ci)
Higher Burnup Co-58 71.0
.737
.0147 Co-60 1,920
.274
.00548 Kr-85 3,950
.529
.476 1.07 Rb-86 18.7
.0246
.0123 Sr-89 52.1 88.9 5.33 1.17 Sr-90 11,030 3.50
.21 1.41 Y-90 2.67 3.69
.0148 1.33 Y-91 59.0 113
.452 1.17 Zr-95 65.2 142
.568 1.06 Nb-95 35.0 142
.568 1.06 Mo-99 2.8 151 3.02 Ru-103 39.5 104 2.08 0.91 Ru-106 366 23.6
.472 0.76 Rh-105 1.5 46.3
.926 1.18 Te-127m 109 1.04
.0936 Te-131m 1.25 12.3 3.69 1.15 Te-132 3.25 113 33.9 1.00 Sb-127 3.88 5.77 1.73 I-131 8.05 80.4 56.3 1.00 Xe-133 5.28 161 145 1.00 Cs-134 750 7.09 3.54 0.14 Cs-136 13.0 2.84 1.42 2.00 Cs-137 11,000 4.44 2.22 1.23 Ba-140 12.8 151 9.06 1.00 La-140 1.67 151
.604 1.00 Ce-141 32.3 142
.568 1.06 Ce-143 1.38 123
.452 1.15 Ce-144 284 80.4
.322 1.29 l
Pr-143 13.7 123
.492 1.15 Nd-147 11.1 56.7
.227 1.00 Np-239 2.35 1550 6.2 Pu-238 32,500 6
5 Pu-239 8.9 x 10
~
6
-5 Pu-240 2.4 x 10
.0199 8.0 x 10 Pu-241 5,350
~
5
-6 Am-241 1.5 x 10
.00161 6.4 x 10 Cm-242 163
.473
.0019
~
Cm-244 6,630
.0217 8.7 x 10 1
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FOOTNOTES 1.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, page 2-2.
i 2.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, Table VI 2-1, page 2-5.
3.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, Table VI 3-1, page 3-3.
l 4.
Ref. 2, Appendix II, Table XXXIV, page S96.
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APPENDIX II Surface Deposition of Released Radioactivity th The area density of the i radionuclide deposited on surfaces the path of the plume in the absence of rain is given by the wedge model
= Q G(r)exp(-kt) er (r,t) where G(r)= k (re) eXP (-k d"d ""
d d
r is the distance downwind from the release point t is the time elapsed sincegelease Q is the quantity of the i radionuclide released g
H is the mixing height u is the wind speed e is the angular width of the plume v
s de deposition velocity and d
th k is the radiological decay constant for the i radionuclide.
The mixing height is defined as vigorousverticalmixingoccurs.gheheightabovethesurfacethroughwhich Average morning and afternoon mixing heightsobservedatJFgduring 1960-1964 under conditions of no precipi-tation are given here:
Average Mixing Heights in Meters Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual Morning 875 788 662 675 750 Afternoon 901 1360 1512 1086 1214 Inversions, or isothermal conditions based below 500 feet occur apprc:imately 25% of the time in the area of Indian Point and greater New York.4 Average wind speeds observed at JFK for the years 1960-1964 are:S Average Wind Speeds in Meters Per Second Winter Spring Summer Fall Annual Morning 8.3 6.9 5.5 6.6 6.8 Afternoon 8.2 8.7 6.8 7.4 7.8 At Indian Point from 8/1/78 to 7/31/79 the wind has been observed from the north approximately 11% of the time with wind speeds corresponding to atmospheric stability classes A-G ranging from 1.1 m/s to 2.4 m/s at the 122 meter elevation.6 II-1
The angular width of the plume depends on the lateral dispersion which in turn depends on the atmospheric stability class.
The angular width O has been estimated for stability classes A-F using the formula:
E e=
r where 0- is the horizontal dispersion parameter for a simple Gaussian dispersion y
model evaluated at r = 60 km.7 The angular width obtained ranges from.36 radians for stability class A to.087 radians for class F.
The d deposition velocity has a range of possible values from 10-3 m/s to 10- m/s.8 Wet deposition.
Depletion due to precipitation scavenging is given by exp (-/\\t) where d.is the removal rate and t is the duration of precipitation. The fraction of airborne radioactivity brought down by precipitation is 1-exp (-J\\t). The wet removal rate has a minimum expected value of 10-5 s-1 and a maximum expected value of 10-2
-1; it has an average expected value under stable g
conditions (warm frontal storm) of 10-4
-1, and under unstable conditions s
(convective storm) a value of 10-3 s-1.9 FOOTNOTES 1.
Ref. 2, Appendix 2, page S97 2.
Ref. 3, page 3.
3.
Ref. 3, Table B-1, page 111.
4.
Ref. 4, Figure 2.22, page 38.
5.
Ref. 3, Table B-1, page 111.
6.
Ref. 5, Tables 6.2-3A through 3G, pages 6.2-16 through 6.2-19.
7.
Ref. 9, Figure 3-2, page 8.
8.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, page 6-2 and Table VI B-1, page B-9.
9.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, page 6-2 and Table VI B-1, page B-9.
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APPENDIX III External Gamma Dose Whole body external gamma dose rate is given by:
R(t)=[DQ exp (-
t) G (r) f (t) where r is the distance downwind from the release point, t is the time elapsed since the release, D is the whole body external gamma dose rate per unit 4
surface deposition of the ith radionuclide assuming uniform distribution on level ground, Qi is the quantity of ith radionuclide released, G(r) is defined in Appendix II, and f(t) represents the reduction of dose rate due to movement of radionuclides into the soil given by: 1 f(t) = 0.63exp (-1.13t) + 0.37exp (-0.0075t) s Dose rate factors Di are derived from one day time-integrated dose factors D* given in the reactor safety study,2 using:
=D{k(1-exp-fg)
D1 Integrated doses are obtained by integrating R(t) over time.
The total external gamma population dose delivered.to people continuing to reside in the path of the plume is calculated according to:
- ,50mi PD
=}
dtdrderP (r) R (r,t) o r0 where R(r,t) is the whole body external gamma dose rate given above, and P(r) is the population density as a function of distance from the reactor, assumed constant across the width of the plume and not changing in time.
The lower limit r is the radius outside of which no evacuation occurred.
Theupperlimito950milesisarbitrary.
This integral factors according to:
Shi e
r f
= ( sk ] Q D f(t)exp(-)\\ t)dt] (
P (r) exp (-)\\
PD g
d i
d
)
r 0
0 Population data from the Indian Point Probabilistic Safety Study were used to approximate the integral over space.3 III-1
2 1
^
FOOTNOTES i
1.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, Appendix E, page E-4.
2.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, Appendix C, Table VI C-2, page C-6.
3.
Ref. 5, Table 6.2-5, page 6.2-24-26.
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APPENDIX IV Inhalation Dose Due to Resuspension The total whole body population dose delivered to people continuing to reside in the path of the plume due to inhalation of resuspended particulates is calculated according to:
Y 50 mi dt dr de rP(r) G(r)[Q I K(t)exp(-
t)
=B 0 r 0 whereI,lide,gefiftyyearinhalationdosecommgttmentfactorfortheith is t radionuc B is the average breathing rate, and K(t) is the resuspension factor givsn by 3 K(t) = K exp(- kt) +K k=0.677yr
~
with K
- 10 m 4 K = 10~
~
~
m ;
o e
The double integral factors u der the same assumptions made in Appendix III, according to :
50 mi (BA U
ePh t)]
dr P(r)exp(-%d )
r PD
=
d ii i
g 0
r0 Population data from the Indian Point Pgobabilistic Safety Study were used to approximate the integral over space.
FOOTNOTES:
1.
Ref. 11, Table 8, pages 36-39.
3 2.
Ref. 11, Table B-4, page B-4. The adult value, 7300 m /y was used.
3.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, Appensic E, pages E-13.
4.
Ref. 5, Table 6.2-5, page 6.2-24 through 26.
IV-1
APPENDIX V Model Relating Deposition of Strontium-90 to Concentration in N.Y.C. Water Supply In order to calculate the effect of an impulse deposition at t=0 of S Curies of Sr-90 in the N.Y.C. Watershed area on N.Y.C. tapwater, we assume the occurrence of a maximum concentration of Co at time td after deposition, and an exponential decay of the concentration after this time. The concentration C at any time after the impulse is given by:
C = 0 (t-e ) C,exp [- h (t-t I l d
d and the maximum concentration is given by:
C = fS o
Theparametersfandkweredeterminedfromfalloutdata.
f = 4.87 x 10" (pCi/1)/Ci k=.200y-FOOTNOTES l
1.
Ref. 6, Appendix A, pages A73-75; Ref. 8, Appendix D, page D5.
V-1
APPENDIX VI Agricultural Interdiction and Ingestion Dose The maximum distance at which surface deposition of Sr-90 and Cs-137 exceeds land contamination thresholds 5 is determined by solving the following equation for r:
UCs-137 USr-90
+
20 pC1/m2 2 pCi/m2 The total whole body population dose delivered to persons in New York State who consume food produced in New York after deposition of the total release within the state is calculated according to:
PDing " Qi x TF1xDi x Iing,i x PNYS i-ANYS where Qi is the quantity of the ith radionuclide released (and deposited), TFi is the transfer factor for radionuclide i frem surface to diet, Di is the rate of dietaryuptakeofthestableanglogof,1,Iing,i is the ingsstion dose canmittment factor for the ith radionuclide, and PNYS and ANYS are the population and total 1
surface area of New York State, respectively.
4 We carry out this calculation for Sr-90 and Cs-137 only, as these radicnuclides dominate, using the following values for the parameters above:
TF 2 3
1 og I ng,i i
Sr-90 5.C6 pCi-y/gCa per mci /km2 370 gCa/y 1.86 x 10-3 mrem /pci 2
Cs-137 2.42 pCi-y/gK per mci /km 1430 gK/y 7.14 x 10-5 mrem /pci FOOTNOTES:
(
- 1. Ref. 11, Table 4.
- 2. Sr-90: Ref. 8, p I-43, Table 5; Cs-137: Ref. 26, p 15, Table 4.
- 3. Sr-90: Ref 8, p I-33, Table 1; Cs-137: yearly K intake obtained according to:
Dg =
1.6 gK/kg milk x 200 kg milk /yr 4
.227 milk K/ total K using values obtained from Ref. 25, p 48S Ref. 8, p I-33, Table 1, and Ref. 26, p 15, Table 4, respectively.
- 4. Ref. 27, p 839.
- 5. Ref.
2, p S 103, Table XXXIX.
VI-1
APPENDIX VII Basis of Whole-body Cancer Dose Estimate In calculating cancer deaths resulting from whole-body exposure, a value of 2,000 person-rems has been utilized.
Table VII-l presents a spectrum of such values from the recent scientific literature.
In each case, the recommended methodology for calculation of excess cancer deaths was used, assuming doses in the range O to 50 rads.
The wide discrepancy in the values for radiation-induced fatal cancer dose results in large part from adoption or rejection of a linear dose /
response relation in the exposure range considered.
It is a viewpoint shared by a large portion of the scientific community that linearity of y
response down to very low doses cannot be excluded by the available data.
Uncertainty in the slope of the dose / response curve in the low-dose range has been widely discussed, with highly divergent opinions having been reached by the authors of the references cited in Table VII-1.
The value we have adopted lies hetyeen the extremes shown in TableVII but could be tea high or too low by at lea',t an order of magnitude.
The effects of partial-body irradiation, such as would be expected as a result of ingestion or inhalation of Sr-90, en the dose-effect relation discussed above are difficult to judge on the basis of existing data on humans.
The uncertainty in the effects, e.g., of bone carrow exposure due to incorpor-ated bone-seeking radioactivity, are likely contained within the wide limits of uncertainty set by Table VII.
Recent statistical evidence obtained by ourselves strongly suggests a high sensitivity of human fetus to some component of weapons fallout.2 This evidence consists of a highly significant correlation between fetal death ratios and dietary fallout levels obtaining during the period of atmospheric bomb tests. Our studies are distinguished from previous research efforts in this area by virtue of our inclusion of early fetal deaths (gestational age less than 20 weeks) occurring in those regions of the contiguous United States maintaining a high quality of reporting of such deaths.
The possibility of high fetotoxicity of ingested or inhaled radioactivity could greatly enhance the risk of spontaneous abortion in exposed pregnant women.
FOOTNOTES 1.
Refs. 15, 16, 21, 22.
2.
Ref. 23.
VII-l t
TABLE VII.
ESTIMATES OF WHOLE-BODY CANCER DOSE OF IDW-LET RADIATION FOR POPULATIONS OF MIXED AGES.
Fatal Cancer Dose Source in Person-rems RSS (1975)
Dose rates below 1 rem / day; central estimate of cancer 41,000 risk; (upper estimate x 0.2).a BEIR(1980) 75 yr exposure at 1 rad /yr; linear quadratic model; 15,000 absolute risk 1.rojection; 4,751 cancer deaths per million persons irradiated.b ICRP(1977) 100 cancer deaths per million person-rads.c 10,000 RSS (1975)
Upper estimate of cancer risk; 121.6 cancer deaths per 8,200 million person-rads.d BEIR (1980) 75 yr exposur. at 1 rad /yr; linear model; absolute 6,700 risk projection; 11,250 cancer deaths per million persons irradiated.b BEIR(1980) 75 yr exposure at i rad /yr linear-quadratic model; 6,300 relative risk projection; 11,370 cancer deaths per millien persons irradiated.b Radford(1980)
Lower estimate of cancer incidence (260 and 550 per 5,600 million person rads for males and females, respectively) averaged and converted to mortality (approximately one-half incidence).e BEIR(1980) 75 yr exposure at i rad /yr; linear model; relative 2,600 risk projection; 28,690 excess cancer deaths per million persons irradiated.b Radford (1980)
Upper estimate of cancer incidence risk (880 and 1,700 1620 per million person rads for males and females, respectively) averaged and converted to mortality (approximately one-half incidence.*
Morgan (1981)
Two-fold increase in BEIR (1980) risk (linear model, 1,300 relative risk projection)due to revision of shielding factors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki.f Rotblat(1978) 800 cancer deaths per million person-rads.9 1,250 Gofman (1981)
Central estimate of cancer dose.h 268 Kneale et al. (1978)
Doubling dose for c?.ncer mortality estimated 170 as 33.7 rads for males divided by spontaneous cancer death rate of 0.198.i VII-2
FOOTNOTES TO TABLE VII a.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, page 9-36, Table VI 9-7.
b.
Ref.14, page 146, Table V-3.
c.
Ref. 12.
d.
Ref. 1, Appendix VI, page 9-34, Table 9-4.
e.
Ref. 16, page 386.
f.
Ref. 19.
g.
Ref. 15, page 44.
h.
Ref. 17, page 294.
i.
Ref.18, page 404, Ref. 24.
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VII-3
REFERENCES 1.
Reactor Safety Study, An Assessment of Accident Risks in U.S. Commercial Nuclear Power Plants, WASH-1400 (NUREG-74-014), United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission, October 1975.
2.
Report to the American Physical Society by the Study Group on Light-Water Reactor Safety, Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 47, Supple. No.
l.,
Summer 1975.
3.
Mixing Heights, Wind Speeds, and Potential for Urban Air Pollution Throughout the Contiguous United States, George C. Holzworth, Division of Meterology, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, January 1972.
4.
Meteorology and Atomic Energy 1968, David H. Slade, Editor, Air Resources Laboratories, U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Office of Information Survices, July 1963.
5.
Indian Point E?ahabilistic Safety Study, 30Sr Fallout Data: 3954-1976, Environmental 6.
Final Tabulation of tionthiy Quarterly, Health and Safety Laboratory, Energy Research & Development Administration, HASL-329, New York, October 1, 1977.
7.
The Water Supply of the City of New York, City of New York, Department of Water Resources, WSC 535, File 144, Revised October 1972.
8.
Environmental Report, Environmental Measurements Laboratory, Department of Energy, EML-395, New York, November 1, 1981.
9.
Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates, D. Bruce Turner, Air Resources Field Research Office, Environmental Science Services Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Programs, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, Revised 1970.
10.
Regulatory Guide 1.109, Calculation of Annual Doses of Man from Routine Releases of Reactor Effluents for the Purpose of Evaluating Compliance with 10 CFR Part 50, Appendix I, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Guide, Office of Standards Development, Revision 1, October 1977.
11.
Age-Specific Radiation Dose Commitment Factors for a One-Year Chronic Intake, G.R. Hoenes, J.K. Soldat, Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Prepared for the Office of Standards Development, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, NUREG-0172, November 1977.
12.
International Commission on Radiological Protection.
Recommendations.
ICRP Publication 25.
Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1977.
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13.
Code of Federal Regulations,10, Energy, Part 50, Appendix B, January 1,1980.
14.
National Research Council, Advisory Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations. The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980.
15.
Rotblat, J., "The risks for radiation workers", Bull. Atom. Sci., 34, (1978) 41-44.
16.
Radford, E.P.
" Human Health Effects of Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation:
The BEIR III Controvery", Radiation Research, 8f (1980) 395-394.
17.
Gofman, J.W., Radiation and Human Health.
Sierra Club Books, San Francisco.
1981.
18.
Kneale, G.W., Stewart, A. and Mancuso, T.?I., " Reanalysis of data relating to the Hanford study of cancer risk to radi.ation", in Proceedings of the International Atomic Energy Agency meeting on Late Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation, Vienna, 1978, 387-411, IAE-SM-224/510.
19.
Morgan, K.Z., Letter to Science, 213, (1981) 604.
20.
- Morgan, K.Z.,
" Cancer and low level ionizing rudiation," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Sept. (1978) 30-40.
21.
Brown, J. Martin, "Linearity vs. non-linearity of dose response for radiation carcinogenesis," Health Physics, 34 (1976) 231-245.
I 22.
- Pisello, D.M.,
R.G. Piccioni, G.P. McDaniel, "The effect of weapons fallout I
on fetal mortality," abstract submitted for presentation at May, 1983 AAAS Annual Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, January, 1983.
23.
American Cancer Society "1979 Cancer facts and figures," New York, 1978.
24.
New York Crop Reporting Service, Department of Agriculture and Markets, Building 8, State Campus, Albany, New York.
County Estimate, Released i
March 25, 1982.
l 25.
Radiological Health Data and Reports, September, 1968.
26.
- Evans, C.,
and Bennet, B.G., "The transfer of 137Cs through the food chain to man," ERDA/HASL-310, October, 1976.
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27.
Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, G.C. Merriam Company, Springfield, MA, 1980.
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DANIEL M. PISELLO, Ph.D.
EDUCATION Columbia University, New York, New York.
Ph.D. in physics, 1976. Dissertation title: " Inclusive Particle and Resonance Production in n+p Interaction."
M.Ph. in physics, 1974.
M.S. in physics, 1970.
Scuola Internaticnale di Fisica, "Enrico Fermi", Varenna, Italy.
Summer session in particle physics, 1967.
Holy Cross College, Worcester, Massachusetts.
B.S.,
cum laude, in chemistry, 1964.
University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
Physical chemistry and theoretical physics, 1962-1963.
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
National Science Foundatien summer institute in chemistry, 1959.
TEACHING POSITIONS (PHYSICS)
Sae page 3 for other teaching.
Assistant Professor of Physf es.
New York Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, New York, New York 1982-present.
Assistant Professor of Physics.
New York Institute of Technology. Department of Physics, Old Westbury, New York 1981-1982.
Adjunct Assistant Professor of Physics.
Hunter College, Department of Physics, New York, New York 1979-1980.
Manhattan College, Department of Physics, New York, New York 1980-1981.
l Pace University, Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, New York, l
Summer Session 1981.
Fordham University, Department of Physics, New York, New York 1979-1980.
l Columbia University, Department of Physics, New York, New York, Science l
Honors Program, 1970, 1977-1978.
New York University, Department of Physics, New York, New York Summer Session 1977.
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PUBLICATIONS i
"The effect of weapons fallout on fetal mortality" abstract submitted for presenta-I tion at May 1983 AAAS Annual Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, January, 1983, with R.G. Piccioni and G.P. McDaniel.
" Mobile monitoring of airborne radioactive effluent from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station," submitted to International Perspectives in Public Health, i
December, 1982, with R.G. Piccioni.
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" Strontium-90 Released in T.M.I. Venting," Sicherheit in Chemie und Umwelt, 2 (1982) 89-92, with J. Harvey and R.G. Piccioni.
@cg2 2 Drnisl Picallo
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PUBLICATIONS (continued)
" Critical Comment on the Cleanup at TMI," The Ecologist, 11 (1981) 138-142, with J. Harvey and R.G. Piccioni.
Gravitation, Electromagnatism and Quantized Charge - The Einstein Insight, Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Inc., 1979.
"The Clue of the Hydrogen Bubble," In These Times, 3, 29, June 6-12, 1979.
"The Zirconium Connection," The Ecologist, 4/5', July-August 1979.
" Local Ccuserved Currents in Unified Field Theory," Nuovo Cimento, 48A, 184, November 1978, with R. de Ritis, D. Finkelstein, and D. Weil.
" Unified Field Theory with Homotopic Charge," International Journal of Theoretical Physics, 17,, 143, February 1978.
" Mason Resonance Production in TT+p Interactions at 15 GeV/c," Physics Review D, January 15, 1978, with C. Baltay, C.V. Cautis D. Cohen, S. Csorna, M. Kalelkar, W.D. Smith and N. Yah.
"Nsulinear Classical Theory of Electretagnetism," Inteaa;1onal Jca nal of Theoretical Physics, 16, 863, Novemher 1977.
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" Distribution of Charge in Tr +p Interactions at 15 GeV/c," Physical Reviau D_,
June 1, 1976, with C. Baltar C.7. Cautis, D. Cohen, M. Kalelkar, W.D. Smith and N. Yah.
" Evidence for a New Meson Reonance at 2340 McV," Physical Review Letters, y,
891, Octeber 1975, with C. Baltay, C.V. Cautis, D. Cohen, M. Kr.leikar, W.D. Smith and N. Yeh.
"Saarch for Exotics Produced Opposite a Forward Lambda isTT+p Interactions at 15 GeV/c," Physics Letters, 573, 293, July 1975, with C. Baltay, C.V. Cautis, D. Cohen, M. Kalelkar, W.D. Smith and N. Yeh.
" Search for Charmed Particle Production in 15 BeV/C 7t+p Interactions,"
Physical Review Letters, M. 1118, April 28, 1975, with C. Baltay, C.V. Cautis,.
D. Cohen, S. Csorna, M. Kalelkar, E. Schmidt, W.D. Smith and N. Yeh.
RESCARCH POSITIONS Dirsctor of Research, Accord Research and Education Associates Inc.
1979 -
New York City, Visiting Scientist, in theoretical physics.
University of Naples, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Naples, Italy.
1979.
Yeshiva University, Department of Physics, New York City, New York.
1978.
Associate Research Scientist, in experi= ental particle physics.
New York University, Depart =ent of Physics, New York City, New York.
High energy counter group, 1976-1977.
Colu=bia University, Depart =ent of Physics, New York City, New York.
Bubble Cha=ber group, 1974-1976.
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Page 3 Daniel Pisello NTN3ERSHIPS American Physical Society Sigma Xi, the Scientific Research Society.
ADDITIONAL TEACHING Astronomy.
Adelphi University, A3LE Program, Urban Center,1980.
Mercy College, Ossining State Correctional Facility, 1980.
Gsneral science, elementary physics, chemistry and biology.
Hunter College, 1981.
College of New Rochelle, School of New Resources, Scuch Bronx, 1978.
New York City Community College,1974.
Elementary mathematics, college algebra.
College of New Rochelle, School of New Resources, New York Theological Seminary, 1980.
Numerical analysis.
New York Institute of Technology, Manhattan campus,1981.
Natural science and human values, environmental issues and public policy, history of science.
Adelphi University, ABLE program, World Trade Center and Urban Center, l'979-1980.
Writing and problem solving.
Adelphi University, AELE program, Garden City campus, 1979.
Counselling and remediation.
Richmond College Learning Center, Science and Mathematics Program, Staten Island',
New York, 1974-1976.
Participate'd in design of academic skills center providing supplementary Director.
programs for upper division undergraduate students' including peer tutoring, staff run workshops and academic counselling.
Interviewed and evaluated prospective tutors.
Provided academic and career counselling. Supervised tutors individually and led weekly tutors' discussion group to develop technical and interpersonal aspects of tutoring. Observed tutors at work and experimented with video so that tutors could observe themselves. Conceived and supervised implementation of a student designed and operated computerized data storage and retrieval system to monitor the center's tutoring activities.
a
CURRICULUM VITAE RICHARD G. PICCIONI B.S.
1972 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA AT IRVINE Major: Biology Minor: Chemistry Ph.D.
1977 THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY (Biophysics)
Supervisor: Professor David C. Mauzerall Dissertation: " Calcium and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in blue-green algae."
PRESENT POSITION:
Since Oct. 1980 HUNTER COLLEGE, THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, New York City. Department of Biological Sciences, Assistant Professor.
Actively conducting research on radiation biology of Auger-electron emitters, field monitoring of nuclear facilities, and epidemiological expression of radiation effects.
RESET.PCH WORK EXPERIE'CE':
May 1979 Postdo:.toral Fellow, THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, to Laboratory of Biophysics.
October 1980 Supervisor: Professor David C. Mauzerall Field: Biochemistry and biophysics of photosynthesis Support: National Institute of Health postdoctoral fellowship.
July 1977 Postdoctoral Fellow, THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, to Department of Cell Biology.
April 1979 Supervisors: Dr. Nam-Hai Chua and Professor Phillip Siekevitz Field: Biosynthesis of the photosynthetic apparatus.
Support: National Science Foundation / National Institutes of Health Postdoctoral Fellowships.
July 1972 Graduate Fellow, THE ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY, to Department of Biophysics.
June 1977 Supervisors: Professor David C. Mauzerall Field: Biochemistry and biophysics of photosynthetic oxygen evolution.
Support: Rockefeller University Graduate Fellowship.
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k Richard G. Piccioni Page two HONORS AND AWARDS:
Research support for the study of Intracellular Localization of Auger Electron Emitting Radionuclides, DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES / DIVISION OF SCIENCES AND MATHEMATICS, HUNTER COLLEGE OF THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, 1982.
Research Grant, PROFESSIONAL STAFF CONGRESS, THE CITY UNIVERSITY OF NEW YORK, 1981.
Competitive Research Grant, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, 1980.
Postdoctoral Fellowship, NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH, 1978.
Postdoctoral Fellowship, NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, National Needs Program, 1277.
Undergraduate Summer Research Fellowship, NATICPEL SCIENCE FOUNDATION, 1971.
P' BLICATIONS:
J Piccioni, R.G. and D.C. Mauzerall, " Increase effected by calcium ion in the rate of oxygen evoluticn from preparations of Phorr.id.um luridum," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 723 (1976), 605-609.
Piccioni, R.G. and D.C. Mauzerall, " Calcium and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in cyanobacteria," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 504 (1978), 387-397.
Piccioni, R.G. and D.C. Mauzerall, " Electron transport properties of a French-press preparation of Phormidium luridum," Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 504 (1978), 398-405.
- Bennoun, P., A. Masson, R. Piccioni, and N.-H. Chua, " Uniparental mutants of Chlamydamonas reinhardi defective in photosynthesis,"
in Chloroplast development, G. Akoyunoglou et al., eds., Elsevier/
North Holland Biomedical Press, 1978.
- Piccioni, R.G.,
P.
Bennoun, and N.-H.
- Chua, "A nuclear mutant of Chlamydamonas reinhardti defective in photosynthetic phosphorylation:
Characterization of the algal coupling factor," European Journal of Biochemistry, 117 (1981),93-102.
Mauzerall, D.C. and R.G. Piccioni, "Photosyntnetic oxygen production,"
Chapter 6 of Oxygen and living processes, D. Gilbert, ed., Springer-Verlag (1981).
- Harvey, J.,
R.G. Piccioni, and D.M. Pisello, " Critical comment on the cleanup at T.M.I.," The Ecologist, 11 (1981) 138-142.
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Richard G. Piccioni Page three PUBLICATIONS: (continued)
- Piccioni, R.G., G. Bellmare, and N.-H. Chua, in Methods in chloroplast molecular biology, Edelman, M., Hallic, R.,
and Chua, N.-H.,
eds.,
Elsevier/ North Holland Press, Amsterdam, (1982).
- Harvey, J.,
R.G. Piccioni, and D.M. Pisello, " Strontium released in T.M.I. venting," Sicherheit in Chemie und Umweit, 2 (1982) 89-92.
Pisello, D.M., and R.G. Piccioni, " Mobile monitoring of airborne radio-active effluent from the Oyster Creek Nuclear Generating Station,"
submitted to International Perspectives in Public Health, December, 1982.
Pisello, D.M., R.G. Piccioni, and G.P. McDaniel, "The effect of weapons fallout on fetal mortality," abstract submitted for presentation at May, 1983 AAAS Annual Meeting in Detroit, Michigan, January, 1983.
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