ML20080P644
| ML20080P644 | |
| Person / Time | |
|---|---|
| Site: | Palo Verde  |
| Issue date: | 02/09/1983 |
| From: | Martin M M&E TECHNOLOGY, INC. |
| To: | |
| Shared Package | |
| ML20080P636 | List: |
| References | |
| NUDOCS 8310070289 | |
| Download: ML20080P644 (32) | |
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M&E TECHNOLOGY, INC. mechanical & electricalengineering consultants e materialtesting e product evaluation 1739-B SANDS PLACE e MARIETTA, GEORGIA 30067 e 404-952-5264 [ 0310070289 830916 PDR ADOCK 05000528 S pop - _
3 9 ( ' ' f .. M&E TECHNOLOGY, INC. e mechanical & electricalengineering consultants i e material testing [ 1A . presuct eraluation Report on Soil Thermal Property Measurements for the Palo Verde Nuclear l Plant for Bechtel Power Corporation I 12400 East Imperial Highway Norwalk, CA 90650 a O t Attention: Joel Kitchens by A. M.A. Mart'n Jr. Our File No. 721-12-23 i ! February 9, 1983 i t 1 MARIETTA, GEORGIA 30067 404-952 5264 , 1739 B SANDS PLACE
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e NOTICE Neither M & E Technology Inc. nor its employees shall be liable for any direct or indirect incidental, consequential or l specific damages of any kind or from any c.ause whatsoever arising out of or in any way connected with the use of the enclosed data. l. W I e
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( ' ' A>>&e'ec~otoor.>~c. I. ASSIGNMENT On December 8, 1982, Joel Kitchens of Bechtel Power Corporation engaged M&E Technology Inc. to evaluate the thermal properties of native and backfill soils adjacent 13.8 kV buried extruded . dielectric power cables in the switchyard of the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station. In addition, M&E Technology was asked to provide ampacity ratings for these cables based on the environmental conditions at the generating station. II. SCOPE l I In performance of the assigned task, the following work has been completed to date: A. Measurements of in-place moisture content of backfill and native soils removed from seven
. locations in the Palo Verde switchyard.
B. Thermal resistivity measurements of seven samples of backfill soils from locations adjacent cable duct banks and measurements of two soils considered native to the local environment, in accordance with Standard P442 of the Institute of Electronic and Electrical . Engineers (IEEE). ! t C. Development of proctor curves for two types of l l native soil and the backfill soils adjacent \ the power cables, based on measurements made in accordance with Standard D698 of the American Society of Testing Materials (ASTM). D. Sieve analyses of all soil samples including backfill and native soils, based on measurements made in accordance with ASTM Standard D422. l l i l i
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f - A &e 'e< " ~ eto o v.'~c. E. Effective thermal resistivity calculations for
. the concrete duct bank in combination with the backfill soils using conduction shape fact' ors and a finite element computer program
. developed in conjunction with IEEE -
transactions paper No. F-79-187-6, " Effective Thermal Resistivity for Power Cables Buried in
. Thermal Backfill."
F. Steady-state and transient ampacity calculations for EPR extruded dielectric, medium voltage power cables, in accordance l with effective thermal properties developed , from these tests and data gathered during the l November 22, 1982, inspection visit. III. GENERAL Multiple circuits of 13.8 kV EPR extruded dielectric single conductor cables were installed in six-inch PVC, concrete-encased ducts in the switchyard of the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station near Phoenix, Arizona. Each duct contained three single i conductor cables, and duct banks were a combination of 1X3 and 1X6 l with burial depths between16-18 feet. To provide a basis for rating these cables, physical and thermal property measurements were necessary to establish the thermal circuit in the earth external to the buried duct banks. All measurements and calculations were made in accordance with appropriate IEEE and ASTM standards and accepted methods of heat transfer in a porous medium. IV. FINDINGS Based on the information collected and the measurements made to date, our findings are as follows: 1 2 .
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gu&trtcuxotoov,inc. A. Moisture cc,a t e n t of backfill soil adjacent cable duct banks was typically between 9-11 percent. Moisture content of the native soil in areas remote from the cable system varied
. between approximately 6 and 12.5 percent at depths between 3-16 feet.
B. Thermal resistivity of the backfill soil adjacent the cable ducts was between 50 and 60 cm 0C/W at about ten percent moisture content and approximately 105 to 160 cm oC/W at 0 percent moisture content with all measurements made between 90 and 95 percent compaction. Thermal resistivity of the native soil varied between approximately 60 cm 0C/W to as high as approximately 200 cm oC/W depending on moisture content and soil makeup.
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C. Maximum proctor density for the backfill soil was approximately 120 lbs./ft.3 at 11 percent moisture content. The maximum proctor for the native soil varied between 115-121 lbs./ft.3 at approximately 12 percent moisture content depending on soil type. D. Sieve analyses indicated the backfill material l was relatively uniform in grain size and contained a reasonably high percentage of fines. Sieve analyses of the native soil in _ two different locations indicated l predominantly clay soil in Location 3 and predominantly sandy soil in Location 7 t (Location 3, 10 feet; Location 7, 15 feet). E. Maximum effective thermal resistivity calculations indicated the effective resistivity to be between 125-170 cm 0C/W i under worst case conditions. l l F. Steady-state ampacity calculations indicated 1 3 ,
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M&E TECHNOLOGY, INC. the most likely rating to be between 326-352 amps depending on ambient earth temperature. Other calculation values are shown in the TABLES. G. Transient ampacity calculations were performed for a step change in current for conductor temperatures going from ambient earth temperature to 900C. The 20-hour rating indicates ampacities between 590-610 amperes depending on the starting ambient temperature. l All data is shown in the graphs. V. DISCUSSION i A. Soil Sampling Soil samples were removed at various locations in the Palo Verde switchyard (Figure 1) . Both backfill soils adjacent the duct bank and native soils were removed with the use of approximately a four-inch auger. The soil" samples were removed from depths between 5-16 feet and the samples were later measured for moisture l
' content. Moisture content for the backfill soil adjacent the duct banks was found between 8.9 and 11.5 percent. Moisture content for the native soil near the duct banks was found to be approximately 8 percent between 10 and 15 feet deep. This data is summarized in TABLE 1. Due to the significant amount of moisture added to the backfill soil at the time of construction, it was decided to measure undisturbed soil moisture content at a remote site adjacent the cable switchyard. A boring was made to a depth of 16 l
feet with a moisture content measured every three feet. Examination of the data in TABLE 2 indicates the moisture content varied between approximately 6-13 percent depending on depth. Soil moisture content may change throughout the year, and additional measurements would be necessary to determine how significantly it varies from the November 1982 measurements, f l . l
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gu&trtcnnotocv,inc. B. Soil Thermal Resistivity Measurements Soil samples were recompacted in the laboratory (Figure 2) , and numerous thermal resistivity measurements were madi to determine thermal properties for the soil under wet anddry[ conditions. Thermal resistivity measurements for the native soil (Figures 3-4) indicate a relatively wide spread in thermal property data. The native soil classified as sand (Figure 3) has a resistivity of approximately 120 cm 0C/W dry and approximately 57 cm 0C/W at the in situ moisture content found during November. The native soil from Location 3 (Figure 4) which was classified as a clay had significantly higher thermal resistivity, particularly at the zero percent moisture content. Due to the fact the native soil plays a very minor role in the heat transfer from the cable, only two soil samples were removed from the switchyard. These samples may not indicate the full spectrum of thermal resistivity for the native soils in the vicinity. It is likely that other native soils at other depths may have significantly higher thermal resistivity values. - Seven samples of backfill soil were removed from various locations along the cable route and exhibited uniform soil thermal resistivity both wet and dry (TABLE 3) . Thermal resistivities of the soil at approximately 10-11 percent moisture content indicated ! values between 50 and 60 cm 0C/W and at zero percent moisture I , l content the values varied between approximately 105 to 128 ! cm OC/W. All measurements were made at 95 percent of maximum proctor density which was approximately 115 lbs./f t.3. Based on information received from Ertec Western Inc., the soil density adjacent the cable was maintained at approximately 115-120 lbs./f t.3 at approximately 11 percent moisture content, and it is l believed the majority of soil is presently at that density. To determine the effect of a change in soil density and its resulting effect on soil thermal resistivity, several additional measurements were made at 90 percent compaction, or 109 lbs./ft.3 As expected, the thermal resistivity of the soil increased 5 l 8 . l ( ._ ,_ .. ._ - _ . , , . . , _ . ,- , - - - - - - _ - _ _ , _ , . - _ _ - - . . _ - - - - _ - - .
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slightly, ar.d values shown in TABLE 3 indicate the wet resistivity to be approximately 50 cm 0C/W and the dry resistivity between 130 l and 155 cm 0C/W. It is possible that some locations along the cable route may have soil densities approaching the 90 percent compaction value, and the resulting change in thermal resistivity may approach values as high as 160 cm 0C/W at 0 p~ercent moisture content. Additional istivity measurements at moisture contents between 2-10 percent wer. found meaningful due to the inability of the soil moisture to re-eg 'ibrate and reach uniform moisture content after compaction at densit, ' 115 lbs./f t. 3. An example of this problem was typical of Sample where thermal resistivity was measured at 54.9 cm 0C/W at 10.8 pen:ent, 73 cm 0C/W at 5 percent, 94.7 cm 0C/W at 5 percent and 70.2 cm 0C/W at 7.5 percent and finally 116.2 cm 0C/W at 0 percent. Examination of these data indicates the soil resistivity to be 73 and approximately 95 at 5 percent moisture content and reduced to a value of approximately 70 at 7.5 percent moisture content. These data are inconsistent with normal expected changes in thermal resistivity and indicate the moisture did not re-equilibrate between tests. Moreover, it was difficult during measurements to determine the moisture content adjacent the thermal probe while the net moisture content of the sample was known. l , The problem of slow or incomplete re-equilibration is common to these types of soils and cannot be corrected due to the small amount of net moisture in the soil sample. The time for equilibration between tests was selected at three days, thus, the i tests on Sample 5 took approximately 12 days to complete, and it t is believed the moisture content during this test is as uniformly distributed as can be expected in a laboratory test. In addition, our experience with these types of soils indicates samples cannot be recompacted at the desired moisture content and subsequently 1 l
, tested for soil thermal resistivity.~The reason is that the fines i
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in this soil provide a bonding between soil particles as the soil dries and provide low thermal contact resistance between particles. In the absence of the bonds, such as would be the case with a r.ecompacted sample at low moisture cohtents, the resistivity would be incorrectly high. . The most important concern for these types of soils is their ability to remain thermally stable in presence of a high heat flux. In this case the problem of high heat flux does not exist due to the presence of concrete around the PVC ducts in the earth. C. Proctor Curves Proctor curves were constructed for the two native soils and one for the backfill soil. This data was used to establish the optimum moisture content for maximum proctor density (Figures 5-7). Examination of the data shown in Figure 7 confirms that the optimum density for the backfill material adjacent the cable was at approximately 11 percent which is consistent with earlier findings during backfilling around the ductbank system. C. Sieve Analyses _ A sieve analysis was made for each of the soils removed from the Palo Verde switchyard, and the data is shown in Figures 8-16. Examination of the sieve analyses for the backfill soil (Figures 8-14) indicates the soil particle size is relatively uniform along the cable run. Comparison of Figures 15 and 16 indicates a significant difference in the sieve analysis found in the native soils, one being sand and the other a clay. It is possible that additional native soil samples may provide more insight into other l soil types in the area. However , during earlier construction of the plant, such sampling may have been performed and may already j
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be available. 1 E. Effective Thermal Resistivity Calculations Due to the significant difference in the thermal properties 7
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( ' ( . [u&Ertenxotocv,isc. between the concrete adjacent the ducts and the backfill soil adjacent the duct banks, calculations were performed to determine the effective thermal resistivity of the combination of the cement and the backfill soil. Calculations were perfo[rmed using conduction shape factors along with a finite element computer program that evaluates the complex heat transfer circuit involved in this problem. Based on the measurements of soil thermal properties, effective resistivity calculations were performed for combinations of concrete resistivity of 60 and 90 cm 0C/W and for combinations of soil of 130 and 175 cm 0C/W. The results of these I calculations are as follows: I Concrete Resistivity Earth Resistivity Effective Resistivity (cm 0C/W) (cm CC/W) (cm 0C/W) 60 130 125 90 130 129 60 . 175 - 166 90 175 170 These calculations were performed considering the possibility of
.the soil drying out due to a lack of rainfall or due to moisture migration away from the duct banks resulting from long-time loading of the cable systems. This data indicates the concrete duct bank has very little ef f ect on the overall thermal circuit adjacent the cables, which is expected considering the fact the cables are buried approximately 18 feet in the earth.
F. Steady-State Ampacity Calculations I Steady-state ampacity calculations were performed for the following conditions: Six triplexed, 750 kemil copper, single conductor cable circuits buried in two 1X3 foot concrete ductbanks; each circuit in six-inch PVC conduit, 36 inches apart (flat ge ometry); duct bank spacing 18 inches off center and 36 inches apart (ver tical) . i 8
[ M&E TECHNOLOGY, INC. Burial depth: 18 feet Maximum conductor temperature: 900C Earth ambient temperature: 20, 25 and 30 DC Effective thermal resistivityoftheearthand{ductbank:
, 60, 90, 130 and 170 cm 0C/W Load factor: 75 and 100 percent Cable metallic shields short-circuited, grounded at both ends STEADY-STATE AMPACITY TABLE Load Factor = 75% Load Factor = 100%
Eff. RHO Ambient Earth Temp. Ambient Earth Temp. 20 - 25 30 20 25 30 (cm CC/W) *C *C 'C 'C *C 'C 60 489 amps 471 amps 452 amps 416 amps 40 lamps 385 amps 90 422 amps 407 amps 391 amps 352 amps 339 amps 326 amps 130 367 amps 353 amps 339 amps 301 amps 290 amps 278 amps q 170 328 amps 316 amps 303 amps 267 amps 257 amps 246 amps Review of the steady-state ampacity data indicates the anticipated load of 434 amps per phase conductor per conduit cannot be carried for prolonged periods of time unless the earth resistivity remains below 60 cm 0C/W, and the load factor remains less than 100 l percent. Steady-state conditions would not be reached unless the l load is maintained at either 75 or 100 percent load factor for a l period of at least two to three weeks. l G. Transient Ampacity Calculations Transient ampacity calculations were performed for the same cable circuits for times between 1-25 hours with effective resistivities of 90 cm 0C/W and 130 cm DC/W and ambient earth temperatures of 25 and 300C. Examination of the data in Figures 17-18 indicates the transient ampacity provides adequate margin for carrying the 434 ampere load for the anticipated 16-20 hours. 9 G
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6 ' ( ( M&E TECHNOLOGY, INC. TABLE 1 INITIAL MOISTURE CONTENTS . Sample Depth !!oisture Content % Soil Type il 10' 9.6 Backfill
#2 10' 10.0 Backfill
#3 10' 8.1 Clay
- 44 5' 9.3 Backfill
#4 9 1/2' 10.3 Backfill
#5 13' 11.5 Backfill 46 8' 8.9 Backfill (6 16' 9.3 Backfill 97 15' 8.2 Sand TABLE 2 .
NATIVE SOIL REMOTE LOCATION (8) Depth Moisture 3' 7.15 6' 8.39
. 9' 5.73 12' 12.57 _
16' 8.63
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. Backfill Moisture q Eej; nur !
1 Sample Depth content Resistivity Resistivity j (Percent) (cm 0C/W) (cm 0C/W)
#1 10' 11.1 53.7 107.5
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#2 10' 10.0 54.7 125.5 14 5' 11.6 54.7 117.7 14 9 1/2' 10.8 52.7 107.0 15 13' 10.8 54.9 116.2 16 8' 10.6 48.8 104.8 ,
. 16 16' 10.5 59.0 127.5 l l
RESISTIVITY OF BACKFILL AT 90% COMPACTION Backfill Moisture Eej; Dry Samole Death Content Resistivity Resistivity (Percent) (cm OC/W) (cm OC/W) ,
. 14 9 1/2' 9.1 63.0 129.4 l ,, #5 13 10.1 61.0 155.5 16 16 10.2 61.6 149.3 .
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